title: Oxidative damage after severe head injury and its relationship to neurological outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to establish the time course of reactive oxygen species after severe head injuries in humans and to investigate their relationship with clinical outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Both the markers of oxidative damage-malonylaldehyde (MDA) and the enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant defenses (i.e., superoxide dismutase [SOD] and vitamin E [VE], respectively)-were studied. To assess the time course of MDA, SOD, and VE, jugular bulb (JB) and peripheral venous blood samples were obtained from 30 patients within 8 hours of severe head trauma onset (T(0)) and 6 (T(1)), 12 (T(2)), 24 (T(3)), and 48 hours (T(4)) after trauma onset. Patients were divided into good and poor outcome groups according to their 6-month neurological outcome as determined on the basis of their Glasgow Outcome Scale scores and biochemical profiles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In JB samples, MDA levels increased significantly at T(1), T(2), T(3), and T(4) as compared with T(0); SOD activity increased significantly at T(2) and T(3) as compared with T(0); and VE levels decreased significantly at T(1), T(2), and T(3) as compared with T(0). The same variables did not change significantly over time in peripheral venous blood samples. Moreover, the MDA levels and SOD activity detected in JB samples were significantly higher in the poor outcome group at T(1) and T(2). No significant difference in VE levels was observed between the two outcome groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reactive oxygen species-mediated oxidative damage can play an important role in determining the prognosis of severe brain injury in humans.
authors.affiliation: Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit, General Hospital of Treviso, Italy. apaolin@ulss.tv.it
authors.forename: Adolfo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paolin
authors.forename: Lorella
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nardin
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gaetani
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rodriguez Y Baena
authors.forename: Orietta
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pansarasa
authors.forename: Fulvio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Marzatico
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D023261:Glasgow Outcome Scale; D006801:Humans; D007601:Jugular Veins; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D009420:Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000097:blood; D013997:Time Factors; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D014680:Veins; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014810:Vitamin E; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase