title: Tracking the tissue distribution of marker dye following intranasal delivery in mice and chinchillas: a multifactorial analysis of parameters affecting nasal retention.
abstract: The combined mucosal surface area is vast and represents the primary site of entry of most pathogens to the respiratory, gastrointestinal (GI), and urogenital tracts. It is recognized that vaccines delivered parenterally typically only induce weak mucosal immune responses and that by targeting the mucosal immune system protective antibodies and effector lymphocytes could be induced at the primary site of infection. In the present study, we have evaluated an extensive set of conditions required to ensure maximum retention of intranasally administered substances within the nasal cavity in the chinchilla and murine hosts. We report here that many parameters, such as anaesthesia, position of animal during and post delivery, and dosing schedule, must be optimized in concert with each other and that results from one species cannot be extrapolated directly to another animal model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Street, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
authors.forename: Anju
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Visweswaraiah
authors.forename: Laura A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Novotny
authors.forename: Erik J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Hjemdahl-Monsen
authors.forename: Lauren O
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Bakaletz
authors.forename: Yasmin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Thanavala
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D018681:Anesthetics, General / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002682:Chinchilla / Q000378:metabolism*; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005070:Evans Blue / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005260:Female; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C / Q000378:metabolism*; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D011187:Posture; D013045:Species Specificity; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014611:Vaccination / Q000662:veterinary
chemical_list: D018681:Anesthetics, General; D004396:Coloring Agents; D005070:Evans Blue; D007649:Ketamine