title: Chronic fatigue following infection by Coxiella burnetii (Q fever): ten-year follow-up of the 1989 UK outbreak cohort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Some patients exposed to Q fever (Coxiella burnetii infection) may develop chronic fatigue.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether subjects involved in the West Midlands Q fever outbreak of 1989 had increased fatigue, compared to non-exposed controls, 10 years after exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Matched cohort study comparing cases to age-, sex- and smoking-history-matched controls not exposed to Q fever.
  
  
  METHODS
  A postal questionnaire was sent to subjects at home, followed by further assessment in hospital, including a physical examination and blood tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 108 Q-exposed subjects, 70 (64.8%) had fatigue, 37 idiopathic chronic fatigue (ICF) (34.3%), vs. 29/80 (36.3%) and 12 (15.0%), respectively, in controls. In 77 matched pairs, fatigue was commoner in Q-exposed subjects than in controls: 50 (64.9%) vs. 27 (35.1%), p<0.0001. ICF was found in 25 (32.5%) of Q-exposed patients and 11(14.3%) of controls (p=0.01). There were 36 (46.8%) GHQ cases in Q-exposed subjects, vs. 18 (23.4%) controls (p=0.004). A matched analysis of those more intensively studied showed fatigue in 48 (66.7%) Q-exposed patients and 25 (34.7%) controls, (p<0.0001), ICF in 25 (34.7%) Q-exposed and 10 (13.9%) controls (p=0.004), and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) in 14 (19.4%) Q-exposed patients and three (4.2%) controls (p=0.003). Thirty-four (47.2%) Q-exposed patients were GHQ cases compared to 17 (23.6%) controls (p=0.004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subjects who were exposed to Coxiella in 1989 had more fatigue than did controls, and some fulfilled the criteria for CFS. Whether this is due to ongoing antigen persistence or to the psychological effects of prolonged medical follow-up is uncertain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, UK.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Wildman
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Groves
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Beattie
authors.forename: E O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Caul
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Ayres
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005221:Fatigue / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011778:Q Fever / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires