title: Apoptosis, PCNA and p53 in hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The regulation of cell number is present in normal tissues but is lost in malignant neoplasms. The real meaning of these alterations is not well known. Apoptosis is the programmed cell death. p53, a tumor suppressor gene, has an important function in DNA repair and in regulation of apoptosis. Mutations of p53 were described in malignant tumors and can be the cause of the alterations of this balance. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen is an auxiliary protein present during G1-late phase and S phase. The aim of this study was to compare cell proliferation, apoptosis and expression of p53 in hepatocellular carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen patients with hepatocellular carcinoma were included. Ten patients were men. The mean age of the patients was 55.53 years old. Cirrhosis was positive in nine patients, 5 were HBsAg positive and none were anti-HCV positive. The mean level of AST and ALT were respectively, 62.79 and 50.64. Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues from these patients were examined retrospectively. Apoptosis were measured by counting the number of apoptotic bodies in 500 tumoral cells. The expression of p53 oncogene and the PCNA were determined by immunohistochemical method, using avidin-biotin method (DAKO). The p53 were considered positive when the number of positive nuclei was more than 5% of the tumoral cells. The proliferative activity was determined by proliferating cell nuclear antigen labeling index.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proliferating cell nuclear antigen-labeling index ranged from 0.48 and 0.95 (mean: 0.82). The p53 was positive in five patients. The number of apoptotic bodies counted ranged from 0 to 15 (mean: 4.20). There were no differences among p53 and the mean levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen labeling index or p53 and the number of apoptotic bodies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high index of proliferation has been shown in the patients studied. Positivity of p53 was seen in less than a half of the patients (35.71%). The index of apoptotic bodies observed was very low. Our results suggest that high-grade proliferation is not associated with increase of apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP-EPM, R. Botucatu no. 740, CEP 04023-900 São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Paiva
authors.forename: Celina Tisuko F
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Oshima
authors.forename: Valéria Pereira
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Lanzoni
authors.forename: Nora Manoukian
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Forones
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000473:pathology*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000473:pathology; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000032:analysis*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53