title: Liver pathology in compound heterozygous patients for hemochromatosis mutations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While hepatic pathology of homozygous carriers of the C282Y mutation of the HFE haemochromatosis gene is well defined, the impact of the C282Y/H63D compound heterozygous carrier state is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the range of hepatic pathology in C282Y/H63D compound heterozygous patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  25 C282Y/H63D compound heterozygous patients with and without known underlying liver disease underwent liver biopsies for evaluation or abnormal liver tests. Eleven cadaveric liver donors with HFE wild type served as controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mutations in the HFE gene were detected by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) separation of digested polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplificates. The extent of light microscopic changes of liver architecture were studied on haematoxylin, eosin (H. E.) stains. In addition, the extent and the distribution of iron deposition was graded on Prussian blue-stained sections and hepatic iron was quantified by atom absorption spectroscopy. Serum ferritin concentration and the transferrin saturation index were measured using routine laboratory methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients without underlying liver disease (n = 15): Hepatic inflammation was seen in only 8% but fibrosis was found in 36% of compound heterozygous patients. Eighty six percent of those patients had stainable iron predominantly found in Rappaport's zone 1 and 2, but all had a liver iron-index < 1.9. Transferrin saturation was found elevated in 36% of compound heterozygous patients. Patients with liver fibrosis showed significantly higher ferritin levels than patients without liver fibrosis (1110 ng/mL versus 307 ng/mL, p < 0.05). Patients with underlying disease (n = 10): In compound heterozygous patients, 77% had hepatic inflammation and 88% fibrosis. Stainable iron (44%) was less frequently found than in patients without underlying liver disease. Hepatic iron-index in patients with underlying liver disease was always below 1.17; transferrin saturation was elevated in only 22% of the compound heterozygous patients. Histologic hepatic iron-index was significantly lower in patients with underlying disease (median 0.047) as compared to patients without underlying liver disease (median 0.274, P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The underlying liver disease determines the extent of hepatic pathology seen in livers of compound heterozygous patients. However, considerable histologic fibrosis can also be found in compound heterozygous patients without underlying liver disease.
authors.affiliation: Universitätsklinik für Innere Medizin IV, Klinische Abteilung Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie, University of Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Maximilian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schöniger-Hekele
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Polli
authors.forename: Friedrich
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wrba
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Penner
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ferenci
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D005260:Female; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood; D006432:Hemochromatosis / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology*; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014168:Transferrin / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D014168:Transferrin; D005293:Ferritins