title: Effect of inhaled endotoxin on cardiopulmonary function and E-selectin expression in pigs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of controlled exposure to inhaled lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on the pulmonary inflammatory response of anesthetized pigs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-seven 8- to 12-week-old domestic pigs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pigs were anesthetized with pentobarbital, instrumented for measurement of cardiopulmonary function, and randomly assigned to receive saline (0.9% NaCI) solution or 0.25, 0.5, or 1.0 microg of LPS/kg/h for 2 or 6 hours via nebulization through the endotracheal tube. Cardiopulmonary variables were measured, ex vivo neutrophil superoxide production determined, and postmortem assessment for pulmonary neutrophil influx and modulation of adhesion molecule (E-selectin) expression was done.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mild changes in cardiopulmonary function were observed in response to inhaled LPS in the 2-and 6-hour groups. In pigs inhaling LPS (0.5 or 1.0 microg/kg/h) for 6 hours, there was significant pulmonary neutrophil influx observed postmortem. An increase in expression of E-selectin on pulmonary endothelial cells after 6 hours of LPS inhalation (0.5 microg/kg/h) was also observed. In contrast, there was no significant influx of neutrophils or expression of E-selectin in lungs from pigs inhaling LPS for 2 hours.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  inhalation of LPS resulted in localized pulmonary inflammation characterized by neutrophil influx and increased expression of the endothelial cell adhesion molecule, E-selectin. It may be possible to relate our experimental findings to the clinical consequences of airborne LPS exposure in swine confinement facilities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706-1102, USA.
authors.forename: Gabrielle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Landolt
authors.forename: Brett W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Nemke
authors.forename: Benjamin J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Darien
authors.forename: Kris T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Kruse-Elliott
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000336:Aerosols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D019040:E-Selectin; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D013481:Superoxides