title: The signaling protein Rho is necessary for vascular smooth muscle migration and survival but not for proliferation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The small GTPase Rho has been implicated in a variety of cellular processes. Vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration, proliferation, and apoptosis are important events that contribute to the formation of intimal hyperplasia. To better understand the importance of Rho in intimal hyperplasia, we evaluated the necessity of Rho for these 3 cellular processes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used for these studies a recombinant C3 exoenzyme (C3), which selectively adenosine diphosphate-ribosylates and, thus, functionally inactivates Rho. SMC migration was determined by scratch and modified Boyden chamber assays, proliferation by tritiated-thymidine incorporation, and apoptosis by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pretreatment of human SMC with C3 overnight resulted in adenosine diphosphate-ribosylation and inactivation of Rho. Inactivation of Rho completely eliminated SMC migration in response to platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AB. Furthermore, C3 blocked phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase, tensin, and paxillin, which are essential for cellular migration. In contrast, C3 did not significantly affect DNA synthesis in response to PDGF-AB or activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase, a signaling mediator of PDGF-stimulated proliferation. However, prolonged inactivation of Rho by C3 induced apoptosis of SMC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The small GTPase Rho is necessary for vascular SMC migration and cell survival but not for proliferation. Manipulation of Rho might have therapeutic value in modulating intimal hyperplasia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Itoh
authors.forename: Otway
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Louie
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kubota
authors.forename: K Craig
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Kent
mesh_terms: D036002:ADP Ribose Transferases / Q000494:pharmacology; D000246:Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose / Q000378:metabolism; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001905:Botulinum Toxins; D002455:Cell Division / Q000502:physiology; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D050719:Crk-Associated Substrate Protein; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D051417:Focal Adhesion Kinase 1; D051416:Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D006801:Humans; D008840:Microfilament Proteins / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D051419:Paxillin; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D011506:Proteins; D050717:Retinoblastoma-Like Protein p130; D000070876:Tensins; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000378:metabolism; D020741:rho GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C493841:BCAR1 protein, human; D050719:Crk-Associated Substrate Protein; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D008840:Microfilament Proteins; C496061:PXN protein, human; D051419:Paxillin; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D011506:Proteins; D050717:Retinoblastoma-Like Protein p130; D000070876:Tensins; D000246:Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; D014443:Tyrosine; D036002:ADP Ribose Transferases; C063007:exoenzyme C3, Clostridium botulinum; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D051417:Focal Adhesion Kinase 1; D051416:Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; C496050:PTK2 protein, human; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D001905:Botulinum Toxins; D020741:rho GTP-Binding Proteins