title: A case-control study of lung cancer in Casablanca, Morocco.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate etiologic risk factors for lung cancer in Casablanca, Morocco.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a hospital-based case-control study that included 118 incident lung cancer cases and 235 age-, sex- and residence-matched controls. We analyzed the data using matched univariate and matched and unmatched multivariate logistic regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Active tobacco smoking and history of chronic bronchitis were the strongest risk factors for lung cancer in the matched logistic regression model. Multivariate odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals varied from 1.79 (0.47-6.79) for former light smokers to 26.07 (6.58-103.27) for current heavy tobacco smokers at the time of disease occurrence. Combined use of hashish/kiff and snuff had an OR of 6.67 (1.65-26.90), whereas the OR for hashish/kiff (without snuff) was 1.93 (0.57-6.58). History of chronic bronchitis had an OR of 4.16 (1.76-9.85). Other slightly increased risks of lung cancer were found for exposure to passive smoking (1.36; 0.71-2.62), occupational exposures (1.75; 0.84-3.63), use of candles for lighting (1.44; 0.42-5.01), and poor ventilation of the kitchen (1.22; 0.57-2.58).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirms known risk factors for lung cancer and uncovers potential new etiologic ones such as the role of hashish/kiff.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Epidemiology for Cancer Prevention, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France. sasco@iarc.fr
authors.forename: Annie J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Sasco
authors.forename: Ray M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Merrill
authors.forename: Imane
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dari
authors.forename: Véronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Benhaïm-Luzon
authors.forename: Florence
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Carriot
authors.forename: Cristina I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Cann
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bartal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003906:Developing Countries; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016015:Logistic Models; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009018:Morocco / Q000453:epidemiology; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D011336:Probability; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution