title: Large volume hepatic freezing: association with significant release of the cytokines interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor a in a rat model.
abstract: Although cryotherapy of liver tumors is generally considered a safe procedure, a syndrome of coagulopathy and fatal multiorgan failure has been observed in some patients and is called the cryoshock phenomenon. Our aim was to establish an animal model of this phenomenon and examine the effects of the basic parameters of freezing or cryotherapy on it. A group of 75 female Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated randomly to five groups: (1) sham laparotomy (n = 15); (2) small (25% liver volume) single freeze (n = 15); (3) small (25% liver volume) double freeze (n = 15); (4) large (50% liver volume) single freeze (n = 15); (5) large (50% liver volume) double freeze (n = 15). Blood samples were collected at different postoperative times, and organs were harvested for histopathology. There was a significant release of tumor necrosis factor-a (TNFa) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) following hepatic freezing, which was greatest in group 5. Postoperative serum cytokine levels were significantly associated with hepatocellular injury, as measured by postoperative serum aspartate transaminase (AST) concentrations. Severe hemoglobinuria and renal injury, as demonstrated by the serum creatinine level and the glomerular neutrophil count, were observed and were greatest in group 5. Hepatic cryosurgery is associated with release of IL-6 and TNFa and renal injury in a rat model. It is likely that the cryoshock phenomenon is another form of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Based on the results of this study, it is possibly mediated by cytokines released from the frozen liver tissue. We therefore caution against cryotherapy of large tumor volumes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of New South Wales, St. George Hospital, Kogarah, Sydney, New South Wales 2217, Australia.
authors.forename: Joachim K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Seifert
authors.forename: Malcolm P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: France
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Elaine J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Bolton
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Finlay
authors.forename: Theodor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Junginger
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Morris
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003452:Cryosurgery / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005615:Freezing; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000473:pathology; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000473:pathology; D023421:Models, Animal; D010976:Platelet Count; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D003404:Creatinine; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases