title: Prevalence of urinary incontinence and associated risk factors in a cohort of nuns.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the prevalence of urinary incontinence among a group of nulliparous nuns and to assess risk factors for developing incontinence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information on symptoms of urinary incontinence, as well as medical history and demographic data were obtained from 149 nuns. The prevalence of urinary incontinence was determined, and a logistic regression model was used to estimate the impact of demographic and medical risk factors on the likelihood of incontinence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean (+/- standard deviation) age of our sample of nuns was 68 (+/-11.7). All but one were white, 96% were postmenopausal, and 25% were taking hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Their mean body mass index (BMI) was 27.3 +/- 5.6. According to their self-reported symptoms, half the nuns had urinary incontinence. Of these, 22 nuns (30%) had stress incontinence, 18 (24%) had urge incontinence, 26 (35%) had mixed incontinence, and 8 (11%) had urine loss unrelated to stress and urge. More than half the incontinent nuns used sanitary pads for protection. From univariate analyses, statistically significant risk factors for urinary incontinence included BMI, current HRT use, multiple urinary tract infections, hypertension, arthritis, depression, hysterectomy, and previous spinal surgery. From multivariate logistic regression, only BMI, multiple urinary tract infections, and depression remained statistically significant after adjusting for the other variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of incontinence in nulliparous, predominantly postmenopausal nuns is similar to rates reported in parous, postmenopausal women. Even in the absence of pelvic floor trauma from childbirth, urine loss is associated with symptoms of stress incontinence more often than with symptoms of urge incontinence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA. gunhilde_buchsbaum@urmc.rochester.edu
authors.forename: Gunhilde M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Buchsbaum
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chin
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Glantz
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Guzick
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002410:Catholicism; D002977:Clergy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D010298:Parity; D017698:Postmenopause; D015995:Prevalence; D011336:Probability; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014550:Urinary Incontinence, Stress / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology