title: Microbial profile on metallic and ceramic bracket materials.
abstract: The placement of orthodontic appliances creates a favorable environment for the accumulation of a microbiota and food residues, which, in time, may cause caries or exacerbate any pre-existing periodontal disease. The purpose of the present study was to compare the total bacterial counts present on metallic and ceramic orthodontic brackets in order to clarify which bracket type has a higher plaque retaining capacity and to determine the levels of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus spp on both types of brackets. Thirty-two metallic brackets and 24 ceramic brackets were collected from orthodontic patients at the day of debonding. Two brackets were collected from each patient; one from a maxillary central incisor and another from a maxillary second premolar. Sixteen patients who used metallic brackets and 12 patients who used ceramic brackets were sampled. Bacterial populations were studied using "checkerboard" DNA-DNA hybridization, which uses DNA probes to identify species in complex microbial samples. The significance of differences between groups was determined using the Mann-Whitney U-test. Results showed no significant differences between metallic and ceramic brackets with respect to the caries-inducing S mutans and L acidophilus spp counts. Mean counts of 8 of 35 additional species differed significantly between metallic and ceramic brackets with no obvious pattern favoring one bracket type over the other. This study showed higher mean counts of Treponema denticola, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum ss vincentii, Streptococcus anginosus, and Eubacterium nodatum on metallic brackets while higher counts of Eikenella corrodens, Campylobacter showae, and Selenomonas noxia were found on ceramic brackets.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Sciences/Biomatrials, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Mass 02118, USA.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Anhoury
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nathanson
authors.forename: Christopher V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Sigmund
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Socransky
authors.forename: Magda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Feres
authors.forename: Laisheng Lee
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Chou
mesh_terms: D016976:Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans / Q000254:growth & development; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development*; D001641:Bicuspid / Q000382:microbiology; D002167:Campylobacter / Q000254:growth & development; D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D015342:DNA Probes; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D017005:Dental Debonding; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology; D016124:Eikenella corrodens / Q000254:growth & development; D005051:Eubacterium / Q000254:growth & development; D016967:Fusobacterium nucleatum / Q000254:growth & development; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000382:microbiology; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets / Q000382:microbiology*; D020357:Selenomonas / Q000254:growth & development; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013291:Streptococcus / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000254:growth & development; D013499:Surface Properties; D014208:Treponema / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D015342:DNA Probes; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D003722:Dental Alloys