title: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of clonazepam in children with epilepsy treated with valproate: a preliminary study.
abstract: The authors report the use of the quantitative pharmaco-EEG (QPEEG) technique to study the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of clonazepam (CZP) in four epileptic children who suffered uncontrolled seizures despite long-term valproate (VPA) therapy. After a single dose of CZP (0.05 mg/kg, PO), blood samples were collected at 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 8.0, 12.0, and 24.0 hours. CZP and VPA concentrations were measured by HPLC or GC assay, respectively. At each blood collection time point, EEG signals (60 s) were recorded for brain electrical activity mapping, and the power percentage average (PPA) of each frequency band was calculated. The relationship between drug concentrations and their corresponding PPA of each frequency band was analyzed. VPA steady-state drug concentrations (Css) were within the therapeutic range and not affected by CZP. The peak concentration (Cmax) of CZP and the time intervals from dosing to Cmax (Tmax) were 20.9 ng/mL to 113.8 ng/mL and 1 hour to 1.5 hours, respectively. There was no significant correlation between VPA concentrations and the PPA of any of the EEG frequency bands. CZP blood concentrations showed significant correlation with PPA in 3 of the 4 patients. Our results suggested CZP could affect fast wave activities in proportion to CZP blood concentrations. We propose that QPEEG is a promising technique to study the PK and PD of selected anti-epileptic drugs.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China. wangli54@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xiao-Dong
authors.initials: XD
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002998:Clonazepam / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D002998:Clonazepam; D014635:Valproic Acid