title: Human papillomavirus in larynx.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The core of the present clinical and basic research knowledge of laryngeal human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is described.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review.
  
  
  METHODS
  A computer-aided search of MEDLINE database supplemented by hand searches of key journals was conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One of the tumor-promoting factors in the larynx is the HPV found both in normal laryngeal epithelium and in laryngeal tumors. The most important manifestation of laryngeal HPV infection is laryngeal papillomatosis, a rare disease caused by HPV types 6 and 11. In laryngeal carcinogenesis, the role of HPV remains uncertain. The means of transmission of HPV are partly unknown, and the course of laryngeal HPV infection is unpredictable and variable. Treatment of laryngeal papillomatosis is based on surgery, especially on CO2 laser and shaver. Alpha-interferon is the drug of choice in patients whose response to surgery is poor. However, neither interferon nor other antiviral drugs are able to eradicate the virus from laryngeal mucosa. Little is known about immunological mechanisms involved in laryngeal HPV infection, but in defense against HPV cellular immunity is considered a more important mechanism than humoral immunity. A good experimental model of HPV infection is lacking in which the entire viral life cycle can take place. Organotypic cell cultures (collagen rafts) are useful, but the rate-limiting step in this method is the difficulties in culturing HPV-positive epithelial cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although laryngeal papillomatosis is clinically well defined, the mechanisms and treatment modalities of laryngeal HPV infection need further investigations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland. Leena-Maija.Aaltonen@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: Leena-Maija
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Aaltonen
authors.forename: Heikki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rihkanen
authors.forename: Antti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vaheri
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007822:Laryngeal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D010212:Papilloma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D027383:Papillomaviridae; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D014412:Tumor Virus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy