Twenty-five years' experience with the arterial switch operation.
OBJECTIVE
The arterial switch operation was introduced in 1976 to correct transposition of the great arteries and has since replaced atrial palliation. This study examines the long-term outcomes of the arterial switch operation.


METHODS
Included in the study were 195 patients who underwent the arterial switch operation from 1977 through June 2000. Patients were evaluated for functional class, pulmonary stenosis, left ventricular function, arrhythmias, aortic sequelae, and coronary disease.


RESULTS
Overall perioperative mortality was 15%, but rates dropped in the last 5 years to 4% for complex transposition and 0% for simple transposition. Of 151 survivors, 2 died late; 1 died of persisting pulmonary hypertension and 1 died of ventricular fibrillation after coronary pathologic changes. At last follow-up, a total of 145 patients were in New York Heart Association functional class I and 4 patients were in class II. The most frequent complication was pulmonary stenosis, necessitating 45 reinterventions in 26 patients. Left ventricular dysfunction was noted in 5 patients. Arrhythmias were seen in 5 patients: 2 patients had ventricular fibrillation (1 died and 1 required a defibrillator implantation), 1 had sick sinus syndrome, 1 had atrial flutter, and 1 had a single attack of supraventricular tachycardia. Aortic valve incompetence was absent or trivial in 146 patients, 3 had mild incompetence, 1 had moderate incompetence, and 1 had severe incompetence. Coronary sequelae were found in 5 of the 61 patients who underwent angiography.


CONCLUSIONS
Long-term clinical outcome of the arterial switch operation is good, and perioperative mortality is now low. Morbidity is dominated by pulmonary stenosis and coronary artery disease, with the potential for lethal arrhythmias.
D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000209:etiology*; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D004452:Echocardiography; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011666:Pulmonary Valve Stenosis / Q000209:etiology*; D012086:Reoperation; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014188:Transposition of Great Vessels / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000209:etiology*