title: Cellular mechanisms of growth inhibition of human epithelial ovarian cancer cell line by LH-releasing hormone antagonist Cetrorelix.
abstract: We investigated the direct effects of LH-releasing hormone (LH-RH) antagonist, Cetrorelix, on the growth of HTOA human epithelial ovarian cancer cell line. RT-PCR revealed the expression of mRNA for LH-RH and its receptor in HTOA cells. Cetrorelix, at concentrations between 10(-9) and 10(-5) M, exerted a dose-dependent antiproliferative action on HTOA cells, as measured by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation into DNA. Flow cytometric analysis indicated that Cetrorelix, at 10(-5) M, arrested cell cycle in HTOA cells, at G1 phase, after 24 h of treatment. Western blot analysis of cell cycle-regulatory proteins demonstrated that treatment with Cetrorelix (10(-5) M) for 24 h did not change the steady-state levels of cyclin D1, cyclin E, and cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)4 but decreased the levels of cyclin A and Cdk2. The protein levels of p21 (a Cdk inhibitor) and p53 (a suppressor of tumor cell growth and a positive regulator for p21 expression) were increased by Cetrorelix, but the levels of p27 (a Cdk inhibitor) did not change significantly. Flow cytometric analysis and terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated deoxyuridine 5-triphosphate nick end labeling staining demonstrated that Cetrorelix (10(-5) M) induced apoptosis in HTOA cells. In conclusion, Cetrorelix directly inhibits the proliferation of human epithelial ovarian cancer cells through mechanisms mediated by LH-RH receptor and involving multiple events in cell cycle progression, including G1 phase cell cycle arrest coupled with down-regulation of cyclin A-Cdk2 complex levels, presumably attributable to an up-regulation of p53 and p21 protein levels and apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
authors.forename: Xiaohui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Tetsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yano
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Osuga
authors.forename: Hirotaka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsumi
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yano
authors.forename: Jiping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Wada
authors.forename: Kaori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Koga
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kugu
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Tsutsumi
authors.forename: Andrew V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Schally
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Taketani
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D004247:DNA / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D018816:Genes, cdc / Q000187:drug effects; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006727:Hormone Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D011966:Receptors, LHRH / Q000235:genetics; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D006727:Hormone Antagonists; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011966:Receptors, LHRH; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; D004247:DNA; C062876:cetrorelix