title: Markers in HIV associated tuberculosis in Kenya.
abstract: Tuberculosis is one of the most frequent opportunistic infections in HIV-infected patients in developing countries. In some instances, manifestations of pulmonary tuberculosis precede all other HIV related signs and symptoms because of the high virulence of M. tuberculosis. In order to characterise the interaction between these two pathogens, clinical and immunological parameters in pulmonary tuberculosis patients with and without HIV infection were compared. Amongst newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis patients the association of some of these changes with the clinical outcome were evaluated. Of these, 44% were co-infected with HIV. Pulmonary tuberculosis patients with HIV-1 presented more frequently with lymphadenopathy and diarrhoea than those without HIV-1. Peripheral blood CD4+ counts were significantly lower in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis with HIV-1 than those with pulmonary tuberculosis alone, P= 0.0292. Low CD4+ lymphocyte counts, lymphadenopathy and BCG scar absence could serve as indicators of HIV-1 infection in pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients.
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Diseases Research Unit, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 47855, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Lydia E.
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Kivihya-Ndugga
authors.forename: G.
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Otieno
authors.forename: Lawrence N.
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Muthami
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gachihi
authors.forename: Sam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gathua