title: Angiotensin-converting enzyme genotype modulates pulmonary function and exercise capacity in treated patients with congestive stable heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The gene encoding ACE exhibits an insertion/deletion polymorphism resulting in 3 genotypes (DD, ID, and II), which affects serum and tissue ACE activity as well as other vasoactive substances. Pulmonary function is frequently abnormal in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF), the mechanism of which has not been completely characterized. ACE inhibition has been shown to improve diffusion across the alveolar-capillary membrane and to improve exercise capacity and gas exchange in CHF. The aim of the current study was to determine if ACE genotype is associated with altered pulmonary function and exercise intolerance in patients with treated CHF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-seven patients (stratified according to ACE genotype as 17 DD, 28 ID, 12 II) with ischemic and dilated cardiomyopathy, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) <35%, and <10 pack-years of smoking history were studied. All patients were receiving standard therapy for left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Pulmonary function, LVEF, serum ACE, plasma angiotensin II, atrial natriuretic peptide, and brain natriuretic peptide were measured at baseline. Peak VO2 and gas exchange measurements were assessed with graded exercise. Resting LVEF was similar among the genotype groups (25% to 28%), and no differences were observed in diastolic function or pulmonary artery pressures (P>0.05). Mean peak VO2 and forced vital capacity (% Pred) were significantly reduced (P<0.05), whereas mean serum ACE activity and plasma angiotensin II concentration were highest in DD homozygotes. Subjects homozygous for the D-allele also demonstrated higher mean ventilatory equivalents for carbon dioxide (VE/VCO2) during exercise (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ACE DD genotype is associated with decreased exercise tolerance in CHF, possibly mediated by altered pulmonary function. Pharmacological strategies effecting more complete inhibition of serum and tissue ACE and/or potentiation of bradykinin may improve exercise capacity in patients with CHF and ACE DD genotype.
mesh_terms: D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000097:blood; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor / Q000097:blood; D004452:Echocardiography; D005080:Exercise Test; D017079:Exercise Tolerance / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain / Q000097:blood; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D013318:Stroke Volume
chemical_list: D000804:Angiotensin II; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A