title: Temporal morphogenesis of herpes simplex virus type 1-infected and brefeldin A-treated human fibroblasts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Insights in the herpesvirus-cell interactions are of general cell biology interest, especially to studies of intracellular transport, and of considerable significance in the efforts to generate drugs, vaccines, and gene therapy. However, the pathway of virus particle egress and maturation is a contentious issue.
  
  
  METHODS
  The intracellular transport was inhibited in cultured herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infected human fibroblasts by brefeldin A (BFA). The virus-cell interactions including the viral envelopment, transport of HSV-1 virions, and transport of viral glycoprotein D (gD-1) and glycoprotein C (gC-1) were studied by titration assay, immunoblot, immunofluorescence light microscopy, and immunogold electron microscopy of cryosections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  gD-1 and gC-1 were synthesized and normally transported to the plasma membranes of untreated HSV-1 infected host cells. BFA (1 microg/ml medium) effectively blocked the transport of the glycoproteins to the plasma membranes and affected the tubulin and vimentin of the cytoskeleton. Viral particles and glycoproteins accumulated in the perinuclear space and the endoplasmic reticulum of BFA treated cells. Withdrawal of BFA influence up to 9 hr resulted in restored tubulin and vimentin, transport of glycoproteins to the plasma membranes, and steady release of infectious viral particles to the extracellular space superior to the cellular assembly of new virions. The ultrastructural data presented support that the primary envelopment of viral particles occur at the nuclear membranes containing immature glycoproteins followed by multiple de-envelopments and re-envelopments of the virions during the transport and maturation in the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BFA-induced changes include the cytoskeleton with significant effect on HSV-1 maturation and egress. The data support a multiple-step envelopment of HSV-1 in a common pathway of glycoprotein synthesis and virion egress.
authors.affiliation: The Protein Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Pathology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Helle L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Bodil
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Norrild
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000378:metabolism; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020126:Brefeldin A / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048429:Cell Size; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000821:virology; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D021381:Protein Transport; D013997:Time Factors; D014404:Tubulin / Q000378:metabolism; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D014404:Tubulin; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins; C039447:glycoprotein D, Human herpesvirus 1; C038535:glycoprotein gC, herpes simplex virus type 1; D020126:Brefeldin A