title: Down-regulation of TFF expression in gastrointestinal cell lines by cytokines and nuclear factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Trefoil peptides (TFF1, TFF2 and TFF3) are acute phase proteins up-regulated in response to gastrointestinal mucosal damage. They promote cell migration, protect and heal the mucosa and may function as tumorsuppressors. We assumed them to be regulated by the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1beta (IL1beta) and interleukin-6 (IL6), which trigger the transcriptional factors NF-kappaB and C/EBPbeta.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following IL1beta and IL6 stimulation, expression of TFF genes was analyzed in gastrointestinal cell lines HT-29 and KATO III by reporter gene assays using TFF promoter constructs and by quantitative real-time PCR. NF-kappaB and C/EBPbeta were transiently co-expressed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have functionally identified transcription factors NF-kappaB and C/EBPbeta to inhibit transcription of human TFF genes. Down-regulation of TFF transcription is also observed by IL1beta and IL6, suggesting crosstalk with or in response to the immune system. IL1beta and IL6 caused a 3- to 11-fold reduction in TFF mRNA expression, displayed in real-time PCR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Down-regulation of intestinal trefoil factor TFF3 due to transcriptional repression by IL1beta through NF-kappaB as well as by IL6 through C/EBPbeta activation in vitro may reflect the situation in vivo and may contribute to ulceration and decreased wound healing during inflammatory bowel disease. Additionally, IL1 and IL6 over-expression in chronic gastritis may lead to mucosal damage and gastric carcinogenesis through transcriptional repression of TFF1 and TFF2.
authors.affiliation: University of Tübingen, Institute of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Div. Molecular Genetics, Germany. vdossinger@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Veronika
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dossinger
authors.forename: Tuncay
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kayademir
authors.forename: Nikolaus
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Blin
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gött
mesh_terms: D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002460:Cell Line; D002467:Cell Nucleus; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D019073:HT29 Cells; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism*; D007700:Kinetics; D009077:Mucins; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D010455:Peptides; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D051742:Transcription Factor CHOP; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071164:Trefoil Factor-2; D000071165:Trefoil Factor-3
chemical_list: D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins; C497249:DDIT3 protein, human; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D009077:Mucins; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010455:Peptides; D011506:Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C000604007:TFF2 protein, human; C082495:TFF3 protein, human; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000071164:Trefoil Factor-2; D000071165:Trefoil Factor-3; D051742:Transcription Factor CHOP