title: Presenting risks and benefits to patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether patients are influenced by the order in which they learn the risks and benefits of a treatment and whether this effect is attenuated by a treatment's associated risk and/or benefit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were randomized to review 1 of 6 medical treatment information brochures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Waiting rooms of primary care physicians at an academic health center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six hundred eighty-five subjects, ages 18 to 70 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects reviewed 1 of 3 treatments for symptomatic carotid artery disease. The first (aspirin) was low-risk/low-benefit, the second (carotid endarterectomy surgery) was high-risk/high-benefit, and the third (extracranial-to-intracranial bypass surgery) was high-risk but of unknown benefit. Patients were also randomized to receive information about risk either before or after benefit. Patients were asked to rate the favorability of the treatment on a scale of 0 to 100 and whether they would consent. Finally, subjects rated how their decisions were influenced by the risk and benefit information.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects evaluating aspirin therapy were influenced by the order of the risk/benefit information. Those learning about risks after benefits had a greater drop in their favorability ratings than subjects learning about risks before benefits (-10.9 vs -5.2 on a 100-point scale; P = .02) and were less likely to consent (odds ratio, 2.27; P = .04). In contrast, subjects evaluating carotid endarterectomy and extracranial-to-intracranial bypass were not influenced by information order. When subjects were influenced by the order of information, they also reported that the treatment's risk had less influence on their decision making (P < .01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When patients evaluate low-risk medical interventions, they may form less favorable impressions of the treatment and be less likely to consent to the treatment when they learn about the risks after the benefits. Order effects were not observed with high-risk treatments regardless of potential benefits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA. george-bergus@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: George R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Bergus
authors.forename: Irwin P
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: Arthur S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Elstein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003142:Communication; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D018570:Risk Assessment