title: Nail morphology studies as assessments for onychomycosis treatment modalities.
abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to study the morphology of the human nail treated with chemical penetration enhancers (CPE), bioadhesives and surface modifiers for assessment of topical treatment modalities for onychomycosis. CPEs, including dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and urea were applied to human nail samples. Additional samples were treated with surface modifiers, tartaric acid (TTA) and phosphoric acid gel (PA). Other nail specimens were subjected to the bioadhesive polymers Carbopol 971P and Klucel MF. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and polarized light microscopy (PLM) were utilized to visualize nail morphology and topographical changes of the human nail samples subjected to the various chemical agents. AFM, SEM and PLM micrographs revealed changes in topography to the dorsal layer when CPEs and surface modifiers were applied. Roughness scores as determined by NANOSCOPE IIIA software indicated a 2-fold increase when the dorsal nail layer was subjected to PA versus the control (147.8 vs. 85.0 nm, respectively). In contrast, when carbomer 971P was applied to the dorsal surface, roughness scores decreased significantly (44.6 vs. 85.0 nm, respectively). AFM, SEM and PLM studies of the human nail subjected to various chemical agents may be useful in the design and formulation of novel drug delivery systems for the topical treatment of onychomycosis. The AFM studies offer both a qualitative and quantitative assessment for nail treatment opportunities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677-1848, USA. marepka@olemiss.edu
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Repka
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: O'Haver
authors.forename: Chun Hwa
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: See
authors.forename: Kavitha
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gutta
authors.forename: Manish
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Munjal
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008859:Microscopy, Polarization; D009262:Nails / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000187:drug effects; D014009:Onychomycosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D010756:Phosphoric Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D013499:Surface Properties / Q000187:drug effects; D013644:Tartrates / Q000494:pharmacology; D014508:Urea / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D010756:Phosphoric Acids; D013644:Tartrates; D014508:Urea; C030242:phosphoric acid; C029768:tartaric acid; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide