Electrophysiologic investigation in Brugada syndrome; yield of programmed ventricular stimulation at two ventricular sites with up to three premature beats.
BACKGROUND
Numerous reports on the inducibility of ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VT) in patients with atypical right bundle branch block and right precordial ST-elevation (Brugada syndrome) are based on multicentre studies that have used different stimulation protocols. Therefore, we prospectively investigated the inducibility of VT in these patients using a uniform protocol.


METHODS
In 41 consecutive patients (29 males) showing a pattern of right bundle branch block and ST-elevation, programmed ventricular stimulation was performed in the right ventricular apex with up to three premature stimuli at sinus rhythm and at four different paced cycle lengths (500, 430, 370, and 330 ms) until refractoriness was reached or reproducible induction of a sustained (>30s) VT occurred. If a VT was not reproducibly inducible, the same protocol was repeated in the right ventricular outflow tract.


RESULTS
A history of life-threatening events defined as syncope (n=17) or aborted sudden cardiac death (n=13) was present in 30 patients (73%); 11 individuals were asymptomatic. Inducibility (68%) was similar between symptomatic (n=21, 70%) and asymptomatic patients (n=7, 64%). In 16 (39%) patients, VT were reproducibly inducible. If patients were only stimulated in the right ventricular apex, inducibility rate decreased to 39%. If only two premature beats at two sites were used it was as low as 32%. The mean coupling intervals of the second and third premature stimuli inducing sustained VT were short: 189+/-21 ms vs 186+/-22 ms, respectively. Forty-four percent of all patients (i.e. 64% of the inducible patients) had inducible VT only with coupling intervals shorter than 200 ms.


CONCLUSIONS
The stimulation protocol markedly influences the extent of inducibility of VT in patients with right bundle branch block and ST-segment elevation. These findings question the significance of previous multicentre studies using different stimulation protocols and should have implications for further studies.
Hospital of the Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Department of Cardiology and Angiology and Institute for Arteriosclerosis Research, Münster, Germany.
L
L
Eckardt
P
P
Kirchhof
E
E
Schulze-Bahr
S
S
Rolf
M
M
Ribbing
P
P
Loh
H-J
HJ
Bruns
A
A
Witte
P
P
Milberg
M
M
Borggrefe
G
G
Breithardt
T
T
Wichter
W
W
Haverkamp
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002037:Bundle-Branch Block / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D004562:Electrocardiography; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013577:Syndrome; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000503:physiopathology