title: Paediatric maxillofacial fractures: their aetiological characters and fracture patterns.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Paediatric maxillofacial fractures are not common and carry different clinical features when compared with adults. To clarify the differences of aetiology and patterns of fractures in paediatric patients, a clinical retrospective analysis was performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred seventy-four paediatric patients younger than 16 years of age treated in the First Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka University Dental Hospital during a 15-year period were analysed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Age, sex, fracture patterns, incidence, common locations of the mandibular fractures and treatment were studied according to the patients' charts and radiographs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ratio of boys to girls was 2:1 and the largest age subgroup was 15-years old. The most common cause of injury was bicycle accidents (26%), followed by falls (25%). The distribution of causes and ages revealed that the incidence of the fall-related injuries decreased in patients older than 10 years, and assaults became a common cause in patients older than 12 years. The yearly distribution showed a decrease of the group between 6 and 10 years and of bicycle-related accidents in the last 5-year period (1992-1996). Mandibular fractures were most common (56%), followed by fractures of the alveolar process (31%). Condylar fracture was common in children younger than 14 years, especially in those below 6 years. Fractures of the mandibular angle were the most common in those above 13 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results document that the aetiological characters and patterns of paediatric maxillofacial fractures gradually shifted towards those found in adolescents.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan. iida@dent.osaka-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Seiji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iida
authors.forename: Tokuzo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsuya
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls; D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000293:injuries; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology; D001642:Bicycling / Q000293:injuries; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008337:Mandibular Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D008440:Maxillary Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D008446:Maxillofacial Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012744:Sex Ratio; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D014754:Violence; D015051:Zygomatic Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology