title: Image-based planning and validation of C1-C2 transarticular screw fixation using personalized drill guides.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Posterior transarticular spine fusion is a surgical procedure used to stabilize the cervical bodies C1 and C2. Currently, spine screws are used most frequently, according to the procedure of Magerl. As the anatomy is rather complex and the view is limited, this procedure has a high risk factor. We present and validate a planning system for cervical screw insertion based on preoperative CT imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  The planning system discussed allowed a neurosurgeon to interactively determine the desired position of the cervical screws, based on appropriate and real-time reslices through the preoperative CT image volume. From the planning, a personalized mechanical drill guide was derived as a means of transferring the plan intraoperatively. Eight cadaver experiments were performed to validate this approach. Postoperative CT was applied, and screw locations were extracted from the postoperative images after registering them to preoperative images. In this way, the deviations of the axes of the planned and inserted screws were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From an initial cadaver series, it was observed that the drill guides were not stable enough to cope with the drilling forces, and tended to become displaced. Still, most of the inserted screws were reported to be placed adequately. No vascular compromise or invasion of the spinal canal was observed. For a second cadaver series, the design of the drill guide was altered. In this series, the displacement was no longer present, and all screws were optimally placed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The preoperative planning system allowed the neurosurgeon to rehearse screw insertion in a way that is closer to surgical reality. The image-based validation technique allowed verification and enhancement of the template design on a cadaver study, giving accuracies comparable to those obtained with transfer by navigation.
authors.affiliation: Medical Image Computing (ESAT and Radiology), University Hospitals of Leuven, Belgium. Johan.VanCleynenbreugel@uz.kuleuven.ac.be
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van Cleynenbreugel
authors.forename: Filip
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schutyser
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goffin
authors.forename: Karel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Van Brussel
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Suetens
mesh_terms: D001863:Bone Screws; D002102:Cadaver; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D009983:Orthopedic Equipment; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000295:instrumentation*; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014584:User-Computer Interface