title: Ergonomic exposures in apple harvesting: preliminary observations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent research on occupational injury to apple harvest workers in New York and Pennsylvania indicates that muscle strain is one of their leading problems. A descriptive study of ergonomic risks for strains of the shoulder and lower back among apple harvesters was carried out to identify opportunities for intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Based upon pilot observation in four orchards, a Posture-Activities-Tools-Handling (PATH) data collection template was designed and used to analyze the work of fifty-one workers in eight additional apple orchards.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Physical loading on the shoulder appears to result from three major factors: reaching to pick apples with elbows over shoulder height; downward pressure from the bucket's strap in contact with the collarbone; and strain from carrying the ladder. Strain to the back appeared to come from three circumstances: static, awkward picking postures; bending to empty the picking bucket into the bin; and supporting a full load of the apples with the lower back.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Possible intervention strategies are suggested, with emphasis on direct communication and active involvement on the part of the growers and harvesters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Work Environment, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, USA. Scott_Fulmer@uml.edu
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fulmer
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Punnett
authors.forename: D Tucker
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Slingerland
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Earle-Richardson
mesh_terms: D000382:Agricultural Workers' Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006804:Ergonomics; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011187:Posture; D012307:Risk Factors; D013180:Sprains and Strains / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology