title: Early experiences of robotic surgery in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laparoscopic surgery using a robotic system (Da Vinci) was recently introduced into surgical practice for adult patients. To investigate the feasibility of this system in pediatric surgery, laparoscopic fundoplication (Thal and Nissen), cholecystectomy, and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy were performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven children with a mean age of 12 years (range, 7-16 years) underwent either laparoscopic anterior partial fundoplication (Thal, n = 8) or Nissen fundoplication (n = 3) for correction of gastroesophageal reflux disease in the presence of uncontrolled symptoms of regurgitation and pulmonary infection. Two children underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy due to symptomatic cholecystolithiasis. One child underwent bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy due to a gonadoblastoma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean operating time for fundoplication was 146 min (range, 105-180 min), the operating times for cholecystectomy were 150 and 105 min, and that for salpingo-oophorectomy was 95 min. No complications were registered during either the robotic procedures or the postoperative courses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared to conventional laparoscopy, the three-dimensional high-quality vision, advanced instrument movement, and improved ergonomic position of the surgeon appear to enhance surgical precision. Robotic surgery in children using the Da Vinci system seems to be feasible and safe. However, the technique is limited due to the fact that instruments adapted to the size of small children are not available. Furthermore, the high costs and prolonged system setup are disadvantages.
authors.affiliation: Department of General and Vascular Surgery, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany. Carsten_gutt@med.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Gutt
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Markus
authors.forename: Z G
authors.initials: ZG
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Meininger
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brinkmann
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Heller
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000601:surgery; D005187:Fallopian Tubes / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D018662:Fundoplication / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000601:surgery; D018238:Gonadoblastoma / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D010052:Ovariectomy / Q000379:methods; D012371:Robotics; D013997:Time Factors