Chronic graft-versus-host disease in children: incidence, risk factors, and impact on outcome.
Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) remains the major cause of late morbidity and mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). However, only a few studies specifically focused on children, and little information is available on the antileukemic effect of cGVHD and its impact on disease-free survival (DFS) in children. We retrospectively analyzed 696 children given allogeneic HSCT for malignant (n = 450) or nonmalignant (n = 246) diseases. The donor was an HLA-identical sibling in 461 cases and an alternative donor in 235. Bone marrow was the stem cell source in 647 cases, peripheral blood in 17, and cord blood (CB) in 32. cGVHD developed in 173 children (25%) at a median of 116 days after HSCT. Three-year cGVHD probability was 27%. In multivariate analysis, variables predicting cGVHD were donor and recipient age, grade II to IV acute GVHD, female donor for male recipient, diagnosis of malignancy, and use of total body irradiation; CB transplants had a very low risk of cGVHD (RR = 0.07, P =.0001). cGVHD occurrence increased transplant-related mortality (P <.05). Nevertheless, in hematologic malignancies, patients with cGVHD had a reduced relapse probability compared with children without cGVHD (16% +/- 3% versus 39% +/- 3%, P =.0001) and a better DFS (68% +/- 4% versus 54% +/- 3%, P =.01). The antileukemic effect of cGVHD was observed mainly in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). This study provides novel data on cGVHD in childhood. Use of CB stem cells and preparative regimens without radiotherapy may prevent its development. In patients affected by ALL, cGVHD was associated with a strong graft-versus-leukemia effect, improving DFS.
Zecca
Marco
M
Oncoematologia Pediatrica, Università di Pavia, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy. m.zecca@smatteo.pv.it
Prete
Arcangelo
A
Rondelli
Roberto
R
Lanino
Edoardo
E
Balduzzi
Adriana
A
Messina
Chiara
C
Fagioli
Franca
F
Porta
Fulvio
F
Favre
Claudio
C
Pession
Andrea
A
Locatelli
Franco
F
D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells; D002423:Cause of Death; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000166:cytology; D006086:Graft vs Host Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D020544:Graft vs Leukemia Effect; D006402:Hematologic Diseases / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007938:Leukemia / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D054198:Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D014019:Tissue Donors; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous; D016896:Treatment Outcome