title: Frequency of congenital varicella syndrome in a prospective cohort of 347 pregnant women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the rate of congenital varicella zoster virus syndrome in neonates born to women developing varicella zoster virus infections during pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnant women with clinical varicella zoster virus infection were enrolled at ten perinatal centers. Maternal and fetal immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgM by fluorescent antibody confirmed 74.3% of cases. Specialists examined neonates at 0-6 months, 7-18 months, and 19-30 months after delivery to detect abnormalities of their eyes, hearing, and physical and developmental features. A hierarchical set of criteria was used to define congenital varicella syndrome. A jury of four investigators assigned the classification of all findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 362 women enrolled from 1993 to 1996, 15 had herpes zoster, and 347 had primary varicella zoster virus infection. Varicella zoster virus affected 140 women (38.7%) in the first trimester, 122 (33.7%) in the second trimester, and 100 (27.6%) in the third trimester. Five twin pairs were included. Only one case (0.4%) of definite congenital varicella syndrome was found, a 3360-g female infant having a left retinal macular lesion with typical skin scars after maternal varicella at 24 weeks. The maternal blood sample at birth was negative for IgG antibodies to toxoplasmosis and cytomegalovirus. Two cases involved fetal death at 20 weeks and fetal hydrops at 17 weeks after maternal varicella at 11 and 5 weeks, respectively. We found no cases of limb hypoplasia, microcephalus, or cataract.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The frequency of congenital varicella syndrome is very low (0.4%) in a prospectively studied cohort. Eye examinations of exposed infants had a low yield.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA. jharger@pitt.edu
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Harger
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ernest
authors.forename: Gary R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Thurnau
authors.forename: Atef
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moawad
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Thom
authors.forename: Mark B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Landon
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: Menachem
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miodovnik
authors.forename: Mitchell
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dombrowski
authors.forename: Baha
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sibai
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Van Dorsten
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McNellis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006562:Herpes Zoster / Q000151:congenital* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013577:Syndrome