Hypoxia-induced pathways in breast cancer.
Hypoxia, a common consequence of solid tumor growth in breast cancer and other cancers, serves to propagate a cascade of molecular pathways which include angiogenesis, glycolysis, and alterations in microenvironmental pH. Hypoxia-inducible factors, heterodimeric DNA binding complexes composed of two subunits, provide critical regulation of this response. This review presents a synopsis of the genes induced by hypoxia in the context of breast cancer and discusses how upregulation of HIF-1 activity, and the homologous factor HIF-2, are not only fundamental for the adaptation to hypoxia but also may be critical for tumor progression.
Goonewardene
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Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, University of Oxford, Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
Sowter
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Harris
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D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006019:Glycolysis; D006801:Humans; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010448:Peptide Initiation Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000099162:Endothelial PAS Domain-Containing Protein 1
D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D010448:Peptide Initiation Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000099162:Endothelial PAS Domain-Containing Protein 1; C497442:HIF1A protein, human