title: Determination of standard electrode potential E(o) for chronic platinum and gold electrodes in rat muscle: implications for biosensors and the "anode" of bipolar pacing.
abstract: Pacemaker electrode surface modification by organosilane and organic self-assembled monolayer strategies creates a possible new variable in pacemaker electrode behavior. Because all of these chemical surface coatings are unstable at extremes of potential, the potential to which the electrode relaxes (between pacing pulses) becomes extremely important. The authors measured this potential for platinum (Pt) and gold (Au) relevant for their use as anode (or cathode) in a bipolar pacing system and from this potential the standard electrode potential, E(o) was determined. Thirty-Four determinations were made by a null current three-electrode potentiostatic technique of 2.45 mm2 platinum or gold electrodes implanted chronically in blood perfused muscle in a spontaneously breathing rat. Linear voltage sweeps were performed while monitoring current with voltage at null current determined repeatedly at varying scan rates and limits. Electrode potential varied between -388 +/- 19 mV (vs Ag/Ag+) for platinum and -388 +/- 55 mV for gold electrodes. Hysteresis was observed in all sweeps (P < 0.008, Fisher's exact) and measured 61 +/- 17 mV (anodic) and 25 +/- 3 mV (cathodic) with steep dependence on polarity (P < 0.001, t-test). The findings were independent of the materials' electronic work function. E(o) versus normal hydrogen electrode (NHE) were thus -166 mV (platinum) and -166 mV (gold). Because the most common bipolar system, uses platinum as anode, these results are directly applicable to current pacing technology. Provided low thresholds are achievable with novel surface modified electrodes, the small range of variation of E(o), and the particular mean value observed, are both compatible with function, provided care is used during electrode testing to avoid surface disruption. These results are significant also for biosensors that use similar surface modification methodologies.
authors.affiliation: The University of Illinois at Chicago, 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Howard A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Frenkel
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ovadia
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D004563:Electrochemistry / Q000379:methods*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D005260:Female; D006046:Gold; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D010984:Platinum; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D010984:Platinum; D006046:Gold