title: Severe underreporting of energy intake in normal weight subjects: use of an appropriate standard and relation to restrained eating.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the influence of different standards and restrained eating on underreporting in healthy, non-obese, weight-stable young subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-three young adults (20-38 years, 55 women, 28 men) were assessed under weight-stable conditions with a 7-day dietary record and the three-factor eating questionnaire by Stunkard and Messick. Resting energy expenditure (REE; indirect calorimetry) plus data derived from physical activity records (PA) (Standard 1) or REE times an activity factor (AF) (Standard 2) was used as standard for total energy expenditure (TEE). For comparison, doubly labelled water (DLW) was used to measure TEE in a subgroup of subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was an association between self-reported energy intake and Standard 2 but not with Standard 1. When compared with DLW both calculated standards were inaccurate, but Standard 2 avoided high levels of overreporting. Using Standard 2 to identify 'severe' underreporting (SU; as defined by a deviation of energy intake (EI) and TEE of >20%), SU was seen in 37% of all subjects. It was more frequently found in women than in men (49% of women, 14.3% of men, ). Underreporting subjects had a reduced EI but there were no significant differences in nutritional status (body weight and height, body mass index, fat mass and fat-free mass), energy expenditure and the proportion of energy from macronutrients between normal and underreporting subjects. However, high restraint was associated with a higher degree of underreporting in the total group, whereas disinhibition had an influence only in men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high prevalence of SU is seen in non-obese subjects. Characteristics of eating behaviour (restraint and disinhibition) were associated with underreporting but seemed to have a different influence in men and women.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Humanernährung und Lebensmittelkunde der Universität Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 17-19, Germany.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Asbeck
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mast
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bierwag
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Westenhöfer
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Acheson
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Müller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001834:Body Water / Q000378:metabolism; D002153:Calorimetry, Indirect; D015930:Diet Records; D004034:Diet Surveys; D002149:Energy Intake; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D001068:Feeding and Eating Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012650:Self Disclosure; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires