title: Dynamic three-dimensional color Doppler ultrasound of human fetal intracardiac flow.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop dynamic three-dimensional ultrasound techniques for prenatal imaging of the intracardiovascular flow as well as the cardiovascular structure to address difficulties in assessing the spatially complex hemodynamics and morphology of the fetal heart.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gray-scale and color (velocity) Doppler echocardiography were performed on 12 fetuses to provide serial anatomical and rheological tomograms which were spatially registered in three dimensions. Using a second ultrasound machine simultaneously, spectral Doppler ultrasound was performed to record umbilical arterial waveforms, thus providing the temporal (fourth) dimension in terms of the cardiac cycle and facilitating removal of motion artifacts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Acquisitions were successful in eight of 15 attempts. Imaging of the flow of blood in four dimensions was achieved in six of the eight datasets. In one case with complex cardiac malformations, three-dimensional reconstructions at systole and diastole offered dynamic diagnostic views not appreciated on the cross-sectional images.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our novel technique has made possible the prenatal visualization of the spatial distribution and true direction of intracardiac flow of blood in four dimensions in the absence of motion artifacts. The technique suggests that diagnosis of cardiac malformations can be made on the basis of morphological and hemodynamic changes throughout the entire cardiac cycle, offering unique and significant information complementary to conventional techniques. Further work to integrate the several non-purpose-built machines into a single system will improve the rate of acquisition of data, and may provide a new means of imaging and modeling structure and hemodynamics, not only for the fetal heart but for many other moving body parts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Great Ormond Street Hospital and Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK. jdeng@medphys.ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yates
authors.forename: I D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Linney
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Lees
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Rodeck
mesh_terms: D003326:Coronary Circulation; D003971:Diastole; D005260:Female; D005318:Fetal Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D011247:Pregnancy; D013599:Systole; D013771:Tetralogy of Fallot / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000196:embryology / Q000503:physiopathology; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color / Q000379:methods*; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods*; D014469:Umbilical Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology