title: Assessment of long-term nipple projection: a comparison of three techniques.
abstract: Nipple-areola reconstruction represents the final stage of breast reconstruction, whereby a reconstructed breast mound is transformed into a breast facsimile that more closely resembles the original breast. Although numerous nipple reconstruction techniques are available, all have been plagued by eventual loss of long-term projection. In this report, the authors present a comparative assessment of nipple and areola projection after reconstruction using either a bell flap, a modified star flap, or a skate flap and full-thickness skin graft for areola reconstruction. The specific technique for nipple-areola reconstruction following breast reconstruction was selected on the basis of the projection of the contralateral nipple and whether or not the opposite areola showed projection. Patients with 5 mm or less of opposite nipple projection were treated with either the bell flap or the modified star flap. In patients where the areola complex exhibited significant projection, a bell flap was chosen over the modified star flap. In those patients with greater than 5-mm nipple projection, reconstruction with a skate flap and full-thickness skin graft was performed. Maintenance of nipple projection in each of these groups was then carefully assessed over a 1-year period of follow-up using caliper measurements of nipple and areola projection obtained at 3-month intervals. The best long-term nipple projection was obtained and maintained by the skate and star techniques. The major decrease in projection of the reconstructed nipple occurred during the first 3 months. After 6 months, the projection was stable. The loss of both nipple and areola projection when using the bell flap was so remarkable that the authors would discourage the use of this procedure in virtually all patients.
authors.affiliation: Plastic Surgery Service, Magee-Women's Hospital, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA. shestakkc@msx.upmc.edu
authors.forename: Kenneth C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Shestak
authors.forename: Allen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gabriel
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Landecker
authors.forename: Shane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shestak
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016462:Mammaplasty / Q000379:methods*; D009558:Nipples / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016038:Skin Transplantation; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D013997:Time Factors