title: The effectiveness of community-based interventions to improve maternal and infant health in the Northeast of Brazil.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effectiveness of a community-based intervention project aimed at reducing maternal and infant mortality in a poor urban district in the city of Natal, in the Northeast of Brazil.
  
  
  METHODS
  The intervention, called the ProNatal project, introduced a program of integrated community health care to a geographically defined population. The interventions included the establishment of antenatal clinics at the district's health centers, the opening of the maternity facilities at the polyclinic for low-risk deliveries, the introduction of a family planning clinic and a breast-feeding clinic, support from pediatricians for under-5 (well-baby) clinics, children's outpatient services and children's emergency care, and the introduction of health agents recruited from the local community. Representative surveys of the population were taken at the project's inception (July 1995) and then 30 months later (December 1997), using a general health questionnaire adapted to the local conditions. Mortality data were collected from local registration systems as well as from an autopsy survey of perinatal and infant deaths.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During 1995 there were 4 maternal deaths from 1 195 pregnancies (maternal mortality of 335/100 000); three of the deaths were related to hypertension and one to uterine perforation after an illegal abortion. During 1998 (post-intervention), there were no maternal deaths in pregnancy or childbirth. In 1993 no deliveries took place at the polyclinic, but in 1998 there were 946 deliveries at the clinic without any serious complications. The method of delivery, the incidence of prematurity, and the incidence of low birthweight did not change significantly over the study period. In the post-intervention survey, 75% of women reported receiving contraceptive advice from a doctor in the preceding year, compared to 50% in the first sample. A mortality survey carried out in 1993-1995 estimated the infant mortality rate to be 60/1 000 live births. By 1998, using data collected locally by active surveillance, the infant mortality rate was 37/1 000 live births. The causes of infant death in both those periods were dominated by respiratory infections and diarrheal disease. Over 95% of both samples initiated breast-feeding, but a higher proportion of the post-intervention sample reported breast-feeding for longer than 6 months (41% vs. 32%, P = 0.0005). No differences were apparent in the use of under-5 clinics, but immunization rates improved. Post-intervention, significant improvements were documented in the mothers' understanding of basic hygiene, their knowledge of causes of common diseases, and their management of acute respiratory infections and diarrhea in children. This was particularly true for the households visited by a community health agent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inequalities in health care in poor urban populations can be reduced by integrated community-based interventions, including the use of health agents recruited from the local community.
authors.affiliation: University of Bristol, Institute of Child Health, Bristol BS2 1AB, United Kingdom. alan.emond@bristol.ac.uk
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Emond
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pollock
authors.forename: Nilma
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Da Costa
authors.forename: Técia
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maranhão
authors.forename: Albanita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Macedo
mesh_terms: D001938:Brazil; D002662:Child Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003153:Community Health Services / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D003150:Community Health Workers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D007223:Infant; D007226:Infant Mortality / Q000639:trends; D007229:Infant Welfare / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008427:Maternal Health Services / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D008428:Maternal Mortality / Q000639:trends; D008429:Maternal Welfare / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008430:Maternal-Child Health Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011247:Pregnancy