title: The band III ligand dipyridamole protects human RBCs during photodynamic treatment while extracellular virus inactivation is not affected.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently, the potential usefulness of dipyridamole (DIP) in protecting RBCs against the harmful side effects of photodynamic sterilization was demonstrated. In the present study, the use of DIP for selective protection of RBCs was investigated under conditions more relevant for blood bank practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  WBC-reduced RBC suspensions (30% Hct) were treated with 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue and red light, and the influence of the inclusion of DIP on photohemolysis was assessed as a function of sensitizer concentration, light dose, and storage time. Furthermore, the possible interference of DIP with inactivation of extracellular virus by use of a panel of different viruses (HIV-1, pseudorabies virus [PRV], bovine viral diarrhea virus [BVDV], VSV, encephalomyocarditis, and canine parvovirus) was investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In WBC-reduced RBC suspensions (30% Hct), DIP exerted a clear protective effect against photohemolysis. Part of this protection was achieved with concentrations near the dissociation constant for band III binding. Importantly, efficiency of inactivation of extracellular HIV-1, PRV, BVDV, and VSV was not significantly impaired by the inclusion of DIP. Phototreatment conditions, resulting in a 4 to 5 log inactivation of extracellular HIV-1 and PRV, resulted in a high level of hemolysis after 28 days of storage. This long-term hemolysis could be decreased, but not completely prevented, by the inclusion of DIP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Photohemolysis in RBC concentrates can be reduced substantially by the application of DIP, while the efficacy of inactivation of HIV-1 and other viruses remains unchanged.
authors.affiliation: Department of Transfusion Technology, CLB, Sanquin Blood Supply Foundation, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: G A J
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Besselink
authors.forename: F A C
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Van Engelenburg
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Korsten
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Blokker
authors.forename: J W A
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Lagerberg
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brand
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: De Korte
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Verhoeven
mesh_terms: D001457:Anion Exchange Protein 1, Erythrocyte / Q000378:metabolism; D001908:Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D004176:Dipyridamole / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004686:Encephalomyocarditis virus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D004910:Erythrocyte Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D006461:Hemolysis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects; D011558:Herpesvirus 1, Suid / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000633:toxicity*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D017993:Parvovirus, Canine / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D010777:Photochemistry; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000633:toxicity*; D014721:Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D014780:Viruses / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D001457:Anion Exchange Protein 1, Erythrocyte; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D008024:Ligands; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; D004176:Dipyridamole; D008751:Methylene Blue; C016401:1,9-dimethylmethylene blue