title: Phorbol ester induces elevated oxidative activity and alkalization in a subset of lysosomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lysosomes are acidic organelles that play multiple roles in various cellular oxidative activities such as the oxidative burst during cytotoxic killing. It remains to be determined how lysosomal lumen oxidative activity and pH interact and are regulated. Here, I report the use of fluorescent probes to measure oxidative activity and pH of lysosomes in live macrophages upon treatment with the tumor promotor phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), and providing new insight on regulation mechanism of oxidative activity and pH.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The substrate used to measure oxidative activity was bovine serum albumin covalently coupled to dihydro-2',4,5,6,7,7'-hexafluorofluorescein (OxyBURST Green H2HFF BSA). During pulse-chase procedures with live macrophages, this reduced dye was internalized through an endocytic pathway and accumulated in the lysosomes. Oxidation of this compound, which results in fluorescence increases, depends on the redox potential in the lysosomal lumen. By using low-light level fluorescence microscopy, I determined that phorbol ester treatment results in increased oxidative activity and pH elevation in different subsets of lysosomes. Furthermore, lysosomes with stronger oxidative activity tend to exclude an acidotropic lysosomal indicator, and thus exhibit higher alkalinity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results indicate that there is a regulatory mechanism between lysosomal oxidative activity and pH. Activation of lysosomal Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADPH) oxidase by phorbol ester may result in increase of intralysosomal O2- and H2O2, concurrent with pH elevation due to consumption of H+ and generation of OH-. Furthermore, effect of phorbol ester on elevated oxidative activity and pH is heterogeneous among total lysosomal population. Higher oxidative activity and/or pH are only observed in subsets of lysosomes.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Bioscience, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA. chii-shiarng.chen@pnl.gov
authors.forename: Chii-Shiarng
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration / Q000187:drug effects; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008954:Models, Biological; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate