title: Determining the role of cytokines in UV-induced immunomodulation.
abstract: Ultraviolet radiation exposure damages DNA and promotes the development of skin cancer. In addition, UV exposure suppresses the immune response. Although the mechanism by which epidermal exposure to UV induces systemic immune suppression is not fully understood, it is clear that cytokines are involved. Therefore, quantitative measurement of cytokines is a critical aspect of modern research techniques. Determining the level of synthesis and secretion of cytokines in vivo or in vitro can be achieved through several possible techniques, depending on the sampling size, its physical state, and the type of answers required to test the hypothesis. When studying transcriptional activation, the level of cytokine mRNA is often determined using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), ribonuclease protection assay (RPA), or Northern blot. Quantitative determinations of specific protein levels require a capture ELISA. As with any analytical technique, there are compromises among expense of sensitivity, labor, and time. These methods are discussed as they pertain to surveying cytokine induction and their relative usefulness to the laboratory scientist.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Walterscheid
authors.forename: Dat X
authors.initials: DX
authors.lastname: Nghiem
authors.forename: Stephen E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Ullrich
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance / Q000528:radiation effects*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines