title: Human papillomavirus associated with oesophageal cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the prevalence and the different types of human papillomavirus (HPV) in patients with oesophageal cancer from a high risk area of South Africa (Transkei).
  
  
  METHODS
  DNA samples from 50 paraffin wax embedded tissue sections were analysed by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the degenerate HPV L1 consensus primer pairs MY09/MY11 and GP5+/GP6+. Positive PCR samples were subjected to DNA sequence analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HPV DNA was detected in 23 of the 50 samples. Sequence analysis revealed that most patients (11) harboured DNA to HPV type 11, whereas other types included DNA HPV type 39 (seven patients), type 16 (two patients), and type 52 (one patient). HPV type 39 has not previously been shown to be associated with oesophageal cancer. In contrast to earlier studies that have found HPV type 16 to be more frequently associated with oesophageal cancer, HPV type 11 was the predominant subtype in this study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high frequency of occurrence of HPV in oesophageal tumours (23 of 50 patients; 46%) implicates HPV as one of the possible aetiological factors in this disease. The finding that the low risk HPV subtypes predominate indicates that transformation may be effected via the E6 and E7 proteins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925 South Africa.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsha
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Erasmus
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Kafuko
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mugwanya
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stepien
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Parker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000821:virology*; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000821:virology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000821:virology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D014412:Tumor Virus Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral