title: The art of repair in surgical hair restoration part I: basic repair strategies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An increasingly important part of many hair restoration practices is the correction of hair transplants that were performed using older, outdated methods, or the correction of hair transplants that have left disfiguring results. The skill and judgment involved in these repair procedures often exceed those needed to operate on patients who have had no prior surgery. The use of small grafts alone does not protect the patient from poor work. Errors in surgical and aesthetic judgment, performing procedures on noncandidate patients, and the failure to communicate successfully with patients about realistic expectations remain major problems.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This two-part series presents new insights into repair strategies and expands upon several techniques previously described in the hair restoration literature. The focus is on creative aesthetic solutions to solve the supply/demand limitations inherent in most repairs. This article is written to serve as a guide for surgeons who perform repairs in their daily practices.
  
  
  METHODS
  The repairs are performed by excision with reimplantation and/or by camouflage. Follicular unit transplantation is used for the restorative aspects of the procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using punch or linear excision techniques allows the surgeon to relocate poorly planted grafts to areas that are more appropriate. In special situations, removal of grafts without reimplantation can be accomplished using lasers or electrolysis. The key elements of camouflage include creating a deep zone of follicular units, angling grafts in their natural direction, and using forward and side weighting of grafts to increase the appearance of fullness. The available donor supply is limited by hair density, scalp laxity, and scar placement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Presented with significant cosmetic problems and severely limited donor reserves, the surgeon performing restorative hair transplantation work faces distinct challenges. Meticulous surgical techniques and optimal utilization of a limited hair supply will enable the surgeon to achieve the best possible cosmetic results for patients requiring repairs.
authors.affiliation: College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA. rbernstein@newhair.com
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Rassman
authors.forename: Nazia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rashid
authors.forename: Richard C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Shiell
mesh_terms: D000505:Alopecia / Q000601:surgery*; D003880:Dermatology / Q000379:methods*; D004954:Esthetics; D006197:Hair / Q000637:transplantation*; D006801:Humans; D012086:Reoperation / Q000379:methods; D012535:Scalp / Q000601:surgery*