title: Predictors of hemorrhagic transformation after intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator: prognostic value of the initial apparent diffusion coefficient and diffusion-weighted lesion volume.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) is a potentially dangerous complication of thrombolytic therapy. Recent studies suggest that diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) can help to predict the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) after thrombolysis. We sought to examine which pretreatment DWI parameters and clinical data are predictive of ICH after intravenous thrombolysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed our prospective stroke database for patients with ischemic stroke treated with intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) within 3 hours from symptom onset who had DWI before treatment and MRI with T2* sequence or CT 24 to 48 hours later to assess for ICH over the past 4 years. We measured the volumes and voxel-by-voxel apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of the initial DWI lesions and retrieved demographic data, risk factors, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores on admission, and blood tests results. We examined several variables using univariate and multivariate regression analyses to determine predictors of ICH.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-nine patients fulfilled our inclusion criteria; 17 patients (58%) had ICH, and of these 4 (13%) had symptomatic ICH and fatal outcome. On univariate analysis, higher systolic blood pressure, NIHSS score, serum glucose level, volume of initial DWI lesion, and absolute number of voxels with ADC value < or =550x10(-6) mm2/s were statistically associated with ICH, and all were subjected to multivariate analysis. However, only the absolute number of voxels, ie, volume of ischemic tissue on DWI, with ADC < or =550x10(-6) mm2/s emerged as an independent predictor of ICH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that volumetric ADC analysis can be used to assess ICH risk after thrombolysis. This may be particularly helpful if rtPA is to be given outside the 3-hour window.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Division of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass 02215, USA. mselim@caregroup.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Magdy
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Selim
authors.forename: John N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Fink
authors.forename: Sandeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Louis R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Caplan
authors.forename: Clare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Horkan
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Italo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Linfante
authors.forename: Gottfried
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schlaug
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000517:prevention & control; D003710:Demography; D004058:Diffusion; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D014867:Water; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator