title: Optimization of accelerator target and detector for portal imaging using Monte Carlo simulation and experiment.
abstract: Megavoltage portal images suffer from poor quality compared to those produced with kilovoltage x-rays. Several authors have shown that the image quality can be improved by modifying the linear accelerator to generate more low-energy photons. This work addresses the problem of using Monte Carlo simulation and experiment to optimize the beam and detector combination to maximize image quality for a given patient thickness. A simple model of the whole imaging chain was developed for investigation of the effect of the target parameters on the quality of the image. The optimum targets (6 mm thick aluminium and 1.6 mm copper) were installed in an Elekta SL25 accelerator. The first beam will be referred to as A16 and the second as Cu1.6. A tissue-equivalent contrast phantom was imaged with the 6 MV standard photon beam and the experimental beams with standard radiotherapy and mammography film/screen systems. The arrangement with a thin Al target/mammography system improved the contrast from 1.4 cm bone in 5 cm water to 19% compared with 2% for the standard arrangement of a thick, high-Z target/radiotherapy verification system. The linac/phantom/detector system was simulated with the BEAM/EGS4 Monte Carlo code. Contrast calculated from the predicted images was in good agreement with the experiment (to within 2.5%). The use of MC techniques to predict images accurately, taking into account the whole imaging system, is a powerful new method for portal imaging system design optimization.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, UK. stellaf@icr.ac.uk
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Flampouri
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Verhaegen
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Nahum
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Spezi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Partridge
mesh_terms: D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000528:radiation effects; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography / Q000379:methods; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D010315:Particle Accelerators; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D017785:Photons; D011874:Radiometry; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: C021197:gadolinium sulfoxylate; D005682:Gadolinium