Pupil signs of sympathetic autonomic neuropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes.
OBJECTIVE
Pupillary autonomic neuropathy is considered an early sign of the development of systemic autonomic neuropathy. Sympathetic denervation is related to the duration of diabetes and the development of systemic autonomic dysfunction. We investigated pupil responsiveness to directly and indirectly acting sympathomimetics in type 1 diabetic patients with and without long-term complications, defined as cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN), peripheral sensomotor neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy, and in healthy subjects.


METHODS
A total of 47 randomly chosen type 1 diabetic patients and 20 healthy subjects were selected for this study. Patients were divided into groups determined by whether they had long-term diabetic complications. Pharmacological tests were performed with cocaine 4%, epinephrine 1%, and pholedrine 5% eye drops. Horizontal pupil diameter (HPD) was measured at the beginning of the pharmacological tests and at defined time points after instillation of the eye drops.


RESULTS
Statistical analysis showed a significantly smaller HPD in the patients before instillating eye drops (P = 0.011). In particular, the HPD was significantly smaller in the patient group without CAN when compared with healthy subjects (P = 0.004). Maximal cocaine reaction was diminished in the complication group (P < 0.001). Epinephrine test, visual acuity, ocular pressure, and HbA(1c) did not differ in patients with or without long-term complications. The noncomplication group showed no significant differences in pupillary responses as compared with healthy subjects. The complication group showed a smaller HPD (P = 0.022), reduced pupillary responses in the cocaine (P = 0.037) and pholedrine tests (P < 0.001), and anisocor pupil sizes after instillation of the eye drops (P = 0.034).


CONCLUSIONS
Our results clearly show that sympathetic denervation does exist in the pupil of diabetic patients and that it can be rapidly assessed using the cocaine test. These data and the results of the epinephrine test suggest a mixed pre- and postganglionic dysfunction of the sympathetic plexus. The significant smaller HPD in patients without CAN compared with that of healthy subjects could be a sign for early involvement of the pupil function before cardiac manifestation of systemic autonomic diabetic neuropathy.
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
Daniel
D
Pittasch
Ralf
R
Lobmann
Wolfgang
W
Behrens-Baumann
Hendrik
H
Lehnert
D000328:Adult; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D001342:Autonomic Nervous System Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D003042:Cocaine; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications*; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D009184:Mydriatics; D011681:Pupil Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D012025:Reflex, Pupillary / Q000187:drug effects; D013566:Sympathomimetics
D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D009184:Mydriatics; D013566:Sympathomimetics; D008694:Methamphetamine; C005877:pholedrine; D003042:Cocaine