Efficient chemoselective carboxylation of aromatics to arylcarboxylic acids with a superelectrophilically activated carbon dioxide-Al(2)Cl(6)/Al system.
Aromatic carboxylic acids are obtained in good to excellent yield essentially free of diaryl ketones by carboxylation of aromatics with a carbon dioxide-Al(2)Cl(6)/Al system at moderate temperatures (20-80 degrees C). To optimize reaction conditions and study the reaction mechanism, experimental variables including temperature, amount of Al(2)Cl(6)/Al, various Lewis acids, role of metal additive, carbon dioxide pressure, etc. were studied. The carboxylation reaction was found to be stoichiometric rather than catalytic, with aluminum chloride forming a dichloroaluminate of carboxylic acids. Although the carboxylation takes place using AlCl(3) itself, the presence of metal additives, especially Al, increased the yield and selectivity of carboxylic acids. Because it was not possible to distinguish between two possible mechanistic pathways of the reaction on the basis of the experimental results, theoretical calculations using density functional theory (DFT) were also carried out. One possible pathway involves an initial complex between benzene and Al(2)Cl(6), with subsequent formation of organoaluminum intermediates (PhAlCl(2) and PhAl(2)Cl(5)). The other proceeds through the formation of various complexes of CO(2) with aluminum chloride (AlCl(3))(n), n = 1-4. The calculations have shown that the organometallic pathway, leading eventually through the formation of phenylaluminum dichloride, is endothermic by 33 kcal/mol. In contrast, the preferred CO(2)-AlCl(3) complex forms in an exothermic reaction (-6.0 kcal/mol) as does CO(2)AlCl(2)(+). On the basis of both experimental and calculational findings, the most feasible reaction mechanism proposed involves superelectrophilic aluminum chloride activated carbon dioxide reacting with the aromatics in a typical electrophilic substitution.
Olah
George A
GA
Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, University Park, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, USA. olah@usc.edu
Török
Béla
B
Joschek
Jens P
JP
Bucsi
Imre
I
Esteves
Pierre M
PM
Rasul
Golam
G
Surya Prakash
G K
GK
D000535:Aluminum / Q000737:chemistry*; D000077410:Aluminum Chloride; D017607:Aluminum Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D002712:Chlorides / Q000737:chemistry*; D006841:Hydrocarbons, Aromatic / Q000737:chemistry*; D008958:Models, Molecular; D013816:Thermodynamics
D017607:Aluminum Compounds; D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D002712:Chlorides; D006841:Hydrocarbons, Aromatic; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D000077410:Aluminum Chloride; D000535:Aluminum