title: Transcription factor E2F-1 acts as a growth-promoting factor and is associated with adverse prognosis in non-small cell lung carcinomas.
abstract: Numerous upstream stimulatory and inhibitory signals converge to the pRb/E2F pathway, which governs cell-cycle progression, but the information concerning alterations of E2F-1 in primary malignancies is very limited. Several in vitro studies report that E2F-1 can act either as an oncoprotein or as a tumour suppressor protein. In view of this dichotomy in its functions and its critical role in cell cycle control, this study examined the following four aspects of E2F-1 in a panel of 87 non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLCs), previously analysed for defects in the pRb-p53-MDM2 network: firstly, the status of E2F-1 at the protein, mRNA and DNA levels; secondly, its relationship with the kinetic parameters and genomic instability of the tumours; thirdly, its association with the status of its transcriptional co-activator CBP, downstream target PCNA and main cell cycle regulatory and E2F-1-interacting molecules pRb, p53 and MDM2; and fourthly, its impact on clinical outcome. The protein levels of E2F-1 and its co-activator CBP were significantly higher in the tumour area than in the corresponding normal epithelium (p<0.001). E2F-1 overexpression was associated with increased E2F-1 mRNA levels in 82% of the cases examined. The latter finding, along with the low frequency of E2F-1 gene amplification observed (9%), suggests that the main mechanism of E2F-1 protein overexpression in NSCLCs is deregulation at the transcriptional level. Mutational analysis revealed only one sample with asomatic mutation at codon 371 (Glu-->Asp) and one carrying a polymorphism at codon 393 (Gly-->Ser). Carcinomas with increased E2F-1 positivity demonstrated a significant increase in their growth indexes (r=0.402, p=0.001) and were associated with adverse prognosis (p=0.033 by Cox regression analysis). The main determinant of the positive association with growth was the parallel increase between E2F-1 staining and proliferation (r=0.746, p<0.001), whereas apoptosis was not influenced by the status of E2F-1. Moreover, correlation with the status of the pRb-p53-MDM2 network showed that the cases with aberrant pRb expression displayed significantly higher E2F-1 indexes (p=0.033), while a similar association was noticed in the group of carcinomas with deregulation of the p53-MDM2 feedback loop. In conclusion, the results suggest that E2F-1 overexpression may contribute to the development of NSCLCs by promoting proliferation and provide evidence that this role is further enhanced in a genetic background with deregulated pRb-p53-MDM2 circuitry.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Antaiou 53 Str, Lamprini, Ano Patissia, GR-11146 Athens, Greece. histoclub@ath.forthnet.gr
authors.forename: Vassilis G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Gorgoulis
authors.forename: Panayotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zacharatos
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mariatos
authors.forename: Athanassios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kotsinas
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bouda
authors.forename: Dimitris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kletsas
authors.forename: Panayiotis J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Asimacopoulos
authors.forename: Niki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Agnantis
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kittas
authors.forename: Athanasios G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Papavassiliou
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D050882:CREB-Binding Protein; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002455:Cell Division; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000032:analysis; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050684:E2F Transcription Factors; D050687:E2F1 Transcription Factor; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D011379:Prognosis; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015996:Survival Rate; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050684:E2F Transcription Factors; D050687:E2F1 Transcription Factor; C493753:E2F1 protein, human; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; D050882:CREB-Binding Protein; C494363:CREBBP protein, human