title: Implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy for life-threatening arrhythmias in young patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the indications, efficacy and outcomes of implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) use in the pediatric population.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ICDs are first-line therapy for adults resuscitated from sudden cardiac death (SCD) or at high risk for life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. Use of ICDs in children and young adults is infrequent and there are few data regarding this group.
  
  
  METHODS
  We abstracted and analyzed data for all patients in whom ICDs were implanted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 38 devices were implanted in 27 patients. Age ranged from 6 to 26 years (mean, 14) and weight ranged from 16 to 124 kg (mean, 47). Diagnoses included long QT syndrome (9), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy [6], repaired congenital heart disease [5];, and idiopathic ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation [4]. Indications comprised resuscitated SCD [15], syncope [9], and life-threatening ventricular arrhythmia [3]. Initial device placement was infraclavicular in 13, abdominal in 13 and intrathoracic in 1. Epicardial leads were used with 5 systems. A single coil lead was used in 17. Seven patients, all previously resuscitated from SCD, experienced 88 appropriate successful discharges. There were 6 inappropriate discharges in 3 patients. Mean time to device replacement was 3.1 years (n = 11). Complications included 2 infected systems, 2 lead dislodgments, 2 lead fractures, 1 post-pericardiotomy syndrome, 1 adverse event with defibrillation threshold (DFT); testing, and 1 patient with psychiatric sequelae. No deaths occurred with implanted ICDs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate that ICDs provide safe and effective therapy in young patients. The indications for ICDs as primary preventive therapy remain uncertain.
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan Congenital Heart Center, Women's Hospital, UMHS, L1242, Box 0204, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0204, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Stefanelli
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leroy
authors.forename: Macdonald
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dick
authors.forename: Gerald A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Serwer
authors.forename: Peter S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Fischbach
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016638:Critical Illness; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D012042:Registries; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D015996:Survival Rate; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome