title: Effect of seawater immersion on plasma osmotic pressure and electrolyte balance following open chest trauma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the effect of seawater immersion on serum osmotic pressure and electrolytes balance following chest trauma in dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five healthy adult dogs were used in the experiment. A canine model of right open pneumothorax was established by chest puncturing on all animals. Animals were divided into three groups: a control group (n=10) with chest trauma without any immersion; a seawater group (n=10) immersed in seawater after chest trauma and a normal saline group (n=5) immersed in normal saline solution following chest trauma. Blood samples were taken at different time intervals to determine plasma osmotic pressure and electrolytes. The hemodynamic changes were also recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mortality in the seawater group was much higher than that of the control group and the normal saline group. The mean survival time in the seawater group lasted only 45 minutes, while in the control group and the normal saline group the average survival time was more than 4 hours (P<0.01). One of the most important causes of death was hypernatremia and high osmolality. Severe electrolytes imbalance was observed in seawater group. Hypernatremia and high osmolality were the most significant factors of high mortality in the seawater group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Seawater immersion after chest trauma appears to be associated with severe electrolyte imbalance as well as high osmotic pressure. These may be the risk factors leading to fatal outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Navy General Hospital, Beijing 100037, China. huilee@i.com.cn
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Erxun
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Jiyao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Dapeng
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Cong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ma
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs; D006439:Hemodynamics; D009997:Osmotic Pressure; D012307:Risk Factors; D012623:Seawater / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013898:Thoracic Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance / Q000502:physiology*