title: Annular versus subvalvular approaches to acute ischemic mitral regurgitation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) has been attributed to annular dilatation, papillary muscle (PM) displacement ("apical leaflet tenting"), or both. We compared the efficacy of reducing annular or subvalvular dimensions to gain more mechanistic insight into acute IMR.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight adult sheep underwent implantation of radiopaque markers on the LV, mitral annulus (MA), each leaflet edge, and each PM tip. Trans-annular septal-lateral (SL) and inter-PM tip sutures were placed and externalized. Biplane videofluoroscopy and transesophageal echocardiography were performed before and continuously during LCx occlusion-induced IMR with SL annular (SLAC) or inter-PM (PAPS) suture tightening (4 to 5 mm of cinching for 5 seconds during ischemia). MA SL dimension, inter-papillary distance (APM-PPM), and the distances between the anterior (APM) and posterior (PPM) PM tips and the mid-septal annulus ("saddle horn") were calculated from 3-D marker coordinates at end-systole.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SLAC reduced IMR (grade=2.1+/-0.6 versus 0.7+/-0.5, P.001), SL annular diameter (4.9+/-2.5 mm smaller versus pre-cinching; P.001), and PM-"saddle horn" distances (0.9+/-0.7 and 1.0+/-0.8 mm reduction for APM and PPM, respectively; P.005). PAPS reduced APM-PPM distance (3.7+/-1.8 mm reduction versus precinching; P.001), only slightly decreased the PPM-"saddle horn" distance (0.3+/-0.3 mm reduction; P.03), and had no effect on IMR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acute IMR was abolished by annular SL reduction, which also repositioned both PM tips closer to the mid-septal annulus and paradoxically increased leaflet "apical tenting"; reducing inter-papillary dimension was not effective, even though it displaced the leaflets toward the annular plane (less "apical tenting").
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D003287:Contrast Media; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006439:Hemodynamics; D018715:Microscopy, Video; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000601:surgery*; D012756:Sheep; D013599:Systole
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media