title: Virtual temporal bone dissection: an interactive surgical simulator.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our goal was to integrate current and emerging technology in virtual systems to provide a temporal bone dissection simulator that allows the user interactivity and realism similar to the cadaver laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Iterative design and validation of a virtual environment for simulating temporal bone dissection.
  
  
  METHODS
  University otolaryngology training program with interdisciplinary interaction in a high-performance computer facility.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The system provides visual, force feedback (haptic), and aural interfaces. Unlike previous "fly through" virtual systems, this environment provides a richer emulation of surgical experience.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The system provides a high level of functional utility and, through initial evaluations, demonstrates promise in adding to traditional training methods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The system provides an environment to learn temporal bone surgery in a way similar to the experience with cadaver material where the subject is able to interact with the data without constraints (nondeterministic). Eventually, it may provide the "front end" to a large repository of various temporal bone pathologies that can be accessed through the Internet.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Otolaryngology, Biomedical Informatics, and Radiology, Ohio State University College of Medicine and Public Health. gwiet@chi.osu.edu
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Wiet
authors.forename: Don
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stredney
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sessanna
authors.forename: Jason A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bryan
authors.forename: D Bradley
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Welling
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schmalbrock
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction; D004210:Dissection / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D010036:Otolaryngology / Q000193:education*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013701:Temporal Bone / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery*; D014584:User-Computer Interface