A population study of anxiety and depression among persons who report whiplash traumas.
The purpose of this study was to explore whether self-reported whiplash traumas were associated with increased prevalence of anxiety disorder and depression. A cross-sectional design (N = 61,110) based on data from the health study (HUNT-II) was used. Anxiety and depression were measured with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). A positive association was found between whiplash traumas and anxiety disorder and depression in traumas that happened more than 2 years ago, but not in more recent whiplash traumas. Some of the association between whiplash traumas and anxiety and depression is due to neck pain and headache. Two different explanations, the "memory bias" and the "attribution" hypothesis, are discussed as explanations of these results.
Wenzel
Hanne Gro
HG
Department of Psychiatry, Haukeland Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. hanne.g.wenzel@medisin.ntnu.no
Haug
Tone Tangen
TT
Mykletun
Arnstein
A
Dahl
Alv Andreas
AA
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D015995:Prevalence; D014911:Whiplash Injuries / Q000523:psychology*