title: Assessment and management of risks arising from exposure to cadmium in fertilisers. I.
abstract: A risk assessment protocol has been developed for use by individual EU Member States with appropriate selection of input data, to assess the risks to humans and the environment arising from exposure to cadmium in fertilisers. The protocol comprises of three modules: (1) the accumulation module, in which the net accumulation of cadmium in soil and soil solution, resulting from the application of fertiliser, is computed over time. The accumulation module allows for a range of inputs from different sources (atmospheric deposition, sludge addition, manure and fertiliser application) as well as for average and extreme rates of fertiliser application. A critical parameter is the solid/liquid partition coefficient, which in turn is a function of soil properties such as pH and is highly variable depending on the algorithm selected as being representative of national conditions. (2) The exposure module, in which the uptake of cadmium from soil into plants and the subsequent intake of cadmium by humans is computed, using exposure parameters characterising both average and extreme exposure scenarios. The protocol focuses on food types known to be sensitive to cadmium uptake (grain, cereals, potatoes, root vegetables and leafy vegetables). Environmental exposure is also characterised. (3) The risk characterisation module, in which Member States may estimate the incidence and severity of the adverse effects likely to occur due to actual or predicted exposure to cadmium. This is undertaken by modelling the Predicted Environmental Concentrations (PECs) in humans and the environment using the accumulation and exposure modules, and then comparing these values against the relevant Predicted No Effect Concentrations (PNECs). A range of environmental PNEC values are reported in the literature; the European Commission recommends that normally the lowest No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) should be used in the risk characterisation. For humans, the current WHO Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) is equivalent to a daily intake of 70 microg Cd day(-1). Particular risk groups can be characterised, namely of: children; smokers; women with low iron stores; consumers of food items with high cadmium content; and extreme consumers of staple food items. At present, with the data available, it is not possible to characterise risk groups in detail, either at EU level or at Member State level. However, most Member States appear to have an average intake of cadmium which is lower than the WHO's PTWI.
authors.affiliation: ERM, Eaton House, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de Meeûs
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Eduljee
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hutton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002104:Cadmium / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D017753:Ecosystem; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005062:European Union; D005308:Fertilizers / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012308:Risk Management
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D005308:Fertilizers; D002104:Cadmium