title: Physical characteristics of total parenteral nutrition bags significantly affect the stability of vitamins C and B1: a controlled prospective study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vitamin degradation occurring during the storage of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) mixtures is significant and affects clinical outcome. This study aimed to assess the influence of the TPN bag material, the temperature, and the duration of storage on the stability of different vitamins.
  
  
  METHODS
  Solutions of multivitamin and trace elements at recommended doses were injected into either an ethylvinyl acetate (EVA) bag or a multilayered (ML) bag filled with 2500 mL of an identical mixture of carbohydrates (1200 kcal), fat (950 kcal), and amino acids (380 kcal). The bags were then stored at 4 degrees C, 21 degrees C, or 40 degrees C. Concentrations of vitamins A, B1, C, and E were measured up to 72 hours after compounding, using high-pressure liquid chromatography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten percent to 30% of vitamin C degradation occurred within the first minutes after TPN compounding. Vitamin C was more stable in ML bags (half-life: 68.6 hours at 4 degrees C, 24.4 hours at 21 degrees C, and 6.8 hours at 40 degrees C) than in EVA bags (half-life: 7.2 hours at 4 degrees C, 3.2 hours at 21 degrees C, and 1.1 hour at 40 degrees C). Moreover, appearance of dehydroascorbic acid in the TPN mixture did not compensate for vitamin C losses. Vitamin B1 was stable at 21 degrees C, but a 43% loss occurred at 40 degrees C after 72-hour storage in EVA bags. The other vitamins were stable in the TPN mixture stored in both bags at any temperature and without daylight protection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Degradations of vitamins C and B, are significantly reduced in ML bags compared with EVA bags. To prevent vitamin C deficiencies, its initial dose should be adapted to its degradation rate, which depends on the TPN bag material, the ambient temperature, and the length of time between TPN compounding and the end of infusion to the patient.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nutrition, Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Yves M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Dupertuis
authors.forename: Agnès
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morch
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fathi
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sierro
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Genton
authors.forename: Ursula G
authors.initials: UG
authors.lastname: Kyle
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pichard
mesh_terms: D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003683:Dehydroascorbic Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D004224:Diterpenes; D004349:Drug Packaging; D004355:Drug Stability; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D010289:Parenteral Nutrition, Total; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000084562:Retinyl Esters; D013696:Temperature; D013831:Thiamine / Q000737:chemistry*; D013997:Time Factors; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D004224:Diterpenes; D000084562:Retinyl Esters; D014801:Vitamin A; C014794:retinol palmitate; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; D013831:Thiamine; D003683:Dehydroascorbic Acid