title: Gastroprotective peptide trefoil factor family 2 gene is activated by upstream stimulating factor but not by c-Myc in gastrointestinal cancer cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Damage to the gastrointestinal mucosa results in the acute up-regulation of the trefoil factor family peptides TFF1, TFF2, and TFF3. They possess protective, healing, and tumour suppressive functions. Little is known about the regulation of TFF gene expression. The promoters of all three TFF genes contain binding sites (E box) for upstream stimulating factor (USF) and Myc/Max/Mad network proteins.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the nature and function of transcription factors that bind to these E boxes and to understand their role for TFF gene expression.
  
  
  METHODS
  TFF promoter activities were determined by reporter gene assays. DNA binding was monitored by electromobility shift assays and by chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses. Expression of endogenous TFF was determined by multiplex RT-PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was observed that the TFF2 promoter is specifically and efficiently activated by USF transcription factors but not by c-Myc. USF displayed comparable binding to a high affinity Myc/Max binding site compared with the three TFF E boxes, while c-Myc exhibited lower affinity to the TFF E boxes. In contrast, pronounced binding differences were observed in cells with a strong preference for USF to interact specifically with the TFF2 E box, while Myc was not above background. Exogenous expression of USF was sufficient to activate the chromosomal TFF2 and to a lesser extent, the TFF1 gene.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings define USF factors as regulators of the TFF2 gene and suggest that promoter specific effects are important for a pronounced gene activation of this cytoprotective peptide.
authors.affiliation: Divson of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Anthropology and Human Genetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Al-azzeh
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Dittrich
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vervoorts
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Blin
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gött
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lüscher
mesh_terms: D001665:Binding Sites; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D024202:Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; D005770:Gastrointestinal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D009077:Mucins; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D009479:Neuropeptides; D010455:Peptides / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011233:Precipitin Tests; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D000071164:Trefoil Factor-2; D000071165:Trefoil Factor-3; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D051720:Upstream Stimulatory Factors
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D006133:Growth Substances; C489427:MYC protein, human; D009077:Mucins; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D009479:Neuropeptides; D010455:Peptides; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; C000604007:TFF2 protein, human; C099037:TFF3 protein, rat; C000604008:Tff2 protein, rat; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000071164:Trefoil Factor-2; D000071165:Trefoil Factor-3; C497181:USF1 protein, human; D051720:Upstream Stimulatory Factors