title: Isolation and characterization of new Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants perturbed in nuclear pore complex assembly.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are essential for facilitated, directional nuclear transport; however, the mechanism by which ~30 different nucleoporins (nups) are assembled into NPCs is unknown. We combined a genetic strategy in Saccharomyces cerevisiae with Green Fluorescence Protein (GFP) technology to identify mutants in NPC structure, assembly, and localization. To identify such mutants, a bank of temperature sensitive strains was generated and examined by fluorescence microscopy for mislocalization of GFP-tagged nups at the non-permissive temperature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 121 mutant strains were isolated, with most showing GFP-Nic96 and Nup170-GFP mislocalized to discrete, cytoplasmic foci. By electron microscopy, several mutants also displayed an expansion of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Complementation analysis identified several mutant groups with defects in components required for ER/Golgi trafficking (sec13, sec23, sec27, and bet3). By directed testing, we found that mutant alleles of all COPII components resulted in altered GFP-Nup localization. Finally, at least nine unknown complementation groups were identified that lack secretion defects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The isolation of sec mutants in the screen could reflect a direct role for vesicle fusion or the COPII coat during NPC assembly; however, only those sec mutants that altered ER structure affected Nup localization. This suggests that the GFP-Nup mislocalization phenotypes observed in these mutants were the indirect result of overproliferation of the ER and connected outer nuclear envelope. The identification of potentially novel mutants with no secretory defects suggests the distinct GFP-Nup localization defects in other mutants in the collection will provide insights into NPC structure and assembly.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St, Louis, MO 63110, USA. kathryn.ryan@vanderbilt.edu
authors.forename: Kathryn J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: Susan R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Wente
mesh_terms: D005816:Genetic Complementation Test; D006026:Glycoside Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D016296:Mutagenesis; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D022022:Nuclear Pore / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D028861:Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D043324:beta-Fructofuranosidase
chemical_list: D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D028861:Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D006026:Glycoside Hydrolases; D043324:beta-Fructofuranosidase