title: [National preparedness for biological mass casualty event: between the devil and the deep blue sea].
abstract: Species of plants and animals, as well as nations of human beings were extinguished throughout the prehistory and history of this planet. One of the possible explanations for this phenomenon is a large scale epidemic of viral, bacterial or fungal infections. One well-documented example was the smallpox epidemic among native Indians of South America following the European invasion. Deliberate dissemination of disease was used as a weapon during the Middle Ages when corpses of plague casualties were thrown over the walls and into the besieged towns. The Book of Kings II, of the Bible, in chapter 19 recalls the story of 185,000 soldiers of Sennacherib that died in one night, near the walls of Jerusalem. The possibility of causing mass casualty by dissemination of infectious disease has driven countries and terrorist organizations to produce and store large quantities of bacteria or viruses. The death of thousands in the USA on September 11, 2001, demonstrated that terror has no moral prohibitions, only technical limitations. Terror organizations will not hesitate to use weapons for mass destruction to kill many, and if only few will die, it will still serve the purpose of these evil organizations: to strew panic, to destroy normal life and to increase fear and instability. Any government that faces decisions about how to be better prepared against biological warfare is pushed between the devil and the deep blue sea. On the one hand: the better we will be prepared, equipped with antibiotics and vaccines--the more lives of casualties we will be able to save. Better public education will help to reduce the damage, but, on the other hand--in order to cause more people to make the effort to equip themselves or to refresh their protective kit--we will have to increase their level of concern. In order to improve the medical education of all members of the medical teams we will have to start a broad and intense campaign, thereby taking the risk of increasing stress in the public in anticipation of such an attack. The more we will encourage patients who suffer flu-like syndromes to consult their family physician, the more instances of early detection of anthrax cases we will discover. However, in so doing, we will increase the level of national stress and flood primary medicine with many thousands of patients without being able to give our general practitioners any simple and effective tool for the diagnosis of anthrax in its early stages. Between the devil of biological warfare and the deep blue sea of public reaction, a small group of decision-makers and their professional advisers is under pressure. Israel is fortunate that this is not a new problem for this group of experts. Large scale drills, thorough preparations and adequate stockpiling of everything required marks the results of this group's activities. The state of Israel is today one of the best-prepared countries for such an event.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery, Hadassah University Hospital, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem.
authors.forename: Arieh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eldad
mesh_terms: D001694:Biological Warfare / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004189:Disaster Planning / Q000379:methods*; D006077:Government Agencies; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel; D023481:Terrorism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014481:United States