A comprehensive strategy for developing closed-ended survey items for use in studies of older adults.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study is to describe the development and implementation of a nine-step strategy for devising closed-ended survey questions that assess religion in late life. The intent was to illustrate one way in which qualitative and quantitative methods could be combined in the same study.


METHODS
The following methods and procedures were developed to create closed-ended questions: Focus groups, in-depth interviews, input from ongoing quantitative studies, input from an expert panel, cognitive interviews, a quantitative pretest, a nationwide random probability sample of elderly people, and rigorous empirical psychometric testing. Three hundred ninety-nine older people took part in the first seven steps, and 1,500 elders participated in the nationwide survey.


RESULTS
Approximately 175 closed-ended survey items were developed assessing 14 different major dimensions of religion. In the process, practical solutions to a number of problems encountered in implementing the nine-step strategy are discussed.


CONCLUSIONS
The item development strategy may serve as a template that can be used to improve the quality of closed-ended survey items that assess a wide range of topics in social gerontology.
Department of Health Behavior and Public Education, School of Public Health, Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA. nkrause@umich.edu
Neal
N
Krause
D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology*; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging; D001294:Attitude to Health / Q000208:ethnology*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life; D012067:Religion; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012107:Research Design; D012494:Sampling Studies; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology*