title: Structure of mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein (MAPKAP) kinase 2 suggests a bifunctional switch that couples kinase activation with nuclear export.
abstract: MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 (MAPKAPK2), one of several kinases directly phosphorylated and activated by p38 MAPK, plays a central role in the inflammatory response. The activated MAPKAPK2 phosphorylates its nuclear targets CREB/ATF1, serum response factor, and E2A protein E47 and its cytoplasmic targets HSP25/27, LSP-1, 5-lipoxygenase, glycogen synthase, and tyrosine hydroxylase. The crystal structure of unphosphorylated MAPKAPK2, determined at 2.8 A resolution, includes the kinase domain and the C-terminal regulatory domain. Although the protein is inactive, the kinase domain adopts an active conformation with aspartate 366 mimicking the missing phosphorylated threonine 222 in the activation loop. The C-terminal regulatory domain forms a helix-turn-helix plus a long strand. Phosphorylation of threonine 334, which is located between the kinase domain and the C-terminal regulatory domain, may serve as a switch for MAPKAPK2 nuclear import and export. Phosphorylated MAPKAPK2 masks the nuclear localization signal at its C terminus by binding to p38. It unmasks the nuclear export signal, which is part of the second C-terminal helix packed along the surface of kinase domain C-lobe, and thereby carries p38 to the cytoplasm.
authors.affiliation: Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. wuyi_meng@vpharm.com
authors.forename: Wuyi
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: Lora L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Swenson
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Fitzgibbon
authors.forename: Koto
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hayakawa
authors.forename: Ernst
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ter Haar
authors.forename: Anne E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Behrens
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Fulghum
authors.forename: Judith A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lippke
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism*; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D021381:Protein Transport; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D000099190:MAP-Kinase-Activated Kinase 2
chemical_list: D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D000099190:MAP-Kinase-Activated Kinase 2