title: Herbicide safeners: uses, limitations, metabolism, and mechanisms of action.
abstract: Several methods were examined to minimize crops injury caused by herbicides. Thus increase their selectivity. A selective herbicide is one that controls weeds at rates that do not injure the crop. Herbicides are selective in a particular crop within certain limits imposed by the herbicide, the plant, the application rate, the method and time of application, and environment conditions. Herbicide safeners are compounds of diverse chemical families. They are applied with herbicides to protect crops against their injury. Using chemical safeners offer practical, efficient and simple method of improving herbicide selectivity. This method has been applied successfully in cereal crops such as maize, rice and sorghum, against pre-emergence thiocarbamate and chloroacetanilide herbicides. Some reports indicate promising results for the development of safeners for post-emergence herbicides in broadleaved crops. Various hypotheses were proposed explaining mechanisms of action of herbicide safeners: interference with uptake and translocation of the herbicide, alteration in herbicide metabolism, and competition at site of action of the herbicide. Even though progress was made in the development of herbicide safeners and in understanding their mechanisms of action, more research is needed to elucidate clearly how these chemicals act and why their activity is restricted to particular crops and herbicides.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Agricultural, Environmental and Analytical Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK. aabu-qare@neophrm.com
authors.forename: Aqel W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Abu-Qare
authors.forename: Harry J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Duncan
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006540:Herbicides / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D063245:Plant Development; D010944:Plants / Q000187:drug effects; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D006540:Herbicides