title: Exercise prescription based upon cardiac vagal activity for middle-aged obese women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purposes of this study were to examine a new method to determine exercise intensity for obese people based on the cardiac vagal activity and to determine the effect of this approach on myocardial stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-three middle aged obese female volunteers (age 43.7+/-6.5 y; height 1.56+/-0.05 m; body mass 66.5+/-9.3 kg; body mass index 27.3+/-2.8 kg m(2); percentage body fat 40.7+/-5.9%).
  
  
  METHODS
  In the first experiment, 43 subjects performed a ramp exercise test on a bicycle ergometer with measurement of ECG and gas exchange parameters. In the second experiment, 11 subjects performed 45 min of constant walking exercise on a treadmill at a level corresponding to exercise intensity determined by vagal activity obtained from a ramp bicycle test. Blood pressure, endothelin 1 (ET-1), catecholamine, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) were measured before and after exercise.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The heart rate variability power decreased with increasing work rate, and changed little after reaching individual-specific work rate. We presumed that vagal activity disappeared at this point and that the heart rate at this exercise intensity was determined as the vagal activity threshold (T(VA)). The results showed a significant positive correlation (r=0.742, P<0.0001) between T(VA) and ventilatory threshold (VT) heart rates, although the mean heart rate of T(VA) (114.3+/-8.5 beats/min) was significantly lower (P<0.001) than that at VT (119.0+/-11.7), suggesting the cardiac vagal withdrawal occurred prior to the onset of lactate acidosis (lactic acid accumulation). Furthermore, exercise intervention experiment at T(VA) indicated that ET-1, catecholamine and BNP levels were not significantly different before and after exercise. However, ANP levels increased significantly after exercise (pre-exercise 18.6+/-5.38 vs post-exercise 44.0+/-24.87 pg/ml, P<0.001), which in turn brought about a significant post-exercise reduction in the blood pressure (SBP 117.6+/-13.7 vs 110.5+/-7.4 mmHg, P<0.05; DBP 78.6+/-6.7 vs 73.5+/-6.6 mmHg, P<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that it is possible to determine the exercise intensity (T(VA)) on the basis of cardiac vagal response. These results also suggest that exercise at T(VA) level is a safe exercise intensity in the light of cardiac stress, and that T(VA) may be recommended for obese people who might possess lower cardiac sympatho-vagal activity.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor / Q000097:blood; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000097:blood; D004562:Electrocardiography; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000097:blood; D016552:Ergometry; D015444:Exercise; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain / Q000097:blood; D009765:Obesity / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D002395:Catecholamines; D019332:Endothelin-1; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor