title: "Bread and a pennyworth of treacle":  excess female mortality in England in the 1840s.
abstract: The author analyzes excess female mortality in nineteenth-century England.  She concludes that such mortality was affected by the economic environment and that "much literary evidence points to unequal access to food and a resulting susceptibility to epidemic and respiratory diseases as the transmission mechanism converting dependence and discrimination into relatively high death rates."  Women were also adversely affected by harsh labor conditions, in addition to the heavy duties involved in motherhood and housework.
mesh_terms: D003710:Demography; D019049:Developed Countries; D004467:Economics; D004651:Employment; D004739:England; D005060:Europe; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005195:Family Relations; D006262:Health; D006796:Household Work; D008429:Maternal Welfare; D009026:Mortality; D009035:Mothers; D009747:Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D010290:Parents; D011153:Population; D011157:Population Dynamics; D011287:Prejudice; D012940:Social Problems; D006113:United Kingdom
keywords: Demographic Factors; Developed Countries; Differential Mortality; Economic Factors; Employment--women; England; Europe; Excess Mortality--women; Family And Household; Family Characteristics; Family Relationships; Health; Historical Survey; Housework; Macroeconomic Factors; Maternal Health--history; Microeconomic Factors; Mortality; Mothers; Northern Europe; Nutrition--women; Parents; Population; Population Dynamics; Social Discrimination; Social Problems; United Kingdom