title: Kinetics of hepatitis C (HCV) viraemia and quasispecies during treatment of HCV associated cryoglobulinaemia with pulse cyclophosphamide.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of pulse cyclophosphamide treatment on hepatitis C virus (HCV) kinetics and quasispecies in interferon alpha (IFNalpha) resistant HCV related cryoglobulinaemic vasculitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reports on two patients with severe manifestations of HCV related cryoglobulinaemia who failed to respond to interferon alpha are given. Both patients were treated with pulse cyclophosphamide (750-1000 mg/month for six and 11 months, respectively). HCV RNA was quantified and HCV quasispecies determined in cryoprecipitates and supernatants before and during treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cryocrit and complement activation decreased in both patients with rebound of cryocrit in one case during continuing pulse cyclophosphamide treatment. Vasculitic symptoms improved. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and HCV viral load (0.2-0.4 log) increased slightly and reached pretreatment levels after cyclophosphamide was stopped. A highly heterogeneous quasispecies was found in the cryoprecipitate and supernatant of one patient, whereas the viral population was homogeneous in the other patient. After six cycles of cyclophosphamide, viral distances decreased non-significantly. However, phylogenetic analysis showed the evolution of distinct viral strains in one patient and replacement of the main viral population by another population in the second patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Immunosuppressive treatment with pulse cyclophosphamide has a temporary limited effect on HCV associated cryoglobulinaemia and leads to a reversible increase of ALT levels and HCV viral load. Short term immunosuppression does not affect the viral heterogeneity as measured by amino acid and nucleotide distances in the hypervariable region 1 of HCV. A change of quasispecies was observed, but further studies are needed to evaluate if this does affect the outcome of IFNalpha treatment in such patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thiel
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mas Marques
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rösler
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Peter
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Weiner
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000032:analysis; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003449:Cryoglobulinemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000821:virology*; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020551:Pulse Therapy, Drug; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D019562:Viral Load; D014766:Viremia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D012367:RNA, Viral; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D000410:Alanine Transaminase