title: Predicting the effect of transfusing only phenotype-matched RBCs to patients with sickle cell disease: theoretical and practical implications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transfusing only phenotype-matched RBCs has been recommended to reduce the incidence of alloimmunization to blood group antigens in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD).
  
  
  METHODS
  The expected benefit of phenotype matching was determined by identifying which of the existing blood group alloantibodies in patients with SCD who received conventional transfusions would not have been formed if they had received only phenotype-matched RBCs. By use of each patient's alloantibodies as a baseline, it was possible to identify specific alloantibodies that would not have been formed if each of five different phenotype-matching protocols had been used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During a 12-year period, 351 patients received transfusions with 8939 units of ABO- and D-matched RBCs. Of these, 102 patients (29.1%) formed at least one blood group alloantibody. An additional 35 patients with SCD with alloantibodies were identified by reviewing clinical records, yielding a total of 137 alloimmunized patients for inclusion in this study. If all transfusions had been selected by limited phenotype matching (C, c, E, e, and K, as well as for ABO and D), all alloantibodies would have been prevented for more than half (53.3%) of the 137 alloimmunized patients. If all transfusions had been matched for C, c, E, e, K, S, Fya, and Jkb, all antibodies would have been prevented for 70.8 percent of the 137 alloimmunized patients. Approximately 13.6 percent of random white blood donors would be expected to match a limited phenotype-matching protocol, whereas only 0.6 percent would match an extended phenotype-matching protocol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Limited phenotype matching would have prevented all alloantibodies in 53.3 percent of the patients who formed alloantibodies. This protocol requires RBCs that are readily available. Extended phenotype matching would have prevented alloimmunization in 70.8 percent of patients who formed alloantibodies. However, this would require phenotypes that are 22.7 times less prevalent among random blood donors and is therefore impractical for a long-term strategy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Meidicine, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA. olcastro@aol.com
authors.forename: Oswaldo
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.forename: S Gerald
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Sandler
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Houston-Yu
authors.forename: Sohail
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rana
mesh_terms: D000017:ABO Blood-Group System / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy*; D044383:Black People / Q000235:genetics; D001787:Blood Group Incompatibility / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001788:Blood Grouping and Crossmatching; D004219:District of Columbia; D017707:Erythrocyte Transfusion / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D006801:Humans; D007518:Isoantibodies / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records; D008875:Middle Aged; D010641:Phenotype; D012204:Rh-Hr Blood-Group System / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D012805:Sickle Cell Trait / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics; D017086:beta-Thalassemia / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D000017:ABO Blood-Group System; D007518:Isoantibodies; D012204:Rh-Hr Blood-Group System