title: Changes in the cause of death among HIV positive subjects across Europe: results from the EuroSIDA study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The causes of death among HIV-positive patients may have changed since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). We investigated these changes, patients who died without an AIDS diagnosis and factors relating to pre-AIDS deaths.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analyses of 1826 deaths among EuroSIDA patients, an observational study of 8556 patients. Incidence rates of pre-AIDS deaths were compared to overall rates. Factors relating to pre-AIDS deaths were identified using Cox regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Death rates declined from 15.6 to 2.7 per 100 person-years of follow-up (PYFU) between 1994 and 2001. Pre-AIDS incidence declined from 2.4 to 1.1 per 100 PYFU. The ratio of overall to pre-AIDS deaths peaked in 1996 at 8.4 and dropped to < 3 after 1998. The adjusted odds of dying following one AIDS defining event (ADE) increased yearly (odds ratio, 1.53; P < 0.001), conversely the odds of dying following three or more ADE decreased yearly (odds ratio, 0.79; P < 0.001). The proportion of deaths that followed an HIV-related disease decreased by 23% annually; in contrast there was a 32% yearly increase in the proportion of deaths due to known causes other than HIV-related or suicides. Injecting drug users (IDU) were significantly more likely to die before an ADE than homosexuals (relative hazard, 2.97; P < 0.0001) and patients from northern/eastern Europe (relative hazard, 2.01; P < 0.0001) were more likely to die pre-AIDS than southern patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proportion of pre-AIDS deaths increased from 1994 to 2001; however, the incidence of pre-AIDS deaths and deaths overall declined. IDU and subjects from northern/eastern Europe had an increased risk of pre-AIDS death. HIV-positive patients live longer therefore it is essential to continue to monitor all causes of mortality to identify changes.
authors.affiliation: Royal Free Centre for HIV Medicine, Department of Primary Care and Population Sciences, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mocroft
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brettle
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kirk
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blaxhult
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Parkin
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Antunes
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Francioli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: D'Arminio Monforte
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Lundgren
mesh_terms: D002423:Cause of Death; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male