title: Reliability of EMG time-frequency measures of fatigue during repetitive lifting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the short-term and long-term reliability of time-frequency electromyographic (EMG) measures of fatigue during repetitive dynamic lifting and compare it with the reliability of median frequency (MF) EMG measures of fatigue during static lifting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen' healthy male subjects (26 +/- 5 years) repetitively (12 lifts/min) lifted and lowered a box (29 x 25 x 23 cm, 13 kg) for 4.5 min during 3 different tests on 2 different days. EMG data and the biomechanics of motion were recorded. Before and after dynamic lifting, static maximum lifting tests were performed. At the end of each of the two sessions, subjects performed a static lift at 80% of their maximum lifting force for 30 s.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant fatigue-related changes were observed during the lifting exercise via EMG time-frequency analysis at the paravertebral L5, L2, T10, and vastus lateralis (VL) electrode sites. Two parameters for assessing fatigue during dynamic contractions [i.e., the Instantaneous Median Frequency (IMDF) and its time dependent change] were shown to be reproducible both in the short-term (2 h) and long-term (2 wk). The corresponding ICCs reflecting the reproducibility of values between sessions were 96.9% (L5), 98.1% (L2), 90.1% (T10), 96.4% (UT), 98.0% (GM), 89.5% (VL), and 99.0% (BF), respectively. For most EMG recording sites, the reliability of the IMDF measures was not dependent upon the postural strategy that the subject used to accomplish the lifting task or on the subject's strength as measured via the static maximum lifting test. A comparison between the ICC values of the IMDF measures and those of the parameters utilized to assess fatigue during static sustained lifts [i.e., the Median Frequency (MDF) and its change during the test] revealed equally good reproducibility for most EMG recording sites. The respective ICC values that took into account time dependent trends for the IMDF parameter were 87.1% (L5), 62.4% (L2), 90.1% (T10), 0% (UT), 72.7% (GM), 45.4% (VL), and 100% (BF), and for the MDF parameter 94.9% (L5), 73.0% (L2), 80.9% (T10), 100% (UT), 89% (GM), 91.7% (VL), and 90.9% (BF), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The time-frequency approach allows one to derive EMG spectral parameters that can be used to monitor muscle fatigue during dynamic real-world tasks such as lifting.
authors.affiliation: Weisser Hof Rehabilitation Hospital, Klosterneuburg, Austria. Gerold.Ebenbichler@AKH-Wien.ac.at
authors.forename: Gerold R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Ebenbichler
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bonato
authors.forename: Serge H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lehr
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Posch
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kollmitzer
authors.forename: Ugo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Della Croce
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D018763:Muscle Fatigue / Q000502:physiology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D005082:Physical Exertion; D011336:Probability; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014891:Weight Lifting / Q000502:physiology*