title: Isoflurane-induced dilation of porcine coronary microvessels is endothelium dependent and inhibited by glibenclamide.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Isoflurane has been reported to cause dose-dependent constriction in isolated coronary microvessels. However, these results are inconsistent with data from in situ and in vivo heart preparations which show that isoflurane dilates the coronary vasculature. To clarify the direct effects of isoflurane on coronary tone, we measured the response of isolated porcine resistance arterioles (ID, 75 +/- 4.0 microm; range, 41-108 microm) to isoflurane in the presence and absence of adenosine triphosphate-sensitive and Ca2+-activated potassium channel blockers and also after endothelial removal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subepicardial arterioles were isolated, cannulated, and pressurized to 45 mmHg without flow in a 37 degrees C vessel chamber filled with MOPS buffer (pH = 7.4). After all vessels developed spontaneous (intrinsic) tone, dose-dependent (0.17-0.84 mm; approximately 0.5-2.5 minimum alveolar concentration) isoflurane-mediated effects on vessel ID were studied in the presence and absence of extraluminal glibenclamide (1 microm; an adenosine triphosphate-sensitive channel blocker) or iberiotoxin (100 nm; a Ca2+-activated potassium channel blocker) or before and after endothelial denudation using the nonionic detergent CHAPS (0.4%). Vessel ID was measured using an inverted microscope and videomicrometer, and vasomotor responses were analyzed by normalizing changes in arteriole ID to the dilation observed after exposure to 10-4 m sodium nitroprusside, which causes maximal dilation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Isoflurane caused dose-dependent dilation of all coronary arterioles. This vasodilation was 6.0 +/- 0.7 microm at an isoflurane concentration of 0.16 mm (approximately 0.5 minimum alveolar concentration) and 25.3 +/- 2.1 microm at 0.75 mm (approximately 2.5 minimum alveolar concentration). These values represent 18.1 +/- 1.7% and 74.1 +/- 3.3%, respectively, of that observed with 10-4 sodium nitroprusside (34 +/- 3 microm). Glibenclamide, but not iberiotoxin, exposure affected arteriolar dilation in response to isoflurane. Glibenclamide caused a downward displacement of the isoflurane dose-response curve, reducing isoflurane-mediated dilation by an average of 36%. Denuded arterioles showed a marked (approximately 70%) reduction in their ability to dilate in response to isoflurane.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors conclude that isoflurane dilates coronary resistance arterioles in a dose-dependent manner, and that this dilation is partially mediated by adenosine triphosphate-sensitive channels and is highly dependent on the presence of a functioning endothelium.
authors.affiliation: Biology, Portland State University, Oregon, USA.
authors.forename: A Kurt
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Gamperl
authors.forename: Travis W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Hein
authors.forename: Lih
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: Brian A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Cason
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000494:pharmacology; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005905:Glyburide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000187:drug effects; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000502:physiology*; D013552:Swine; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D015221:Potassium Channels; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D007530:Isoflurane; D005905:Glyburide