title: Interactions between recreational drugs and antiretroviral agents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To summarize existing data regarding potential interactions between recreational drugs and drugs commonly used in the management of HIV-positive patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information was obtained via a MEDLINE search (1966-August 2002) using the MeSH headings human immunodeficiency virus, drug interactions, cytochrome P450, medication names commonly prescribed for the management of HIV and related opportunistic infections, and names of commonly used recreational drugs. Abstracts of national and international conferences, review articles, textbooks, and references of all articles were also reviewed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature on pharmacokinetic interactions was considered for inclusion. Pertinent information was selected and summarized for discussion. In the absence of specific data, prediction of potential clinically significant interactions was based on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All protease inhibitors (PIs) and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors are substrates and potent inhibitors or inducers of the cytochrome P450 system. Many classes of recreational drugs, including benzodiazepines, amphetamines, and opioids, are also metabolized by the liver and can potentially interact with antiretrovirals. Controlled interaction studies are often not available, but clinically significant interactions have been observed in a number of case reports. Overdoses secondary to interactions between the "rave" drugs methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and PIs have been reported. PIs, particularly ritonavir, may also inhibit metabolism of amphetamines, ketamine, lysergic acid diethylmide (LSD), and phencyclidine (PCP). Case series and pharmacokinetic studies suggest that nevirapine and efavirenz induce methadone metabolism, which may lead to symptoms of opiate withdrawal. A similar interaction may exist between methadone and the PIs ritonavir and nelfinavir, although the data are less consistent. Opiate metabolism can be inhibited or induced by concomitant PIs, and patients should be monitored for signs of toxicity and/or loss of analgesia. PIs should not be coadministered with midazolam and triazolam, since prolonged sedation may occur.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interactions between agents commonly prescribed for patients with HIV and recreational drugs can occur, and may be associated with serious clinical consequences. Clinicians should encourage open dialog with their patients on this topic, to avoid compromising antiretroviral efficacy and increasing the risk of drug toxicity.
authors.affiliation: HIV Program/Inner City Health, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Antoniou
authors.forename: Alice Lin-In
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Tseng
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism; D004347:Drug Interactions; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System