title: A multi-centre, blinded international trial of the effect of A(1) and A(2) beta-casein variants on diabetes incidence in two rodent models of spontaneous Type I diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The diabetes-inducing potential of cows' milk is still debated and there is no consensus on the diabetogenicity of individual milk proteins. A(1)-beta-casein has been associated with increased diabetes frequency in ecological studies and in NOD mice. Our aim was to ascertain whether A(1)-beta-casein was more diabetogenic than A(2) and to test the diabetogenicity of a milk-free diet in animals representing different forms of spontaneous Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Defined diets were coded and shipped to laboratories in New Zealand (NOD/NZ), Canada (BB) and the UK (NOD/Ba). Base diets were Pregestimil (PG) and ProSobee (PS). Purified fractions of whole casein (WC), A(1)or A(2)-beta-casein were added at 10%. A milk-free, wheat-predominant, NTP-2000 diet was the control. Animals were fed from weaning up to 150 or 250 days, and insulitis, diabetes frequency and expression of pancreatic cytokines were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diabetes incidence was highest in three locations in animals fed NTP-2000. PG and PS diets were protective except for NOD/Ba mice fed PG+WC where incidence was similar to NTP-2000. A(1) and A(2) diets were protective in both models, but A(1) beta-casein was slightly more diabetogenic in PS-fed BB rats. The New Zealand study was confounded by an infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A milk-free, wheat-predominant diet was highly diabetogenic in three widely separate locations in both animal models. A previous result that A(1) beta-casein was more diabetogenic than A(2) beta-casein in NOD mice was not confirmed; both beta-casein variants were protective in BB rats and NOD mice. Whole Casein promoted diabetes in NOD/Ba but protected BB showing that unique diabetes haplotypes react differently to dietary proteins. A(1)- was more diabetogenic than A(2)-beta-casein only in PS-fed BB rats. Neither the analysis of insulitis nor of pancreatic cytokine gene expression showed a difference between A(1) or A(2) beta-casein fed animals. Milk caseins are unlikely to be exclusive promoters of Type I diabetes, but could enhance the outcome of diabetes in some cases. Other diet components such as wheat could be more important promoters of Type I diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes and Metabolism, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Beales
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Flohé
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kolb
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pozzilli
authors.forename: G-S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wasmuth
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Scott
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002364:Caseins / Q000235:genetics*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality; D003927:Diet, Diabetic; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D014644:Genetic Variation; D015994:Incidence; D051379:Mice; D016688:Mice, Inbred NOD; D051381:Rats; D011913:Rats, Inbred BB; D013534:Survival
chemical_list: D002364:Caseins