title: Coronary flow velocity and disturbed flow predict adverse clinical outcome after coronary angioplasty.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Laminar flow becomes disturbed at high velocities, reducing shear stress and augmenting vascular inflammation and proliferation, processes that are pivotal in restenosis and atherogenesis. We hypothesized that disturbed blood flow after coronary angioplasty is associated with adverse long-term clinical outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cineangiograms from 97 patients undergoing laser-assisted coronary angioplasty were analyzed. Coronary blood flow velocity, the residual lesion dimensions, and the Reynolds number (an index of disturbed flow) were measured by using a frame-counting technique and quantitative coronary angiography. Cox proportional hazards were used to assess the relative risk of adverse events (target-vessel revascularization, myocardial infarction, or death) over a mean 2.5 years after the index procedure. There were 41 adverse events during 245 patient years of follow-up (17% per year of follow-up). The risk of an adverse event was increased for patients with a high flow velocity (>250 mm/s; relative risk 2.5, 95% CI 1.3 to 4.7) or a high Reynolds number (>200) at the stenosis inlet (relative risk 2.1, 95% CI 1.1 to 4.1) at the end of the procedure. Adjustment for other factors did not alter these results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High Reynolds numbers, indicating disturbed blood flow after coronary angioplasty, increase the risk of adverse clinical events, potentially through shear-stress-related molecular mechanisms that promote restenosis and atherogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass 02115, USA. skinlay@massmed.org
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kinlay
authors.forename: Jasmine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grewal
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Manuelin
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Selwyn
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bittl
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ganz
mesh_terms: D017222:Angioplasty, Balloon, Laser-Assisted; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000209:etiology*; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D023903:Coronary Restenosis / Q000209:etiology*; D023921:Coronary Stenosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome