title: Fragmentation of uric acid calculi with the holmium: YAG laser produces cyanide.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To independently test previously reported findings of cyanide evolution under holmium:yttrium aluminum garnet (Ho:YAG) (holmium) lithotripsy of uric acid calculi, determine if this occurs with other forms of intracorporeal lithotripsy, and establish if this occurs due to a photothermal, photochemical, or photoacoustic reaction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human uric acid calculi were fragmented in vitro through exposure to holmium, ultrasound, and electrohydraulic (EHL) energy sources. The following parameters were varied: total laser energy, individual laser pulse energy, ultrasonic energies, and EHL energies. Uric acid powder was suspended in solution and exposed to holmium laser energy in vitro. Serum and irrigant samples from a human patient were collected following intrarenal holmium lithotripsy of a uric acid calculus. All samples were analyzed for hydrogen cyanide (HCN) content.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Holmium lithotripsy of solid uric acid calculi produces cyanide. The yield is linearly dependent upon total laser energy delivered. Pulse energy does not affect cyanide yield. Photothermal mechanisms coupling laser energy to the solid crystal lattice are responsible for the production of cyanide. Ultrasound and EHL lithotripsy do not produce cyanide. A clinically insignificant level of cyanide was detected in the blood of a single patient following laser lithotripsy of a uric acid calculus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study confirms that cyanide is produced by a photothermal mechanism during holmium laser lithotripsy of uric acid calculi, and that the amount produced is clinically insignificant.
mesh_terms: D006695:Holmium / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D006856:Hydrogen Cyanide / Q000032:analysis / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008027:Light; D017602:Lithotripsy, Laser; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000628:therapy*; D015019:Yttrium / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D014527:Uric Acid; D006856:Hydrogen Cyanide; D015019:Yttrium; D006695:Holmium