title: The effect of scapula taping on electromyographic activity and musical performance in professional violinists.
abstract: Taping the scapula has been suggested as a method of improving both scapula position and muscular efficiency of the shoulder girdle. These factors have been linked to neck and arm problems in violinists. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of taping the scapulae of violinists into a position that prevented excessive elevation and protraction whilst playing. Eight professional violinists played three different musical excerpts with and without scapula taping applied in random order. Electromyographic activity was recorded from the upper trapezii, the scapula retractors and the right sternocleidomastoid muscles. Performances were recorded onto videotape and audiocassette, and self-report data collected for later analysis. Compared with the control condition, scapula taping increased electromyographic activity in the left upper trapezius muscle during playing by 49% as an overall effect, with a 60% increase in the most physically demanding piece played. Lower music quality was detected in the same piece by raters blinded to performance conditions. Taping also had significant negative effects on subjects' reports of concentration and comfort. Short-term application of scapula taping did not enhance selected scapula stabilising muscles during playing and was not well tolerated by professional violinists.
authors.affiliation: The University of Sydney. ackermann@austarmetro.com.au
authors.forename: Bronwen
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ackermann
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: Elfreda
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Marshall
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001458:Bandages; D004576:Electromyography; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D009146:Music; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D012540:Scapula; D012785:Shoulder Joint