title: Lipodystrophy syndrome in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lipodystrophy syndrome in HIV-infected adults is characterized by a variety of physical and/or metabolic abnormalities, including fat redistribution, hyperlipidemia (hypercholesterolemia and/or hypertriglyceridemia) and peripheral insulin resistance. Many studies suggest that antiretroviral therapy is the underlying cause of the condition. Few data exist for HIV-infected children.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a cross-sectional study evaluating HIV-infected children age 2 to 16 years. Fat redistribution was identified by physical examination and parental questionnaire. Fasting blood analysis included cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, glucose, insulin and C-peptide.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty HIV-infected children were recruited. Seven children (18%) exhibited physical signs of fat redistribution. Twenty-seven (68%), 11 (28%) and 3 (8%) children exhibited evidence for hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia and insulin resistance, respectively. Eleven children (28%) had no physical signs or laboratory evidence of lipodystrophy. Statistical analysis did not reveal any significant association between the presence of lipodystrophic features and patient age, HIV-1 viral load, exposure to specific antiretroviral medications or duration of protease inhibitor or nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor therapy. Drug dosing was significantly associated with the development of lipodystrophy features. Children receiving pediatric dosing regimens vs. adult dosing regimens were less likely to develop lipodystrophy (P = 0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Features associated with lipodystrophy syndrome arise in some HIV-infected children. Subjects receiving pediatric dosing regimens were less likely than those receiving adult regimens to develop lipodystrophy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, USA.
authors.forename: Rene A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Amaya
authors.forename: Claudia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Kozinetz
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McMeans
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schwarzwald
authors.forename: Mark W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Kline
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001823:Body Composition; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D039682:HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010808:Physical Examination; D012307:Risk Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D001786:Blood Glucose; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol