title: Electrophysiological response of the right atrium to ibutilide during typical atrial flutter.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The efficacy of ibutilide in conversion of atrial fibrillation and flutter (AFL) has been demonstrated. However, its electrophysiological effects on human atria have not been fully studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve patients with typical AFL were studied. Electrograms were recorded from the anterolateral right atrium, His bundle position, and coronary sinus. During AFL, we measured the conduction time, CTi, through the isthmus between the tricuspid annulus and eustachian ridge and the conduction time, CTni, through the remainder of the right atrium. Resetting response curves and atrial effective refractory periods were determined with single extrastimuli delivered in the tricuspid annulus-eustachian ridge isthmus. After infusion of ibutilide (2 mg over 15 minutes), AFL cycle length (CL) increased from 260+/-30 to 295+/-39 ms (P<0.0003) because of an increase in either CTi, CTni, or both. Effective refractory periods increased from 149+/-16 to 208+/-26 ms (P<0.001). AFL CL variability increased, with a rightward shift of the resetting response curves and loss of full excitability. In 8 patients, AFL was terminated by atrial overdrive pacing after ibutilide at CLs equal to or longer than those that were not effective at baseline, which was caused by orthodromic block in the tricuspid annulus-eustachian ridge isthmus or was associated with development of transient rapid rhythms around newly formed sites of intra-atrial conduction block.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ibutilide causes prolongation of AFL CL and increased CL variability by abolishment of a fully excitable gap. Ibutilide may facilitate pace termination of AFL by development of new short-lived reentry around functional blocks.
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif 94143-1354, USA. scheinman@ep4.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Glatter
authors.forename: Yanfei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Shulong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Randall
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Melvin M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Scheinman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001282:Atrial Flutter / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000187:drug effects; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D013449:Sulfonamides; C067192:ibutilide