title: Metallothionein and dendritic cells in skin of end-stage renal disease patients not on dialysis, or on hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Renal failure leads to a variety of defects in immune function. The skin, as a major player in the immune system network, also exhibits multiple derangements. The pathogenesis of these defects and derangements are poorly understood; therefore, we studied immune competent cells, dermal dendrocytes (DC), and a special proinflammatory protein, metallothionein (MT), in the skin of these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  22 patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) but not on dialysis, 18 patients on hemodialysis (HD), 14 patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD), and 35 healthy controls were included in the study. Immunohistochemical staining of skin biopsies for DC and MT was performed with the following antibodies: for DC, antibody against factor XIIIa; and for MT, Dako-MT, E9 (Dako, Carpinteria, California, USA). Measurements were made by counting stained DC per square millimeter, and by optical density (OD) for MT (mean SEM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Metallothionein was increased in the skin of HD (OD 0.42 +/- 0.05, p < 0.01) and PD patients (OD 0.33 +/- 0.04, p < 0.05) compared to controls (OD 0.23 +/- 0.02) and ESRD patients not on dialysis (OD 0.22 +/- 0.05). In contrast, numbers of DC were reduced in patients on PD compared to controls (59 +/- 13 vs 96 +/- 59 DC/mm2, p < 0.01) and increased in patients with ESRD prior to dialysis (141 +/- 13 DC/mm2, p < 0.05). Patients on HD were in-between (105 +/- 20 DC/mm2), with a significant difference versus patients on PD (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data show that the mode of dialysis influences the number of antigen-presenting cells in the dermis. However, in both dialysis modes, a proinflammatory immune status of the skin (MT) was present and, therefore, other regulatory elements for dermal dendrocytes apart from proinflammation exist.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007154:Immune System Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008668:Metallothionein / Q000032:analysis* / Q000276:immunology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012867:Skin / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D008668:Metallothionein