Tourniquet application and epinephrine injection to penile skin: is it safe?
Although a tourniquet is frequently used in penile surgery there is still no consensus on safe application time. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and histological changes in skin flaps after penile tourniquet application and epinephrine injection. A total of 36 male white New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into six groups each containing six animals. A Mathieu-like flap was raised in all of the groups and a tourniquet was applied and the penis was subjected to ischemia for 10, 20 and 40 min in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The flaps were then allowed to reperfuse for 5 min. Biopsies for MDA measurement were harvested in these groups. Subcutaneous 1/200,000 epinephrine was injected into penile skin in group 4 and 5 rabbits and biopsies for MDA measurement were harvested 10 and 40 min after injection. The control group was anesthetized without tourniquet usage or epinephrine injection. Specimens taken from the harvested flaps of all groups were submitted for histological evaluation. The mean MDA levels in all experimental groups were higher than in the control group and the difference was statistically significant. Edema, congestion and extravasation were observed in groups 1, 2 and 3. Minimal congestion and edema were observed in group 4 and severe edema and extravasation in group 5. Tourniquet usage for a duration of less than 10 min is clearly safer than prolonged usage. Epinephrine injection to penile skin may show a deleterious effect on wound healing.
Kirikkale University, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Turkey. cakmakma@hotmail.com
M
M
Cakmak
F
F
Caglayan
U
U
Kisa
O
O
Bozdogan
A
A
Saray
O
O
Caglayan
D000818:Animals; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007511:Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D010413:Penis; D011817:Rabbits; D012449:Safety; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D013997:Time Factors; D014111:Tourniquets / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*
D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D004837:Epinephrine