title: Lack of standardization in performance of the semen analysis among laboratories in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the level of standardization in performance of the semen analysis among clinical laboratories in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey was mailed to laboratories requesting information about the laboratory and performance of the semen analysis. Responses were received from 536 laboratories.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical laboratories enrolled in the American Association of Bioanalysts Andrology Proficiency Testing Program.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  METHODS
  Agreement among laboratories.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-one percent of respondent laboratories were part of an assisted reproductive technology program. The laboratories perform less than 50 (53%), less than 10 (25%), or less than 5 (16%) andrology laboratory procedures per month. The laboratories routinely report sperm count (94% of laboratories), motility (95%), morphology (85%) and forward progression (69%), and semen volume (96%) as part of the semen analysis. Only 64% of laboratories routinely report abstinence, and 60% of laboratories indicate the criteria used for sperm morphology on the report form. The most common lower limits of normality for sperm count and motility were >20 x 10(6)/mL (77% of laboratories) and >50% (59% of laboratories), respectively. Few laboratories performed quality control for sperm counts (29%), motility (41%), and morphology (41%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate a significant lack of standardization in the performance and reporting of semen analyses among laboratories in the United States.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Research Institute, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Wichita, USA. bkeel@fsu.edu
authors.forename: Brooks A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Keel
authors.forename: Travis W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Stembridge
authors.forename: Gilbert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pineda
authors.forename: Nicholas T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Serafy
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007753:Laboratories / Q000592:standards*; D008297:Male; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D011786:Quality Control; D012016:Reference Values; D027724:Reproductive Techniques, Assisted / Q000592:standards; D012661:Semen / Q000737:chemistry*; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D013076:Sperm Count; D013081:Sperm Motility; D014481:United States