title: Factors that influence outcomes of the Mitrofanoff and Malone antegrade continence enema reconstructive procedures in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Surgical techniques that provide adequate urinary and fecal continence in children with neurogenic bladder and bowel dysfunction are becoming increasingly used. We reviewed our experience and discuss factors that influence outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1994 and 2000, 65 stomal procedures were performed in 47 patients. For the urinary continent catheterizable channel we used appendix in 60% of cases, a continent bladder tube in 20%, a Yang-Monti tube in 16% and ureter in 4%. For the antegrade continence enema continent catheterizable channel we used appendix in 85% of cases, a Yang-Monti tube in 5% and a cecal tube in 10%. In the 19 patients who underwent simultaneous Mitrofanoff and antegrade continence enema procedures the urinary continent catheterizable channel was appendix in 21%, a Yang-Monti tube in 32% and continent vesicostomy in 47%. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on compliance status. In addition, percentile body weight for age was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stomal continence was achieved in 63 of the 65 cases (97%). Of the patients who underwent the antegrade continence enema procedure 95% achieved continence via the rectum. Except for ureter stenosis rates according to continent catheterizable channel type did not differ greatly, namely 19% for appendix, 11% for the Yang-Monti tube, 22% for the bladder tube, 50% for ureter and 0% for the cecal tube. Infectious complications developed in 16 patients and 4 had stones. The rates of infection (p = 0.004), stomal stenosis (p = 0.001) and revision (p = 0.004) were statistically lower in the compliant group and the stone formation rate showed a trend favoring the compliant group (p = 0.11). No significant difference was noted for incontinence. Percentile weight predicted a higher rate of stomal stenosis with the highest rate of stomal stenosis overall in the greater than 100th percentile group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Mitrofanoff and antegrade continence enema procedures are reliable and effective. Proper patient selection and surgical technique with a tension-free anastomosis are essential. The choice of tissue for constructing the continent catheterizable channel is not as important as patient compliance, age and possibly body habitus. This report reinforces the importance of careful screening, and rigorous preoperative and postoperative teaching to achieve overall patient success.
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D004733:Enema / Q000379:methods*; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000601:surgery; D016737:Proctocolectomy, Restorative; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D014546:Urinary Catheterization / Q000379:methods*; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D016476:Urinary Reservoirs, Continent