title: Review and discussion of the complications of minimally invasive pectus excavatum repair.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review and discuss the complications of minimally invasive pectus excavatum repair.
  
  
  METHODS
  329 patients underwent minimally invasive pectus repair between January 1987 and August 2000, including 14 patients who recurred after previous Ravitch repairs, 10 failed Nuss repairs (eight done elsewhere) and two failed Leonard repairs. All patients received antibiotics and vigorous incentive spirometry to prevent atelectasis, pneumonia and bar infection. Epidural anesthesia was used for postoperative analgesia to keep patients comfortable and stable postoperatively and to prevent bar displacement. Thoracoscopy was used during bar insertion to minimize the risk of mediastinal injury and to select the best position for the bar. A new introducer was developed to elevate the sternum before bar insertion. A stabilizing bar was created to minimize bar displacement. The duration of sternal bracing has been increased from two years to three or four years in selected patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no deaths, no cardiac perforations and no cases of thoracic chondrodystrophy. Pneumothorax with spontaneous resolution occurred in 52 % of the patients, with 1.2 % requiring simple aspiration and 1.5 % requiring chest tube drainage. This complication has essentially been eliminated by using a "water seal system". Pericarditis occurred in 2.4 % with good response to Indomethacin in six out of eight patients and two patients also required pericardial fluid aspiration. Pneumonia occurred in 0.9 %. Wound infection occurred in 2.6 % resulting in bar infection in three out of the seven patients. Long-term antibiotics were successful in curing the infection in one patient, whereas the other two required bar removal at 12 and 18 months, respectively. Bar displacement occurred in 8.8 % of patients. However, the introduction of stabilizers decreased the incidence from 15.7 % before the use of stabilizers to 5.4 % with stabilizers. Wiring the bar and stabilizer together has decreased the incidence even further.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Long-term outcome after bar removal showed an excellent result in 71 %, good result in 21 % and recurrence in 7.8 %.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The minimally invasive technique has a low complication rate with excellent long-term results.
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005660:Funnel Chest / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D010493:Pericarditis / Q000209:etiology; D011030:Pneumothorax / Q000209:etiology; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013906:Thoracoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome