title: Enhanced MCP-1 expression during ischemia/reperfusion injury is mediated by oxidative stress and NF-kappaB.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Renal ischemia/reperfusion injury is a major cause of acute renal failure in both native kidneys and renal allografts. One important feature of such injury is monocyte/macrophage infiltration into the renal tissue. The infiltration of monocytes/macrophages can be induced by chemotactic factors produced by renal cells. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is a potent chemoattractant protein for monocyte recruitment. The objective of the present study was to investigate mechanisms of elevated MCP-1 expression in rat kidney during ischemia/reperfusion injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  The left kidney was subjected to one hour of ischemia followed by reperfusion for various time periods. The expression of MCP-1 mRNA was determined by nuclease protection assay and MCP-1 protein was identified by immunohistochemistry. Activation of a nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) was determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and the level of lipid peroxides in the kidney was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant increase in MCP-1 expression in the ischemia/reperfusion kidney 2 hours after reperfusion (210% of the control). This increase was accompanied by activation of NF-kappaB, suggesting that this transcription factor might be involved in the event. The number of monocytes was significantly elevated in the kidney 3 days after ischemia/reperfusion. Pretreatment of rats with NF-kappaB inhibitors not only prevented NF-kappaB activation induced by ischemia/reperfusion, but also inhibited MCP-1 mRNA expression. Further analysis revealed that oxidative stress and increased IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation might be an underlying mechanism for NF-kappaB activation and subsequent MCP-1 mRNA expression in the ischemia/reperfusion kidney.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study clearly demonstrates that enhanced MCP-1 expression in rat kidney during ischemia/reperfusion injury is mediated by NF-kappaB activation and oxidative stress. Elevated MCP-1 expression might be responsible for increased monocyte infiltration in the injured kidney.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, PR China.
authors.forename: Fion L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.forename: Tong Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Kathy K W
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Au-Yeung
authors.forename: Yaw L
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Siow
authors.forename: Karmin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: O
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000235:genetics*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000502:physiology; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D007668:Kidney / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000166:cytology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; C000606206:Nfkbia protein, rat; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha