Regulation of transcription elongation by phosphorylation.
The synthesis of mRNA by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) is a multistep process that is regulated by different mechanisms. One important aspect of transcriptional regulation is phosphorylation of components of the transcription apparatus. The phosphorylation state of RNAPII carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) is controlled by a variety of protein kinases and at least one protein phosphatase. We discuss emerging genetic and biochemical evidence that points to a role of these factors not only in transcription initiation but also in elongation and possibly termination. In addition, we review phosphorylation events involving some of the general transcription factors (GTFs) and other regulatory proteins. As an interesting example, we describe the modulation of transcription associated kinases and phosphatase by the HIV Tat protein. We focus on bringing together recent findings and propose a revised model for the RNAPII phosphorylation cycle.
Kobor
Michael S
MS
Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
Greenblatt
Jack
J
D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D056850:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 8; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D015696:Gene Products, tat / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D010441:Peptide Chain Elongation, Translational / Q000502:physiology*; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012319:RNA Polymerase II / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D035381:TATA-Binding Protein Associated Factors; D035362:Transcription Factor TFIID; D051758:Transcription Factor TFIIH; D035165:Transcription Factors, General / Q000378:metabolism; D019473:Transcription Factors, TFII / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000502:physiology*
D015696:Gene Products, tat; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; C490039:TAF6 protein, S cerevisiae; D035381:TATA-Binding Protein Associated Factors; D035362:Transcription Factor TFIID; D035165:Transcription Factors, General; D019473:Transcription Factors, TFII; D051758:Transcription Factor TFIIH; D011494:Protein Kinases; C060137:carboxy-terminal domain kinase; C095686:CDK8 protein, human; D056850:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 8; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases; C498309:SSN3 protein, S cerevisiae; D012319:RNA Polymerase II; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases; C116022:carboxy-terminal domain phosphatase