title: Hormone therapy and the cardiovascular system.
abstract: The cardiovascular effects of female sex steroids have many faces and are very complex. To make this situation even more complicated different disease situations, different target organs and different therapeutic regimens may exhibit different effects of estrogens and progestines. Furthermore, the interpretation of population studies may be problematic by itself, in view of so many confounders and biases involved and methodological flaws that sometimes are discovered only post-hoc. It seems, therefore, that in such a complicated situation making definite conclusions and guidelines is almost an impossible task. My suggestion to clinicians is to try and follow the main stream of clinical data, looking at the general picture rather than the small details, and try to individualize therapy in order to maximize the benefits and minimize the adverse reactions and risks. This article discusses the current knowledge on hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and the cardiovascular system. It is not an overview, because my intention was not to pump in as much data as possible. Rather, the article presents current ideas and trends in this field to be used by people who practice menopause medicine for their own clinical decisions.
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017698:Postmenopause; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000639:trends; D016387:Women's Health