title: Practices and predictors of analgesic interventions for adults undergoing painful procedures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research is limited on analgesic practices associated with the commonly performed procedures of turning, inserting central venous catheters, removing wound drains, changing dressings on nonburn wounds, suctioning the trachea, and removing femoral sheaths.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine types of analgesics administered for procedures, the prevalence and amounts of drugs given, and factors predictive of analgesic administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pain was assessed before and immediately after procedures. Analgesic, sedative, and anesthetic agents administered within 1 hour before and/or during each procedure were noted
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 5957 adult patients at 164 national and 5 international sites participated. Pain intensity increased at the time of procedure for all procedures. More than 63% of patients received no analgesics. Less than 20% received opiates; mean total dose of opiate was 6.44 mg (SD, 8.96 mg). Only 10% of patients received combination therapy. Factors associated with the likelihood of receiving opiates were pain intensity before a procedure, femoral sheath removal, being white, and the duration of a procedure. Patients less likely to receive opiates had a medical diagnosis or were having tracheal suctioning. Only 14.5% of the variance in the amount of opiate administered was explained by factors entered into multiple regression models. Type of procedure was the only significant predictor of amount of opiate administered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most patients were not intentionally medicated even though pain intensity increased during their procedure. When used, analgesic amounts were low, and combination therapy was infrequent. Clinical trials are needed to evaluate optimal pain management for patients undergoing procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
authors.forename: Kathleen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Puntillo
authors.forename: Lorie Rietman
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Wild
authors.forename: Ann Bonham
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stanik-Hutt
authors.forename: Carol Lynn
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Cheri
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: White
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000777:Anesthetics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous / Q000009:adverse effects; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D012307:Risk Factors; D013396:Suction / Q000009:adverse effects; D013997:Time Factors; D014132:Trachea; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016748:Venous Cutdown / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000777:Anesthetics; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives