title: Gaseous contaminant emissions as affected by burning scrap tires in cement manufacturing.
abstract: We studied the environmental impact (gaseous emissions) of using scrap tires as a fuel substitute at a cement plant that produces one million tons of cement per year. Using a combination of tires and coal as opposed to only coal caused variations in the pollutant emission rate. The study recorded a 37% increase in the rate of emission for CO, a 24% increase for SO2, an 11% decrease for NOx, and a 48% increase for HCl when tires were included. The rate of emission for metals increased 61% for Fe, 33% for Al, 487% for Zn, 127% for Pb, 339% for Cr, 100% for Mn, and 74% for Cu, and decreased 22% for Hg. On the other hand, the emission rate of organic compounds dropped by 14% for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 8% in naphthalene, 37% in chlorobenzene, and 45% in dioxins and furans. We used a Gaussian model of atmospheric dispersion to calculate the average pollutant concentration (1-h, 24-h, and annual concentrations) in the ambient air at ground level with the help of the ISC-ST2 software program developed by the USEPA. When tires were used, we observed (i) a 12 to 24% increase in particulate matter, this range considering the concentration variation depending on the average used (1-h, 24-h, and annual basis), 31 to 52% in CO, 22 to 34% in SO2, 39 to 52% in HCl, 12 to 27% in Fe, -3 to 8% in Al, 30 to 37% in Zn, and 270 to 885% in Pb; (ii) a decrease of 8 to 13% in NOx, 9 to 13% in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 6 to 7% in naphthalene, 32 to 39% in chlorobenzene, and 32 to 45% in dioxins and furans. The results obtained showed that the maximum ground-level concentrations were well within the environmental standards (for operation with only coal as well as for operation with a combination of coal and tires).
authors.affiliation: Dep. of Chemical Engineering, Univ. de Girona, Av. Lluís Santaló s/n, 17071 Girona, Spain. felix.carrasco@udg.es
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Carrasco
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bredin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heitz
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D003031:Coal; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D005740:Gases; D017745:Incineration; D008420:Manufactured Materials; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis; D012037:Refuse Disposal; D012408:Rubber
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D003031:Coal; D005740:Gases; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D012408:Rubber