Anaesthetic and postoperative analgesic effects of spinal clonidine as an additive to prilocaine in the transurethral resection of urinary bladder tumours.
OBJECTIVE
The alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine has potent central antinociceptive properties. The study was designed to investigate the effects of the combined subarachnoid administration of clonidine and prilocaine on spinal block and postoperative analgesia for the transurethral resection of tumours in the urinary bladder.


METHODS
The controlled, prospective, double-blind study enrolled 40 patients scheduled for elective transurethral resection of bladder tumours under spinal anaesthesia with prilocaine. Patients were randomly assigned to receive an intrathecal injection of prilocaine 75 mg alone (control group) or in combination with clonidine 75 micrograms. We assessed haemodynamic changes (non-invasive arterial pressure, heart rate), pulse oximetry, the upper level of block, the onset and duration of sensory and motor block, postoperative analgesia and any adverse effects.


RESULTS
There were no statistically significant differences in demographic data, heart rate, onset time or the levels of sensory or motor block. Analgesia lasted significantly longer in the clonidine group (498.4 +/- 226.9 versus 187.2 +/- 103.1 min; P < 0.05). The duration of motor block was longer in the clonidine group (165.5 +/- 30.6 min) than in the control group (139.7 +/- 40.4 min; P < 0.05) and the duration of sensory block was also longer in the clonidine group (157.3 +/- 24.5 min) than in the control group (137.2 +/- 31.2 min; P < 0.05). Fewer patients in the recovery room needed metamizol (dipyrone) in the clonidine group (5%) than in the control group (50%). Arterial pressure decreased significantly in the clonidine group 75-135 min after the block.


CONCLUSIONS
The addition of clonidine 75 micrograms to prilocaine 75 mg for subarachnoid anaesthesia increased the duration of sensory and motor block and reduced the need for additional postoperative analgesics by providing excellent analgesia for about 8 h during recovery from transurethral resection of bladder tumours.
Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta, Department of Anesthesia, Av. de França s/n., E-17007 Girona, Catalonia, Spain. anestesia@htrueta.scs.es
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Santiveri
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Arxer
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Plaja
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Metje
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Martínez
A
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Villalonga
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López
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003000:Clonidine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011318:Prilocaine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*
D000700:Analgesics; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D011318:Prilocaine; D003000:Clonidine