title: Management of clinical stage I testicular pure seminoma. Report on 42 patients and review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Testis cancer is the most common tumor detected in men aged from 20 to 35 years accounting for 1-2%. About 20-30% of patients presenting with clinical stage I pure seminoma of the testis, which accounts for 45-50% of all germ cell tumors, present with occult metastases in the retroperitoneal lymph nodes. Currently, treatment options for clinical stage I seminoma include adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) as well as surveillance and adjuvant single agent chemotherapy. Herein, we review our experience in the management of 42 patients with clinical stage I pure seminoma of the testis and review the literature concerning this topic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 1977 and December 2000, of 56 patients with pure seminoma of the testis 42 (75%) were assessed as clinical stage I disease. Adjuvant RT was performed in 41 patients and surveillance in 1. Radiations fields included the para-aortic and ipsilateral pelvic lymph nodes. A radiation dose of 25 Gy in 20 daily fractions was given. All patients were followed up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average age was 41.2 years (range 24-67). Mean follow-up was 85.3 months (range 12-279). Histopathology assessed classic seminoma in 41 cases (98%) and spermatocytic seminoma in 1 (2%). Small vessel invasion was detected in 8 cases (19%). Overall relapse rate was 4.7%. Overall survival rate resulted 97%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) is a safe standard of care in controlling microscopic retroperitoneal disease in patients with clinical stage I seminoma. About 3 to 5% of patients undergo relapses, mostly after the first 18 months after orchiectomy. Overall cause-specific survival rates range between 96% to 100%. An alternative optional treatment for compliant patients presenting with low risk factors for relapse is surveillance with recurrences rates ranging between 15% to 20%. Surveillance avoids unnecessary treatment in about 80% of patients, thus it could be offered as a safe alternative option to adjuvant RT since imaging detects relapses at their early stages. Adjuvant chemotherapy with 1 or 2 courses of single-agent carboplatin is being investigated as an alternative adjuvant treatment to RT or surveillance in patients with moderate to high risk factors for relapse. The treatment is well tolerated and recurrence rate is 1%.
authors.affiliation: Cattedra e Divisione Clinicizzata di Urologia, Ospedale Policlinico G.B. Rossi, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Porcaro
authors.forename: Stefano Zecchini
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Antoniolli
authors.forename: Dionisio
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schiavone
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Maffei
authors.forename: Maria A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bassetto
authors.forename: Pierpaolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Curti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016190:Carboplatin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019090:Case Management; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000532:radiotherapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000453:epidemiology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009378:Neoplasms, Multiple Primary; D009919:Orchiectomy; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D018239:Seminoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D015996:Survival Rate; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D016190:Carboplatin