title: Cross-sectional association between total level and type of alcohol consumption and glycosylated haemoglobin level: the EPIC-Norfolk Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association between total level and type of alcohol consumed and glycaemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The EPIC-Norfolk Study, a population-based cohort study of diet and chronic disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Non-diabetic men (n=2842) and women (n=3572), aged 40-78 y. Alcohol intake was assessed by self-reported questionnaire, and glycaemia measured by glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten percent of men and 18% of women reported drinking no alcohol. Among drinkers, median alcohol intake was 8 units/week for men and 3 units/week for women. In analyses stratified by sex and adjusted for age, total energy intake, education, fruit and vegetable intake, smoking, family history of diabetes, physical activity, body mass index and waist:hip ratio, alcohol intake was inversely associated with HbA(1c) in men and women, although the association was stronger in women. A 1 unit/week increase in alcohol intake was associated with 0.0049% (s.e.=0.00223; P-value=0.028) and 0.017% (s.e.=0.00343; P-value <0.001) reduction in HbA(1c) in men and women respectively. In similar multivariate analyses, wine intake was inversely associated with HbA(1c) in men, and wine, spirits and beer intake were inversely associated with HbA(1c) in women. When also adjusted for total alcohol intake, only the association between wine intake and HbA(1c) in men remained significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alcohol intake was associated with lower HbA(1c) level, an association not explained by confounding. The distinction between type of alcohol consumed was particularly important in men.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: A-H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Harding
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Sargeant
authors.forename: K-T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Khaw
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Welch
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oakes
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Luben
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bingham
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Day
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Wareham
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood*; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin