title: Therapeutic angiogenesis for patients with limb ischaemia by autologous transplantation of bone-marrow cells: a pilot study and a randomised controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Preclinical studies have established that implantation of bone marrow-mononuclear cells, including endothelial progenitor cells, into ischaemic limbs increases collateral vessel formation. We investigated efficacy and safety of autologous implantation of bone marrow-mononuclear cells in patients with ischaemic limbs because of peripheral arterial disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We first did a pilot study, in which 25 patients (group A) with unilateral ischaemia of the leg were injected with bone marrow-mononuclear cells into the gastrocnemius of the ischaemic limb and with saline into the less ischaemic limb. We then recruited 22 patients (group B) with bilateral leg ischaemia, who were randomly injected with bone marrow-mononuclear cells in one leg and peripheral blood-mononuclear cells in the other as a control. Primary outcomes were safety and feasibility of treatment, based on ankle-brachial index (ABI) and rest pain, and analysis was per protocol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two patients were excluded from group B after randomisation. At 4 weeks in group B patients, ABI was significantly improved in legs injected with bone marrow-mononuclear cells compared with those injected with peripheral blood-mononuclear cells (difference 0.09 [95% CI 0.06-0.11]; p<0.0001). Similar improvements were seen for transcutaneous oxygen pressure (13 [9-17]; p<0.0001), rest pain (-0.85 [-1.6 to -0.12]; p=0.025), and pain-free walking time (1.2 [0.7-1.7]; p=0.0001). These improvements were sustained at 24 weeks. Similar improvements were seen in group A patients. Two patients in group A died after myocardial infarction unrelated to treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Autologous implantation of bone marrow-mononuclear cells could be safe and effective for achievement of therapeutic angiogenesis, because of the natural ability of marrow cells to supply endothelial progenitor cells and to secrete various angiogenic factors or cytokines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine II and Cardiovascular Centre, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Eriko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tateishi-Yuyama
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsubara
authors.forename: Toyoaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Murohara
authors.forename: Uichi
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shintani
authors.forename: Hiroya
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Masaki
authors.forename: Katsuya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Amano
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kishimoto
authors.forename: Kohji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshimoto
authors.forename: Hidetoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Akashi
authors.forename: Kazuyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.forename: Toshiji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Iwasaka
authors.forename: Tsutomu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Imaizumi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D043925:Angiogenesis Inducing Agents / Q000032:analysis; D016026:Bone Marrow Transplantation; D005121:Extremities / Q000098:blood supply*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000098:blood supply; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007511:Ischemia / Q000628:therapy*; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000637:transplantation*; D008297:Male; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000502:physiology*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D043925:Angiogenesis Inducing Agents