title: Polymer-coated microparticles for the sustained release of nitrofurantoin.
abstract: Suspensions of nitrofurantoin (NTF) microparticles for controlled release were investigated in this study. The microparticles were enteric coated with various combinations of the two polymers, cellulose acetate phthalate/cellulose acetate butyrate (CAP/CAB) by a modified solvent evaporation method. Ratios of NTF to the two polymers (NTF/CAP/CAB) ranged from 1.0:1.6:0.4,1.0:1.0:1.0,1.0: 0.4:1.6 to 1.0:0.0:2.0. The encapsulation efficiency, percentage yield, determined by comparing the final mass of the microparticles with the initial mass of the ingredients used, distribution of particle size and the in-vitro dissolution profiles of the microparticles were determined. Based on light photographs for the evaluation of the microparticle morphology, the drug crystals appeared to be encapsulated sufficiently by the enteric polymers. In our study, the microparticles enteric coated with CAP/CAB in the ratio of 0.4:1.6 displayed the most satisfactory in-vitro release profile (reduced release in the simulated gastric fluid and sustained release in the simulated intestinal fluid). Thus, microparticles with NTF/CAP/CAB in the ratio of 1.0:0.4:1.6 were formulated into a suspension for further bioavailability and ulcerogenicity studies in Sprague-Dawley rats, with the suspension of NTF crystals as a control. The bioavailability study was carried out in eight rats fed with either the free NTF or the corresponding microparticles in a cross-over design. The ulcerogenicity study was carried out in three groups of six rats each: one group received no drug treatment; the control group was treated with free NTF; and the third group was treated with enteric-coated NTF microparticles. The bioavailability of NTF from the microparticles was comparable with the control. More importantly, there was notably less ulceration of the gastric mucosa observed after dosing with the microparticle suspension compared with that after the administration of the control suspension.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000892:Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity; D001682:Biological Availability; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D009582:Nitrofurantoin / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity; D011108:Polymers; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013276:Stomach Ulcer / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D013608:Tablets, Enteric-Coated
chemical_list: D000892:Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D011108:Polymers; D013608:Tablets, Enteric-Coated; D009582:Nitrofurantoin