title: Resonance Raman measurement of macular carotenoids in normal subjects and in age-related macular degeneration patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dietary carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin may play a protective role against visual loss from age-related macular degeneration (AMD) through antioxidant and light screening mechanisms. We used a novel noninvasive objective method to quantify lutein and zeaxanthin in the human macula using resonance Raman spectroscopy and compared macular pigment levels in AMD and normal subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational study of an ophthalmology clinic-based population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-three AMD eyes from 63 patients and 220 normal eyes from 138 subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Macular carotenoid levels were quantified by illuminating the macula with a low-power argon laser spot and measuring Raman backscattered light using a spectrograph. This technique is sensitive, specific, and repeatable even in subjects with significant macular pathologic features.
  
  
  METHODS
  Raman signal intensity at 1525 cm(-1) generated by the carbon-carbon double-bond vibrations of lutein and zeaxanthin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Carotenoid Raman signal intensity declined with age in normal eyes (P < 0.001). Average levels of lutein and zeaxanthin were 32% lower in AMD eyes versus normal elderly control eyes as long as the subjects were not consuming high-dose lutein supplements (P = 0.001). Patients who had begun to consume supplements containing high doses of lutein (> or =4 mg/day) regularly after their initial diagnosis of AMD had average macular pigment levels that were in the normal range (P = 0.829) and that were significantly higher than in AMD patients not consuming these supplements (P = 0.038).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that low levels of lutein and zeaxanthin in the human macula may represent a pathogenic risk factor for the development of AMD. Resonance Raman measurement of macular carotenoid pigments could play an important role in facilitating large-scale prospective clinical studies of lutein and zeaxanthin protection against AMD, and this technology may someday prove useful in the early detection of individuals at risk for visual loss from AMD.
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D014975:Lutein / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D008266:Macula Lutea / Q000378:metabolism*; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D024341:Xanthophylls; D065146:Zeaxanthins; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D024341:Xanthophylls; D065146:Zeaxanthins; D019207:beta Carotene; D014975:Lutein