title: Gender differences in living with schizophrenia. A cross-sectional European multi-site study.
abstract: The EPSILON project (European Psychistric Services: Inputs Linked to Outcomes and Needs) is a cross-sectional study of the clinical and social characteristics, needs, satisfaction with services, quality of life, and service utilisation and costs for people with schizophrenia in five European sites (Amsterdam, Copenhagen, London, Santander, and Verona). This study examined five hypotheses: (1) Men will have more total needs and more unmet needs for: 'accommodation', 'substance misuse', 'psychotic symptoms', 'harm to others', and 'sexual expression', whereas women will have more total needs and more unmet needs in the domains of 'childcare' and 'harm to self'. (2) Caregivers of male patients will show higher rates of psychological distress, and higher scores for 'supervision' and 'urging' than caregivers of female patients. (3) Male and female patients will show similar levels of satisfaction with services, both in total scores and subscores. (4) Male patients will show lower objective quality of life, but similar subjective quality of life compared with women. (5) Service utilization for men and women will differ, and patterns will vary by site. The results confirmed hypotheses 1 (in part) and 3, but failed to support hypotheses 2, 4 and 5. Graphical models were used to generate hypotheses for future research. The implications for planning separate services for male and female schizophrenic patients are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Health Services Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK. g.thornicroft@iop.kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Thornicroft
authors.forename: Morven
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leese
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tansella
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: Hilary
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Toulmin
authors.forename: Andres
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Herran
authors.forename: Aart
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schene
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008605:Mental Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011788:Quality of Life; D012559:Schizophrenia; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012737:Sex Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric