Attenuation of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage in mice overexpressing extracellular superoxide dismutase.
OBJECTIVE
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) increases production of vascular extracellular superoxide anion (*O2-). We examined whether overexpression of murine extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) alters SAH-induced cerebral vasospasm, oxidative stress, and neurological outcome.


METHODS
Mice exhibiting a 2-fold increase in vascular EC-SOD and wild-type (WT) littermates were subjected to sham surgery or SAH by perforation of the right anterior cerebral artery. Neurological deficits were scored 72 hours later. Middle cerebral artery (MCA) diameter was measured or immunohistochemically stained for nitrotyrosine.


RESULTS
MCA diameter (mean+/-SD) was greater in EC-SOD versus WT mice after SAH but not sham surgery (EC-SOD SAH=56+/-10 microm; WT SAH=38+/-13 microm [P<0.01]; EC-SOD sham=99+/-16 microm; WT sham=100+/-15 microm). SAH decreased median (range) neurological score (scoring scale, 9 to 39; no deficit=39) versus shams, but there was no difference between EC-SOD and WT groups (EC-SOD SAH=26 [23 to 30]; WT SAH=23 [19 to 29] [P=0.27]; EC-SOD sham=39 [39]; WT sham=39 [39]). Sensory-motor deficits correlated with MCA diameter (P<0.001) but worsened primarily between 60 and 50 micro m, plateauing below this threshold. The percentage of mice with MCA nitrotyrosine staining increased after SAH in WT (sham=29%; SAH=100% [P<0.05]) but not EC-SOD (sham=33%; SAH=44% [P=0.80]) mice.


CONCLUSIONS
Endogenous overexpression of EC-SOD attenuated vasospasm and oxidative stress but failed to reduce neurological deficits after SAH. Extracellular *O2- likely plays a direct role in the etiology of vasospasm.
McGirt
Matthew J
MJ
Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
Parra
Augusto
A
Sheng
Huaxin
H
Higuchi
Yoshinori
Y
Oury
Tim D
TD
Laskowitz
Daniel T
DT
Pearlstein
Robert D
RD
Warner
David S
DS
D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D020768:Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis; D014654:Vascular Patency / Q000235:genetics; D020301:Vasospasm, Intracranial / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*
D012333:RNA, Messenger; C002744:3-nitrotyrosine; D014443:Tyrosine; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase