title: The role of transforming growth factor beta in atherosclerosis: novel insights and future perspectives.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Atherosclerosis is a disease of the arterial wall that seems to be tightly modulated by the local inflammatory balance. Transforming growth factors beta 1, 2 and 3 are cytokines/growth factors with broad activities on cells and tissues in the cardiovascular system, and have been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the present review, we discuss recent developments in the role of transforming growth factor beta in the regulation of the immuno-inflammatory balance that modulates atherosclerosis. Such studies strongly suggest that the inhibition of endogenous transforming growth factor beta signalling favours the development of atherosclerotic lesions with an increased inflammatory component (T cells and macrophages) and decreased collagen content, features that are characteristic of unstable atherosclerotic plaques.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transforming growth factor beta is identified as a critical modulator of the immuno-inflammatory balance in atherosclerosis, and a crucial plaque-stabilizing factor. Future studies should aim at defining the precise molecular mechanisms responsible for this protective effect, and developing immunomodulatory strategies based on the promotion of transforming growth factor beta activity (T regulatory T helper type 3 cells) to limit disease complications.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta