title: Behavioral tests after intracerebral hemorrhage in the rat.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In humans, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) causes marked perihematomal edema formation and neurological deficits. A rat ICH model, involving infusion of autologous blood into the caudate, has been used extensively to study mechanisms of edema formation, but an examination of behavioral outcome would improve its preclinical utility and provide a more rigorous assessment of the pathological cascade of events over time. The purpose of this study was to use a battery of sensorimotor function tests to examine the neurological effects of ICH in the rat and to examine which components of the hematoma are involved in generating those effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  The behavioral tests used were forelimb placing, preference for forelimb use for weight shifts during vertical exploration of a cylindrical enclosure, and a corner turn test. Rats were tested from day 1 to day 28 after injection of autologous whole blood; injection of blood plus hirudin (thrombin inhibitor), packed red blood cells, thrombin, or saline; or needle placement only.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The battery of tests indicated that there were marked neurological deficits by day 1 after ICH, with progressive recovery of function over 4 weeks. The forelimb placing score paralleled changes in edema. Injection of thrombin caused and injection of hirudin reduced the ICH-induced neurological deficits. Injection of packed red blood cells, which causes delayed edema formation, induced delayed neurological deficits
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These tests allow continuous monitoring of neurological deficits after rat ICH and assessment of therapeutic interventions. The time course of the neurological deficit closely matched the time course of cerebral edema for both ICH and injection of blood components. There was marked recovery of function after ICH, which may be amenable to therapeutic manipulation.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003943:Diagnostic Techniques, Neurological; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018450:Disease Progression; D004333:Drug Administration Routes; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D005552:Forelimb / Q000503:physiopathology; D006629:Hirudins / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000187:drug effects; D013917:Thrombin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D006629:Hirudins; D014867:Water; D013917:Thrombin