title: Phase II clinical trial of N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)retinamide and tamoxifen administration before definitive surgery for breast neoplasia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Surrogate end point biomarkers (SEBs) that can be measured in ductal carcinoma in situ or early-stage invasive cancer are needed to improve the efficiency and reduce the cost of chemoprevention trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a prospective study to develop SEBs for tamoxifen and N-[4-hydroxyphenyl]retinamide by administering either a placebo or both drugs for 2-4 weeks to women with ductal carcinoma in situ or early invasive cancers in the interval between the initial diagnostic core biopsy and definitive surgery. The major statistical end point of the study was pre- versus posttreatment change in cell proliferation, as measured by changes in Ki67 labeling indices. In addition, estrogen receptor (ER), HER2/neu, p53, retinoid receptors, and DNA index were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between February 1997 and April 200, 52 patients were registered on the study, and 36 (20 in the placebo arm and 16 in the treatment arm) were available for analysis. No statistically significant pre- versus posttreatment differences in Ki67 labeling index or in the other markers were observed in the treatment arm compared with the placebo arm. There was a trend toward increased treatment response in ER-positive versus ER-negative patients, but this could not be rigorously analyzed because of the low sample size and the unequal distribution of ER-positive patients in the two study arms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Future SEB trials for breast carcinoma must (a) incorporate information about patient hormonal status into the study design and (b) resolve problems in patient accrual.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. esinglet@mdanderson.org
authors.forename: S Eva
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Singletary
authors.forename: Edward N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Atkinson
authors.forename: Ashraful
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hoque
authors.forename: Nour
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sneige
authors.forename: Ayse A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Sahin
authors.forename: Herbert A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Fritsche
authors.forename: Reuben
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lotan
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Walter N
authors.initials: WN
authors.lastname: Hittelman
authors.forename: Therese B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Bevers
authors.forename: Carol B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Stelling
authors.forename: Scott M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lippman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery; D002285:Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D017313:Fenretinide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D008408:Mastectomy; D008875:Middle Aged; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D011292:Premedication; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000032:analysis; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000032:analysis; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D017313:Fenretinide; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D011355:Prodrugs; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D013629:Tamoxifen; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; C082925:retinoic acid receptor beta