Reforms of health care system in Romania.
OBJECTIVE
To describe health care reforms and analyze the transition of the health care system in Romania in the 1989-2001 period.


METHODS
We analyzed policy documents, political intentions and objectives of health care reform, described new legislation, and presented changes in financial resources of the health care system.


RESULTS
The reforms of the health care system in Romania have been realized in a rather difficult context of scarcity of financial and human resources. The Gross Domestic Product spent on health care in 2000 was 4% and the number of physicians in 1999 was 42,975. The main changes due to the legislative reforms have been the introduction of a new social health insurance and strengthening of the position of family physicians. Negative effects of the reforms have been the decrease in health care accessibility and growing inequity in utilization of health care services. Health care users still pay physicians under-the-table, and have more out-of-pocket health care expenses.


CONCLUSIONS
Future reforms in Romania should encourage the positive effects of current reforms: free choice of physician, autonomy of the primary health care system, and increasing financial resources for the health care system.
Bara
Ana-Claudia
AC
Institute of Rehabilitation Research, Postbox 193, 6430 AD Hoensbroek, The Netherlands. anaclaudiabara@yahoo.com
van den Heuvel
Wim J A
WJ
Maarse
Johannes A M
JA
D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000639:trends*; D018166:Health Care Reform; D006291:Health Policy; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006280:Health Workforce / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D011057:Politics; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D012383:Romania