title: Preventive healthcare use, smoking, and alcohol use among Rhode Island women experiencing intimate partner violence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intimate partner violence (IPV) poses major health threats to women, including increased risk for several chronic health conditions. The impact of IPV on use of preventive health services is not well understood. Although several studies indicate that female victims of IPV have higher rates of alcohol abuse, this has not been replicated in population-based studies. The association of IPV with smoking has not been a major research focus. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between physical and psychological IPV in the past 12 months and preventive healthcare use, smoking, and alcohol use among women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on 1643 women aged 18-54 from the 1999 Rhode Island Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System were analyzed. Logistic regression, controlling for age, race, marital status, education, insurance status, and functional disability, was used to model the associations of IPV with (1) checkups, (2) clinical breast examinations (CBEs), (3) Pap smear screening, (4) cigarette smoking, and (5) high-risk alcohol use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence of physical IPV was 4.1%. The prevalence of psychological IPV, in the absence of physical IPV was 4.5%. Physical IPV was associated with receiving regular Pap smears odds ratio ([OR] = 2.39, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-5.70), current smoking (OR = 2.07, 95% CI 1.03-4.18), and high-risk alcohol use (OR = 4.85, 95% CI 2.02-11.60). Psychological IPV was associated with high-risk alcohol use (OR = 3.22, 95% CI 1.46-7.09).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women experiencing IPV regularly access preventive healthcare, providing healthcare providers with opportunities to assess and counsel women for IPV in addition to smoking and high-risk alcohol use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island, USA. stephenie.lemon@umassmed.edu
authors.forename: Stephenie C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Lemon
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Verhoek-Oftedahl
authors.forename: Edward F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Donnelly
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D018585:Battered Women / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015995:Prevalence; D011314:Preventive Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012237:Rhode Island / Q000453:epidemiology; D012747:Sexual Partners / Q000523:psychology; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D013179:Spouse Abuse / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016387:Women's Health; D014932:Women's Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*