title: Postpartum stress: current concepts and the possible protective role of breastfeeding.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review stress during the postpartum and the research supporting that a unique, protective biology exists in breastfeeding mothers that may reduce reactivity to stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  Publications from nursing and biomedical literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies reviewed were those that have contributed to concurrent conceptualizations of postpartum stress. Additionally, studies with sufficient participants were analyzed for common findings. Animal literature was reviewed for studies on the stress response in lactating and nonlactating animal models.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stress during the postpartum may be conceptualized as physical, intrapersonal, and interpersonal. Animal data and a few recent human studies suggest that the neuroendocrinology of the lactating mother may down-regulate the magnitude of the stress response.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A diminished stress response may serve to protect the breastfeeding maternal-infant dyad from environmental stimuli and to direct the physiology of the mother toward milk production, energy conservation, and nurturance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nurses understand the benefits of breastfeeding for optimal infant health, but new research suggests that maternal health may also be benefited in a biologic and as yet unexplored way.
authors.affiliation: The University of Tennessee, College of Nursing, Knoxville 37996-4180, USA. mgroer@utk.edu
authors.forename: Maureen Wimberly
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Groer
authors.forename: Mitzi Wilkinson
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hemphill
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000502:physiology; D007774:Lactation / Q000502:physiology*; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000502:physiology; D011644:Puerperal Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000517:prevention & control*