Hepatic veno-occlusive disease as a result of a traditional remedy: confirmation of toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids as the cause, using an in vitro technique.
OBJECTIVE
A child presented with hepatic veno-occlusive disease after having been administered a short course of treatment with a traditional herbal remedy. The child subsequently died. Postmortem liver histology confirmed the diagnosis. This study aimed to investigate the hypothesis that the herbal remedy was the cause of veno-occlusive disease.


METHODS
Extracts of the traditional remedy were analysed by colorimetry and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Cultured hepatocytes were treated with an extract of the plant material and examined for morphological changes.


RESULTS
The screening analyses indicated the presence of toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which were later confirmed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The cell studies indicated dose related toxicity, with necrosis at high concentrations and apoptosis and abnormalities of the cytoskeleton at lower concentrations.


CONCLUSIONS
The simple screening techniques used allowed rapid confirmation of the presence of toxic pyrrolizidines in the remedy. The in vitro method confirmed the toxicity of herbal extracts to hepatocytes.
Department of Paediatrics, Coronation Hospital, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
M
M
Zuckerman
V
V
Steenkamp
M J
MJ
Stewart
D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D006504:Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease / Q000139:chemically induced*; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008517:Phytotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011763:Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids / Q000009:adverse effects*
D028321:Plant Preparations; D011763:Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids