title: A review of the validity of the General Health Questionnaire in adolescent populations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To comprehensively review the validity of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) [1] with adolescents (aged 12-19). Although the GHQ has been extensively used and validated with adults and has been frequently used with adolescents, the validity data for this group are sporadic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review of the English language peer-reviewed literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight studies were identified validating the GHQ with young people of which four included only adolescents and four studies involved young adults and adolescents. Of these eight studies, four used an English language version of the GHQ and four used a translated version.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The GHQ has demonstrated validity with older adolescents (17 + years) from the UK and Hong Kong (Chinese translation) and with girls aged 15 in the UK, but there are few data for either gender, aged less than 15 years. Studies in Australia and Italy reported a high proportion of misclassified cases while the studies in Spain and Yugoslavia included some older subjects (20 + years). Therefore, the validity of the GHQ for adolescents in populations other than the UK and Hong Kong remains to be demonstrated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Psychiatrists and other mental health professionals need to be aware of the above limitations when using the GHQ as a screening instrument with adolescents. Further studies are required to: (i) determine the minimum age at which it can be employed, (ii) compare the use of adult versus adolescent criterion interviews, (iii) assemble relevant normative data, and (iv) establish the validity of translated versions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Science, University of Western Australia, QE11 Campus, Nedlands 6009, Western Australia, Australia. rjtait@cyllene.uwa.edu.au
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Tait
authors.forename: Gary K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Hulse
authors.forename: Suzanne I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Robertson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D005194:Family Practice; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results