title: Inward currents in primary nociceptive neurons of the rat and pain sensations in humans elicited by infrared diode laser pulses.
abstract: Radiant heat is often used to study nociception in vivo. We now used infrared radiation generated by a diode laser stimulator (wavelength 980 nm) to investigate transduction mechanisms for noxious heat stimuli in acutely dissociated dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons of rats in vitro. The laser stimulator offered the unique opportunity to test whether the same stimuli also elicit pain sensations in humans. A specific heat-induced current (I(heat)) was elicited in six of 13 small DRG neurons (diameter < or =30 microm) tested in the whole-cell configuration of the patch-clamp mode. Current responses in the seven heat-insensitive neurons were within the range explainable by the temperature dependence of the recording setup. I(heat) was characterized by: (1) non-linearity of its amplitude during a suprathreshold heat ramp as well as with stimuli of increasing intensity with an estimated threshold of 42 +/- 1 degrees C; (2) fast rise time and even faster decay time (t(1/2) = 96.5 +/- 5.9 and 27.7 +/- 1.5 ms, respectively); and (3) rate dependence of its induction. All three heat-sensitive neurons tested were also sensitive to capsaicin. The mean threshold for the induction of I(heat) was 2.8 +/- 0.3 J mm(-2). The threshold for the induction of action potentials by depolarizing current pulses was significantly reduced after laser stimulation, suggesting a sensitization at the transformation stage. No such change was seen in heat-insensitive neurons that underwent the same heat stimuli. The same diode laser elicited pain sensations and laser-evoked potentials in human subjects. No significant differences were seen between the pain thresholds in hairy and in glabrous skin, probably due to the deep penetration of this laser radiation. The mean pain threshold for stimuli > or =200 ms in humans was 2.5 +/- 0.2 J mm(-2) (n = 11), and did not differ from the thresholds for the induction of I(heat) in vitro. Our results indicate that I(heat) in primary sensory neurons can be activated by infrared laser pulses that are painful in humans.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Saarstrasse 21, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Greffrath
authors.forename: Michael I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Nemenov
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Baumgärtner
authors.forename: Hagen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Arendt-Nielsen
authors.forename: Rolf-Detlef
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Treede
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D005073:Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005727:Ganglia, Spinal / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007700:Kinetics; D007834:Lasers; D008297:Male; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009475:Neurons, Afferent / Q000502:physiology*; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000502:physiology*; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D011601:Psychophysics; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012867:Skin / Q000294:innervation