title: Licofelone, a dual lipoxygenase-cyclooxygenase inhibitor, downregulates polymorphonuclear leukocyte and platelet function.
abstract: Polymorphonuclear leukocytes are strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory disease. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte recruitment at sites of inflammation, mainly sustained by the beta2-integrins, is followed by the synthesis and release of inflammatory mediators, such as leukotrienes, proteolytic enzymes and reactive oxygen species. Functional and metabolic interactions between polymorphonuclear leukocytes and platelets can contribute to and exacerbate the process. The effects of the dual 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase inhibitor licofelone ([2,2-dimethyl-6-(4-chlorophenyl)-7-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-5-yl]-acetic acid) were studied on arachidonic acid transcellular metabolism occurring between polymorphonuclear leukocytes and platelets. The formation of leukotriene C(4), a leukotriene A(4)-derived metabolite, by mixed polymorphonuclear leukocyte/platelet suspensions stimulated with 10 microM A23187 was inhibited by licofelone with an IC(50) of 3.8 +/- 0.07 microM. The formation of 5,12-di-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) was abolished at concentrations > or = 10 microM. Licofelone also inhibited the generation of reactive oxygen species by polymorphonuclear leukocytes stimulated with 1 microM n-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), 10 nM complement fraction 5a (C5a) and 1 microM platelet activating factor (PAF) with IC(50)s of 24.4 +/- 0.6, 11.0 +/- 1.5 and 11.7 +/-1.2 microM; elastase release induced by the three agonists was inhibited with IC(50)s of 12.2 +/- 2.2, 23.5 +/- 8 and 2.6 +/- 1 microM, respectively. Homotypic polymorphonuclear leukocyte aggregation induced by fMLP, C5A and PAF was inhibited by licofelone with IC(50)s of 23.7 +/- 4.8, 15.6 +/- 3.4 and 15.4 +/- 4 microM, respectively. The present study extends the anti-lipoxygenase and anti-cyclooxygenase activities of licofelone to the production of arachidonic acid metabolites generated as a consequence of polymorphonuclear leukocyte-platelet transcellular metabolism and to polymorphonuclear leukocyte responses relevant to the pathogenesis of inflammation. The coexistence within the same molecule of a wide spectrum of anti-inflammatory properties is of interest.
authors.affiliation: G Bizzozero Laboratory of Blood and Vascular Cell Interactions, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Via Nazionale, Santa Maria Imbaro 66030, Italy.
authors.forename: Serenella
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rotondo
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dell'Elba
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Krauze-Brzósko
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Manarini
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Martelli
authors.forename: Romina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pecce
authors.forename: Virgilio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Evangelista
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cerletti
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008084:Lipoxygenase / Q000378:metabolism; D016859:Lipoxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010979:Platelet Function Tests; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D016859:Lipoxygenase Inhibitors; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D011758:Pyrroles; D008084:Lipoxygenase; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; C088092:licofelone