Morphogenesis of fingers and branched organs: how collagen and fibroblasts break the symmetry of growing biological tissue.
Understanding the growth of branching organs is an important scientific endeavour. It has crucial applications, from saving premature newborns, to repairing or even regenerating organs. Despite differences in timing and shape, branching morphogenesis of all branching organs or glands (lung, kidney, salivary, lachrymal, mammary glands, sebaceous and sweat glands, prostate, guts papillae etc.) is similar: an epithelial sheet of cells, forming a 2D layer, penetrates into a 3D mass of mesenchymal cells. Inside the epithelium, a lumen is filled with fluid. As the epithelium grows, it evolves into a branched structure. The pattern of branches is in some cases stereotypic, deterministic, and it has memory effects. We present a simple line of reasoning that predicts that viscous fingering of biological tissue will exhibit all of these features. The line of reasoning is based on the idea that surface tension selects the shape of a growing branch, as is well known in the context of moving boundary problems, except that in this case, the surface is akin to a liquid-crystal. The anisotropy of the surface tension comes from a symmetry breaking by collagen and fibroblasts. The equilibrium shape of the corresponding boundary is that of an actual fingertip, and the out-of-equilibrium shape is that of branched organs, such as the lung.
Fleury
Vincent
V
Laboratoire de physique de la matière condensée, Ecole polytechnique/CNRS, 91128 Palaiseau cedex, France. vincent.fleury@polytechnique.fr
Watanabe
Tomoko
T
D000818:Animals; D001940:Breast / Q000254:growth & development; D003094:Collagen / Q000502:physiology*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000502:physiology; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000502:physiology*; D005385:Fingers / Q000254:growth & development; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000254:growth & development; D008168:Lung / Q000254:growth & development; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000166:cytology; D009024:Morphogenesis
D003094:Collagen