title: Refugee flow or brain-drain? The humanitarian policy and post-Tiananmen mainland Chinese immigration to Canada.
abstract: "The humanitarian policy that the Canadian government implemented in response to the 1989 Tiananmen Square crackdown changed a migration system primarily based on personal networks into a brain drain.  Post-Tiananmen mainland Chinese immigrants (MCIs) were better educated than those arriving in Canada previously. Among the post-Tiananmen MCIs, those who landed under the policy were better educated than those landing in other categories. The analysis suggests that post-Tiananmen MCIs represented a brain-drain rather than a refugee flow, that the humanitarian policy implicitly contained ideological and human capital concerns in addition to humanitarian concerns, and that Canada benefited from the policy by obtaining human capital as well as satisfying its humanitarian obligations and ideological aspirations."
mesh_terms: D000569:Americas; D001208:Asia; D002170:Canada; D002681:China; D003710:Demography; D019049:Developed Countries; D003906:Developing Countries; D004467:Economics; D004522:Educational Status; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D005202:Asia, Eastern; D006280:Health Workforce; D006806:Human Rights; D009656:North America; D011057:Politics; D011153:Population; D011157:Population Dynamics; D011640:Public Policy; D012923:Social Class; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014171:Transients and Migrants
keywords: Americas; Asia; Brain Drain; Canada; China; Demographic Factors; Developed Countries; Developing Countries; Eastern Asia; Economic Factors; Educational Status; Human Capital; Human Resources; Human Rights; Immigrants; International Migration; Migrants; Migration; Migration Policy; North America; Northern America; Policy; Political Factors; Population; Population Dynamics; Population Policy; Social Policy; Socioeconomic Factors; Socioeconomic Status