title: The relationship of chronic sputum expectoration to physiologic, radiologic, and health status characteristics in alpha(1)-antitrypsin deficiency (PiZ).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  First, to determine the relationships among chronic sputum expectoration (CSE), exacerbations, airflow obstruction, and emphysema in patients with alpha(1)-antitrypsin deficiency (alpha(1)-ATD) [PiZ]. Second, to use multivariate analysis to determine how these factors influence health status.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional, single-center.
  
  
  METHODS
  UK center for alpha(1)-ATD, university teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred seventeen nonsmoking patients underwent lung function testing, high-resolution CT (HRCT) scanning with density mask analysis, and health status assessment using the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) and short form 36 (SF-36) health survey questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with CSE (n = 50) had worse postbronchodilator airflow obstruction than those who did not (p = 0.03), with a median FEV(1) of 1.15 L (interquartile range [IQR], 0.76 to 1.82) vs 1.44 L (IQR, 0.99 to 2.93), respectively, and higher HRCT scan voxel index (VI) values indicating more extensive emphysema (patients with CSE: median lower zone VI, 50; IQR, 28 to 61; patients without CSE: median lower zone VI, 41; IQR, 5 to 53; p = 0.04). Patients with CSE also had worse health status, as assessed by the SGRQ (p < 0.01 for all domains) and SF-36 questionnaire (p < 0.05 for seven of nine domains). Exacerbation frequency was greater in those patients with CSE (p < 0.001), with a median of two episodes per year (IQR, 1 to 3) vs 0.66 episodes per year (IQR, 0 to 2) for those without CSE. Stepwise linear regression analysis revealed FEV(1), exacerbation frequency, and lower zone VI to be the most important predictors of health status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among patients with alpha(1)-ATD, those with CSE expectoration exhibit greater physiologic impairment and more extensive emphysema than those without. This is reflected in an inferior health status, which is also influenced independently by an increased exacerbation frequency in those with CSE.
authors.affiliation: Lung Investigation Unit, Nuffield House, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK.
authors.forename: Lee J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Dowson
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Guest
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Stockley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003371:Cough / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008176:Lung Volume Measurements; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011336:Probability; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013183:Sputum; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D006113:United Kingdom; D019896:alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology*