title: Activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1 in human chronic inflammatory bowel disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 6, and interferon gamma, as well as activation of proinflammatory signalling molecules such as nuclear factor kappa B, is characteristic of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate expression and activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1 in patients with IBD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with active IBD (n=42), disease specificity controls (n=8), and normal controls (n=12) were investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Expression and activation of STAT1 were assessed by western blotting and electrophoretic mobility shift assays in extracts of endoscopic colonic biopsies. Cellular localisation was determined by immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Western blots and immunohistochemical staining revealed an increase in STAT1 expression and activation in mucosal samples from ulcerative colitis and to a lesser extend in Crohn's disease patients. High levels of suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS)-3 expression, an inhibitor of STAT activation, were observed in Crohn's disease patients and normal controls in western blot experiments whereas no differences were observed for SOCS-1 expression. Phosphorylated (p) STAT1 was mainly detected in monocytic cells and neutrophils in the inflamed mucosa. Induction of remission by systemic glucocorticoids led to a decrease in levels of pSTAT1. In vitro studies indicated a direct effect of steroid treatment on STAT1 activation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Expression and activation of STAT1 are predominantly heightened in ulcerative colitis and may therefore play an important role in the pathophysiology of colonic inflammation.
authors.affiliation: 1st Department of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University, Schittenhelmstrasse 12, Kiel, Germany. s.schreiber@mucosa.de
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schreiber
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rosenstiel
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hampe
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nikolaus
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Groessner
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schottelius
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kühbacher
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hämling
authors.forename: U R
authors.initials: UR
authors.lastname: Fölsch
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Seegert
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001706:Biopsy; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D003093:Colitis, Ulcerative / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D003106:Colon / Q000378:metabolism; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000378:metabolism; D011239:Prednisolone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D050794:STAT1 Transcription Factor; D000071223:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Protein; D050826:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D011506:Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; C106644:SOCS3 protein, human; D050794:STAT1 Transcription Factor; C494079:STAT1 protein, human; D000071223:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Protein; D050826:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; D004247:DNA; D011239:Prednisolone