title: Development and validation of assessment measures for a newly developed physical examination simulator.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Define, extract and evaluate potential performance indicators from computer-generated data collected during simulated clinical female pelvic examinations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Qualitative and quantitative study analyzing computer generated simulator data and written clinical assessments collected from medical students who performed physical examinations on three clinically different pelvic simulators.
  
  
  METHODS
  Introduction to patient care course at a major United States medical school.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-three pre-clinical medical students performed 219 simulated pelvic examinations and generated 219 written clinical assessments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cronbach's alpha for the newly defined performance indicators, Pearson's correlation of performance indicators with scored written clinical assessments of simulator findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four novel performance indicators were defined: time to perform a complete examination, number of critical areas touched during the exam, the maximum pressure used, and the frequency at which these areas were touched. The reliability coefficients (alpha) were time = 0.7240, critical areas = 0.6329, maximum pressure = 0.7701, and frequency = 0.5011. Of the four indicators, three correlated positively and significantly with the written clinical assessment scores: critical areas, p < 0.01; frequency, p < 0.05; and maximum pressure, p < 0.05.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates a novel method of analyzing raw numerical data generated from a newly developed patient simulator; deriving performance indicators from computer generated simulator data; and assessing validity of those indicators by comparing them with written assessment scores. Results show the new assessment measures provide an objective, reliable, and valid method of assessing students' physical examination techniques on the pelvic exam simulator.
authors.affiliation: Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5466, USA. cpugh@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Carla M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Pugh
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Youngblood
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004504:Education, Medical, Undergraduate; D004521:Educational Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D006176:Gynecology / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D008348:Manikins; D010808:Physical Examination