title: Measurement of the humeral head retroversion angle. A new radiographic method.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In this study, a simple and reliable radiographic method is described to determine the torsional profile of the humeral head.
  
  
  METHODS
  First, by using a specially developed frame, the humeral head retroversion angles (HRAs) of 20 dry humeri were measured by an anatomist and an orthopedist. Then the HRA of these humeri were measured by two orthopedists on radiographs taken in semi-axial view when the humeri were in 20 degrees abduction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results were assessed with the SPSS 9.05 program, and the repeatability coefficient of both methods was 98%. The average difference in angle determination between the two methods was 0.9 degrees; the maximum difference was 3 degrees. After that, posteroanterior semi-axial radiographs of both humerus bones of 40 healthy volunteers were taken by positioning their arms in 20 degrees abduction to the X-ray axis. The mean HRA difference between the right and left sides was 0.4 degrees (maximum difference 3 degrees ) and is of no clinical significance. It was determined that left and right HRAs can be taken as a reference to each other. For measurement of the HRA in the planning of proximal humeral rotation osteotomy and prosthesis replacement arthroplasty, the presented radiographic method can be used with a high rate of accuracy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Mersin University Hospital, Turkey. oztuna67@mersin.edu.tr
authors.forename: Volkan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Oztuna
authors.forename: Hakan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Oztürk
authors.forename: Metin M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Eskandari
authors.forename: Fehmi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kuyurtar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019643:Arthroplasty, Replacement; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006811:Humerus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D010027:Osteotomy; D011859:Radiography