title: Urokinase plasminogen activator and its inhibitor, PAI-1, as prognostic markers in breast cancer: from pilot to level 1 evidence studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For optimum management of patients with cancer, accurate assessment of prognosis is essential. The primary determinant of outcome in malignancy is the formation of distant metastases. Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) is a serine protease causally involved in invasion and metastasis.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Data from model systems show that uPA is unequivocally involved in cancer dissemination. Consistent with its role in metastasis, multiple independent groups have shown that high uPA concentrations in primary breast cancers correlate with poor prognosis. For determining outcome, the prognostic impact of uPA was both independent of traditionally used factors and prognostic in patients with axillary node-negative disease. Paradoxically, high concentrations of plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1), an endogenous inhibitor of uPA, also correlate with poor prognosis in patients with breast cancer, including the subgroup with node-negative disease. The prognostic value of uPA/PAI-1 in axillary node-negative breast cancer patients was recently confirmed in both a prospective randomized trial and a pooled analysis, i.e., two different level 1 evidence (LOE-1) studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  uPA and PAI-1 are among the first biological prognostic factors to have their clinical value validated using LOE-1 evidence studies. Determination of these analytes may help identify low-risk node-negative breast cancer patients for whom adjuvant chemotherapy is unnecessary.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin 4, Ireland. Michael.J.Duffy@ucd.ie
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Duffy
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000032:analysis* / Q000502:physiology; D011379:Prognosis; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D015842:Serine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000032:analysis* / Q000502:physiology; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000032:analysis* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D015842:Serine Proteinase Inhibitors; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator