title: How to reduce 3-deoxyglucosone and acetaldehyde in peritoneal dialysis fluids.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  3-Deoxyglucosone (3-DG) and acetaldehyde were found to be the major reactive carbonyl compounds in conventional heat-sterilized peritoneal dialysis fluids (PDFs). The aim of this study was to identify factors in the production of PDFs promoting or inhibiting the formation of acetaldehyde and 3-DG.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single-chamber bag PDFs with different buffer systems and pH values were analyzed for acetaldehyde. 3-Deoxyglucosone was determined in double-chamber bag PDFs with different pH values, in commercially available samples, and in double-chamber products stored under defined conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Acetaldehyde was found in the presence of lactate and malate, whereas in 2-hydroxybutanoate-buffered solution propionaldehyde was detected instead. Between pH 5.0 and 6.0 the acetaldehyde content in lactate-buffered solutions increased strongly. The concentration of 3-DG in the chamber containing glucose In double-chamber bags increased between pH 3.0 and 5.0 by a factor of 6. 3-Deoxyglucosone concentrations in commercially available products vary greatly, reflecting the different pH values of these products. A time- and temperature-dependent reaction leads to a reduction in 3-DG and an increase in 5-hydroxymethyl-furan-2-carbaldehyde during storage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acetaldehyde is produced by a reaction that requires both lactate and glucose. Thus, its formation can be prevented by a separation of the reaction partners, glucose and lactate, in a double-chamber bag. In double-chamber bags, pH greatly influences the formation of 3-DG. Minimal formation is observed in the region of pH 3.0. This finding should be taken into account for the development of new double-chamber bag PDFs.
authors.affiliation: Fresenius Medical Care Deutschland GmbH, St Wendel, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zimmeck
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tauer
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fuenfrocken
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pischetsrieder
mesh_terms: D000079:Acetaldehyde / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003847:Deoxyglucose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D015314:Dialysis Solutions / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D005663:Furans / Q000737:chemistry; D005947:Glucose / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007773:Lactates / Q000737:chemistry; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: C438025:5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde; D015314:Dialysis Solutions; D005663:Furans; D007773:Lactates; D003847:Deoxyglucose; C016350:3-deoxyglucosone; D000079:Acetaldehyde; D005947:Glucose