title: Free radical scavenging and skin penetration of troxerutin and vitamin derivatives.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  By its 'protective function', human skin is a potential target for the production of free radicals. The role played by topically applied antioxidants as inhibitors of oxidative stress damage was felt to be worth investigation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the free radical scavenging (superoxide, hydroxyl and peroxyl radicals) and skin penetration of troxerutin in association with ascorbyl palmitate and alpha-tocopheryl succinate, esters of two vitamins commonly used in skin care products.
  
  
  METHODS
  The compounds' scavenging activities, in a concentration-dependent manner, were as follows: hydroxyl radicals in a Fenton-based assay; superoxide radicals in a hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase system; and lipid peroxidation inhibition of liver microsomes was induced by 2,2'-azobis-(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (ABAP).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A synergic action was observed between alpha-tocopheryl succinate and troxerutin for hydroxyl radical scavenging, between the three compounds for superoxide scavenging and between troxerutin and ascorbyl palmitate in lipid peroxidation inhibition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using a stripping method, it was shown that the three substances, incorporated in a pharmaceutical preparation, permeated through human epidermis. Thus, this association can improve skin care products for preventing free radical-mediated damage.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Chimie Thérapeutique, Faculté de pharmacie de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France. marc.kessler@pharma.u-strasbg.fr
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kessler
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ubeaud
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sturm
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jung
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000378:metabolism; D005782:Gels; D006801:Humans; D006896:Hydroxyethylrutoside / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D012869:Skin Absorption; D024505:Tocopherols; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D004338:Drug Combinations; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D005609:Free Radicals; D005782:Gels; D006896:Hydroxyethylrutoside; D014810:Vitamin E; C005865:troxerutin; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; C031226:6-O-palmitoylascorbic acid; D024505:Tocopherols