title: The need to review the Spanish recommended dietary energy and nutrient intakes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the last decade, research in the field of nutrition has grown both in width and depth, and has incorporated the advances of other scientific fields, like artificial intelligence theories. Specifically in the case of recommended nutrient intakes, the fuzzy theory is an interesting contribution to the development of a new concept for the recommendations. The recommended intakes have passed from avoiding deficiency status to preventing several pathological aspects and reducing risk factors.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To establish whether the recommended dietary intakes for Spain (IREs) must be reviewed, taking into account the current scientific state of the art.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have compared IREs, published in 1994, with the recently published 'Dietary Reference Intakes' (DRIs) for the American and Canadian population, the 'Referenzwerte für die Nährstoffzufuhr' (DACH) for the German, Swiss and Austrian population. In addition, the main guidelines of the EURODIET criteria (Nutrition and Diet for Healthy Lifestyles), which was developed for the population of the European Union Member States, were taken into account. As an example, comparisons were made for the elderly population group, establishing differences and similarities between the different scientific communities and the adequacy of Spanish recommended intakes for energy and nutrients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recommended intakes for folate, calcium and vitamins C, D and E are lower in the IREs and probably should be increased. Recommended intakes for nutrients which have not previously been included in the IREs, such as vitamin K, selenium, copper, chromium, molybdenum, manganese, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, and water need to be developed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current recommended intakes for the Spanish population need to be reviewed in order to encompass current scientific knowledge. Moreover, the opportunity to include non-nutrients (bioactive compounds) should be considered.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Nutrición y Bromatología (CSIC-UCM), Facultad de Farmacia, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain. gjoyanes@farm.ucm.es
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Joyanes
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: González-Gross
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marcos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D008903:Minerals; D009748:Nutrition Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D013030:Spain; D014815:Vitamins
chemical_list: D008903:Minerals; D014815:Vitamins