title: Resilience among African American adolescent mothers: predictors of positive parenting in early infancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To use Nath et al.'s (1991) conceptual model of adolescent parenting to examine the relationship between resiliency factors measured shortly after delivery and maternal parenting behavior at 6 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recruited 181 first-time, adolescent African American mothers at delivery. Data on resiliency factors (maturity, self-esteem, and mother-grandmother relationships) were collected when infants were 1-4 weeks of age. Data on parental nurturance and parenting satisfaction were examined through observations and self-report at 6 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multiple regression analyses were used to examine the longitudinal impact of resiliency factors on parental nurturance and parenting satisfaction. Maternal maturity, positive self-esteem, and positive adolescent mother-grandmother relationships (characterized by autonomy and mutuality) were associated with better parenting outcomes. Maternal parenting satisfaction was lowest when infants were temperamentally difficult and mothers and grandmothers had a confrontational relationship.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Longitudinal associations between mother-grandmother relationships at delivery and parental behavior and satisfaction 6 months later may suggest an intergenerational transmission of parenting style. Recommendations are provided for intervention programs to enhance mother-grandmother relationships in contexts where adolescents are required to live with a guardian to receive government assistance.
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland Baltimore County, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Christine Reiner
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Hess
authors.forename: Mia A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Papas
authors.forename: Maureen M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Black
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016901:Intergenerational Relations; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008423:Maternal Age; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D016487:Parenting / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D011203:Poverty; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D011897:Random Allocation; D012649:Self Concept; D012944:Social Support