title: Modulation techniques and applications in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC x GC).
abstract: More than a decade after Phillips' first published work this article reviews recent developments in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC x GC). Special attention is devoted to the further development and diversity of modulation devices. These include heated sweepers, cryofocused modulators, and a variety of diaphragm valve-switching strategies. It is demonstrated that all modulation approaches can be very well suited to GC x GC, depending on the particular application. Diaphragm-valve modulation is very powerful for volatile organic compounds. Slotted heater and cryofocused modulation are preferred for samples that contain non-volatile components. Applications ranging from petroleum to environmental and biological samples are illustrated. Extension of the technique to GC x GC-mass spectrometry (MS) is also discussed and trends for future research activity are pointed out.
authors.affiliation: Dow Deutschland GmbH & Co. OHG, Analytical Sciences, 77836 Rheinmünster, Germany. mpursch@dow.com
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pursch
authors.forename: Kefu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Bill
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Winniford
authors.forename: Hernan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cortes
authors.forename: Andy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: Terry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: McCabe
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Luong
mesh_terms: D002849:Chromatography, Gas / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000032:analysis; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010575:Pesticides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical