title: Hyperhomocysteinemia in children on renal replacement therapy.
abstract: Hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis in adult patients on dialysis or after kidney transplantation. There are few data on homocysteine (Hcy) concentrations in children under these circumstances. The aim of our study was to evaluate plasma Hcy levels and their determining factors in children on renal replacement therapy. In 29 children and adolescents on chronic dialysis therapy and in 34 children after renal transplantation (Tx) fasting total plasma Hcy, red blood cell (RBC) folate, and serum vitamin B(12) levels were measured. The plasma Hcy levels were expressed as number of standard deviations (SD) from mean level in age- and gender-matched controls. In dialysis patients the mean plasma Hcy level was elevated (4.4+/-0.8 SDs), without significant difference between patients on hemodialysis or continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis. In the dialysis patients a negative correlation ( r=-0.49) between plasma Hcy levels and RBC folate concentrations was found. Oral folate supplementation was given to 8 of 21 dialysis patients, resulting in high RBC folate levels (>800 micro g/ml) and normalization of the plasma Hcy levels (0.4+/-0.5 SDs). In Tx patients the mean plasma Hcy level was 5.6+/-1.4 SDs. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that the main factor determining Hcy level after kidney Tx was creatinine clearance. Patients with normal kidney function had a mean Hcy concentration of 1.69+/-0.86 compared with 10.0+/-2.2 in children with decreased function. Folate and cyclosporine levels had less significant effects on Hcy concentrations. Seven patients who were evaluated while on dialysis and after a successful kidney Tx demonstrated a significant reduction in Hcy levels. Children and adolescents on dialysis therapy and with impaired renal function after renal Tx have significant hyperhomocysteinemia. Oral folate supplementation normalizes the increased plasma Hcy levels and should be added to the medical treatment of all children with impaired renal function.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center and the Hadassah-Hebrew, University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Sofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Feinstein
authors.forename: Ben-Ami
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Sela
authors.forename: Alfred
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Drukker
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Becker-Cohen
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Raveh
authors.forename: Slava
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gavendo
authors.forename: Yaacov
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Frishberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D020138:Hyperhomocysteinemia / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007223:Infant; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D005492:Folic Acid; D014805:Vitamin B 12