title: Mechanism of water augmentation during IR laser ablation of dental enamel.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The mechanism of water augmentation during IR laser ablation of dental hard tissues is controversial and poorly understood. The influence of an optically thick applied water layer on the laser ablation of enamel was investigated at wavelengths in which water is a primary absorber and the magnitude of absorption varies markedly.
  
  
  METHODS
  Q-switched and free running Er: YSGG (2.79 microm) and Er:YAG (2.94 microm), free running Ho:YAG and 9.6 microm TEA CO(2) laser systems were used to produce linear incisions in dental enamel with and without water. Synchrotron-radiation IR spectromicroscopy with the Advanced Light Source at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory was used to determine the chemical changes across the laser ablation profiles with a spatial resolution of 10-microm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The addition of water increased the rate of ablation and produced a more desirable surface morphology during enamel ablation with all the erbium systems. Moreover, ablation was markedly more efficient for Q-switched (0.15 microsecond) versus free-running (150 microsecond) erbium laser pulses with the added water layer. Although the addition of a thick water layer reduced the rate of ablation during CO(2) laser ablation, the addition of the water removed undesirable deposits of non-apatite mineral phases from the crater surface. IR spectromicroscopy indicates that the chemical composition of the crater walls deviates markedly from that of hydroxyapatite after Er:YAG and CO(2) laser irradiation without added water. New mineral phases were resolved that have not been previously observed using conventional IR spectroscopy. There was extensive peripheral damage after irradiation with the Ho:YAG laser with and without added water without effective ablation of enamel.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We postulate that condensed mineral phases from the plume are deposited along the crater walls after repetitive laser pulses and such non-apatitic phases interfere with subsequent laser pulses during IR laser irradiation reducing the rate and efficiency of ablation. The ablative recoil associated with the displacement and vaporization of the applied water layer removes such loosely adherent phases maintaining efficient ablation during multiple pulse irradiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA. dfried@itsa.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fried
authors.forename: Nahal
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ashouri
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Breunig
authors.forename: Ramesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shori
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000528:radiation effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D007259:Infrared Rays; D007834:Lasers; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D014867:Water / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D014867:Water