title: Dissecting the oncogenic potential of Gli2: deletion of an NH(2)-terminal fragment alters skin tumor phenotype.
abstract: Development of basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) in skin is associated with uncontrolled Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling, which operates primarily through the Gli family of transcription factors. Gli2 is a mediator of physiological Shh signaling in skin and is sufficient to produce BCCs when overexpressed by use of a Keratin 5 (K5) promoter. Analysis of Gli protein deletion mutants has identified an NH(2)-terminal transcription repressor domain in Gli2 but not Gli1. To assess the potential involvement of the Gli2 repressor domain in skin tumor development, we overexpressed the Gli2DeltaN2 mutant in transgenic mice by use of the K5 promoter. K5-Gli2DeltaN2 mice developed a variety of skin tumors resembling human trichoblastomas, cylindromas, basaloid follicular hamartomas, and rarely, BCCs. In striking contrast, K5-Gli2 mice overexpressing wild-type Gli2 developed only BCCs. Other differences between tumors arising in these two sets of transgenic mice included their gross appearance, growth rate, and predilection for specific body sites. However, the expression levels of Shh target genes, which reflect the magnitude of Shh pathway activation, were not dramatically different. Tumors from K5-Gli2DeltaN2 mice, unlike human or mouse BCCs, gave rise to cell lines that constitutively expressed Shh target genes in vitro and were tumorigenic in nude mice. Interestingly, the phenotype of K5-Gli2DeltaN2 mice was strikingly similar to that reported after K5 promoter-driven overexpression of GLI1, which lacks an NH(2)-terminal region homologous to the Gli2 repressor domain. These results underscore the qualitative difference in oncogenicity of GLI1 and Gli2 when overexpressed in skin, and reveal a previously unanticipated role for the Gli2 NH(2) terminus in defining tumor phenotype.
authors.affiliation: Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sheng
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goich
authors.forename: Aiqin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grachtchouk
authors.forename: Lori
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lowe
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mo
authors.forename: Kui
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Frederic J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: de Sauvage
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Chi-chung
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Hui
authors.forename: Andrzej A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Dlugosz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000096:biosynthesis; D002280:Basal Cell Carcinoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D017353:Gene Deletion; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D006801:Humans; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000502:physiology; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008808:Mice, Inbred CBA; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D019076:Transgenes; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D015854:Up-Regulation; D000075746:Zinc Finger Protein Gli2
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C082593:GLI2 protein, human; C000618551:Gli2 protein, mouse; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D010446:Peptide Fragments; C465570:Shh protein, mouse; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000075746:Zinc Finger Protein Gli2