title: Snodgrass hypospadias repair with vascularized dartos flap: the perfect repair for virgin cases of hypospadias?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Since its introduction, the Snodgrass hypospadias repair has been applied to virtually all forms of hypospadias repair. However, fistula rates have still been reported to be as high as 5% from large center, multiple surgeon studies and 16% from smaller center studies. We report on the use of the Snodgrass repair in conjunction with routine use of a vascularized dartos flap and 2-layer closure of the neourethra from multiple institutions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Records of patients who underwent a primary 1-stage hypospadias repair with the Snodgrass technique in conjunction with vascularized dartos flap coverage were reviewed. Nearly identical surgical technique was used by all 6 surgeons in each case, which included a 2-layer closure of the neourethra, preservation of the well vascularized periurethral tissue and routine use of vascularized dartos flap coverage. A total of 514 cases were identified, including 414 with distal and 100 with midshaft or proximal hypospadias. Stents were used in 292 of the 514 repairs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 414 distal cases there were no fistulas and 1 case of meatal stenosis. Of the 100 proximal cases there were 3 fistulas and 1 case of meatal stenosis. The overall complication rate was less than 1% for all cases combined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This series represents the largest reported multi-institutional experience with the Snodgrass technique. When used in conjunction with vascularized dartos flap coverage, 2-layer closure of the neourethra and special attention to preservation of the periurethral vascular supply, this repair can be performed with a near 0 complication rate. We believe that this is the optimal repair for routine cases of hypospadias.
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007021:Hypospadias / Q000601:surgery*; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008866:Microsurgery; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000098:blood supply*; D013536:Suture Techniques; D014521:Urethra / Q000601:surgery