title: Perinatal care improves the outcome of triplets.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare pregnancy complications and neonatal outcome of 85 triplet gestations cared for during the 15 years in a single perinatal unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnancies were divided in two groups according to the differences in the management plan and their outcomes were compared. Group I (N = 44) consisted of pregnancies cared from 1986 to 1995, using standard model of care: preventive hospitalization from the early second trimester or home bed rest with routine hospitalization after 28-32 weeks of pregnancy, routine clinical and ultrasound examinations, biophysical profile and non-stress tests starting at 28 weeks, expert neonatal care without free access to surfactant or to parenteral nutrition. Group II (N = 41) consisted of pregnancies cared for from 1986 to 2000 using modified care: preventive hospitalization from early second trimester or home bed rest with routine hospitalization after 32 weeks of pregnancy, biophysical profile, non-stress tests and pulsed doppler analysis of fetal umbilical artery, fetal aorta and middle cerebral artery blood flow from as early as 26 weeks, and neonatal care improved by free access to surfactant and parenteral nutrition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean gestational age, mean birth weight, the proportion of growth-retarded infants, the incidence of various maternal complications and immediate neonatal conditions as judged by APGAR scores did not differ between the groups. The incidence of deliveries up to 28 weeks was lower in the group II in comparison to group I, but the proportion of term and near term deliveries was lower. The incidence of cesarean sections was high (91.8%), but significantly increased cesarean delivery rate because of fetal distress was observed in the group II (P = 0.014). Infants in the group II had less frequently uneventful early neonatal period, mainly due to significantly increased conatal infection (P = 0.007) and neonatal encephalopathy rate (P = 0.001). However, perinatal mortality was decreased from 235% in the group I to 142% in the group II for newborns that reached 24 weeks of gestation or more. The decrease of perinatal mortality was observed also in the newborns born after 28 weeks of gestation (123% in the group I and 99% in the group II). None of the children weighing <1000 g died in utero in the group II. Early neonatal death of infants weighing >1500 g was significantly reduced in the group II (P = 0.048).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Advances in neonatal care, but also the delivery of infants in better overall condition must be the explanation for improved outcome of triplet gestations managed by modified care. A higher cesarean section rate because of imminent fetal jeopardy as judged by not only fetal heart rate tracings, but also umbilical, aortic and middle cerebral artery flow analysis, could be the explanation for lowered perinatal mortality and significantly improved outcome in very preterm infants from triplet gestations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Perinatal Medicine, University Medical School of Zagreb, Petrova 13, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Snjezana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Skrablin
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kuvacic
authors.forename: Drzislav
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kalafatic
authors.forename: Branimir
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Peter
authors.forename: Snjezana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gveric-Ahmetasevic
authors.forename: Nevena
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Letica-Protega
authors.forename: Jelena
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Polak-Babic
mesh_terms: D001724:Birth Weight; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007752:Obstetric Labor, Premature / Q000453:epidemiology; D018743:Perinatal Care / Q000379:methods*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome / Q000453:epidemiology; D014310:Triplets / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*