title: Semen quality and spermatozoal DNA integrity in survivors of childhood cancer: a case-control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Treatment of childhood cancer can result in impaired spermatogenesis. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), however, can enable men to achieve fatherhood, and has focused attention on gamete integrity in men with oligozoospermia. Our aim was to assess testicular function in survivors of childhood cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed testicular function in 33 survivors of childhood cancer and 66 age-matched controls. The median age at diagnosis and at the start of the trial was 10.0 years (range 2.2-16.9) and 21.9 years (16.5-35.2), respectively. We assessed pubertal staging, measured plasma sex steroid hormone concentrations, and analysed semen quality, including spermatozoal DNA integrity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten (30%) individuals were azoospermic and six (18%) oligozoospermic (sperm concentration, 20 x 10(6)/mL). Sperm concentration was significantly lower in the non-azoospermic group than in controls (median 37.1 x 10(6)/mL, IQR 19.7 x 10(6) to 89.9 x 10(6), vs 90.7 x 10(6)/mL, 50.5 x 10(6) to 121.5 x 10(6); p=0.002). In the non-azoospermic cancer survivor group, inhibin B concentrations were lower than in controls (mean 153.3 ng/L, SEM 17.8, vs 223.7 ng/L, 8.8; p,0.001), and FSH concentrations were higher (6.6 U/L, 0.9, vs 3.2 U/L, 0.2; p,0.001). Only 11 (33%) survivors of childhood cancer had normal semen quality. There was no significant difference in sperm DNA integrity between the non-azoospermic and control groups (9%, 5-13, vs 11%, 7-16; p=0.06).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sperm concentration is reduced after treatment for cancer. However, the sperm produced seems to carry as much healthy DNA as those produced by the healthy population, suggesting that assisted conception can be considered as a treatment option for these men.
authors.affiliation: Section of Child Life and Health, Department of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Angela B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Thomson
authors.forename: Alastair J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: D Campbell
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Irvine
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Christopher J H
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kelnar
authors.forename: W Hamish B
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Wallace
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D006801:Humans; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000139:chemically induced; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000532:radiotherapy; D009845:Oligospermia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000209:etiology; D013081:Sperm Motility; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents