title: The effect of using laparoscopic instruments on muscle activation patterns during minimally invasive surgical training procedures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many surgeons report pain as a result of muscle fatigue during laparoscopy. Therefore, determining how surgical task or instrument selection influences the duration of muscle activation may provide insight into the relationship between laparoscopic instrumentation and muscle fatigue.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surface electromyography (EMG) electrodes were placed over the right deltoid, trapezius, bicep, pronator teres, flexor carpi ulnaris, and extensor digitorum superficialis muscles of four surgeons. These surgeons were then asked to perform a targeted grasp and release (T1), a simulated bowel inspection (T2), and a cable-tying exercise (T3) while using three different inline finger-looped graspers. The graspers included a nonratcheted handle with a single-action blunt-end effector (G1) and two models that had ratcheted handles with dual-action end effectors (G2, G3). Resting and maximal voluntary contraction EMG values for each muscle were used to normalize the data and to determine percentage of activation during each task. A multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare EMG relative time of activation (RAT) patterns with grasper, task, and grasper and task interaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In general, when grasper and task were considered individually, G1 and T3 demonstrated the highest RAT. Findings showed that RAT was most affected by the use of either G1 or G2 during T2 or T3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Task, grasper, and the interaction between grasper and task all appear to influence the RAT and therefore, to varying degrees, all three may play a role in influencing muscle fatigue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose Street, Room MN-258, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Quick
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Gillette
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Adrales
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gerlach
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm; D012090:Cumulative Trauma Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology; D004576:Electromyography; D004867:Equipment Design; D006804:Ergonomics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D020706:Laparoscopes; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018763:Muscle Fatigue / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D013525:Surgical Instruments; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis