title: Improving patient safety by identifying side effects from introducing bar coding in medication administration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In addition to providing new capabilities, the introduction of technology in complex, sociotechnical systems, such as health care and aviation, can have unanticipated side effects on technical, social, and organizational dimensions. To identify potential accidents in the making, the authors looked for side effects from a natural experiment, the implementation of bar code medication administration (BCMA), a technology designed to reduce adverse drug events (ADEs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional observational study of medication passes before (21 hours of observation of 7 nurses at 1 hospital) and after (60 hours of observation of 26 nurses at 3 hospitals) BCMA implementation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Detailed, handwritten field notes of targeted ethnographic observations of in situ nurse-BCMA interactions were iteratively analyzed using process tracing and five conceptual frameworks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ethnographic observations distilled into 67 nurse-BCMA interactions were classified into 12 categories. We identified five negative side effects after BCMA implementation: (1) nurses confused by automated removal of medications by BCMA, (2) degraded coordination between nurses and physicians, (3) nurses dropping activities to reduce workload during busy periods, (4) increased prioritization of monitored activities during goal conflicts, and (5) decreased ability to deviate from routine sequences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These side effects might create new paths to ADEs. We recommend design revisions, modification of organizational policies, and "best practices" training that could potentially minimize or eliminate these side effects before they contribute to adverse outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA. patterson.150@osu.edu
authors.forename: Emily S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: Richard I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Marta L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Render
mesh_terms: D016303:Clinical Pharmacy Information Systems / Q000295:instrumentation; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D005568:Forms and Records Control; D006801:Humans; D016347:Medical Records Systems, Computerized / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008508:Medication Errors; D008510:Medication Systems, Hospital; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems; D014584:User-Computer Interface