title: Collective versus mass behavior:  a conceptual framework for temporary and permanent migration in Western Europe and the United States.
abstract: "Present theories treat migration as one basic movement.  [In the present paper,] conceptualization of economic migration as collective rather than mass behavior has been proposed to overcome present theoretical inadequacies and facilitate empirical analyses.  Permanent migration has been correctly regarded as statistically aggregated, institutionalized behavior. Temporary international labor migration is, however, a different phenomenon--one that is more accurately portrayed as a collective product.  It is the culmination of nontraditional interactions between three major groups: the migrants, their employers and host nation-states.  The development of collective behavior, including a noninstitutionalized role of the state, may be illustrated by Western European guestworkers and United States illegal aliens.  Advantages of the conceptualization include easier cross-cultural comparisons, guidelines for predictability and recognition of the dual role of the state as both major actor in the migration process and social control agent."
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Snowden
mesh_terms: D000569:Americas; D001519:Behavior; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003710:Demography; D019049:Developed Countries; D004467:Economics; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D004651:Employment; D005060:Europe; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D009656:North America; D011057:Politics; D011153:Population; D011157:Population Dynamics; D011640:Public Policy; D012106:Research; D012942:Social Sciences; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014171:Transients and Migrants; D014481:United States
keywords: Americas; Behavior; Comparative Studies; Cross-cultural Comparisons; Demographic Analysis; Demographic Factors; Demography; Destination; Developed Countries; Economic Factors; Employment; Europe; Evaluation; Illegal Migrants; International Migration; Labor Migration; Macroeconomic Factors; Migrants; Migration; Migration Policy; North America; Northern America; Policy; Political Factors; Population; Population Dynamics; Population Policy; Population Theory; Research Methodology; Social Policy; Social Sciences; Socioeconomic Factors; Studies; Temporary Migration; United States; Western Europe