title: Alarming increase in refugees.
abstract: Over the past decade and half there has been an alarming worldwide increase in refugees.  The total rose form 2.8 million in 1976 to 8.2 million in 1980, to 17.3 million in 1990.  Africa's refugees rose from 1.2 million in 1976 to 5.6 million in 1990.  Asia's increase over this period was much more rapid--from a mere 180,000 to 8 million.  In the Americas the numbers more than trebled, from 770,000 to 2.7 million.  Europe was the smallest increase, from 570,000 to 894,000.  International law defines a refugee as someone outside of their own country, who has a well-founded fear of persecution because of their political or religious beliefs or ethnic origin, and who cannot turn to their own country for protection.  Most refugees are genuine by this definition.  The increase reflects, in part, fallout from the cold war.  Ethiopia, Mozambique and Angola accounted for almost 1/2 of Africa's refugees; Afghanistan alone for 3/4 of Asia's total.  They fled, for the most part, from 1 poor country into another, where they added to shortages of land and fuelwood, and intensified environmental pressure.  Malawi, 1 of the poorest countries in the world, is sheltering perhaps as many as 750,000 refugees from the war in Mozambique.  But among these refugees--especially among those who turned to the rich countries for asylum--were an increasing number of people who were not suffering political persecution.  Driven out of their homes by the collapse of their environment or economic despair, and ready to take any means to get across borders, they are a new category:  economic and environmental refugees.  The most spectacular attempts hit the television screens:  the Vietnamese boat people, ships festooned with Albanians.  Behind the headlines there was a growing tide of asylum seekers.  The numbers rose 10-fold in Germany from 1983 to 1990.  In Switzerland they multiplied by 4 times.  In Europe, as a whole, they grew from 71,000 in 1983 to an estimated 550,000 in 1990.  In 1990 the numbers threatened to swamp reception systems.  There was a growing phenomenon of "asylum shopping" -- people turned down by 1 country applying to another and another.  The cost of supporting applicants on welfare while their claims were processing was rising.  In 1990 there were some 800,000 foreigners in Germany alone whose claims were under consideration.
mesh_terms: D003710:Demography; D004467:Economics; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D004777:Environment; D011057:Politics; D011153:Population; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012036:Refugees; D014171:Transients and Migrants
keywords: Demographic Factors; Economic Factors; Environment; Migrants; Migration; Political Factors; Population; Population Dynamics; Refugees; World