title: NMR-based metabonomic studies on the biochemical effects of commonly used drug carrier vehicles in the rat.
abstract: The biochemical effects of a series of commonly used drug carrier vehicles were investigated using (1)H NMR spectroscopic and pattern recognition based metabonomic analysis. Animals were treated by oral gavage with six dosage vehicles: 0.5% (w/v) sodium carboxymethylcellulose/0.2% (v/v)tween; microemulsion (consisting of propylene glycol, ethanol, cremophor, and corn oil glycerides); labrafil [consisting of poly(ethylene glycol) 300 esterified with oleic acid] (30%)/corn oil (70%); 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffered water; poly(ethylene glycol) 300 and 0.5% methocel. Urine samples (n = 7) collected over a 96 h period post administration were analyzed using 600 MHz (1)H NMR spectroscopy, and principal components analysis of the spectral data was used to analyze these data. Of the six vehicles studied, three (labrafil/corn oil, PEG 300 and microemulsion) gave rise to strong vehicle-related signals in the (1)H NMR spectra of urine and were, therefore, deemed to be less suitable for NMR-based toxicity studies. To investigate any biochemical consequences of vehicle dosing, PCA was used to analyze spectral regions that did not contain vehicle-related signals, i.e., the NMR-detectable endogenous metabolite profile. PEG 300 and labrafil/corn oil induced changes in the biochemical composition of urine including increased concentrations of dicarboxylic acids, creatinine, taurine, and sugars, indicating that these vehicles were bioactive in their own right and that this might confound interpretation of biochemical effects of weakly toxic drugs dosed in these carriers. This study shows the importance of selecting appropriate vehicles for NMR-based metabonomic studies with a view to minimizing the possibility of vehicle resonances obscuring endogenous compound peaks. Furthermore, we have shown that at least two of the commonly used drug carrier vehicles caused metabolic perturbations in the urine profile. These alterations in the biochemical profile reflect vehicle-induced changes in the physiological status of the organism that may obscure the pharmacologic or toxicologic effects of drugs.
authors.affiliation: Biological Chemistry, Biomedical Sciences Division, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
authors.forename: Bridgette M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Beckwith-Hall
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lindon
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gounarides
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vickers
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.forename: Jeremy K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Nicholson
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D025341:Principal Component Analysis / Q000379:methods; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D016482:Urinalysis
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols