title: Registration of 3D CT and ultrasound datasets of the spine using bone structures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In navigated orthopedic surgery, accurate registration of bones is of major interest. Usually, this registration is performed using landmarks positioned directly on the bone surface. These landmarks must be exposed during surgery. Our goal is to avoid the exposure of bone surface for the sole purpose of registration by using an intraoperative ultrasound device that can localize the bone through tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  We propose an algorithm for the registration of CT and ultrasound datasets that takes into account the fact that ultrasound produces very noisy images (speckle) and shows only parts of the bone surface. This part is made from the CT dataset. Next, a surface volume registration is performed by searching for a position of the estimated surface that maximizes the average gray value of the voxels in the ultrasound dataset covered by the surface.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The algorithm was implemented and validated using an ex vivo preparation of a human lumbar spine with surrounding muscle tissue. On the basis of this data, the method has a large radius of convergence and a repeatability of 0.5 mm for displacement and 0.5 degrees for rotation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A robust algorithm for the registration of 3D CT and ultrasound datasets is presented. The computation time seems sufficiently short to permit intraoperative use.
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D009985:Orthopedics; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D014463:Ultrasonography