title: The effect of widowhood on older adults' social participation: an evaluation of activity, disengagement, and continuity theories.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated how levels of social participation change as a result of late-life widowhood. Social participation is a multidimensional construct incorporating both formal (e.g., meeting attendance, religious participation, and volunteer obligations) and informal (e.g., telephone contact and social interactions with friends) social roles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using data from the Changing Lives of Older Couples study, analyses compared widowed persons to continuously married control participants to evaluate whether widowhood affects older adults' levels of social participation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Widowed persons had higher levels of informal social participation than nonwidowed persons, whereas formal social participation levels were comparable between the two groups. Social participation levels decrease before the death of a spouse, primarily because of poor spousal health, and increase following the loss, because of increased support from friends and relatives.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maintaining continuity in the realm of social participation is a strategy older adults use to cope with spousal loss; however, not all widowed persons have the same resources to alter their levels of social participation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA. utzrl@umich.edu
authors.forename: Rebecca L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Utz
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.forename: Randolph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nesse
authors.forename: Camille B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Wortman
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D017805:Widowhood / Q000523:psychology*