title: Interactive radio instruction: developing instructional methods.
abstract: The USAID has, since 1972, funded the development of a new methodology for educational radio for young children through 3 projects:  the Radio Mathematics PRoject of Nicaragua, the Radio Language Arts Project of Kenya, and the Radio Science PRoject of Papua New Guinea.  These projects developed math programs for grades 1-4 and English as a second language for grades 1-3; programs to teach science in grades 4-6 are now being developed.  Appropriate techniques were developed to engage young children actively in the learning process.  Lessons are planned as a "conversation" between the children and the radio; scripts are written as 1/2 of a dialogue, with pauses carefully timed so that written as 12 of a dialogue, with pauses carefully timed so that students can contribute their 1/2.  Teaching techniques used in all 3 projects include choral responses, simultaneous individual seatwork, and activities using simple materials such as pebbles and rulers.  Certain techniques were specific to the subject being taught, or to the circumstances in which the lessons were to be used.  Patterned oral drill was used frequently in the English lessons, including sound-cued drills.  "Deferred" oral responses were used often in the math lessons.  In this method, the children are instructed to solve a problem silently, not giving the answer aloud until requested, thus allowing time for even the slower children to participate.  "One-child" questions were used in both English and science:  the radio asks a question to be answered by a single child, who is selected on the spot by the classroom teacher.  This allows for open-ended questions, but also requires constant supervision of the classroom teacher.  Songs and games were used in all programs, and extensively for didactic purposes in the teaching of English.  Instructions for science activities are often more complex than in other courses, particularly when the children are using science apparatus, especially when they work in pairs to share scarce equipment, a cost-saving device developed specifically for use in the science course.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Friend
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000349:Africa; D017954:Africa South of the Sahara; D000351:Africa, Eastern; D000367:Age Factors; D000569:Americas; D002489:Central America; D002648:Child; D003142:Communication; D003710:Demography; D003906:Developing Countries; D004493:Education; D006077:Government Agencies; D006285:Health Planning; D007630:Kenya; D007843:Latin America; D008402:Mass Media; D008542:Melanesia; D008722:Methods; D009527:Nicaragua; D009656:North America; D009934:Organization and Administration; D009938:Organizations; D010139:Pacific Islands; D010219:Papua New Guinea; D011153:Population; D011154:Population Characteristics; D011845:Radio; D013663:Teaching
keywords: Africa; Africa South Of The Sahara; Age Factors; Americas; Broadcast Media; Central America; Child; Communication; Demographic Factors; Developing Countries; Eastern Africa; Education; Educational Activities; Educational Technics; English Speaking Africa; Government Agencies; Kenya; Latin America; Mass Media; Melanesia; Methodological Studies; Nicaragua; North America; Oceania; Organization And Administration; Organizations; Papua New Guinea; Population; Population Characteristics; Program Design; Programs; Radio; Usaid; Youth