Intraclass correlation among measures related to cigarette use by adolescents: estimates from an urban and largely African American cohort.
This paper presents the first estimates of school-level intraclass correlation (ICC) for smoking-related variables from an urban and largely African American population. Seventh graders (n = 6967) from 39 middle schools in Memphis, TN, were measured at baseline in 1994 and annually through 1997. Mixed model regression methods were used to estimate variance components for school and residual error. School-level ICCs were large enough, if ignored, to substantially inflate the Type I error rate in an analysis of treatment effects. We show how those correlations can be reduced using regression adjustments and used to determine sample size for future school-based smoking prevention studies.
Murray
David M
DM
Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, TN 38152-3230, USA. d.murray@mail.psyc.memphis.edu
Alfano
Catherine M
CM
Zbikowski
Susan M
SM
Padgett
Lynne S
LS
Robinson
Leslie A
LA
Klesges
Robert
R
D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000208:ethnology*; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D012107:Research Design; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D013714:Tennessee / Q000453:epidemiology; D014505:Urban Population