title: Quantitative assessment of the SR Ca2+ leak-load relationship.
abstract: Increased diastolic SR Ca2+ leak (J(leak)) could depress contractility in heart failure, but there are conflicting reports regarding the J(leak) magnitude even in normal, intact myocytes. We have developed a novel approach to measure SR Ca2+ leak in intact, isolated ventricular myocytes. After stimulation, myocytes were exposed to 0 Na+, 0 Ca2+ solution +/-1 mmol/L tetracaine (to block resting leak). Total cell [Ca2+] does not change under these conditions with Na+-Ca2+ exchange inhibited. Resting [Ca2+]i declined 25% after tetracaine addition (126+/-6 versus 94+/-6 nmol/L; P<0.05). At the same time, SR [Ca2+] ([Ca2+](SRT)) increased 20% (93+/-8 versus 108+/-6 micromol/L). From this Ca2+ shift, we calculate J(leak) to be 12 micromol/L per second or 30% of the SR diastolic efflux. The remaining 70% is SR pump unidirectional reverse flux (backflux). The sum of these Ca2+ effluxes is counterbalanced by unidirectional forward Ca2+ pump flux. J(leak) also increased nonlinearly with [Ca2+](SRT) with a steeper increase at higher load. We conclude that J(leak) is 4 to 15 micromol/L cytosol per second at physiological [Ca2+](SRT). The data suggest that the leak is steeply [Ca2+](SRT)-dependent, perhaps because of increased [Ca2+]i sensitivity of the ryanodine receptor at higher [Ca2+](SRT). Key factors that determine [Ca2+](SRT) in intact ventricular myocytes include (1) the thermodynamically limited Ca2+ gradient that the SR can develop (which depends on forward flux and backflux through the SR Ca2+ ATPase) and (2) diastolic SR Ca2+ leak (ryanodine receptor mediated).
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003971:Diastole; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000209:etiology; D017136:Ion Transport; D007700:Kinetics; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D009206:Myocardium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D011817:Rabbits; D012519:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism*; D013748:Tetracaine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D015220:Calcium Channels; D013748:Tetracaine; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Non-programmatic