title: Interaction of ritonavir on tissue distribution of a [(14)c]L-valinamide, a potent human immunodeficiency virus-1 protease inhibitor, in rats using quantitative whole-body autoradiography.
abstract: N-[(3-fluorophenyl)methyl]glycyl-N-[3-[((3-aminophenyl)sulfonyl)- 2-(aminophenyl)amino]-(1S,2S)-2-hydroxy-1-(phenylmethyl)propyl]- 3-methyl-L-valinamide (DPC 681, DPC(1)) on oral coadministration with ritonavir (RTV) in rats caused a significant increase in systemic exposure to DPC. Following a single oral dose of [(14)C]DPC with and without RTV pretreatment in rats, and subsequent analysis of whole-body sections, prepared at 1 and 7 or 8 h postdose, using whole-body autoradiography showed an increase in radioactivity in tissues (e.g., brain, and testes) upon coadministration. The distribution of radioactivity in the brain parenchyma and ventricles was different, such that the concentration of radioactivity was greater in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) than in central nervous system. Thus, the use of CSF concentration of the total radioactivity as a surrogate for brain penetration would result in an overestimation. DPC was determined to be metabolized prominently by rCYP3A4. The increased tissue exposure to DPC in rats could largely be attributed to inhibition of CYP3A1/2 by RTV. DPC was also a good substrate for P-glycoprotein (Pgp), with K(m) of 4 microM and V(max) of 13 pmol/min. The Pgp-mediated transport of DPC across Caco-2 cells was readily saturated at >or=10 microM and was inhibited significantly by RTV at 5 to 10 microM. The data above and the reported RTV concentrations suggested that both the Pgp and CYP3A4 inhibition by RTV may play a significant role in enhancing the systemic and tissue exposure to DPC in humans.
authors.affiliation: Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wilmington, Delaware, USA. eric.g.solon@questpharm.com
authors.forename: Eric G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Solon
authors.forename: Suresh K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Balani
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Tian J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Paula J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Haines
authors.forename: Lifei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Tonya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Demond
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Diamond
authors.forename: David D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Christ
authors.forename: Liang-Shang
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Gan
authors.forename: Frank W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001345:Autoradiography; D001693:Biological Transport, Active; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism; D004347:Drug Interactions; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; C444448:DPC 681; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D013449:Sulfonamides; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D019438:Ritonavir