title: Influence of sex and Helicobacter pylori on development and healing of gastroduodenal lesions in non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug users.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Factors predisposing to endoscopic ulcer formation or healing with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have not been well defined.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used multivariate analysis of data from three large similar trials to identify factors associated with endoscopic lesions and healing. We compared the effectiveness of omeprazole 20 mg and 40 mg daily, misoprostol 200 micro g four times daily, and ranitidine 150 mg twice daily in healing ulcers and erosions at different sites and in patients who were Helicobacter pylori positive and negative.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Older age, past ulcer history, rheumatoid arthritis, and H pylori infection were significantly associated with ulcers. Duodenal ulcer was significantly more likely than gastric ulcer with a past ulcer history (odds ratio 1.59, 1.16-2.17), H pylori infection (1.4, 1.04-1.92), and male sex (2.35, 1.75-3.16) while female sex, older age (> or = 60 years: 1.39, 1.03-1.88), and higher NSAID dose (>1 defined daily dose: 1.57, 1.16-2.14) were associated with gastric ulceration. Sex differences were seen in both H pylori positive and negative patients. Gastric and duodenal ulcer healing was significantly faster with omeprazole 20 mg than with misoprostol 200 micro g four times daily or ranitidine 150 mg twice daily although misoprostol was more effective at healing erosions. Gastric ulcer healing was slower with large ulcers (0.37, 0.25-0.54 for >10 mm v 5-10 mm) or a past ulcer history (0.51, 0.34-0.76), and faster with H pylori infection (1.55, 1.06-2.29), especially with acid suppression (72% v 37% at four weeks with ranitidine).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among NSAID users, H pylori and male sex independently increase the likelihood of duodenal ulceration. H pylori infection does not affect duodenal ulcer healing and enhances gastric ulcer healing by ranitidine and possibly other acid suppressing treatments.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK. c.j.hawkley@nottingham.ac.uk
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hawkey
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Naesdal
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Långström
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Swannell
authors.forename: N D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Yeomans
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D004381:Duodenal Ulcer / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016145:Endoscopy, Digestive System; D005260:Female; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000150:complications*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016595:Misoprostol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009853:Omeprazole / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011899:Ranitidine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012737:Sex Factors; D013276:Stomach Ulcer / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents; D016595:Misoprostol; D011899:Ranitidine; D009853:Omeprazole