title: Characterization and comparative evaluation of a novel PAI-1 inhibitor.
abstract: Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), the primary physiological inhibitor of both tissue-type plasminogen activator and urokinase-type plasminogen activator in plasma, is a well established risk factor in thrombotic diseases. Reduction of active PAI-1 levels may lead to a decreased tendency of thrombosis. Compounds that can suppress pharmacologically active PAI-1 levels are therefore considered as putative drugs. In the present study, we describe the PAI-1 neutralizing properties and mechanism of a newly selected compound (i.e. fendosal, HP129) in comparison to four previously reported compounds (i. e. AR-H029953XX, XR1853, XR5118 and the peptide TVASS) using different assays. The inhibitory effect of these compounds on active PAl-1 was analyzed by a plasmin-coupled chromogenic assay (Coaset t-PA), direct chromogenic assays (t-PA, u-PA) and quantification of complex formation by ELISA, SDS-PAGE and surface plasmon resonance. Comparative evaluation of the obtained IC50 values reveals large differences [i.e. IC50 of 15 microM (HP129) vs. >1000 microM (XR5118) determined at 37 degrees C using SDS-PAGE] between the compounds studied. Importantly, the relative potency of the various compounds is also dependent on the method used (10 to 170-fold differences in IC50 values). Characterization of the PAI-1 forms (i.e. active, non-reactive and substrate) generated upon inactivation reveals that the newly described compound HP129 induces a unique pathway (i.e. active to non-reactive conversion via a substrate-behaving intermediate) of inactivation compared to the other compounds. Taken together, these data strongly suggest that the various compounds act through different mechanisms. In addition, the results stress the necessity for a careful selection of the method used for the evaluation of PAI-1 inhibitors, preferably requiring a panel of screening methods.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytopharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gils
authors.forename: Jean-Marie
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Stassen
authors.forename: Herbert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nar
authors.forename: Joerg T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Kley
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wienen
authors.forename: Uwe J
authors.initials: UJ
authors.lastname: Ries
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Declerck
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000494:pharmacology; D002742:Chlorphenamidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002863:Chromogenic Compounds; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D010879:Piperazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D012459:Salicylates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015842:Serine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D020349:Surface Plasmon Resonance
chemical_list: C110601:AR-H029953XX; D000925:Anticoagulants; D002863:Chromogenic Compounds; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D010879:Piperazines; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D012459:Salicylates; D015842:Serine Proteinase Inhibitors; C107761:XR 5118; C102986:XR 1853; C016448:fendosal; D002742:Chlorphenamidine