title: Preparation and characterization by morphological analysis of diclofenac/PEG 4000 granules obtained using three different techniques.
abstract: The steam granulation is a new wet granulation technique, which involves the use of steam water instead of traditional liquid water as granulation liquid. The aim of this work was to evaluate the possibility of using this new technique to prepare diclofenac-polyethylene glycol 4000 accelerated-release granules. Steam granules were prepared in a laboratory scale high-shear mixer, and their properties were then compared to those of granules, having the same composition, obtained by traditional granulation techniques (wet and melt granulation). The results showed that, selecting the proper process parameters, it was possible to obtain granules using all the three methods; however, the total process time was significantly shorter for steam granulation (30 min) in comparison to traditional wet granulation (70 min), due to the lower amount of used water. The morphological characterization of steam, water and melt granules, performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and image analysis, revealed that steam granules had a more spherical shape and a larger surface area with respect to water and melt ones, suggesting a possible difference in dissolution behavior. Moreover, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray powder diffraction analysis evidenced the transformation of the drug from its originally crystalline form into the amorphous one. Finally, the in vitro dissolution tests showed an increased dissolution rate of the drug from the granules (in particular steam granules) in comparison to pure drug and physical mixture. In conclusion, the results of this study suggested that the steam granulation technique could be considered an interesting alternative to traditional wet granulation to improve the dissolution rate of diclofenac.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via S. Donato 19/2, 40127, Bologna, Italy. rodrig@biocfarm.unibo.it
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cavallari
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Passerini
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Albertini
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: González-Rodríguez
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fini
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D004339:Drug Compounding; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010316:Particle Size; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D011208:Powders; D012995:Solubility
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D011208:Powders; D004008:Diclofenac; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols