title: Control of acute pain after major abdominal surgery in 585 patients given tramadol and ketorolac by intravenous infusion.
abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of postoperative pain relief using tramadol and ketorolac in continuous intravenous infusion. The 585 patients included in the study underwent major surgery according to a protocol involving the parenteral administration of 100 mg tramadol approximately 40 min before the end of surgery. This was followed by the continuous intravenous infusion of 600 mg tramadol and 180 mg ketorolac diluted with physiological solution to a total volume of 96 ml. Delivery was carried out using an elastomeric pump or a syringe pump and administered over a 48-hour period at a constant rate of 2 ml/h. Any further doses consisted of 100 mg tramadol up to a maximum of 300 mg over a 24-h period. Pain was assessed on a verbal numeric scale (VNS). For each patient the intensity of pain was assessed both at rest and on movement (coughing, deep breathing, movement of lower limbs). At the scheduled times (T0-T72, every 6 h), the following parameters were evaluated: hemodynamic stability; respiratory function; the appearance of any side effects; the level of sedation; and the need for any further doses of analgesic. The analysis of the data obtained showed the good quality of postoperative pain relief achieved: pain intensity at rest was, on average, always below VNS level 3, while during movement it always had an average VNS level of 3-4. The only side effects found with any frequency were nausea (22.6%) and vomiting (8.5%); hemodynamic and respiratory parameters remained stable. The method adopted was of limited cost and was well accepted by both patients and staff. On the basis of the data obtained, it is possible to affirm that the post-operative pain protocol proposed is effective, safe, without significant side effects, and of limited cost. Therefore, it is the first choice protocol for our operating unit after major abdominal surgery.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Anesthesia and Reanimation, Cisanello Polyclinic, Pisa City Hospital, Pisa, Italy. piermasuso@virgilio.it
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pieri
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Meacci
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Santini
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Santini
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dollorenzo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sansevero
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000601:surgery*; D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D020910:Ketorolac / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics; D014147:Tramadol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D004338:Drug Combinations; D014147:Tramadol; D020910:Ketorolac