title: Id: a target of BMP signaling.
abstract: Cytokines of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily transduce their signals by activating receptor-regulated Smads (R-Smads). Distinct R-Smads or combinations of R-Smads are activated by TGF-beta, activin, or bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). R-Smads activated by BMPs induce expression of Id proteins, which act as inhibitors of differentiation and stimulators of cell growth by inhibiting the function of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors. In endothelial cells, TGF-beta binds to two distinct type I receptor serine-threonine kinases, ALK-5 and ALK-1; the latter activates the same R-Smads that are activated by BMP and induces synthesis of Id (inhibitor of differentiation or inhibitor of DNA binding) proteins. Growing evidence suggests that Id proteins may play crucial roles in angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and osteogenesis and act as key molecules in regulating biological responses induced by BMPs and TGF-beta.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan. miyazono-ind@umin.ac.jp
authors.forename: Kohei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miyazono
authors.forename: Keiji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miyazawa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D018257:Helix-Loop-Helix Motifs / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D051798:Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 1; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; C497453:ID1 protein, human; D051798:Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 1; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors