title: Greater pathogen burden but not elevated C-reactive protein increases the risk of clinical restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) constitutes a serious complication in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, but known risk factors do not fully account for the observed restenosis risk. Preliminary studies of infection or inflammation in restenosis report varied results. We tested whether C-reactive protein (CRP) or pathogen burden (seropositivity to 0, 1, 2, or 3 pathogens, of Chlamydia pneumoniae [Cpn], cytomegalovirus [CMV], or Helicobacter pylori [Hpy]) predict clinical restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples were collected from 415 patients undergoing PCI, and levels of plasma CRP and antibodies to Cpn, CMV, and Hpy were measured. The patient's medical history, demographics, and procedural data were recorded. Patient end points were determined for as long as 6 months as a means of evaluating the incidence of clinical restenosis and major adverse cardiac events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average patient age was 62 years, and 80% of patients were male. Fifty-eight patients (14%) experienced clinical restenosis, whereas 17 patients (4%) died or had an acute myocardial infarction. After adjusting for 19 possible predictors, we found the pathogen burden (P-trend =.04, adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.5 per number of pathogens) and minimum luminal diameter (P =.003, OR 1.8 per mm decrease) to be significant predictors of clinical restenosis. Male sex was a nonsignificant predictor of restenosis (P =.06, OR 2.2), but CRP was not significant after adjustment (P-trend =.10, OR 0.73 per tertile).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pathogen burden was associated with clinical coronary restenosis, an association that deserves further exploration and evaluation. CRP, a marker of inflammation, was not associated with an increased risk of restenosis.
authors.affiliation: LDS Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah 84143, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Horne
authors.forename: Joseph B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Muhlestein
authors.forename: Gunnar G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Strobel
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Carlquist
authors.forename: Tami L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Bair
authors.forename: Jeffrey L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood*; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis*; D016993:Chlamydophila pneumoniae / Q000276:immunology; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D023903:Coronary Restenosis / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D003587:Cytomegalovirus / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D002097:C-Reactive Protein