title: Postoperative pain relief using intermittent injections of 0.5% ropivacaine through a catheter after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
abstract: Postoperative pain has been an important limiting factor for ambulatory laparoscopic cholecystectomy. We anesthetized 40 ASA physical status I-II patients using propofol for the induction and sevoflurane in oxygen and air for the maintenance of anesthesia. At the end of the anesthesia, the patients were randomized into one of two groups: Group P (Placebo) and Group R (0.5% Ropivacaine). Twenty milliliters of normal saline or ropivacaine, respectively, were injected intraperitoneally at the end of surgery via a catheter placed in the bed of the gall bladder. Postoperatively, intermittent injections (10 mL) of the study solution were given when required for pain. Ketobemidone 1-2 mg was given IV as rescue medication. Pain was assessed using a visual analog scale at 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 h after surgery and once each day for 1 wk at rest (deep pain), shoulder and incision sites, and pain during coughing. Recovery was assessed by the time to transfer from Phase 1 to 2, the ability to walk, drink, and eat, and the ability to void. Plasma concentrations of ropivacaine were measured in eight patients. Time to ability to walk, defecation, driving a car, and return to normal activities were also recorded through a questionnaire sent home with the patient. During the first 4 postoperative h, patients in Group R had lower scores for deep pain and during coughing compared with Group P (P < 0.05). No differences were found in the postoperative consumption of ketobemidone. Median times to recovery at home were similar between the groups. By the seventh day, 93% of the patients had returned to normal activities of daily living. We conclude that the early postoperative pain after ambulatory laparoscopic cholecystectomy could be relieved using intermittent injections of ropivacaine 0.5% into the bed of the gall bladder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early postoperative pain can be relieved by intermittent injections of ropivacaine 0.5% through a catheter placed in the bed of the gall bladder after ambulatory laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital, Orebro, Sweden. anil_guptarca@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Sven E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Thörn
authors.forename: Kjell
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Axelsson
authors.forename: Lars G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Larsson
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Agren
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Holmström
authors.forename: Narinder
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rawal
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000577:Amides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002404:Catheterization; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D020250:Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / Q000453:epidemiology; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000077212:Ropivacaine