title: Augmented expression of cardiotrophin-1 in failing human hearts is accompanied by diminished glycoprotein 130 receptor protein abundance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1), a member of the interleukin-6 superfamily, is a potent inducer of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy that prolongs myocyte survival. Although cardiac CT-1 gene expression is known to be upregulated in some animal models of congestive heart failure, the activation state of the CT-1 system in patients with congestive heart failure is unknown.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study was designed to determine left ventricular expression of CT-1 and its glycoprotein 130 (gp130)/leukemia inhibitory factor receptor complex in human end-stage heart failure due to ischemic and dilated cardiomyopathy. In addition, we investigated the activation state of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), the downstream effector of gp130 signaling. In the failing left ventricular myocardium, expression levels of CT-1 mRNA and protein were significantly increased by 142% and 68%, respectively, compared with non-failing donor hearts. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the increased expression of CT-1 in cardiac myocytes. Although gp130 gene expression was increased by 91% (P<0.001), gp130 protein abundance was significantly diminished by 34% in the failing myocardium. In contrast, leukemia inhibitory factor receptor and suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 protein concentrations were not changed. In addition, the ratio of activated tyrosine phosphorylated STAT3 to total STAT3 was not significantly altered in failing hearts compared with non-failing controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that gp130 receptor downregulation balances enhanced CT-1 expression in human heart failure and thereby inhibits excessive activation of the gp130 signaling pathway.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany. Zolk@pharmakologie.uni-erlangen.de
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Zolk
authors.forename: Leong L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Russell J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weyand
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Eschenhagen
mesh_terms: D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism*; D050822:Cytokine Receptor gp130; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D015536:Down-Regulation; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D053680:Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Receptor alpha Subunit; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018121:Receptors, Cytokine / Q000378:metabolism; D053606:Receptors, OSM-LIF; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; D015398:Signal Transduction; D000071223:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Protein; D050826:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D016207:Cytokines; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C494199:IL6ST protein, human; C507840:LIFR protein, human; D053680:Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Receptor alpha Subunit; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D011506:Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018121:Receptors, Cytokine; D053606:Receptors, OSM-LIF; D012097:Repressor Proteins; C106644:SOCS3 protein, human; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; C494086:STAT3 protein, human; D000071223:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Protein; D050826:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; D050822:Cytokine Receptor gp130; C092073:cardiotrophin 1