title: Production of proinflammatory cytokines and myocardial dysfunction after arterial switch operation in neonates with transposition of the great arteries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Neonates undergoing cardiac surgery have a systemic inflammatory reaction with release of proinflammatory cytokines, which could be responsible for myocardial dysfunction as a result of myocardial cell damage. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the production of proinflammatory cytokines during cardiac surgery would be associated with myocardial dysfunction after the arterial switch operation in neonates.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 63 neonates with transposition of the great arteries were operated on with combined deep hypothermic circulatory arrest and low-flow cardiopulmonary bypass at a median age of 7 days. Perioperative plasma concentrations of interleukins 6 and 8 were correlated with myocardial dysfunction, as assessed clinically and by echocardiography within 24 hours after the operation, and with perioperative cardiac troponin T blood levels as a marker of myocardial cell damage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Myocardial dysfunction was observed in 11 patients (17.5%), and 2 of them died. Durations of cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic crossclamping, but not of circulatory arrest, were correlated with myocardial dysfunction. Patients with myocardial dysfunction had significantly higher cardiac troponin T blood levels at the end of cardiopulmonary bypass and 4 and 24 hours after the operation than did patients without myocardial dysfunction. Patients with myocardial dysfunction also had higher interleukin 6 plasma concentrations after cardiopulmonary bypass and 4 hours after the operation, as well as higher interleukin 8 plasma concentrations 4 and 24 hours after the operation, than did those without myocardial dysfunction. Postoperative interleukin 6 and 8 plasma concentrations were significantly correlated with postoperative cardiac troponin T blood levels. Multivariable analysis of independent risk factors for myocardial dysfunction comprising cytokine and troponin levels and bypass duration revealed interleukin 6 levels 4 hours after the operation as significant (P =.047).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cardiac operations in neonates stimulate the production of proinflammatory cytokines, which may contribute to myocardial cell damage and myocardial dysfunction.
mesh_terms: D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000097:blood*; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000503:physiopathology; D011184:Postoperative Period; D012307:Risk Factors; D014188:Transposition of Great Vessels / Q000097:blood / Q000601:surgery*; D020107:Troponin T / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D020107:Troponin T