title: Association of Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase with the Plant Cytoskeleton.
abstract: In eukaryotic cells, phosphatidylinositol 4-hydroxy kinase and phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-hydroxy kinase are responsible for the formation of the two second messenger precursors phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (Ptdlns(4)P) and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (Ptdlns(4,5)P2). In plant cells, these kinases have been considered to be exclusively membrane associated, with the majority of activity residing in the inner leaflet of the plasmalemma. By sequentially extracting carrot protoplasts with the detergent Nonidet P-40 then more rigorously with Triton X-100, we were able to remove the activity of three separate plasma membrane marker enzymes and to demonstrate that a significant proportion of cellular Ptdlns 4-kinase is associated with the cytoskeleton. When only endogenous substrates were present, Nonidet P-40-permeabilized protoplasts and Nonidet P-40-extracted cytoskeletons displayed a pattern of lipid phosphorylation similar to that obtained with isolated plant membranes or permeabilized cells, whereas the Triton X-100-extracted cytoskeletons showed little or no activity. In contrast, when exogenous substrates were added, a major proportion of PtdlnsP formed was due to kinase activity associated with the cytoskeleton as well as nuclei. However, by subtracting the activity of isolated nuclei, it could be demonstrated that a significant proportion of the detergent-resistant Ptdlns kinase activity resides with the cytoskeletal fraction. These findings suggest that the pathways of polyphosphoinositide biosynthesis in plant cells should be reevaluated to take account of the cytoskeleton and that Ptdlns(4)P itself may play a unique role in modulation of plant cytoskeletal integrity and cellular signal transduction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, John Innes Centre for Plant Science Research, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: P.
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: C. W.
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.forename: C. J.
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Staiger
authors.forename: B. K.
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Drobak