title: Analysis of obesity and hyperinsulinemia in the development of metabolic syndrome: San Antonio Heart Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To use standardized cut-offs of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and fasting insulin levels to predict the development of metabolic disorders and metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed an 8-year follow-up study of 628 non-Hispanic whites and 1340 Mexican Americans, ages 25 to 64 years, from the second cohort of the San Antonio Heart Study. We defined metabolic disorders as dyslipidemia (triglycerides > or =2.26 mM or high-density lipoprotein <0.91 mM in men and <1.17 mM in women), hypertension (blood pressure > or =140 or >=90 mm Hg, or receiving antihypertensive medications), and type 2 diabetes (fasting glucose > or =7.0 mM, 2-hour test glucose > or =11.1 mM, or receiving anti-diabetic medications). People with at least two metabolic disorders were defined as having metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High waist-to-hip ratio and fasting insulin levels were significant predictors of developing metabolic syndrome. High anthropometric indices remained significant predictors of metabolic syndrome after adjusting for fasting insulin. Waist circumference, BMI, and insulin had similar areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (0.74 to 0.76). Further multivariate analyses combining these indices showed minimal increase in prediction. Of subjects who had a combination of high BMI (> or =30 kg/m(2)) and high waist circumference (above "Action Level 2"), 32% developed metabolic syndrome, compared with 10% of subjects with both low BMI and low waist circumference.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings support the National Institutes of Health recommendations for reducing the risk of metabolic syndrome. Adjustment for baseline fasting insulin levels had only a small effect on the ability of anthropometric indices to predict the metabolic syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Cambridge Clinical School, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Thang S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Naveed
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sattar
authors.forename: Kelly J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: Michael E J
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Lean
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Haffner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001824:Body Constitution; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006946:Hyperinsulinism / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012372:ROC Curve; D013781:Texas / Q000453:epidemiology; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D014280:Triglycerides