Reduction of flow-related signal loss in flow-compensated 3D TOF MR angiography, using variable echo time (3D TOF-VTE).
High-resolution MRA with phase/frequency flow compensation may require very long echo times (TEs). Variable TE (VTE) was implemented into flow-compensated 3D TOF to minimize the effective TE and reduce the flow-related signal void. The k-space of the 3D TOF was divided into segment groups ranging from two to 32 segments with different TEs. The TEs were minimized and the flow-compensation gradient lobes were calculated to null the total first moment at the peak of the echo for each segment. Possible artifacts and off-resonance effects were evaluated, with respect to the number of TE segments, using the point spread function (PSF) and corresponding experiments. The optimal number of TE segments for the least artifact was determined to be one-half of the number of slices. Two types of artifacts caused by VTE were predicted and subsequently observed. The developed pulse sequence 3D TOF-VTE was tested on clinical MRI systems, by performing scans of the cervical carotid artery and intracranial carotid artery at the carotid siphon. The signal distribution near the bifurcation and the siphon was much more uniform with VTE, and the flow-related signal loss was greatly reduced. The resultant MR angiograms provided improved vessel detail. The results show that VTE improved the quality of flow-compensated 3D TOF MRA.
D016477:Artifacts; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology; D018056:Hemorheology; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging