title: Micro-shear bond strength of dual-cured resin cement to glass ceramics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sandblasting, etching, and a silane coupling agent on the ability of dual-cured resin cement to bond to glass ceramics designed for in indirect adhesive restoration.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cast glass ceramic (Olympus Castable Ceramics) with a crystalline phase consisting of mica and beta-spondumene was selected as the substrate material. The glass surfaces, which were sandblasted, polished, or etched with phosphoric acid or hydrofluoric acid (HF), were bonded with a dual-cured resin cement (Panavia Fluoro Cement) using a dentin adhesive system (Clearfil SE Bond), both with and without a silane coupling agent. A micro-shear bond test was carried out to measure the bond strength of the resin cement to the glass surface. Each glass surface was bonded and tested using the shear test. In addition, surfaces with the bonding removed after the shear bond test, the adhesive interface between the glass and cement, and an etched glass surface without any bonding, were studied morphologically using scanning electron microscopy or field emission scanning electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Usage of a silane coupling agent effectively raised the bond-strength values of resin cement (Fisher's PLSD, P<0.01). The effectiveness of using phosphoric acid etching to improve bonding was not clear (Fisher's PLSD, P>0.01). HF-etching for 30s seemed to over-etch the glass surface, resulting in adverse effects on bonding (Fisher's PLSD, P<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The micro-shear bond strength between Olympus Castable Ceramics and resin cement can be increased by the silane coupling agent used along with an acidic primer.
authors.affiliation: Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Department of Restorative Sciences, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan. shimada.ope@tmd.ac.jp
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.forename: Saori
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.forename: Junji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tagami
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental / Q000379:methods; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002516:Ceramics; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003735:Dental Casting Technique; D003776:Dental Porcelain; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D006858:Hydrofluoric Acid; D007284:Inlays; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D012821:Silanes; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013718:Tensile Strength
chemical_list: C438313:Clearfil SE Bond; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; C438843:Panavia-Fluoro; D019279:Resin Cements; D012821:Silanes; C465647:olympus castable ceramic; D003776:Dental Porcelain; C023506:Glass ceramics; D006858:Hydrofluoric Acid