title: Pancreatectomy extension in persistent hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia: a new strategy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Persistent neonatal and infantile hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia (PNHH) is a rare entity which remains to be elucidated but is associated with severe lesions in paediatric patients. The aim of this study was to present our current surgical strategy with this disease, based on our pathologic findings and clinical experience.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective study of 29 patients treated, medically and surgically, at our centre. In 15 surgical patients, morphologic, morphometric and immunohistochemical studies for insulin, somatostatin and glucagon were performed and consequently it was possible to establish a focal and different forms of a diffuse type.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 29 patients studied, 25 were diagnosed before one year of age and 4 between the first and second year of infancy. Of the first 25 patients, one died 7 hours post partum. Twelve patients received medical treatment alone: one died at 45 days of life and the remaining 11 had a good outcome. Another 12 patients additionally received surgical treatment. In 2 of these, adenoma were observed and removed and the patients cured. Subtotal pancreatectomy was performed in the remaining 10. (One case was normal and cured and the other 9 had the diffuse type.) Of these 9 patients with diffuse type, 4 died, 3 were cured and 2 underwent repeat surgery. Of the 4 patients diagnosed later, 3 underwent surgery (2 with adenomas and 1 diffuse type) and the other received medical treatment alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We currently give medical treatment for all types and forms of PNHH. If the patient is resistant to therapy, adenoma is ruled out. If adenoma is diagnosed, it is removed. If the type is diffuse, near-total pancreatectomy is performed with a perioperative biopsy. In cases of hyperplasia or mixed forms we recommend total pancreatectomy and in cases of nesidioblastosis, partial pancreatectomy.
mesh_terms: D007516:Adenoma, Islet Cell / Q000601:surgery; D000465:Algorithms; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003981:Diazoxide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D006946:Hyperinsulinism / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D010180:Pancreatectomy / Q000379:methods; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D003981:Diazoxide