title: Targeting of glycosaminoglycan-cytokine interactions as a novel therapeutic approach in allotransplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are heteropolysaccharides present as integral components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), cell and basement membranes. GAGs play an important role in immune and inflammatory responses because of their ability to interact with cytokines and chemokines, promoting the localization of these molecules onto the ECM or cell membranes at specific anatomical sites. The main goal of these studies was to test the hypothesis that interference with the binding of cytokines/chemokines to GAGs will interfere with a graft rejection response.
  
  
  METHODS
  MC-2, a cationic peptide derived from the sequence of the heparin-binding domain of mouse interferon gamma, was used as an inhibitor of the binding of cytokines/chemokines to GAGs. The effects of this peptide were studied in an allogeneic transplantation model involving vascularized rat skin flaps.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MC-2 peptide was found to inhibit binding of interferon-gamma, as well as that of the chemokines, interleukin-8, interferon gamma inducible protein-10, and regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), to GAGs in vitro. Direct administration of MC-2 in an allogeneic skin flap transplantation model resulted in a significantly delayed time of rejection, from 5.4 +/- 0.5 days (control; n=6) to 12.6 +/- 1.6 days (treated animals; n=10). Histopathologic analysis of the skin biopsies was consistent with the delayed rejection process in those animals receiving the peptide, showing only mild signs of rejection up to day 11 (in contrast, all control animals had rejected their flaps by day 6).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results are consistent with the idea that GAG-cytokine interactions constitute valid therapeutic targets and suggest the potential applicability of such an approach in the prevention of graft rejection.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D018946:Chemokine CCL5 / Q000276:immunology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology*; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000276:immunology*; D006493:Heparin / Q000378:metabolism; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D051381:Rats; D011914:Rats, Inbred BN; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply; D016038:Skin Transplantation / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous / Q000276:immunology* / Q000379:methods / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D018946:Chemokine CCL5; D016207:Cytokines; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D006493:Heparin