title: [CAS of the paranasal sinuses--technology and clinical experience with the Vector-Vision-Compact-System in 102 patients].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Functional endonasal sinus surgery has gained significant importance in the treatment of chronic inflammatory sinus disease over the past 20 years. Still, the risk of jeopardizing adjacent structures, i. e. the anterior skull base, optic nerve or carotid artery, is increased, especially in revision cases. Several attempts have been made in the past to reduce the risk of iatrogenic injuries due to this kind of surgery and to increase the safety of the procedure, one of them being the introduction and clinical application of image guided and computer assisted surgery (CAS) respectively. A new method of patient registration for the CAS is the non-contact laser registration (z-touch trade mark laser). The main advantage of the laser registration device, is that it is no longer necessary to equip the patient with special markers or with a headset for the registration scan, therefore additional CT scans can be avoided.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study we summarize our experience with the Vector Vision compact navigation system. The study population contained 102 patient, treated over a period of 18 months (Sept. 2000 - Dez. 2001). The indications for the CAS were mainly revision operations of recurrent nasal polyps, mucoceles or other chronic rhino-sinus diseases, especially of the frontal sinus. In 35 cases the headset registration was applied, in all other cases we used the z-touch trade mark laser registration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The preoperative planning time was significantly lower for z-touch trade mark laser registration ( 5,2 min) compared to the headset registration ( 20,2 min), the set-up-time in the operation room was nearly the same, 7 min for z-touch trade mark laser registration and 6 min for headset registration. The most important criterion for CAS, of course, is accuracy during surgery; here we also observed an increased accuracy for the z-touch trade mark laser registration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data confirm earlier observations indicating that CAS enhances safety during endoscopic sinus surgery especially in revision cases. In addition it might be a helpful adjunct for the beginner and even advanced surgeon during routine sinus procedures. Nevertheless, CAS should not be misinterpreted as a substitute for thorough and meticulous studying of this delicate area including cadaver studies. Our results further demonstrate that the faster and simple registration method allows us to use the system more frequently, thereby increasing the number of navigated cases. The accuracy we can achieve varies between 0.9 and 2.4 mm, with a mean value of 1,3 in the x- and y-axis and 1,4 in the z-axis. In addition it is also possible to use imaging data sets obtained prior to the intent to operate. This not only reduces the cost for imaging studies, but also minimizes the manpower needed to place the fiducials, organize and perform additional acquisition of images.
authors.affiliation: Hals-Nasen-Ohrenklinik im Krankenhaus Starnberg GmbH, Starnberg.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Grevers
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leunig
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Klemens
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hagedorn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003199:Computer Systems; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D005626:Frontal Sinus / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation; D007834:Lasers; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009078:Mucocele / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D009298:Nasal Polyps / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D010254:Paranasal Sinus Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D010255:Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D012086:Reoperation; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D012984:Software; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000295:instrumentation