title: Anxiety disorders and disability secondary to urinary incontinence among adults over age 50.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  No previous research has investigated whether there is an association between anxiety disorders and urinary incontinence. We hypothesized that anxiety disorders would be associated with increased urinary incontinence related disability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Continuing participants who were aged 50 years and older in a longitudinal study of community-dwelling adults who were initially living in East Baltimore in 1981 (n = 787). Participants were classified as incontinent if any uncontrolled urine loss within the 12 months prior to the interview was reported. Urinary incontinence related functional loss was further assessed based on a series of questions relating directly to participants' inability to engage in certain activities due to their urinary incontinence. Anxiety disorders were assessed with standardized interviews.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Persons meeting criteria for an anxiety disorder were no more likely to have urinary incontinence than were persons without anxiety disorders (unadjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.36,95 percent confidence interval (CI) [0.96, 1.93]). Among people with urinary incontinence (n = 159), persons meeting criteria for anxiety disorders in 1981 and in 1994 were much more likely to report urinary incontinence relatedfunctional impairment in 1994(adjusted OR = 6.51, 95 percent CI [1.42, 29.86]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Individuals with changes in day-to-day routines or activities secondary to urinary incontinence were more likely to meet criteria for an anxiety disorder than were other older adults. Further studies must tease out the temporal relationship and whether early detection of urinary incontinence and associated anxiety improves quality of life and functioning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Practice and Community Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104, USA. bogner@mail.med.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Hillary R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Bogner
authors.forename: Joseph J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Gallo
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Swartz
authors.forename: Daniel E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Ford
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D015142:Baltimore / Q000453:epidemiology; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology