title: Flow cytometric evaluation of pregnancy-induced anti-HLA immunization and blood transfusion-induced reactivation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pregnancy-induced alloimmunization (PIA) may decrease to a level that becomes undetectable by complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). Nevertheless, such alloimmunization may provoke acute rejections after kidney transplantation and lead to broad-spectrum immunizations after transfusion. Flow-cytometry (FC) was used to estimate the frequency of low-level PIA and to evaluate its influence on posttransfusion alloimmunization profiles.
  
  
  METHODS
  To evaluate the frequency of low-level PIA, the sera of 36 women, free of CDC-detectable anti-HLA IgG (CDC-IgG- negative), were cross-matched by FC against their husband's or offspring's lymphocytes and further analyzed with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) Ag-coated microbeads (Flow-PRA One-Lambda, Canoga Park, CA). To evaluate the influence of low-level alloimmunization on posttransfusion appearance of CDC-IgG, pretransfusion sera of a second cohort of 43 women, also CDC-IgG-negative and included in a transfusion protocol, were analyzed by Flow-PRA. Posttransfusion sera were analyzed for the development of cytotoxic IgG.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten of the first cohort of 36 (27.8%) CDC-IgG-negative women showed a positive FC cross-match against the husband or offspring lymphocytes. Flow-PRA analysis confirmed that 9 of 10 positive cross-matched sera contained anti-HLA IgG. Among the 43 transfused patients, 11 of 16 (68.7%) of the women who were CDC-IgG-positive after blood transfusion showed FC-detectable IgG before transfusion; although 2 of 27 (7.4%) of the patients who remained CDC-IgG-negative after transfusion showed FC-detectable IgG before transfusion (P <0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most of the de novo anti-HLA immunizations detected by CDC after transfusion in previously pregnant women can be detected by Flow-PRA before transfusion.
mesh_terms: D001803:Blood Transfusion; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods*; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I / Q000276:immunology*; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II / Q000276:immunology*; D006650:Histocompatibility Testing; D006801:Humans; D007109:Immunity / Q000502:physiology; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II; D007074:Immunoglobulin G