title: The effects of malignant transformation on susceptibility of human urothelial cells to CD40-mediated apoptosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily of ligands and receptors mediates immune cell survival. Some members possess a death domain, a protein motif that functions to transmit apoptotic signals, whereas others, such as CD40, do not. CD40 is expressed by both normal and malignant epithelial cells. To investigate the functional significance of this expression, we studied the effects of ligation of CD40, Fas, and TNF receptors (TNFRs) on the proliferation and survival of normal and malignant human urothelial cells and urothelial cells with disabled p53 function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Normal and malignant human urothelial cells were cultured with soluble TNF family agonists (CD40 ligand [CD40L], TNF-alpha, anti-Fas antibody, or cocultured with mouse fibroblasts stably transfected with plasmids that caused the cells to constitutively express CD40L or CD32; cell proliferation was estimated by an [(3)H]thymidine incorporation assay, and apoptosis was determined by Annexin V staining and by a DNA fragmentation assay. Messenger RNA levels for CD40 and potential downstream effector molecules were quantified by polymerase chain reaction-based and ribonuclease protection assays, respectively, and nuclear factor (NF) kappaB nuclear translocation was detected by immunofluorescence. All statistical tests were two-sided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Soluble trimeric CD40L inhibited the growth of normal and malignant urothelial cells but did not induce apoptosis. Cell surface-presented CD40L induced massive apoptosis in CD40-positive transitional cell carcinoma cells but not in normal urothelial cells. Normal cells underwent CD40L-mediated apoptosis only in the presence of other TNFR agonists. An agonistic anti-CD40 antibody presented on the surface of CD32-transfected fibroblasts also induced apoptosis in transitional cell carcinoma cells and in normal urothelial cells. Apoptotic responses of tumor (but not normal) cells to soluble agonists were enhanced by blocking protein synthesis. Karyotypically normal urothelial cells with disabled p53 function underwent apoptosis during coculture with CD40L-expressing fibroblasts alone but were not additionally sensitive to additional TNFR agonists.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Susceptibility to CD40 ligation-induced apoptosis may be a novel mechanism for eliminating neoplastically transformed urothelial cells. Loss of CD40 expression may be an important adaptive mechanism for transitional cell carcinoma development and progression.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research UK, Clinical Centre, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: Urszula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bugajska
authors.forename: Nikolaos T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Georgopoulos
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Southgate
authors.forename: Peter W M
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Graber
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Selby
authors.forename: Ludwik K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Trejdosiewicz
mesh_terms: D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D001483:Base Sequence; D019013:CD40 Antigens / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D023201:CD40 Ligand / Q000502:physiology; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; D016207:Cytokines / Q000494:pharmacology; D017931:DNA Primers; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms; D019014:fas Receptor / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D019013:CD40 Antigens; D016207:Cytokines; D017931:DNA Primers; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I; D019014:fas Receptor; D023201:CD40 Ligand