title: Effects of in utero bladder outflow obstruction on fetal sheep detrusor contractility, compliance and innervation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Congenital bladder outflow obstruction caused by posterior urethral valves is a common cause of end stage renal failure in boys. We hypothesized that fetal bladder outflow obstruction perturbs detrusor contractility and innervation and bladder storage volume-pressure relationships.
  
  
  METHODS
  Severe bladder outflow obstruction was induced in male fetal sheep by placing a urethral ring and urachal ligation midway through gestation at 75 days. Fetuses were examined 30 days after surgery, when urinary tract dilatation, enlarged bladders and histologically abnormal kidneys were documented. Isolated strips of bladder detrusor from sham operated and obstructed fetuses were subjected to electrical field stimulation, carbachol, KCl and alpha-beta methylene-adenosine triphosphate. Whole bladder storage characteristics were determined by filling cystometry and bladder innervation was investigated by immunohistochemistry and Western blot.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tension-frequency contractility studies showed that obstructed fetal bladder strips were significantly hypocontractile versus sham operated controls in response to electrical field stimulation and the specific agonists carbachol, KCl and alpha-beta methylene-adenosine triphosphate. Hypocontractility was greater with nerve mediated stimulation than with carbachol, suggesting relative denervation. Reduced innervation was confirmed by S100 and protein gene product 9.5 immunohistochemistry and by measuring a significant reduction in protein gene product 9.5 protein expression using Western blot. Filling cystometry showed that obstructed fetal bladders appeared more compliant (Delta V/Delta P, where Delta V is the change in volume and Delta P is the change in pressure) with larger capacity, more flaccidity and yet retained stress relaxation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In response to severe experimental fetal bladder outflow obstruction the bladder becomes large and hypocontractile, and has aberrant innervation.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003187:Compliance; D046508:Culture Techniques; D005260:Female; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D007668:Kidney / Q000196:embryology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000196:embryology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D009121:Muscle Denervation; D011247:Pregnancy; D012756:Sheep; D014521:Urethra / Q000196:embryology* / Q000294:innervation / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000196:embryology* / Q000294:innervation / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001748:Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction / Q000196:embryology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014563:Urodynamics / Q000502:physiology*