title: Observational visual analog scale in pediatric pain assessment: useful tool or good riddance?
abstract: METHODS
  The authors reviewed the available pediatric pain literature and selected those studies that reported quantitative information on the reliability and validity of, and the optimal cutoff points for, the visual analog scale (VAS) when used as an observational pediatric pain tool.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Available psychometric findings concerning the observational VAS (VAS obs ) are limited. The estimated interrater reliability of the VAS (obs) from 9 studies ranged from 0.36 to 0.91. The correlation between self-report and the VAS (obs) was variable and ranged 0.23 to 0.83 in 6 studies. The concurrent validity of the VAS (obs) and other pain instruments ranged from 0.42 to 0.86.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further psychometric testing needs to be conducted on intraobserver reliability, responsiveness, and optimal cutoff points. Future research may guide the choice between VAS (obs) and the numerous behavioral pain instruments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Sophis Children's Hospital, University of Limburg, Maastricht, The Netherlands. vandijk@psys.azr.nl
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Dijk
authors.forename: Hans M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Koot
authors.forename: Huda Huijer Abu
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Saad
authors.forename: Dick
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tibboel
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Passchier
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D010146:Pain / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013223:Statistics as Topic