title: Injurious ventilation induces widespread pulmonary epithelial expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 messenger RNA.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the hypothesis that injurious strategies of mechanical ventilation alter the expression and distribution within the lung of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 that are both duration and ventilation strategy dependent.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Sprague Dawley rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lungs from rats were preserved immediately after death or were randomized to ex vivo ventilation with either a) noninjurious ventilation; b) high end-inspiratory lung volume with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP); c) high end-inspiratory lung volume without PEEP; or d) intermediate lung distension without PEEP, for periods ranging from 30 mins to 3 hrs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Changes in cytokines were assessed by in situ hybridization, immunocytochemistry, simultaneous in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry, Northern analysis, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Whereas minimal expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 mRNA was found in lungs subjected to noninjurious ventilation, the three injurious strategies resulted in a diffuse increase in expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6. The principal cells involved were the bronchial, bronchiolar, and alveolar epithelium. The changes in tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA and protein expression were dependent on both duration of ventilation and the ventilation strategy used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The vast pulmonary epithelium is a major contributor to ventilation-induced changes in cytokine production and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of lung injury and systemic sequelae in ventilated subjects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Critical Care, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Lorraine N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Tremblay
authors.forename: Debra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Miatto
authors.forename: Qutayba
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Hamid
authors.forename: Anand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Govindarajan
authors.forename: Arthur S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Slutsky
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics*; D008168:Lung / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008170:Lung Compliance / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects*; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017211:Treatment Failure; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D015850:Interleukin-6; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha