title: Depression and coronary artery atherosclerosis and reactivity in female cynomolgus monkeys.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Depression and coronary heart disease (CHD) are comorbid conditions, and it is thought that depression may increase the risk of CHD. However, the evidence for the latter relationship is sparse and difficult to collect. Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) have been used effectively as animal models of CHD risk and depression. Here we report the results of a comparison of physiological characteristics, coronary artery reactivity, and atherosclerosis in 16 depressed and 26 nondepressed female cynomolgus monkeys.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-two females were housed in single cages for 3 months and in their final social groups for 26 months, during which time they consumed an atherogenic diet.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the 26-month social grouping period, 16 of the females displayed behavioral depression, defined as a slumped or collapsed body posture accompanied by a relative lack of responsiveness to environmental stimuli. These depressed monkeys had higher heart rates throughout the study, even during the single-caging period, suggesting a priori differences in the autonomic function of females that displayed behavioral depression relative to those that did not. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function was impaired in all females during the single-caging period and during new group formation. By 26 months in the final social groups, females that never displayed depression were more sensitive to glucocorticoid negative feedback in a dexamethasone suppression test than females that displayed behavioral depression. Depressed females had poorer quality ovarian function than their nondepressed counterparts. There was no difference between depressed and nondepressed females in coronary artery atherosclerosis extent or cineangiographically determined coronary vasomotor responses to infused vasoactive substances (vascular reactivity).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depression did not appear to be associated with CHD risk in these female monkeys.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1040, USA. cshively@wfubmc.edu
authors.forename: Carol A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Shively
authors.forename: J Koudy
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Laber-Laird
authors.forename: Raymond F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Anton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology*; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000503:physiopathology; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000378:metabolism; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000503:physiopathology; D011374:Progesterone / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D011374:Progesterone; D003907:Dexamethasone; D006854:Hydrocortisone