title: A longitudinal evaluation of behavioural and psychological symptoms of probable Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Non-cognitive symptoms are a frequent feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Much of the literature that has accumulated pertains to cross-sectional prevalence of these symptoms. There has been relatively little attention paid to the longitudinal course of Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study is to examine the longitudinal course of BPSD in a group of patients with mild AD.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of a database was performed to identify patients with NINCDS/ADRDA criteria for probable AD and who had been evaluated three times at yearly interval over a two-year period. Fifty-two subjects were identified with probable AD that had completed follow-up for 24 months. The BEHAVE-AD was used to evaluate BPSD and data was analysed using a Markov analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Activity disturbance is a common and relatively persistent symptom in the mild stages of AD. Anxiety, paranoid ideation, and aggression were moderately persistent. Affective symptoms were not persistent with less than half the patients having the symptoms a year later.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Activity disturbance is common and persistent in early AD. Paranoid and delusional ideation shows moderate persistence and depressive symptoms infrequently last longer than a year. These findings may have clinical relevance for the pharmacological and non-pharmacological management of BPSD.
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology*; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000523:psychology*; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003702:Delusions / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D011596:Psychomotor Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D001569:Benzodiazepines