Symptom-free women at increased risk of ectopic pregnancy: should we screen?
BACKGROUND
Transvaginal sonography, serum human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) measurement, and serum progesterone measurement provide the possibility to screen symptom-free women at increased risk of ectopic pregnancy. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of screening for ectopic pregnancy, by addressing the expected benefits and costs of screening for ectopic pregnancy.


METHODS
Screening programs incorporating transvaginal sonography, serum hCG measurement, and serum progesterone measurement were compared with a 'watchful waiting' strategy. Data were extracted from the literature. The strategies were compared on the expected number of prevented tubal ruptures, the expected number of false-positive diagnoses, and expected costs.


RESULTS
The cost-effectiveness of screening appeared to be strongly dependent on the prevalence of ectopic pregnancy. At a prevalence of ectopic pregnancy of 6%, a screening program with transvaginal sonography and serum hCG measurement would reduce the number of patients with ruptured ectopic pregnancy from 2.1 to 0.61 per 100 screened women. Screening was expected to cost approximately Euro 933 per prevented tubal rupture, whereas the number of expected false-positive diagnoses was 0.64 per prevented tubal rupture.


CONCLUSIONS
We conclude that screening for ectopic pregnancy reduces the number of patients with tubal rupture, but only at the expense of a large false-positive rate. Although sonography in symptom-free women at risk of ectopic pregnancy might be justified for psychological reasons, the medical and economic benefits of such a policy seem to be limited.
Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. bwmol@knmg.nl
Ben W J
BW
Mol
Fulco
F
van der Veen
Patrick M M
PM
Bossuyt
D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin / Q000097:blood; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003663:Decision Trees; D005187:Fallopian Tubes / Q000473:pathology; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D011247:Pregnancy; D011271:Pregnancy, Ectopic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal
D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin; D011374:Progesterone