title: A review and assessment of tributyltin contamination in the North Sea, based on surveys of butyltin tissue burdens and imposex/intersex in four species of neogastropods.
abstract: It is evident from measures of butyltin tissue burdens and imposex or intersex in neogastropods that tributyltin (TBT) contamination of coastal waters and open parts of the North Sea is now low. It has been declining for at least the past decade. This is probably due to two measures. First, regulations prohibiting the use of TBT-based paints on small boats and fish farms have reduced inputs of TBT from these sources so that they are now negligible (except possibly where the regulations are flaunted). Second, there is evidence from sites, where commercial vessels are the sole source of TBT, that the adoption of TBT SPC paints has been effective in reducing environmental levels of these contaminants. However, poor dockyard practices, allowing TBT-contaminated wastes, including paint flakes, to accumulate in sediments have left a legacy of hot-spots of contamination in some ports. The impact is localised so that TBT contamination is low in coastal areas immediately adjacent to ports.
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Sciences and Coastal Management, Newcastle University, Cullercoats, Tyne and Wear, UK. s.m.evans@ncl.ac.uk
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Birchenough
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hinz
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Krönke
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Moss
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D012734:Disorders of Sex Development / Q000209:etiology* / Q000662:veterinary*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D009659:North Sea; D010150:Paint; D012767:Ships; D012908:Snails / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D014220:Trialkyltin Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D014220:Trialkyltin Compounds; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C011559:tributyltin