title: Insulin aspart: a review of its use in the management of type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: Insulin aspart, a rapid-acting human insulin analogue, provides more rapid absorption than regular human insulin after subcutaneous administration. In most randomised, nonblind clinical trials in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, insulin aspart administered immediately before meals resulted in significantly lower mean glycosylated haemoglobin A(1c ) (HbA(1c)) levels than regular human insulin (usually administered 30 minutes before a meal). Insulin aspart also significantly improved postprandial glycaemic control compared with regular human insulin. The efficacy of insulin aspart was similar to that of insulin lispro when administered to patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus via continuous subcutaneous infusion in a randomised, nonblind trial. Preliminary data from randomised, nonblind trials suggest insulin aspart had a trend towards lower HbA(1c) levels compared with regular human insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Biphasic insulin aspart [30% soluble (rapid-acting) and 70% protamine-bound insulin aspart (BIAsp30)] generally provided significantly better postprandial glucose control than a similar mixture of biphasic regular human insulin (BHI30) in a randomised, nonblind trial in patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the long-term efficacy of BIAsp30 was similar to that of BHI30 after 2 years in a randomised, nonblind trial in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus reported greater treatment satisfaction with insulin aspart or BIAsp30 than with regular human insulin or BHI30. The overall incidence of hypoglycaemia with insulin aspart was lower than, or similar to, that of regular human insulin. Moreover, insulin aspart tended to be associated with a lower occurrence of nocturnal hypoglycaemia and severe hypoglycaemic events than regular human insulin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The standard preparation of insulin aspart has the potential to better mimic the physiological response to meals than regular human insulin. Insulin aspart when combined with a suitable basal insulin improved overall glycaemic control and led to a similar or lower number of hypoglycaemic episodes compared with a similar regular human insulin regimen. Insulin aspart was generally as effective and well tolerated as insulin lispro when administered by continuous subcutaneous infusion in a single comparative trial. The efficacy of biphasic insulin aspart has been documented in a small number of trials. Both insulin aspart and biphasic insulin aspart provide for flexible and convenient administration. Insulin aspart is now well established as an effective and convenient means of providing glycaemic control which offers clinical and practical advantages over regular human insulin.
authors.affiliation: Adis International Limited, Auckland, New Zealand. demail@adis.co.nz
authors.forename: Therese M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Noble
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Goa
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D061265:Biphasic Insulins; D002648:Child; D016206:Databases, Bibliographic; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D061267:Insulin Aspart; D061268:Insulin Lispro; D007336:Insulin, Isophane; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011788:Quality of Life; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D061265:Biphasic Insulins; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D061268:Insulin Lispro; C557564:insulin aspart, insulin aspart protamine drug combination 30:70; D007336:Insulin, Isophane; D061267:Insulin Aspart