Punjabi orchard farmers: an immigrant enclave in rural California.
Examination of the adaptation patterns of Punjabi Sikh orchard farmers in rural California provides further evidence of ways in which strong ethnic enclaves help to promote rapid economic self-sufficiency among immigrant groups.  The discussion emphasizes the need to consider not only the cultural traditions of group members, but also the historical context of immigration and the immigrants' perceptions of their particular situation.  The Punjabi case indicates, too, how the 1965 Immigration Act, with its preference for family reunification, has promoted the formation of immigrant enclave.
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D000383:Agriculture; D000569:Americas; D001208:Asia; D002140:California; D003469:Culture; D003710:Demography; D019049:Developed Countries; D003906:Developing Countries; D004467:Economics; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D004651:Employment; D005006:Ethnicity; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005195:Family Relations; D006280:Health Workforce; D007194:India; D009656:North America; D011153:Population; D011154:Population Characteristics; D011157:Population Dynamics; D014171:Transients and Migrants; D014481:United States
Agricultural Workers; Americas; Asia; California; Cultural Background; Culture; Demographic Factors; Developed Countries; Developing Countries; Economic Factors; Employment; Ethnic Groups; Family And Household; Family Characteristics; Family Relationships; Human Resources; India; International Migration--changes; Labor Force; Migrants; Migration--changes; North America; Northern America; Population; Population Characteristics; Population Dynamics; Southern Asia; United States