title: Estimating the number of integrations in transformed plants by quantitative real-time PCR.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  When generating transformed plants, a first step in their characterization is to obtain, for each new line, an estimate of how many copies of the transgene have been integrated in the plant genome because this can deeply influence the level of transgene expression and the ease of stabilizing expression in following generations. This task is normally achieved by Southern analysis, a procedure that requires relatively large amounts of plant material and is both costly and labour-intensive. Moreover, in the presence of rearranged copies the estimates are not correct. New approaches to the problem could be of great help for plant biotechnologists.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By using a quantitative real-time PCR method that requires limited preliminary optimisation steps, we achieved statistically significant estimates of 1, 2 and 3 copies of a transgene in the primary transformants. Furthermore, by estimating the copy number of both the gene of interest and the selectable marker gene, we show that rearrangements of the T-DNA are not the exception, and probably happen more often than usually recognised.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have developed a rapid and reliable method to estimate the number of integrated copies following genetic transformation. Unlike other similar procedures, this method is not dependent on identical amplification efficiency between the PCR systems used and does not need preliminary information on a calibrator. Its flexibility makes it appropriate in those situations where an accurate optimisation of all reaction components is impossible or impractical. Finally, the quality of the information produced is higher than what can be obtained by Southern blot analysis.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Virologia Vegetale, CNR, Torino, Italy. g.mason@ifa.to.cnr.it
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Provero
authors.forename: Anna Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Vaira
authors.forename: Gian Paolo
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Accotto
mesh_terms: D018628:Gene Dosage; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors; D014170:Transformation, Genetic