title: Galpha-mediated inhibition of developmental signal response.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Seven-transmembrane receptor (7-TMR)-G protein networks are molecular sensors of extracellular signals in all eukarya. These pathways cycle through activated (sensitized) and inhibited (desensitized) states, and, while many of the molecular components for signal activation have been described, inhibitory mechanisms are not well characterized. In Dictyostelium, 7-TM cAMP receptors direct chemotaxis and development but also regulate the periodic synthesis of their own ligand, the chemoattractant/morphogen cAMP. We now demonstrate through loss-of-function/gain-of-function studies that the novel heterotrimeric Galpha9 protein subunit regulates an inhibitory pathway during early Dictyostelium development for the cAMP signal response.
  
  
  RESULTS
  galpha9 null cells form more cAMP signaling centers, are more resistant to compounds that inhibit cAMP signaling, and complete aggregation sooner and at lower cell densities than wild-type cells. These phentoypes are consistent with the loss of an inhibitory signaling pathway during development of galpha9 null cells. Cells expressing constitutively activated Galpha9 are defective in cAMP signaling center formation and development at low cell density and display an increased sensitivity to cAMP signal inhibition that is characteristic of enhanced suppression of the cAMP signal response. Finally, we demonstrate that galpha9 null cells, which have been codeveloped with a majority of wild-type cells, primarily establish cAMP signaling centers and are able to non-autonomously direct wild-type cells to adopt a galpha9 null-like phenotype.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We suggest that Galpha9 functions in an inhibitory-feedback pathway that regulates cAMP signaling center formation and propagation. Galpha9 may be part of the mechanism that regulates lateral signal inhibition or that modulates receptor desensitization.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8028, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Brzostowski
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Alan R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Kimmel
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D004023:Dictyostelium / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000242:Cyclic AMP; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins