title: Laryngeal electromyography in the management of vocal cord mobility problems in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy and clinical usefulness of laryngeal electromyography (EMG) in the evaluation and management of vocal cord mobility problems in children; and to determine the ability of laryngeal EMG to differentiate vocal fold fixation versus paralysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-series review of 8 children with vocal cord immobility who underwent laryngeal EMG.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight children with bilateral vocal fold immobility underwent microlaryngoscopy and electromyography. Bipolar concentric needle electrodes were used and implanted separately into both posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) and both thyroarytenoid (TA) muscles. EMG activity was recorded during spontaneous ventilation under a light plane of anesthesia with propofol. EMG activity was correlated with the phases of the respiratory cycle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three patients had evidence of normal EMG activity with PCA activity peaking during early inspiration. Maximal TA activity occurred expiration. These patients were assumed to have vocal fold fixation. Two of these 3 patients underwent laryngotracheoplasty (LTP) with posterior glottic expansion with costal cartilage. One is being considered for LTP in the future. Five patients had abnormal EMG activity and remain tracheotomy-dependent. Four patients exhibited synkinetic activity with peak PCA activity during expiration and peak TA activity during expiration. Two patients had both fixation and unilateral vocal cord paralysis. One was successfully decannulated after posterior graft LTP and the other is planned for the future.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Electromyography, which differentiates paralysis from fixation, is a useful diagnostic tool in the evaluation of children with vocal cord immobility.
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Pediatric Otolaryngology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, U.S.A. jacobsi@email.chop.edu
authors.forename: Ian N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Richard S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Finkel
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D004576:Electromyography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007818:Laryngeal Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D011143:Polyvinyl Chloride; D014827:Vocal Cords / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D011143:Polyvinyl Chloride