title: Differentiation in C(2)C(12) myoblasts depends on the expression of endogenous IGFs and not serum depletion.
abstract: Myogenic differentiation in vitro has been usually viewed as being negatively controlled by serum mitogens. A depletion of critical serum components from medium has been considered to be essential for permanent withdrawal from the cell cycle and terminal differentiation of myoblasts. Removal of serum mitogens induces the expression of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), whereas it inhibits that of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta in myoblasts. These responses of growth factors to medium conditioning seem to be well matched to their functions in proliferation/differentiation. In the present study, we showed that C(2)C(12) myoblasts differentiated actively, even in mitogen-rich medium, and that this medium offered an advantage over mitogen-poor medium in terms of increasing differentiation. Our attention focused on endogenous growth factors, as described above, especially IGFs in mitogen-rich medium. During differentiation, IGF-I and IGF-II mRNA levels increased, but bFGF and TGF-beta(1) mRNAs decreased. Differentiation was commensurable with IGF mRNA levels and suppressed by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides and neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against IGFs. These results suggest that an autocrine/paracrine loop of IGFs, bFGF, and TGF-beta(1) is active in proliferating and differentiating C(2)C(12) cells without a depletion of serum and that endogenous IGFs actively override the negative control of differentiation by serum mitogens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Growth and Developmental Biology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yoshiko
authors.forename: Keita
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hirao
authors.forename: Norihiko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Maeda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000494:pharmacology; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002460:Cell Line; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D003470:Culture Media / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense / Q000494:pharmacology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D013002:Somatomedins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation; D003470:Culture Media; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D013002:Somatomedins; C508961:Tgfb1 protein, mouse; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II; D003402:Creatine Kinase