title: NRC-interacting factor 1 is a novel cotransducer that interacts with and regulates the activity of the nuclear hormone receptor coactivator NRC.
abstract: We previously reported the cloning and characterization of a novel nuclear hormone receptor transcriptional coactivator, which we refer to as NRC. NRC is a 2,063-amino-acid nuclear protein which contains a potent N-terminal activation domain and several C-terminal modules which interact with CBP and ligand-bound nuclear hormone receptors as well as c-Fos and c-Jun. In this study we sought to clone and identify novel factors that interact with NRC to modulate its transcriptional activity. Here we describe the cloning and characterization of a novel protein we refer to as NIF-1 (NRC-interacting factor 1). NIF-1 was cloned from rat pituitary and human cell lines and was found to interact in vivo and in vitro with NRC. NIF-1 is a 1,342-amino-acid nuclear protein containing a number of conserved domains, including six Cys-2/His-2 zinc fingers, an N-terminal stretch of acidic amino acids, and a C-terminal leucine zipper-like motif. Zinc fingers 1 to 3 are potential DNA-binding BED finger domains recently proposed to play a role in altering local chromatin architecture. We mapped the interaction domains of NRC and NIF-1. Although NIF-1 does not directly interact with nuclear receptors, it markedly enhances ligand-dependent transcriptional activation by nuclear hormone receptors in vivo as well as activation by c-Fos and c-Jun. These results, and the finding that NIF-1 interacts with NRC in vivo, suggest that NIF-1 functions to regulate transcriptional activation through NRC. We suggest that NIF-1, and factors which associate with coactivators but not receptors, be referred to as cotransducers, which act in vivo either as part of a coactivator complex or downstream of a coactivator complex to modulate transcriptional activity. Our findings suggest that NIF-1 may be a functional component of an NRC complex and acts as a regulator or cotransducer of NRC function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York 10016, USA.
authors.forename: Muktar A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mahajan
authors.forename: Audrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Herbert H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Samuels
mesh_terms: D020816:Amino Acid Motifs / Q000502:physiology; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D002460:Cell Line; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D016350:Leucine Zippers / Q000502:physiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D056918:Nuclear Receptor Coactivators; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000502:physiology; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000502:physiology; D020798:Two-Hybrid System Techniques; D016335:Zinc Fingers / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; C486559:NCOA6 protein, human; C486560:Ncoa6 protein, rat; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D056918:Nuclear Receptor Coactivators; D014157:Transcription Factors; C466083:ZNF335 protein, human