title: Expression of Wnt ligands and Frizzled receptors in colonic mucosa and in colon carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Signalling through the Wnt pathway is integrally associated with colon carcinogenesis. Although activating mutations in the genes for adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and beta-catenin are clearly associated with colon cancer, less is understood about the role of the upstream secreted ligands (Wnts) and their receptors (frizzled, Fz) in this process. In other systems, increased Wnt signalling has been shown to alter the expression of components of this pathway. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that colon cancer is characterised by aberrant expression of specific Wnt genes and Fz receptors.
  
  
  METHODS
  The expression of Wnt genes was assessed by in situ, antisense RNA hybridisation in paraffin wax embedded samples of normal and malignant human colon tissues with probes specific for the individual Wnt genes. The expression of Fz1 and Fz2 was determined by immunoperoxidase based antibody staining on human tissues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Changes in the expression of some ligands and receptors were seen in colon cancer. For example, Wnt2 mRNA was detected in colon cancer but was undetectable in normal colonic mucosa. Differential expression of Wnt5a in normal mucosa was also noted, with increased expression at the base of the crypts compared with the luminal villi and slightly increased expression in colon cancer. Wnt7a exhibited minimal expression in both normal and malignant colon tissues, whereas other Wnt ligands including Wnts 1, 4, 5b, 6, 7b, and 10b were expressed equally and strongly in both normal and malignant colon tissues. In defining cellular responses and phenotype, the type and distribution of Fz receptors may be as important as the pattern of Wnt ligand expression. No expression of Fz receptor 1 and 2 was seen in normal colonic mucosa and in well differentiated tumours. However, poorly differentiated tumours exhibited a high degree of Fz receptor expression, especially at the margin of cellular invasion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that the expression of members of the Wnt signal transduction pathway, distinct from APC and beta-catenin, is integrally associated with the process of colon carcinogenesis. Wnt2, and possibly Wnt5a, may be involved in the progression from normal mucosa to cancer and the expression of Fz1/2 receptors may be involved in processes associated with tumour invasion. Altered expression of these Wnts and Fz receptors may prove useful as prognostic or diagnostic markers for patients with colon cancer.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology/Oncology and the Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine Medical Center, 101 The City Drive, Building 23, Orange, CA 92868, USA. rholcomb@uci.edu
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Holcombe
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Marsh
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Waterman
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Milovanovic
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Truong
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; D003106:Colon / Q000378:metabolism*; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D051157:Frizzled Receptors; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008024:Ligands; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D017981:Receptors, Neurotransmitter / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D051153:Wnt Proteins; D051154:Wnt2 Protein; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C489740:FZD1 protein, human; C489742:FZD2 protein, human; D051157:Frizzled Receptors; D008024:Ligands; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D017981:Receptors, Neurotransmitter; C495244:WNT2 protein, human; D051153:Wnt Proteins; D051154:Wnt2 Protein; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins