title: Clonal relationships in a shelter-associated outbreak of drug-resistant tuberculosis: 1983-1997.
abstract: METHODS
  An outbreak of tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistant to isoniazid and streptomycin (HS-resistant) was documented in Boston's homeless population in 1984. Isolate relatedness was confirmed at the time by phage typing. In the late 1990s, cases of HS-resistant tuberculosis in the homeless were also documented, confirmed by RFLP typing using IS6110. None of the phage typed isolates from the 1980s were viable for performing RFLP analysis. We attempted to determine, using mixed-linker PCR (M-L PCR) finger-printing, whether or not these cases were all due to the same strain of M. tuberculosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Isolates from 10 HS-resistant patients-four non-viable isolates from the 1980s and six viable isolates from 1996-1997-were sent to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for M-L PCR fingerprinting. These results were combined with record reviews of older cases and an ongoing epidemiologic investigation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight of 10 of the isolates were clonal, and the other two were strongly suspected matches. Epidemiologic investigation determined that transmission continued to occur after the initial outbreak in 1984-1985, and that a streptomycin-monoresistant variant of the strain was also circulating.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  M-L PCR fingerprinting combined with epidemiology was able to document links between cases across 15 years.
mesh_terms: D000904:Antibiotics, Antitubercular / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001900:Boston / Q000453:epidemiology; D002999:Clone Cells; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005260:Female; D006703:Ill-Housed Persons / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007538:Isoniazid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D013307:Streptomycin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013997:Time Factors; D018088:Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000904:Antibiotics, Antitubercular; D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D007538:Isoniazid; D013307:Streptomycin