title: Counting Pakistanis in the Middle East:  problems and policy implications.
abstract: "Using Pakistan as a case study, this article focuses on the difficulties of measuring both the outflow of workers over time and the stock abroad at any particular time.  The various estimates of the number of Pakistanis in the Middle East are evaluated and an alternative estimate is provided based on hitherto unused data from two major surveys of returning workers.  The alternative estimate differs substantially from the others, the difference being attributed principally to clandestine worker immigration. The concluding section discusses the policy implications of inaccurate information about the numbers of workers abroad and the likely effects of the current Persian Gulf crisis on Pakistan's economy."
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Stahl
authors.lastname: Farooq-i-azam
mesh_terms: D001208:Asia; D003710:Demography; D003906:Developing Countries; D004467:Economics; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D004651:Employment; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006280:Health Workforce; D008877:Middle East; D010154:Pakistan; D011057:Politics; D011153:Population; D011157:Population Dynamics; D011640:Public Policy; D012106:Research; D012107:Research Design; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014171:Transients and Migrants
keywords: Arab Countries; Asia; Demographic Factors; Developing Countries; Economic Conditions; Economic Factors; Estimation Technics; Evaluation; Human Resources; International Migration; Labor Force; Labor Migration; Macroeconomic Factors; Measurement; Migrant Workers; Migration; Pakistan; Policy; Political Factors; Population; Population Dynamics; Research Methodology; Southern Asia