title: Does guilt proneness predict acute and long-term distress in relatives of patients with schizophrenia?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to improve our understanding of guilt proneness as predictor of acute and long-term stress responses in relatives of acutely admitted patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-nine relatives in close contact with 36 patients suffering from schizophrenia DSM-III-R, completed Hostility Guilt (HG) and Guilt Conscience (GC) scales (Revised Mosher Guilt Inventory), and Levenson's Locus of Control Scale (LOC) at the patient's admission to hospital, and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) at the patient's admission and at 9 months after discharge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Acute distress (GHQ) was positively related to HG, but not when controlling for LOC. GC was positively associated with acute and long-term distress, GHQ-depression and coping-failure, and long-term GHQ-anxiety. When controlling for LOC, GC was still positively related to long-term distress. HG, GC and LOC explained 32% variance of GHQ at 9 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GC seems to be an important predictor of long-term distress in relatives.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D005195:Family Relations; D005260:Female; D006167:Guilt; D006791:Hostility; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012559:Schizophrenia; D013315:Stress, Psychological