title: Reconstitution of immune responses to tuberculosis in patients with HIV infection who receive antiretroviral therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  s: To assess the restoration of immune responses to tuberculosis, as manifested by secretion of T-helper type 1 cytokines (interferon [IFN]-gamma, interleukin [IL]-12, and IL-2) and T-helper type 2 cytokines (IL-10), in HIV-positive patients who receive antiretroviral therapy (ART).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten HIV-positive patients, all naïve to ART and all about to start ART for clinical indications, and 11 healthy, HIV-negative control subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Assessment of T-cell proliferation and cytokine production after administration of ART to patients with HIV infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients had a negative tuberculin skin test result at baseline and were anergic. Highly active ART reduced the viral load to very low levels in all patients within a short time after starting therapy. Blood samples were drawn every 2 months after starting therapy, and continued for 1 year while the patients continued to receive ART. There were trends toward increased proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific stimuli, but these were delayed until several months of ART had elapsed. Similar trends were noted in relation to the secretion of IFN-gamma. Neither PBMC proliferation nor IFN-gamma secretion reached levels seen in healthy control subjects. No consistent trends in IL-2, IL-10, or IL-12 production were noted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ART restores immune responses to M tuberculosis, although this restoration is delayed and does not reach levels seen in healthy, HIV-negative control subjects. These results may explain in part the phenomenon of paradoxic reactions to antituberculosis therapy in patients with HIV infection. A larger study in which patients are followed up for a longer period of time will allow the magnitude and timing of this reconstitution to be more precisely defined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA. ns311@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Neil W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Schluger
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Perez
authors.forename: Yuk Ming
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology; D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000276:immunology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D014374:Tuberculin Test; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines