title: Isolation of Prorocentrum lima (Syn. Exuviaella lima) and diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) risk assessment in the Gulf of California, Mexico.
abstract: A benthic toxic dinoflagellate identified as Prorocentrum lima (Syn. Exuviaella lima), and designated as strain PRL-1, was isolated from the coast of El Pardito (Coyote) Island in Baja California Sur, Mexico, after a fisherman poisoning incident involving consumption of liver from Lutjanus colorado, and Mycteroperca prionura fish. Purification and culturing was done in ES-Si medium, under 12:12 light/dark cycle (4 x 20 W cool-white fluorescent lamps), at 22 degrees C and constant stirring during 28 days. Whole cells were toxic to Artemia franciscana and its methanolic extract to mouse and to the marine yeast Debaryomyces hansenii. Chromatographic analysis (TLC and HPLC-MS) of such extract indicated an unusual proportion (1:2) okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1). Estimated total toxin content by mouse bioassay (based on OA toxicity) was 19 pg/cell, a value significantly higher than that found by HPLC-MS (about 5.2 pg/cell, taking into account OA and DTX-1 only), suggesting that additional toxic components of unidentified nature are detected with the bioassay. This is the first report of a successful isolation and culturing of a toxic dinoflagellate from the Gulf of California, Mexico.
authors.affiliation: The Northwest Center for Biological Research SC, P.O. Box 128, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico City 23000, Mexico.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heredia-Tapia
authors.forename: B O
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Arredondo-Vega
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Nuñez-Vázquez
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yasumoto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yasuda
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ochoa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002855:Chromatography, Thin Layer; D036841:Ciguatera Poisoning; D002922:Ciguatoxins / Q000032:analysis; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004141:Dinoflagellida / Q000737:chemistry*; D005517:Foodborne Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008800:Mexico; D051379:Mice; D019319:Okadaic Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D011714:Pyrans / Q000032:analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012758:Shellfish / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D011714:Pyrans; D002922:Ciguatoxins; D019319:Okadaic Acid; C051904:dinophysistoxin 1