title: Challenges of advanced practice nursing in pediatric acute and critical care: education to practice.
abstract: The APN role of the future is dependent on our ability to document through research that NPs, CNSs, and the consolidated role of the NP/CNS plays a critical role in the delivery of high quality cost-effective care. Further information is needed regarding how the APN contributes to and enhances the care delivered by the healthcare team. Cost effectiveness and quality outcome studies are needed including those that describe morbidity and mortality rates, patient satisfaction, and cost effectiveness of models of care that includes APNs. Brooten and Naylor suggest the inclusion of sensitive nursing outcomes, including functional status, mental status, stress level, satisfaction with care, caregiver burden, cost of care. Defining and clarifying the APN functions and qualities of scope of practice is imperative. Perhaps there are populations best served by APNs. Contributions such as continuity, consistency of care, attention to issues such as immobility, skin integrity, and health promotion may have a value added effect. Time motion studies and process logs may add to the information about APNs in pediatric acute and critical care. Professional certification validating competence is essential for the practice of APNs caring for sick children and their families. A disparity exists between the primary care examination now available and the practice of NPs in pediatric acute and critical care. A certification examination is needed with content consistent with the practice of pediatric acute care NP. APNs must possess sufficient knowledge and skill to meet the needs of patients and families in the changing healthcare environment. According to Strodtbeck and colleagues, flexibility, ability to be a self directed learner, critical thinking, relationship skills, and leadership skills including interpersonal insight, interpersonal competence, and ability to stimulate group discussion will serve APNs well as they move into the century. Transitioning brings exciting opportunities along with challenges. Using a blend of abilities, the pediatric acute care APN can provide optimal care to sick children and families.
authors.affiliation: The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. jtv@nursing.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Judy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Verger
authors.forename: Tara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Trimarchi
authors.forename: Jane H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Barnsteiner
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003422:Critical Care; D006801:Humans; D007349:Insurance, Health, Reimbursement; D009720:Nurse Clinicians / Q000193:education; D009722:Nurse Practitioners / Q000193:education; D024802:Nurse's Role; D010371:Pediatric Nursing / Q000193:education; D010559:Personnel Management; D011364:Professional Practice; D014481:United States