title: A practical approach to the molecular biology of kidney diseases: from basic science to bed side.
abstract: Nowadays, the term "Molecular Biology" (MB) is generally a pplied to the biochemical processes that involve genes and the expression of proteins for which specific genes code. In recent years, astonishing advances have occurred in this field. Currently, there are many important powerful techniques allowing scientists to study the molecular mechanisms involved in many human genetic diseases. Furthermore, it is important to underline that the possibilities are not limited to the diagnosis and study of these genetic diseases. Indeed, by studying gene expression, MB also allows the molecular study of many acquired diseases such as viral hepatitis and cancer.Therefore, these major advances in the knowledge of gene biology are facilitating the arrival of a new era of gene therapy. This article will describe the most important techniques currently used in MB. Firstly, techniques involved in recombinant DNA technology will be discussed and these will include the study of DNA and the possibility of identifying the expression of abnormal genes, e.g. to identify individuals for paternity. Secondly, a description of techniques designed to study the expression of genes and their regulation will follow and they involve the study of RNA. Thirdly, the impact of genetic molecular studies as tools for medical diagnosis will be discussed and analysed. Finally, a discussion concerning the rational basis for gene therapy and its future perspectives is included. In this article, we have focused on technical or diagnostic aspects ofMolecular Biology. Although Ethics are also an interesting issue to deal with, theseissues are far beyond the scope of this review.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Alcalá School of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Garrido
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vélez
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Izquierdo
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez-Tarrés
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: López Luna
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bover
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Bosch
mesh_terms: D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000235:genetics; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000628:therapy; D008967:Molecular Biology; D010334:Paternity