title: Female immigrants and labor in colonial Malaya:  1860-1947.
abstract: "The role of Chinese and Indian women as immigrants and workers in colonial Malaya is examined using data from censuses, immigration records, official reports and secondary sources.  The article discusses the main types of work of female immigrants and their contribution to the economic development of colonial Malaya during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in an attempt to redress the neglect of female immigrants' economic role in Malaya's history.  Comparisons between male and female immigrants' labor and between Chinese and Indian immigrants, are drawn to highlight the different conditions of migration and labor for the different groups of immigrants."
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D001208:Asia; D001210:Asia, Southeastern; D003710:Demography; D003906:Developing Countries; D004467:Economics; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D004651:Employment; D008296:Malaysia; D011153:Population; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012923:Social Class; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014171:Transients and Migrants; D014933:Women's Rights
keywords: Asia; Demographic Factors; Developing Countries; Economic Factors; Employment Status; Historical Survey; Labor Migration; Malaysia; Migrants--women; Migration; Population; Population Dynamics; Socioeconomic Factors; Socioeconomic Status; Southeastern Asia; Women's Status