title: Imaging of fluorine and boron from fluorinated boronophenylalanine in the same cell at organelle resolution by correlative ion microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is a clear need for a technique that provides subcellular locations of fluorine and boron atoms from fluorinated neutron capture agents because positron emission tomography is being tested as a tool for providing tumor boron concentrations in boron neutron capture therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ion microscopy was used in combination with confocal laser scanning microscopy to investigate the subcellular locations of fluorine and boron from fluorinated p-boronophenylalanine (F-BPA) in human glioblastoma T98G cells. The fluorinated compound was also compared with p-boronophenylalanine (BPA) for delivery of boron after a clinically relevant 6-h exposure. Mitochondria were identified by rhodamine 123 labeling. A strict cryogenic sample preparation was used, and measurements were made in fractured freeze-dried cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The nucleus, a perinuclear mitochondria-rich cytoplasmic region, and the remaining cytoplasm were the three subcellular regions identified in individual T98G cells. In cells treated with F-BPA, the mitochondria-rich perinuclear cytoplasmic region exhibited significantly lower fluorine and boron signals than the remaining cytoplasm and the nuclei. Ion microscopy observations revealed a nearly 1:1 distribution of fluorine and boron in subcellular compartments. Quantitative subcellular observations indicated that there was no significant difference in boron delivery to subcellular compartments between the F-BPA and nonfluorinated BPA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These observations provide the first direct evidence that fluorine and boron from fluorinated BPA are cocompartmentalized in cells and that the fluorinated compound is as efficient for boron delivery as the nonfluorinated BPA at a clinically relevant time point. These observations provide strong support for the use of F-BPA in positron emission tomography biodistribution studies for boron neutron capture therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, USA. sc40@cornell.edu
authors.forename: Subhash
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chandra
authors.forename: George W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Kabalka
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Lorey
authors.forename: Duane R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Coderre
mesh_terms: D001895:Boron / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001896:Boron Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005461:Fluorine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007477:Ions; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods*; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D008956:Models, Chemical; D010649:Phenylalanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D001896:Boron Compounds; D007477:Ions; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; D005461:Fluorine; D010649:Phenylalanine; D001895:Boron; C033685:4-boronophenylalanine