title: Copper retention, calcium release and ultrastructural evidence indicate specific Cuprolinic Blue uptake and peculiar modifications in mineralizing aortic valves.
abstract: Previously, reactions with copper phthalocyanines at 0.05 M critical electrolyte concentration were found to cause demineralization in calcifying porcine aortic valves after subdermal implantation in rat, as well as simultaneous visualization of peculiar phthalocyanine-positive layers around cells and cell-derived matrix vesicles. In the present investigation, an appraisal was made of the mechanism and specificity of reactions with Cuprolinic Blue by comparing quantitatively calcium release and copper retention by calcified aortic valves reacted with this phthalocyanine under different critical electrolyte concentration conditions, and the corresponding ultrastructural patterns. It was found that (i) decalcifying properties are inversely proportional to salt molarity; (ii) reactivity to Cuprolinic Blue is critical electrolyte concentration-dependent, since the greatest copper retention occurred in 0.05 M critical electrolyte concentration Cuprolinic Blue-reacted samples, the only ones that also exhibited phthalocyanine-positive layers; (iii) the appearance of phthalocyanine-positive layers depends on Cuprolinic Blue uptake, revealing pericellular clustering of calcium-binding, anionic molecules; and (iv) minor Cuprolinic Blue uptake occurs by residual proteoglycans which still remain in the extracellular matrix after 6-week-long subdermal implantation. The present results indicate that this method is appropriate for the study of mineralized tissues and illustrate peculiar tissue modifications occurring at least in the experimental conditions used here.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D007211:Indoles / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D015636:Magnesium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D017942:Nitric Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013552:Swine; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014574:Uronic Acids / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D007211:Indoles; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D011509:Proteoglycans; D014574:Uronic Acids; D015636:Magnesium Chloride; C015445:copper phthalocyanine; D017942:Nitric Acid; D002118:Calcium