title: The costs of urbanization: a case study of Pakistan.
abstract: "A methodology is developed for estimating the aggregate costs of urbanization in Pakistan for 1983-2003.  These costs are then compared with the future investment resource pool, and are found to be larger than the total pool. Alternative policy solutions to alleviate the problem are explored. Although some capital-saving strategies (such as major public works programs in rural areas and labor-intensive employment policies) would be helpful, it will be impossible to avoid a substantial rise in the proportion of the urban population without services from about one quarter to about one half of the total.  The paper concludes with suggestions for refining the methodology in future studies."
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Qutub
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Richardson
mesh_terms: D001208:Asia; D003710:Demography; D003906:Developing Countries; D004467:Economics; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005544:Forecasting; D005843:Geography; D006078:Government Programs; D009934:Organization and Administration; D010154:Pakistan; D011153:Population; D011154:Population Characteristics; D011640:Public Policy; D012106:Research; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014505:Urban Population; D014507:Urbanization
keywords: Asia; Capital; Case Studies; Demographic Factors; Developing Countries; Economic Development; Economic Factors; Estimation Technics; Evaluation; Geographic Factors; Government Sponsored Programs; Macroeconomic Factors; Organization And Administration; Pakistan; Policy; Population; Population Characteristics; Population Forecast; Programs; Research Methodology; Southern Asia; Spatial Distribution; Urban Population--changes; Urban Spatial Distribution--changes; Urbanization--cost