title: Novel role for calcium-independent phospholipase A(2) in the macrophage antiviral response of inducible nitric-oxide synthase expression.
abstract: The double-stranded (ds) RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) is a primary regulator of antiviral responses; however, the ability of dsRNA to activate nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) and dsRNA + interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) to stimulate inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS) expression by macrophages isolated from PKR(-/-) mice suggests that signaling pathways in addition to PKR participate in antiviral activities. We have identified a novel phospholipid-signaling cascade that mediates macrophage activation by dsRNA and viral infection. Bromoenol lactone (BEL), a selective inhibitor of the calcium-independent phospholipase A(2) (iPLA(2)), prevents dsRNA- and virus-induced iNOS expression by RAW 264.7 cells and mouse macrophages. BEL does not modulate dsRNA-induced interleukin 1 expression, nor does it affect dsRNA-induced NF-kappa B activation. Protein kinase A (PKA) and the cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) are downstream targets of iPLA(2), because selective PKA inhibition prevents dsRNA-induced iNOS expression, and the inhibitory actions of BEL on dsRNA-induced iNOS expression are overcome by the direct activation of PKA. In addition, BEL inhibits dsRNA-induced CREB phosphorylation and CRE reporter activation. PKR does not participate in iPLA(2) activation or iNOS expression, because dsRNA stimulates iPLA(2) activity and dsRNA + IFN-gamma induces iNOS expression and nitric oxide production to similar levels by macrophages isolated from PKR(+/+) and PKR(-/-) mice. These findings support a PKR-independent signaling role for iPLA(2) in the antiviral response of macrophages.
authors.affiliation: Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, USA.
authors.forename: Leonard B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Maggi
authors.forename: Jason M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Moran
authors.forename: Anna L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Scarim
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.forename: Ji-Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McHowat
authors.forename: R Mark L
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Buller
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Corbett
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002460:Cell Line; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D054746:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type II; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D004686:Encephalomyocarditis virus / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000502:physiology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009281:Naphthalenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D010741:Phospholipases A / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000378:metabolism; D011753:Pyrones / Q000494:pharmacology; D012330:RNA, Double-Stranded / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D019892:eIF-2 Kinase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; D007375:Interleukin-1; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009281:Naphthalenes; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D010743:Phospholipids; D011753:Pyrones; D012330:RNA, Double-Stranded; D007371:Interferon-gamma; C068314:6-(bromomethylene)tetrahydro-3-(1-naphthaleneyl)-2H-pyran-2-one; C496319:NOS2 protein, human; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; D019892:eIF-2 Kinase; D054746:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type II; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D010741:Phospholipases A; D002118:Calcium