title: Patient oriented activities in Dutch community pharmacy: diffusion of innovations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the implementation of patient oriented activities, the perception of an innovation aimed at implementation of patient education and the preconditions for implementation of this innovation among Dutch pharmacists.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey, based on Roger's theory of diffusion of innovations, was carried out among a random sample (n = 300) of Dutch managing pharmacists.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reported activities regarding patient education, medication surveillance and drug therapy meetings, as well as perception of the innovation and its perceived compatibility with pharmacy practice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The response rate was 49.3%. Hundred (84.7%) respondents reported to provide extra written and verbal information with first prescription medication. Medication surveillance (100% check by computer, and check of the lists by the pharmacist) was reported by 43 (36.4%), and complete participation in drug therapy meetings was reported by 57 (48.3%) respondents. Observability (or results to others) of the new strategy was perceived as important by 90 (77.6%), compatibility (perceived consistency with existing values, past experiences and needs of potential adopters) by 87 (76.4%) and trialability (degree to which an innovation may be experimented with) by 81 (69.8%) respondents. Relative advantages (perception of the innovation as being better) and complexity (relatively difficult to understand and use) of the innovation were perceived as important by less respondents. The preconditions that were met by most pharmacists were 'financial resources' (n = 70; 59.8%), 'enough workspace' (n = 61; 53.1%) and 'enough time' (n = 58; 50%). Fifty-eight (49.2%) respondents intend to adopt the innovation, but this intention would be higher when more time and money and technicians are available, as well as less situations that are experienced as barriers (rush hours, lack of support, illness of employees).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the definitions used, we conclude that the implementation of medication surveillance and drug therapy meetings is relatively low compared to patient education. The development of an implementation tool is justified, but should deal with the experienced preconditions, barriers and needs of pharmacists. Combined, comprehensive pharmacy interventions promise to be a good way to change pharmacy practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacotherapy, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands. M.C.M.Pronk@pharm.uu.nl
authors.forename: Miranda C M
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Pronk
authors.forename: Lyda Th G
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Blom
authors.forename: Ruud
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jonkers
authors.forename: Everett M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bakker
authors.forename: Kess J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: de Blaey
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003157:Community Pharmacy Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D003625:Data Collection; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D010595:Pharmacists; D012106:Research; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D000078329:Workforce