title: Effect of timing of morphine administration during remifentanil-based anaesthesia on early recovery from anaesthesia and postoperative pain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Since the time to peak analgesic effect of intravenous morphine can be longer than 40-60 min in volunteers, the goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of the timing of intraoperative morphine administration on early postoperative pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 120 adult patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy were studied. Anaesthesia was induced with remifentanil and etomidate and maintained with remifentanil and sevoflurane/nitrous oxide. Morphine 150 micrograms kg-1 was given randomly at three different times during surgery, and a fourth group received placebo. Times to eyes opening and extubation were measured, and pain was evaluated in the post-anaesthesia care unit (PACU) using a visual analogue scale (VAS). Morphine 2-3 mg was given when the VAS score was > or = 50 mm. The four groups were, according to the time elapsed from morphine administration to the end of surgery, group 1 (n = 30): placebo; group 2 (n = 33): < 20 min; group 3 (n = 30): 20-40 min; group 4 (n = 27): > 40 min.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recovery from anaesthesia and pain scores were similar in all groups. However, mean (SD) morphine consumption was 5.7 (4.7) mg in group 1, 4.4 (4.2) mg in group 2, 4.7 (4.7) mg in group 3, and 2.2 (4.0) mg in group 4 (P < 0.05, group 1 vs 4). Morphine was required in only 38% of patients in group 4 compared with 83%, 67% and 69% in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively (P < 0.01, group 1 vs 4).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The timing of intraoperative morphine administration did not affect the early recovery from anaesthesia. However, the reduction in the number of patients requiring morphine in the PACU when morphine had been given more than 40 min before the end of surgery supports this practice, rather than administration closer to the end of surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthetics, PO Box 114-D, Catholic University School of Medicine, Marcoleta 367, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Muñoz
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Guerrero
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Brandes
authors.forename: L I
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Cortínez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010880:Piperidines; D000077208:Remifentanil
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D010880:Piperidines; D009020:Morphine; D000077208:Remifentanil