title: Head injury by gunshots from blank cartridges.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Blank cartridge handguns are generally underestimated in their capacity to inflict serious and potentially life threatening injuries. The predominant reasons for these injuries are suicide or suicide attempts, followed by accidental injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  A series of 26 gas gunshots to the neurocranium is presented. The injury pattern relevant to neurosurgical practice is illustrated in a case summary of 7 selected cases and the clinical courses as well as outcomes are presented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The injury pattern demonstrates that the energy density of the gas jet and the high temperatures of the exploding gas volume cause extensive soft tissue injuries. In close-range shots the gas jet takes on physical properties of a projectile. In these injuries impression fractures and dislocation of bone fragments are common.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gas handguns, contrary to public opinion, are dangerous weapons and may inflict potentially fatal injuries to the neurocranium when fired at close range. These weapons are frequently used in criminal or careless activities predominantly by young males. Extensive CNS injuries including hematomas, subarachnoid hemorrhage, foreign body contamination, and increased intracranial pressure are frequently observed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giese
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Koops
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lohmann
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Westphal
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Püschel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D005389:Firearms; D006708:Homicide; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012886:Skull / Q000473:pathology; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013405:Suicide; D013406:Suicide, Attempted; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*