title: Systematic review of outreach clinics in primary care in the UK.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the benefits of holding specialist outreach clinics in primary care settings by means of a systematic literature review of UK studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic searches of electronic databases, hand searches of journals, and contact with experts. Application of inclusion criteria. Study findings summarised.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Surveys of general practitioners (GPs), specialists and patients identified the perceived advantages of outreach clinics of improving GP-specialist communication and improving patients' experience and access. Reported disadvantages concerned administrative costs, accommodation costs and inefficient use of specialists' time. Comparative studies showed that more patients expressed a preference for outreach clinics than for hospital-based clinics, and measures of patients' satisfaction and convenience generally were higher for outreach clinics. Studies did not show any consistent difference in health outcome between outreach and hospital-based clinics. Outreach clinics had higher direct costs to the health system than hospital-based clinics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Health care purchasers and providers must decide whether the advantages in terms of patients' experience of outreach clinics are worth the additional costs. They also need to consider issues of equity, which have not been addressed in research to date.
authors.affiliation: Health Services Research Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Powell
mesh_terms: D000554:Ambulatory Care Facilities / Q000458:organization & administration*; D003159:Community-Institutional Relations; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D008511:Medicine / Q000458:organization & administration*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D013038:Specialization; D006113:United Kingdom; D014850:Waiting Lists