title: Inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: relation to p53 expression, clinicopathological data, and survival.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and its relation to p53 expression, histologic differentiation, clinical data, and prognosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary tumors for analyses were obtained from 118 patients diagnosed with SCC of the oropharynx or hypopharynx between 1975 and 1998 in eastern Finland. Immunohistochemical analysis was used to evaluate the expression of iNOS and p53. The expression pattern of iNOS was related to p53 expression, clinical data, and survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High iNOS score was associated significantly with high nuclear p53 expression index (P = .006) and positive cytoplasmic p53 expression (P = .025). The score for iNOS expression was significantly lower in the largest (T4) tumors (P = .043). No association was seen between iNOS score and N or M class, tumor stage, or histologic differentiation. The score for iNOS expression was not related to overall survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The expressions of iNOS and p53 seem to be inter-related in pharyngeal SCC, although the causality remains to be clarified. The expression of iNOS shows no prognostic value in pharyngeal SCC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kuopio and Kuopio University Hospital, Finland.
authors.forename: Matti J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Pukkila
authors.forename: Jari K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Kellokoski
authors.forename: Jukka A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Virtaniemi
authors.forename: Eero J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Kumpulainen
authors.forename: Risto T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: Pirjo M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Halonen
authors.forename: Ari S T
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Kosunen
authors.forename: Juhani
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nuutinen
authors.forename: Veli-Matti
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Kosma
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007012:Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000032:analysis*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D009959:Oropharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D010610:Pharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D011379:Prognosis; D015996:Survival Rate; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; C496319:NOS2 protein, human; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II