title: Phase II collaborative pilot study: preliminary analysis of central neural effects from exposure to volatile anesthetics in the PACU.
abstract: Nurses working in the PACU are occupationally exposed to volatile anesthetics that are exhaled by patients. Few studies have quantified this exposure using breath analysis or have characterized biological effects associated with this exposure. Isoflurane is a widely used anesthetic and is a strong respiratory depressant. Exposure to isoflurane has been shown to cause changes in breathing patterns at low doses. However, biological effects of isoflurane exposure have never been addressed in the occupational setting. This study investigates whether occupational exposure to anesthetic gases has a depressive effect on central neural control of breathing. In this study, concentrations of halogenated anesthetics were quantified in pre- and postshift breath samples of nurses working in the PACU on a Friday and the following Monday. After each breath sample was collected, an occlusion pressure measurement was taken as an indicator of central inspiratory drive. Cumulative nitrous oxide and halogenated anesthetics exposure was measured each day using personal sampling monitors placed close to the nurse's mouth. Exposure to nitrous oxide and isoflurane was significantly higher on Monday than on Friday (P <.001). Monday breath isoflurane concentrations (mean +/- SD) increased significantly from 43 +/- 30 parts per billion (ppb) in preshift breath samples to 124 +/- 57 ppb in postshift breath samples (P <.002). On Monday, there was a significant decrease in occlusion pressure from 1.2 +/- 0.37 cm H(2)O in preshift samples to 0.85 +/- 0.43 cm H(2)O in postshift samples (P =.05). There was no statistical difference in pre- versus postbreath isoflurane or occlusion pressure on Friday. These data indicate that after increased exposure to isoflurane, central neurorespiratory activity was depressed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Keary A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Cope
authors.forename: William T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Merritt
authors.forename: Dina A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Krenzischek
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schaefer
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bukowski
authors.forename: W Michael
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bernacki
authors.forename: Todd
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dorman
authors.forename: Terence H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Risby
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects*; D001944:Breath Tests / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006256:Hazardous Waste / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D010865:Pilot Projects; D016528:Postanesthesia Nursing; D011997:Recovery Room / Q000592:standards*; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D006256:Hazardous Waste; D007530:Isoflurane; D009609:Nitrous Oxide