title: Plasma concentrations of the flavonoids hesperetin, naringenin and quercetin in human subjects following their habitual diets, and diets high or low in fruit and vegetables.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the fasting plasma concentrations of quercetin, hesperetin and naringenin in human subjects consuming their habitual diets, and diets either high or low in fruit and vegetables. To investigate whether plasma concentrations of flavanones can serve as biomarkers of their intake.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-over, strictly controlled dietary intervention consisting of a 2 week baseline period, and two 5 week dietary periods with a 3 week wash-out period in between. The low-vegetable diet contained few fruit and vegetables and no citrus fruit. The high-vegetable diet provided various fruits and vegetables daily including on average one glass of orange juice, one-half orange and one-half mandarin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-seven healthy females.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The high-vegetable diet provided 132 mg of hesperetin and 29 mg of naringenin. The low-vegetable diet contained no flavanones. The mean plasma hesperetin concentration increased from 12.2 nmol/l after the low-vegetable diet to 325 nmol/l after the high-vegetable diet. The respective increase for naringenin was from <73.5 nmol/l for all subjects to a mean value of 112.9 nmol/l. The mean plasma quercetin concentration was 52 nmol/l after the baseline period, during which habitual diets were consumed, and it did not change significantly during the intervention. Interindividual variation in the plasma levels of hesperetin and naringenin was marked and, after the baseline and wash-out periods, and the low-vegetable diet, a majority of the samples had plasma flavanone levels below the limit of detection. After the high-vegetable diet, hesperetin and naringenin were detectable in 54 and 22% of all samples. Quercetin was detectable in nearly all samples after all study periods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hesperetin, naringenin and quercetin are bioavailable from the diet, but the plasma concentrations of hesperetin and naringenin are poor biomarkers of intake.
authors.affiliation: Biomarker Laboratory, National Public Health Institute (KTL), Helsinki, Finland. iris.erlund@ktl.fi
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Erlund
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Silaste
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Alfthan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rantala
authors.forename: Y A
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Kesäniemi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aro
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D044950:Flavanones; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000097:blood*; D005638:Fruit; D006569:Hesperidin / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011794:Quercetin / Q000097:blood*; D012016:Reference Values; D013997:Time Factors; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D044950:Flavanones; D005419:Flavonoids; D011794:Quercetin; D006569:Hesperidin; C005273:naringenin; C013015:hesperetin