title: A position statement in support of hand transplantation.
abstract: The scientific basis for human trials of hand transplantation was both experimental and clinical. Prolonged survival of limb transplants was achieved in small and large animals by using novel immunosuppressive drugs. Further, all tissue components of the hand (skin, muscle, tendon, nerve, bone, and joint) were individually transplanted with success in humans. After appropriate institutional review of the ethics, experimental data, treatment protocol, and informed consent, clinical trials were approved. Thirteen hands have been transplanted onto 10 recipients, with resultant low morbidity and no mortality. With the exception of one recipient who requested amputation after the second year, results of hand transplantation have been highly successful. Functional return mirrored that seen after hand replantation. The limbs were progressively integrated into activities of daily living and professional tasks. The hand and patient survival rate exceeds the initial results of any previously transplanted organ. This success strongly supports continuation of these human trials.
authors.affiliation: Christine M. Kleinert Institute of Hand and Microsurgery, Jewish Hospital, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
authors.forename: Warren C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Breidenbach
authors.forename: Gordon R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Tobin
authors.forename: Vijay S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Gorantla
authors.forename: Ruben N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: Darla K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Granger
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000818:Animals; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004992:Ethics, Medical; D005544:Forecasting; D006085:Graft Survival / Q000502:physiology; D006225:Hand / Q000502:physiology; D063987:Hand Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D011639:Public Opinion; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012955:Societies, Medical / Q000592:standards; D014180:Transplantation / Q000592:standards; D014181:Transplantation Immunology / Q000502:physiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome