title: Apoptosis in human sperm: its correlation with semen quality and the presence of leukocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Apoptosis plays an important role in regulating spermatogenesis. However, the biological significance of apoptosis in ejaculated sperm is not yet clear. This study set out to investigate how apoptosis correlates with semen quality and the presence of seminal leukocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-seven semen samples from the male partners of infertile couples were classified as normal or abnormal according to World Health Organization guidelines. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate sperm populations and seminal leukocytes. Preliminary flow cytometry analysis using 6-carboxyfluoresceindiacetate (6-CFDA), which identifies live cells, and propidium iodide (PI), which stains only dead cells, was performed in order to pinpoint the sperm region accurately. Having thus gated the sperm population, bivariate Annexin V/PI analysis was then carried out in order to measure the percentage of apoptotic and necrotic sperm and the apoptotic index (the ratio between apoptotic:live sperm). Leukocytes were counted by the standard peroxidase test and by flow cytometry using monoclonal antibody (mAb) anti-CD45 or anti-CD53.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences in the apoptotic index and the percentage of live and apoptotic sperm were detected between the subjects with normal and abnormal semen. A significant inverse correlation between sperm concentration and the apoptotic index was observed only in the normal sperm group. There was no correlation between the concentration of leukocytes, detected either by peroxidase or by mAb anti-CD45 or anti-CD53, either with the percentage of apoptotic sperm or with the apoptotic index. In contrast, the ratio between CD45 positive leukocytes and sperm showed a significant correlation with the apoptotic index. A weaker correlation was found when leukocytes were counted by peroxidase, while no correlation was observed using mAb anti-CD53.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sperm apoptosis did not seem to be correlated with semen quality. In the absence of genito-urinary infection, one of the main functions of seminal leukocytes is probably to provide for the removal of apoptotic sperm.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017304:Annexin A5; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000032:analysis; D000945:Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte / Q000032:analysis; D017209:Apoptosis; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005452:Fluoresceins; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006801:Humans; D017493:Leukocyte Common Antigens / Q000032:analysis; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D011419:Propidium; D012661:Semen / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology*; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D060265:Tetraspanin 25
chemical_list: D017304:Annexin A5; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D015703:Antigens, CD; D000945:Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte; C554894:CD53 protein, human; D005452:Fluoresceins; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D060265:Tetraspanin 25; C093616:6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate; D011419:Propidium; D017493:Leukocyte Common Antigens