title: Genetic polymorphisms of the interleukin-4 receptor alpha gene are associated with an increasing risk and a poor prognosis of sporadic renal cell carcinoma in a Japanese population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It has been suggested that the immune system of the host may be capable of modulating the clinical course of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients. In fact, the amount of Th2 cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 in the serum of patients has been found to be an important predictor of poor prognosis. Recently, it was reported that genetic polymorphisms of the IL-4 receptor alpha (IL-4Ralpha) gene affect the strength of signaling through the receptor. In addition, these same polymorphisms were found to be associated with an increased risk of atopy by causing Th2-dominated responses of the host. The significance of the polymorphisms on the incidence and prognosis in sporadic RCC patients were examined to clarify the role of IL-4 as well as that of the Th1/Th2 immune system in this disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control study was performed with 143 sporadic RCCs in a Japanese population and 205 Japanese controls. Logistic regression models were also used to assess the genetic effects on prognosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequencies of variant alleles that enhance signaling of IL-4 were significantly related to an increased risk of RCC. Furthermore, multivariate regression analysis showed that the genotype of the IL-4R gene was an independent prognostic factor for cause-specific survival (P = 0.018) together with M classification (P = 0.0002) and histopathological grade (P = 0.044).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings show that the preferential Th2-type response to tumors was associated with a poorer prognosis and suggest that polymorphisms of the IL-4Ralpha gene may serve as useful genetic markers for assessing the risk of the development and progression of RCC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
authors.forename: Eijiro
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Yuzuru
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Megumi
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kamoto
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ishitoya
authors.forename: Toshiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Terachi
authors.forename: Mitsuhiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tachibana
authors.forename: Hisanori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsushiro
authors.forename: Tomonori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Habuchi
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kakehi
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ogawa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000483:Alleles; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000378:metabolism; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics*; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011379:Prognosis; D019948:Receptors, Interleukin-4 / Q000235:genetics*; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D019948:Receptors, Interleukin-4; D016753:Interleukin-10; D015847:Interleukin-4