title: Noninvasive in vivo assessment of cholinergic cortical circuits in AD using transcranial magnetic stimulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A recently devised test of motor cortex excitability (short latency afferent inhibition) was shown to be sensitive to the blockade of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in healthy subjects. The authors used this test to assess cholinergic transmission in the motor cortex of patients with AD.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors evaluated short latency afferent inhibition in 15 patients with AD and compared the data with those of 12 age-matched healthy controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Afferent inhibition was reduced in the patients (mean responses +/- SD reduced to 85.7% +/- 15.8% of the test size) compared with controls (mean responses +/- SD reduced to 45.3% +/- 16.2% of the test size; p < 0.001, unpaired t-test). Administration of a single oral dose of rivastigmine improved afferent inhibition in a subgroup of six patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest that this method can be used as a noninvasive test of cholinergic pathways in AD. Future studies are required to evaluate whether short latency afferent inhibition measurements have any consistent clinical correlates.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neurology, Catholic University, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Di Lazzaro
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oliviero
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Tonali
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marra
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Daniele
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Profice
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Saturno
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pilato
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Masullo
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Rothwell
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002219:Carbamates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D002799:Cholinergic Fibers / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D055590:Electromagnetic Phenomena; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D048448:Phenylcarbamates; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D000068836:Rivastigmine
chemical_list: D002219:Carbamates; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D048448:Phenylcarbamates; D000068836:Rivastigmine