title: Intraoperative intercostal nerve blockade for postthoracotomy pain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidural analgesia is widely employed as a means to control postthoracotomy pain, but is sometimes inadequate. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of intraoperative, temporary, intercostal nerve blockade in addition to epidural analgesia for control of postthoracotomy pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty patients undergoing elective lobectomy through antero-axillary thoracotomy were randomized to receive epidural analgesia only (group A, n = 20) or epidural analgesia plus temporary, intraoperative intercostal nerve blockade using 0.25% bupivacaine (group B, n = 20). Postoperative pain was assessed using a subjective analogue visual scale, and with the Prince Henry pain scale. Food intake and nonsteroidal analgesic consumption were also investigated. Serum ACTH and cortisol in each group were measured before and after the operation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The analogue visual scale scores were significantly higher in group A than group B (p < 0.001), and were significantly higher on the day of operation and postoperative days 1, 2, and 3 (p < 0.001, p < 0.005, p < 0.005, p < 0.05, respectively). Prince Henry pain scale scores were significantly higher on the day of operation and postoperative day 1 (p < 0.05, p < 0.005, respectively). Food intake was significantly lower in group A than in group B (p < 0.05), and nonsteroidal analgesic consumption was not significantly different between groups. There was no significant difference between group A and group B in serum ACTH or in cortisol levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Additional intraoperative intercostal nerve blockade provides an additive benefit for postthoracotomy pain relief, especially early after operation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, Japan. stakam@med.kurume-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Shinzo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takamori
authors.forename: Shogo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Toshihiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsuo
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mitsuoka
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shirouzu
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D012272:Ribs; D013908:Thoracotomy / Q000009:adverse effects*