title: Individualized drug use assessment in the elderly.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify how seniors' ability to take oral prescription drugs safely may correlate with age, sex, socioeconomic status, education, cognitive impairment, depression, and drug self-management.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study
  
  
  METHODS
  Three retirement communities and an adult day care center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-seven elderly individuals (mean age 79.49 +/- 7.26 yrs; mean education 11.33 +/- 3.8 yrs; 72% women).
  
  
  METHODS
  After completing a comprehensive medical history, and with drug vials and pillboxes available for consultation, each subject described how he or she was taking prescribed oral drugs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MedTake test evaluated dosage, indication, food or water coingestion, and regimen. For each agent, the test was scored as percentage of correct actions, equally weighted, and compared with label directions or self-expressed physician changes. A composite MedTake test score (0-100%) summarized a subject's overall ability to take their drug(s) safely A follow-up qualitative assessment by a single pharmacist assigned each agent to one of four potential risk categories: correct use, partial correct use without potential clinical significance, partial correct use with potential clinical significance, or incorrect use with high potential of clinical significance. Most subjects (80%) managed their own drug therapy; 70% used reminder systems (calendar, pillbox). The number of medical conditions and prescription drugs was 6.11 +/- 4.2 and 5.88 +/- 3.44, respectively. Of 325 agents, correct dosage was reported for 94% (306), correct indication for 95% (309), correct coingestion with food or water for 97% (314), and correct regimen for 89% (288). The composite MedTake test score was 88.5 +/- 21.3%. The multivariate model, with that score as the dependent variable, adjusted for age and sex, used Mini-Mental State Examination (p = 0.002) and Medicaid assistance within 10 years (p = 0.021) as significant factors. The most frequent problem was underdosing of cardiovascular drugs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Seniors' ability to take oral prescription drugs safely was affected by cognitive function and socioeconomic status. Although the MedTake test helped identify some problems with therapy adherence, a pharmacist's follow-up evaluation of comprehensive medical and drug histories identified additional potentially clinically significant problems in 20% of subjects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo 79106, USA.
authors.forename: Cynthia L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Raehl
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Bond
authors.forename: Tresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Woods
authors.forename: Roland A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Patry
authors.forename: Rebecca B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Sleeper
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003071:Cognition; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003625:Data Collection; D004358:Drug Therapy; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D012646:Self Administration; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors