title: Factors influencing virological response to antiretroviral drugs in cerebrospinal fluid of advanced HIV-1-infected patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy in controlling cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) HIV-1 replication and to assess factors related to virological response in advanced patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional and longitudinal study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive paired CSF and plasma samples from HIV-1-infected patients were collected before starting or changing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the cross-sectional analysis 75 patients were included, 55 (73%) with neurological disease, 28 (37%) naive for antiretroviral agents. A significant correlation between plasma and CSF levels at baseline was observed only in antiretroviral-experienced patients. The absence of neurological disease, lower plasma HIV-1 load and a previous exposure to indinavir were all associated with a baseline CSF HIV-1-RNA level less than 80 copies/ml at multivariate analysis. In 29 patients included in the longitudinal study a significant reduction in CSF HIV-1 RNA was observed. Plasma HIV-1-RNA change, CSF HIV-1-RNA level at baseline, overall months of antiretroviral treatment and the magnitude of difference between plasma and CSF HIV-1-RNA levels were all correlated to CSF HIV-1-RNA change during treatment. A significant difference in the magnitude of CSF HIV-1-RNA reduction was observed according to naive status and to the use of three or more drugs penetrating the blood-brain barrier.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HAART effectively reduces HIV-1 replication in CSF. A variable response to antiretroviral therapy was observed in CSF, reflecting a different compartmentalization of infection during treatment. Naive status and the use of CNS-penetrating drugs substantially enhance antiviral response. A negative interaction between virological response and the duration of antiretroviral treatment suggests long-term selection of drug-resistant CSF HIV-1 strains.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D020805:Central Nervous System Viral Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000821:virology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral