title: Improvements required for the detection of Salmonella Pullorum and Gallinarum.
abstract: Detection of the specific Salmonella serovar Gallinarum, which is divided into the biovars Pullorum and Gallinarum, is compulsory under the national hygienic and sanitary control regulations of France for breeding flocks whose offspring are exported. Our aim was to examine the suitability of bacteriologic and serologic methods routinely used in France to screen serum samples and organs for S. Gallinarum. Since bacteriologic reference techniques are designed to isolate the commonly occurring non-typhoid serovars, such as S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, and others that cause outbreaks of foodborne illness, they may not be particularly suitable for detecting S. Pullorum and S. Gallinarum. This hypothesis was confirmed by the inoculation of 10-wk-old chickens and 1-d-old chicks with various strains of S. Pullorum and S. Gallinarum. The most reliable enrichment media were selenite cystine and Rappaport-Vassiliadis broths. Moreover, on the usual plating media, colonies were small, grew more slowly than the common serovars (in 48 h instead of 24 h), and had an unusual appearance. Since the rapid slide agglutination (RSA) test is based only on antigens from standard and variant strains of S. Pullorum, it may not readily detect S. Gallinarum. In our study, it detected infection in all 10-wk-old chickens inoculated with S. Pullorum strains but did not detect any antibodies against S. Gallinarum. Therefore, S. Gallinarum antigens must be added to the S. Pullorum antigens used in the RSA test in order to detect antibodies produced by birds infected with either biovar.
authors.affiliation: Agence Française de Securité Sanitaire des Aliments-Ploufragan, Zoopĵle Beaucemaine-Les Croix, France. k.proux@ploufragan.afssa.fr
authors.forename: Karine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Proux
authors.forename: Florence
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Humbert
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jouy
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Houdayer
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lalande
authors.forename: Aurélie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oger
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Salvat
mesh_terms: D000372:Agglutination Tests / Q000662:veterinary; D000818:Animals; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood; D002645:Chickens; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005602:France; D008099:Liver / Q000382:microbiology; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D012475:Salmonella / Q000145:classification* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000382:microbiology*; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; D013154:Spleen / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial