title: Risks to the aquatic ecosystem from the application of Metarhizium anisopliae for locust control in Australia.
abstract: Laboratory tests of Metarhizium anisopliae var acridum Driver & Milner, at a dose of 1.3 x 10(6) conidia ml-1, had no adverse effects on nymphs of mayfly, Ulmerophlebia sp or 8-week-old fry of the rainbow fish, Melanotaenia duboulayi Castelnau. This dose was toxic to the cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia dubia Richard, causing 100% mortality in 48 h. When this test was repeated at doses of up to 6.7 x 10(3) conidia ml-1, there was only 5% mortality after 192 h. Spraying of artificial water sources with a very high dose of the fungus as an aqueous spray resulted in 80-130 conidia ml-1 at 15 cm depth in the first 24 h after spraying. The conidia rapidly settled out and were absent from the top 15 cm layer of water after about 50 h. A similar experiment using the oil formulation as used in field control resulted in a 2- to 20-fold lower level of conidia in the water. Finally, sampling actual water sources in spray areas revealed a very low level of contamination of the water, with a maximum mean level of 29 conidia ml-1 in the first 24 h after treatment. Thus the level of conidia likely to enter water during control campaigns is a small fraction of that required to kill cladocerans, the only sensitive non-target organism tested. It is concluded that the biopesticide is very unlikely to pose any hazard to aquatic organisms.
authors.affiliation: CSIRO Entomology, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. richardm@ento.csiro.au
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Milner
authors.forename: Richard P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Hunter
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001315:Australia; D033361:Cladocera / Q000382:microbiology; D017753:Ecosystem; D005399:Fishes / Q000382:microbiology; D006110:Grasshoppers / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000502:physiology*; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods*; D007814:Larva / Q000382:microbiology; D003904:Mitosporic Fungi / Q000502:physiology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013997:Time Factors; D014871:Water Microbiology