title: Ultrasonic measurements of second and third trimester fetuses to predict gestational age and date of parturition in captive and wild spotted hyenas Crocuta crocuta.
abstract: Parturition in spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) is a fascinating event to witness, as females of this species are highly masculinized and give birth through a penis-like clitoris. Furthermore, shortly after birth, a high rate of aggression occurs between littermates that can sometimes end in siblicide. To study these events thoroughly, an accurate estimate of the date of parturition is necessary. To this end, we performed transabdominal ultrasounds every 20-30 days in five captive spotted hyenas of known gestational age, beginning approximately 30 days after mating. We measured the femur length (FL), abdominal circumference (AC), and biparietal diameter (BPD) of eight fetuses from Days 42 to 100 of their 110 days of gestation. FL proved to be the most effective measurement, as it correlated well with gestational age and was easy to obtain consistently. The relationship between estimated gestational age (EGA) and FL is described by the equation: [EGA = 37.3 + (14.0 x FL)]. AC also correlated well with EGA, but was more difficult to measure than FL. Measuring BPD became increasingly difficult as pregnancies advanced beyond 70 days of gestation. Because gestational age is often not known in captive and free-ranging spotted hyenas, measuring fetal FL ultrasonographically is a rapid and reliable way to determine an approximate date of parturition. This technique proved invaluable when used to track and monitor a free-ranging spotted hyena during the days just before and after parturition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley 94720-1650, USA. ned@socrates.berkeley.edu
authors.forename: Ned J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Place
authors.forename: Mary L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Weldele
authors.forename: Sofia A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Wahaj
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000196:embryology; D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild; D002335:Carnivora; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000196:embryology; D005865:Gestational Age; D007743:Labor, Obstetric; D010294:Parietal Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000196:embryology; D011247:Pregnancy; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000662:veterinary*