title: Induction of atrial fibrillation in mice by rapid transesophageal atrial pacing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Atrial fibrillation (AF) as an "indicator arrhythmia" for enhanced atrial vulnerability in mouse hearts has not yet been systematically examined. We therefore evaluated a transesophageal rapid atrial stimulation protocol for the induction of AF in C57Bl/6 mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  40 C57Bl/6 mice (19 female and 21 male; 5.2 +/- 2.1 months; 18 - 27 g) were examined by closed chest transesophageal atrial stimulation. Baseline ECG and electrophysiological parameters, AF-inducing stimulation cycle length (CL) and AF duration were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The surface ECG demonstrated a significantly faster heart rate in female mice (R-R: 138.7 +/- 19.9 ms versus 150.5 +/- 15.7 ms, P < 0.05). AF was inducible in 90 % of the population and not inducible in 4 mice, all female (21 % in this subgroup). Mean induction CL was 27.4 +/- 7.3 ms. Mean AF duration was 26.9 +/- 42.6 s before spontaneous termination. In a subgroup of 4 female and 4 male mice (mean age 7.5 months), successive testing of AF induction showed a range of higher susceptibility to AF at stimulus amplitudes of 3.0 - 4.0 mA and stimulation CLs between 15 - 25 ms. AF induction was observed to be constantly reproducible in the individual animals. No correlation to pacing stimulus length and amplitude was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that it is possible to reproducibly induce self-terminating AF and supraventricular arrhythmias in mice by transesophageal atrial burst stimulation. The presented method allowing serial testings of the same animal can be a useful tool in further investigations with transgenic mice and might be helpful in the characterization of underlying genetic or molecular mechanisms of AF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany. Jan.Schrickel@ukb.uni-bonn.de
authors.forename: Jan Wilko
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Schrickel
authors.forename: Helga
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bielik
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schimpf
authors.forename: Nikolay
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shlevkov
authors.forename: Dietmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Burkhardt
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grohé
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fink
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tiemann
authors.forename: Berndt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lüderitz
authors.forename: Thorsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lewalter
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000209:etiology; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004594:Electrophysiology; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria; D006339:Heart Rate; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D015203:Reproducibility of Results