title: Thoracoscopic approaches to the thoracic spine: experience with 241 surgical procedures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Microsurgical thoracoscopic approaches to the thoracic spine allow access to the spinal cord, spinal nerves, disc spaces, vertebral bodies, paravertebral soft tissues, and sympathetic chain with minimal invasiveness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 1994 and January 2000, 241 thoracoscopic procedures were performed: 164 thoracic sympathectomies, 60 discectomies, 5 neurogenic tumor resections, 8 corpectomies and spinal reconstructions, 2 anterior releases, and 2 biopsies. Cases were reviewed to evaluate the efficacy, surgical results, and complications of the thoracoscopic procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An adequate sympathectomy was achieved in all 164 sympathectomies. There was 100% relief of palmar and 95% relief of axillary hyperhidrosis. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy responded poorly to sympathectomy with recurrent pain. Thoracoscopic discectomy achieved complete decompression in 98% of patients. Gross total tumor resection was achieved in all five paraspinal neurogenic tumors. There was no operative mortality. Morbidity compared favorably with open surgical approaches to the thoracic spine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thoracoscopic spinal surgery is an effective technique that provides full, direct access to the ventral thoracic spine. Its morbidity rate appears to be lower than that associated with open thoracotomy. It improves patient comfort and cosmetic results and shortens recovery. This technique has become the authors' surgical approach of choice for removing benign intrathoracic paraspinal neurogenic tumors and central herniated thoracic discs and for performing biopsies and thoracic sympathectomies. The senior author still prefers open surgical approaches for most thoracic corpectomies and spinal reconstruction procedures.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona 85013, USA.
authors.forename: Patrick P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kenny
authors.forename: Curtis A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Dickman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017586:Diskectomy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects; D018317:Nerve Sheath Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D013562:Sympathectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D013899:Thoracic Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D013906:Thoracoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects