title: The endogenous cannabinoid system controls extinction of aversive memories.
abstract: Acquisition and storage of aversive memories is one of the basic principles of central nervous systems throughout the animal kingdom. In the absence of reinforcement, the resulting behavioural response will gradually diminish to be finally extinct. Despite the importance of extinction, its cellular mechanisms are largely unknown. The cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) and endocannabinoids are present in memory-related brain areas and modulate memory. Here we show that the endogenous cannabinoid system has a central function in extinction of aversive memories. CB1-deficient mice showed strongly impaired short-term and long-term extinction in auditory fear-conditioning tests, with unaffected memory acquisition and consolidation. Treatment of wild-type mice with the CB1 antagonist SR141716A mimicked the phenotype of CB1-deficient mice, revealing that CB1 is required at the moment of memory extinction. Consistently, tone presentation during extinction trials resulted in elevated levels of endocannabinoids in the basolateral amygdala complex, a region known to control extinction of aversive memories. In the basolateral amygdala, endocannabinoids and CB1 were crucially involved in long-term depression of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)-mediated inhibitory currents. We propose that endocannabinoids facilitate extinction of aversive memories through their selective inhibitory effects on local inhibitory networks in the amygdala.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Genetics of Behaviour, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marsicano
authors.forename: Carsten T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Wotjak
authors.forename: Shahnaz C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Azad
authors.forename: Tiziana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bisogno
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rammes
authors.forename: Maria Grazia
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Cascio
authors.forename: Heike
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hermann
authors.forename: Jianrong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Clementine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zieglgänsberger
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Di Marzo
authors.forename: Beat
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lutz
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000679:Amygdala / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D063385:Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators; D002186:Cannabinoids / Q000378:metabolism*; D003214:Conditioning, Classical / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004594:Electrophysiology; D005108:Extinction, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005239:Fear; D017353:Gene Deletion; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D043882:Receptors, Cannabinoid; D011955:Receptors, Drug / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000077285:Rimonabant; D013569:Synapses / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D063385:Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators; D002186:Cannabinoids; D010880:Piperidines; D011720:Pyrazoles; D043882:Receptors, Cannabinoid; D011955:Receptors, Drug; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D000077285:Rimonabant