title: Testing testimony: toxicology and the law of evidence in early nineteenth-century England.
abstract: This essay's principle objective is to examine how, when confronted with a case of possible criminal poisoning, early nineteenth-century English toxicologists sought to generate and to represent their evidence in the courtroom. Its contention is that in both these activities toxicologists were inextricably engaged in a complex communicative exercise. On the one hand, they distanced themselves from the instabilities of language, styling themselves as testifiers to fact alone. But at the same time, they saw themselves as deeply implicated in the difficulties of forging a coherent signifying system out of a disparate collection of signs that in themselves bore no intrinsic meaning. The analysis has three main components: first, two suggest why criminal poisoning featured so prominently in the burgeoning legal literature on evidence which provided the framework for expert testimony in English courts; next, to show that the scientific evidence offered by toxicologists in poisoning cases can be usefully understood as a form of (unstable) language; and finally, to suggest that this recourse to signs informed the toxicologist's encounter with another type of courtroom expert-the legal advocate-who was equally (though differently) interested in manipulating signs in order to construct (and deconstruct) legally sanctioned proof.
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Unit for the History of Medicine, University of Manchester, UK. ian.burney@man.ac.uk
authors.forename: Ian A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Burney
mesh_terms: D004739:England; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine / Q000266:history*; D005104:Expert Testimony; D005554:Forensic Medicine / Q000266:history*; D049672:History, 19th Century; D014116:Toxicology / Q000266:history*