title: Changes in vasoactive intestinal peptide in gingival crevicular fluid in response to periodontal treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the role of the anti-inflammatory neuropeptide vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in periodontal health and disease and to determine the effects of periodontal treatment, resulting in a return to periodontal health, on the levels of VIP in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF).
  
  
  METHODS
  At baseline, 10 subjects with periodontitis (nine females, one male, mean age 43.0, SD 7.3) started a course of non-surgical periodontal treatment. Clinical indices were measured at one periodontitis and one clinically healthy site at an initial visit and at 8 weeks after the completion of treatment in each subject. A 30-s sample of GCF was collected from each test site using perio paper strips. The volume of GCF was measured and each sample subsequently analysed for VIP by radioimmunoassay. One healthy site was sampled from each member of a control group (10 females, mean age 29.9, SD 8.2 years) with clinically healthy gingiva and no periodontitis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The clinical condition of all periodontitis sites improved as a result of periodontal treatment. The levels of VIP (pg/30 s sample) in periodontitis-affected sites fell significantly from 302.0 (SD 181.2) at the initial visit to 78.0 (54.4) after treatment, p = 0.007. The reduction in the concentration of VIP (pg/ micro L) in GCF from 524.3 (322.3) to 280.8 (280.2) was not statistically significant. The levels of VIP in clinically healthy sites fell from 115.5.5 (74.3) to 77.8 (32.3), n.s. and the concentration changed little from 883.8 (652.1) to 628.7 (323.3), n.s. There were substantially smaller amounts of VIP (25.8, SD 12.8) pg in healthy sites sampled from control subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VIP is present in GCF in greater quantities in periodontitis-affected than clinically healthy sites. In addition, the reduction in inflammation resulting from effective periodontal treatment is associated with a reduction in the levels of VIP in gingival crevicular fluid.
authors.affiliation: Oral Science Research Centre, Division of Restorative Dentistry (Periodontics), School of Dentistry, Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland. g.linden@qub.ac.uk
authors.forename: Gerard J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Linden
authors.forename: Brian H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Mullally
authors.forename: Donald J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Burden
authors.forename: Philip-John
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Lamey
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: Joy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ardill
authors.forename: Fionnuala T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Lundy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D012534:Dental Scaling; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005881:Gingiva / Q000378:metabolism; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000032:analysis*; D009910:Oral Hygiene; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D016745:Root Planing; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D009479:Neuropeptides; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide