title: Using "concept sorting" to study learning processes and outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  First, to evaluate "concept sorting" as a tool for assessing knowledge organization in the memories of first-year medical students, and second, to study the relationship between knowledge organization and examination performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  During 2001, first-year medical students taking the Renal Course at the University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine were given a questionnaire on scheme use and were given a concept-sorting task in the domain of metabolic alkalosis. The sophistication of their concept sorting was graded using the number of physiology-based groups they formed. Review of the course's examination scores allowed correlation with concept-sorting scores. Statistical analyses used Fisher's exact test and the two-sample t-test. Pearson's correlation coefficient and the kappa statistic were used for correlation between raters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 81 of 99 students completed the study. The concept-sorting score (mean +/- SEM) for students who used the scheme was higher than was the score for students who did not (2.5 +/- 0.14 versus 1.91 +/- 0.12, p =.016). Students who scored higher in the concept-sorting task, referred to as "deep learners," scored higher than did "surface learners" on exam questions on metabolic alkalosis (2.81 versus 2.29, p =.02). There was no difference in the overall examination performances between the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Concept sorting may be a useful tool for studying the learning process. Scheme use by students produces a positive outcome on examination performance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. kevin.mclaughlin@calgaryhealthregion.ca
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McLaughlin
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mandin
mesh_terms: D004504:Education, Medical, Undergraduate; D004521:Educational Measurement; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D011588:Psychology, Educational