Ozone exposure activates oxidative stress responses in murine skin.
Ozone (O(3)) is among the most reactive environmental oxidant to which skin is exposed. O(3) exposure has previously been shown to induce antioxidant depletion as well as lipid and protein oxidation in the outermost skin layer, the stratum corneum (SC), but little is known regarding the potential effects of O(3) on the skin epidermis and dermis. To evaluate such skin responses to O(3), SKH-1 hairless mice were exposed for 2 h to 8.0 ppm O(3) or to ambient air. O(3) exposure caused a significant increase in skin carbonyls (28%) compared to the skin of air exposed control animals. An evident increase in 4-hydroxynonenal-protein adducts was detected after O(3) exposure. O(3) exposure caused a rapid up-regulation of HSP27 (20-fold), and more delayed induction of HSP70 (2.8-fold) and heme oxygenase-1 (5-fold). O(3) exposure also led to the induction of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) 6-12 h following O(3) exposure. We conclude that skin exposure to high levels of O(3) not only affects antioxidant levels and oxidation markers in the SC, but also induces stress responses in the active layers of the skin, most likely by indirect mechanisms, since it is unlikely that O(3) itself penetrates the protective SC layers.
Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA. gvalacchi@ucdavis.edu
Giuseppe
G
Valacchi
Albert
A
van der Vliet
Bettina C
BC
Schock
Tatsuya
T
Okamoto
Ute
U
Obermuller-Jevic
Carroll E
CE
Cross
Lester
L
Packer
D000447:Aldehydes / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000187:drug effects; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D051379:Mice; D008812:Mice, Hairless; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000096:biosynthesis; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010126:Ozone / Q000633:toxicity*; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*
D000447:Aldehydes; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D011506:Proteins; D010126:Ozone; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; C027576:4-hydroxy-2-nonenal