title: Saturated anionic phospholipids enhance transdermal transport by electroporation.
abstract: Anionic phospholipids, but not cationic or neutral phospholipids, were found to enhance the transdermal transport of molecules by electroporation. When added as liposomes to the milieus of water-soluble molecules to be delivered through the epidermis of porcine skin by electroporation, these phospholipids enhance, by one to two orders of magnitude, the transdermal flux. Encapsulation of molecules in liposomes is not necessary. Dimyristoylphosphatidylserine (DMPS), phosphatidylserine from bovine brain (brain-PS), dioleoylphosphatidylserine (DOPS), and dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol (DOPG) were used to test factors affecting the potency of anionic lipid transport enhancers. DMPS with saturated acyl chains was found to be a much more potent transport enhancer than those with unsaturated acyl chains (DOPS and DOPG). There was no headgroup preference. Saturated DMPS was also more effective in delaying resistance recovery after pulsing, and with a greater affinity in the epidermis after pulsing. Using fluorescent carboxyl fluorescein and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled Dextrans as test water-soluble molecules for transport, and rhodamine-labeled phospholipids to track anionic phospholipids, we found, by conventional and confocal fluorescence microscopy, that transport of water-soluble molecules was localized in local transport spots or regions (LTRs) created by the electroporation pulses. Anionic phospholipids, especially DMPS, were located at the center of the LTRs and spanned the entire thickness of the stratum corneum (SC). The degree of saturation of anionic phospholipids made no difference in the densities of LTRs created. We deduce that, after being driven into the epidermis by negative electric pulses, saturated anionic phospholipids mix and are retained better by the SC lipids. Anionic lipids prefer loose layers or vesicular rather than multilamellar forms, thereby prolonging the structural recovery of SC lipids to the native multilamellar form. In the presence of 1 mg/ml DMPS in the transport milieu, the flux of FITC-Dextran-4k was enhanced by 80-fold and reached 175 microg/cm(2)/min. Thus, the use of proper lipid enhancers greatly extends the upper size limit of transportable chemicals. Understanding the mechanism of lipid enhancers enables one to rationally design better enhancers for transdermal drug and vaccine delivery by electroporation.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000838:Anions; D001692:Biological Transport; D055592:Biophysical Phenomena; D001703:Biophysics; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D002417:Cattle; D003911:Dextrans / Q000737:chemistry; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004594:Electrophysiology; D018274:Electroporation; D004817:Epidermis / Q000378:metabolism; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D010715:Phosphatidylglycerols / Q000737:chemistry; D010718:Phosphatidylserines / Q000737:chemistry; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000737:chemistry*; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D014494:Unithiol / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000838:Anions; D003911:Dextrans; D008055:Lipids; D010715:Phosphatidylglycerols; D010718:Phosphatidylserines; D010743:Phospholipids; D014494:Unithiol; C051388:1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol; C042511:1,2-dioleoylphosphatidylserine