title: Vitamin D deficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism are common complications in patients with peripheral arterial disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate via the vitamin D status whether patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) tend to develop vitamin D deficiency that in turn influences their clinical symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional.
  
  
  METHODS
  University hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred twenty-seven patients were evaluated; subjects with secondary causes of bone disease or bone active medication were excluded. One hundred sixty-one patients with either PAD stage II (n = 84) or stage IV (n = 77) were enrolled and compared to 45 age- and sex-matched healthy controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients underwent determinations of serum chemistry, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (vitamin D3) intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and osteocalcin and were further stratified according to an individual restriction score into 3 groups: mildly, moderately, or severely restricted in daily life due to the underlying disease. Patients with PAD IV showed significantly lower vitamin D3 (P =.0001), and calcium (P =.0001) values and significantly higher iPTH (P =.0001), osteocalcin (P =.0001) and ALP (P =.02) levels as compared to patients with PAD II. Patients considering themselves as severely restricted due to the underlying disease showed lower vitamin D3 and higher iPTH levels than those who described only a moderate (vitamin D3: P <.001; iPTH: P <.01) or mild (vitamin D3: P <.001; iPTH: P <.001) restriction in daily life.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with PAD IV, especially those who feel severely restricted due to the disease, are at high risk of developing vitamin D deficiency, secondary hyperparathyroidism, and ultimately osteomalacia due to immobilization and subsequent lack of exposure to sunlight, all of which in turn lead to further deterioration. Monitoring of vitamin D metabolism and vitamin D replacement therapy could be a simple, inexpensive approach to mitigating clinical symptoms and improving quality of life in patients with advanced PAD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Karl-Franzens University, Graz, Austria. astrid.fahrleitner@kfunigraz.ac.at
authors.forename: Astrid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fahrleitner
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dobnig
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Obernosterer
authors.forename: Ernst
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pilger
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Leb
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kudlacek
authors.forename: Barbara M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Obermayer-Pietsch
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D002762:Cholecalciferol / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006962:Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D007103:Immobilization; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D015995:Prevalence; D011788:Quality of Life; D013472:Sunlight; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D002762:Cholecalciferol