title: [Study on the mutation of human short tandem repeats at three loci].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To understand the mutational patterns and mechanism of short tandem repeats(STRs).
  
  
  METHODS
  The DNA samples of 19 parent-child pairs with mutations in three loci (FGA, D12S391, and D11S554) were genotyped by silver staining on STR. Alleles to be sequenced were excised from gels, reamplified by PCR, and purified. Sequencing was performed by use of cycle sequencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 18 out of 19 pedigrees in which the 'new'   alleles gained or lost a single repeat (8 gains, 7 losses, and 3 being indistinguishable). Only one pedigree lost two repeats. In the 19 pedigrees, there were 13 pedigrees whose 'new' alleles came from fathers, 3 from mothers, 3 from either father or mother. The ratio was 4  1 between fathers and mothers. The mutation of three STR loci occurred in the long, uninterrupted tetranucleotide repeat regions ('CTTT' in FGA, 'AGAT' in D12S391, and 'AAAG' in D11S554).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Single- step mutations accounted for 95% of STR mutation events in these three loci: FGA, D12S391, and D11S554. The rest were double  step mutations. There was no insertion or deletion of an incomplete repeat in any of the pedigrees. The mutation was mainly caused by fathers. The long, uninterrupted tetranucleotide repeats in these three loci might be susceptible to mutation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510089 P.R.China. xyaow@gzsums.edu.cn
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Jianjin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xinyao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Lumei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Qiuling
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yanhong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Jinghua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ou
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D001483:Base Sequence; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics; D009154:Mutation; D009679:Nuclear Family; D020080:Tandem Repeat Sequences / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004247:DNA