title: Focused ultrasound ablation of the epididymis with use of thermal measurements in a canine model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the epididymis as an alternative anatomical target to the vas deferens for noninvasive male sterilization using therapeutic focused ultrasound.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled preclinical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Canine animal model in an academic research environment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four healthy male mongrel dogs (30-35 kg).
  
  
  METHODS
  A transducer mounted on a plastic clip delivered ultrasound energy to the canine epididymis. Thermocouples placed transcutaneously into the epididymis, intradermally, and on the skin surface recorded temperatures during ablation with a wide range of acoustic powers and sonication times (control, 3 W/120 s, 5 W/90 s, 7 W/60 s).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thermocouple temperature measurements determined the optimal range of ablation parameters that produced successful thermal occlusion of the epididymis without adverse effects (e.g., skin burns, testicular injury).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A large "therapeutic window" was determined (power = 3-7 W, time = 20-120 seconds) over which noninvasive thermal occlusion of the epididymis can be achieved. Thermal occlusion rates were higher, and complications lower, than found previously with vas deferens ablation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The epididymis represents a larger and easier target than the vas deferens for performing noninvasive male sterilization using focused ultrasound. Long-term azoospermia studies will be necessary to confirm permanent sterilization with this technique.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA. nfried@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Nathaniel M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Fried
authors.forename: William W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Yegor D
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: Sinelnikov
authors.forename: E James
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Solomon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D004285:Dogs; D004822:Epididymis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D004867:Equipment Design; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D013696:Temperature; D014463:Ultrasonography