title: Hydroxyapatite prosthesis extrusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the mechanism of prosthesis extrusion and evaluate preoperative and postoperative variables associated with extrusion of hydroxyapatite prostheses for ossicular reconstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary referral, university medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients undergoing ossiculoplasty with a hydroxyapatite prosthesis and having at least six months follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prosthesis extrusion, defined as loss of the tympanic membrane resulting in exposure of the prosthesis. Extrusion is further classified into early (< 2 months) and late (> 6 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Early extrusion or tympanoplasty graft failure occurred in 15/195 cases (8%). Late extrusion was seen in 17/125 cases (14%). Cases exhibiting late extrusion had a significantly greater incidence of postoperative atelectasis (p < 0.0001), recurrent otitis media (p < 0.0001), and myringitis (p = 0.003) than those with retention of the prosthesis. Regression analysis found an abnormal contralateral ear increased the risk of postoperative recurrent otitis media, while staged surgery reduced the risk, odds ratios of 3.56 (95% confidence interval 2.20-9.37) and 6.84 (95% CI 4.24-17.76) respectively. There were no preoperative variables that predicted postoperative atelectasis or myringitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recurrent otitis media, myringitis, and atelectasis developing after ossiculoplasty are associated with a greater risk of prosthesis extrusion. Predicting postoperative complications from preoperative and intraoperative findings proved difficult. Measures to prevent atelectasis, such as covering the prosthesis with cartilage, are recommended at the time of ossiculoplasty.
authors.affiliation: The Bobby R. Alford Department of Otolaryngology and Communicative Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas , USA. jvrabec@bcm.tmc.edu
authors.forename: Jeffrey T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Vrabec
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stierman
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Grady
mesh_terms: D002356:Cartilage / Q000637:transplantation; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006314:Hearing Loss, Conductive / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D006882:Hydroxyapatites / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019933:Ossicular Replacement; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation; D012008:Recurrence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D006882:Hydroxyapatites