title: A novel apoptosis research method with imaging-combined flow cytometer and HITC or IR-125 staining.
abstract: The most commonly used methods for apoptotic research include terminal transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling, annexin V testing of phosphatidylserine translocation from the inner leaflet to the outer plasma membrane by flow cytometry, DNA electrophoresis, and cell morphology. These methods provide apoptotic information from different aspects. To find a new way in apoptosis research and potential clinical application, we recently developed a novel method with an imaging-combined flow cytometer (IFC) and an innovative cell staining process by using 2-[7-(1,3-dihydro-1,3,3-trimethyl-2H-indol-2-ylidene)-1,3,5-heptatrienyl]-1,3,3-trimethyl-3H-indolium iodide (HITC) and 2-[7-[1,3-dihydro-1,1-dimethyl-3-(4-sulfobutyl)-2H-benz[e]indol-2-ylidene]-1,3,5-heptatrienyl]-1,1-dimethyl-3-(4-sulfobutyl)-1H-benz[e]indolium hydroxide, inner salt, sodium salt (IR-125). The IFC used in the research is a new generation of cytometry designed for simultaneous observations of cell populations and images. This is possible because the IFC is equipped with dual laser beams, one argon and one infrared. A promyelocytic leukemia cell line, HL-60, was used in the research. The cells were stained with our newly developed HITC or IR-125 staining method and a traditional nucleic acid dye, propidium iodide. The cells stained with HITC or IR-125 appeared completely dark in the IFC image window before washing. Phosphate buffered saline wash did not change the cell appearance. A wash with 50% methanol caused the cells to have a clear cell image with bright nuclei on the IFC. To obtain apoptotic cells, we treated the HL-60 cells with 0.15 microM of camptothecin (CAM), a topoisomerase I inhibitor and experimental apoptosis inducer, for 4 h. The control showed larger round cells with bright nuclei and one to three dark nucleoli. The CAM-induced apoptotic cells were smaller, with fragmented and condensed nuclei on the IFC. These appearances were identical to the cell morphology of with light and electron microscopy. We used other methods including FACScan and DNA electrophoresis to confirm the apoptotic changes after CAM treatment and compared them with the IFC method. In addition, we found that the novel method with the IFC and HITC or IR-125 staining can show not only cell apoptotic changes but also peripheral blood cell populations and images simultaneously. This study suggests many potential applications of the IFC and this novel staining method in other cellular biological researches and clinical assays.
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D001773:Blood Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D002166:Camptothecin; D002232:Carbocyanines; D002452:Cell Count; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D048429:Cell Size / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D018922:HL-60 Cells; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D007211:Indoles; D008854:Microscopy, Electron
chemical_list: D002232:Carbocyanines; C472723:IR125; D007211:Indoles; C053313:1,1',3,3,3',3'-hexamethylindotricarbocyanine; D002166:Camptothecin