title: Alcohol and benzodiazepines in fatal poisonings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Postmortem forensic toxicology frequently finds alcohol both alone and in combination with drugs. Although benzodiazepines are generally considered safe, they are considered dangerous with alcohol.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective statistical analysis of alcohol and benzodiazepine concentrations in postmortem blood samples included 808 cases diagnosed as fatal alcohol or drug intoxication involving (1) ethanol alone; (2) ethanol with temazepam; or (3) ethanol with any combination of diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, and nordazepam.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median concentration of ethanol was 3.3 per thousand in cases with ethanol alone and 3.5 per thousand when diazepam was present, but it was significantly lower, only 2.5 per thousand, when temazepam was present in the blood. Furthermore, the median concentration of ethanol was 2.2 per thousand in cases with high concentrations (>0.9 mg/liter) of temazepam and 2.7 per thousand in cases with therapeutic (< or =0.9 mg/liter) concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diazepam and chlordiazepoxide pose a smaller risk of death by poisoning than does temazepam when given as a hypnotic to patients suffering from alcoholism.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland. anna.koski@iki.fi
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koski
authors.forename: Ilkka
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ojanperä
authors.forename: Erkki
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vuori
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality*; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000097:blood / Q000506:poisoning*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004338:Drug Combinations; D000431:Ethanol / Q000097:blood / Q000506:poisoning*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D000431:Ethanol