title: Prognostic value of coronary vascular endothelial dysfunction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Whether patients at increased risk can be identified from a relatively low-risk population by coronary vascular function testing remains unknown. We investigated the relationship between coronary endothelial function and the occurrence of acute unpredictable cardiovascular events (cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, and unstable angina) in patients with and without coronary atherosclerosis (CAD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We measured the change in coronary vascular resistance (DeltaCVR) and epicardial diameter with intracoronary acetylcholine (ACh, 15 micro g/min) to test endothelium-dependent function and sodium nitroprusside (20 micro g/min) and adenosine (2.2 mg/min) to test endothelium-independent vascular function in 308 patients undergoing cardiac catheterization (132 with and 176 without CAD). Patients underwent clinical follow-up for a mean of 46+/-3 months. Acute vascular events occurred in 35 patients. After multivariate analysis that included CAD and conventional risk factors for atherosclerosis, DeltaCVR with ACh (P=0.02) and epicardial constriction with ACh (P=0.003), together with increasing age, CAD, and body mass index, were independent predictors of adverse events. Thus, patients in the tertile with the best microvascular responses with ACh and those with epicardial dilation with ACh had improved survival by Kaplan-Meier analyses in the total population, as did those in the subset without CAD. Similar improvement in survival was also observed when all adverse events, including revascularization, were considered. Endothelium-independent responses were not predictive of outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Epicardial and microvascular coronary endothelial dysfunction independently predict acute cardiovascular events in patients with and without CAD, providing both functional and prognostic information that complements angiographic and risk factor assessment.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md, USA.
authors.forename: Julian P J
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Halcox
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Schenke
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zalos
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mincemoyer
authors.forename: Abhiram
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.forename: Myron A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Waclawiw
authors.forename: Khaled R A
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Nour
authors.forename: Arshed A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Quyyumi
mesh_terms: D000789:Angina, Unstable / Q000453:epidemiology; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000166:cytology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology; D010496:Pericardium / Q000503:physiopathology; D011379:Prognosis; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000187:drug effects; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D014665:Vasodilator Agents