title: Linkage relationships of genes coding for alpha2-macroglobulin, C3 and C4 in the zebrafish: implications for the evolution of the complement and Mhc systems.
abstract: The alpha2-macroglobulin (A2M) and the complement components C3 and C4 are related proteins derived from a common ancestor. Theoretically, this derivation could have occurred either by tandem duplications of their encoding genes or by polyploidization involving chromosomal segments, a chromosome or the whole genome. In tetrapods the A2M-, C3- and C4-encoding genes are generally each located on a different chromosome. This observation has been interpreted as supporting their origin by polyploidization. We identified and mapped (with the help of a radiation hybrid panel of cell lines) the A2M, C3 and C4 loci in the zebrafish, Danio rerio. Each of the three types of loci is present in the zebrafish in multiple copies, but all of the identified copies of a given type map to the same region in linkage groups 1 (C3) and 15 (A2M, C4). The A2M and C4 loci are mapped in the same region not linked to any of the class I or class II major histocompatibility complex (Mhc) loci. These observations are interpreted as supporting the origin of the A2M family of genes by tandem duplications, followed by the dispersal of the copies to different chromosomes. It is also argued that the association of C4 with the class I/II loci in tetrapods is accidental and without functional significance.
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck-Institut für Biologie, Abteilung Immungenetik, Corrensstrasse 42, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: I E
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Samonte
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shintani
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Klein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D003176:Complement C3 / Q000235:genetics*; D003181:Complement C4 / Q000235:genetics*; D006224:Cricetinae; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D020440:Gene Duplication; D005796:Genes; D005805:Genes, MHC Class I; D005802:Genes, MHC Class II; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D006822:Hybrid Cells; D008285:Major Histocompatibility Complex / Q000235:genetics*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D014714:Vertebrates / Q000235:genetics; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000235:genetics*; D000511:alpha-Macroglobulins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D003176:Complement C3; D003181:Complement C4; D000511:alpha-Macroglobulins