title: Foraminal and far lateral lumbar disc herniations: surgical alternatives and outcome measures.
abstract: Far lateral disc herniations constitute 7-12% of all disc herniations. They may be purely far lateral or extraforaminal in location, located beyond the pedicles, or may include intraforaminal and even intracanalicular components. Occurring predominantly at the L4-L5 and L3-L4 levels in almost equal numbers, they are occasionally noted at L5-S1. Clinical syndromes reflect compression of the superiorly exiting nerve root and ganglion; ie an L4-L5 far lateral disc produces a L4 root syndrome. Clinical complaints often include severe radicular pain accompanied by very positive mechanical signs; Laségue and reverse Laségue (femoral stretch test) maneuvers. Neurological deficits, including motor, reflex, and sensory findings, are seen over 75% of the time. Although conservative management is occasionally successful (10%), surgery is usually required. The extent of stenosis and attendant degenerative changes dictate whether laminectomy, hemilaminectomy or laminotomy are required along with one of several facet resection options; full facetectomy, the intertransverse approach, medial facetectomy, or an extreme lateral procedure. Postoperatively, patients' neurological outcomes based on both surgeon and patient based outcome measures (SF-36), were comparable for the different surgical procedures which had been based on the individual patient's pathology.
authors.affiliation: The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Epstein
mesh_terms: D017586:Diskectomy / Q000379:methods; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000145:classification / Q000379:methods; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D013128:Spinal Osteophytosis / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D013130:Spinal Stenosis / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D013168:Spondylolisthesis / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome