title: Cancer biomarkers: easier said than done.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Biological and technical advances have led to greatly increased research and development of cancer biomarkers. This overview lists some of the challenges and barriers to developing novel effective cancer biomarkers and enablers to facilitate cancer biomarker development.
  
  
  METHODS
  Current scientific literature regarding development of biomarkers for cancer and other diseases was reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Challenges to developing cancer biomarkers include better understanding of biological heterogeneity, including host/tumor heterogeneity; analytical factors, such as interferences and analytical sensitivity; clinical pathologic factors, such as current histopathologic standards; and health service and market factors. More standardized biomarker definitions, standardization of cancer biology terminology, and high-quality reference materials (specimen and clinical data repositories) were identified as factors required to support advances in cancer biomarkers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the above enablers, novel cancer biomarkers may be useful, both for assessing early and established neoplasia more precisely and for contributing data toward development of novel practical concepts regarding cancer biology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Surgery, University of Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5 Canada. kpritzker@mtsinai.on.ca
authors.forename: Kenneth P H
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Pritzker
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D019411:Clinical Laboratory Techniques / Q000592:standards; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor