title: Kaiser, Garfield, and Permanente.
abstract: Henry J. Kaiser developed an extensive and complex industrial empire. During the construction of the Grand Coulee Dam in Washington, he began an association with Sidney Garfield, MD, that resulted in the prototype of the modern health maintenance organization. Kaiser Permanente, directed by Garfield, survived a confrontation with organized medicine in the postwar years and then expanded rapidly in the 1950s and 1960s. At the same time, an internal struggle for control and responsibility of Kaiser Permanente led to a successful reorganization of its health care system. Today, Kaiser Permanente is Henry Kaiser's most enduring legacy.
authors.affiliation: geosuznun@aol.com
authors.forename: Geoffrey C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Nunes
mesh_terms: D018166:Health Care Reform / Q000266:history*; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations / Q000266:history*; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D007221:Industry / Q000266:history; D014481:United States