title: Neck crepitance: evaluation and management of suspected upper aerodigestive tract injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine safe criteria for the management of patients with crepitance of the neck.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Upper aerodigestive tract injury may lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Historically, this kind of injury has been managed by immediate surgical exploration, repair, and drainage. More recently, a nonoperative approach has been advocated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective chart review of patients admitted to the University of Louisville Trauma Center with suspected upper aerodigestive tract injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the charts of 236 patients admitted to the trauma service from 1995 to 1999 with the diagnosis of aerodigestive tract injury or subcutaneous emphysema.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen patients were identified with cervical emphysema or cervical crepitance, or both, thought to be caused by an upper aerodigestive tract injury. The average patient age was 38.5 years; 68% of patients were men. The mechanisms of injury were motor vehicle accident (43%), gunshot wound (37%), assault (10%), blunt neck trauma (5%), and stabbing (5%). Each patient presented with cervical emphysema shown by radiograph or crepitance, or both; 21% had dysphagia and 63% were hoarse or had stridor. Location of the injury was tracheal or laryngeal in 37%, hypopharyngeal in 27%, oral pharynx in 16%, esophageal in 5%, and unidentified in 15% of patients. Because of suspected aerodigestive tract injury, 79% of patients were taken to the operating room for direct laryngoscopy and esophagoscopy, and abnormalities were found in 80%. The diameter of the average laceration of the upper aerodigestive tract was 1.6 cm. Associated injuries included mandible fractures in 37% of patients. Broad-spectrum antibiotics were given to 95% of the patients. The initial management involved immediate surgical exploration in 55% of the total number of patients, with 83% of the surgically explored patients undergoing tracheotomy. The remaining 45% of patients were managed without surgery. Complications occurred only in operative patients, with aspiration occurring in 10%, bilateral hypoglossal nerve paralysis in 5%, and vocal cord paralysis in 5%. None of the patients developed postinjury or operative abscess.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings show that suspected upper aerodigestive tract injury can be managed without surgery but that a high index of suspicion for airway compromise and associated facial injuries must be considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Kentucky 40292, USA.
authors.forename: Steven L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Goudy
authors.forename: Frank B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Jeffrey M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bumpous
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004945:Esophagoscopy; D004947:Esophagus / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005931:Glottis / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007013:Hypopharynx / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D007828:Laryngoscopy; D008297:Male; D008478:Mediastinal Emphysema / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D019838:Neck Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D009960:Oropharynx / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D010348:Patient Care Team; D011030:Pneumothorax / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013352:Subcutaneous Emphysema / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D014950:Wounds, Penetrating / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery