title: Analysis of coagulation cascade and endothelial cell activation during inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor pathway in cancer patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The angiogenesis inhibitor SU5416 is a potent inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor-1 and -2. VEGF may be involved in hemostasis by altering the hemostatic properties of endothelial cells. We analyzed the effects of SU5416 on the coagulation cascade and the vessel wall in patients with advanced cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Markers for thrombin generation, activation of the protein C pathway, fibrinolysis, and endothelial cell activation were measured in patients with renal cell carcinoma, soft tissue sarcoma, or melanoma on days 0, 14, and 28 of treatment with SU5416. Three of 17 sampled patients developed a thromboembolic event in the fifth week of treatment. Markers for thrombin generation and fibrinolysis did not show significant changes. We observed a significant increase in endogenous thrombin potential and of parameters reflecting endothelial cell activation (von Willebrand antigen, soluble tissue factor, and soluble E-selectin) in all patients (P< or =0.001). In patients experiencing a thromboembolic event, endogenous thrombin potential, soluble tissue factor, and soluble E-selectin increased to a significantly greater extent (P=0.029, P=0.021, and P=0.007, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VEGF is not only a permeability, proliferation, and migration factor, but it is also a maintenance and protection factor for endothelial cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Kuenen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Levi
authors.forename: J C M
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Meijers
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Kakkar
authors.forename: V W M
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: van Hinsbergh
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Kostense
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Pinedo
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hoekman
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000188:drug therapy; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D005342:Fibrinolysis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006487:Hemostasis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D008545:Melanoma / Q000188:drug therapy; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000188:drug therapy; D011486:Protein C / Q000378:metabolism; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor; D012509:Sarcoma / Q000188:drug therapy; D013917:Thrombin / Q000378:metabolism; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D007211:Indoles; D011486:Protein C; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D011758:Pyrroles; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor; C116890:Semaxinib; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1; D013917:Thrombin