title: Effects of acute dynamic cardiomyoplasty in a goat model of chronic ventricular dilatation: part 1.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The acute effects of cardiomyoplasty in an experimental model of chronic dilated heart have not been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, a model of chronic left ventricular (LV) dilatation was created to accurately determine actual changes shortly after passive and active wrapped skeletal muscle.
  
  
  METHODS
  A carotid-jugular shunt model in 8 goats was used to induce progressive dilatation of the cardiac ventricles. Geometric modifications induced by the arteriovenous shunt were monitored by transthoracic echocardiography. After 8 weeks, cardiomyoplasty was performed, and the acute hemodynamic changes obtained with static cardiomyoplasty soon after the wrapping procedure were determined. Hence, hemodynamic variables recorded during assisted cardiac beats were then compared with data collected with unassisted cardiac beats using the conductance catheter method to generate pressure-volume loops.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During electrical stimulation of the unconditioned skeletal muscle wrapped around the dilated left ventricle, a significant increase in stroke volume (117 +/- 48 mL versus 87 +/- 38 mL; p < 0.05) was observed. Early wrapped latissimus dorsi muscle activation also induced a reduction in LV end-systolic volume (from 51 +/- 28 mL to 27 +/- 14 mL; p < 0.05) when compared with unassisted LV contraction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a chronic model of cardiac dilatation, acute dynamic cardiomyoplasty was shown to increase LV contractile performance and reduce LV volume. Further evaluation is necessary to show the effects of a conditioned wrapped muscle on LV systolic function and dimensions in the long-term.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands. bolotin@netvision.net.il
authors.forename: Gil
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bolotin
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lorusso
authors.forename: Jan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Schreuder
authors.forename: Hans G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Kaulbach
authors.forename: Gideon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Uretzky
authors.forename: Frederik H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: van der Veen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001166:Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical; D002311:Cardiomyopathy, Dilated / Q000601:surgery*; D018421:Cardiomyoplasty / Q000379:methods; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005260:Female; D006041:Goats; D019739:Skeletal Muscle Ventricle / Q000502:physiology