title: Molecular dosimetry and repair of N(2),3-ethenoguanine in rats exposed to vinyl chloride.
abstract: Although the DNA adducts of vinyl chloride (VC) have been well characterized, previous studies have used single concentrations of VC that are well above contemporary human exposures. This study examined the exposure response to VC in male Sprague Dawley rats with respect to the molecular dose of the promutagenic DNA adduct N(2),3-ethenoguanine (N(2),3-epsilonG). Adult rats were exposed by inhalation to 0, 10, 100, or 1100 ppm VC for 1 or 4 weeks (6 h/day, 5 days/week). Weanling rats were similarly exposed for 5 days. The amount of N(2),3-epsilonG in hepatocyte (HEP) and nonparenchymal cell (NPC) fractions obtained from the liver was measured with a sensitive immunoaffinity/gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry assay. Endogenous N(2),3-epsilonG was present in HEPs and NPCs from all unexposed rats. The exposure response to VC in each group and cell population was supralinear, with a linear increase from 0 to 100 ppm, and a plateau between 100 and 1100 ppm. There was no statistically significant difference in N(2),3-epsilonG concentrations between HEPs and NPCs in any adult exposure group, which suggests that factors other than adduct concentrations contribute to the particular susceptibility of NPCs to VC-induced carcinogenesis. The accumulation of N(2),3-epsilonG with respect to time was nearly linear in rats exposed to 600 ppm VC for 1, 2, 4, or 8 weeks (4 h/day, 5 days/week), and no repair of N(2),3-epsilonG was detected in rats exposed to VC for 4 weeks and allowed to recover for 1 week. N(2),3-epsilonG concentrations in HEPs from weanling rats were 2-3-fold greater than those in adult rats exposed for the same time. Higher adduct concentrations in young rats may contribute to their greater susceptibility to VC-induced hepatic angiosarcoma as well as their particular susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma. The molecular dosimetry of N(2),3-epsilonG in liver appears to be a sensitive and informative biomarker of genotoxic effect after exposure to VC. N(2),3-epsilonG was the predominant etheno adduct measured in vivo after exposure to VC, and the saturable nature of VC metabolism was reflected in its molecular dose. The relationships between endogenous N(2),3-epsilonG and that formed by low exposures to VC were demonstrated. Conclusions drawn from these exposures may be more relevant for risk assessment purposes than those drawn from high exposures where activation, detoxication, and repair pathways may be saturated or otherwise perturbed. These data are well suited for consideration in future risk assessments of VC that incorporate nontumor mode of action data.
authors.affiliation: Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431, USA.
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Morinello
authors.forename: Amy-Joan L
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Ham
authors.forename: Asoka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ranasinghe
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Patricia B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Upton
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Swenberg
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000633:toxicity*; D018736:DNA Adducts / Q000378:metabolism*; D004260:DNA Repair; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006147:Guanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism*; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014752:Vinyl Chloride / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D018736:DNA Adducts; C015196:N(2),3-ethenoguanine; D006147:Guanine; D014752:Vinyl Chloride