The VERNALIZATION INDEPENDENCE 4 gene encodes a novel regulator of FLOWERING LOCUS C.
The late-flowering, vernalization-responsive habit of many Arabidopsis ecotypes is mediated predominantly through repression of the floral programme by the FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) gene. To better understand this repressive mechanism, we have taken a genetic approach to identify novel genes that positively regulate FLC expression. We identified recessive mutations in a gene designated VERNALIZATION INDEPENDENCE 4 (VIP4), that confer early flowering and loss of FLC expression in the absence of cold. We cloned the VIP4 gene and found that it encodes a highly hydrophilic protein with similarity to proteins from yeasts, Drosophila, and Caenorhabditis elegans. Consistent with a proposed role as a direct activator of FLC, VIP4 is expressed throughout the plant in a pattern similar to that of FLC. However, unlike FLC, VIP4 RNA expression is not down-regulated in vernalized plants, suggesting that VIP4 is probably not sufficient to activate FLC, and that VIP4 is probably not directly involved in a vernalization mechanism. Epistasis analysis suggests that VIP4 could act in a separate pathway from previously identified FLC regulators, including FRIGIDA and the autonomous flowering promotion pathway gene LUMINIDEPENDENS. Mutants lacking detectable VIP4 expression flower earlier than FLC null mutants, suggesting that VIP4 regulates flowering-time genes in addition to FLC. Floral morphology is also disrupted in vip4 mutants; thus, VIP4 has multiple roles in development.
Hua
H
Zhang
Steven
S
van Nocker
D000064:Acclimatization / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D002868:Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D003080:Cold Temperature; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D005809:Genes, Regulator / Q000235:genetics*; D026161:MADS Domain Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D010641:Phenotype; D018547:Plant Stems / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000235:genetics
D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D002868:Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone; C418902:At5g10140 protein, Arabidopsis; D026161:MADS Domain Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C571004:VIP4 protein, Arabidopsis