title: A nucleolar TAR decoy inhibitor of HIV-1 replication.
abstract: Tat is a critical regulatory factor in HIV-1 gene expression. It mediates the transactivation of transcription from the HIV-1 LTR by binding to the transactivation response (TAR) element in a complex with cyclin T1. Because of its critical and early role in HIV gene expression, Tat and its interaction with the TAR element constitute important therapeutic targets for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. Based on the known nucleolar localization properties of Tat, we constructed a chimeric small nucleolar RNA-TAR decoy that localizes to the nucleoli of human cells and colocalizes in the nucleolus with a Tat-enhanced GFP fusion protein. When the chimeric RNA was stably expressed in human T lymphoblastoid CEM cells it potently inhibited HIV-1 replication. These results demonstrate that the nucleolar trafficking of Tat is critical for HIV-1 replication and suggests a role for the nucleolus in HIV-1 viral replication.
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Molecular Biology and Virology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, 1450 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010-3011, USA.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Michienzi
authors.forename: Shirley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Zaia
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Rossi
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D002460:Cell Line; D002466:Cell Nucleolus / Q000378:metabolism; D002868:Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression; D015696:Gene Products, tat / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D016325:HIV Long Terminal Repeat / Q000502:physiology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007424:Intracellular Fluid; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020537:RNA, Small Nucleolar; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012261:Ribonucleoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D014779:Virus Replication; D054322:tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D002868:Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone; D015696:Gene Products, tat; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D020537:RNA, Small Nucleolar; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D012261:Ribonucleoproteins; C047458:fibrillarin; D054322:tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins