The role of prenatal stress in the etiology of developmental behavioural disorders.
Substantial evidence from preclinical laboratory studies indicates that prenatal stress (PS) affects the hormonal and behavioural development of offspring. In the following review, the effects of PS in rodents and non-human primates on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) reactivity to stress, morphological changes in the brain, motor behaviour and learning are surveyed. PS has been found to alter baseline and stress-induced responsivity of the HPA axis and levels and distribution of regulatory neurotransmitters, such as norepinepherine, dopamine, serotonin and acetylcholine and to modify key limbic structures. In rodents and non-human primates, PS affected learning, anxiety and social behaviour. The relevance of these findings to humans is discussed with respect to (a) the effect of administration of exogenous corticosteroids in pregnancy and (b) maternal state and trait anxiety during gestation and its relation to foetal autonomic regulation as putative predisposing factors in the pathogenesis of behavioural developmental delays in children.
Department of Behavioural Sciences, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, 84105 Beersheva, Israel. kofman@bgumail.bgu.ac.il
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D000818:Animals; D001127:Arginine Vasopressin / Q000378:metabolism; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology / Q000473:pathology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D004298:Dopamine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000172:deficiency; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology; D006728:Hormones / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology; D008124:Locomotion / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010286:Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D051381:Rats; D012737:Sex Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology*
D005938:Glucocorticoids; D006728:Hormones; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D001127:Arginine Vasopressin; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; D004298:Dopamine