title: Sit-to-stand performance depends on sensation, speed, balance, and psychological status in addition to strength in older people.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sit-to-stand (STS) performance is often used as a measure of lower-limb strength in older people and those with significant weakness. However, the findings of recent studies suggest that performance in this test is also influenced by factors associated with balance and mobility. We conducted a study to determine whether sensorimotor, balance, and psychological factors in addition to lower-limb strength predict sit-to-stand performance in older people.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six hundred and sixty nine community-dwelling men and women aged 75-93 years (mean age 78.9, SD = 4.1) underwent quantitative tests of strength, vision, peripheral sensation, reaction time, balance, health status, and sit-to-stand performance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Many physiological and psychological factors were significantly associated with sit-to-stand times in univariate analyses. Multiple regression analysis revealed that visual contrast sensitivity, lower limb proprioception, peripheral tactile sensitivity, reaction time involving a foot-press response, sway with eyes open on a foam rubber mat, body weight, and scores on the Short-Form 12 Health Status Questionnaire pain, anxiety, and vitality scales in addition to knee extension, knee flexion, and ankle dorsiflexion strength were significant and independent predictors of STS performance. Of these measures, quadriceps strength had the highest beta weight, indicating it was the most important variable in explaining the variance in STS times. However, the remaining measures accounted for more than half the explained variance in STS times. The final regression model explained 34.9% of the variance in STS times (multiple R =.59).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings indicate that, in community-dwelling older people, STS performance is influenced by multiple physiological and psychological processes and represents a particular transfer skill, rather than a proxy measure of lower limb strength.
authors.affiliation: Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute, New South Wales, Australia. S.Lord@unsw.edu.au
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Lord
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: Bridget
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Munro
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tiedemann
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D010809:Physical Fitness; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time; D012042:Registries; D012044:Regression Analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012677:Sensation / Q000502:physiology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis