title: Bioactivation of benzylamine to reactive intermediates in rodents: formation of glutathione, glutamate, and peptide conjugates.
abstract: The in vivo and in vitro disposition of benzylamine was investigated in rats. Benzylamine was metabolized to only a small extent by rat liver subcellular fractions. In contrast, it was extensively metabolized in vivo in rats. In vivo studies performed with stable isotope-labeled benzylamine enabled rapid mass spectrometric identification of metabolites present in rat bile and urine. The major metabolite of benzylamine was the hippuric acid formed by glycine conjugation of benzoic acid. LC/MS analysis of bile and urine obtained from rats dosed with 1:1 equimolar mixture of either d(0):d(7)- or d(0):d(2)-benzylamine showed the presence of several glutathione adducts in addition to the hippuric acid metabolite. The presence of various glutathione adducts indicated that benzylamine was metabolized to a number of reactive intermediates. Various metabolic pathways, including those independent of P450, were found to produce these intermediates. A previously undocumented pathway included the formation of a new carbon-nitrogen bond that led to a potentially reactive intermediate, Ar-CH(2)-NH(CO)-X, capable of interacting with various nucleophiles. The origin of this reactive intermediate is postulated to occur via the formation of either a formamide or carbamic acid metabolites. Metabolites which were produced by the reaction of this intermediate, Ar-CH(2)-NH(CO)-X with nucleophiles included S-[benzylcarbamoyl] glutathione, N-acetyl-S-[benzylcarbamoyl]cysteine, S-[benzylcarbamoyl] cysteinylglycine, S-[benzylcarbamoyl] cysteinylglutamate, N-[benzylcarbamoyl] glutamate, and an oxidized glutathione adduct. Bioactivation of amines via this pathway has not been previously described. The oxidative deamination of benzylamine yielding the benzaldehyde was demonstrated to be a precursor to the hippuric acid metabolite and S-benzyl-L-glutathione. The formation of the S-benzyl-L-glutathione conjugate showed that a net displacement of amine from benzylamine had taken place with a subsequent addition of glutathione at the benzylic position. In addition to these novel pathways, a number of other glutathione-derived adducts formed as a result of epoxide formation was characterized. It was demonstrated that benzylamine was converted by rat P450 2A1 and 2E1 to benzamide that was rapidly metabolized to an epoxide. Mechanisms are proposed for the formation of various GSH adducts of benzylamine.
authors.affiliation: Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Section, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharma Company, Wilmington, Delaware 19880, USA. abdul.mutlib@pfizer.com
authors.forename: Abdul E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Mutlib
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dickenson
authors.forename: Shiang-Yuan
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Espina
authors.forename: J Scott
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Daniels
authors.forename: Liang-Shang
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Gan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001596:Benzylamines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001646:Bile / Q000378:metabolism; D001711:Biotransformation; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism; D005971:Glutamates / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000652:urine; D005978:Glutathione / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D019906:Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular / Q000379:methods; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010091:Oximes / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013347:Subcellular Fractions / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001596:Benzylamines; D005971:Glutamates; D010091:Oximes; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; C030796:benzylamine; D005978:Glutathione