title: Pharmacokinetics of icodextrin in peritoneal dialysis patients.
abstract: Pharmacokinetics of icodextrin in peritoneal dialysis patients.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Icodextrin is a glucose polymer osmotic agent used to provide sustained ultrafiltration during long peritoneal dialysis (PD) dwells. A number of studies have evaluated the steady-state blood concentrations of icodextrin during repeated use; however, to date the pharmacokinetics of icodextrin have not been well studied. The current study was conducted to determine the absorption, plasma kinetics and elimination of icodextrin and metabolites following a single icodextrin exchange.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen PD patients were administered 2.0 L of solution containing 7.5% icodextrin for a 12-hour dwell. Icodextrin (total of all glucose polymers) and specific polymers with degrees of polymerization ranging from two to seven (DP2 to DP7) were measured in blood, urine and dialysate during the dwell and after draining the solution from the peritoneal cavity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A median of 40.1% (60.24 g) of the total administered dose (150 g) was absorbed during the 12-hour dwell. Plasma levels of icodextrin and metabolites rose during the dwell and declined after drain, closely corresponding to the one-compartment pharmacokinetic model assuming zero-order absorption and first-order elimination. Peak plasma concentrations (median C peak = 2.23 g/L) were observed at the end of the dwell (median Tmax = 12.7 h) and were significantly correlated with patients' body weight (R2 = 0.805, P < 0.001). Plasma levels of icodextrin and metabolites returned to baseline within 3 to 7 days. Icodextrin had a plasma half-life of 14.73 hours and a median clearance of 1.09 L/h. Urinary excretion of icodextrin and metabolites was directly related to residual renal function (R2 = 0.679 vs. creatinine clearance, P < 0.01). In the nine patients with residual renal function, the average daily urinary excretion of icodextrin was 473 +/- 77 mg per mL of endogenous renal creatinine clearance. Icodextrin metabolites DP2 to DP4 were found in the dialysate of subsequent dextrose exchanges, contributing to their elimination from blood. Changes in intraperitoneal concentrations of icodextrin metabolites during the dwell revealed a dual pattern, with a progressive rise in the dialysate concentration of smaller polymers (DP2 to DP4) and a progressive decline in the dialysate concentrations of the larger polymers (DP5 to DP7), suggesting some intraperitoneal metabolism of the glucose polymers. This increase in dialysate metabolite levels, however, did not contribute significantly to dialysate osmolality. In addition, some diffusion of maltose (DP2) from blood to dialysate may have occurred. There were no changes in serum insulin or glucose levels during icodextrin administration, indicating that icodextrin does not result in hyperglycemia or hyperinsulinemia as occurs during dextrose-based dialysis. Serum sodium and chloride declined in parallel with the rise in plasma levels of icodextrin, supporting the hypothesis that these electrolyte changes are the result of the increased plasma osmolality due to the presence of icodextrin metabolites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pharmacokinetics of icodextrin in blood following intraperitoneal administration conforms to a simple, single-compartment model that can be approximated by zero-order absorption and first-order elimination. A small amount of intraperitoneal metabolism of icodextrin occurs but does not contribute significantly to dialysate osmolality. The metabolism of absorbed icodextrin and the resultant rise in plasma levels of small glucose polymers (DP2 to DP4) do not result in hyperglycemia or hyperinsulinemia, but may result in a small decrease in serum sodium and chloride.
authors.affiliation: Renal Division, Baxter Healthcare Corporation, McGaw Park, Illinois 60085-6730, USA.
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Moberly
authors.forename: Salim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mujais
authors.forename: Todd
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gehr
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hamburger
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sprague
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kucharski
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ogrinc
authors.forename: Leo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Martis
authors.forename: Marsha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wolfson
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001769:Blood / Q000378:metabolism; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002712:Chlorides / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005936:Glucans / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005947:Glucose / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D000077607:Icodextrin; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis; D010537:Peritoneum / Q000378:metabolism; D012964:Sodium / Q000097:blood; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002712:Chlorides; D005936:Glucans; D007328:Insulin; D000077607:Icodextrin; D012964:Sodium; D005947:Glucose