title: Effects of day relative to parturition and dietary crude protein on rumen fermentation in prepartum transition cows.
abstract: Twelve Holstein cows and eight heifers were used in a randomized block design to examine changes in rumen fermentation and blood metabolites as animals fed diets containing 9.1 (low protein, LP) or 11.2% crude protein (moderate protein, MP) approached parturition. Animals were blocked by expected calving date and parity. Diets were isocaloric (1.58 Mcal/kg of dry matter), and the difference in dietary crude protein was achieved by the addition of urea. Diets were fed as total mixed rations for ad libitum intake. Dry matter intake decreased from 12.2 kg/d on d -21 to 9.1 kg/d on d -1 relative to parturition and was unaffected by dietary crude protein or parity. Rumen ammonia concentrations were higher for animals fed the MP diet compared with those fed the LP diet (1.8 vs. 3.7 mM). In situ neutral detergent fiber disappearance was not affected by dietary crude protein after 8 h of incubation, but it did decrease from 25.8% on d -21 to 23.3% on d -1. After 16, 24, and 48 h of incubation, neutral detergent fiber disappearance was greater for animals consuming MP than for animals consuming LP (30.6 vs. 34.4%, 37.0 vs. 44.1%, and 57.9 vs. 65.1%, respectively). There was a parity x treatment interaction after 48 h of incubation. Fiber disappearance was 55.7 or 65.9% for heifers and 60.0 or 64.7% for cows fed LP or MP, respectively. The solids rate of passage was not affected by treatment, parity, or day relative to parturition. Concentrations of plasma nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) increased from 218 microEq/L on d -21 to 619 microEq/L on d -1. There was an interaction between day relative to parturition and parity on NEFA concentrations. Heifers had plasma NEFA concentrations of 272 and 772 microEq/L on d -21 and -1, respectively. Cows had NEFA concentrations of 164 and 467 microEq/L on d -21 and -1, respectively. Plasma glucose concentrations were affected by parity (65.8 and 58.8 mg/dl for heifers and cows). Plasma urea, NEFA, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and glucose concentrations were not affected by dietary treatment. In conclusion, heifers tended to have higher plasma concentrations of NEFA and glucose, but did not have elevated concentrations of beta-hydroxybutyrate. Rumen fermentation was relatively unaffected by day relative to parturition, but feeding less than 11% crude protein to prefresh transition cows may limit ruminal fiber degradation.
mesh_terms: D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid / Q000097:blood; D000641:Ammonia / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology*; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000378:metabolism; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005285:Fermentation; D005865:Gestational Age; D007743:Labor, Obstetric; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D012417:Rumen / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D014508:Urea / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D000641:Ammonia; D014508:Urea; D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid