title: Resting energy expenditure of rats acclimated to hypergravity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of centrifugation at 1 G has been advocated as a control condition during spaceflight and as a countermeasure to compensate for the adverse effects of spaceflight. Rodents are the primary animal model for the study of the effects of spaceflight and will be used in the evaluation of centrifugation as a countermeasure and means of control at 1 G during flight.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study was designed to assess whether resting energy expenditure (EER) of male rats was increased in relation to the magnitude of the level of gravity to which the animals were exposed. The influence of body mass and age on resting energy expenditure (EER) of male rats (n = 42, age 40-400 d) was determined following 2 wk of acclimation to 1, 2.3, or 4.1 G. Hypergravity environments were created by centrifugation. Measurements were made at the gravity level to which the animal was acclimated and during the lights-on period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In rats matched for body mass (approximately 400 g), mean O2 consumption and CO2 production were higher (18% and 27%, respectively) in the 2.3- and 4.1 -G groups than controls. Mean respiratory exchange ratio (RER) increased from 0.80 to 0.87. EER was increased from 47 +/- 0.1 kcal x d(-1) at 1 G, to 57 +/- 1.5 and 58 +/- 2.2 kcal x d(-1) at 2.3 and 4.1 G, respectively. There was no difference in EER between the hypergravity groups. When age differences were considered, EER (kcal x kg(-1) x d(-1)) with increased gravity was 40% higher than at 1 G. The increase in EER was not proportional over gravity levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acclimation of rats to hypergravity increases their EER, dependent on body mass and age, and may alter substrate metabolism. The increase in EER was not related to the level of gravity increase.
authors.affiliation: Life Science Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA. cwade@mail.arc.nasa.gov
authors.forename: Charles E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Wade
authors.forename: Megan M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Moran
authors.forename: Jiro
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oyama
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002498:Centrifugation; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D018471:Hypergravity; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012119:Respiration