title: Female employment and fertility:  further investigation of an ambivalent association.
abstract: "This study of the relationship between female employment and fertility is based on a survey of 1,000 ever-married women in Karachi, [Pakistan].  A distinct pattern of differentials in actual performance and in desired fertility is observed across working and non-working women.... Women in higher status occupations marry much later than and have half the completed family size of those women working in lower status occupations.  The fertility of non-working women lies somewhere in between these two groups.  Some reasons for the fertility differentials found are identified in variations in point of entry into the labour force relative to the stage in child-bearing, in expectations from sons in old age support, and in relative facility in seeking means of fertility control.  Working women in higher status occupations also have better chances of their children surviving, whereas women in lower status occupations suffer a greater toll of child deaths."
authors.forename: Z A
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Sathar
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kazi
mesh_terms: D001208:Asia; D003710:Demography; D003906:Developing Countries; D004467:Economics; D004651:Employment; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005195:Family Relations; D005298:Fertility; D005843:Geography; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D007226:Infant Mortality; D008136:Longevity; D008393:Marriage; D009026:Mortality; D009679:Nuclear Family; D009826:Old Age Assistance; D009934:Organization and Administration; D010154:Pakistan; D011153:Population; D011157:Population Dynamics; D015397:Program Evaluation; D012106:Research; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D012923:Social Class; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Asia; Child Survival; Comparative Studies; Demographic Factors; Developing Countries; Economic Factors; Employment Status--women; Family And Household; Family Characteristics; Family Relationships; Family Size; Family Size, Completed; Fertility; Geographic Factors; Length Of Life; Locale; Marriage; Marriage Age; Marriage Patterns; Microeconomic Factors; Mortality; Nuptiality; Occupational Status--women; Old Age Security; Organization And Administration; Pakistan; Population; Population Dynamics; Program Accessibility; Program Evaluation; Programs; Reproductive Behavior; Research Methodology; Residence Characteristics; Socioeconomic Factors; Socioeconomic Status; Sons; Southern Asia; Spatial Distribution; Studies; Survivorship; Time Factors