title: Moderate intakes of intact soy protein rich in isoflavones compared with ethanol-extracted soy protein increase HDL but do not influence transforming growth factor beta(1) concentrations and hemostatic risk factors for coronary heart disease in healthy subjects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Soybeans contain estrogenic isoflavones that may influence plasma concentrations of transforming growth factor beta(1) (TGF-beta(1)) and plasma lipid and hemostatic risk factors for coronary heart disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We compared the effects of moderate intakes of soy protein containing intact phytoestrogens (high-isoflavone diet) and soy protein from which most of the phytoestrogens had been extracted (low-isoflavone diet) on active TGF-beta(1) concentrations and plasma lipid and hemostatic risk factors for coronary heart disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized crossover trial was conducted in 22 young, healthy, normolipidemic subjects (5 men and 17 women) who consumed diets providing 56 or 2 mg isoflavones/d for 17 d each with a 25-d washout period between treatments. Fasting blood samples were obtained on days 13 and 14 of each treatment to measure plasma isoflavone, lipid, fibrinogen, and active TGF-beta(1) concentrations and factor VII coagulant and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 activities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma isoflavone concentrations were 100-999 times greater after the high-isoflavone diet than after the low-isoflavone diet (P < 0.05). Plasma HDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I concentrations were 4% (95% CI: 1%, 8%) and 6% (95% CI: 3%, 10%) higher, respectively, after the high-isoflavone diet than after the low-isoflavone diet (P < 0.01 for both).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with soy protein from which most of the phytoestrogens have been extracted, soy protein with intact phytoestrogens increases HDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I concentrations but does not influence LDL-cholesterol, TGF-beta(1), or fibrinogen concentrations; factor VII coagulant activity; or plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 activity in normolipidemic, healthy subjects.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition, Food and Health Research Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom. tom.sanders@kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Thomas A B
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: Tracey S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Dean
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Grainger
authors.forename: George J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wiseman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007529:Isoflavones / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D030262:Soybean Proteins / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000097:blood*; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D007529:Isoflavones; D030262:Soybean Proteins; C508960:TGFB1 protein, human; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1