title: Temperature control and recovery of bowel function after laparoscopic or laparotomic colorectal surgery in patients receiving combined epidural/general anesthesia and postoperative epidural analgesia.
abstract: We compared the effects of a laparoscopic (n = 23) versus laparotomic (n = 21) technique for major abdominal surgery on temperature control in 44 patients undergoing colorectal surgery during a combined epidural/general anesthesia. A thoracic epidural block up to T4 was induced with 6-10 mL of 0.75% ropivacaine; general anesthesia was induced with thiopental, fentanyl, and atracurium IV and maintained with isoflurane. Core temperature was measured with a bladder probe and recorded every 15 min after the induction. In both groups, core temperature decreased to 35.2 degrees C (range, 34 degrees C-36 degrees C) at the end of surgery. After surgery, normothermia returned after 75 min (60-120 min) in the Laparoscopy group and 60 min (45-180 min) in the Laparotomy group (P = 0.56). No differences in postanesthesia care unit discharge time were reported between the two groups. The degree of pain during coughing was smaller after laparoscopy than laparotomy from the 24th to the 72nd observation times (P < 0.01). Morphine consumption was 22 mg (2-65 mg) in the Laparotomy group and 5 mg (0-45 mg) in the Laparoscopy group (P = 0.02). The time to first flatus was shorter after laparoscopy (24 h [16-72 h]) than laparotomy (72 h [26-96 h]) (P = 0.0005), and the first intake of clear liquid occurred after 48 h (24-72 h) in the Laparoscopy group and after 96 h (90-96 h) in the Laparotomy group (P = 0.0005). Although laparoscopic surgery provides positive effects on the degree of postoperative pain and recovery of bowel function, the reduction in heat loss produced by minimizing bowel exposure with laparoscopic surgery does not compensate for the anesthesia-related effects on temperature control, and active patient warming must also be used with laparoscopic techniques.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This prospective, randomized, controlled study demonstrates that laparoscopic colorectal surgery results in less postoperative pain and earlier recovery of bowel function than conventional laparotomy but does not reduce the risk for perioperative hypothermia. Accordingly, active warming must be provided to patients also during laparoscopic procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Vita-Salute University of Milano, IRCCS H.S. Raffaele, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Danelli
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berti
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Perotti
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Albertin
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Baccari
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Deni
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fanelli
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Casati
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D004068:Digestive System Physiological Phenomena; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D007813:Laparotomy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017694:Rewarming
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide