title: Racial differences in the evaluation of pediatric fractures for physical abuse.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Child maltreatment is a significant problem within US society, and minority children have higher rates of substantiated maltreatment than do white children. However, it is unclear whether minority children are abused more frequently than whites or whether their cases are more likely to be reported.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether there are racial differences in the evaluation and Child Protective Services (CPS) reporting of young children hospitalized for fractures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective chart review conducted at an urban US academic children's hospital among 388 children younger than 3 years hospitalized for treatment of an acute primary skull or long-bone fracture between 1994 and 2000. Children with perpetrator-admitted child abuse, metabolic bone disease, birth trauma, or injury caused by vehicular crash were excluded.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ordering of skeletal surveys and filing reports of suspected abuse.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reports of suspected abuse were filed for 22.5% of white and 52.9% of minority children (P<.001). Abusive injuries, as determined by expert review, were more common among minority children than among white children (27.6% vs 12.5%; P<.001). Minority children aged at least 12 months to 3 years (toddlers) were significantly more likely to have a skeletal survey performed compared with their white counterparts, even after controlling for insurance status, independent expert determination of likelihood of abuse, and appropriateness of performing a skeletal survey (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 8.75; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.48-22.03; P<.001). This group of children was also more likely to be reported to CPS compared with white toddlers, even after controlling for insurance status and likelihood of abuse (adjusted OR, 4.32; 95% CI, 1.63-11.43; P =.003). By likelihood of abuse, differential ordering of skeletal surveys and reporting of suspected abuse were most pronounced for children at least 12 months old with accidental injuries; however, differences were also noted among toddlers with indeterminate injuries but not among infants or toddlers with abusive injuries. Minority children at least 12 months old with accidental injuries were more than 3 times more likely than their white counterparts to be reported for suspected abuse (for children with Medicaid or no insurance, relative risk [RR], 3.08; 95% CI, 1.37-4.80; for children with private insurance, RR, 3.74; 95% CI, 1.46-6.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While minority children had higher rates of abusive fractures in our sample, they were also more likely to be evaluated and reported for suspected abuse, even after controlling for the likelihood of abusive injury. This suggests that racial differences do exist in the evaluation and reporting of pediatric fractures for child abuse, particularly in toddlers with accidental injuries.
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001134:Arm Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D015982:Bias; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003625:Data Collection / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007869:Leg Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008913:Minority Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D012947:Social Work / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*