Distortion correction for x-ray image intensifiers: local unwarping polynomials and RBF neural networks.
In this paper we present two novel techniques, namely a local unwarping polynomial (LUP) and a hierarchical radial basis function (HRBF) network, to correct geometric distortions in XRII images. The two techniques have been implemented and compared, in terms of residual error measured at control and intermediate points, with local and global methods reported in the previous literature. In particular, LUP rests on a locally optimized 3rd degree polynomial applied within each quadrilateral cell on the rectilinear calibration grid of points. HRBF, based on a feed-forward neural network paradigm, is constituted by a set of hierarchical layers at increasing cut-off frequency, each characterized by a set of Gaussian functions. Extensive experiments have been performed both on simulated and real data. In simulation, we tested the effect of pincushion, sigmoidal and local distortions, along with the number of calibration points. Provided that a sufficient number of cells of the calibration grid is available, the obtained accuracy for both LUP and HRBF is comparable to or better than that of global polynomial technique. Tests on real data, carried out by using two different (12 in. and 16 in.) XRIIs, showed that the global polynomial accuracy (0.16+/-0.08 pixels) is slightly worse than that of LUP (0.07+/-0.05 pixels) and HRBF (0.08+/-0.04 pixels). The effects of the discontinuity at the border of the local areas and the decreased accuracy at intermediate points, typical of local techniques, have been proved to be smoothed for both LUP and HRBF.
Department of Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Italy. cerveri@biomed.polimi.it
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Cerveri
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Forlani
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Borghese
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Ferrigno
D000465:Algorithms; D016477:Artifacts; D003198:Computer Simulation; D015233:Models, Statistical; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014963:X-Ray Intensifying Screens