title: High-level ivermectin resistance in a field isolate of Haemonchus contortus associated with a low level of resistance in the larval stage: implications for resistance detection.
abstract: The IVPro isolate of Haemonchus contortus was isolated in 1999 after significant numbers of the parasite survived an ivermectin capsule treatment of grazing sheep acquiring a natural infection at Prospect, NSW, Australia. The isolate shows high-level resistance to ivermectin (faecal egg count is unaffected by ivermectin oral treatment at 0.2mg kg(-1)). The larval LC(50), as assessed by larval development assays (LDAs), is only approximately two-fold higher than several susceptible isolates, making it difficult to detect the resistance using larval LC(50) as an indicator. However, the isolate shows the presence of a small proportion of the population (<20%) able to develop at significantly higher drug concentrations than the susceptible isolates. Hence, if the IVPro and susceptible isolates are compared at the LC(99) level, the IVPro isolate is readily identifiable as resistant. This degree of distinction at the LC(99) allows the IVPro isolate to be identified as resistant by simply observing the highest drug concentration in the development assay at which some larvae develop relative to the susceptible isolates. Assessing the development assay using this criterion allows a distinction between IVPro and the susceptible isolates equivalent to 10-fold differences in drug concentration, greatly increasing the likelihood of detecting the resistant isolate in routine resistance tests. This study highlights the need to examine this aspect of LDAs in order to detect the type of resistance displayed by IVPro H. contortus.
authors.affiliation: CSIRO Livestock Industries, McMaster Laboratory, Locked Bag 1 Delivery Centre, Blacktown 2148, NSW, Australia. andrew.kotze@csiro.au
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Kotze
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Dobson
authors.forename: Kerri L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Tyrrell
authors.forename: Philip A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Stein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000969:Antinematodal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001315:Australia; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology; D006188:Haemonchiasis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*; D006189:Haemonchus / Q000187:drug effects*; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D010270:Parasite Egg Count / Q000662:veterinary; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000469:parasitology*
chemical_list: D000969:Antinematodal Agents; D007559:Ivermectin