Parental depression and depression in offspring: evidence for familial characteristics and subtypes?
The objectives of this paper were twofold. First, to evaluate in a community sample the age of onset of major depression in adolescents and young adults with and without parental major depression. Second, to examine whether specific clinical characteristics of major depression in adolescents and young adults are associated with elevated rates of major depression among parents. Baseline and 4-year follow-up data were used from the Early Developmental Stages of Psychopathology Study (EDSP), a prospective-longitudinal community study of adolescents and young adults. Results are based on 470 subjects who completed the follow-up, for whom diagnostic information for both parents was available, and who reported at least one episode of major depression according to DSM-IV-criteria through second follow-up. Diagnostic assessment in respondents was accomplished by using the standardized Munich-Composite International Diagnostic Interview (M-CIDI). Information on major depression in parents was collected as family history information from the respondents, and additionally from M-CIDI diagnostic interviews with parents of the younger cohort. Both recurrence and impairment as clinical characteristics of major depression in adolescents and young adults were associated with elevated rates of major depression among parents. Age of onset as well as overall higher impairment as clinical characteristics of major depression in youth were associated with elevated rates of parental major depression in the univariate, but not in the multiple, analyses. Our findings suggest that clinical features of major depression may indicate familial subtypes of the disorder, most evident for recurrence and impairment.
Lieb
Roselind
R
Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Kraepelinstrasse 2, 80804, Munich, Germany. lieb@mpipsykl.mpg.de
Isensee
Barbara
B
Höfler
Michael
M
Wittchen
Hans-Ulrich
HU
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D018570:Risk Assessment