Inflammation, malnutrition and atherosclerosis in end-stage renal disease: a global perspective.
End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is characterized by an exceptional cardiovascular mortality rate. Although traditional risk factors are common in ESRD patients, they alone may not be sufficient to account for the high prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Recent evidence demonstrated that chronic inflammation, a non-traditional risk factor which is commonly observed in ESRD patients, may cause malnutrition and progressive atherosclerotic CVD by several pathogenetic mechanisms. Although both malnutrition and inflammation have been shown to be strong predictors of cardiovascular mortality in ESRD patients, it must be remembered that the majority of studies describing the presence of inflammation and malnutrition have been performed in Western and Asian industrialized countries. As it is evident that the prevalence of malnutrition and inflammation may differ markedly between different regions of the world and developing countries face a much higher prevalence of chronic infectious diseases, comparative inter-regional studies focusing on the etiology and prevalence of the malnutrition, inflammation and atherosclerosis syndrome are warranted.
Division of Renal Medicine and Baxter Novum, Huddinge University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Marcelo M
MM
Nascimento
Roberto
R
Pecoits-Filho
Bengt
B
Lindholm
Miguel C
MC
Riella
Peter
P
Stenvinkel
D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D003906:Developing Countries; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D009748:Nutrition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors