title: Differential regulation of pregnancy associated plasma protein (PAPP)-A during pregnancy in human and mouse.
abstract: Serum IGFBP-4 proteolytic activity increases dramatically during human pregnancy and is mainly attributed to the pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A). To understand the regulation and actions of PAPP-A in vivo, we evaluated the utility of a mouse model system. Serum from day-9 and day-17 pregnant mice and age-matched controls was tested for IGFBP-4 proteolytic activity using recombinant mouse IGFBP-4 as the substrate. Surprisingly, IGFBP-4 proteolytic activity in mouse pregnancy serum (mPS) was not significantly different from that of non-pregnancy serum (mNPS). Addition of IGF-II to mPS or mNPS at a dose sufficient to increase IGFBP-4 proteolysis by human PS failed to enhance IGFBP-4 proteolysis. PAPP-A neutralization antibody did not inhibit IGFBP-4 proteolysis by mPS or mNPS, but completely blocked IGFBP-4 proteolytic activity in human PS (hPS, mouse osteoblast conditioned medium, and mouse amniotic fluid). To determine whether the lack of PAPP-A activity in mPS was due to low expression of PAPP-A in the placenta, we cloned a mouse genomic DNA, which contained 1 kb of the entire exon 2 coding sequence and 2.5 kb of the flanking intron sequences. The exon 2-coded mouse and human PAPP-A shared 86% amino acid sequence identity. RT-PCR analysis revealed that the PAPP-A mRNA level in mouse placenta was lower compared to that in human placenta by at least two orders of magnitude. PAPP-A expression was also lower in mouse placenta compared to those in mouse kidney, osteoblasts, and bone marrow stromal cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (1) Serum IGFBP-4 proteolytic activity is differentially regulated by pregnancy in human and mouse. (2) The lack of an increase in serum IGFBP-4 proteolytic activity during mouse pregnancy is due to the low level of PAPP-A expression in the placenta.
authors.affiliation: Musculoskeletal Disease Center, J Pettis Memorial Veterans' Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA. xuezhong.qin@med.ve.gov
authors.forename: Xuezhong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sexton
authors.forename: Dongwon
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Byun
authors.forename: Donna D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Strong
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Baylink
authors.forename: Subburaman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mohan
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics; D005091:Exons; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D018974:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 4 / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007438:Introns; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010920:Placenta / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000097:blood*; D011266:Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D018974:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 4; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D011266:Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A