title: Preterm birth affects the intestinal response to parenteral and enteral nutrition in newborn pigs.
abstract: Maturation of gastrointestinal (GI) function in neonates is stimulated by enteral nutrition, whereas parenteral nutrition induces GI atrophy and malfunction. We investigated whether preterm birth alters the GI responses to parenteral and enteral nutrition. Pigs were delivered either preterm (107 d gestation) or at term (115 d gestation) and fed total parenteral nutrition (TPN) or enteral sow's milk (ENT) for 6 d after birth. Immaturity of the preterm pigs was documented by reduced blood pH, oxygen saturation and neutrophil granulocyte function, impaired intestinal immunoglobulin G uptake from colostrum, and altered relative weights of visceral organs (small intestine, liver, spleen, pancreas, and adrenals). For both ages at delivery, increases occurred in pancreatic weight (30-75%) and amylase activity (0.5- to 13-fold) after birth, but much more in ENT than in TPN pigs (P < 0.05). Six days of TPN feeding was associated with reduced intestinal weight for both delivery groups (60% of values in ENT, P < 0.001), but only in term TPN pigs was the weight lower than at birth (-20%, P < 0.05). Likewise, it was only in term TPN pigs that intestinal maltase activity increased, compared with ENT, and the absorption of glucose and proline decreased. Only in preterm pigs did TPN feeding increase lactase activity (+50% compared with ENT, P < 0.05). For both delivery ages, the mRNA of lactase-phloridzin hydrolase and sodium-coupled glucose transporter 1 were increased in TPN, compared with ENT. In conclusion, the trophic effect of enteral vs. parenteral nutrition on the GI tract is also present after preterm birth, but the postnatal maturation of many GI functions is modified, compared with term birth. The effects of nutritional regimen on the maturation of the gut epithelium in neonates depend on gestational age at birth.
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Nutrition and Reproduction, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg DK-1870, Denmark.
authors.forename: Per T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Sangild
authors.forename: Yvette M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: Mette
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Elnif
authors.forename: Thomas K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: Randal K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Buddington
authors.forename: Gorm
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Greisen
authors.forename: Kim F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Michaelsen
authors.forename: Douglas G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Burrin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002634:Chemotaxis, Leukocyte; D004064:Digestive System / Q000254:growth & development*; D004068:Digestive System Physiological Phenomena; D004750:Enteral Nutrition; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D007408:Intestinal Absorption / Q000502:physiology; D007422:Intestines / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development; D010694:Lactase-Phlorizin Hydrolase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D023421:Models, Animal; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007752:Obstetric Labor, Premature / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009929:Organ Size; D010179:Pancreas / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development; D010289:Parenteral Nutrition, Total; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D011897:Random Allocation; D051269:Sodium-Glucose Transporter 1; D013552:Swine; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051269:Sodium-Glucose Transporter 1; D010694:Lactase-Phlorizin Hydrolase; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases