title: Surveying physicians: do components of the "Total Design Approach" to optimizing survey response rates apply to physicians?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surveys serve essential roles in clinical epidemiology and health services research. However, physician surveys frequently encounter problems achieving adequate response rates. Research on enhancing response rates to surveys of the general public has led to the development of Dillman's "Total Design Approach" to the design and conduct of surveys. The impact of this approach on response rates among physicians is uncertain.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the extent to which the components of the total design approach have been found to be effective in physician surveys.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The effectiveness of prepaid financial incentives, special contacts, and personalization to enhance response rates in surveys of physicians have been confirmed by the existing research. There is suggestive evidence supporting the use of first class stamps on return envelopes and multiple contacts. The optimum amount for incentives and the number of contacts necessary have not been established. Details of questionnaire design and their impact on response rates have received almost no attention from researchers. Few studies have assessed the usefulness of combinations of components of the total design approach.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the number of surveys conducted among physicians, their cost, the level of interest in their findings, and in spite of inadequate response rates, there have been few randomized trials conducted on important aspects of enhancing response in this population. Until this gap has been filled, researchers conducting surveys of physicians should consider including all components of the total design approach whenever feasible.
authors.affiliation: Meyers Primary Care Institute, Fallon Healthcare System, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA. terry.field@meyersprimary.org
authors.forename: Terry S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Field
authors.forename: Cynthia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Cadoret
authors.forename: Martin L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Marvella
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.forename: Sarah M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Greene
authors.forename: Deanna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Mark C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Hornbrook
authors.forename: Richard T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Meenan
authors.forename: Mary Jo
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Jane M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Zapka
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003625:Data Collection / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D009042:Motivation; D010820:Physicians / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011177:Postal Service; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires