title: Proteomics and bioinformatics approaches for identification of serum biomarkers to detect breast cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization (SELDI) is an affinity-based mass spectrometric method in which proteins of interest are selectively adsorbed to a chemically modified surface on a biochip, whereas impurities are removed by washing with buffer. This technology allows sensitive and high-throughput protein profiling of complex biological specimens.
  
  
  METHODS
  We screened for potential tumor biomarkers in 169 serum samples, including samples from a cancer group of 103 breast cancer patients at different clinical stages [stage 0 (n = 4), stage I (n = 38), stage II (n = 37), and stage III (n = 24)], from a control group of 41 healthy women, and from 25 patients with benign breast diseases. Diluted serum samples were applied to immobilized metal affinity capture Ciphergen ProteinChip Arrays previously activated with Ni2+. Proteins bound to the chelated metal were analyzed on a ProteinChip Reader Model PBS II. Complex protein profiles of different diagnostic groups were compared and analyzed using the ProPeak software package.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A panel of three biomarkers was selected based on their collective contribution to the optimal separation between stage 0-I breast cancer patients and noncancer controls. The same separation was observed using independent test data from stage II-III breast cancer patients. Bootstrap cross-validation demonstrated that a sensitivity of 93% for all cancer patients and a specificity of 91% for all controls were achieved by a composite index derived by multivariate logistic regression using the three selected biomarkers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Proteomics approaches such as SELDI mass spectrometry, in conjunction with bioinformatics tools, could greatly facilitate the discovery of new and better biomarkers. The high sensitivity and specificity achieved by the combined use of the selected biomarkers show great potential for the early detection of breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
authors.forename: Jinong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rosenzweig
authors.forename: Young Y
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Daniel W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019313:BRCA1 Protein / Q000097:blood; D024682:BRCA2 Protein / Q000097:blood; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D019295:Computational Biology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D015336:Molecular Probe Techniques; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D020543:Proteome / Q000032:analysis*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
chemical_list: D019313:BRCA1 Protein; D024682:BRCA2 Protein; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D020543:Proteome