title: Noninvasive assessment of cardiac pumping capacity during exercise predicts prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prognostic parameters in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) are important for guiding therapeutic options. Maximal oxygen uptake (O(2)max) is a widely used parameter for prognostic assessment in patients with CHF and correlates with exercise cardiac output; however, afterload is not taken into account.
  
  
  METHODS
  The concept of a noninvasive surrogate of cardiac power output combines exercise systolic BP (SBP), as an estimate of afterload, with O(2)max, as an estimate of exercise cardiac output neglecting preload. Thus, a variable termed exercise cardiac power (ECP) is defined as the product of O(2)max (expressed as a percent predicted value) and SBP (ECP, expressed as %mm Hg, is the product of O(2)max, expressed as percentage of predicted maximum, times systolic pressure. The prognostic value of ECP obtained during routine treadmill ergospirometry was assessed in patients referred to our heart failure clinic. Patients undergoing heart transplantation were censored at the time of transplantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred fifty-four patients were followed prospectively for a mean (+/- SE) duration of 625 +/- 32 days. Thirty-two patients (21%) died. ECP was the most powerful predictor of mortality, was the combined end point of mortality or hospitalization for worsening heart failure (all p < 0.001), and was an independent predictor in multivariate analysis. An ECP of < 5,000 %mm Hg indicated a poor prognosis with a 1-year mortality rate of 37%, whereas only 2% of the patients having an ECP of > 9,000 %mm Hg died during the first year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The integration of afterload and O(2)max improves the prognostic value of each indicator, and provides an easily available and independent predictor of mortality and morbidity in CHF patients. This integrative concept of cardiac hydraulic performance is superior to O(2)max and can be used in routine ergospirometry.
authors.affiliation: Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplantation Unit, Division of Cardiology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland. CScharf@umich.edu
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Scharf
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Merz
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kiowski
authors.forename: Erwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Oechslin
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schalcher
authors.forename: Hans Peter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Brunner-La Rocca
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000502:physiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005080:Exercise Test; D017079:Exercise Tolerance; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D006334:Heart Function Tests; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology*; D015996:Survival Rate