title: Errors in birth registrations and coding of twins and higher order multiples.
abstract: Dizygotic compared with monozygotic conceptions are at decreased risk of fetal and infant death and serious morbidity in surviving infants. Different sex twin maternities must be dizygotic but miscoding and incorrect registration of sex and number of fetuses may lead to an incorrect assignment of zygosity. The aim of the study was to validate the coding and registration of number and sex of births in multiple pregnancies. Fetal and infant death registrations from all multiple maternities in England and Wales 1993-1998 were examined. There were 51,792 twin, 1627 triplet and 51 higher order multiple maternities that were registered. Among these there were 1926 fetal deaths, 58 of which were registered as being of indeterminate sex but were coded as male in 56 and female in 2 cases. A fetus papyraceous was registered as male in 19 and as female in 19 cases. Other fetal deaths weighing >/= 100g, with no mention of papyraceous on the death certificate, nevertheless, likely to be of indeterminate sex, were registered as male in 26 and as female in 23 cases. In 13 maternities, the number of infants registered at birth was less than the number mentioned on the registration certificate. It cannot be assumed that multiple births of different registered sex are dizygotic. As surviving infants from a monozygotic multiple birth are at much greater risk of infant death and serious morbidity than dizygotic multiple births, incorrect assignment of sex has important implications for parental counselling and may have medico-legal relevance when attributing negligence as the cause of morbidity in a survivor from a multiple pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: FSID Unit of Perinatal and Paediatric Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom. p.o.d.pharoah@liv.ac.uk
authors.forename: Peter O D
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Pharoah
mesh_terms: D001719:Birth Certificates; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death / Q000145:classification*; D006801:Humans; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011272:Pregnancy, Multiple; D012732:Sex Determination Analysis; D014427:Twins / Q000145:classification*