title: Urinary bikunin determination provides insight into proteinase/proteinase inhibitor imbalance in patients with inflammatory diseases.
abstract: Bikunin (BK) is a Kunitz-type proteinase inhibitor responsible for most of the antitryptic activity of urine and so is known as the urinary trypsin inhibitor. As its excretion increases in inflammatory conditions, it is often considered to be a positive acute phase protein (APP). However, the gene for BK is downregulated in inflammation. In human plasma the major part of BK is covalently linked through a glycosaminoglycan chain to one or two homologous peptide heavy chains, thus forming high molecular weight proteinase inhibitors called pre-alpha-inhibitor (PalphaI) and inter-alpha-inhibitor (IalphaI), respectively. The C-terminal parts of these heavy chains are very sensitive to proteolysis. Neutrophil proteinases in particular are able to release from IalphaI and PalphaI BK (M, about 25,000) which retains its antitryptic activity and is quickly excreted in urine. It was therefore an early supposition that the higher urinary excretion of BK occurring during inflammatory diseases should be, at least in some respect, related to a partial proteolysis of IalphaI and PalphaI. In this study we observed that BK, determined as antitryptic activity, was clearly increased in urine from 35 patients with inflammatory diseases varying in origin and severity (76.5 +/- 75.5 IU/g vs. reference value <10 IU/g creatinine). This increase seems mainly to be associated with polymorphonuclear leukocyte activation, monitored by human leukocyte elastase (HLE) determination rather than with the acute phase response assessed by C-reactive protein (CRP) measurement. For all the patients we found that the urinary levels of BK and serum concentration of intact IalphaI correlated inversely (r=-0.36; p=0.03), in agreement with the presumed precursor-product relationship linking IalphaI and BK. We also proved that urinary BK was significantly higher, and serum IalphaI was significantly lower, in samples with plasma HLE values above the reference: 90 microg/l. Taken together, our results demonstrate that BK, the urinary excretion of which is increased in inflammatory conditions, originates, at least partly, from IalphaI and PalphaI by proteolytic cleavage. Consequently, urinary BK determination provides information on the severity of systemic proteolysis occurring in inflammation. We also demonstrated that during inflammatory diseases IalphaI and PalphaI concentrations in serum are dependent on their increased utilization as well as on the regulation of their biosynthesis.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biochimie, Faculté de Pharmacie, UPRES E.A. 2681, Lille, France. jmizon@phare.univ-lille2.fr
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mizon
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Piva
authors.forename: Viviane
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Queyrel
authors.forename: Malika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Balduyck
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hachulla
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mizon
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D010450:Endopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine*; D019272:Leukocyte Elastase / Q000652:urine; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000652:urine*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014360:Trypsin Inhibitor, Kunitz Soybean
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; C109148:SPINT2 protein, human; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D014360:Trypsin Inhibitor, Kunitz Soybean; D010450:Endopeptidases; D019272:Leukocyte Elastase