title: Levobupivacaine 0.125% and lidocaine 0.5% for intravenous regional anesthesia in volunteers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Levobupivacaine, a long acting, amino-amide, local anesthetic, may offer advantages over lidocaine for intravenous regional anesthesia (IVRA). The objective of this investigation was to compare levobupivacaine to lidocaine for IVRA.
  
  
  METHODS
  After institutional review board approval and informed consent, eight unpremedicated male American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I-II volunteers received 40 ml of levobupivacaine 0.125% or lidocaine 0.5% for IVRA on separate days. Onset and regression of sensory anesthesia by pinprick, transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TES), and of motor function were tested before, during, and after release of the tourniquet. Central nervous system and cardiac side effects were evaluated after local anesthetic administration and tourniquet release. The tourniquet remained inflated for 30-45 min.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intravenous regional anesthesia with either agent provided surgical anesthesia. Sensory anesthesia to pinprick (lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve) was faster with lidocaine at median 1.5 min. versus 12.5 min with levobupivacaine. Loss of sensation to TES occurred at median 22.5 and 27.5 min for lidocaine and levobupivacaine, respectively. Loss of motor function occurred earlier after lidocaine administration. After release of the tourniquet, return of sensation to TES, pinprick (ulnar nerve), and return of motor function occurred later with levobupivacaine at median 25, 15, and 21.25 versus 10, 4.5, and 10 min with lidocaine. Central nervous system side effects were absent in volunteers given levobupivacaine, but five of eight volunteers given lidocaine experienced mild side effects. No cardiac events were noted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Levobupivacaine 0.125% may be an alternative to lidocaine 0.5% for IVRA. Longer lasting analgesia after release of the tourniquet may be caused by a more profound and prolonged tissue binding effect of levobupivacaine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA. peter.atanassoff@yale.edu
authors.forename: Peter G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Atanassoff
authors.forename: Rima
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aouad
authors.forename: Maximilian W B
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Hartmannsgruber
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Halaszynski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000765:Anesthesia, Conduction; D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002045:Bupivacaine; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine; D008297:Male; D013997:Time Factors; D004561:Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine; D002045:Bupivacaine