title: Shade effects on performance, carcass traits, physiology, and behavior of heat-stressed feedlot heifers.
abstract: To determine whether shade influences performance, carcass traits, immunology, respiration rate, and behavior of cattle under conditions similar to those in commercial feedlots, we used 168 heifers in 12 soil-surfaced pens. Six pens were shaded with a galvanized steel-roofed shade (approximately 4 m high), allowing for 2.12 m2 of shade/heifer, and six pens served as the unshaded control. Heifers were fed a 90% concentrate diet during the 121-d trial that began in mid-June, performance variables (DMI, BW, ADG, gain:feed) were measured, and dietary concentrations of NEm and NEg calculated from performance data. A blood sample was collected to assess immune measures. Respiration rates and behaviors (feeding, drinking, walking, standing, lying, agonistic, and bulling) also were measured during the study. Carcass data (yield grade, kidney, pelvic, and heart fat, longissimus muscle area, hot carcass weight, quality grade, liver abscess rate, and incidence of dark-cutting beef) were collected at slaughter. Shaded heifers had higher (P < 0.05) DMI, ADG, and final BW than unshaded heifers. The gain:feed ratio and calculated dietary NEm and NEg concentrations did not differ (P > 0.26) between treatments. Most carcass traits did not differ between treatments, but more (P < 0.02) carcasses ofheifers in shaded pens graded USDA Choice than those in unshaded pens, which resulted primarily from the incidence of dark cutters being decreased (P < 0.04) by approximately half in carcasses from shaded compared with unshaded heifers. Respiration rate and percentage of circulating neutrophils were decreased (P < 0.01) for shaded compared with unshaded heifers. The treatment x time of day effect was significant (P < 0.05) for all behavioral measurements. Shaded heifers spent more time laying down (0800, 1200, and 1500, P < 0.05) and less time standing (1200 and 1500, P < 0.05) than unshaded heifers. Agonistic behavior was less (P < 0.05) for shaded than for unshaded heifers at 1900 and 2000, and bulling was less (P < 0.05) for-shaded than unshaded heifers at 2100. Results suggest that shade improved performance and altered behavior by feedlot heifers during the summertime in West Texas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science and Food Technology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409-2141, USA. fmmitloehner@ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Mitlöhner
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Galyean
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: McGlone
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D001823:Body Composition; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D002417:Cattle / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004435:Eating; D005260:Female; D018882:Heat Stress Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006799:Housing, Animal; D008460:Meat / Q000592:standards; D009584:Nitrogen; D011897:Random Allocation; D012119:Respiration; D012621:Seasons; D013472:Sunlight; D013781:Texas; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D009584:Nitrogen