title: Isolation and characterization of a Mycobacterium strain that metabolizes the insecticide endosulfan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize a bacterium capable of metabolizing endosulfan.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A endosulfan-degrading bacterium (strain ESD) was isolated from soil inoculum after repeated culture with the insecticide as the sole source of sulfur. Analysis of its 16S rRNA gene sequence, and morphological and physiological characteristics revealed it to be a new fast-growing Mycobacterium, closely related to other Mycobacterium species with xenobiotic-degrading capabilities. Degradation of endosulfan by strain ESD involved both oxidative and sulfur-separation reactions. Strain ESD did not degrade endosulfan when sulfite, sulphate or methionine were present in the medium along with the insecticide. Partial degradation occurred when the culture was grown, with endosulfan, in the presence of MOPS (3-(N-morpholino)propane sulphonic acid), DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide), cysteine or sulphonane and complete degradation occurred in the presence of gutathione. When both beta-endosulfan and low levels of sulphate were provided as the only sources of sulfur, biphasic exponential growth was observed with endosulfan metabolism being restricted to the latter phase of exponential growth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study isolated a Mycobacterium strain (strain ESD) capable of metabolizing endosulfan by both oxidative and sulfur-separation reactions. The endosulfan-degrading reactions are a result of the sulfur-starvation response of this bacterium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This describes the isolation of a Mycobacterium strain capable of degrading the insecticide endosulfan. This bacterium is a valuable source of enzymes for use in enzymatic bioremediation of endosulfan residues.
authors.affiliation: CSIRO, Entomology, GPO Box 1700, Canberra ACT 2601 Australia. Tara.Sutherland@ento.csiro.au
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Sutherland
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Horne
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Harcourt
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Oakeshott
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D003470:Culture Media; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000032:analysis; D004726:Endosulfan / Q000378:metabolism*; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D007306:Insecticides / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009161:Mycobacterium / Q000145:classification* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism; D010802:Phylogeny; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013455:Sulfur / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D007306:Insecticides; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D013455:Sulfur; D004726:Endosulfan