title: [Primary esophageal motor disorders in childhood, genuine achalasia excluded].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Esophageal manometry has been increasingly used in children allowing better description of esophageal primary disorders as partial achalasia. The aim of this retrospective study was to describe clinical manifestations of partial achalasia, to look for their specificities and to follow clinical and manometric evolution in response to treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen patients (mean age four years: range one month-13.5 years) presenting with partial achalasia were examined from 1990 to 1998. The symptomatology leading to esophageal manometry was: dysphagia (n = 9), gastroesophageal reflux (n = 6), swallowing disorder (n = 3). pH-metry (n = 8), esophageal endoscopy (n = 11) and barium transit (n = 12) were also performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve children were treated with nifedipine, (dysphagia n = 6, gastroesophageal reflux n = 5, swallowing disorder n = 1). At follow-up, a good clinical response was observed in six children while no effect or transient improvement were observed in two and four children respectively. Two of them presented spontaneous clinical resolution of symptoms after nifedipine was stopped but four children needed Heller procedure. Six of 18 patients (dysphagia n = 3, gastroesophageal reflux n = 2, swallowing disorder n = 1) developed achalasia or recurrent symptoms which required Heller surgery. At the first examination, no clinical or manometric features could differentiate these six patients from the remainders who presented a favorable outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Esophageal primary disorders as partial achalasia in children are observed in various clinical conditions. The possible development of achalasia and persistence of symptoms in some children justify both attentive clinical and manometric follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Unité de gastroentérologie, hépatologie et nutrition, clinique de pédiatrie, hôpital Jeanne-de-Flandre, 2, avenue Oscar-Lambret, 59037 Lille, France.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Devouge
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Michaud
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Lamblin
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Guimber
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Turck
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gottrand
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D004931:Esophageal Achalasia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D015154:Esophageal Motility Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D004943:Esophagogastric Junction / Q000503:physiopathology; D004945:Esophagoscopy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry; D009543:Nifedipine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D009543:Nifedipine