title: Keratinization and ultrastructure of the epidermis of late embryonic stages in the alligator (Alligator mississippiensis).
abstract: Using specific anti-beta keratin and general anti-alpha keratin antibodies, keratins were located in the epidermis of the alligator during the final developmental stages by ultrastructural and immunocytochemical methods. The maturation of the bilayered periderm (= embryonic epidermis) coincides with the disappearance of cell organelles, including the 25-35-nm-thick coarse filaments, and the coalescing of alpha-keratin filaments into a compact mass. The plasmalemma of peridermal cells forms a 15-25-nm-thick electron-dense corneous envelope. These changes start at stage 25, about 3 weeks before hatching, and continue until hatching when the embryonic epidermis is shed. Immature beta-keratogenic cells beneath the embryonic epidermis accumulate immunolabelled beta-filaments which are packed into thin, electron-pale beta-keratogenic cells in the corneous layer. Together, electron-pale and electron-dense materials form a compact 3-4-nm filament pattern of beta-keratin. Melanosomes from epidermal melanocytes, incorporated into beta-cells, give rise to the banded skin pattern of hatchlings. Beta-keratin production is much reduced in the hinge regions, where many alpha-filaments remain packed together with lipid droplets or mucous granules into thinner, more electron-dense, alpha-cells. The keratinaceous material of the alpha-cells is mostly concentrated along the cell membrane, while the lipid/mucous material remains centrally located, as in sebokeratinocytes of the apteric areas of avian skin. Some lipid and mucus is also incorporated into typical beta-cells of the outer scale surface, so that lipids are part of the fully keratinized hard keratin layer of the alligator. Lipids within beta-cells of outer scale surfaces and alpha-cells of the hinge region are probably responsible for limiting water loss and ion movements across the skin. Neither typical mammalian keratohyalin granules nor lepidosaurian keratohyalin-like granules were detected anywhere in alligator epidermis. The combination of anti-beta and anti-alpha keratin antibodies revealed different distributions of beta- and alpha-keratins. In late embryonic stages (25-26 to hatching), beta-keratin occurs only in the upper suprabasal cells, in prekeratinized and keratinized layers, whereas alpha-keratin bundles (tonofilaments) remain only in the lowest layers. The cross-reactivity of the beta-antibody, produced against a chick scale keratin, further shows that avian and crocodilian hard (beta) keratins share common antigenic sites, reflecting a phylogenetic affinity between these taxa.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biologia Evoluzionistica Sperimentale, University of Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Alibardi
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D000489:Alligators and Crocodiles / Q000196:embryology*; D000818:Animals; D047108:Embryonic Development; D004817:Epidermis / Q000196:embryology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005865:Gestational Age; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D007633:Keratins / Q000032:analysis; D008055:Lipids / Q000032:analysis; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D012880:Skin Pigmentation / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D007633:Keratins