title: Modulation of viscero-somatic H-reflex during bladder filling: a possible tool in the differential diagnosis of neurogenic voiding dysfunctions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite evidence that the activation of visceral afferents modulates spinal motoneurone activity in humans, the circuits responsible for this modulation remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of urinary bladder filling on the excitability of somatic spinal motoneurones in patients affected by overactive bladder secondary to neurogenic and non-neurogenic causes in both patients with bladder underactivity and normal subjects by means of a urodynamic evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In order to evaluate the influence of bladder filling on somatic reflexes, we studied the H-reflex evoked by electrical stimuli applied to the tibial nerve at the popliteal fossa and recorded from the soleus muscle. The H-reflex was tested in the following conditions: (1). empty bladder; (2). medium bladder filling; (3). maximum bladder filling; (4). five minutes after bladder emptying. The H-reflex amplitude at empty bladder was considered as the control value.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In healthy subjects, we observed a progressive reduction in the H-reflex amplitude during bladder filling. In spinal cord-injured patients affected by a neurogenic overactive bladder, bladder filling failed to inhibit the H-reflex amplitude; a decrease in the H-reflex amplitude similar to that displayed by normal subjects was observed in patients with a non-neurogenic overactive bladder. By contrast, H-reflex behavior was unmodified in neurogenic underactive bladder patients and was similar to normal subjects in psychogenic underactive patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As behavior of the H-reflex varies during bladder filling in neurogenic and non-neurogenic overactive bladder patients as well as in neurogenic and non-neurogenic underactive bladder patients, H-reflex modulation may be considered a useful tool in the differential diagnosis of voiding dysfunctions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Policlinico Umberto I, Viale del Policlinico, Rome, Italy. antonio.carbone@uniromall.it
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carbone
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Palleschi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Parascani
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Morello
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Conte
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inghilleri
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D003950:Diagnostic Techniques, Urological; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006181:H-Reflex / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology; D001745:Urinary Bladder Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014554:Urination / Q000502:physiology; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014563:Urodynamics / Q000502:physiology*