CL1-SR39: A noninvasive molecular imaging model of prostate cancer suicide gene therapy using positron emission tomography.
OBJECTIVE
We developed a prostate cancer tumor model capable of being noninvasively imaged using positron emission tomography (PET) based on expression of the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV1-tk) reporter gene.


METHODS
The androgen independent, metastatic prostate cancer cell lines CL1 and CL1-GFP were stably transfected with the mutant HSV1-tk gene pcDNA3.1/pCMV-sr39tk, which has increased ability to phosphorylate penciclovir. The presence of the sr39tk gene product was analyzed by Western blot analysis and relative thymidine kinase enzyme activity was assessed by a functional thymidine kinase enzyme activity assay. Subcutaneous and orthotopic CL1 and CL1-SR39 tumor xenografts were established in SCID mice. The ability to image CL1-SR39 was assessed using fluorodeoxyglucose and F-penciclovir ( F-FHBG) micro-PET (a rodent PET scanner). To investigate the systemic distribution of intratumoral sr39tk injections established CL1 tumors were transiently injected with first generation adenoviral vectors carrying the sr39tk gene under control of the strong cytomegalovirus promoter Ad-CMV-HSV1-sr39tk and imaged using micro-PET.


RESULTS
Transfection of sr39tk into CL1 cells was successful. CL1-SR39 thymidine kinase enzyme activity was greater than twice the activity of the glioma cell line C6-SR39 control and above the threshold necessary for micro-PET detection. Fluorodeoxyglucose micro-PET in SCID mice was positive for CL1 and CL1-SR39 tumors. Selective micro-PET of subcutaneous CL1-SR39 tumors was done using F-FHBG. Micro-PET imaging after systemic and intratumoral injection of Ad-CMV-HSV1-sr39tk revealed significant systemic transgene leakage with significant hepatic expression of sr39TK protein.


CONCLUSIONS
Molecular based imaging of sr39tk transfected prostate cancer tumors and adenoviral delivered HSV1-tk suicide gene therapy based on the selective conversion and intracellular trapping of F-FHBG by sr39tk is feasible. Potential applications include noninvasive monitoring of the location, duration and intensity of gene constructs, which may contribute to the safety of clinical gene therapy protocols, and noninvasive imaging of the prostate cancer xenograft response to experimental therapy.
Pantuck
Allan J
AJ
Department of Urology, Pharmacology and Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Berger
Frank
F
Zisman
Amnon
A
Nguyen
David
D
Tso
Cho Lea
CL
Matherly
Jamie
J
Gambhir
Sanjiv S
SS
Belldegrun
Arie S
AS
D000212:Acyclovir / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D006147:Guanine; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D016513:Mice, SCID; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000201:enzymology / Q000628:therapy*; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D013937:Thymidine Kinase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; C053539:penciclovir; D006147:Guanine; D013937:Thymidine Kinase; D000212:Acyclovir