title: Microwave enhanced Akabori reaction for peptide analysis.
abstract: The Akabori reaction, devised in 1952 for the identification of C-terminus amino acids, involves the heating of a linear peptide in the presence of anhydrous hydrazine in a sealed tube for several hours. We report here a modified Akabori reaction that rapidly identifies the C-terminus amino acid in a polypeptide including its amino acid sequence information at both the C-terminus and the N-terminus. This modified methodology demonstrates the fundamentals of microwave chemistry applied to bioanalytical problems. In this modified process, hydrazinolysis has been accelerated by the application of microwave irradiation. In our reaction, the linear peptide and hydrazine solution, contained in a loosely covered conical flask, was exposed to a few minutes of irradiation using an unmodified domestic microwave oven. While the classical Akabori reaction required several hours, the microwave assisted reaction takes just minutes. If dimethyl sulfoxide is added to dilute the reaction mixture, the process is retarded enough to allow aliquots of the reaction mixture to be drawn every few minutes over a period of about an hour in order to study the progress of hydrazinolysis. Reaction products were monitored by mass spectrometry-primarily FAB-MS. In addition to providing sequence information, the microwave enhanced Akabori reaction quickly detects the presence of arginine (Arg) by converting each Arg to ornithine (Orn). Furthermore, certain amino acids, containing beta-SH, CO2H, and CONH2 groups in their side chain, are susceptible to modification by hydrazine, thereby, providing rapid confirmation of the presence of these amino acid residues. In these preliminary studies, the following oligopeptides were analyzed to demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach; the dipeptide (Trp-Phe), the tripeptide (Tyr-Gly-Gly), the tetrapeptide (Pro-Phe-Gly-Lys), the heptapeptide (Ala-Pro-Arg-Leu-Arg-Phe-Tyr), and a N-terminal blocked tripeptide (N-acetyl-Met-Leu-Phe).
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, George Barasch Bioorganic Research Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, USA.
authors.forename: Ajay K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Bose
authors.forename: Yao Hain
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Ing
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lavlinskaia
authors.forename: Chaitanya
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sareen
authors.forename: Birendra N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Pramanik
authors.forename: Peter L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Bartner
authors.forename: Yan-Hui
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Larry
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Heimark
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D004151:Dipeptides / Q000032:analysis / Q000528:radiation effects; D006834:Hydrazines / Q000737:chemistry; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D008872:Microwaves; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D016339:Spectrometry, Mass, Fast Atom Bombardment
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D004151:Dipeptides; D006834:Hydrazines; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D009842:Oligopeptides