Clinic, home and ambulatory pulse pressure: comparison and reproducibility.
OBJECTIVE
Recent evidence suggests that pulse pressure (PP) is an independent predictor of cardiovascular risk. The objective of this study was to compare mean values and reproducibility of PP obtained in the clinic (CPP), at home (HPP) and with ambulatory monitoring (APP) and to evaluate potential implications for trials aiming to assess drug effects on PP.


METHODS
A total of 393 hypertensive subjects [mean age 51.5 +/- 11.5 (SD) years, 59% men, 35% treated] measured CPP (two visits), HPP (6 days) and APP (24 h). The reproducibility of PP was assessed using the SD of differences (SDD) between measurements in 133 untreated subjects who had repeated CPP (five visits), HPP (6 days) and APP measurements (two occasions).


RESULTS
There was no difference between mean CPP (51.0 +/- 13.3 mmHg) and HPP (50.2 +/- 11.0) whereas APP (48.8 +/- 8.4) was lower than both CPP [mean difference 2.3 +/- 10.3 mmHg; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.2, 3.3; P < 0.01] and HPP (1.5 +/- 7.8; 95% CI, 0.7, 2.3; P < 0.01). The SDD between repeated measurements was about 10 mmHg for CPP (one visit), 5.2 mmHg for HPP (2 days) and 4 mmHg for APP (24-h). For a parallel comparative trial aiming to detect a difference of 3 mmHg PP in the effect of two drugs, 415 subjects would be required when using CPP, compared to 127 using HPP and 63 using APP.


CONCLUSIONS
These data suggest that although differences among mean values of CPP, HPP and APP are small, differences in their reproducibility are important and should be taken into account in the design of trials assessing drug effects on PP.
D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000554:Ambulatory Care Facilities; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D018660:Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006699:Home Care Services; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011674:Pulse; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D000959:Antihypertensive Agents