title: Stereoselective urinary excretion of formoterol and its glucuronide conjugate in human.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Formoterol is an inhaled beta2-adrenoceptor agonist used as a racemic mixture of the active (R; R)- and inactive (S; S)-enantiomers (rac-formoterol). Glucuronidation is an important route of metabolism in humans which occurs faster for (S; S)-formoterol in human liver microsomes. The aim of this study was to investigate the stereoselectivity of urinary excretion of formoterol and its glucuronide conjugate after oral dosing with rac-formoterol.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven nonsmoking volunteers (six males, one female) were included in the study. After an overnight fast, a single 60 micro g oral dose of rac-formoterol fumarate dihydrate was ingested. Urine samples were collected at 1 h intervals for the first 4 h, and at 6, 8, 12 and 24 h after dosing. Formoterol enantiomers were analysed by chiral h.p.l.c. assay and formoterol glucuronides were determined as formoterol enantiomers after enzymatic cleavage with beta-glucuronidase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The female subject displayed a different pattern of metabolism and statistical analysis was therefore limited to data for the six males. The median (range) of the total urinary excretion of formoterol was 37.8% (20.9-51.2%) of the dose. The medians (ranges) of the amounts of (R; R)- and (S; S)-formoterol and of (R; R)- and (S; S)-formoterol glucuronide excreted were 2.1 (1.0-2.9), 3.5 (2.6-3.8), 21.0 (13.1-31.0) and 10.3 (4.2-14.6)%, respectively, of the dose. Unchanged (S; S)-formoterol excretion was significantly greater than that of unchanged (R; R)-formoterol and (R; R)-formoterol glucuronide excretion was significantly greater than that of (S; S)-formoterol glucuronide. The total RR-formoterol (unchanged drug plus glucuronide) excreted was significantly greater than the total (S; S)-formoterol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrates that the urinary excretion of formoterol in male humans after oral administration of rac-formoterol is stereoselective with preferential excretion of the active (R; R)-formoterol as unchanged drug and glucuronide. The different pattern of metabolism in the female subject provides impetus for further studies of the effect of gender on the stereoselective metabolism and pharmacokinetics of formoterol.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Christchurch School of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: J Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Fawcett
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Shaw
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000652:urine*; D000328:Adult; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D004983:Ethanolamines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D000068759:Formoterol Fumarate; D020719:Glucuronides / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013237:Stereoisomerism
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D004983:Ethanolamines; D020719:Glucuronides; D000068759:Formoterol Fumarate