title: Differential effects of phospholipase inhibitors on free fatty acid efflux in rat cerebral cortex during ischemia-reperfusion injury.
abstract: Free fatty acid (FFA) elevation in the brain has been shown to correlate with the severity of damage in ischemic injury. The etiology of this increase in FFA remains unclear and has been hypothesized to result from phospholipase activation. This study examines the effects of specific phospholipase inhibitors on FFA efflux during ischemia-reperfusion injury. A four-vessel occlusion model of cerebral ischemia was utilized to assess the effects of PLA(2) and PLC inhibitors on FFA efflux from rat cerebral cortex. In addition, FFA efflux from non-ischemic cortices exposed to PLA(2) and PLC was measured. Concentrations of arachidonic, docosahexaenoic, linoleic, myristic, oleic, and palmitic acids in cortical superfusates were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Exposure to the non-selective PLA(2) inhibitor 4-bromophenylacyl bromide (BPB) significantly inhibited FFA efflux during ischemia-reperfusion injury (P<0.01 arachidonic, oleic and palmitic; P<0.05 all others); exposure to the PLC inhibitor U73122 had no observed effect. The effects of the Ca(2+)-dependent PLA(2) inhibitor arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone (AACOCF(3)) mirrored the effects of BPB and led to reductions in all FFA levels (P<0.01 arachidonic, oleic and palmitic; P<0.05 all others). Exposure to the secretory PLA(2) inhibitor 3-(3-acetamide-1-benzyl-2-ethyl-indolyl-5-oxy) propane sulfonic acid (LY311727) and to the Ca(2+)-independent PLA(2) inhibitor bromoenol lactone (BEL) had only minimal effects on FFA efflux. Application of both PLA(2) and PLC to non-ischemic cortices resulted in significant increases in efflux of all FFA (P<0.05). The study suggests that FFA efflux during ischemia-reperfusion injury is coupled to activation of Ca(2+)-dependent PLA(2) and provides further evidence of the potential neuroprotective benefit of Ca(2+)-dependent PLA(2) inhibitors in ischemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, UHC-6E, 4201 St. Antoine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Pilitsis
authors.forename: F G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Diaz
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: O'Regan
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Phillis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002320:Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D010740:Phospholipases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D010741:Phospholipases A / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D010738:Type C Phospholipases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D010740:Phospholipases; D010741:Phospholipases A; D010738:Type C Phospholipases