title: An innovative approach to the determination of safety for a dietary ingredient derived from a new source: case study using a crystalline lutein product.
abstract: Lutein and zeaxanthin are antioxidant carotenoids that occur naturally in the diet. A new source of these carotenoids, a crystalline lutein product, is an extract from the marigold flower (Tagetes erecta) that contains approximately 86% by weight of the carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin. The safety of consumption of a crystalline lutein product used as an ingredient in food is determined by evaluating the safety of ingestion of the whole product, as well as safety of ingestion of the major constituents, lutein and zeaxanthin. The approach to evaluating the safety of increased lutein and zeaxanthin intake from consumption of crystalline lutein product is based on an evaluation of the incremental increase this ingestion will produce in lutein and zeaxanthin and in total carotenoids, compared to background exposure. In addition, bioavailability of lutein+zeaxanthin from crystalline lutein product, when added to food, is determined and used to adjust the estimated daily intake of lutein and zeaxanthin from this new source and standardize it to the bioavailable dose of these carotenoids from food sources. The proposed level of ingestion of lutein and zeaxanthin from the crystalline lutein product would increase intake of lutein zeaxanthin in the generally vegetable-poor American diet to a level comparable to the mean intake of individuals consuming the recommended number of servings of vegetables per day and is therefore determined to be both prudent and safe. Safety of consumption of the whole product is determined by evaluating the source of the product, production process, nature and quantity of impurities, and product specifications. Corroboration of safety is provided by animal toxicology studies of the crystalline lutein product, as well as human and epidemiologic studies of lutein and zeaxanthin intake. It can be concluded that crystalline lutein is a safe and GRAS source of lutein for its proposed uses in food.
authors.affiliation: ENVIRON International Corporation, 4350 Fairfax Drive, Arlington, VA 22203, USA. ckruger@environcorp.com
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Kruger
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: DeFreitas
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pfannkuch
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heimbach
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003460:Crystallization; D004032:Diet; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005503:Food Additives; D005504:Food Analysis; D006801:Humans; D014975:Lutein / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity*; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D051381:Rats; D012449:Safety; D014675:Vegetables; D024341:Xanthophylls; D065146:Zeaxanthins; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D005503:Food Additives; D024341:Xanthophylls; D065146:Zeaxanthins; D019207:beta Carotene; D002338:Carotenoids; D014975:Lutein