title: Psychosocial outcomes following long-term, double-blind treatment of chronic depression with sertraline vs placebo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic forms of depression are associated with significant functional and psychosocial impairments. To date, no study has measured psychosocial functioning in this population during long-term maintenance antidepressant treatment or following the double-blind discontinuation of treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with chronic major or double depression completed 12 weeks of short-term treatment followed by 16 weeks of continuation treatment with sertraline hydrochloride. Responders at the end of the continuation phase were randomized, double-blind, to 18 months of maintenance therapy with either sertraline (n = 77) or placebo (n = 84). Multiple domains of psychosocial functioning were assessed during double-blind therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Substantial worsening in psychosocial function measures occurred in patients taking placebo compared with sertraline during maintenance. Patients with reemergence of depression lost psychosocial gains regardless of treatment. In the subsample of patients who remained in remission throughout maintenance, most of the observed improvement in psychosocial functioning occurred during short-term treatment. By maintenance end point, normalization of functioning was achieved by 58% to 84% of remitters, depending on the outcome measure used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that long-term treatment of chronic forms of depression can result in sustained psychosocial benefits. Discontinuation of treatment results in frequent reemergence of symptoms and loss of psychosocial gains. Long-term treatment resulted in only modest further improvement of psychosocial measures over that achieved in the short-term phase.
authors.affiliation: Cornell University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA. jhk2002@med.cornell.edu
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kocsis
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schatzberg
authors.forename: A John
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Rush
authors.forename: Daniel N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Howland
authors.forename: Leah
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gniwesch
authors.forename: Sonia M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Wilma
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Harrison
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010555:Personality Inventory; D010919:Placebos; D011788:Quality of Life; D020280:Sertraline / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012917:Social Adjustment; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D010919:Placebos; D020280:Sertraline