title: Longitudinal brain metabolic characterization of chronic alcoholics with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy may elucidate the molecular underpinnings of alcoholism-associated brain shrinkage and the progression of alcohol dependence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we determined absolute concentrations of -acetylaspartate (NAA), creatine/phosphocreatine (Cr), and choline (Cho)-containing compounds and -inositol (mI) in the anterior superior cerebellar vermis and frontal lobe white matter in 31 alcoholics and 12 normal controls. All patients were examined within 3 to 5 days of their last drink. Patients who did not relapse were again studied after 3 weeks and 3 months of abstinence by using an on-line repositioning technique that allows reliable localization of volumes of interest (VOIs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 3 to 5 days after the last drink, frontal white matter metabolite concentrations were not significantly different from those of normal controls, whereas brain tissue in the VOI was reduced. Cerebellar [NAA] and [Cho] and brain and cerebellar volumes were decreased, but [Cr], [mI], and VOI brain tissue volume were not significantly different. Eight patients relapsed before 3 weeks (ER), 12 relapsed between 3 weeks and 3 months (LR), and 11 did not relapse (NR) during 3 months. Cerebellar [NAA] was reduced only in ER patients, despite the fact that ER patients drank for significantly fewer years and earlier in life than LR or NR patients. After 3 months, in the 11 continuously abstinent patients, cerebellar [NAA] and brain and cerebellar volumes increased; cerebellar [Cho], [Cr], and [mI] and VOI brain tissue did not change significantly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Decreased [NAA] and [Cho] in cerebellar vermis indicate a unique sensitivity to alcohol-induced brain injury. Cerebellar [NAA] increased with abstinence, but reduced [Cho] persisted beyond 3 months. Further studies are needed to determine whether low cerebellar [NAA] is a risk factor for, or consequence of, malignant, early-onset alcoholism.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000523:psychology; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013695:Temperance / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data