Depression and anxiety among partners of European-American and Latino patients with type 2 diabetes.
OBJECTIVE
To assess the levels of and the independent contributors to depressive affect and anxiety among partners of patients with type 2 diabetes.


METHODS
The partners of 75 Latino and 113 European-American patients with type 2 diabetes were assessed for level of depressive affect and anxiety and for three groups of potential stressors: demographics (age, gender, and education), patient disease status (time since diagnosis, HbA(1c), comorbidities, and BMI), and family stress (disease impact, spouse conflict, and family closeness). Dependent variables were partner depressive affect (Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale) and anxiety (Symptom Checklist [SCL-90] anxiety). Predictors of partner depressive affect and anxiety and partner-patient concordance rates were computed.


RESULTS
Levels of depressive affect and anxiety and rates of likely depression (21.4%) were as high for partners as they were for patients. No differences were found on depressive affect or anxiety by ethnicity, but female partners scored higher than male partners on both measures. Partner-patient concordance rates were low. The family level variables accounted for the most variance in both depressive affect and anxiety, with demographics and disease status variables contributing modest or nonsignificant independent variance.


CONCLUSIONS
Partners of patients with type 2 diabetes experience levels of psychological distress as high or even higher than patients, especially if the partner is female. Low levels of concordance suggest that partners can be distressed even if patients are not. Many life stresses contribute to psychological distress among partners, not just disease-related indicators. The findings suggest the utility of evaluating both partners and patients using a life-centered rather than a disease-focused perspective.
University of California, San Francisco, California. Northern California Kaiser Permanente, San Francisco, California 94143, USA. fisher@itsa.ucsf.edu
Lawrence
L
Fisher
Catherine A
CA
Chesla
Marilyn M
MM
Skaff
Joseph T
JT
Mullan
Richard A
RA
Kanter
D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000208:ethnology*; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D003863:Depression / Q000208:ethnology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000208:ethnology; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*