Intrathecal saline infusion in the treatment of obtundation associated with spontaneous intracranial hypotension: technical case report.
OBJECTIVE
Spontaneous intracranial hypotension is an increasingly recognized cause of postural headache. However, appropriate management of obtundation caused by intracranial hypotension is not well defined.


METHODS
A 43-year-old man presented with postural headache followed by rapid decline in mental status. Imaging findings were consistent with the diagnosis of spontaneous intracranial hypotension, with bilateral subdural hematomas, pachymeningeal enhancement, and caudal displacement of posterior fossa structures and optic chiasm.


METHODS
Despite treatment with lumbar epidural blood patch, worsening stupor necessitated intubation and mechanical ventilation. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomographic myelography of the spine failed to demonstrate the site of cerebrospinal fluid fistula. The enlarging subdural fluid collections were drained, and a ventriculostomy was performed. Postoperatively, the patient remained semicomatose. To restore intraspinal and intracranial pressures, intrathecal infusion of saline was initiated. After several hours of lumbar saline infusion, lumbar and intracranial pressures normalized, and the patient's stupor resolved rapidly. Repeat computed tomographic myelography accomplished via C1-C2 puncture demonstrated a large ventrolateral T1-T3 leak, which was treated successfully with a thoracic epidural blood patch. Follow-up magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated resolution of intracranial hypotension, and the patient was discharged in excellent condition.


CONCLUSIONS
Spontaneous intracranial hypotension may cause a decline of mental status and require lumbar intrathecal saline infusion to arrest or reverse impending central (transtentorial) herniation. This case demonstrates the use of simultaneous monitoring of lumbar and intracranial pressures to appropriately titrate the infusion and document resolution of intracranial hypotension. Maneuvers aimed at sealing the cerebrospinal fluid fistula then can be performed in a less emergent fashion after the patient's mental status has stabilized.
Binder
Devin K
DK
Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0112, USA. dbinder@itsa.ucsf.edu
Dillon
William P
WP
Fishman
Robert A
RA
Schmidt
Meic H
MH
D000328:Adult; D003128:Coma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D019585:Intracranial Hypotension / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009192:Myelography; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
D012965:Sodium Chloride