title: Human immunodeficiency virus counseling and testing practices among North Carolina providers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the percentage of prenatal care providers who offer human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing to pregnant women, investigate how strongly testing is encouraged, and explore testing barriers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 2001 and March 2001, we sent surveys to 1381 prenatal care providers in North Carolina, comprised of obstetricians, family physicians who practice obstetrics, and nurse-midwives. A total of 653 questionnaires were returned.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 95.5% of providers who responded reported recommending HIV testing to all pregnant patients. Only 69.2% strongly recommend testing, with obstetricians (73.4%) and family physicians (70.1%) doing so at higher rates than nurse-midwives (55.9%). Almost all respondents (96.9%) strongly recommend testing for women they perceive to be high risk, whereas 39.7% strongly recommend testing to women who have had an HIV test in the past 6 months. When women refuse testing, 48.1% of practitioners inquire about the reason, and 28.2% reoffer the test at a future prenatal appointment. The most significant testing barriers were treating an HIV-positive woman (18.4%) and informing a patient she is HIV positive (14.8%). Respondents report that low literacy and culturally appropriate patient education materials would be most helpful to them.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among respondents, most prenatal care providers report that they recommend HIV testing to all pregnant women. However, many respondents base their decision about how strongly to recommend HIV testing on an assessment of the woman's risk for HIV exposure. Significant barriers to offering HIV testing were associated with managing an HIV-positive patient. Providers were most in need of patient education materials.
authors.affiliation: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Washington, DC, USA. ktroccoli@teenpregnancy.org
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Troccoli
authors.forename: Harold
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pollard
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McMahon
authors.forename: Evelyn
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Foust
authors.forename: Kristine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Erickson
authors.forename: Jay
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schulkin
mesh_terms: D015492:AIDS Serodiagnosis; D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003376:Counseling / Q000639:trends*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission*; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006282:Health Personnel; D006801:Humans; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008403:Mass Screening; D009657:North Carolina; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000379:methods; D011336:Probability; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires