title: Does the urban environment independently increase the risk for both negative and positive features of psychosis?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psychotic disorders are more common in urban environments. It is not known whether the increase in risk applies to both the positive and negative dimensions of psychosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a random general population sample of 7076, measures of positive and negative symptoms of psychosis were constructed using Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) data. Three CIDI observed items of flat affect, retarded speech and retarded movement served as indicators of a negative symptom variable.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both negative and positive symptoms of psychosis were, independent of each other, associated with a five-level measure of population density of place of residence (adjusted OR negative symptoms: 1.42, 95 % CI: 1.18, 1.71; adjusted OR positive symptoms: 1.19, 95 % CI: 1.13, 1.24). These associations remained after exclusion of vulnerable individuals with any lifetime psychiatric disorder (n = 2910), any lifetime psychiatric treatment (n = 1352) and history of psychosis in the parents (n = 142).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An environmental risk factor associated with urbanicity may act in early life to non-specifically influence risk for both negative and positive experience of psychosis, regardless of whether a formal psychiatric disorder is diagnosable.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, The Netherlands. j.vanos@sp.unimaas.nl
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Os
authors.forename: Manon
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hanssen
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Graaf
authors.forename: Wilma
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Vollebergh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*