title: Fast-acting excitatory amino acids are involved in the enhancement of the aversiveness of the electrical stimulation of the inferior colliculus by systemic injections of muscimol.
abstract: Gradual increases in the electrical stimulation of the inferior colliculus produces progressive aversive responses from vigilance, through freezing, until escape. These responses are probably mediated by excitatory amino acids (EAA) mechanisms as microinjection of glutamate into the inferior colliculus can trigger freezing responses while microinjections of NMDA cause a mixture of immobility and escape responses. Moreover, it has been shown that the neural substrates for defensive behavior in this structure are regulated by GABA-benzodiazepine mechanisms. Indeed, these responses are depressed by muscimol and midazolam locally injected into the inferior colliculus. In this work we were interested in knowing how GABAergic mechanisms interact with the EAA-mediated neural substrates of aversion generated at the inferior colliculus level. We found that while intraperitoneal injections of muscimol caused the expected antiaversive effects, unexpectedly systemic injections of muscimol enhanced the aversive reactions induced by electrical stimulation of the inferior colliculus of rats. Local injections into the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus of GDEE-an AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist-inhibited whereas AP7-a NMDA receptor antagonist-did not influence these responses. It is suggested that systemic injections of muscimol inhibit GABAergic inputs to the inferior colliculus. The removal of these inhibitory influences reduce the well-known tonic inhibitory control exerted by GABAergic mechanisms on the neural substrates of aversion of the inferior colliculus. Activation of these neural substrates by fast-acting AMPA/kainate receptors trigger the initial steps of the defense reaction in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Psicobiologia, Faculdade Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP) 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Manoel Jorge
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Nobre
authors.forename: Karina Genaro
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Borelli
authors.forename: Marcus L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Brandão
mesh_terms: D015763:2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000187:drug effects*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D005971:Glutamates / Q000494:pharmacology; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007245:Inferior Colliculi / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D008297:Male; D008845:Microinjections; D009118:Muscimol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D005971:Glutamates; C011829:glutamic acid diethyl ester; D009118:Muscimol; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D015763:2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate; C031231:2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid