Tele-endoscopy: influence of data compression, bandwidth and simulated impairments on the usability of real-time digital video endoscopy transmissions for medical diagnoses.
OBJECTIVE
Real-time digital video transmission (rtDVT) at an acceptable quality through networks has been possible for several years. This technique can be used for telemedical applications, such as tele-endoscopy. The hypotheses of the present study were that the quality of real-time DVT depends on the technical equipment used, and that the resulting image quality influences the usability of the system for diagnostic purposes.


METHODS
An experimental network was established between two German referral endoscopy centers, using the Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) protocol. At first, rtDVTs of routine gastrointestinal video endoscopies were transferred through the network for prospective evaluation of the feasibility of the technical equipment and its usability for diagnostic tele-endoscopy, based on the video image quality. Secondly, the image quality and usability for correct telemedical diagnosis were evaluated prospectively in a double-blind experimental setting in relation to variations in the methods of data compression used, transmission bandwidths, and simulated transmission errors. Fourteen endoscopists evaluated 27 variations of an endoscopic video sequence.


RESULTS
Compression with the Moving Picture Expert Group 2 (MPEG2 [4 : 2 : 2]) standard, the ATM protocol, and a bandwidth of 40 megabits per second (Mb/s) were used successfully in 40 routine tele-endoscopies for practical evaluation. Doctors were able to handle the system with ease, and its availability was 100%. There were no detectable differences between the original video image and the transferred image, and the images were usable for diagnosis in all cases. The set-up used clinically was therefore considered to provide the optimal conditions for comparisons in the experimental part of the study. Experimentally, any technical variation was found to cause a reduction in the overall image quality and hence a reduction in diagnostic usability: compression algorithm (MPEG2 [4 : 2 : 2] vs. others: P = 0.001), bandwidth (> or = 8 vs. < 8 Mb/s: P = 0.001), and error rate (10 (-8) vs. 10 (-7): P = 0.001).


CONCLUSIONS
rtDVT using MPEG2 [4 : 2 : 2] compression and a bandwidth of 40 Mb/s did not effectively differ from the original video images in routine tele-endoscopy. The qualitative requirements in diagnostic video endoscopy, however, are obviously much higher than previously assumed, since experienced endoscopists detected a loss of image quality and a reduction in diagnostic usability with any reduction in the technical specification. Modern methods of data compression, broadband networks and a network protocol with good quality-of-service guarantees are therefore prerequisites for diagnostic rtDVT.
Rabenstein
T
T
Dept. of Medicine I, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany. thomas.rabenstein@med.ma.uni-heidelberg.de
Maiss
J
J
Naegele-Jackson
S
S
Liebl
K
K
Hengstenberg
T
T
Radespiel-Tröger
M
M
Holleczek
P
P
Hahn
E G
EG
Sackmann
M
M
D000465:Algorithms; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D017216:Telemedicine; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D014741:Video Recording