title: Development status of second generation PDE4 inhibitors for asthma and COPD: the story so far.
abstract: The beginning of the 1990s saw the synthesis and evaluation of orally-active, second generation phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors that have high specificity for the PDE4 subtype. In vitro and in vivo studies established that this class of compounds suppresses the activity of many pro-inflammatory and immune cells indicating that they may be effective in the treatment of airway inflammatory diseases. In this article we review the development status of the most advanced and extensively studied PDE4 inhibitors for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
authors.affiliation: Thoracic Medicine, National Heart & Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Dovehouse Street, London SW3 6LY, United Kingdom. m.giembycz@ic.ac.uk
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Giembycz
mesh_terms: D000631:Aminopyridines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology; D001549:Benzamides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D003509:Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D004347:Drug Interactions; D006801:Humans; D009570:Nitriles; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000145:classification / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology
chemical_list: D000631:Aminopyridines; D001549:Benzamides; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D003509:Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D009570:Nitriles; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; C424423:Roflumilast; C433247:Cilomilast