title: A technique for implantation of a 3-dimensional penetrating electrode array in the modiolar nerve of cats and humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We believe that direct intraneural stimulation of the modiolar nerve using an array of electrodes will have lower thresholds, offer greater frequency selectivity and more stimulation sites, and have a greater frequency representation than conventional cochlear implants.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe a potential auditory prosthesis based on electrical stimulation of the modiolar cochlear nerve and to report the development of a surgical approach in human and animal models.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cadaveric human and animal studies conducted in temporal bones indicated that an array of penetrating microelectrodes could be implanted in the modiolar nerve. Cat studies using anesthesia were performed to develop the surgical procedure in an animal model. Nerve viability was assessed by measurement of electrically evoked auditory brainstem responses at different stages of the surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two fresh cadaveric human temporal bones, 3 cat cadavers, 1 pig cadaver, and 6 anesthetized cats were used in the experiments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We were able to implant arrays containing 20 microelectrodes in the human modiolar nerve after exposure by a modified extended facial recess approach. In animals, the modiolar nerve was accessed by the transbulla and the middle fossa approach. The cat was chosen as the appropriate animal model, and the transbulla approach was selected. The round window was exposed by ventral access to the bulla and after cochleostomy; drilling the modiolar bone exposed the modiolar nerve. The mean +/- SD diameter of the exposed nerve in cats was 1.64 +/- 0.07 mm (n = 9), and the mean +/- SD exposed length was 2.50 +/- 0.11 mm (n = 9); this is adequate to accommodate 20 microelectrodes. The electrically evoked auditory brainstem responses indicated nerve survival during and after the surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The surgical technique allows implantation of up to 20 microelectrodes in the cat and human modiolar nerve. The nerve survives the surgical procedure. This work enables studies in the electrophysiological properties and consequences of long-term implantation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, The University of Utah, 20 S 2030E, Room 506, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
authors.forename: Arunkumar N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Badi
authors.forename: Todd
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hillman
authors.forename: Clough
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shelton
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Normann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002415:Cats; D003056:Cochlear Nerve / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004594:Electrophysiology; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006311:Hearing Disorders / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation / Q000379:methods*; D013552:Swine; D013701:Temporal Bone / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery