title: Gerimax ginseng regulates both humoral and cellular immunity during chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic lung infection among patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), diffused panbronchiolitis, and chronic obstructive bronchiecteisis is often because of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. High morbidity and mortality in patients with CF are because of P. aeuruginosa that undergoes genotypic and phenotypic changes during prolonged stay in the lung resulting in increased antibiotic resistance, necessitating a search for alternative or supplement drugs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this study we compared the therapeutical effect of Gerimax (Dansk Droge A/S, Ishøj, Denmark) ginseng with placebo control by using a rat model of chronic P. aeruginosa lung infection mimicking that in patients with CF.
  
  
  METHODS
  The animals were challenged intratracheally with the prototypic P. aeruginosa PAO1 in alginate beads (1 x 10(9) colony-forming units per milliliter [CFU/mL]) followed by subcutaneous injection of ginseng extract (150 mg/kg body weight once per day) and examined on days 7 and 21.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The day 7 analyses show that ginseng treatment resulted in lowering serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) and lung interleukin-4 (IL-4) levels compared to the control group. On day 21, higher lung IgA, upregulated serum IgG2a, stronger lung responses of interferon-gamma, IL-4, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha with milder lung pathology and enhanced lung bacteriology were detected in the ginseng-treated group when compared to those of the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the Gerimax ginseng treatment can modulate the immune system in favor of clearing the infection with P. aeruginosa in the lungs of rats. Thus, ginseng might be a promising alternative supplement for the treatment of chronic P. aeruginosa lung infection in patients with CF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA. zhijunsong@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Zhijun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Kalai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mathee
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Høiby
authors.forename: Arsalan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kharazmi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000917:Antibody Formation / Q000187:drug effects*; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000187:drug effects*; D005894:Panax; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D011552:Pseudomonas Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa; D051381:Rats; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts