title: Long-term results of reirradiation for patients with recurrent rectal carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The current study was conducted to assess the long-term results of reirradiation in patients with recurrent rectal carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and three patients with recurrent adenocarcinoma of the rectum underwent reirradiation with concurrent 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy. The initial radiation dose to the pelvis ranged from 3000 to 7400 centigrays (cGy) with a median dose of 5040 cGy. The median time from initial treatment to recurrence was 19 months. Irradiation techniques consisted of two lateral fields with/without a posterior pelvic field to include recurrent tumor with a margin of 2-4 cm only. The reirradiation doses ranged from 1500 to 4920 cGy with a median dose of 3480 cGy. Total cumulative doses ranged from 7060 to 1080 cGy with a median total dose of 8580 cGy. After the reirradiation, 34 patients also underwent surgical resection for residual disease. Fourteen patients underwent pelvic exenteration, 11 patients underwent abdominoperineal resection, 4 patients underwent transanal transabdominal proctosigmoidectomy, 2 patients underwent full thickness local excision, and 3 patients underwent a Hartmann resection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Follow-up ranged from 3 84 months with a median follow-up of 2 years. The median survival for the whole group was 26 months and the 5-year actuarial survival rate was 19%. The median interval and 5-year survival rate of patients undergoing surgical resection after reirradiation was 44 months and 22% compared with 14 months and 15% for patients treated with reirradiation only (P = 0.001). Treatment was generally well tolerated. Fifteen patients required a treatment break and early termination of treatment for Grade 3 and higher diarrhea, moist desquamation, or mucositis. Late complications were seen in 22 patients, including persistent severe diarrhea in 18 patients with 10 patients requiring long-term parental support, small bowel obstruction was seen in 15 patients, fistula formation in 4 patients, and coloanal stricture in 2 patients. There was no difference in incidence of acute or long-term complications by the total radiation dose delivered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with recurrent rectal carcinoma, high doses of reirradiation can be delivered with acceptable risks without prohibitive long-term side effects. Surgical salvage and long-term survival of patients are possible.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Medicine, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington 40536-0293, USA. mohmohi@pop.uky.edu
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mohiuddin
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marks
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marks
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D016879:Salvage Therapy; D013280:Stomatitis / Q000209:etiology; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D005472:Fluorouracil