title: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nucleocapsid protein nuclear localization mediates early viral mRNA expression.
abstract: An important aspect of the pathophysiology of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is the ability of the virus to replicate in the host vigorously without a latent phase and to kill cells with a dynamic turnover of 1.8 x 10(9) cells/day and 10.3 x 10(9) virions/24 h. The transcription of HIV-1 RNA in acute infection occurs at two stages; the transcription of viral spliced mRNA occurs early, and the transcription of viral genomic RNA occurs later. The HIV-1 Tat protein is translated from the early spliced mRNA and is critical for HIV-1 genomic RNA expression. The cellular transcription factors are important for HIV-1 early spliced mRNA expression. In this study we show that virion nucleocapsid protein (NC) has a role in expression of HIV-1 early spliced mRNA. The HIV-1 NC migrates from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and accumulates in the nucleus at 18 h postinfection. Mutations on HIV-1 NC zinc fingers change the pattern of early viral spliced mRNA expression and result in a delayed expression of early viral mRNA in HIV-infected cells. This delayed HIV-1 early spliced mRNA expression occurs after proviral DNA has been integrated into the cellular genome, as shown by a quantitative integration assay. These results show that virion NC plays an important role in inducing HIV-1 early mRNA expression and contributes to the rapid viral replication that occurs during HIV-1 infection.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Dana 617, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA. lzhang@caregroup.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Jielin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Clyde S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Crumpacker
mesh_terms: D002213:Capsid / Q000378:metabolism*; D036022:Capsid Proteins; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression; D015683:Gene Products, gag / Q000378:metabolism*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D019590:Nucleocapsid Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D012326:RNA Splicing; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012367:RNA, Viral; D013997:Time Factors; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014764:Viral Proteins; D016662:Virus Integration; D054301:gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
chemical_list: D036022:Capsid Proteins; D004279:DNA, Viral; D015683:Gene Products, gag; C071884:NCP7 protein, Human immunodeficiency virus 1; D019590:Nucleocapsid Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012367:RNA, Viral; D014764:Viral Proteins; D054301:gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus