title: Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein inhibits endotoxin-induced vascular nitric oxide synthesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) up-regulates inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in blood vessels during septic shock. This promotes the production of nitric oxide (NO), leading to dilation of the vessels. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of the LPS-binding endogenous antibiotic bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) on the action of LPS on the blood vessels wall and to identify possible influence on underlying NO-related mechanisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Isolated segments of rat thoracic aorta and cultured primary smooth muscle cells were incubated for 5-48 h in the presence of the following combinations of compounds: (a) LPS; (b) interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta); (c) BPI; (d) BPI + LPS; (e) BPI + IL-1beta or (f) neither BPI, LPS nor IL-1beta (control). After incubation of intact segments, we measured smooth muscle contraction in response to phenylephrine and accumulation of the NO end products nitrate and nitrite in surrounding medium. Western blot was used to assess the levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in cultured cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both LPS and IL-1beta decreased contractility and increased NO production, as well as iNOS. Co-incubation with BPI attenuated all the effects of LPS but only the effects of prolonged exposure to IL-1beta in cultured cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that BPI attenuates the LPS-induced changes in vascular reactivity by inhibiting the expression of iNOS resulting in decreased NO formation and restored responsiveness to vasoconstrictors. The data suggest that BPI can prevent circulatory disturbances during Gram-negative sepsis.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic; D001770:Blood Bactericidal Activity; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D009566:Nitrates / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D009573:Nitrites / Q000378:metabolism; D010656:Phenylephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; D001798:Blood Proteins; D007375:Interleukin-1; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; C021623:bactericidal permeability increasing protein; D010656:Phenylephrine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496318:Nos2 protein, rat