title: [Normal values for the internal thoracic artery by Doppler ultrasound and modification of the Doppler curve after bypass to the left anterior descending artery].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In coronary heart disease, the surgical therapy of choice is the construction of an artenal bypass of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) using the internal thoracic artery 8ITA). We define age dependent normal values for the ITA such as diameter of the lumen (LD), peak systolic (Vs) and diastolic (Vd) flow velocity and the ratio of these two values (SDR) measured by duplex ultrasound. Furthermore, the modification and pathological changes of the Doppler curve after minimal invasive bypass of the LAD (MIDCAB) are described.
  
  
  METHODS
  96 people, age 18 - 87 years, subdivided into 6 age groups were examined by duplex to define the normal values of the ITA, and 55 patients (mean age 63 +/- 10 years, 48 men, 7 women) were evaluated after MIDCAB-surgery to describe the postoperative modification of the Doppler curve. The examinations were performed using a 4 - 7 MHz linear ultrasound transducer in the right and left 1. or 2. intercostal space parasternally.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all 96 people, the ITA was detectable on both sides presenting a typical bi- or triphasic Doppler flow profile. A linear age dependent increase in the LD of 1.95 +/- 0.15 mm (right ITA) and 1.93 +/- 0.27 mm (left ITA) respectively to 2.65 +/- 0.48 mm and 2.55 +/- 0.43 mm was found. No significant side difference was found for Vs and Vd, nor were there any age dependent differences for Vs. The SDR showed an age dependent linear increase on the right side from 3.5 +/- 1.1 to 6.1 +/- 2.2, p < 0.0012, and on the left from 3.9 +/- 1.2 to 6.7 +/- 1.7, p < 0.0001. Postoperatively, the Doppler spectrum was modified into a mono- or biphasic Doppler curve with a reduced Vs and an increased Vd resulting in a significantly decreased SDR on the left side compared with the right side (1.3 +/- 0.8 vs. 5.4 +/- 2.0, p < 0.00001). Three patients with angiographically proven graft failure had an SDR of 2.6 - 5.2 (mean 3.8), as opposed to a value of < 2.0 in case of a patent bypass. An SDR > 2.0 has a sensitivity of 100 % and a specificity of 97 % in the detection of a haemodynamically relevant (>70 %) ITA-graft-stenosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With rising age, there is an increase in the LD of the ITA and the peripheral resistance, expressed as SDR. After MIDCAB surgery the former triphasic Doppler flow curve changes into a mono- or biphasic curve corresponding to the coronary blood flow. An SDR >2.0 is a strong indicator of bypass failure.
authors.affiliation: Herz-Zentrum Bad Krozingen. thomas.zeller@herzzentrum.de
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zeller
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Horn
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Günkel
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pascucci
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Roskamm
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Neumann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D013895:Thoracic Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000254:growth & development; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler