title: Semen analysis and external quality control schemes for semen analysis need global standardization.
abstract: One semen analysis laboratory [the Institute of Reproductive Medicine (IRM), Münster, Germany] was enrolled in three external quality assurance programmes in Europe (United Kingdom External Quality Assurance Scheme, European Academy of Andrology, European Society of Human Reproduction) that control for the assessment of sperm concentration, sperm motility and sperm morphology. Agreement between the participating laboratory and the sperm concentrations designated by all three programmes was good. Disagreement between two quality control (QC) programmes providing motility assessment was particularly noticeable in the distinction between motility grades a and b. For the identification of normal sperm morphology, marked differences between the standards set by different QC programmes were apparent. One programme was stricter in its categorization of normal forms, such that an overestimation of normal forms was diagnosed at IRM, whereas agreement with the other programmes was achieved. Variation of results from technicians in the IRM internal QC programme was <13%. The discrepancies between external quality control (EQC) centres demonstrated here are challenging problems to be overcome partly by the andrology laboratories and partly by the providers of EQC services. The introduction of objective, computer-aided sperm assessment in providing designated values may help to rectify this situation. Until this is achieved, EQC programmes should develop an internal programme to monitor their materials and methods for assessment.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Reproductive Medicine of the University, Münster, Germany. cooper@uni-muenster.de
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Björndahl
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vreeburg
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nieschlag
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011786:Quality Control; D012661:Semen; D013081:Sperm Motility