title: Production and purification of gallium-66 for preparation of tumor-targeting radiopharmaceuticals.
abstract: Gallium-66 (T(1/2) = 9.49 h) is an intermediate-lived radionuclide that has potential for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of biological processes with intermediate to slow target tissue uptake. We have produced (66)Ga by the (66)Zn(p,n) (66)Ga nuclear reaction using a small biomedical cyclotron and have investigated methods for purifying (66)Ga that could be applied to the development of an automated processing system. Measured yields of (66)Ga were very high with a production yield of nearly 14 mCi/microA-h at 14.5 MeV bombardment energy, a value in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions based on literature cross sections for the (66)Zn(p,n) (66)Ga reaction. Gallium-66 has been purified from irradiated zinc targets two ways, by cation-exchange chromatography and diisopropyl ether extraction. The concentrations of stable contaminants in (66)Ga following the two processing methods were determined, and it was found that iron and zinc were present at levels up to an order of magnitude higher after cation-exchange chromatography. The bioconjugates DOTA-Tyr(3)-octreotide and DOTA-biotin were labeled with (66)Ga purified by both methods. Following purification of (66)Ga by solvent extraction, radiochemical yields in excess of 85% were obtained for both compounds, in contrast to much lower labeling yields (less than 20%) obtained after the cation-exchange separation. Higher concentrations of stable contaminants likely contributed to the poor radiochemical yields for labeling DOTA-Tyr(3)-octreotide and DOTA-biotin with cation-exchanged (66)Ga. The lower purity and radiolabeling yields obtained using cation-exchange do not warrant the development of an automated processing system based on this method. Therefore, work is in progress to automate the diisopropyl ether extraction method for routine processing of (66)Ga.
authors.affiliation: Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Reichert
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Laforest
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Margenau
authors.forename: Ruth E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Shefer
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Klinkowstein
authors.forename: Barbara J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Hughey
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Welch
mesh_terms: D001710:Biotin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D005710:Gallium Radioisotopes / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D007553:Isotope Labeling / Q000379:methods*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D015282:Octreotide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015033:Zinc Isotopes / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: C405616:DOTA-biotin; D005710:Gallium Radioisotopes; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D015033:Zinc Isotopes; D001710:Biotin; D015282:Octreotide; C106246:Edotreotide