Other noncosmetic uses of BOTOX.
Botulinum toxin A has a wide variety of clinical applications, which are related by blockade of acetylcholine and often are related to abnormal muscle contractures. These applications include ocular disorders, disorders of the upper aerodigestive tract, dystonia and hemifacial spasm, cosmetic, gastrointestinal disorders, genitourinary disorders, management of pain, and use in autonomic nervous system disorders. Many of these diseases will be discussed with regard to their treatment with botulinum toxin compared to conventional treatments. Advantages and disadvantages of botulinum toxin use are delineated. General guidelines for adult and pediatric dosing will also be discussed.
Verheyden
Jean
J
Blitzer
Andrew
A
D001342:Autonomic Nervous System Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020821:Dystonic Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy; D005141:Eyelid Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D052776:Female Urogenital Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D052801:Male Urogenital Diseases; D009135:Muscular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D010372:Pediatrics
D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A