title: Spinal injuries.
abstract: The pre-hospital care of patients with suspected spinal injuries involves early immobilisation of the whole spine and the institution of measures to prevent secondary injury from hypoxia, hypoperfusion or further mechanical disruption. Early ventilation and differentiation of haemorrhagic from neurogenic shock are the key elements of pre-hospital resuscitation specific to spinal injuries. Falls from a significant height, high-impact speed road accidents, blast injuries, direct blunt or penetrating injuries near the spine and other high energy injuries should all be regarded as high risk for spinal injury but clinical examination should determine whether the patient requires full, limited or no spinal immobilisation. Although there is little conclusive evidence in the literature that supports pre-hospital clinical clearance of the spine, the similarities between pre-hospital immobilisation decisions and in-hospital radiography decisions are such that it is likely that clinical clearance will be effective for selected patients. This decision can be made at the scene provided the patient has no evidence of: Altered level of consciousness or mental status Intoxication Neurological symptoms or signs A distracting painful injury (e.g. chest injuries, long bone fracture) Midline spinal pain or tenderness. Where there is evidence to support spinal immobilisation, then the full range of devices and techniques should be considered. In the remote or operational environment where pre-hospital times are prolonged, full immobilisation, analgesia and re-assessment may allow localisation of the injury and a reduction in the degree of immobilisation. Common reasons for missing significant spinal injuries include failing to consider the possibility of spinal injuries in patients who are either unconscious, intoxicated or uncooperative (54,55). The application of the decision rule discussed here will ensure that no clinically significant spinal injuries are missed in pre-hospital care.
authors.affiliation: roderick.mackenzie@doctors.org.uk
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mackenzie
mesh_terms: D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D006801:Humans; D008887:Military Medicine; D012769:Shock / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D013124:Spinal Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006113:United Kingdom; D014950:Wounds, Penetrating / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy