title: [Minimal residual disease in acute myeloid leukemia in children--standardization and evaluation of immunophenotyping in the AML-BFM-98 study].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Minimal residual disease is a prognostic factor in AML. However, the impact on treatment stratification is not established. The AML-BFM 98 MRD study started in 1/2000 in order to evaluate, standardize and establish immunophenotyping in AML in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a first phase the participating laboratories in Muenster, Goettingen, Vienna and Prague agreed on identical antibody-panels and standardized procedures of sample processing, analysis and data management. The consensus panel was evaluated and adapted to 3- and 4-color flowcytometry. The complete panel was applied to each follow-up sample in orderto minimize the risk offalse negative results due to the loss or shift of antigens during treatment, a known phenomenon in myeloid blasts. Between 1/2000 and 9/2001 165 of 198 protocol patients were analysed at diagnosis, in 149 children at least two follow-up samples were available.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three kinds of immunophenotypes could be defined. Asynchronous expression of stem cell and myeloid antigens i. e. CD34/CD117 combined with CD13/CD15 had a low specificity because precursors in regenerating or normal bone marrow expressed this pattern in 0.47 % (0.1 to 1.5 %). The aberrant co-expression of stem cell antigens and lymphatic antigens such as CD7 or CD2 showed a median level of specificity (0.07 % (0.04 to 0.19 %). Aberrant expression ofstem cell antigens combined with B-lymphatic (CD19, CD10) or NK-cell antigen (CD56) showed the best specificity. The maximal level in normal bone marrow was 0.05 %. Sensitivity of different immunophenotypes was evaluated by diluting known leukemic blasts in regenerating bone marrow. Minimal level of sensitivity was found to be at 10 (-3) to 5 x 10 (-4). According to these data highiy specific immunophenotypes could be detected in 33 %, median specificity was seen in 71 % and low specificity was seen in 88 % of the protocol patients. Two laboratories analyzed simultaneously 17 samples of children with AML from diagnosis and during therapy. A high correlation of blast quantification could be demonstrated (correlation r (2) = 0.98; blasts < 5 % r (2) = 0.91). In addition, two independent explorers quantified the raw data of 16 samples. All results correlated well (r (2) = 0.97; blasts < 5 % r (2) = 90.94).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prospective study phase, started 1/2002, aims to test the impact of MRD diagnostics as an independent prognostic factor in AML in children. This might facilitate future treatment stratification and consequently optimize outcome.
authors.affiliation: Pädiatrische Hämatologie/Onkologie, Universität Münster, Germany. dreinh@uni-muenster.de
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Reinhardt
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Langebrake
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Creutzig
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vormoor
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brune
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thorwesten
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ingiliz
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hrusak
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dworzak
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Griesinger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003561:Cytarabine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D005047:Etoposide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015255:Idarubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D016130:Immunophenotyping / Q000379:methods*; D007223:Infant; D015470:Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D018365:Neoplasm, Residual / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D011379:Prognosis; D012074:Remission Induction; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D003561:Cytarabine; D005047:Etoposide; D015255:Idarubicin