title: The regulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 nuclear export by Frat/GBP.
abstract: Previous studies have shown that nuclear levels of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) are dynamically regulated and may affect access of GSK-3 to its substrates. In this study we show that the GSK-3-binding protein Frat/GBP regulates the nuclear export of GSK-3. We show that Frat/GBP contains a nuclear export sequence that promotes its own nuclear export and that of associated GSK-3. Treating cells with leptomycin B increased nuclear levels of endogenous GSK-3 suggesting that an endogenous process targets GSK-3 for nuclear export. To investigate this further, we used two approaches to disrupt the interaction between GSK-3 and endogenous Frat. First we isolated mutants of GSK-3 that selectively interfered with Frat binding and found that these mutants were poorly exported. Second we expressed a peptide that competes with Frat for GSK-3 binding and found that it caused endogenous GSK-3 to accumulate in the nucleus. Together these data suggest that Frat may be the endogenous factor that targets GSK-3 for nuclear export. The dynamic expression patterns of Frat mRNAs together with the role of Frat in mediating GSK-3 nuclear export have important implications for the control of the substrate access of GSK-3 in several signaling pathways.
authors.affiliation: Section of Cell and Molecular Biology, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Franca-Koh
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yeo
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.forename: Neville
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Trevor C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Dale
mesh_terms: D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus; D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D002460:Cell Line; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D004285:Dogs; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000494:pharmacology; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008957:Models, Genetic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D011485:Protein Binding; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013347:Subcellular Fractions / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; C491818:Frat1 protein, mouse; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3; C038753:leptomycin B