title: Structural changes in the forefoot of individuals with diabetes and a prior plantar ulcer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Plantar ulcers produced by diabetic foot disease are devastating and costly. Better understanding of the ulcer-producing process is important to improve detection of feet that are at risk and to improve intervention. We identified and quantified soft-tissue and osseous structural changes in the forefoot of diabetic patients with a prior plantar ulcer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two individuals with a mean age (and standard deviation) of 57 +/- 11 years were studied; sixteen had diabetes (of a mean of 20 +/- 11 years' duration), peripheral neuropathy, and a prior plantar ulcer, and sixteen were matched controls. Computed tomography was used to evaluate forefoot structure, including the plantar soft-tissue (muscle) density, soft-tissue thickness beneath the metatarsal heads, metatarsophalangeal joint angle, metatarsal bone density, and metatarsophalangeal joint arthropathy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plantar soft-tissue (muscle) density was lower in the individuals with diabetes (mean, 1 HU [Hounsfield unit]) than it was in the controls (mean, 18 HU). There was no difference in the soft-tissue thickness beneath the metatarsal heads (mean, 10 mm) between the individuals with diabetes and the controls, but the soft-tissue thickness decreased with age. The individuals with diabetes had greater extension deformity of the first, second, and third metatarsophalangeal joints and greater arthropathy of the second, third, and fourth metatarsophalangeal joints. There were no significant differences in metatarsal bone density between the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There were significant differences between the forefeet of individuals with diabetes and a previous plantar ulcer and those of controls: plantar muscle density was decreased, and metatarsophalangeal joint extension and arthropathy were increased. Interestingly, the soft-tissue thickness under the metatarsal heads in the controls was not greater than that in the diabetic patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated structural differences between the forefeet of patients with diabetes and a previous ulcer and those of normal age-matched controls. The information can serve to guide new interventions to prevent or treat foot ulcerations in this patient population.
authors.affiliation: Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA. robertson@computer.org
authors.forename: Douglas D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: Kirk E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Paul K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Commean
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pilgram
authors.forename: Jeffrey E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015519:Bone Density; D003238:Connective Tissue / Q000473:pathology; D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D005545:Forefoot, Human / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008682:Metatarsal Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D008683:Metatarsophalangeal Joint; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed