title: Identification of bladder wall layers by Raman spectroscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We explored the applicability of Raman spectroscopy to in situ investigation of bladder wall tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bladder wall tissue was obtained from a guinea pig model and frozen sections were used for Raman spectroscopic investigations. From each section 500 to 700 spectra were obtained in a 2-dimensional grid spanning the urothelium, lamina propria and muscle layer. The data set of spectra was subdivided into groups of similar spectra by a cluster analysis algorithm. With each group assigned a different color Raman maps of frozen sections were constructed based on group membership of measured spectra. These maps were then compared with histological and histochemical data obtained from hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemical staining for collagen I and III and for smooth muscle actin to correlate Raman spectral features with bladder wall structure and molecular composition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Urothelium, lamina propria and muscle layers could be clearly distinguished based on Raman spectra. Lamina propria spectra were dominated by signal contributions of collagen and the smooth muscle layer showed strong signal contributions of actin. The urothelium had a relatively strong lipid signal contribution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results and the fact that Raman spectroscopy is rapidly evolving into a technology that can be applied in vivo by thin, flexible fiberoptic catheters indicate that prospects are good for in vivo analysis of the molecular composition of the normal and pathological bladder without biopsies.
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000032:analysis; D024061:Collagen Type III / Q000032:analysis; D004867:Equipment Design; D005629:Frozen Sections; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000295:instrumentation*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D014563:Urodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D019459:Urothelium / Q000033:anatomy & histology
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D024042:Collagen Type I; D024061:Collagen Type III