title: Discounting of delayed rewards in substance abusers: relationship to antisocial personality disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Delay discounting is associated with impulsivity and drug abuse, and this study evaluated the relationship between discounting of delayed rewards and antisocial personality disorder (ASP).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether discounting is increased in substance abusers with ASP relative to those without; both groups were compared with non-substance-abusing controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects ( n=166) chose between hypothetical monetary amounts available after various delays or immediately. Under one condition, a US $1000 reward was delayed at intervals ranging from 6 h to 25 years. At each delay interval, the immediately available rewards varied from US $1 to US $999 until choices reflected indifference between the smaller immediate and larger delayed rewards. Under a second condition, the delayed reward was US $100, and immediate rewards varied from US $0.10 to US $99.90.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all three groups, hyperbolic discounting functions provided a good fit of the data, and the smaller reward was discounted at a higher rate than the larger reward. Substance abusers discounted delayed rewards at significantly greater rates than controls, and substance abusers with ASP discounted delayed rewards at higher rates than their non-ASP substance-abusing counterparts. Discounting rates were correlated with impulsivity scores on a personality questionnaire.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide further evidence of more rapid discounting of delayed rewards in substance abusers, especially among substance abusers with a co-morbid diagnosis of ASP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-3944, USA. petry@psychiatry.uchc.edu
authors.forename: Nancy M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Petry
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D012201:Reward; D012307:Risk Factors; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000523:psychology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D013997:Time Factors