title: Caribbean immigrants in Britain and Canada: socio-economic adjustment.
abstract: This paper compares the socioeconomic experiences of Caribbean immigration in Britain and Canada and shows how differing immigration trends together with changing economic circumstances influenced the process of integration.  Caribbean immigrants in Canada are more recent arrivals than those in Britain and, in 1981, were still experiencing initial adjustment problems aggravated by an economy in which unemployment is still high.  Unlike Britain, which has a large population born in that country of West Indian parentage, the "2nd generation" in Canada is small and mostly still in school.  Despite higher levels of education and qualifications than their counterparts in Britain, Caribbean immigrants in Canada faced similar problems.  Males were relatively more concentrated in manufacturing industries in Canada and in transportation in Britain, sectors which were undergoing significant structural change and experiencing high levels of unemployment.  Earned income was below average in both countries but there were interesting gender differences.  Caribbean women experienced the same "earnings gap", relative to men, that characterized most women in the labor force.  However, Caribbean women were relatively more successful than men, as measured by unemployment rates and earned incomes.  This appears to be due to their qualifications in nursing and other service occupations that continued to expand, and to be in demand in the 1970s and 1980s, when other occupations were declining in response to technological change and "post-industrial" developments.  In both countries there were residual disadvantages, faced by Caribbean men and women, which cannot be statistically explained by factors such as age, education, period of immigration, or structural changes in the economy.  These can be attributed, at least in part, to the institutionalized prejudice and discrimination against racial minorities which is prevalent in both societies.  In absolute terms Caribbean immigrants in Canada are clearly better off than their counterparts in Britain.  However, relative to other immigrants, and the native-born population with similar demographic characteristics and educational qualifications, those in Canada experience similar disadvantages.
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Richmond
mesh_terms: D000069:Acculturation; D000569:Americas; D002170:Canada; D017691:Caribbean Region; D003710:Demography; D019049:Developed Countries; D003906:Developing Countries; D004467:Economics; D004522:Educational Status; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D004651:Employment; D005006:Ethnicity; D005060:Europe; D007182:Income; D009656:North America; D009786:Occupational Health Services; D011153:Population; D011154:Population Characteristics; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012106:Research; D012737:Sex Factors; D012922:Social Change; D012923:Social Class; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014171:Transients and Migrants; D014478:Unemployment; D006113:United Kingdom
keywords: Acculturation; Americas; Canada; Caribbean; Comparative Studies; Demographic Factors; Developed Countries; Developing Countries; Economic Conditions; Economic Factors; Educational Status; Employment; Employment Status; Employment-based Services; Europe; Income; International Migration; Macroeconomic Factors; Migrants; Migration; Nationality; Native-born; North America; Northern America; Northern Europe; Occupational Status; Population; Population Characteristics; Population Dynamics; Research Methodology; Sex Factors; Social Change; Socioeconomic Factors; Socioeconomic Status; Studies; Unemployment; United Kingdom