title: Transforming growth factor-beta stimulates vascular endothelial growth factor production by folliculostellate pituitary cells.
abstract: TGF-beta isoforms are expressed in the anterior pituitary and modulate the growth and function of endocrine pituitary cells. Recently, TGF-beta has been shown to stimulate growth and basic fibroblast growth factor secretion in nonendocrine folliculostellate (FS) pituitary cells. We therefore studied whether the production of FS cell-derived vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), the most important regulator of vascular permeability and angiogenesis, is affected by TGF-beta. We observed by RT-PCR that TtT/GF cells, which are FS mouse pituitary tumor cells, synthesize TGF-beta1, -beta2, and -beta3. They also express TGF-beta receptors types 1 and 2, as well as Smad2, Smad3, and Smad4 proteins, which are essential for TGF-betabinding and signaling. Stimulation of TtT/GF cells with either TGF-beta1 or TGF-beta3 induced a rapid translocation of Smad2 into the cell nuclei. Both TGF-beta isoforms dose dependently stimulated VEGF production in TtT/GF cells, but not in lactosomatotroph GH3 cells. Time-course studies and suppression of TGF-beta-induced VEGF production by cycloheximide suggest that TGF-beta induces de novo synthesis of VEGF in folliculostellate cells, which is completely blocked by dexamethasone. In primary rat pituitary cell cultures, TGF-beta1 and -beta3 stimulated VEGF production. TGF-beta stimulation of VEGF production by folliculostellate cells could modulate intrapituitary vascular permeability and integrity as well as angiogenesis in an auto-/paracrine manner.
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Endocrinology, Munich D-80804, Germany. renner@mpipsykl.mpg.de
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Renner
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lohrer
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schaaf
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Feirer
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Onofri
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Arzt
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Stalla
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D010902:Pituitary Gland / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D010903:Pituitary Gland, Anterior / Q000378:metabolism; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism; D051899:Smad2 Protein; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D008222:Lymphokines; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta; D051899:Smad2 Protein; C497783:Smad2 protein, mouse; C497784:Smad2 protein, rat; D015534:Trans-Activators; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D003907:Dexamethasone