title: "Supplementary motor area (SMA) seizure" rather than "SMA epilepsy" in optimal surgical candidates: a document of subdural mapping.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To clarify the relationship between epileptogenic zone and supplementary motor area (SMA) in patients who were regarded as the optimal surgical candidates for their intractable SMA seizures.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed the epileptogenic zone at/or adjacent to the SMA in four patients with clinical SMA seizures. All four patients had noninvasive presurgical evaluations (long-term video/EEG monitoring, MRI, and neuroimaging with radioisotopes), which provided convergent results between ictal semiology and the epileptogenic area, and thus, they had chronically implanted subdural electrodes, and finally had focus resection with a follow-up period of more than 2 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three patients had lesions shown by MRI outside the SMA, and one patient had a lesion within the SMA. Interictal epileptiform discharges were seen at/or outside the SMA. Ictal EEG pattern originated from the SMA in one patient, from the high lateral frontal area in two patients, and from the precuneus in one patient. In the latter three patients, the ictal EEG pattern immediately spread to the SMA. Those ictal onset zones were consistently localized within/or just adjacent to the lesions revealed by MRI. Only one patient had SMA resection, and three had the resection of epileptogenic zone by preserving the SMA. No neurological deficits developed and good seizure control was achieved.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among surgical candidates for intractable SMA seizures, frontal cortex other than SMA or even parietal cortex can be epileptogenic, and thus, the SMA itself may not necessarily have to be resected. This notion is clinically important when selecting surgical candidates as well as when planning presurgical invasive evaluation in patients with intractable SMA seizures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Brain Pathophysiology, Human Brain Research Center, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 6060, Japan. akio@kuhp.kyoto-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ohara
authors.forename: Masao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsuhashi
authors.forename: Junichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Motohiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takayama
authors.forename: Riki
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: Nobuhiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mikuni
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Susumu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.forename: Waro
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Taki
authors.forename: Nobuo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shibasaki
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D001931:Brain Mapping; D004569:Electroencephalography; D017034:Epilepsy, Frontal Lobe / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011859:Radiography; D012640:Seizures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D013997:Time Factors