title: Heparanase-1 expression is associated with the metastatic potential of breast cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Metastasis of malignant breast cells is in part mediated through degradation of the extra-cellular matrix by proteolysis, enabling malignant cells to migrate through the surrounding stroma. Heparanase-1 (HPR1) is an endoglycosidase that specifically degrades the heparan sulfate (HS) moiety of proteoglycans, a component of the extracellular matrix and basement membrane.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-one primary breast tumors, 13 lymph node metastases, 4 ductal carcinoma in situ, 7 benign, and 5 normal specimens were examined for HPR1 expression using immunohistochemical staining. The functional role of HPR1 expression was determined by examining HS deposition using immunofluorescence staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixteen of 30 breast carcinomas (53%) with sentinel node metastasis expressed HPR1. In contrast, only 5 of 21 nonmetastatic primary breast carcinomas (23%) were HPR1 positive. Eighteen of 30 breast carcinomas between 1 and 5 cm expressed HPR1, compared with 3 of 21 HPR1-positive specimens in tumors < or =1 cm. Statistical analysis revealed that HPR1 expression was associated with breast tumor metastases (P =.04) and primary tumors between 1 and 5 cm (P =.002). Ninety percent of HPR1-positive tumors lacked HS deposition, suggesting an inverse correlation between HPR1 expression and HS deposition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HPR1 expression correlates with the lack of HS deposition and with the metastatic potential of breast cancers. The frequency of HPR1 is significantly higher in breast tumors between 1 and 5 cm than in tumors < or =1 cm.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery and Pathology, Rush Presbyterian St Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, Ill 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Justin B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Maxhimer
authors.forename: Roderick M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Quiros
authors.forename: Robyn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: Kambiz
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dowlatshahi
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gattuso
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Prinz
authors.forename: Xiulong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000556:secondary*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D011133:Polysaccharide-Lyases / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy
chemical_list: D011133:Polysaccharide-Lyases; C083872:heparatinase I