title: Cyclopentenone prostaglandins induce caspase activation and apoptosis in dendritic cells by a PPAR-gamma-independent mechanism: regulation by inflammatory and T cell-derived stimuli.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dendritic cells (DC) are professional antigen-presenting cells playing a pivotal role in the induction of immunological responses. There is evidence that DC survival during ongoing immune responses is finite. However, little is known about the mechanisms regulating apoptosis in these cells. Here, we have investigated the effects of the anti-inflammatory cyclopentenone prostaglandins on human monocyte-derived DC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Phenotype of DC was determined by flow cytometry and their allostimulatory potential in mixed leukocyte reaction. Induction of apoptosis in DC was monitored by staining with annexin-V-FITC and propidium iodide, propidium iodide staining of cell nuclei, and fluorimetric assay of caspase activity. Induction of maturation in DC was obtained by stimulation with TNF-alpha, LPS, IFN-gamma, CD40-ligand, or different combinations of these stimuli. PPAR-gamma expression in DC was determined by RT-PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposure of immature DC to cyclopentenone prostaglandins blunted their allostimulatory capacity and skewed their phenotype by downregulating CD1a and costimulatory molecules. These effects were due to activation of caspases and induction of apoptotic cell death in DC by cyclopentenone prostaglandins. Mature DC showed enhanced susceptibility to apoptosis via cyclopentenone prostaglandins as compared with immature DC. Although DC express PPAR-gamma, the corresponding receptor for some of these metabolites, PPAR-gamma activation by a synthetic high-affinity agonist failed to impair DC viability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cyclopentenone prostaglandins induce apoptosis of human DC by a PPAR-gamma-independent mechanism. Since these compounds are released during an inflammatory event and show anti-inflammatory properties, they may contribute to the downregulation of DC function through apoptotic cell death.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Alessio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nencioni
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lauber
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Grünebach
authors.forename: Wolfram
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Brugger
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Denzlinger
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wesselborg
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brossart
mesh_terms: D000590:Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones / Q000494:pharmacology; D018949:Antigens, CD1 / Q000032:analysis; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D023201:CD40 Ligand / Q000494:pharmacology; D020169:Caspases / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000494:pharmacology; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000494:pharmacology; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000502:physiology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D015230:Prostaglandin D2 / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000502:physiology; D011454:Prostaglandins A / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D019139:Tumor Escape / Q000502:physiology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C097240:15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2; D000590:Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones; D018949:Antigens, CD1; C419393:CD1a antigen; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011454:Prostaglandins A; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C096713:benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone; D023201:CD40 Ligand; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D020169:Caspases; C100008:prostaglandin A2; D015232:Dinoprostone; D015230:Prostaglandin D2