title: Regulation of structural plasticity by different channel types in rod and cone photoreceptors.
abstract: In response to retinal disease and injury, the axon terminals of rod photoreceptors demonstrate dramatic structural plasticity, including axonal retraction, neurite extension, and the development of presynaptic varicosities. Cone cell terminals, however, are relatively inactive. Similar events are observed in primary cultures of salamander photoreceptors. To investigate the mechanisms underlying these disparate presynaptic responses, antagonists to voltage-gated L-type and cGMP-gated channels, known to be present on rod and cone cell terminals, respectively, were used to block calcium influx during critical periods of plasticity in vitro. In rod cells, L-type channel antagonists nicardipine and verapamil inhibited not only the outgrowth of processes and the formation of varicosities, but also the synthesis of vesicle proteins, SV2 and synaptophysin. In contrast, the synthesis of opsin in rod cells was unaffected. In cone cells, L-type channel antagonists caused only modest changes. However, cobalt bromide, which blocks all calcium channels, and l-cis-diltiazem, a potent antagonist of cGMP-gated channels, significantly inhibited varicosity formation and synthesis of SV2 in cone cells. Moreover, the cGMP-gated channel agonist 8-bromo-cGMP caused a significant increase in varicosity formation by cone but not rod cells. Thus voltage-gated L-type channels in rod cells and cGMP-gated channels in cone cells are the primary calcium channels required for structural plasticity and the accompanying upregulation of synaptic vesicle synthesis. The differing responses of rod and cone terminals to injury and disease may be determined by these differences in the regulation of Ca2+ influx.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103-2714, USA.
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Townes-Anderson
mesh_terms: D000557:Ambystoma; D000818:Animals; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003035:Cobalt / Q000494:pharmacology; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D054815:Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Cation Channels; D004110:Diltiazem / Q000494:pharmacology; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D016501:Neurites / Q000187:drug effects; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D009529:Nicardipine / Q000494:pharmacology; D017949:Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D017948:Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D017299:Rod Opsins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D013572:Synaptic Vesicles / Q000378:metabolism; D016708:Synaptophysin / Q000378:metabolism; D014700:Verapamil / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type; D054815:Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Cation Channels; D005136:Eye Proteins; D007473:Ion Channels; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D017299:Rod Opsins; D016708:Synaptophysin; C016276:8-bromocyclic GMP; D003035:Cobalt; D014700:Verapamil; D009529:Nicardipine; D004110:Diltiazem; D006152:Cyclic GMP