title: The effect of frog pressure and downward vertical load on hoof wall weight-bearing and third phalanx displacement in the horse--an in vitro study.
abstract: A shoe was designed to combine the advantages of a reverse shoe and an adjustable heart bar shoe in the treatment of chronic laminitis. This reverse even frog pressure (REFP) shoe applies pressure uniformly over a large area of the frog solar surface. Pressure is applied vertically upward parallel to the solar surface of the frog and can be increased or decreased as required. Five clinically healthy horses were humanely euthanased and their dismembered forelimbs used in an in vitro study. Frog pressure was measured by strain gauges applied to the ground surface of the carrying tab portion of the shoe. A linear variable distance transducer (LVDT) was inserted into a hole drilled in the dorsal hoof wall. The LVDT measured movement of the third phalanx (P3) in a dorsopalmar plane relative to the dorsal hoof wall. The vertical component of hoof wall compression was measured by means of unidirectional strain gauges attached to the toe, quarter and heel of the medial hoof wall of each specimen. The entire limb was mounted vertically in a tensile testing machine and submitted to vertical downward compressive forces of 0 to 2,500 N at a rate of 5 cm/minute. The effects of increasing frog pressure on hoof wall weight-bearing and third phalanx movement within the hoof were determined. Each specimen was tested with the shoe under the following conditions: zero frog pressure; frog pressure used to treat clinical cases of chronic laminitis (7 N-cm); frog pressure clinically painful to the horse as determined prior to euthanasia; frog pressure just alleviating this pain. The specimens were also tested after shoe removal. Total weight-bearing on the hoof wall at zero frog pressure was used as the basis for comparison. Pain-causing and pain-alleviating frog pressures decreased total weight-bearing on the hoof wall (P < 0.05). Frog pressure of 7 N-cm had no statistically significant effect on hoof wall weight-bearing although there was a trend for it to decrease as load increased. Before loading, the pain-causing and pain-alleviating frog pressures resulted in a palmar movement of P3 relative to the dorsal hoof wall compared to the position of P3 at zero frog pressure (P < 0.05). This difference remained statistically significant up to 1300 N load. At higher loads, the position of P3 did not differ significantly for the different frog pressures applied. It is concluded that increased frogpressure using the REFP shoe decreases total hoof wall weight-bearing and causes palmar movement of P3 at low weight-bearing loads. Without a shoe the toe and quarter hoof wall compression remained more constant and less in magnitude, than with a shoe.
authors.affiliation: Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretora, Onderstepoort, South Africa.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Olivier
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wannenburg
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Gottschalk
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: van der Linde
authors.forename: H T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Groeneveld
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005534:Foot Diseases / Q000628:therapy / Q000662:veterinary; D005552:Forelimb; D006724:Hoof and Claw / Q000502:physiology*; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000628:therapy; D006736:Horses / Q000502:physiology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007794:Lameness, Animal / Q000628:therapy; D011312:Pressure; D012775:Shoes; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014160:Transducers, Pressure / Q000662:veterinary; D016474:Weight-Bearing