title: Exclusion of fluoroscopy during ablation treatment of right accessory pathway in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The field of pediatric electrophysiology poses many challenges to electrophysiologists. In particular there are two major concerns: (1) to reduce the amount of fluoroscopy exposure to patients and medical staff in the catheterization laboratory and (2) to minimize the number of vascular accesses. Prolonged fluoroscopy times are associated with radiofrequency (RF) ablation of right accessory pathways (APs), particularly the right free-wall AP. The aim of this study was to eliminate the use of fluoroscopy during treatment of right-sided APs in children while using a single-catheter approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We studied 21 consecutive pediatric patients (mean age 11.3 +/- 3.2 years) with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome due to a right AP. To limit fluoroscopy use, we used a three-dimensional navigation system that facilitated reconstruction of a three-dimensional electroanatomic activation map along the tricuspid annulus either on the atrial side during orthodromic AV reciprocating tachycardia or along the ventricular side during anterograde preexcitation. RF application was successful and without complications in 20 patients (success rate 95%); moreover, 19 of the 21 patients underwent a single-catheter procedure. The remaining two patients required an additional quadripolar catheter for atrial stimulation. A mean of 2 +/- 1 RF applications were used during the whole study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrates that ablation of right APs in children can be performed without fluoroscopy using a single catheter with minimal amounts of RF applications. Our new technique is associated with high success rates.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Cardiology Department, Bambino Gesu' Hospital, Rome, Italy. fabriziodrago@tiscalinet.it
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Drago
authors.forename: Massimo Stefano
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Silvetti
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Pino
authors.forename: Giorgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Grutter
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bevilacqua
authors.forename: Shoshana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leibovich
mesh_terms: D000055:Accessory Nerve / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D000293:Adolescent; D018780:Body Surface Potential Mapping; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D002648:Child; D002669:Child Welfare; D000075202:Contraindications; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012008:Recurrence; D013611:Tachycardia, Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014927:Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*