title: Nitrotyrosine, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) are increased in thyroid tumors from children and adolescents.
abstract: Nitric oxide (NO) is a reactive cell signal that controls vascular tone and is generated by inducible (iNOS), endothelial (eNOS) and neuronal (nNOS) NO synthase (NOS). We hypothesized that NO could be important for growth of thyroid tumors and tested this hypothesis, by staining 41 papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), 9 follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC), and 15 benign thyroid lesions for iNOS, eNOS and nitrotyrosine (N-TYR). Staining intensity was determined by 2 blinded, independent examiners, and quantified from grade 1 (absent) to grade 4 (intense). Average N-TYR staining of benign adenomas (2.5+/-0.42, p=0.009), PTC (3.10+/-0.12, p=0.001), FTC (2.44+/-0.30, p=0.001), and autoimmune lesions (3.25+/-0.48, p=0.019) were greater than that of multinodular goiter (1.0 for all 3) and surrounding normal thyroid (1.1+/-0.1). Average iNOS staining of benign adenomas (2.6+/-0.37), PTC (2.7+/-0.16), FTC (2.4+/-0.26) and autoimmune lesions (3.5+/-0.29) were all greater than that of surrounding normal thyroid (1.1+/-0.1, p<0.008), but there were too few multinodular goiters to achieve a significant difference (no.=2, 3.0+/-1.0). Average eNOS staining of benign adenomas (2.9+/-0.40), multinodular goiters (3.5+/-0.5), PTC (3.24+/-0.18), FTC (3.5+/-0.50), and autoimmune lesions (2.8+/-0.6) were also greater than that of surrounding normal thyroid (mean=1.4+/-0.2, p<0.001). N-TYR staining correlated with that of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF, r=0.36, p=0.007) and the number of lymphocytes/high power field (r=0.39, p=0.004). Recurrent disease developed only from carcinoma with moderate-intense N-TYR staining, but there were too few recurrent tumors to achieve statistical significance (p=0.08). We conclude that NO is produced by benign adenomas, PTC and FTC suggesting that NO could be important in vascularization of thyroid tumors and autoimmune thyroid diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fenton
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Terrell
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Powers
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dinauer
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Tuttle
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Francis
mesh_terms: D018263:Adenocarcinoma, Follicular / Q000737:chemistry*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002291:Carcinoma, Papillary / Q000737:chemistry*; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000032:analysis*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry*; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D009569:Nitric Oxide; C002744:3-nitrotyrosine; D014443:Tyrosine; C496319:NOS2 protein, human; C496314:NOS3 protein, human; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III