title: Differential rates of frameshift alterations in four repeat sequences of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer tumors.
abstract: DNA sequences of mono-, di-, and trinucleotide repeats are prone to replication errors and thus constitute mutational hot spots. This is well illustrated by the occurrence of DNA microsatellite instability in tumors from patients affected by hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) resulting from a defect in a gene that participates in postreplicative DNA mismatch repair (MMR). We selected repeat sequences present within coding regions of four genes involved in either cell proliferation or promotion of apoptosis. These repeats consisted of (A)10 in the TGF beta RII, (G)8 in the BAX, (A)8 in the CASP1, and (CCA)7 in the APP genes. These repeats were analyzed in ten tumors from HNPCC patients carrying a germline pathogenic mutation in the MMR gene MLH1. For each tumor the rate of somatic replication errors was measured by sequencing 20-50 cloned PCR-amplified fragments. Substantial intertumor variations were observed in the pattern of repeat alterations, with error rates varying between 12% and 80% for TGF beta RII, 2% and 84% for BAX, 0% and 30% for CASP1, and 0% to 18% for APP. The BAX repeat error rate did not exceed 20% in nine of the ten tumors, in contrast to results from previous studies. High error rates in more than one gene in a same tumor suggested additive selective effects from inactivation of different pathways influencing tumorigenesis. Our methodology can contribute to define tumor characteristics and may, if applied to genes strongly involved in tumorigenesis, improve tumor classification and outcome prediction.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Genetics, Geneva University Medical School and Geneva University Hospitals, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ariane
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paoloni-Giacobino
authors.forename: Claudine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rey-Berthod
authors.forename: Alexia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Couturier
authors.forename: Stylianos E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Antonarakis
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hutter
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor / Q000235:genetics; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics; D020137:Base Pair Mismatch / Q000235:genetics; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D020170:Caspase 1 / Q000235:genetics; D002455:Cell Division / Q000235:genetics; D003123:Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis / Q000235:genetics*; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000235:genetics; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D016368:Frameshift Mutation; D018095:Germ-Line Mutation; D006801:Humans; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D000077294:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor; C494826:BAX protein, human; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; C501486:MLH1 protein, human; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D000077294:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II; D020170:Caspase 1; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1