A randomised, controlled trial of cognitive and psychomotor recovery from midazolam sedation following reversal with oral flumazenil.
Flumazenil is traditionally administered intravenously to reverse the adverse effects of over sedation with benzodiazepines. The aim of this study was to test postoperative cognitive and psychomotor recovery from midazolam conscious sedation, following reversal with orally administered flumazenil. It was hypothesised that when administered by the oral route, flumazenil may enhance recovery over a prolonged period, thus increasing safety. Eighteen patients requiring intravenous midazolam sedation for dental treatment completed a randomised, double-blind, crossover trial. Following treatment the patients' sedation was reversed using either flumazenil or saline (as placebo), administered orally, on alternate appointments. Assessment of mood and cognitive function were undertaken using ClinPhone.cdr(R), a highly sensitive and specific computerised battery of cognitive tests administered by telephone prior to sedation and every hour for seven hours post reversal. Results indicate that within 20 min of administration, oral flumazenil is capable of partially reversing some cognitive and psychomotor impairments but the attentional and stimulus discrimination effects of midazolam sedation still remain.
Senior Lecturer and Honorary Consultant in Sedation, General Dental Practitioner and Clinical Assistant, SHO in Dental Sedation, University of Newcastle Dental Hospital and School, Richardson Road, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4AZ, UK.
N M
NM
Girdler
J P
JP
Lyne
R
R
Wallace
N
N
Neave
A
A
Scholey
K A
KA
Wesnes
C
C
Herman
D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000187:drug effects; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000931:Antidotes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000379:methods; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D016854:Dental Anxiety / Q000517:prevention & control; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005442:Flumazenil / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000187:drug effects; D008874:Midazolam / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D011594:Psychometrics; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects
D000931:Antidotes; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D005442:Flumazenil; D008874:Midazolam