Evolutionary and historical aspects of the burden of malaria.
Malaria is among the oldest of diseases. In one form or another, it has infected and affected our ancestors since long before the origin of the human line. During our recent evolution, its influence has probably been greater than that of any other infectious agent. Here we attempt to trace the forms and impacts of malaria from a distant past through historical times to the present. In the last sections, we review the current burdens of malaria across the world and discuss present-day approaches to its management. Only by following, or attempting to follow, malaria throughout its evolution and history can we understand its character and so be better prepared for our future management of this ancient ill.
D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D017281:Cost of Illness; D004375:Duffy Blood-Group System / Q000235:genetics; D005955:Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency / Q000276:immunology; D006444:Hemoglobin C / Q000235:genetics; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000266:history / Q000635:transmission; D013789:Thalassemia / Q000276:immunology
D004375:Duffy Blood-Group System; D006444:Hemoglobin C