title: Braided hamstring tendons for reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. A biomechanical analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In an effort to improve the strength and stiffness of anterior cruciate ligament grafts, several authors have advocated alterations of graft structure and orientation, including braiding the tendons in hamstring tendon grafts.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Braiding hamstring tendons does not increase graft strength and stiffness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled laboratory study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen hamstring tendon and 21 bone-patellar tendon-bone grafts were harvested from 12 cadavers and divided into three groups: 1) braided four-strand hamstring tendon, 2) unbraided four-strand hamstring tendon, and 3) bone-patellar tendon-bone. All grafts were placed under a 50-N preload on a servohydraulic testing device and were tensioned to failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The strength and stiffness of the tested specimens averaged 427 +/- 36 N and 76 +/- 10 N/mm, respectively, for braided specimens, 532 +/- 44 N and 139 +/- 18 N/mm for unbraided specimens, and 574 +/- 46 N and 158 +/- 15 N/mm for patellar tendon specimens. There was a 20% decrement in hamstring tendon graft tensile strength and a 45% decrease in stiffness after braiding because of the suboptimal multidirectional orientation of individual tendons within the braided grafts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In vitro braided hamstring tendon grafts demonstrated mechanically inferior strength and stiffness characteristics compared with unbraided hamstring tendon grafts and patellar tendon grafts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Braiding of hamstring tendon grafts provides no mechanical advantage in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Tis
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Klemme
authors.forename: Kevin L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Kirk
authors.forename: Kevin P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cunningham
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000601:surgery*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013710:Tendons / Q000637:transplantation*; D013848:Thigh