Elongation by RNA polymerase II: structure-function relationship.
RNA polymerase II is the eukaryotic enzyme that transcribes all the mRNA in the cell. Complex mechanisms of transcription and its regulation underlie basic functions including differentiation and morphogenesis. Recent evidence indicates the process of RNA chain elongation as a key step in transcription control. Elongation was therefore expected and found to be linked to human diseases. For these reasons, major efforts in determining the structures of RNA polymerases from yeast and bacteria, at rest and as active enzymes, were undertaken. These studies have revealed much information regarding the processes involved in transcription. Eukaryotic RNA polymerases and their homologous bacterial counterparts are flexible enzymes with domains that separate DNA and RNA, prevent the escape of nucleic acids during transcription, allow for extended pausing or "arrest" during elongation, allow for translocation of the DNA and more. Structural studies of RNA polymerases are described below within the context of the process of transcription elongation, its regulation and function.
Gnatt
Averell
A
Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Department of Pathology, University of Maryland Baltimore, 655 West Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. agnat001@umaryland.edu
D001419:Bacteria; D001665:Binding Sites; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D039642:Eukaryotic Initiation Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010441:Peptide Chain Elongation, Translational; D012319:RNA Polymerase II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013698:Templates, Genetic; D035165:Transcription Factors, General / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D035602:Transcriptional Elongation Factors; D015003:Yeasts
D039642:Eukaryotic Initiation Factors; D035165:Transcription Factors, General; D035602:Transcriptional Elongation Factors; C018648:transcription factor S-II; D012319:RNA Polymerase II