title: Acute normovolemic hemodilution improves oxygenation in ischemic flap tissue.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The flaps used in reconstructive surgery are prone to ischemia and hypoxia, which imply a considerable risk of wound-healing complications. During normovolemic hemodilution, the oxygenation may further deteriorate because of the lack of erythrocytes or improve because of increased microcirculatory blood flow. The aim of this study was to investigate the net effect of normovolemic hemodilution of various degrees on the microcirculation and oxygenation in ischemic flap tissue in adult minipigs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A rectangular flap was raised in the middle of the epigastrium, consisting of an adequately perfused portion and a partly ischemic portion. The animals were randomly assigned to either the control group (n = 10) or the experimental group (n = 10) receiving graded normovolemic hemodilution with 6% hydroxyethyl starch 200-0.5.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Normovolemic hemodilution caused a significant linear increase in total blood flow to the flap (measured by transit time flowmetry). In the ischemic flap tissue, both oxygen tension (measured by polarographic cells) and venous base excess were transiently improved during hemodilution (F = 4.79 and P = 0.019 for the regression of tissue oxygen tension on hemoglobin and hemoglobin squared, and F = 4.18 and P = 0.029 for base excess). The expected values reached a peak at hemoglobin concentrations of 9.1 and 8.5 g/dl, respectively. The measured values at this level of hemodilution were 17 +/- 10.7 mmHg (mean +/- SD) versus 7.6 +/- 1.9 mmHg (baseline) for oxygen tension and -1.7 +/- 3.4 versus -5.6 +/- 4.1 mM for venous base excess.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that the oxygenation in ischemic and hypoxic flap tissue may be improved by normovolemic hemodilution. The maximal benefit may be expected at a hemoglobin concentration at or slightly less than 9 g/dl.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Inselspital University Hospital, Berne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Sören
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schramm
authors.forename: Reto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wettstein
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wessendorf
authors.forename: Stephan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Jakob
authors.forename: Andrej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Banic
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Erni
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006438:Hemodilution; D007511:Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D013552:Swine; D013556:Swine, Miniature
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen