title: Cardiovascular manifestations in 75 patients with Williams syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The prevalence and types of various cardiovascular diseases in different age groups as well as the outcomes of cardiac surgery and other interventions were assessed in a population of 75 Williams syndrome (WS) patients aged 4 months to 76 years (median 22.7 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  The diagnosis of WS was in each case confirmed by the clinical phenotype and by a FISH test showing elastin hemizygosity. Clinical and operative data were collected from all hospitals where the patients had been treated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cardiovascular symptoms were evident in 35 of 75 (47%) WS children at birth. During follow up, 44 of 75 (53%) WS patients were found to have cardiovascular defects. Among them, the definitive diagnosis was made before 1 year of age in 23 (52%) infants, between 1 year and 15 years of age in 14 (32%) children, and older than 15 years of age in 7 (16%) adults. Multiple obstructive cardiovascular diseases were found in six infants. Supravalvular aortic stenosis (SVAS) was diagnosed in 32/44 (73%), pulmonary arterial stenosis (PAS) in 18/44 (41%), aortic or mitral valve defect in 5/44 (11 %) of cases, and tetralogy of Fallot in one (2%) case. Altogether, 17/44 (39 %) underwent surgery or intervention. Surgery was most frequently performed in the infant group (6% v 21% v 0%, p=0.004). After 1 year of age, seven patients underwent SVAS relief and two cases PAS relief. Postoperatively there was no mortality (median follow up time 6.9 years). Arterial hypertension was found in 55% of adults. In three adults, arterial vasculopathy was not diagnosed until necropsy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicate the following in WS. Cardiac symptoms are common in neonates. Heart disease diagnosed in infancy frequently requires operation. After 1 year of age, PAS tends to improve and SVAS to progress. Life long cardiac follow up is necessary because of the risks of developing vasculopathy or arterial hypertension.
authors.affiliation: The Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, University of Helsinki, Finland. Marianne.eronen@dlc.fi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eronen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peippo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hiippala
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raatikka
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arvio
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kähkönen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D013504:Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000473:pathology; D004549:Elastin / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010641:Phenotype; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018980:Williams Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004549:Elastin