title: Glycodelin levels in uterine flushings and in plasma of patients with leiomyomas and polyps: implications for implantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glycodelin, a glycoprotein, is present in both blood plasma and uterine flushings. It has been implicated in the process of implantation and angiogenesis. During the secretory phase, progesterone secretion is related to glycodelin production.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We obtained uterine flushings, prospectively, from 47 infertile patients during the proliferative phase. Patients were recruited from our university practice. Transvaginal ultrasound and sonohysterography permitted the stratification of patients into control, leiomyoma or polyp groups. Total plasma and uterine flushing glycodelin was measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Blood was also analysed for progesterone. Uterine flushing glycodelin levels were significantly increased in patients with polyps when compared with controls. An increase in uterine flushing glycodelin levels was noted in patients with leiomyomas compared with controls, though not statistically significant. Plasma glycodelin levels were significantly increased in patients with leiomyomas and polyps when separately compared with controls. There was a significant relationship between plasma glycodelin production and progesterone levels in patients with polyps.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Leiomyomas and polyps are growing tumours and thus produce significant plasma glycodelin levels. Uterine glycodelin flushings are elevated in patients with both polyps and leiomyomas. Elevated glycodelin levels in the follicular and peri-ovulatory period may impair fertilization and implantation.
mesh_terms: D010064:Embryo Implantation; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005498:Follicular Phase; D000071816:Glycodelin; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007889:Leiomyoma / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D011127:Polyps / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D011257:Pregnancy Proteins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood*; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014594:Uterine Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D014599:Uterus / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000071816:Glycodelin; D006023:Glycoproteins; C045246:PAEP protein, human; D011257:Pregnancy Proteins; D011374:Progesterone