title: Neocortical system abnormalities in autism: an fMRI study of spatial working memory.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that deficits in spatial working memory in autism are due to abnormalities in prefrontal circuitry.
  
  
  METHODS
  Functional MRI (fMRI) at 3 T was performed in 11 rigorously diagnosed non-mentally retarded autistic and six healthy volunteers while they performed an oculomotor spatial working memory task and a visually guided saccade task.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Autistic subjects demonstrated significantly less task-related activation in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Brodmann area [BA] 9/46) and posterior cingulate cortex (BA 23) in comparison with healthy subjects during a spatial working memory task. In contrast, activation of autistic individuals was not reduced in other regions comprising the neural circuitry for spatial working memory including the cortical eye fields, anterior cingulate cortex, insula, basal ganglia, thalamus, and lateral cerebellum. Autistic subjects also did not demonstrate reduced activation in any brain regions while performing visually guided saccades.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Impairments in executive cognitive processes in autism may be subserved by abnormalities in neocortical circuitry as evidenced by decreased activation in prefrontal and posterior cingulate circuitry during a spatial working memory task.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. lunab@msx.upmc.edu
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Luna
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Minshew
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Garver
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Lazar
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Thulborn
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Eddy
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sweeney
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology; D019579:Neocortex / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology