title: Herbicide loss following application to a roadside.
abstract: Risk assessments for herbicides applied to roads are limited by the lack of knowledge on the fate and behaviour of the compounds in the urban environment. This study was designed to address this deficiency by quantifying the percentage loss of six herbicides following application to a roadside. Herbicides were applied on two occasions to a 16-m length of roadside and kerb edge. An automatic water sampler was used to collect run-off, draining to a single gulley pot, until 25 mm of rain had fallen. Samples were analysed for glyphosate, atrazine, diuron, oxadiazon and oryzalin, and peak concentrations were 650, 2210, 1810, 390 and 70 micrograms litre-1 respectively. Isoxaben was also applied, but concentrations in run-off were below the limit of detection (10 micrograms litre-1). Herbicide concentrations all followed a similar pattern of rapid decline throughout the first rain event following application, with the majority of loss occurring within the first 10 mm of accumulated rainfall, but compounds of high solubility and low Koc produced the highest peak concentrations. For those compounds of relatively low solubility and moderate Koc, application rate may be an influential factor in determining herbicide loss for these compounds. The percentage loss of the active substances applied differed between compounds, ranging from < 10% to 73%. The ecotoxicological significance of the results is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Cranfield Centre for EcoChemistry, Cranfield University, Shardlow Hall, Shardlow, Derby DE72 2GN, UK. c.ramwell@cranfield.ac.uk
authors.forename: Carmel T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Ramwell
authors.forename: Andrew I J
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Heather
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Shepherd
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000032:analysis*; D006540:Herbicides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D011891:Rain; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides