title: Combined DNA flow cytometry and sorting with k-ras2 mutation spectrum analysis and the prognosis of human sporadic colorectal cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Activation of the k-ras2 pathways and chromosomal instability leading to aneuploidy in human sporadic colorectal cancer (sCRC) is essential to the tumor cell ability to survive, grow, and metastatize.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 135 patients with sCRC who were followed up for a median of 72 months. Multiple fresh-frozen fragments obtained from superficial and invasive areas of the tumors were mixed and used to detect the degree of DNA aneuploidy (DNA index [DI]) and S-phase fraction by two scatter signals and 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole-2-hydrocloride (DAPI) fluorescence flow cytometry (FCM). PCR amplification and k-ras2 mutation spectrum analysis were performed using enriched epithelial nuclei after sorting DNA aneuploid nuclei and DNA diploid nuclei from which tissue-infiltrating lymphocytes were absent.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DNA aneuploidy was detected in 98 (73%) and k-ras2 mutations in 54 cases (40%). Univariate analyses of overall survival with both Dukes' A to D or B to C series of cases showed that DNA multiple aneuploidy, k-ras2 mutations, older age, and distal site, but not increased S-phase fraction, were predictive of worse outcome. Multivariate Cox models strongly indicated that k-ras2 mutations, but neither single nor multiple DNA aneuploidy, were an independent prognostic factor in both series of patients. In particular, with B and C Dukes' stage patients (n = 110), the relative risk (RR) of death was above 2.5 with k-ras2 mutations and above 3 with the G-->C/T transversions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combined FCM and k-ras2 analysis may be used to predict long-term increased risk of death in sCRC patients.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio di Biofisica e Citometria, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: Elio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Geido
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sciutto
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rubagotti
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Oliani
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Monaco
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Risio
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Giaretti
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000782:Aneuploidy; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism*; D004171:Diploidy; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D011905:Genes, ras / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); D016196:S Phase / Q000235:genetics; D012737:Sex Factors; D013057:Spectrum Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D015996:Survival Rate; D018631:ras Proteins
chemical_list: C117307:KRAS protein, human; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D004247:DNA; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); D018631:ras Proteins