title: Daily energy expenditure, activity patterns, and energy costs of the various activities in French 12-16-y-old adolescents in free living conditions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Changes in lifestyle and increases in sedentary activities during recent decades have been shown to contribute to the prevalence of overweight in adolescents.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the inter-individual variability and the day-to-day variations in daily energy expenditure (DEE) and activity pattern, and the energy costs and EE of the various activities of adolescents in free-living conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty adolescents (four groups of 14-16 boys or girls aged 12-16 y) participated in this cross-sectional study during spring or autumn. Activity patterns and EE were determined during five consecutive days, using both a diary and the heart rate recording method validated by whole-body calorimetry and laboratory tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean DEE increased significantly with age in boys, but not in girls. However, the physical activity level did not vary significantly with sex and age. Mean DEE was significantly higher in spring than in autumn in the 12.6-y-old subjects. It was also 21% higher during the free days than during the schooldays in the active subjects, but 7% lower in the sedentary subjects. The energy cost of 22 activities was determined. Time and energy devoted to moderate and sport activities exhibited great inter-individual variability. They were lower in girls than in boys and decreased with age. The increase in EE resulting from moderate and sport activities instead of sedentary activities ranged from 0.2 to 2.7 MJ/day over the week.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The great variability in DEE of adolescents resulted mainly from differences in the nature, duration and intensity of physical activities during the free days.
authors.affiliation: Energy and Lipid Metabolism Research Unit, INRA, St Genès Champanelle, France. vermorel@clermont.inra.fr
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vermorel
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vernet
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bitar
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fellmann
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Coudert
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005602:France; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007899:Leisure Activities; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012621:Seasons; D012737:Sex Factors; D013177:Sports / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors