Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of biogenic amines and corticotropin-releasing factor in adolescent non-human primates as a function of the timing of adverse early rearing.
Adolescent bonnet macaques nursed as infants by mothers facing unpredictable requirements for food procurement (variable foraging demand, VFD) display persistent neurobiological disturbances. This study examined the long-term neurochemical and behavioral effects of adverse rearing initiated later in infancy than in previous cohorts of subjects to test the hypothesis that the timing of an early adverse experience would influence patterns of biobehavioral outcome. Cisternal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) monoamine and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) concentrations were obtained from 20 bonnet macaques (11 VFD-reared and 9 normally reared controls) approximately 2 years after the end of differential rearing. VFD-reared primates displayed on multiple samplings significantly lower CSF CRF concentrations and higher CSF 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) concentration compared to controls. In the VFD-reared, significant inverse correlations between CRF and all three monoamines were found (5-HIAA, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenethyleneglycol and homovanillic acid), most prominently for 5-HIAA. In controls, but not VFD-reared subjects, CSF CRF was positively correlated with changes in "gregariousness" upon presentation of a fear stimulus. VFD-reared subjects displayed greater baseline hierarchical engagement than controls. In contrast to prior findings, in which rearing under VFD conditions at an earlier age led to increased CSF CRF compared with controls, CSF CRF was lower after later exposure to VFD rearing than in controls. Thus, the timing of exposure to VFD conditions early in life evidently determines whether CSF CRF was found to be elevated or decreased, within the context of increased serotonin metabolism, during the course of primate maturation.
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA. sjmathew@hotmail.com
Sanjay J
SJ
Mathew
Jeremy D
JD
Coplan
Eric L P
EL
Smith
Bruce A
BA
Scharf
Michael J
MJ
Owens
Charles B
CB
Nemeroff
J John
JJ
Mann
Jack M
JM
Gorman
Leonard A
LA
Rosenblum
D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D005239:Fear / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006719:Homovanillic Acid / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D006897:Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D008255:Macaca radiata; D008297:Male; D008425:Maternal Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D012701:Serotonin / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D012741:Sexual Maturation / Q000502:physiology*; D012930:Social Dominance; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*
D012701:Serotonin; D006897:Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; D006719:Homovanillic Acid