title: Nausea as a complication of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the posterior fossa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can non-invasively investigate the function of human brain. However, it can induce a focal pain at the stimulated site on the scalp or seizures when applied with high frequency (>1 Hz). Here we report an induction of nausea as a complication of low-frequency repetitive TMS (rTMS) of the cerebellum.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight right-handed normal volunteers underwent low-frequency (0.9 Hz) rTMS of the right cerebellum. The stimulus intensity was set at 90% of the resting motor threshold determined by TMS to motor cortex.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nausea lasted as long as 10 min after the end of rTMS without apparent neurological deficit in two subjects. This symptom was replicated when the same protocol was applied on a different day in the same subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low-frequency rTMS of cerebellum is still a safe procedure, but the experimenters should keep in mind the possibility of inducing nausea.
authors.affiliation: Department of Brain Pathophysiopathology, Human Brain Research Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, 606-8507, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Satow
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mima
authors.forename: Hidemi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.forename: Tatsuhide
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oga
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: Nobuo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shibasaki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D002530:Cerebellopontine Angle / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000528:radiation effects; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D020546:Fourth Ventricle / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009325:Nausea / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011149:Pons / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D012016:Reference Values; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation