title: Virtual reality: immersive hepatic surgery educational environment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Understanding the spatial relationships among the liver segments, and intrahepatic portal and hepatic veins is essential for surgical treatment of liver diseases. Teleimmersive virtual reality enables improved visualization over conventional media because it supports stereo vision, viewer-centered perspective, large angles of view, and interactivity with remote locations. We report a successful pilot study teaching hepatic surgical principles using teleimmersion.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a teleimmersive environment for teaching with biomedical models including virtual models of the liver segments and portal and hepatic veins. Using the environment, 1 instructor gave a workshop to 6 senior general surgery residents at 2 physical locations. A 24-question (36-point) examination was administered before and after the workshop.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The workshop produced significant improvements in the mean test scores between the pretests and posttests (17.67 to 23.67, P <.02). We found no differences between residents who were with the instructor and those at the remote location. Six-month delayed testing demonstrated complete retention of new knowledge.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The teleimmersive environment enabled surgeons to overcome some of the barriers to teaching complex surgical anatomic principles. Using teleimmersive environments, surgical educators and trainees can interact from locations worldwide using virtual anatomic information to achieve their educational goals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Silverstein
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dech
authors.forename: Marcia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Edison
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jurek
authors.forename: W Scott
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Helton
authors.forename: N Joseph
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Espat
mesh_terms: D001659:Biliary Tract / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction / Q000379:methods*; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000379:methods*; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education*; D006503:Hepatic Veins / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000098:blood supply / Q000601:surgery; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D011169:Portal Vein / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000193:education; D014584:User-Computer Interface