title: Sequential atomic force microscopy imaging of a spontaneous nanoencapsulation process.
abstract: Since hydrophilic matrices were proposed for controlled drug delivery, many polymeric excipients have been studied in order to make drug release fit the desired profiles. It has been pointed out that lambda-carrageenan, a sulphated polymer from algae, can suitably control the release rate of basic drugs from hydrophilic matrices with no need for complex technological processes. In this work, we propose a method to monitor morphologically the interaction between lambda-carrageenan and dexchlorpheniramine maleate (D-CPM), in order to find out how the release profiles can be so easily controlled. To this end, solutions of both polymer and drug were prepared at very low concentration. Solutions were mixed and samples were taken every hour over a period of 20 h. The characterization technique employed, atomic force microscopy (AFM), provides a high resolution, allowing to show the three-dimensional morphology of the samples within the nanometric scale. The results demonstrate that lambda-carrageenan is able to nanoencapsulate spontaneously D-CPM molecules, which offers the possibility to easily control the release rate of the drug. This work has moreover demonstrated the suitability of AFM for the specific case of the on-time monitoring of interaction processes that happen in pharmaceutical systems.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy Unit, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology Department, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Avda Joan XXIII s/n, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oliva
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Caramella
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Díez-Pérez
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gorostiza
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lastra
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Oliva
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mariño
mesh_terms: D002351:Carrageenan; D002744:Chlorpheniramine / Q000737:chemistry; D004339:Drug Compounding / Q000379:methods*; D005079:Excipients; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists / Q000737:chemistry; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force / Q000379:methods*; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000379:methods*; D013010:Sonication; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D005079:Excipients; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists; C018904:dexchlorpheniramine; D002744:Chlorpheniramine; D002351:Carrageenan