title: Lectin staining for urine cytologic monitoring after kidney transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Urine cytology, although considered a valuable diagnostic tool in the monitoring of kidney graft function, is hampered by difficulty in differentiating the nucleated non-squamous cells in urine using conventional techniques. We have now developed a method for the simple identification of urinary cell types by lectin staining.
  
  
  METHODS
  Acetone-fixed cytopreparations of urinary sediments were incubated with the lectin combination Sophora Japonica agglutinin (SJA; rhodamine-labelled) and Erythrina cristagalli agglutinin (ECA; fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labelled) for 15 min, followed by staining of the nuclei with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). The courses of 38 patients were serially monitored after kidney transplantation during the period in hospital.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nucleated urinary cell types could be easily identified from one specimen by their characteristic lectin-binding pattern using triple-immunofluorescence microscopy (FITC/rhodamine/ultra violet), permitting a differentiation between proximal (SJA+/ECA+) and distal tubules (SJA-/ECA+), collecting ducts (SJA+/ECA-) and lymphocytes (SJA-/ECA-). Stable graft function was characterized by low numbers of lymphocytes, tubular cells and urothelia. During rejection episodes, but not graft dysfunction unrelated to rejection, urinary excretion of lymphocytes as well as of distal tubular cells (from 1.0 to 6.0 and from 1.4 to 4.0 per 10 high-power fields, respectively) increased significantly up to 3 days prior to clinical diagnosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lectin staining facilitates unambiguous differentiation of the urinary cell types, in particular the various tubular epithelial cells, which are otherwise difficult to identify. This technique provides a rapid and easily applicable tool to evaluate the significance of the respective cell types in the monitoring of kidney graft function.
authors.affiliation: Abteilung Nephrologie und Rheumatologie, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany. cgrupp@gwdg.de
authors.forename: Clemens
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grupp
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hemprich
authors.forename: Henrike
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: John
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lorf
authors.forename: Victor W
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: Burkhart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sattler
authors.forename: Burkhardt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ringe
authors.forename: Gerhard A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Müller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004396:Coloring Agents; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000502:physiology*; D037102:Lectins; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods; D011184:Postoperative Period; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014556:Urine / Q000166:cytology*
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D037102:Lectins