title: Depressive and anxiety symptoms in the early puerperium are related to increased degradation of tryptophan into kynurenine, a phenomenon which is related to immune activation.
abstract: There is now some evidence that i) the availability of plasma tryptophan, the precursor of serotonin, is significantly lower in pregnant women at the end of term and the first few days after delivery than in nonpregnant women; and ii) both pregnancy and the early puerperium are accompanied by activation of the inflammatory response system. The aims of the present study were to examine the effects of pregnancy and delivery on plasma kynurenine, a major tryptophan catabolite synthesized after induction of indoleamine-2, 3 dioxygenase (IDO) by pro-inflammatory cytokines. We measured plasma kynurenine and tryptophan and immune markers, such as serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8 and the leukemia inhibitory factor-receptor (LIF-R) in healthy, nonpregnant and pregnant women at the end of term and one and three days after delivery. Plasma kynurenine was significantly lower in pregnant women at the end of term than in nonpregnant women, findings which may be attributed to lower plasma tryptophan at the end of term. The kynurenine/tryptophan (K/T) quotient was significantly higher in the pregnant women at the end of term and in the early puerperium than in nonpregnant women. In the early puerperium there was a significant increase in plasma kynurenine and the K/T quotient. The increases in plasma kynurenine and the K/T quotient were significantly more pronounced in women whose anxiety and depression scores significantly increased in the puerperium. The changes from the end of term to the early puerperium in plasma kynurenine and the K/T quotient were significantly related to those in the immune markers. It is concluded that 1) lower plasma kynurenine at the end of term is the consequence of lower plasma tryptophan; 2) the increased K/T quotient at the end of term and in the early puerperium indicates inflammation-induced degradation of tryptophan along the kynurenine pathway; and 3) that depressive and anxiety symptoms in the early puerperium are (causally) related to an increased catabolism of tryptophan into kynurenine, a phenomenon which probably results from immune activation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Maastricht, Postbus 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands. crc-mh@online.be
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maes
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Verkerk
authors.forename: Stephania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bonaccorso
authors.forename: Willem
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ombelet
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bosmans
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Scharpé
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007109:Immunity / Q000502:physiology*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000097:blood; D007737:Kynurenine / Q000378:metabolism*; D053680:Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Receptor alpha Subunit; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000378:metabolism; D049590:Postpartum Period / Q000523:psychology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D018121:Receptors, Cytokine / Q000378:metabolism; D053606:Receptors, OSM-LIF; D014364:Tryptophan / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; C507840:LIFR protein, human; D053680:Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Receptor alpha Subunit; D018121:Receptors, Cytokine; D053606:Receptors, OSM-LIF; D007737:Kynurenine; D014364:Tryptophan