title: TGF-beta(1) induces peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma1 and gamma2 expression in human THP-1 monocytes.
abstract: The nuclear hormone receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated gamma (PPARgamma) is expressed as two isoforms (PPARgamma1 and gamma2), and is an important modulator of monocyte gene regulation and function. TGF-beta(1) is an essential and potent immune modulator and we therefore examined its effect on PPARgamma expression in human THP-1 monocytes. TGF-beta(1) strongly induced PPARgamma2 mRNA and protein expression with a lesser effect on PPARgamma1. Transcription from a PPARgamma2 promoter/luciferase reporter vector was activated approximately 3-fold by TGF-beta(1). Mutation of two C/EBP elements within the PPARgamma2 promoter reduced TGF-beta(1)-induced transcription by approximately 65%. TGF-beta(1) also induced the expression of three C/EBPisoforms (alpha, beta, and delta). Induction of PPARgamma1 and gamma2 in monocytes by TGF-beta(1) may contribute to the anti-inflammatory effects of this growth factor.
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D009000:Monocytes; D010766:Phosphorylation; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000235:genetics*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D020033:Protein Isoforms; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D014157:Transcription Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta