title: Intake of conjugated linoleic acid, fat, and other fatty acids in relation to postmenopausal breast cancer: the Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), which is present in milk products and meat from ruminants, appears to have anticarcinogenic activity against breast cancer in animal and in vitro experiments. To date, few epidemiologic data are available in humans.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the relation between intakes of CLA and other fatty acids and breast cancer incidence in the Netherlands Cohort Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intake data derived from a validated 150-item food-frequency questionnaire were linked to an existing database with analytic data on specific fatty acids in European foods (the TRANSFAIR study). With 6.3 y of follow-up and 941 incident cases of breast cancer, multivariate rate ratios and 95% CIs were calculated for energy-adjusted intakes of fatty acids and CLA-containing food groups (eg, butter, cheese, milk, other milk products, and meat).
  
  
  RESULTS
  CLA intake showed a weak, positive relation with breast cancer incidence (rate ratio for highest compared with lowest quintile: 1.24, 95% CI: 0.91, 1.69; P for trend = 0.02). Statistically significant positive associations were found with total trans fatty acids and (borderline) with saturated fatty acids. Significant inverse associations were found with monounsaturated and cis unsaturated fatty acids, whereas total fat and energy intake of CLA-containing food groups were not related to breast cancer incidence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The suggested anticarcinogenic property of CLA in animal and tissue culture models could not be confirmed in this epidemiologic study in humans.
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D002079:Butter; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003611:Dairy Products; D004032:Diet; D015930:Diet Records; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D005285:Fermentation; D006801:Humans; D019787:Linoleic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008460:Meat; D008875:Middle Aged; D008892:Milk; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012418:Ruminants; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D005227:Fatty Acids; D002079:Butter; D019787:Linoleic Acid