Changes produced in the urothelium by traditional and newer therapeutic procedures for bladder cancer.
A handful of traditional and newer therapeutic procedures, such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiotherapy, photodynamic and laser treatment, and gene therapy, are used to treat epithelial malignancies of bladder origin. These treatment modalities, used either intravesically or systemically, produce morphological changes in the urothelial mucosa that can be mistaken for carcinoma. The pathologist must be able to separate toxic and drug related alterations from tumour related changes. The clinical history is usually invaluable in this assessment.
Lopez-Beltran
A
A
Department of Pathology, Reina Sofia University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, 14004 Cordoba, Spain.
Luque
R J
RJ
Mazzucchelli
R
R
Scarpelli
M
M
Montironi
R
R
D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000473:pathology; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D019459:Urothelium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*
D000970:Antineoplastic Agents