title: In-vivo analysis of the instantaneous transvalvular pressure difference-flow relationship in aortic valve stenosis: implications of unsteady fluid-dynamics for the clinical assessment of disease severity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Because the hemodynamic basis of aortic valve area (AVA) has never been validated in vivo, several alternative indices have been proposed to quantify the severity of aortic stenosis (AS). This study was designed to assess the fluid-dynamics of aortic valve stenosis in order to clarify which index best accounts for disease severity. The diagnostic implications of reversed deltaP during ejection were also investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chronic valvular AS characterized by stiff leaflets without commissural fusion was created surgically in eight adult mongrel dogs; three additional animals were used as controls. At two-week intervals (three studies per dog), simultaneous micromanometer pressure and transit-time Q measurements were collected under different hemodynamic conditions. Instantaneous deltaP and Q signals were processed digitally and fitted to a modified form of the unsteady Bernoulli equation in which AS is characterized by effective valve area.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An unsteady Bernoulli equation accurately predicted measured instantaneous AP values (R = 0.97+/-0.06), and a quadratic correlation was observed between instantaneously fitted and Gorlin-derived AVA. Additionally, deltaP < 0 mmHg during late ejection was observed in the majority of AS datasets, with a normalized time to deltaP reversal of 93+/-13% for AS animals versus 69+/-36% for controls (p <0.0005). Time to deltaP reversal inversely correlated with the Strouhal number (R = -0.77), and was responsible for an overestimation of mean systolic transvalvular deltaP and Q that resulted in a significant bias in the Gorlin method. Error was highest in moderate stenosis with low transvalvular output.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unsteady fluid-dynamics supports AVA over other measures of AS such as aortic valve resistance. However importantly, late-ejection reversal of deltaP precludes estimating the systolic ejection period from pressure tracings, and accounts for an additional source of error when AS is quantified invasively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bermejo
authors.forename: J Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Antoranz
authors.forename: Ian G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Burwash
authors.forename: Jose L Rojo
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: Mar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.forename: Miguel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: García-Fernández
authors.forename: Catherine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Otto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001024:Aortic Valve Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D002302:Cardiac Output; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D004562:Electrocardiography; D006334:Heart Function Tests; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D016014:Linear Models; D011336:Probability; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013318:Stroke Volume