title: Current levels of DDT, PCB and trace elements in the Baltic ringed seals (Phoca hispida baltica) and grey seals (Halichoerus grypus).
abstract: Residue levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis[p-chlorophenyl]ethane (DDT) were determined from liver samples of ringed seals (Phoca lispida) from the Baltic Sea and Svalbard, and of grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) from the Baltic Sea and Sable Island in Canada. Both Baltic seal populations showed clearly higher average sum PCB (SPCB) and sum DDT (SDDT) levels than the reference seal populations. Among the Baltic seals, SPCB levels were twice as high as SDDT levels, and both contaminants were higher in ringed seals than in grey seals. A difference in gender was observed only in the Sable Island grey seal population, in which males showed a higher level of contamination than females. A reduction of the SDDT levels, and to a lower extent of the SPCB levels can be observed in the Baltic seals since the peak contaminant levels during the 1970s. The decrease has been more rapid in the grey seals than in the ringed seals. The SPCB levels in the Baltic ringed seals are still high enough to cause a threat to their well being. Residue levels of the trace elements mercury, cadmium, lead and selenium were determined from liver, kidney and muscle samples of grey seals from the Baltic Sea and Sable Island. Only cadmium showed a geographic difference being higher in the seals from Sable Island than from the Baltic Sea. No clear reduction of the metal burden can be observed in the Baltic grey seal population since the 1970s.
authors.affiliation: Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute, Helsinki. madeleine.nyman@rktl.fi
authors.forename: Madeleine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nyman
authors.forename: Jaana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koistinen
authors.forename: Marie Louise
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Fant
authors.forename: Terttu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vartiainen
authors.forename: Eero
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Helle
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D002170:Canada; D003634:DDT / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005260:Female; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D046048:Seals, Earless / Q000378:metabolism*; D012737:Sex Factors; D013045:Species Specificity; D013538:Svalbard; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D014131:Trace Elements; D003634:DDT; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls