title: Induction of differential patterns of local cerebral glucose metabolism and immediate-early genes by acute clozapine and haloperidol.
abstract: Atypical antipsychotic drugs, such as clozapine, show many differences in their actions as compared to typical antipsychotic drugs, such as haloperidol. In particular, the neuroanatomical substrates responsible for the superior therapeutic profile of clozapine are unknown. In order to identify regions of the CNS which are affected either differentially or in parallel by clozapine and haloperidol, we have used 2-deoxyglucose autoradiography to monitor local cerebral glucose utilisation (LCGU), in parallel with in situ hybridisation to monitor the expression of five immediate-early genes (c-fos, fos B, fra 1, fra 2 and zif 268). Clozapine (20 mg/kg i.p.) caused a reduction in LCGU in many areas of the psychosis-related corticolimbothalamic and Papez circuits, such as the anterior cingulate and retrosplenial cortices and the mammillary body. Haloperidol (1 mg/kg i.p.) showed less ability to modulate LCGU in these regions. Clozapine also increased immediate-early gene expression in these limbic circuits, although the pattern of induction was different for each gene, and also differed from the pattern of effects on LCGU. The only region which displayed similar effects with both antipsychotics was the anteroventral thalamus, with LCGU and c-fos mRNA expression being altered similarly by both drugs. This further supports the hypothesis of the thalamus being a common site of antipsychotic action. Since the Papez circuit has been implicated in emotive learning, and to be involved in mediating the negative symptoms associated with schizophrenia, the greater action of clozapine on regions within this circuit may also provide clues to the atypical antipsychotic's superior efficacy against negative symptoms. This is one of the first studies which provides a direct comparison of regional activity as assessed by LCGU and by a panel of IEGs. The results emphasise the necessity of monitoring a number of different parameters of regional activity in order to identity the neuroanatomical substrate for actions of a drug in the CNS.
authors.affiliation: Yoshitomi Research Institute for Neuroscience in Glasgow (YRING), University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Glasgow, UK. yring@bio.gla.ac.uk
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Cochran
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: McKerchar
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Pratt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000963:Antimetabolites / Q000494:pharmacology; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001345:Autoradiography; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000187:drug effects*; D003024:Clozapine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003847:Deoxyglucose / Q000494:pharmacology; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D017781:Genes, Immediate-Early / Q000187:drug effects*; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008297:Male; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D015345:Oligonucleotide Probes; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans
chemical_list: D000963:Antimetabolites; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists; D015345:Oligonucleotide Probes; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D003847:Deoxyglucose; D005947:Glucose; D003024:Clozapine; D006220:Haloperidol