title: A randomized control trial of the effect of negotiated telephone support on glycaemic control in young people with Type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate changes in self-efficacy for self-management in young people with Type 1 diabetes participating in a "Negotiated Telephone Support" (NTS) intervention developed using the principles of problem solving and social learning theory.
  
  
  METHODS
  One-year RCT with 79 young people (male 39; mean age +/- sd 16.5 +/- 3.2 years, duration 6.7 +/- 4.4 years, HbA(1c) 8.6 +/- 1.5%) randomized into: Group 1 (control group), continued routine management, n = 28; Group 2, continued routine management with NTS, n = 25; Group 3, annual clinic with NTS, n = 26.
  
  
  METHODS
  HbA(1c), self-efficacy, barriers to adherence, problem solving, and diabetes knowledge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no differences between the groups at baseline. Participants in Groups 2 and 3 received an average of 16 telephone calls/year (range 5-19), median duration 9 min (2-30), with a median interval of 3 weeks (1-24) between calls. Significant correlations were found between age and average length of call (r = 0.44, P < 0.01) and frequency of contact (r = 0.36, P < 0.05). Social and school topics were discussed frequently. After 1 year, while the participants in the two intervention groups showed significant improvements in self-efficacy (P = 0.035), there was no difference in glycaemic control in the three groups. Barriers to insulin use adherence were a significant predictor of HbA(1c) (P < 0.001) after controlling for baseline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NTS is an effective medium to deliver a simple theory-based psychological intervention to enhance self-efficacy for diabetes self-management. Reduced clinic attendance, combined with NTS, did not result in a deterioration of HbA(1c). Intensive personal support needs to be combined with intensive diabetes therapy to improve glycaemic control in this age group.
authors.affiliation: Tayside Institute of Child Health, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Howells
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Skinner
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Newton
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Greene
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D012606:Scotland; D012648:Self Care / Q000379:methods; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012944:Social Support; D017216:Telemedicine / Q000379:methods; D013689:Telephone
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin