title: Thoracic epidural catheter placement via the caudal approach in infants by using electrocardiographic guidance.
abstract: We examined the success of inserting epidural catheters via the caudal route in infants by using electrocardiographic guidance. A case series of 20 patients with thoracic epidural analgesia was studied. After the induction of general anesthesia, an 18-gauge IV catheter was inserted into the caudal space to allow threading of a 20-gauge epidural catheter. The electrocardiogram (ECG) tracings via the epidural catheter, as well as the surface ECG at the target spine level, were recorded simultaneously with a modified two-channel five-lead ECG system. The epidural catheter was advanced from the caudal space until the tip reached the target level as demonstrated by a match in the configuration of the epidural ECG tracing to that of the surface ECG tracing at the target level. The catheter tip location was verified by postoperative radiographs. All catheter tips were located within two vertebrae of the target level, and satisfactory intraoperative epidural anesthesia was achieved in all subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Epidural electrocardiography may be used to guide the positioning of the thoracic epidural catheter tip via the caudal approach to the appropriate dermatome for optimum analgesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospitals, Walter Mackenzie Health Sciences Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. btsui@ualberta.ca
authors.forename: Ban C H
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Tsui
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Seal
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koller
mesh_terms: D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies