title: Pretreatment with troglitazone decreases lethality during endotoxemia in mice.
abstract: Troglitazone is an oral antidiabetic drug that is a ligand for peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma). Based on other studies that have implicated an immunosuppressive role for PPARgamma during inflammatory responses, we hypothesized that troglitazone treatment would improve survival in a murine model of endotoxemia and that the protective effect would be mediated by decreased expression of inflammatory mediators. C57Bl/6N x Sv/129 (wild-type [WT]) or PPARalpha null mice treated for 2 weeks with dietary troglitazone (0.1%) had significantly fewer deaths and a higher LD(50) value compared to control-fed mice when challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). PPARalpha null mice were more sensitive to the lethal effects of LPS as evidenced by a 2-fold lower LD(50) (6.6 mg/kg) compared to WT mice (14.6 mg/kg). Troglitazone treatment had no significant effect on LPS-induced plasma TNF, glucose, or nitric oxide levels in WT or PPARalpha null mice at any of the time points examined. However, troglitazone treatment significantly reduced LPS-induced plasma IL-6 levels in both WT and PPARalpha null mice. The results of these studies suggest that troglitazone treatment protects mice against a lethal challenge of LPS, but whether or not this effect is mediated through decreased expression of inflammatory mediators remains unclear.
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Sciences, Oklahoma Christian University, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73190, USA.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Novosad
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hoffhines
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gipson
authors.forename: Jared
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gimble
authors.forename: Molly
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hill
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D002839:Chromans / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004032:Diet; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004347:Drug Interactions; D019446:Endotoxemia / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000097:blood; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics; D000077288:Troglitazone; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D002839:Chromans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D013844:Thiazoles; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D000077288:Troglitazone