Bone morphing: 3D morphological data for total knee arthroplasty.
OBJECTIVE
The clinical outcome of a total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is mainly determined by the accuracy of the surgical procedure itself. To improve the final result, one must take into account (a) the alignment of the prosthesis with respect to the mechanical axis, and (b) the balance of the soft tissues. Therefore, morphologic data (such as the shape of the epiphysis) and geometric data are essential. We present a new method for performing TKA based on morphologic and geometric data without preoperative images.


METHODS
The global method is based on the digitization of points with an optical 3D localizer. For the morphologic acquisitions, we use a method based on the registration of sparse point data with a 3D statistical deformable model. To build the mechanical axis, we use a kinematics method for the hip center and digitization of anatomical landmarks for the ankle centers. The knee center is not determined by digitization or kinematics of the knee, as this would not be accurate. The surgical planning relies totally on the soft-tissue balance, which is the key issue for a good kinematics result.


RESULTS
We have used this system for 6 months in a randomized clinical trial involving 35 patients to date. For the first 11 patients that could be measured in the navigation group, the postoperative frontal alignment was within the range of 180 +/- 3 degrees. Fluoroscopic assessment of the soft-tissue balancing will be performed at the conclusion of an extended 2-year study to evaluate the results from a functional point of view.


CONCLUSIONS
Bone Morphing is an accurate, fast, and user-friendly method that can provide morphologic as well as geometric data. We have introduced the important notion of soft-tissue balancing into the intraoperative planning step to optimize the kinematics as well as the anatomy. Therefore, this method should be considered as an alternative to the CT-based method.
D000465:Algorithms; D019645:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee / Q000379:methods*; D017760:Bone Malalignment / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D011859:Radiography; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*