title: Pharmacokinetics in renally impaired subjects of NXY-059, a nitrone-based, free-radical trapping agent developed for the treatment of acute stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  NXY-059 is a nitrone-based, free-radical trapping agent being developed for the treatment of acute ischaemic stroke. Elimination of NXY-059 is primarily renal. The objective of the study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics of NXY-059 in subjects with renal impairment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four subjects with a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) ranging from 19 ml/min to 100 ml/min received NXY-059 intravenously over a 24-h period. Drug in plasma and urine was measured for 72 h. One-hour loading infusion rates were proportional to body weight, while maintenance infusion rates were proportional to GFR. Target plasma levels were 60 micro mol/l for subjects with mild (GFR 50-100 ml/min) and moderate (GFR 30-49 ml/min) renal impairment, and 30 micro mol/l for subjects with severe renal impairment (GFR <30 ml/min). GFR was measured as sinistrin clearance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The data indicated no tolerability or safety concerns with NXY-059. The half-life, which normally is approximately 2-4 h, was in the order of 10-12 h in subjects with moderate and severe renal impairment. The distribution parameters steady-state volume of distribution (V(ss)) and unbound fraction in plasma at 13-15 l and 0.53-0.58, respectively, were virtually the same as previously observed in healthy subjects. Plasma clearance of NXY-059, which ranged from 9 ml/min to 76 ml/min, was directly proportional to kidney function (GFR) with no discernible contribution by non-renal clearance. The correlation coefficient squared (r(2)) was 0.93, both when the renal function parameter was GFR and when it was creatinine clearance estimated from serum creatinine, age, weight and sex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Non-renal elimination of NXY-059 appeared to be insignificant even in subjects with low renal capacity. Patients with renal impairment should have their dose of NXY-059 adjusted for renal function, conveniently assessed from serum creatinine.
authors.affiliation: AstraZeneca R & D Södertälje, 151 85 Södertälje, Sweden. stig.strid@astrazeneca.com
authors.forename: Stig
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Strid
authors.forename: Olof
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Borgå
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Edenius
authors.forename: Karl-Gustav
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Jostell
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Odergren
authors.forename: Angelika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weil
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001557:Benzenesulfonates; D005260:Female; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D008875:Middle Aged; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D020521:Stroke / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D001557:Benzenesulfonates; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; C120851:disufenton sodium