title: Ureteroscopy and holmium:YAG laser lithotripsy: an emerging definitive management strategy for symptomatic ureteral calculi in pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the results of holmium laser lithotripsy in a cohort of patients who presented with symptomatic urolithiasis in pregnancy. Symptomatic urolithiasis in pregnancy that does not respond to conservative measures has traditionally been managed with ureteral stent insertion or percutaneous nephrostomy. Holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (YAG) laser lithotripsy using state-of-the-art ureteroscopes represents an emerging strategy for definitive stone management in pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis was conducted at two tertiary stone centers from January 1996 to August 2001 to identify pregnant patients who were treated with ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy for symptomatic urolithiasis or encrusted stents. Eight patients with a total of 10 symptomatic ureteral calculi and two encrusted ureteral stents were treated. The mean gestational age at presentation was 22 weeks. The mean stone size was 8.1 mm. The stones were located in the proximal ureter/ureteropelvic junction (n = 3), midureter (n = 1), and distal ureter (n = 6).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complete stone fragmentation and/or removal of encrusted ureteral stents were achieved in all patients using the holmium:YAG laser. The overall procedural success rate was 91%. The overall stone-free rate was 89%. No obstetric or urologic complications were encountered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ureteroscopy and holmium laser lithotripsy can be performed safely in all stages of pregnancy, providing definitive management of symptomatic ureteral calculi. The procedure can be done with minimal or no fluoroscopy and avoids the undesirable features of stents or nephrostomy tubes.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000379:methods; D005865:Gestational Age; D006695:Holmium; D006801:Humans; D017602:Lithotripsy, Laser / Q000379:methods*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents / Q000009:adverse effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D018666:Ureteroscopy / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D006695:Holmium