title: Patient adherence and medical treatment outcomes: a meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adherence is a factor in the outcome of medical treatment, but the strength and moderators of the adherence-outcome association have not been systematically assessed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  A quantitative review using meta-analysis of three decades of empirical research correlating adherence with objective measures of treatment outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-three studies assessing patient adherence and outcomes of medical treatment were found involving medical regimens recommended by a nonpsychiatrist physician, and measuring patient adherence and health outcomes. Studies were analyzed according to disease (acute/chronic, severity), population (adult/child), type of regimen (preventive/treatment, use of medication), and type and sensitivity of adherence and outcomes measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, the outcome difference between high and low adherence is 26%. According to a stringent random effects model, adherence is most strongly related to outcomes in studies of nonmedication regimens, where measures of adherence are continuous, and where the disease is chronic (particularly hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, intestinal disease, and sleep apnea). A less stringent fixed effects model shows a trend for higher adherence-outcome correlations in studies of less serious conditions, of pediatric patients, and in those studies using self-reports of adherence, multiple measures of adherence, and less specific measures of outcomes. Intercorrelations among moderator variables in multiple regression show that the best predictor of the adherence-outcome relationship is methodological-the sensitivity/quality of the adherence assessment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA. robin@citrus.ucr.edu
authors.forename: M Robin
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: DiMatteo
authors.forename: Patrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Giordani
authors.forename: Heidi S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Lepper
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Croghan
mesh_terms: D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D006801:Humans; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010349:Patient Compliance; D012307:Risk Factors