title: Prostacyclin derivatives prevent the fibrotic response to TGF-beta by inhibiting the Ras/MEK/ERK pathway.
abstract: The SMAD-mediated induction of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), a fibroproliferative cytokine, by transforming growth factor (TGF)beta is required for the development of sustained fibrosis in humans. Here, we show that in fibroblasts, activation of the Ras/MEK/ERK pathway is required for the SMAD-mediated induction of CTGF by TGFbeta2. We then show that activation of protein kinase A (PKA) in fibroblasts is able to block Ras/MEK/ERK signaling and abolish the fibrotic response. Previously, we found that prostacyclin agonists were able to prevent the induction of CTGF in fibroblasts, and in patients with the fibrotic disease scleroderma. Here, we confirm the in vitro and in vivo antifibrotic effects of prostacyclin derivatives and show that these effects are due to PKA-dependent inhibition of the Ras/MEK/ERK pathway. Ras/MEK/ERK does not directly affect SMAD signaling. The coordinate and varied biological responses to TGFbeta are in part due to the interactions of signaling pathways within target cells. Specific inhibition of fibroblast Ras/MEK/ERK signaling might prevent fibrosis while leaving other physiological effects of TGFbeta unaltered.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055513:Connective Tissue Growth Factor; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D005355:Fibrosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D016285:Iloprost / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects*; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D008954:Models, Biological; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051381:Rats; D051785:Smad Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: C526317:CCN2 protein, human; C526316:CCN2 protein, rat; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051785:Smad Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D055513:Connective Tissue Growth Factor; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); D016285:Iloprost