title: Maxillary sinus puncture and culture in the diagnosis of acute rhinosinusitis: the case for pursuing alternative culture methods.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Traditional assessments of the microbial flora associated with acute bacterial rhinosinusitis have relied on maxillary sinus punctures (taps) and culture. These taps are now considered the gold standard for obtaining cultures and are used as the method of identifying bacterial pathogens in antimicrobial trials. Maxillary sinus taps are limited by discomfort to the patients and technical concerns. Because of these factors, the standard of performing taps has limited antibiotic trials and microbial surveillance. Alternatives to maxillary sinus taps have been explored.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective, systematic review of the literature from 1950 to 2000 of articles comparing culture techniques in the nose and paranasal sinuses for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nasal cultures have poor correlation to maxillary sinus cultures, whereas there is 60% to 85% concordance between endoscopically guided middle meatal cultures and maxillary sinus cultures. These studies, however, are all limited by small sample sizes and therefore are inadequate to make any concrete recommendations regarding the relative role of endoscopically guided middle meatal cultures as a formal method of pathogen identification in acute bacterial rhinosinusitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A formal prospective study with sufficient sample size to assess the concordance between the microbial flora of the maxillary sinus punctures and middle meatal cultures in acute rhinosinusitis is recommended.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA. Mbenning@HfHS.org
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Benninger
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Appelbaum
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Denneny
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Osguthorpe
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Stankiewicz
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015523:Maxillary Sinusitis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology*; D011677:Punctures / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity