title: Taikongs and Calos:  the role of middlemen and brokers in Javanese international migration.
abstract: "This article discusses international migration from Java in the past and present and the role brokers have played in stimulating this movement.  It describes legal and clandestine labor migration to Singapore, Malaysia, and Saudi Arabia, the influence of employment brokers on the process, and the organization of the recruitment networks.  The involvement of brokers is crucial but not always beneficial for the migrants.  Migrants are dependent on the brokers and risk exploitation.  In the case of movement to Saudi Arabia, there is a linkage with religious institutions and the Islamic pilgrimage."
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Spaan
mesh_terms: D001208:Asia; D001210:Asia, Southeastern; D001211:Asia, Western; D003142:Communication; D003710:Demography; D003906:Developing Countries; D004467:Economics; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D004651:Employment; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006285:Health Planning; D006280:Health Workforce; D007214:Indonesia; D007857:Leadership; D008296:Malaysia; D008877:Middle East; D009934:Organization and Administration; D010560:Personnel Selection; D011153:Population; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012529:Saudi Arabia; D012846:Singapore; D014171:Transients and Migrants
keywords: Arab Countries; Asia; Communication; Demographic Factors; Developing Countries; Economic Factors; Employment; Human Resources; Illegal Migrants; Indonesia; Influentials; International Migration--determinants; Knowledge Sources; Labor Force; Labor Migration; Macroeconomic Factors; Malaysia; Migrant Workers; Migrants; Migration; Organization And Administration; Population; Population Dynamics; Program Activities; Programs; Recruitment Activities; Saudi Arabia; Singapore; Southeastern Asia; Western Asia