title: Assessment of the left atrial appendage mechanical function by three-dimensional echocardiography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the feasibility of three-dimensional echocardiography, in the assessment of left atrial appendage (LAA) function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-five patients underwent multiplane transoesophageal echocardiography. In addition to Doppler and two-dimensional echocardiography, data for three-dimensional echocardiography reconstruction were obtained during transoesophageal echocardiography. Left atrial appendage ejection fraction based on three-dimensional echocardiography volume measurements (EFv) and two-dimensional echocardiography area measurements (EFa), coupled with other echocardiographic data, were related to left atrial appendage late peak emptying velocity, a frequently used indicator of left atrial appendage function. Multiple regression analysis has revealed a significant association of peak emptying velocity with EFv (P<0.0001), spontaneous echocardiographic contrast (P=0.001), tricuspid regurgitation (P=0.03) and left ventricular hypertrophy (P=0.05). No significant relation was observed between peak emptying velocity and EFa, presence or absence of atrial fibrillation, left ventricular dysfunction, mitral stenosis and insufficiency, left atrial dilatation, pulmonary venous peak systolic, diastolic and peak reverse flow velocity at atrial contraction as well as left atrial appendage volumes derived from two-dimensional echocardiography and three-dimensional echocardiography. In a simple linear correlation, the degree of association between peak emptying velocity and EFv was higher as between peak emptying velocity and EFa (r=0.7 vs 0.4, both P<0.001). Observer variabilities for calculating EFv were considerably lower than for two-dimensional echocardiography derived EFa. Ejection fractions determined by two-dimensional echocardiography area measurements at 45 degrees, 90 degrees and 135 degrees cutplane angulations were related to EFv only at 135 degrees.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Left atrial appendage ejection fraction calculation by three-dimensional echocardiography is feasible, more accurate than by two-dimensional echocardiography and has lower observer variability. Furthermore, an optimal cutplane angulation of the left atrial appendage view at 135 degrees has been demonstrated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology and Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Medical Center VU, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Valocik
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kamp
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mihciokur
authors.forename: H F J
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Mannaerts
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ripa
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Visser
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D020517:Atrial Appendage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology*; D016279:Atrial Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008946:Mitral Valve Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015588:Observer Variation; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology