title: Directed molecular evolution: bridging the gap between genomics leads and commercial products.
abstract: Agricultural crops, engineered to express transgenic traits, have been rapidly adopted by farmers since the initial commercialization of this technology in 1996. However, despite nearly 20 years of research in agricultural biotechnology, only two product categories have achieved commercial success: plants containing transgenes conferring tolerance to herbicides and plants containing insecticidal protein genes derived from Bacillus thuringensis. A number of transgenic concepts, while exhibiting promising phenotypes in laboratory experiments, have failed to generate commercially viable crops. Many of the leads produced by modern integrative approaches to understanding plant biology will need further optimization to deliver economically viable crops. Directed molecular evolution represents a powerful technology to optimize newly discovered leads towards product objectives. In this review, we show by example how directed molecular evolution can be used to develop enabling technologies for plant biologists; how genes can be optimized to generate improved input traits such as those conferring insect tolerance, disease control and herbicide tolerance; and how plant quality can be altered to improve yield, produce novel industrial feedstocks and improve nutritional qualities.
authors.affiliation: Maxygen Inc, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA. mike.lassner@maxygen.com
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Lassner
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McElroy
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D018556:Crops, Agricultural; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D032621:DNA Shuffling; D019020:Directed Molecular Evolution; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D018745:Genome, Plant; D023281:Genomics; D006801:Humans; D010641:Phenotype; D010944:Plants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004247:DNA