Enhancement of iron toxicity in L929 cells by D-glucose: accelerated(re-)reduction.
It has recently been shown that an increase in the cellular chelatable iron pool is sufficient to cause cell damage. To further characterize this kind of injury, we artificially enhanced the chelatable iron pool in L929 mouse fibroblasts using the highly membrane-permeable complex Fe(III)/8-hydroxyquinoline. This iron complex induced a significant oxygen-dependent loss of viability during an incubation period of 5 h. Surprisingly, the addition of L-glucose strongly enhanced this toxicity whereas no such effect was exerted by L-glucose and 2-deoxyglucose. The assumption that this increase in toxicity might be due to an enhanced availability of reducing equivalents formed during the metabolism of L-glucose was supported by NAD(P)H measurements which showed a 1.5-2-fold increase in the cellular NAD(P)H content upon addition of L-glucose. To assess the influence of this enhanced cellular reducing capacity on iron valence we established a new method to measure the reduction rate of iron based on the fluorescent iron(II) indicator PhenGreen SK. We could show that the rate of intracellular iron reduction was more than doubled in the presence of L-glucose. A similar acceleration was achieved by adding the reducing agents ascorbate and glutathione (the latter as membrane-permeable ethyl ester). Glutathione ethyl ester, as well as the thiol reagent N -acetylcysteine, also caused a toxicity increase comparable with L-glucose. These results suggest an enhancement of iron toxicity by L-glucose via an accelerated (re-)reduction of iron with NAD(P)H serving as central electron provider and ascorbate, glutathione or possibly NAD(P)H itself as final reducing agent.
Lehnen-Beyel
Ilka
I
Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Universitätsklinikum, Hufelandstr. 55, D-45122 Essen, Germany.
Groot
Herbert De
HD
Rauen
Ursula
U
D000818:Animals; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000633:toxicity; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D005978:Glutathione / Q000494:pharmacology; D006912:Hydroxyquinolines / Q000633:toxicity; D007501:Iron / Q000633:toxicity*; D051379:Mice; D009249:NADP / Q000378:metabolism; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods
D005290:Ferric Compounds; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006912:Hydroxyquinolines; D009930:Organic Chemicals; C431805:Phen Green SK; C097920:ferric 8-hydroxyquinoline; D009249:NADP; D007501:Iron; D005978:Glutathione; D005947:Glucose; D001205:Ascorbic Acid