title: A comparison between two brine shrimp assays to detect in vitro cytotoxicity in marine natural products.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The brine shrimp lethality assay is considered a useful tool for preliminary assessment of toxicity. It has also been suggested for screening pharmacological activities in plant extracts. However, we think that it is necessary to evaluate the suitability of the brine shrimp methods before they are used as a general bio-assay to test natural marine products for pharmacological activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  The bioactivity of the isopropanolic (2-PrOH) extracts of 14 species of marine invertebrates and 6 species of macroalgae was evaluated with the shrimp lethality assay (lethality assay), as well as with another assay based on the inhibition of hatching of the cyst (hatchability assay). The extracts were also assayed for cytotoxicity against two human cell lines, lung carcinoma A-549 and colon carcinoma HT-29, in order to assess the sensitivity of the shrimp assays to detect cytotoxic activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two sponges (Hyatella sp, Dysidea sp.), two gorgonians (Pacifigorgia adamsii, Muricea sp.), one tunicate (Polyclinum laxum), and three echinoderms (Holothuria impatiens, Pseudoconus californica and Pharia pyramidata) showed a strong cytostatic (growth inhibition) and cytotoxic effect. The hatchability assay showed a strong activity in 4 of the species active against the two human cell lines tested (Hyatella sp, Dysidea sp., Pacifigorgia adamsii and Muricea sp.), and the lethality assay also showed a high lethality in 4 of them (Pacifigorgia adamsii, Muricea sp., Polyclinum laxum, and Pharia pyramidata). Each bioassay detected activity in 50% of the species that were considered active against the two human cell lines tested. However, the simultaneous use of both bioassays increased the percentage to 75%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results seem consistent with the correlation previously established between cytotoxicity and brine shrimp lethality in plant extracts. We suggest using both bioassays simultaneously to test natural marine products for pharmacological activity.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, UNAM, Estación Mazatlán, Apartado Postal 811, Mazatlán 82000, México. carballo@ola.icmyl.unam.mx
authors.forename: José Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Carballo
authors.forename: Zaira L
authors.initials: ZL
authors.lastname: Hernández-Inda
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pérez
authors.forename: María D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: García-Grávalos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001156:Artemia / Q000187:drug effects*; D001681:Biological Assay; D002457:Cell Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D019073:HT29 Cells; D006801:Humans; D007448:Invertebrates / Q000737:chemistry; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D002457:Cell Extracts; D008387:Marine Toxins