title: Simultaneous determination of nicotine and eight nicotine metabolites in urine of smokers using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
abstract: A method based on liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MSMS) applying atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI) in the positive ion mode was developed for the direct determination of nicotine, cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine, their corresponding glucuronide conjugates as well as cotinine-N-oxide, norcotinine, and nicotine-N'-oxide in the urine of smokers. The assay involves filtration of crude urine, fast liquid chromatography on a reversed-phase column and mass-specific detection using MSMS transitions. Deuterium-labeled nicotine, cotinine, and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine were used as internal standards. Glucuronides used as reference material were either chemically (cotinine-N-glucuronide) or enzymatically synthesized (nicotine-N-glucuronide and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine-O-glucuronide). Precision for the major nicotine analytes at levels observable in urine of smokers was better than 10%. Accuracy expressed in recovery rates in urine matrix for nicotine, cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine, and cotinine-N-glucuronide ranged from 87 to 113%. Quantitative results for the three glucuronides in urine samples of 15 smokers were compared to an indirect method in which the aglycons were determined with gas chromatography and nitrogen-selective detection (GC-NPD) before and after enzymatic splitting of the conjugates. Good agreement was found for cotinine-N-glucuronide (coefficient of variation, CV: 9%) and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine-O-glucuronide (CV: 20%), whereas the accordance between both methods was moderate for nicotine-N-glucuronide (CV: 33%). The described LC-MSMS method allows the simultaneous determination of nicotine and eight of its major metabolites in urine of smokers with good precision and accuracy. Since the method requires a minimum of sample clean-up and a very short time for chromatography (3 min), it is suitable for determining the nicotine dose in large-scale human biomonitoring studies.
authors.affiliation: ABF, Analytisch-biologisches Forschungslabor München, Goethestrasse 20, 80336 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meger
authors.forename: Irmtrud
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Meger-Kossien
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schuler-Metz
authors.forename: Dinamis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Janket
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Scherer
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D009538:Nicotine / Q000652:urine*; D012015:Reference Standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012907:Smoking / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine