title: Influence of the visual environment on the postural stability in healthy older women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A poor postural stability in older people is associated with an increased risk of falling. It is recognized that visual environment factors (such as poor lighting and repeating patterns on escalators) may contribute to falls, but little is known about the effects of the visual environment on postural stability in the elderly.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the postural stability of older women (using body sway as a measure) differed under five different visual environment conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were 33 healthy women aged 65-76 years. Body sway was measured using an electronic force platform which identified the location of their centre of gravity every 0.05 s. Maximal lateral sway and anteroposterior sway were determined and the sway velocity calculated over 1-min trial periods. Body sway was measured under each of the following conditions: (1) normal laboratory lighting (186 lx); (2) moderate lighting (10 lx); (3) dim lighting (1 lx); (4) eyes closed, and (5) repeating pattern projected onto a wall.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Each measure of the postural stability was significantly poorer in condition 4 (eyes closed) than in all other conditions. Anteroposterior sway was greater in condition 3 than in conditions 1 and 2, whilst the sway velocity was greater in condition 3 than in condition 2. Lateral sway did not differ significantly between different lighting levels (conditions 1-3). A projected repeating pattern (condition 5) did not significantly influence the postural stability relative to condition 1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The substantially greater body sway with eyes closed than with eyes open confirms the importance of vision in maintaining the postural stability. At the lowest light level, the body sway was significantly increased as compared with the other light levels, but was still substantially smaller than on closing the eyes. A projected repeating pattern did not influence the postural stability. Dim lighting levels and removing visual input appear to be associated with a poorer postural stability in older people and hence might be associated with an increased risk of falls.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK. k.s.f.brooke-wavell@lboro.ac.uk
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brooke-Wavell
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Perrett
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Howarth
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Haslam
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000517:prevention & control; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008029:Lighting; D004856:Postural Balance; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D014796:Visual Perception