title: Evaluating once- and twice-daily self-monitored blood glucose testing strategies for stable insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes : the diabetes outcomes in veterans study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate once- and twice-daily self-monitored blood glucose testing strategies in assessing glycemic control and detecting hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia in patients with stable insulin-treated type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects with stable insulin-treated type 2 diabetes monitored blood glucose four times daily (prebreakfast, prelunch, predinner, and bedtime) for 8 weeks. We correlated mean blood glucose values with HbA(1c) measured after 8 weeks and determined the number of hypoglycemic (< or =3.33 mmol/l) and hyperglycemic (> or =22.20 mmol/l) readings captured at the various testing times.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 150 subjects completed the monitoring period; their average age was 67 years, 90% were men, and the mean HbA(1c) at baseline was 8.0 +/- 1.8%. The overall correlation of glucose testing and HbA(1c) was 0.79 (P < 0.0001). Mean blood glucose values for each of the four once-daily testing strategies were significantly correlated with HbA(1c) (r = 0.65-0.70, P < 0.0001), as were mean blood glucose values for each of the six twice-daily testing strategies (r = 0.73-0.75, P < 0.0001). The prebreakfast/prelunch measurements captured the largest proportion (63.6%) of the hypoglycemic readings, the predinner/bedtime measurements captured the largest proportion (66.2%) of hyperglycemic readings, and the prelunch/predinner measurements captured the largest proportion (57.7%) of all out-of-range readings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Twice-daily testing strategies, particularly prelunch/predinner, effectively assess glycemic control and capture a substantial proportion of out-of-range readings. However, personal testing strategies will vary depending on an individual's risk for hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia.
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004435:Eating; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance; D044469:Racial Groups; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin