title: Cardioprotection by sevoflurane against reperfusion injury after cardioplegic arrest in the rat is independent of three types of cardioplegia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sevoflurane protects the heart against reperfusion injury even after cardioplegic arrest. This protection may depend on the cardioplegic solution. Therefore, we investigated the effect of sevoflurane on myocardial reperfusion injury after cardioplegic arrest with University of Wisconsin solution (UW), Bretschneider's cardioplegia (HTK), and St Thomas' Hospital solution (STH).
  
  
  METHODS
  We used an isolated rat heart model where heart rate, ventricular volume, and perfusion pressure were constant. The hearts underwent 30 min of normothermic ischaemia followed by 60 min of reperfusion. Seven groups were studied (n = 9 each). Three groups received 7 degrees C cold cardioplegic solutions (UW, HTK, STH) during the first 2 min of ischaemia at a flow of 2 ml min-1. In three groups (UW + Sevo, HTK + Sevo, STH + Sevo), sevoflurane was additionally added to the perfusion medium (membrane oxygenator) at 3.8% (1.5 MAC) during the first 15 min of reperfusion after cardioplegic arrest. Nine hearts served as untreated control group (control). We measured left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) and infarct size.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LVDP was similar in all groups during baseline (130 (SEM 2) mm Hg). HTK and STH improved recovery of LVDP during reperfusion from 5 (1) (control) to 67 (7) (HTK) and 52 (8) mm Hg (STH, both P < 0.05), while UW had no effect on myocardial function (7 (2) mm Hg). In the sevoflurane-treated groups, LVDP at the end of the experiments was not significantly different from the respective group without anaesthetic treatment (UW + Sevo 11 (2); HTK + Sevo 83 (8); STH + Sevo 64 (8) mm Hg; P = ns). Infarct size was reduced in the HTK and STH groups (HTK 20 (4); STH 17 (3)%; P < 0.05) compared with controls (39 (5)%; P < 0.05), but not in the UW group (52 (4)%). Compared with cardioplegia alone, sevoflurane treatment during reperfusion reduced infarct size (UW + Sevo 31 (4); HTK + Sevo 8 (1); STH + Sevo 4 (1)%; P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude, that the protection against reperfusion injury offered by sevoflurane is independent of the three cardioplegic solutions used.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Anaesthesiologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Postfach 10 10 07, D-40001 Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ebel
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Preckel
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: You
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Müllenheim
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schlack
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Thämer
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000493:Allopurinol / Q000494:pharmacology; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology; D005978:Glutathione / Q000494:pharmacology; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008353:Mannitol / Q000494:pharmacology; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019188:Organ Preservation Solutions; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D011189:Potassium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D011343:Procaine / Q000494:pharmacology; D011887:Raffinose / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; C039984:Bretschneider cardioplegic solution; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions; D007328:Insulin; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D019188:Organ Preservation Solutions; C055206:University of Wisconsin-lactobionate solution; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D008353:Mannitol; D011343:Procaine; D000493:Allopurinol; D011189:Potassium Chloride; D005978:Glutathione; D005947:Glucose; D000241:Adenosine; D011887:Raffinose