title: Gender, education, and fertility:  a cross-national analysis of Sub-Saharan African nations.
abstract: According to the demographic transition theory and the wealth flows model, it is expected that fertility will decline with socioeconomic development, manifested in part through increasingly greater proportions of the population with formal education.  Since their independence in the 1960s, most sub-Saharan African nations have experienced rapid changes in educational levels.  However, recent estimates indicate that high levels of fertility are being maintained as reflected in the high rates of population increase of approximately 3%/year.  Controlling for socioeconomic development as measured by per capita energy consumption and percentage of labor force in agriculture, this article examines the relationship between education and fertility for men and women in 37 sub-Saharan nations.  Results indicate that primary school enrollment in 1960 and 1980 for both males and females had a weak negative and nonsignificant relationship with the total fertility rate 15-30 years later.  Secondary school enrollment in 1960 for both males and females had weak relationships with the total fertility rate.  However, secondary school enrollment for males in 1980 had a significant negative effect on the total fertility rate 10-25 years later.  Implications are discussed.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Adamchak
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Ntseane
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa; D017954:Africa South of the Sahara; D000383:Agriculture; D001723:Birth Rate; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D003710:Demography; D003906:Developing Countries; D004467:Economics; D004493:Education; D004522:Educational Status; D004651:Employment; D004777:Environment; D005298:Fertility; D006280:Health Workforce; D011153:Population; D011154:Population Characteristics; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012574:Schools; D012737:Sex Factors; D012922:Social Change; D012923:Social Class; D012939:Social Planning; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013334:Students
keywords: Africa; Africa South Of The Sahara; Agricultural Development; Birth Rate; Consumption; Demographic Factors; Developing Countries; Economic Development; Economic Factors; Education; Educational Status; Environment; Fertility; Fertility Measurements; Fertility Rate; Human Resources; Labor Force; Macroeconomic Factors; Natural Resources; Population; Population Characteristics; Population Dynamics; Primary Schools--statistics; Rural Development; School Enrollment; Schools; Secondary Schools--statistics; Sex Factors; Social Development; Socioeconomic Factors; Socioeconomic Status; Total Fertility Rate