title: Pathogenetic roles of angiogenic factors in pyogenic granulomas in pregnancy are modulated by female sex hormones.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An abundance of microvessels is the major phenotype of pyogenic granuloma, which has been considered a hormone-related lesion based on clinical observations. Although angiogenic factors and inflammatory cytokines have been implied to play roles in the pathogenesis of pyogenic granuloma, their links to female steroid hormones still remain to be elucidated. Since apoptosis is important in limiting inflammation, we also investigated whether steroid hormones could protect granuloma cells from apoptosis and, therefore, lead to overreactive inflammatory response.
  
  
  METHODS
  We employed immunoassays in a series of experiments, including human pyogenic granuloma in pregnancy, mouse air pouch granuloma and U937 (monoblastoid) cells in culture to clarify the relationship among vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-1 beta and female steroid hormones in granuloma formation. The apoptotic rates were analyzed in vivo and in vitro by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine 5-triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL) and flow cytometry, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both in human and animal studies, the immunoassays (enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay [ELISA] and immunohistochemistry) detected significantly more VEGF and bFGF and less TNF-alpha in hormones than the control group, while TUNEL assay revealed less apoptotic cells in groups with pregnancy levels of hormones. In vitro, progesterone enhanced the expression of VEGF in LPS-treated U937 cells. Both estrogen and progesterone inhibited the apoptosis of U937 cells triggered by exogenous TNF-a
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Female steroid hormones may have dual effects on the pathogenesis of pyogenic granuloma in pregnancy. The hormones not only enhance the expression of angiogenic factors in inflamed tissue, but also decrease apoptosis of granuloma cells to extend angiogenic effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dentistry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Kuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Lih-Yuh C
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Wing
authors.forename: Ming T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D043925:Angiogenesis Inducing Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D015153:Blotting, Western; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D004967:Estrogens / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D017789:Granuloma, Pyogenic / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D006651:Histocytochemistry; D006801:Humans; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000503:physiopathology; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D020298:U937 Cells; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D043925:Angiogenesis Inducing Agents; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D004967:Estrogens; D007375:Interleukin-1; D008222:Lymphokines; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D011374:Progesterone