title: Flow cytometric testing of immunological effects of a phytomedicinal combination (equimun) and its compounds on bovine leucocytes.
abstract: One of the major goals of this study was to establish fast, reliable and sensitive assays for the quality control of immunomodulating phytopreparations and to determine whether pharmacological compounds or phytopreparations have effects on bovine immune cells. Flow cytometric methods were chosen because they are very sensitive in the detection of even subtle effects on cells. In this study, we addressed the question of whether these methods are useful in monitoring the effects of EquiMun and its compounds on bovine leucocytes in vitro. EquiMun is a fixed combination of Echinacea purpurea (Ec), Thuja occidentalis (Th) and elemental phosphorus (Ph) in different starting concentrations. Separated blood mononuclear cells (MNC) and polymorphonuclear cells (PMN, mainly neutrophils) were cultured for up to 44 h in vitro in the presence or absence of the tested substances. Whereas MNC were not affected by any of the compounds, EquiMun, Ec, Th and Ph significantly reduced the forward scatter (size) of cultured PMN without affecting their side scatter (granularity). The size effects were paralleled by a significantly enhanced viability of PMN after 20 h in culture. The observed effects were constant over wide concentration ranges and indicate a very similar reaction of leucocytes from individual cows. Whereas spontaneous generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by neutrophils was up-regulated by Ph and EquiMun, EquiMun down-regulated the phorbol ester-stimulated ROS production. However, ROS generation by neutrophils displayed a large inter-individual variation with less apparent, down-regulatory effects of EquiMun. The ability of PMN to kill target cells via antibody-independent cellular cytotoxicity showed small inter-individual variations and was enhanced by Ec and Th but not by Ph and EquiMun, probably due to dose-dependent effects. In summary, the flow cytometric characterization of cellular viability and shape changes of neutrophils seem to be a suitable and reliable approach for the quality test of immunomodulating phytomedicines based on bioassays.
authors.affiliation: Immunology Unit, School of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany. Hans-Joachim.Schubert@tiho-hannover.de
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Schuberth
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Riedel-Caspari
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Leibold
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000276:immunology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004339:Drug Compounding; D020900:Echinacea; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000662:veterinary; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000494:pharmacology; D008517:Phytotherapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D029783:Thuja
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D010758:Phosphorus