Salvage treatment with lopinavir/ritonavir (Kaletra) in HIV-infected patients failing all current antiretroviral drug families.
BACKGROUND
Lopinavir/ritonavir (Kaletra) is the latest available protease inhibitor (PI). It has shown greater potency than the former PIs in phase II/III trials, either in naive or in PI-experienced patients being naive for nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs).


METHODS
We analyzed the first 138 patients recruited during the expanded access program in an HIV/AIDS reference center. Only patients who had significant past exposure to all three different antiretroviral drug families and who were failing their current regimens were chosen.


RESULTS
A total of 93 and 76 patients completed, respectively, 3 and 6 months of follow-up. Mean plasma HIV RNA log(10) copies/mL before beginning Kaletra was 4.04 +/- 1.1 and mean CD4 count was 285 +/- 197 cells/mL. Overall, 76.3% and 63.2% of patients showed a significant virologic response (defined as >1 log reduction in plasma HIV RNA and/or a reduction to less than 500 HIV RNA copies/mL) at 3 and 6 months, respectively. The mean CD4 increase was +77.3 cells/mL at 6 months. Thirteen individuals did not complete 6 months on therapy: there were 2 deaths (1 was non-AIDS related), 2 patients were lost to follow-up, 7 patients withdrew due to potential drug adverse events, and 2 patients withdrew due to complications of intercurrent illnesses. Triglyceride levels significantly increased 3 months after initiation of Kaletra (+70 mg/dL; p =.04) while cholesterol levels remained stable (+7.7 mg/dL; p =.7). Sequence analysis at baseline showed a median number of PI mutations of 4 (0 to 12). Overall, 45% of patients harbored >/=5 PI mutations. Attainment of plasma HIV RNA <500 copies/mL occurred in 88% of patients with </=5 PI mutations but only in 48% of those harboring >5 PI mutations (p <.001). Baseline mutations at codons 71 and 82 were associated with a lower response to Kaletra.


CONCLUSIONS
Kaletra is relatively well tolerated and provides potent antiviral activity in heavily pretreated patients. Significant virological responses are seen in more than three quarters of patients at 3 months. Genotyping at the time of initiation of salvage therapy with Kaletra might help to predict which individuals will experience a greater benefit.
de Mendoza
Carmen
C
Service of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Carlos III, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
Martín-Carbonero
Luz
L
Barreiro
Pablo
P
Diaz
Beatriz
B
Valencia
Eulalia
E
Jiménez-Nácher
Inmaculada
I
Gallego
Oscar
O
Núñez
Marina
M
González-Lahoz
Juan
J
Soriano
Vincent
V
D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000145:classification* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006678:HIV / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D061466:Lopinavir; D008297:Male; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D011744:Pyrimidinones / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016879:Salvage Therapy
D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D011744:Pyrimidinones; D012367:RNA, Viral; D061466:Lopinavir; D019438:Ritonavir