Low demand for substitutive voluntary health insurance in Germany.
OBJECTIVE
To examine why the demand for substitutive voluntary health insurance in Germany is low.


METHODS
A comparison of the benefits and costs of statutory and voluntary health insurance in Germany, based on a review of literature published in academic journals and books as well as gray literature.


RESULTS
Employees in Germany with gross earnings over 40,500 Euros a year can choose to opt out of the statutory health insurance scheme (Gesetzliche Krankenversicherung, GKV) and purchase substitutive voluntary health insurance instead. Only a quarter of these employees and their dependents actually choose to opt out; the majority remain in the GKV. Substitutive voluntary health insurance does not generally afford greater benefits than the GKV in terms of services provided or choice of insurer and only affords marginal benefits in terms of choice of provider. It is also more expensive than the GKV for people with dependents, elderly people and people in poor health. Consequently, the choice to opt out and purchase substitutive voluntary health insurance is more likely to be taken by young, healthy or single people or couples with double incomes.


CONCLUSIONS
Our analysis suggests that the demand for substitutive voluntary health insurance in Germany is low because the costs of opting out of the GKV are, in general, higher than the benefits afforded by purchasing substitutive voluntary health insurance. In the long term substitutive voluntary health insurance does not appear to provide good value for money when compared to the GKV, particularly for people with dependents, elderly people, and people in poor health.
European Observatory on Health Care Systems, London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, UK.
Sarah
S
Thomson
Reinhard
R
Busse
Elias
E
Mossialos
D002755:Choice Behavior; D003258:Consumer Behavior / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D015273:Insurance Selection Bias; D007348:Insurance, Health / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009313:National Health Programs / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D020380:Needs Assessment; D017149:Private Sector / Q000191:economics*; D011907:Rate Setting and Review; D012923:Social Class