title: CTGF expression in mesangial cells: involvement of SMADs, MAP kinase, and PKC.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The induction of excess matrix in renal fibrosis seems to be mediated, at least in part, by the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)-mediated induction of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in mesangial cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  By examining CTGF protein and mRNA expression and promoter activity in the presence or absence of TGF-beta or inhibitors, the signaling pathways controlling basal and TGF-beta-induced CTGF expression in mesangial cells were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TGF-beta enhances CTGF mRNA and protein expression in mesangial cells. Mutation of a consensus SMAD binding element in the CTGF promoter completely abolished TGF-beta-induced CTGF expression and reduced basal CTGF expression. The previously identified basal control element-1 (BCE-1) site, but not Sp1 contributes to basal CTGF promoter activity. Ras/MEK/ERK, protein kinase C (PKC) and tyrosine kinase activity also contribute to basal and TGF-beta-induced CTGF promoter activity in cultured mesangial cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The TGF-beta-induction of CTGF in mesangial cells requires SMADs and PKC/ras/MEK/ERK pathways. SMADs are involved in basal CTGF expression, which presumably reflects the fact that mesangial cells express TGF-beta endogenously. TGF-beta also induces CTGF through ras/MEK/ERK. Inhibiting ras/MEK/ERK seems not to reduce phosphorylation (that is, activation) of SMADs, suggesting that SMADs, although necessary, are insufficient for the TGF-beta-stimulation of the CTGF promoter through ras/MEK/ERK. Thus, maximal TGF-beta induction of CTGF requires synergy between SMAD and ras/MEK/ERK signaling.
authors.affiliation: FibroGen, Inc., 225 Gateway Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
authors.forename: Youjun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ingrid E
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Blom
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sa
authors.forename: Roel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Goldschmeding
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Abraham
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leask
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D055513:Connective Tissue Growth Factor; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005920:Glomerular Mesangium / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000502:physiology*; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D020218:Response Elements; D051785:Smad Proteins; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C526316:CCN2 protein, rat; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051785:Smad Proteins; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor; D015534:Trans-Activators; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D055513:Connective Tissue Growth Factor; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases