title: Human kallikrein gene 5 (KLK5) expression by quantitative PCR: an independent indicator of poor prognosis in breast cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  KLK5 is a newly discovered human kallikrein gene. Many kallikrein genes have been found to be differentially expressed in various malignancies, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA; encoded by the KLK3 gene) is the best tumor marker for prostate cancer. Like the genes that encode PSA and other kallikreins, the KLK5 gene was found to be regulated by steroid hormones in the BT-474 breast cancer cell line.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied KLK5 expression in 179 patients with different stages and grades of epithelial breast carcinoma by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), using LightCycler((R)) technology. An optimal cutoff point equal to the detection limit (65th percentile) was used. KLK5 values were then compared with other established prognostic factors in terms of disease-free (DFS) and overall survival (OS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  High KLK5 expression was found more frequently in pre-/perimenopausal (P = 0.026), node-positive (P = 0.029), and estrogen receptor-negative (P = 0.038) patients. In univariate analysis, KLK5 overexpression was a significant predictor of reduced DFS (P <0.001) and OS (P <0.001). Cox multivariate analysis indicated that KLK5 was an independent prognostic factor for DFS and OS. KLK5 remained an independent prognostic variable in the subgroups of patients with large tumors (>2 cm) and positive nodes. Hazard ratios derived from Cox analysis and related to DFS and OS were 2.48 (P = 0.005) and 2.37 (P = 0.009), respectively, for the node-positive group and 3.03 (P = 0.002) and 2.94 (P = 0.002), respectively, for patients with tumor sizes >2 cm. KLK5 expression was also associated with statistically significantly shorter DFS (P = 0.006) and OS (P = 0.004) in the subgroup of patients with grade I and II tumors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  KLK5 expression as assessed by quantitative RT-PCR is an independent and unfavorable prognostic marker for breast carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5 Canada.
authors.forename: George M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Yousef
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scorilas
authors.forename: Lianna G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Kyriakopoulou
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rendl
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Diamandis
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ponzone
authors.forename: Nicoletta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Biglia
authors.forename: Maurizia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giai
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Roagna
authors.forename: Piero
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sismondi
authors.forename: Eleftherios P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Diamandis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007610:Kallikreins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011379:Prognosis; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D007610:Kallikreins