title: Characterization of microglial responses to Staphylococcus aureus: effects on cytokine, costimulatory molecule, and Toll-like receptor expression.
abstract: Microglia participate in innate immune responses in the central nervous system (CNS). This work demonstrates that microglia can recognize heat-inactivated Staphylococcus aureus and its cell wall product peptidoglycan (PGN) through the elaboration of numerous proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Microglia also exhibited S. aureus bactericidal activity. Microglia constitutively expressed low levels of Toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1), TLR2, TLR6, and CD14, all of which were enhanced following S. aureus exposure. Activation of resident microglia by S. aureus may serve to amplify the CNS antibacterial immune response through the release of cytokines, chemokines, and induction of bactericidal activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Slot 510, 4301 W. Markham Street, 72205, Little Rock, AR, USA. KielianTammyL@uams.edu
authors.forename: Tammy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kielian
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mayes
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kielian
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018122:B7-1 Antigen / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000276:immunology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D002494:Central Nervous System Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D018925:Chemokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D017628:Microglia / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010457:Peptidoglycan / Q000276:immunology*; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000276:immunology; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000276:immunology* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D051194:Toll-Like Receptor 1; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051216:Toll-Like Receptor 6; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors
chemical_list: D018122:B7-1 Antigen; D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D010457:Peptidoglycan; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; C495369:Tlr6 protein, mouse; D051194:Toll-Like Receptor 1; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051216:Toll-Like Receptor 6; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors