AP endonuclease 1 coordinates flap endonuclease 1 and DNA ligase I activity in long patch base excision repair.
Base loss is common in cellular DNA, resulting from spontaneous degradation and enzymatic removal of damaged bases. Apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonucleases recognize and cleave abasic (AP) sites during base excision repair (BER). APE1 (REF1, HAP1) is the predominant AP endonuclease in mammalian cells. Here we analyzed the influences of APE1 on the human BER pathway. Specifically, APE1 enhanced the enzymatic activity of both flap endonuclease1 (FEN1) and DNA ligase I. FEN1 was stimulated on all tested substrates, regardless of flap length. Interestingly, we have found that APE1 can also inhibit the activities of both enzymes on substrates with a tetrahydrofuran (THF) residue on the 5'-downstream primer of a nick, simulating a reduced abasic site. However once the THF residue was displaced at least a single nucleotide, stimulation of FEN1 activity by APE1 resumes. Stimulation of DNA ligase I required the traditional nicked substrate. Furthermore, APE1 was able to enhance overall product formation in reconstitution of BER steps involving FEN1 cleavage followed by ligation. Overall, APE1 both stimulated downstream components of BER and prevented a futile cleavage and ligation cycle, indicating a far-reaching role in BER.
Ranalli
Tamara A
TA
Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, 14642.
Tom
Samson
S
Bambara
Robert A
RA
D001483:Base Sequence; D019757:Carbon-Oxygen Lyases / Q000502:physiology*; D000072481:DNA Ligase ATP; D011088:DNA Ligases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D004260:DNA Repair; D043603:DNA-(Apurinic or Apyrimidinic Site) Lyase; D004706:Endodeoxyribonucleases / Q000378:metabolism*; D045585:Flap Endonucleases; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data
C000607892:LIG1 protein, human; D004706:Endodeoxyribonucleases; D045585:Flap Endonucleases; C468317:FEN1 protein, human; D019757:Carbon-Oxygen Lyases; C085108:APEX1 protein, human; D043603:DNA-(Apurinic or Apyrimidinic Site) Lyase; D011088:DNA Ligases; D000072481:DNA Ligase ATP