title: Secular changes in the short-term preventive, positive, and temperature checks to population growth in Europe, 1460 to 1909.
abstract: "Annual variations in births, marriages, deaths, grain prices, and quarterly temperature series in England, France, Prussia, and Sweden [for the period 1460-1909] are analyzed using a distributed lag model.  The results provide support for the existence of the short-term preventive, positive and temperature checks to population growth.  Decreases in fertility and nuptiality are generally associated with increases in grain prices.  Increases in mortality appear to be associated with high grain prices, cold winters and hot summers.  Changes in these responses over time are examined within the context of economic development."
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Galloway
mesh_terms: D002980:Climate; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D003710:Demography; D019049:Developed Countries; D004467:Economics; D004739:England; D004777:Environment; D005060:Europe; D005298:Fertility; D005523:Food Supply; D005602:France; D005858:Germany; D008393:Marriage; D009026:Mortality; D011153:Population; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012537:Scandinavian and Nordic Countries; D012621:Seasons; D013548:Sweden; D006113:United Kingdom
keywords: Climate--history; Demographic Factors; Developed Countries; Economic Development--history; Economic Factors; England; Environment; Europe; Fertility--history; Food Supply--cost; France; Germany; Historical Survey; Marriage; Marriage Patterns--history; Mediterranean Countries; Mortality--history; Natural Resources; Northern Europe; Nuptiality; Population; Population Dynamics; Scandinavia; Seasonal Variation--history; Sweden; United Kingdom; Western Europe