title: Observational study of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage in elderly patients given selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors or conventional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare rates of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage among elderly patients given selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX 2) inhibitors and non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Administrative data from Ontario, Canada, used from 17 April 2000 to 31 March 2001 to identify population based, NSAID-naive cohorts of patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects aged > or =66 years who started taking non-selective NSAIDs (n=5391), diclofenac plus misoprostol (n=5087), rofecoxib (n=14 583), or celecoxib (n=18 908) and a randomly selected control cohort not exposed to NSAIDs (n=100 000).
  
  
  METHODS
  Rate ratios of hospital admission for upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage in each drug cohort with adjustment for potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relative to controls, the multivariate model revealed an increased short term risk of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage for users of non-selective NSAIDs (adjusted rate ratio 4.0 (95% confidence intervals 2.3 to 6.9)), diclofenac plus misoprostol (3.0 (1.7 to 5.6)), and rofecoxib (1.9 (1.3 to 2.8)) but not celecoxib (1.0 (0.7 to 1.6)). Relative to celecoxib, significantly higher risks of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage were observed for non-selective NSAIDs (4.4 (2.3 to 8.5)), diclofenac plus misoprostol (3.2 (1.6 to 6.5)), and rofecoxib (1.9 (1.2 to 2.8)). Relative to rofecoxib, non-selective NSAID users were at significantly higher risk of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage (1.9 (1.0 to 3.5)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This population based observational study found a lower short term risk of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage for selective COX-2 inhibitors compared with non-selective NSAIDs.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, 2075 Bayview Avenue-G215, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. muhammad.mamdani@ices.on.ca
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mamdani
authors.forename: Paula A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Rochon
authors.forename: David N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Juurlink
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kopp
authors.forename: Geoffrey M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Naglie
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Austin
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Laupacis
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000068579:Celecoxib; D015331:Cohort Studies; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000009:adverse effects; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D007783:Lactones / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D016595:Misoprostol / Q000009:adverse effects; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D011720:Pyrazoles; D012307:Risk Factors; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000009:adverse effects; D013450:Sulfones
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D004338:Drug Combinations; D007527:Isoenzymes; D007783:Lactones; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides; D013450:Sulfones; D016595:Misoprostol; C116926:rofecoxib; D004008:Diclofenac; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D000068579:Celecoxib