title: An assessment of docosahexaenoic acid intake from the viewpoint of safety and physiological efficacy in matured rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In order to clarify an appropriate intake of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), from the viewpoint of safety and physiological efficacy, the potential changes in lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense in serum and tissues as well as those in serum lipid levels were examined in matured rats at the age of 1 year.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were given the diets containing graded levels of purified DHA (0, 1.0, 3.1 and 8.4% of total energy, en%) for 30 days (control and 1.0, 3.1 and 8.4 en% groups). Lipid peroxides and alpha-tocopherol levels in serum and tissues, and lipid levels in serum were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum alpha-tocopherol concentrations in the 3.1 and 8.4 en% groups were significantly lower than those in the control group. Liver lipid peroxide levels assessed using the microsomal conjugated dienes were significantly higher in the 3.1 and 8.4 en% groups than those in the control group, and the chemiluminescence intensity and thiobarbituric acid value were significantly greater in the 8.4 en% group than in the control group. The liver alpha-tocopherol level decreased in response to the increases in lipid peroxide levels, but a significant difference was recognized only in the 8.4 en% group. In the kidney, no changes in lipid peroxide levels were observed, but the alpha-tocopherol level was significantly lower in the 8.4 en% group than in the control group. The levels of all the serum lipids including total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triacylglycerols and phospholipids decreased as the dietary DHA level increased, and total cholesterol and phospholipid concentrations were significantly lower in the 3.1 and 8.4 en% groups than in the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These experimental results suggest that the dietary intake of DHA should not be more than 3 en% in matured rats to avoid the potentially chronic deleterious influences caused by lipid peroxidation in serum and tissues, and that the amelioration of serum lipid levels is recognized in rats fed DHA at 3 en% and above.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan. msaito@nih.go.jp
authors.forename: Morio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kubo
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000097:blood*; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects*; D008054:Lipid Peroxides / Q000097:blood; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008062:Lipofuscin / Q000097:blood; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013858:Thiobarbiturates / Q000097:blood; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D008054:Lipid Peroxides; D008055:Lipids; D008062:Lipofuscin; D013858:Thiobarbiturates; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol; C029684:thiobarbituric acid