title: Pro re nata medication for psychoses: an audit of practice in two metropolitan hospitals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the use of pro re nata (PRN) (as needed) medication in hospitalized patients with psychotic disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective chart reviews were conducted at two large public psychiatry units situated in inner city general hospitals. Pro re nata medication prescription, administration and outcomes were examined during inpatient episodes of care for 184 consecutive admissions of patients diagnosed with a psychotic disorder. Patient demographics, diagnoses, and regularly prescribed medication were also recorded. All admissions were drawn from a three-month period from December 1998-February 1999.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most prevalent diagnoses were schizophrenia related disorders (n = 111) and mania (n = 34). Substance use disorders (n = 49) were the most common comorbid dis-orders. Pro re nata medication was administered during the acute phase of 82% of admissions. Drugs prescribed Pro re nata were mostly typical antipsychotics, benzodiazepines and/or anti-cholinergics. Coprescription of typical antipsychotics PRN with regularly scheduled atypical antipsychotics was common (64%). Pro re nata medications accounted for 31% of the total antipsychotic dose and 28% of the total anxiolytic dose administered during acute treatment. Higher daily doses of PRN medication were given to manic patients, males, younger patients and those with substance use disorders. Pro re nata prescriptions usually specified a maximum daily dose (87%) but rarely gave indications for use (6%). Administration records frequently lacked a specified reason for use (48%) or a notation of outcome (64%). Unit staff noted medication-related morbidity in 37% of patients receiving PRN medication, compared to 3% of patients receiving only regularly scheduled medication. Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) were most frequently associated with administration of PRN haloperidol (Relative Risk vs other PRN medications = 5.61, 95% CI = 2.36-13.73).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pro re nata medications comprised a significant part of the treatment which psychotic patients received. The common practice of coprescribing PRN typical antipsychotics with scheduled atypical antipsychotics is potentially problematical since administration of PRN medication is associated with significant medication related morbidity. Preferential use of benzodiazepines as PRN agents may minimize this morbidity and foster subsequent compliance with regularly prescribed antipsychotics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia. josh_geffen@bigpond.com
authors.forename: Josh
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Geffen
authors.forename: Lene
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sorensen
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stokes
authors.forename: Allison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cameron
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Geffen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008485:Medical Audit; D008875:Middle Aged; D010343:Patient Admission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000534:rehabilitation
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D001569:Benzodiazepines