title: Cancer screening and life expectancy of Canadian patients with kidney failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) have at least the same prevalence of breast and cervical cancer but a reduced life expectancy compared with the general population. Whereas cancer screening has been found to be effective in the general population, competing risks in ESRD patients may obviate any screening benefit in this population. The purpose of this study was to determine if patients with ESRD benefit, in terms of life expectancy, by screening for breast and cervical cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ESRD mortality data from the Canadian Organ Replacement Registry was combined with North American statistics for breast and cervical cancer mortality, incidence, and screening efficacy for 40-, 60-, and 70-year-old women. A validated method of calculating life expectancy, the declining exponential approximation of life expectancy (DEALE), was used to estimate the average life expectancy with and without screening. The benefit of screening is then the estimated difference in the life expectancy with and without mammography or PAP smears.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Without screening, the maximum reduction in life expectancy would be 12 days for 60-year-old women with breast cancer. The maximum calculated benefit from screening was an increase in life expectancy of only 3 days with PAP smears for 60-year-old women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Breast and cervical cancer screening, in women with ESRD, is not associated with as large a gain in life expectancy as for women of the general population. This conclusion does not necessarily apply to the individual woman with multiple risk factors for breast or cervical cancer and few comorbidities.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Loeb Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Sahar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kajbaf
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nichol
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality; D008017:Life Expectancy; D008327:Mammography; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D065006:Papanicolaou Test; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014626:Vaginal Smears