Dietary sugar, glycemic load, and pancreatic cancer risk in a prospective study.
BACKGROUND
Evidence from both animal and human studies suggests that abnormal glucose metabolism plays an important role in pancreatic carcinogenesis. We investigated whether diets high in foods that increase postprandial glucose levels are associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer.


METHODS
In a cohort of U.S. women (n = 88 802) participating in the Nurses' Health Study, 180 case subjects with pancreatic cancer were diagnosed during 18 years of follow-up. We used frequency of intake of individual foods as reported on a food-frequency questionnaire in 1980 to calculate sucrose, fructose, and carbohydrate intakes; glycemic index (postprandial blood glucose response as compared with a reference food); and glycemic load (glycemic index multiplied by carbohydrate content). Analyses of relative risk (RR) were performed by using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models to adjust for potential confounders. All statistical tests were two-sided.


RESULTS
Carbohydrate and sucrose intake were not associated with overall pancreatic cancer risk in this cohort. A statistically nonsignificant 53% increase in risk of pancreatic cancer (RR = 1.53, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.96 to 2.45) was observed among women with a high glycemic load intake, and a similar association was observed for fructose intake (RR = 1.57, 95% CI = 0.95 to 2.57). The associations of glycemic load and fructose intakes with pancreatic cancer risk were most apparent among women with elevated body mass index (>or=25 kg/m(2)) or with low physical activity. Among women who were both overweight and sedentary, a high glycemic load was associated with an RR of 2.67 (95% CI = 1.02 to 6.99; highest versus lowest quartile of intake; P for trend =.03), and high fructose was associated with an RR of 3.17 (95% CI = 1.13 to 8.91; P for trend =.04).


CONCLUSIONS
Our data support other findings that impaired glucose metabolism may play a role in pancreatic cancer etiology. A diet high in glycemic load may increase the risk of pancreatic cancer in women who already have an underlying degree of insulin resistance.
Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20852, USA. michaudd@mail.nih.gov
Dominique S
DS
Michaud
Simin
S
Liu
Edward
E
Giovannucci
Walter C
WC
Willett
Graham A
GA
Colditz
Charles S
CS
Fuchs
D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015331:Cohort Studies; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
D001786:Blood Glucose; D019422:Dietary Sucrose