Oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV(+) patients may influence the selection of HIV-1 protease variants.
Approximately 500 HIV-1 protease gene (pro) sequences were obtained from oral tissues (gingival cuff, buccal mucosa, tongue, palate) as well as saliva and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of 80 HIV-1 positive patients by nested amplification and manual sequencing of PCR products. By visual inspection each patient in this study exhibited a unique sequence profile. HIV-1 pro sequences obtained from patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC(+) patients) had significantly higher numbers of mutations than sequences from OPC(-) patients, but OPC(+) patients were no more likely to accumulate protease inhibitor resistance mutations than OPC(-) patients. Although the sequences for each patient were predominantly consistent between PBMC and oral tissues, approximately 10% of the patients demonstrated tissue specificity, and patients that demonstrated tissue specificity tended to be OPC(+). Furthermore, HIV-1 pro sequences derived from OPC lesions demonstrated unique mutations in approximately 30% of the patients who provided paired OPC(+/-) samples of the same tissue type. These data provide evidence for minimal compartmentalization of HIV-1 in oral tissues, yet some patients demonstrate minor variation between the HIV-1 pro sequences obtained from an OPC lesion and those obtained from a non-lesion site of similar tissue.
Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1901 Perdido Street, Box P6-1, New Orleans, LA 70112-1393, USA.
Peter J
PJ
Hickman
Janet E
JE
Leigh
Robertino M
RM
Mera
Paul L
PL
Fidel
Ronald B
RB
Luftig
D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D002180:Candidiasis, Oral / Q000150:complications* / Q000821:virology; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D016333:HIV Protease / Q000235:genetics*; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012463:Saliva; D017421:Sequence Analysis; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
D004279:DNA, Viral; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D016333:HIV Protease