title: Rat retinal tissue releases a vasorelaxing factor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether the retina of the rat exerts a vasodilatory influence by the release of a relaxing factor and to characterize the retinal relaxing factor (RRF).
  
  
  METHODS
  The relaxing influence of the rat retina was investigated by placing the retina in close proximity with a precontracted isolated rat carotid artery ring segment, mounted for isometric tension measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Application of rat retina relaxed the artery in a reliable and reproducible way. The nitric oxide (NO)-synthase inhibitor N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NA), the soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), and the removal of the endothelium of the artery all failed to affect the RRF response. The RRF response was not decreased; in contrast, it increased after treatment with a cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor (indomethacin or sodium diclofenac). Acute hypoxia largely enhanced retina-induced relaxation. Several potential mediators of hypoxia-induced vasodilation were excluded as candidates for the RRF or for mediating the enhanced response to RRF in hypoxia. Inhibition of the plasma membrane Ca(2+)-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) with vanadate significantly affected the RRF response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The release of an as yet unidentified relaxing factor(s) from the rat retina was demonstrated. Acute hypoxia profoundly enhances the RRF response. None of the known mediators of hypoxia-induced vasodilation nor NO, prostanoids, or endothelial factors mediate the RRF response. Activation of the plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase seems to be involved in the RRF response.
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D000252:Calcium-Transporting ATPases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000494:pharmacology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000502:physiology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006162:Guanylate Cyclase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D007537:Isometric Contraction; D019335:Nitroarginine / Q000494:pharmacology; D010069:Oxadiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats / Q000378:metabolism*; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012160:Retina / Q000378:metabolism*; D012519:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum / Q000201:enzymology; D019284:Thapsigargin / Q000494:pharmacology; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000502:physiology*; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C095284:1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D010069:Oxadiazoles; D011810:Quinoxalines; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D004008:Diclofenac; D019335:Nitroarginine; D019284:Thapsigargin; D006162:Guanylate Cyclase; D000252:Calcium-Transporting ATPases; D007213:Indomethacin