title: Tuning the redox chemistry of 4-benzoyl-N-methylpyridinium cations through para substitution. Hammett linear free energy relationships and the relative aptitude of the two-electron reduced forms for H-bonding.
abstract: In anhydrous CH3CN a series of nine 4-(4-substituted-benzoyl)-N-methylpyridinium cations (substituent: -OCH3, -CH3, -H, -SCH3, -Br, -Ctbd1;CH, -CHO, -NO2, and -(+)S(CH3)2) demonstrate two chemically reversible, well-separated one-electron (1-e) reductions in the same potential range as other main stream redox catalysts such as quinones and viologens. Hammett linear free energy plots yield excellent correlation between the E(1/2) values of both waves and the substituent constants sigma(p)(-)(X). The reaction constants for the two 1-e reductions are rho(1) = 2.60 and rho(2) = 3.31. The lower rho(1) value is associated with neutralization of the pyridinium ring, and the higher rho(2) value with the negative charge developing during the 2nd-e reduction. Structure-function correlations point to a purely inductive role for substitution in both 1-e reductions. The case of the 4-(4-nitrobenzoyl)-N-methylpyridinium cation is particularly noteworthy, because the 4-nitrobenzoyl moiety undergoes reduction before the 2nd reduction of the 4-benzoyl-N-methylpyridinium system. Correlation of the third wave of this compound with the 2nd-e reduction of the others yields sigma(p)(-NO)2*- = -0.97 +/- 0.02, thus placing the -NO2-* group among the strongest electron donors. Solvent deuterium isotope effects and maps of the electrostatic potential (via PM3 calculations) as a function of substitution support that 2-e reduced forms develop H-bonding with proton donors (e.g., CH3OH) via the O-atom. The average number of CH3OH molecules entering the H-bonding association increases with e-donating substituents. H-bonding shifts the 2nd reduction wave closer to the first one. This has important practical implications, because it increases the equilibrium concentration of the 2-e reduced form from disproportionation of the 1-e reduced form.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, Missouri 65409, USA. leventis@umr.edu
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Leventis
authors.forename: Abdel-Monem M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Rawaswdeh
authors.forename: Guohui
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ian A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Elder
authors.forename: Chariklia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sotiriou-Leventis
mesh_terms: D002412:Cations; D004563:Electrochemistry / Q000379:methods; D004583:Electrons; D006860:Hydrogen Bonding; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D013816:Thermodynamics
chemical_list: D002412:Cations; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds