title: Causes for massive bacterial colonization on mucosal membranes during infectious mononucleosis: implications for acute otitis media.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A common complication of virus-induced upper respiratory tract infections is acute otitis media caused by bacterial pathogens. Simultaneously, increased bacterial colonization in the nasopharynx occurs. Our intention in this study was to identify the causes of this increased colonization of bacteria by evaluating their coating with the antibacterial substances lysozyme, lactoferrin and immunoglobulins IgG, S-IgA and IgM and their ability to penetrate epithelial cells during infectious mononucleosis (IM) caused by Epstein-Barr virus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cellular samples were collected from the oropharynx of 21 patients (16 males, five females; age range 10-21 years) with current IM. An immunocytochemical assay using gold-labelled antiserum to human lysozyme, lactoferrin, IgG, S-IgA and IgM followed by gold particle and epithelial cell tracing in the transmission electron microscope.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant reduction in bacterial coating with IgG (P<0.05) and S-IgA (P<0.01) was noted, whereas there was a significant increase in coating with lactoferrin (P<0.01) and IgM (P<0.01). No significant change in lysozyme coating of the bacteria was noted, compared with healthy controls. Bacterial penetration into epithelial cells was seen particularly in patients culture-positive for beta-haemolytic streptococci.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reduced bacterial coating with IgG and S-IgA immunoglobulins, combined with bacterial penetration into epithelial cells, may exacerbate the bacterial colonization on oropharyngeal mucosal membranes observed during IM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, N-9037, Tromso, Norway. larseric@fagmed.uit.no
authors.forename: Lars-Eric
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Stenfors
authors.forename: Helga-Marie
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Bye
authors.forename: Simo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Räisänen
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D004854:Herpesvirus 4, Human; D006801:Humans; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal; D007071:Immunoglobulin A, Secretory / Q000032:analysis; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000032:analysis; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000032:analysis; D007244:Infectious Mononucleosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology*; D007781:Lactoferrin / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D009113:Muramidase / Q000032:analysis; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000382:microbiology; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D010612:Pharyngitis / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D007071:Immunoglobulin A, Secretory; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D009113:Muramidase; D007781:Lactoferrin