title: Racial and income disparities in childhood asthma in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine racial and income disparities in asthma prevalence in US children, and disparities in morbidity and ambulatory health care use among children with asthma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using 1993-1996 National Health Interview Survey data, we measured asthma prevalence and morbidity in children aged 3 to 17 years (N = 14 211) stratifying by race and poverty status. Measures of morbidity included asthma-related activity limitation and number of bed days. We used the ratio of asthma-related doctor contacts to number of bed days in the past 2 weeks to measure health care use adjusted for severity of illness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An annual average of 7.4% of children aged 3 to 17 years had asthma. There were no significant differences in asthma prevalence between race and poverty groups. In contrast, asthma-related morbidity was higher among black and poor children. Black poor children were most likely to have activity limitations due to asthma: 49% were limited compared with about 20% of black nonpoor, white poor, and white nonpoor children. Among children with activity limitations, black children and white poor children were more likely to have severe limitations, and white nonpoor children were least likely. Finally, white nonpoor children had the highest level of ambulatory care use for asthma after accounting for disease severity, and black poor children had the lowest level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found no significant racial or income disparities in asthma prevalence among children in the United States. However, black children and poor children are at higher risk for activity limitation, more severe activity limitation, and relative underuse of ambulatory health care. Black children living in poverty are at highest risk. Targeted interventions to reduce the burden of asthma morbidity in this population are likely to reduce disparities in asthma morbidity as well as reduce overall childhood asthma morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Infant and Child Health Studies Branch, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 6525 Belcrest Road, Room 790, Hyattsville, MD 20782, USA. lea8@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Lara J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Akinbami
authors.forename: Bonnie J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: LaFleur
authors.forename: Kenneth C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Schoendorf
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001249:Asthma / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000235:genetics*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology