title: Clinical and ultrasonographic weight estimation in large for gestational age fetus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine prospectively the effect on pregnancy outcome of a management protocol, that adds ultrasonographic weight estimation in fetuses suspected clinically as large.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective follow up study of all singleton deliveries during a 1 year period. All patients underwent routine clinical estimation of fetal weight. When clinical estimation of fetal weight was > or = 3700 g, patients were referred for ultrasonographic estimation of fetal weight. When the latter was > or = 4000 g the patient was informed about the risks of birth trauma. Cesarean section was recommended only when > or = 4500 g. Ultrasonography was repeated every 4 days when possible. Predictive values of clinical and ultrasonographic estimations of fetal weight for diagnosing macrosomia, defined for the purpose of this study as 4000 g or more, and their effect on the rate of cesarean sections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five hundred fifty-five (14.4%) out of 3844 singletons were estimated as 3700 g or more. Only 315 fetuses had ultrasonographic estimation of weight within 3 days of delivery. The sensitivity of clinical and ultrasonographic prediction of macrosomia was 68 and 58%, respectively. Cesarean section rate in newborns weighing 4000 g or more was 22% when macrosomia was clinically suspected compared to 11% when it was not (P<0.05). In fetuses estimated ultrasonographically as 4000 g or larger the cesarean section rate was doubled (50.7% versus 24.9%, P<0.05) compared to those estimated as smaller than 4000 g, although actual weight of 4500 g or more was recorded in 10.6 and 8.5% of these groups, respectively. There were no cases of shoulder dystocia in macrosomic babies when macrosomia was not detected by ultrasound compared to two cases of shoulder dystocia (2.7%) when macrosomia was detected by ultrasound.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antenatal suspicion of macrosomia increased the cesarean section rate while the associated improvement in pregnancy outcome remains questionable. The contribution of ultrasound, added to routine clinical estimation of fetal weight, was clinically insignificant apart from a further increase in cesarean section rate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Afula and the Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Ha'Emek Medical Center, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Zeev
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Weiner
authors.forename: Izhar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ben-Shlomo
authors.forename: Ronit
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Beck-Fruchter
authors.forename: Yael
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: Eliezer
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shalev
mesh_terms: D002585:Cesarean Section; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric; D004420:Dystocia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005320:Fetal Macrosomia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D020567:Fetal Weight; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012782:Shoulder; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal