Hypoxia and persistent sodium current.
During prolonged depolarization of excitable cells, some voltage-activated, tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium channels are resistant to inactivation and can continue to open for long periods of time, generating a "persistent" sodium current ( I(NaP)). The amplitude of I(NaP) is small [generally less than 1% of the peak amplitude of the transient sodium current ( I(NaT))], activates at potentials close to the resting membrane potential, and is more sensitive to Na channel blocking drugs than I(NaT). It is thought that persistent Na channels are generated by a change in gating of transient Na channels, possibly because of a change in phosphorylation or protein structure, e.g. loss of the inactivation gate. Drugs that block Na channels can prevent the increase in [Ca(2+)](i) in cardiac cells during hypoxia. Hypoxia increases the amplitude of I(NaP). Paradoxically, NO causes a similar increase in I(NaP) and the effects of both can be inhibited by reducing agents such as dithiothreitol and reduced glutathione. It is proposed that an increased inflow of Na(+) during hypoxia increases [Na(+)](i), which in turn reverses the Na/Ca exchanger so that [Ca(2+)](i) rises. An increase in I(NaP) and [Ca(2+)](i) could cause arrhythmias and irreversible cell damage.
Hammarström
Anna K M
AK
John Curtin School of Medical Research, GPO Box 334, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
Gage
Peter W
PW
D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020925:Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain / Q000503:physiopathology; D015640:Ion Channel Gating; D008564:Membrane Potentials; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism*; D015222:Sodium Channels; D012966:Sodium Cyanide / Q000494:pharmacology
D015222:Sodium Channels; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D012964:Sodium; D012966:Sodium Cyanide; D010100:Oxygen