title: A calmodulin-binding/CGCG box DNA-binding protein family involved in multiple signaling pathways in plants.
abstract: We reported earlier that the tobacco early ethylene-responsive gene NtER1 encodes a calmodulin-binding protein (Yang, T., and Poovaiah, B. W. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 38467-38473). Here we demonstrate that there is one NtER1 homolog as well as five related genes in Arabidopsis. These six genes are rapidly and differentially induced by environmental signals such as temperature extremes, UVB, salt, and wounding; hormones such as ethylene and abscisic acid; and signal molecules such as methyl jasmonate, H(2)O(2), and salicylic acid. Hence, they were designated as AtSR1-6 (Arabidopsis thaliana signal-responsive genes). Ca(2+)/calmodulin binds to all AtSRs, and their calmodulin-binding regions are located on a conserved basic amphiphilic alpha-helical motif in the C terminus. AtSR1 targets the nucleus and specifically recognizes a novel 6-bp CGCG box (A/C/G)CGCG(G/T/C). The multiple CGCG cis-elements are found in promoters of genes such as those involved in ethylene signaling, abscisic acid signaling, and light signal perception. The DNA-binding domain in AtSR1 is located on the N-terminal 146 bp where all AtSR1-related proteins share high similarity but have no similarity to other known DNA-binding proteins. The calmodulin-binding nuclear proteins isolated from wounded leaves exhibit specific CGCG box DNA binding activities. These results suggest that the AtSR gene family encodes a family of calmodulin-binding/DNA-binding proteins involved in multiple signal transduction pathways in plants.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology and Physiology, Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6414, USA.
authors.forename: Tianbao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Poovaiah
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001483:Base Sequence; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002147:Calmodulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D002148:Calmodulin-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017343:Genes, Plant; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016877:Oxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators / Q000494:pharmacology; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020156:Salicylic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D002118:Calcium; D002147:Calmodulin; D002148:Calmodulin-Binding Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D016877:Oxidants; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators; D010940:Plant Proteins; D011494:Protein Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D020156:Salicylic Acid; C418110:ER1, Nicotiana tabacum; C490996:At5g01820 protein, Arabidopsis