title: Social inequality and child malnutrition in four Andean countries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the effects of socioeconomic, regional, and ethnic conditions on chronic malnutrition in four Andean countries of South America: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was based on Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) for Colombia (1995), Peru (1996), and Bolivia (1997), and on a Living Standard Measurement Survey for Ecuador (1998). We developed an index of household socioeconomic status using categorical principal components analysis. We broke down the prevalence of stunting by socioeconomic status (SES), ethnicity, place of residence (large cities, small cities, towns, and countryside), and region (highland region versus other areas of the country). We applied smoothed regression curves and linear functions to analyze SES effects on stunting, with specific models for Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru have similar characteristics, with high stunting prevalences overall; higher stunting prevalences in their highland areas, particularly among indigenous populations; and strong socioeconomic disparities. Colombia, in contrast, has a lower stunting prevalence and smaller regional disparities. The socioeconomic gradient of stunting is strong in all four countries, with prevalence rates in the poorest deciles at least three times as high as those in the top decile.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The sharp contrast between the conditions found in Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru and those in Colombia may be the result of specific ethnic factors affecting indigenous groups; a particular diet profile in the highland areas, with low protein and micronutrient intake; and differences in the long-term economic and social development paths that the countries have taken. Along with the strong socioeconomic gradient in all the countries, the weight of ethnic and regional factors suggests the need to reduce inequality as well as to comprehensively improve education and housing, better target health and nutrition programs, and implement participatory programs integrated into indigenous cultures.
authors.affiliation: Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales - Sede Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador, and Harvard Center for Society and Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. carlarr@uio.satnet.net
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Larrea
authors.forename: Wilma
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Freire
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001838:Bolivia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003105:Colombia / Q000453:epidemiology; D003906:Developing Countries; D004032:Diet; D004484:Ecuador / Q000453:epidemiology; D004522:Educational Status; D005006:Ethnicity; D005843:Geography; D006130:Growth Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D007199:Indians, South American; D007223:Infant; D009748:Nutrition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D010568:Peru / Q000453:epidemiology; D011203:Poverty; D015995:Prevalence; D011488:Protein Deficiency / Q000453:epidemiology; D012935:Social Justice; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors