title: Revisiting an old antimicrobial drug: amphotericin B induces interleukin-1-converting enzyme as the main factor for inducible nitric-oxide synthase expression in activated endothelia.
abstract: We have investigated the impact of the widely used antifungal agent Amphotericin B (AmB) on cytokine activated aortic endothelial cells (AEC) and their inflammatory response as monitored by cytokine and inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS) expression as well as high-output nitric oxide synthesis. Because both blood-borne infections and systemically administered drugs will first encounter vessel lining endothelial cells, this cell type represents an important participant in innate immune reactions against xenobiotics. Culturing cytokine-activated AEC in the presence of 1.25 microg/ml AmB, a concentration equivalent to serum levels during patient treatment, we find increases in iNOS promoter activity up to 120%, in iNOS mRNA or protein expressions by factors of up to 3.5 +/- 1.1, and in iNOS activity of up to 180% compared with cells with cytokines only. In parallel, a strong increase in endothelial interleukin (IL)-1beta-converting enzyme (ICE) and IL-1beta expression and activity was observed. Specific inhibition of ICE activity or IL-1beta functionality significantly reduces expression and activity of the iNOS to control values. Because ICE activity is essential for the endogenous synthesis of active IL-1beta, ICE overexpression represents the key signal in the AmB-induced and IL-1beta-mediated effects on iNOS activity. In summary, in endothelial cells, AmB strongly augments cytokine-induced iNOS expression and activity by increasing the expression and activity of the ICE. This adjuvant activity for augmented endogenous cytokine processing adds to the efficacy of the antimycotic activity of AmB. Furthermore, our data underline the relevance of the endothelial iNOS as a potent effector of the innate immune system.
authors.affiliation: Research Group Immunobiology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany. suschek@uni-duesseldorf.de
authors.forename: Christoph Viktor
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Suschek
authors.forename: Eckhard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bonmann
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kapsokefalou
authors.forename: Karsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hemmrich
authors.forename: Hartmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kleinert
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Förstermann
authors.forename: Klaus-Dietrich
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Kröncke
authors.forename: Csaba
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mahotka
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kolb-Bachofen
mesh_terms: D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020170:Caspase 1 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000187:drug effects; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000502:physiology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D007375:Interleukin-1; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000666:Amphotericin B; C496319:NOS2 protein, human; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496318:Nos2 protein, rat; D020170:Caspase 1