title: Effects of subthalamic nucleus (STN) stimulation on motor cortex excitability.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Deep brain stimulation of the internal global pallidus (GPi) and the subthalamic nucleus (STN) has become a treatment alternative in advanced PD. Although the effects of GPi stimulation have been examined recently, little is known about STN stimulation effects on motor cortex excitability.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of STN stimulation were studied in eight patients with advanced PD using paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in comparison with healthy control subjects. Motor evoked potentials following paired-pulse TMS (interstimulus interval 3 ms to test for corticocortical inhibition vs 13 ms for facilitation) have been recorded from the extensor carpi radialis and its functional antagonist, the flexor carpi radialis muscle. Silent period (SP) was also determined. Patients were examined under four conditions: medication "off"/stimulator "off" vs medication "on"/stimulator "off" vs medication "off"/stimulator "on" vs medication "on"/stimulator "on."
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although the mean values for intracortical inhibition (ICI) were not significantly different, data variation was smaller and levels of significance higher with the STN stimulator switched "on," suggesting that ICI was more consistent. SP during stimulator "on"/medication "on" was longer than during stimulator "off"/medication "off." Motor performance as indicated by a finger-tapping test and Unified PD Rating Scale III was significantly better with dopaminergic medication and further improved with stimulator "on."
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest an effect of subthalamic nucleus stimulation on intracortical inhibitory mechanisms. This hypothesis could at least partially explain a more consistent depression of motor evoked potentials following inhibiting paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation, a longer silent period (under stimulator "on"/medication "on"), and a reduction of akinesia and rigidity leading to a better motor performance in subthalamic nucleus-stimulated patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Medical School of Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Däuper
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Peschel
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schrader
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kohlmetz
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Joppich
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Nager
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dengler
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Rollnik
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers; D005917:Globus Pallidus / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008280:Magnetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D009068:Movement; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D020531:Subthalamic Nucleus / Q000502:physiology*