title: Systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions for postoperative fatigue.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Postoperative fatigue is common, even after uncomplicated operations. Various theories have been presented regarding its aetiology, each suggesting different possible interventions. The purpose of this review was to identify all studies that have assessed interventions for postoperative fatigue and to evaluate these interventions using meta-analytical techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trials of interventions, identified from a systematic search of relevant databases, were evaluated according to standardized criteria and categorized according to intervention modality. Data relating to the efficacy of each intervention at four different postoperative time-points were collated and data synthesis by meta-analysis was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analgesia is effective in reducing fatigue immediately after operation. Perioperative administration of human growth hormone reduces fatigue between 8 and 30 days after abdominal surgery. Weaker evidence was found to suggest an influence of glucocorticoid administration and of surgical technique on fatigue in the first week after operation. No evidence was found to support the theory that psychosocial or nutritional interventions affect the symptom.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While the results demonstrate that improved analgesia can attenuate immediate postoperative fatigue in most patient groups, further research is needed to determine whether the efficacy of human growth hormone and glucocorticoids extends beyond abdominal surgery. The paucity of research into cognitive-behavioural, sleep and activity-based interventions also needs to be addressed.
authors.affiliation: Section of General Hospital Psychiatry, Division of Psychological Medicine, Guy's, King's and St Thomas's School of Medicine and the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK. g.rubin@iop.kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hotopf
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000758:Anesthesia / Q000379:methods; D005221:Fatigue / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D019382:Human Growth Hormone; D013006:Growth Hormone