title: Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene polymorphism, hyperhomocysteinemia and occlusive retinal vascular disease in type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic subjects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene polymorphism may cause hyperhomocysteinemia, which affects the vascular endothelium and may induce occlusive vascular disease (OVD). Hypertension thickens small-sized arterial walls and attenuates intramural blood flow. Such OVD can be studied in retinal angiograms as a decrease in the arterio-venous ratio (AVR). Diabetes, by altering microvascular structure and function, in many ways modifies this AVR.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether MTHFR gene polymorphism (C677T) by causing hyperhomocysteinemia affects the retinal AVR in type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-four recently diagnosed (< 1 year) type 2 diabetic and 115 non-diabetic subjects were included in the study. Retinal fluoresceine angiograms were recorded and the mean AVR was calculated by measuring transverse vessel diameters at 6 locations. The mean AVR was used as a marker of OVD. The MTHFR VV, VA and AA genotypes were determined by PCR and plasma homocysteine by high-pressure liquid chromatography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the diabetic subjects with the VV, VA and AA genotypes, the plasma homocysteine levels were 16.5 +/- 7, 12.5 +/- 4.6 and 11.3 +/- 4.9 microM, respectively (p = 0.008, ANCOVA). The corresponding values in controls were 14.6 +/- 3.8, 13.7 +/- 5.7 and 11.6 +/- 4.4 (p = 0.08). Correspondingly, in the diabetic subjects, the AVR values were 0.71 +/- 0.07, 0.75 +/- 0.07 and 0.73 +/- 0.1 (p = NS, ANOVA) and in the control subjects they were 0.8 +/- 0.14, 0.81 +/- 0.12 and 0.76 +/- 0.09 (p = NS, ANOVA). Multiple linear regression analysis (best model chi2 = 18.2, R2 = 0.10, p < 0.001) showed that AVR was related to diastolic blood pressure (t = -3.7, p < 0.001) and GFR (t = -2.2, p = 0.03). There was no relation between the AVR and plasma homocysteine levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the present study of recently diagnosed type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic subjects, MTHFR gene polymorphism (C677T mutation) slightly affected the plasma homocysteine level but did not alter the arterio-venous ratio.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000792:Angiography; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D020138:Hyperhomocysteinemia / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D042965:Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2); D008875:Middle Aged; D000587:Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-NH Group Donors / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D015356:Retinal Artery Occlusion / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D000587:Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-NH Group Donors; D042965:Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2)