title: Soybean hulls, wheat middlings, and corn gluten feed as supplements for cattle on forage-based diets.
abstract: Soybean hulls, wheat midds, and corn gluten feed are viable alternative supplements for forage-fed cattle. All three result from the processing of major Unites States agricultural crops, so large supplies are available. Their value is better for ruminant animals than for monogastrics because they contain digestible fiber components. These byproducts are widely available throughout the Unites States and will generally be more economical than traditional feed grains or commercial feeds when used appropriately as supplements to forage-based diets. Knowledge about the composition of base forage must be used in planning supplementation strategies because base forages vary in protein and mineral content [9]. Soybean hulls alone may be a good selection in situations in which forages are adequate or high in protein. In situations where forage is marginal or deficient in protein, wheat midds, corn gluten feed, or a mix of soybean hulls and corn gluten feed might be most desirable. All three feeds can be variable in nutrient composition, so they should be analyzed to ensure a balanced nutrient level in diets. Soybean hulls are especially variable in crude protein content and should always be analyzed when forages are marginal or deficient in protein. Despite the fact that published energy levels are substantially lower, research has shown that soybean hulls and wheat midds have a value comparable to corn and soybean meal in forage-based diets. Corn gluten feed has also been comparable to corn and soybean meal in most reports but is closer in value to its published energy levels. In general, results with soybean hulls have been surprisingly good and consistent, whereas responses to wheat midds and corn gluten feed supplementation have been more variable and sometimes disappointing. Feeding rates for soybean hulls can range from low to extremely high depending on forage availability and desired performance. Wheat midds should be limited in most situations to 50% of the expected dry matter intake because of their rapidly digested starch content. Corn gluten feed should be limited to approximately 50% of expected dry matter intake because of its high sulfur content. Several research groups are currently evaluating self-feeding programs for these byproducts, and while the potential for health and production problems exist, results have been encouraging in most cases. Self-feeding would reduce the labor costs of hand feeding and could provide backgrounders with a program to expand cattle numbers on a limited land base.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Box 7621, NC 27695-7621, USA. Matt_Poore@ncsu.edu
authors.forename: Matthew H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Poore
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Johns
authors.forename: W Roy
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Burris
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics / Q000378:metabolism; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005983:Glutens; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D012417:Rumen / Q000378:metabolism*; D013025:Glycine max; D014908:Triticum; D003313:Zea mays
chemical_list: D004043:Dietary Fiber; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D005983:Glutens