title: Preparing for climate change.
abstract: There is a distinct probability that humankind is changing the climate and at the same time raising the sea level of the world.  The most plausible projections we have now suggest a rise in mean world temperature of between 1 degree Celsius and 2 degrees Celsius by 2030--just 40 years hence.   This is a bigger change in a smaller period than we know of in the experience of the earth's ecosystems and human societies.  It implies that by 2030 the earth will be warmer than at any time in the past 120,000 years.  In the same period, we are likely to see a rise of 15-30 centimeters in sea level, partly due to the melting of mountain glaciers and partly to the expansion of the warmer seas. This may not seem much--but it comes on top of the 12-centimeter rise in the past century and we should recall that over 1/2 the world's population lives in zones on or near coasts.  A quarter meter rise in sea level could have drastic consequences for countries like the Maldives or the Netherlands, where much of the land lies below the 2-meter contour.   The cause of climate change is known as the 'greenhouse effect'.  Greenhouse glass has the property that it is transparent to radiation coming in from the sun, but holds back radiation to space from the warmed surfaces inside the greenhouse.  Certain gases affect the atmosphere in the same way.  There are 5 'greenhouse gases' and we have been roofing ourselves with them all:  carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere have increased 25% above preindustrial levels and are likely to double within a century, due to tropical forest clearance and especially to the burning of increasing quantities of coal and other fossil fuels; methane concentrations are now twice their preindustrial levels as a result of releases from agriculture; nitrous oxide has increased due to land clearance for agriculture, use of fertilizers, and fossil fuel combustion; ozone levels near the earth's surface have increased due mainly to pollution from motor vehicles; and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) have been released in great quantities through their use in aerosol sprays, refrigerator fluids, and insulating foams.  We can get rid of CFCs and curb the pollutants generating ozone, but it will be difficult to put the brake on either methane or nitrous oxide.  And the reduction in carbon dioxide emissions will demand major changes in energy policy as well as action to slow deforestation.  It appears that we are already committed to rising temperatures and sea levels.  The question is by how much, in which areas?  A number of things can be done to prepare for these changes:  Governments must recognize that there is a problem; Better models must be worked out, especially to define where the greatest impacts from climate change and sea level rise will hit; Reference scenarios must be developed to see what the impacts are likely to be in ecological, agricultural, social and economic terms; Every country should develop "avoidance strategies" to minimize risk (for example, by not building on land likely to be flooded); We must cut down on the amount of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere from human activities, by eliminating CFCs and adopting energy conservation programs and other measures to minimize CO2 release; Global agreements to protect the atmosphere are needed.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Holdgate
mesh_terms: D002980:Climate; D004777:Environment; D004787:Environmental Pollution
keywords: Climate--changes; Environment; Environmental Degradation; Environmental Pollution; World