title: Injuries in public and private playgrounds: the relative contribution of structural, equipment and human factors.
abstract: The aim of this case-control study was to identify and quantify risk factors of injuries in playgrounds, where children spend an increasing amount of time in developed countries. The study took place in Greater Athens during 1999. A continuous Emergency Departments Injury Surveillance System (EDISS) of hospitals that cover about 30% of the children's time at risk in Greater Athens identified 777 injuries in public and private playgrounds out of a total of 17 497 injuries. Public playgrounds differ from private ones, because the former generally have more equipment, usually of greater height, with less resilient surfaces, and supervision relies mainly on parents or guardians. Patterns of type of playground use were assessed in a sample of 294 children from the same study base who served as a control group in a hierarchical case-control design. The annual incidence of playground injuries in Greater Athens was about 7 in 1000 among boys and 4 in 1000 among girls, with a 2.2 times higher risk for an injury in public than in private playgrounds (95% confidence interval 1.61-3.07). Children in public vs private playgrounds had a statistically significant eight times higher odds for concussion and six times higher for open wounds, whereas the odds for long bone fractures were four and for other fractures two; swings, slides and seesaws were the types of equipment most frequently associated with injuries. It was further shown that supervision of children was suboptimal (< 60%) in both public and private playgrounds, and children in private playgrounds sustained an unduly high frequency of sprain/ dislocation injuries (odds ratio 1.75) because they were encouraged to play bare-footed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Close to 50% of playground injuries could be prevented by structural and equipment changes, while further reduction could be accomplished through simple measures including closer supervision and encouraging children to wear proper shoes and use protective equipment whenever necessary.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Athens University Medical School, Greece. epetrid@med.uoa.gr
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Petridou
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sibert
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Dedoukou
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Skalkidis
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Trichopoulos
mesh_terms: D000056:Accident Prevention; D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002669:Child Welfare; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000453:epidemiology; D006115:Greece / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D007899:Leisure Activities; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010988:Play and Playthings; D011332:Privatization; D011336:Probability; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*