title: Deoxyribonucleic acid damage/repair proteins are elevated in the failing human myocardium due to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study investigated the expression and relationship of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) repair enzymes with hemodynamic and nitric oxide (NO)-mediated stress in the failing myocardium.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The role of apoptosis in human heart failure is controversial. Experimental studies suggested that NO-mediated stress modulates apoptosis of the cardiac myocytes. Of note, DNA repair enzymes such as redox factor/apurinic/apyridimine endonuclease Ref-1 protein, proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), and DNA-protein kinase (DNA-PK) determine the cell fate after the DNA damage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Left ventricular (LV) endomyocardial biopsies from 23 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy were analyzed by immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated biotin-dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) or cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP could not be detected. The number of Ref-1-positive myocytes tended to be higher in patients with LV ejection fraction (EF) < or =35% versus LV EF >35% (21.23 +/- 4.8% vs. 13.8 +/- 5.8%, p = 0.1). The PCNA (7.1 +/- 2.8% vs. 0.9 +/- 0.6%, p = 0.05) and DNA-PK expressions (39.5 +/- 5.4% vs. 8.6 +/- 5.5%, p < 0.01) were higher in patients with LVEF < or =35% vs. LVEF >35%. The PCNA, Ref-1, and DNA-PK expression correlated with the LV end-systolic wall stress (r = 0.61, p < 0.01; r = 0.52, p < 0.01; and r = 0.73, p < 0.001, respectively). In addition, the PCNA and DNA-PK expression correlated with inducible NO synthase (r = 0.41, p = 0.05, and r = 0.53, p < 0.01, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, apoptosis could not be detected in the failing myocardium owing to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. In contrast, failing myocardium was characterized by active DNA repair that was associated with elevated LV wall stress and activation of the inducible NO synthase.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002311:Cardiomyopathy, Dilated / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011088:DNA Ligases / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D011088:DNA Ligases