title: A novel electron paramagnetic resonance approach to determine the mechanism of drug transport by P-glycoprotein.
abstract: ATP-driven pumping of a variety of drugs out of cells by the human P-glycoprotein poses a serious problem to medical therapy. High level heterologous expression of human P-glycoprotein, in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has facilitated biophysical studies in purified proteoliposome preparations. Membrane permeability of transported drugs and consequent lack of an experimentally defined drug position have made resolution of the transport mechanism difficult by classical techniques. To overcome these obstacles we devised a novel EPR spin-labeled verapamil for use as a transport substrate. Spin-labeled verapamil was an excellent transport substrate with apparent turnover number, K(m) and K(i) values of 5.8 s(-1), 4 microm, and 210 microm, respectively, at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C. The apparent affinities were approximately 10-fold higher than for unlabeled verapamil. Spin-labeled verapamil stimulated ATPase activity approximately 5-fold, was relatively hydrophilic, and had a very low flip-flop rate, making it an ideal transport substrate. The K(m) for MgATP activation of transport was 0.8 mm. By measuring the mobility of spin-labeled verapamil during transport experiments, we were able to resolve the location of the drug in proteoliposome suspensions. Steady state gradients of spin-labeled verapamil within the range of K(i)/K(m) ratios were observed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908-0736, USA.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Omote
authors.forename: Marwan K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Al-Shawi
mesh_terms: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases / Q000378:metabolism; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000502:physiology*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D006801:Humans; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry; D008081:Liposomes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010316:Particle Size; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013113:Spin Labels / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D014700:Verapamil / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D008055:Lipids; D008081:Liposomes; D013113:Spin Labels; D014700:Verapamil; D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases