title: Transmembrane water influx via aquaporin-1 is inhibited by barbiturates and propofol in red blood cells.
abstract: Aquaporin-1 (AQP1) is known to be expressed at a high level in endothelial cell membranes and participates in water transfer into or across these cells. To evaluate possible effects of anesthetics on AQP1, a model assessing water permeability of erythrocytes was used, AQP1 being the exclusive water channel in red blood cells (RBC). RBC were suspended in hypertonic (1.35%) or hypotonic (0.45%) phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Optical density was measured continuously in an aggregometer before and during subsequent addition of hypotonic (0.45%) or hypertonic (9%) PBS, respectively. Rates of change of optical density corresponded to the rate of volume change due to osmotic effects on net water flux across the RBC membrane. We compared actions of mercuric chloride (HgCl(2), definitive AQP1-blocker, 0.2 microM), and different anesthetic drugs, such as thiopental (50-200 microg/ml), phenobarbital (30-220 microg/ml), propofol (15-25 microg/ml), ketamine (3.5-11 microg/ml), midazolam (0.2-32.5 microg/ml), halothane (1.5 vol%), and isoflurane (2.3 vol%); the concentrations being in the one- to threefold range of clinically relevant plasma levels. Water transport into RBC (swelling) was inhibited by HgCl(2), thiopental, phenobarbital and propofol while ketamine, midazolam, halothane, and isoflurane had no effect. Efflux of water (shrinking) was also inhibited by HgCl(2), confirming a significant role of AQP1 in this model. In contrast, none of the tested anesthetic substances had any influence on water efflux. Comparison to chemically related drugs suggested oxidation of a strategic SH-group to be the mode of action. The anesthetics thiopental, phenobarbital, and propofol significantly inhibited influx of water into RBC, while water efflux remained unaffected in distinction to HgCl(2). These anesthetics thus acted as vectorial inhibitors, a hitherto undescribed phenomenon. Accordingly, some anesthetics may indeed affect transport of water via aquaporins.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physiology and the Department of Anesthesiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Schillerstrasse 44, 80336 Munich, Germany. Julia.Voigtlaender@ana.med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Voigtlaender
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Heindl
authors.forename: Bernhard F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Becker
mesh_terms: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051398:Aquaporin 1; D020346:Aquaporins / Q000378:metabolism*; D001789:Blood Group Antigens; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability; D048429:Cell Size; D004910:Erythrocyte Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D009995:Osmosis; D010634:Phenobarbital / Q000494:pharmacology; D015742:Propofol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013874:Thiopental / Q000494:pharmacology; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism*; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: C496020:AQP1 protein, human; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D020346:Aquaporins; D001789:Blood Group Antigens; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D014867:Water; D051398:Aquaporin 1; D013874:Thiopental; D015742:Propofol; D010634:Phenobarbital