title: Influence of cognitive impairment, illness, gender, and African-American status on psychiatric ratings and staff recognition of depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors examined the multivariate relationships between depression recognition by staff members and characteristics of nursing home residents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analyses used a simple random sample of 270 residents, drawn from six randomly selected nursing homes, who were evaluated by psychiatrists for depression and depressive symptomatology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  African Americans were generally seen by psychiatrists as having less depressive symptomatology than residents from other ethnic groups. The data suggest that nurse aides, perhaps because they see residents more often or because they are less influenced by demographic characteristics, may be the most valid source of information about residents' depression. In contrast, after partialing out the degree of depression severity, nurses tended to overrecognize depression among African-American residents. Social workers underrecognized depression among residents with cognitive impairment and/or Parkinson disease and among women, and overrecognized depression among African Americans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results underline the need for more training in depression recognition, particularly in distinguishing social from clinical phenomena and in distinguishing symptoms of dementia from those of depression. Equally important is further investigation of the potential biases associated with diagnosis and recognition of depression among African Americans.
authors.affiliation: Research Division, Hebrew Home for the Aged at Riverdale, 5901 Palisade Avenue, Riverdale, NY 10471, USA.
authors.forename: Jeanne A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Teresi
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Abrams
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: Mildred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramirez
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.forename: Joseph P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Eimicke
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006707:Homes for the Aged; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009518:New York; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012737:Sex Factors