title: Betel quid-associated oral lesions and oral Candida species in a female Cambodian cohort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Betel quid chewing (BQC) is still prevalent among elderly Cambodian women and is associated with a wide variety of oral mucosal lesions. BQC has also been associated with a reduced rate of dental caries and changes in the oral microbiological flora.
  
  
  METHODS
  Since no studies were available on the impact of BQC on the oral carriage of Candida species, in this study oral swabs (Fungiquick, Hain Diagnostika, Germany) were taken from the tongue and palate of 48 Cambodian women with BQC habit (study group) and 13 control subjects without BQC habit (control group) to determine the spectrum of Candida species in these two groups. In addition, we investigated lesions of the oral mucosa likely to be associated with BQC habit in both study and control groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median duration of BQC was 10 years (range 10 months-30 years). The following oral lesions were found in the study group: betel chewer's mucosa (85.4%), oral leukoplakia (8.3%), leukoedema (37.5%) and oral lichen planus (4.2%). Oral candidiasis was seen neither in BQ-chewers nor in controls. Candida spp. were found in 70.8% of the cases (controls 69.2%). Whilst C. albicans was isolated from 27.1% of the study cohort, C. tropicalis was the second most common isolate. One control case was colonised by C. dubliniensis--the first report of this organism from a Cambodian population. There was no significant difference in the candidal carriage rate or the Candida species isolated between the study and the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mycological findings from the present study do not indicate that BQC has a significant effect on oral colonisation by Candida species.
authors.affiliation: Charité, Medical Faculty, Humboldt-University, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Reichart
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schmidtberg
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Samaranayake
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Scheifele
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001114:Areca / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002160:Cambodia; D002175:Candida / Q000145:classification* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000302:isolation & purification; D041221:Candida glabrata / Q000302:isolation & purification; D041022:Candida tropicalis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007967:Leukoedema, Oral / Q000209:etiology; D007972:Leukoplakia, Oral / Q000209:etiology; D017676:Lichen Planus, Oral / Q000209:etiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009059:Mouth Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D010159:Palate / Q000382:microbiology; D011934:Reagent Strips; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013997:Time Factors; D014059:Tongue / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D011934:Reagent Strips