title: Efficacy of intravenous ketoprofen for pre-emptive analgesia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether intravenous ketoprofen is effective as pre-emptive analgesia for breast surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised, controlled, double blind study.
  
  
  METHODS
  50 patients undergoing breast surgery under general anaesthesia randomised to receive either 100 mg intravenous ketoprofen 30 minutes before (Group I), or immediately after surgical incision (Group II). Postoperatively, pain scores (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS) and time to rescue analgesic were recorded by an independent, blinded observer. The study was terminated when rescue analgesic was required (VAS > or =4 or demand for analgesic).
  
  
  METHODS
  Continuous variables were analysed by the unpaired 't' test, discrete variables with the chi square test, and survival curves by the log-rank test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pain scores were significantly lower in Group I till 10 hours after surgery. The number of patients requiring analgesia at 4, 6, 8 and 10 hours was significantly lower in group I (0% vs. 47% [P <0.0001], 0% vs. 44% [P <0.003], 0% vs. 80% [P <0.0001], 0% vs. 100% [P <0.0001] respectively). The mean time for rescue analgesic was 15.47 -/+ 2.87 hours in group I versus 4.22 -/+ 2.55 hours in group II (P <0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pre-emptive analgesia with Intravenous ketoprofen (100mg) produces better postoperative pain-relief in patients undergoing breast surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain, Tata Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai - 400 012, India.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Priya
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Divatia
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sareen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Upadhye
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007660:Ketoprofen / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008408:Mastectomy / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011336:Probability; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007660:Ketoprofen