Toxic marine dinoflagellates in Singapore waters that cause seafood poisonings.
1. The present paper reviews the toxic dinoflagellates found in Singapore waters that produce toxins that can accumulate through marine food chains to cause seafood poisonings. 2. Singapore waters contain dinoflagellate species linked to three types of seafood poisoning: paralytic shellfish poisoning, diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) and ciguatera. 3. Paralytic shellfish poisoning and DSP occur by eating bivalve shellfish contaminated with saxitoxins and okadaic acid analogues, respectively. Shellfish accumulate these toxins from filter feeding on a number of species of (mostly) planktonic dinoflagellates. 4. In contrast, benthic species of dinoflagellates of the genus Gambierdiscus produce the ciguatoxins that are bioaccumulated into finfish to cause ciguatera. 5. Paralytic shellfish poisoning and DSP are the major concern for local and regionally produced seafood. To the best of our knowledge, ciguatera poisoning in Singapore only originates from imported reef fish.
Holmes
Michael James
MJ
Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260. dbshmj@nus.edu.sg
Teo
Serena Lay Ming
SL
D000818:Animals; D036841:Ciguatera Poisoning / Q000209:etiology; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000209:etiology; D004141:Dinoflagellida / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000472:pathogenicity* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005517:Foodborne Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000506:poisoning*; D017747:Seafood / Q000506:poisoning*; D012846:Singapore
D008387:Marine Toxins