title: Nickel content of as-received, retrieved, and recycled stainless steel brackets.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the composition of as-received, retrieved, and recycled stainless steel brackets. New, used, and recycled brand-matched, slot size-matched, and prescription-matched appliances were subjected to scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive electron probe microanalysis. Elemental analysis was performed on randomly selected surface bracket base and wing areas, and metal content was statistically analyzed with the 2-way ANOVA and the Tukey test, with treatment (as-received, retrieved, and recycled) and bracket regions (base and wing) serving as discriminating variables (alpha = 0.05). The results showed that there was no difference in the surface composition of the base; however, surface area-wing analysis indicated that nickel content was decreased in retrieved and recycled specimens, implying that an ionic release effect occurred in vivo. Differences were noted between bracket base and wing with respect to elemental composition for the same brackets, implying that the base and wings are manufactured from different alloys.
authors.affiliation: Biomaterials Science Unit, Dental School, University of Manchester, United Kingdom. teliades@ath.forthnet.gr
authors.forename: Theodore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Eliades
authors.forename: Spiros
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zinelis
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Eliades
authors.forename: Athanasios E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Athanasiou
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004577:Electron Probe Microanalysis; D017743:Equipment Reuse; D006801:Humans; D009532:Nickel / Q000032:analysis*; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D013193:Stainless Steel / Q000737:chemistry*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D013193:Stainless Steel; D009532:Nickel