title: Validation of tobacco and alcohol intake questionnaire in relation to food intakes for the Five City Study and a proposed classification for Indians.
abstract: Cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1806 subjects (904 men and 902 women) between 25-64 years of age. The survey instruments were questionnaires according to guidelines of WHO and other Indian studies and based on scores of various attributes of tobacco and alcohol consumption. All subjects with tobacco and alcohol consumption were classified separately into mild, moderate and heavy consumption and previous consumptions were also recorded. The overall prevalence of tobacco consumption was significantly higher in men compared to women (27.5 vs 11.6%), while mild tobacco intakes were comparable (2.0 vs 1.6%), moderate (22.2 vs 7.7%) and heavy (3.3 vs 2.2%) tobacco consumptions were significantly higher in men compared to women. The overall prevalence of alcohol consumption was 10.4% in men without any subject among women. The prevalence of moderate (6.6%) alcohol intakes was significantly higher compared to mild (1.2%) and heavy (2.5%) alcohol consumption. Whisky and country liquor were most commonly consumed alcoholic beverages. Smoking (20.7 vs 1.6%) and tobacco chewing (13.3 vs 10.7%) in men and women respectively were common modes of tobacco consumption. Tobacco consumption was significantly associated with lower consumption of vitamin C and beta-carotene and lower body mass index. These findings suggest that tobacco and alcohol consumption assessed by scores constructed on the basis of various attributes appear to be accurate and the questionnaires may be used with precision for classification and assessment in other population groups.
authors.affiliation: Centre of Nutrition and Heart Research Laboratory, Medical Hospital and Research Centre, Moradabad.
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Niaz
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rastogi
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Wander
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003625:Data Collection; D004032:Diet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires