title: Misalignment-mediated DNA polymerase beta mutations: comparison of microsatellite and frame-shift error rates using a forward mutation assay.
abstract: Mutations arising in microsatellite DNA are associated with neurological diseases and cancer. To elucidate the molecular basis of microsatellite mutation, we have determined the in vitro polymerase error frequencies at microsatellite sequences representative of those found in the human genome: [GT/CA](10), [TC/AG](11), and [TTCC/AAGG](9). DNA templates contained the microsatellites inserted in-frame into the 5' region of the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) gene. Polymerase beta (polbeta) error frequencies were quantitated in microsatellite sequences, relative to frame-shift error frequencies in coding sequences, from the same DNA synthesis reaction. The polbeta error frequencies within the dinucleotide sequences were (2-9) x 10(-3), 14-72-fold higher than the ssDNA template frequencies. The polbeta error frequencies within the tetranucleotide sequences were (4-6) x 10(-3), a 4-13-fold increase over background. Strand biases were observed for the [TC/AG](11) and [TTCC/AAGG](9) alleles, in which more errors were produced when the purine strand served as a template. Mutations within each microsatellite included noncanonical base substitution events and single nucleotide deletions as well as the expected unit length changes. An exponential relationship was observed between the polymerase error frequency per site and both the number of repetitive units and total length of the allele. Our observations are consistent with the strand slippage model of microsatellite mutagenesis and demonstrate that DNA sequence and/or structural differences result in mutational strand biases. To our knowledge, this is the first direct quantitation of DNA polymerase errors in vitro using template microsatellite sequences.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Gittlen Cancer Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA. kae4@psu.edu
authors.forename: Kristin A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Eckert
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mowery
authors.forename: Suzanne E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Hile
mesh_terms: D020137:Base Pair Mismatch / Q000235:genetics*; D001483:Base Sequence; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis / Q000379:methods; D019951:DNA Polymerase beta / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D004277:DNA, Single-Stranded / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018900:Dinucleotide Repeats / Q000235:genetics; D016368:Frameshift Mutation; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D013698:Templates, Genetic; D013937:Thymidine Kinase / Q000235:genetics; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004277:DNA, Single-Stranded; D014764:Viral Proteins; D013937:Thymidine Kinase; D019951:DNA Polymerase beta