Characterization of hematopoietic bone marrow in male professional cyclists by magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine.
OBJECTIVE
To prospectively evaluate hematopoietic bone marrow of male professional cyclists in relation to performance data and laboratory data, and in comparison to age-matched healthy volunteers.


METHODS
Twenty male cyclists and 44 volunteers (27 males and 17 females) were prospectively studied by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at high-field strength. A sagittal T1-weighted (T1-w) spin-echo (SE) sequence, a gradient-echo (GE) sequence with an echo time (TE) for out-of-phase (OOP) imaging, and a turbo inversion-recovery sequence with short inversion time (TIRM) for fat suppression was used. The averaged bone marrow signal intensity (SI) of three adjacent vertebrae was related to the signal of an adjacent nondegenerative disk.


RESULTS
The cyclists revealed a significantly different SI as compared to male volunteers in the OOP (0.34 +/- 0.14 vs. 0.28 +/- 0.09, P < 0.05) and T1-w sequences (1.62 +/- 0.19 vs. 1.77 +/- 0.30, P < 0.05). Only in TIRM was there a significant difference compared to female volunteers (0.36 +/- 0.08 vs. 0.44 +/- 0.04, P < 0.01). MRI data of cyclists did not correlate to hemoglobin, erythrocyte, or reticulocyte counts; ferritin, relative heart volume, relative maximal power (rPmax; W/kg bw), or relative maximal oxygen consumption (VO(2)max). A borderline linear correlation was found for hematocrit (OOP: r = 0.42, P = 0.06; TIRM: r = 0.44, P = 0.06).


CONCLUSIONS
Bone marrow hyperplasia is observed in male professional cyclists in the axial skeleton. The MR findings are probably independent of mechanically induced marrow edema. A multifactorial cause must be considered, as single laboratory and performance data did not appear to contribute significantly to these results.
Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. ucceal@onlinehome.de
Carsten
C
Altehoefer
Andreas
A
Schmid
Martin
M
Büchert
Nadir A
NA
Ghanem
Lothar
L
Heinrich
Mathias
M
Langer
D000328:Adult; D001642:Bicycling / Q000502:physiology*; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006410:Hematopoiesis; D006801:Humans; D006965:Hyperplasia; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies