title: The prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with chronic renal failure is increased and associated with impaired psychological general well-being.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Malnutrition occurs frequently in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms may lead to reduced food intake, resulting in malnutrition and impaired well-being in these patients. The prevalence of GI symptoms in various chronic renal failure (CRF) groups is unexplored. We assessed the prevalence of GI complaints in patients on either haemodialysis (HD), peritoneal dialysis (PD), or in the pre-dialysis stage. Patients with and without diabetic nephropathy were also compared.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 233 patients with CRF (128 HD, 55 PD, and 50 pre-dialytic patients) completed two self-administered questionnaires: the Psychological General Well-Being (PGWB) index and the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS), which measures GI symptoms. The values were compared with reference values obtained from the general population. The association between GI symptoms and serum (s-)albumin was also studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total GSRS score in patients with CRF was significantly higher than the reference values (HD 2.14 (1.97-2.31), PD 2.24 (2.00-2.48), and pre-dialytic patients 2.03 (1.82-2.25) vs controls 1.53 (1.50-1.55; P<0.001). When comparing CRF subgroups there was no overall difference between the groups, but PD patients had more severe reflux and eating dysfunction. In patients with diabetic nephropathy, only eating dysfunction was significantly more common than in the non-diabetic patients. There was a negative correlation between GI symptoms and psychological general well-being in CRF patients (Rho=-0.46, P<0.001) indicating that patients with a high GI symptom profile have impaired psychological general well-being. A negative correlation was found between eating dysfunction and s-albumin (Rho=-0.33, P<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of GI symptoms is high in patients with CRF and is associated with impairment in psychological general well-being. Presence of dialysis or not, type of dialysis, and presence or absence of diabetes mellitus seem to have limited impact on GI symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Borås Hospital, Borås, Sweden. hans@box342.swipnet.se
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Strid
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Simrén
authors.forename: Ann-Cathrine
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Svedlund
authors.forename: Ola
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Samuelsson
authors.forename: Einar S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Björnsson
mesh_terms: D001294:Attitude to Health; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D009748:Nutrition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D018579:Patient Selection; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis / Q000523:psychology; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology