title: Sleep-disordered breathing, psychiatric distress, and quality of life impairment in sexual assault survivors.
abstract: Using American Academy of Sleep Medicine research criteria, sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) was assessed in a pilot study of 187 sexual assault survivors with posttraumatic stress symptoms. Nightmares, sleep quality, distress, and quality of life were also assessed along with historical accounts of prior treatments for sleep complaints. Presumptive SDB diagnoses were established for 168 patients. Twenty-one of 168 underwent sleep testing, and all met objective SDB diagnostic criteria. There were no clinically meaningful differences in age, body-mass index, sleep quality, distress, or quality of life measures between 21 confirmed SDB cases and 147 suspected cases not tested. Compared with 19 women without SDB, 168 women with diagnosed or suspected SDB reported significantly worse nightmares, sleep quality, anxiety, depression, posttraumatic stress, and impaired quality of life. Despite suffering from sleep problems for an average of 20 years, which had not responded to repeated use of psychotropic medications or psychotherapy, few of these women had been referred to sleep specialists. SDB appears widespread among sexual assault survivors seeking help for nightmares. Research is needed to clarify the associations among SDB, distress, and physical and mental health impairment in trauma patients.
authors.affiliation: Sleep & Human Health Institute, 4775 Indian School Road NE, Suite 305, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87110, USA.
authors.forename: Barry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Krakow
authors.forename: Dominic
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Melendrez
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: Teddy D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Warner
authors.forename: James O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pacheco
authors.forename: Beth
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koss
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hollifield
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schrader
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D004325:Dreams / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D010865:Pilot Projects; D017286:Polysomnography; D011788:Quality of Life; D011902:Rape / Q000523:psychology*; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D012917:Social Adjustment; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology*