title: Genotoxicity of gardenia yellow and its components.
abstract: Gardenia fruit (Gardenia jasminoides ELLIS) is widely used as a natural food colorant and as a traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of hepatic and inflammatory diseases. "Gardenia yellow" is a natural food colorant which is extracted by ethanol from gardenia fruit. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the genotoxicity of gardenia yellow. Genotoxicity of gardenia yellow and its components, crocetin, gentiobiose (a component of crocin), geniposide and genipin (formed by hydrolysis of geniposide), was studied by Ames test, rec-assay, and sister chromatid exchange (SCE) using V79 cells. Gardenia yellow and its components were found not to be mutagenic in the Salmonella reverse mutation assay. Gardenia yellow and genipin caused damage of DNA in rec-assay. Gardenia yellow induced a significant dose-dependent increase of SCE frequency (8.6 times at 1000 microg/ml as the value for the solvent control). Only genipin induced SCEs significantly among the components of gardenia yellow. Moreover, genipin induced a significant increase of tetraploids at all doses tested (95% at 8 microg/ml). Gardenia yellow preparation was analyzed by capillary electrophoresis (CE), and geniposide was detected. However, genipin was not observed. In conclusion, we have shown that genipin possesses genotoxicity. Furthermore, there were unidentified genotoxicants in gardenia yellow.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Environmental Health, Osaka City University Medical School, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ozaki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kitano
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Furusawa
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kuroda
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Endo
mesh_terms: D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000235:genetics; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000633:toxicity; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D004249:DNA Damage; D004187:Disaccharides / Q000633:toxicity; D019075:Electrophoresis, Capillary; D005505:Food Coloring Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D032062:Gardenia; D057889:Iridoid Glycosides; D039823:Iridoids; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry; D011714:Pyrans / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D012854:Sister Chromatid Exchange; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000031:analogs & derivatives
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D004187:Disaccharides; D005505:Food Coloring Agents; D057889:Iridoid Glycosides; D039823:Iridoids; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011714:Pyrans; C487773:trans-sodium crocetinate; D014801:Vitamin A; C007835:geniposide; D002338:Carotenoids; C007834:genipin; C057653:gardenia yellow; C100052:gentiobiose