title: Oral efficacy of the new immunomodulator FTY720 in cynomolgus monkey kidney allotransplantation, given alone or in combination with cyclosporine or RAD.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  FTY720 is a novel immunomodulator with a unique mechanism of action, i.e. chemokine-dependent lymphocyte homing into secondary lymphoid organs associated with profound lymphocyte depletion in blood. We investigated its efficacy, either FTY720 alone or together with cyclosporine or the rapamycin derivative rapamycin derivative (RAD), in cynomolgus monkey kidney allotransplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Life-supporting allotransplantation was performed in bilaterally nephrectomized hosts. Compounds were given once daily by oral gavage. Monitoring was done by serum creatinine and urea, and rejection was concluded when values exceeded 500 micromol/L and 50 mmol/L, respectively (5-6 times the upper limit of reference values). Rejection was confirmed by graft histology. The termination point was set to 100 days after transplantation. In addition, animals were monitored for 24 hr drug concentrations and thorough inspection of potential adverse side effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  FTY720 given alone at 3.0 mg/kg per day prolonged rejection-free survival (33-85 days, mean 24 hr concentration between 54 and 66 ng/mL [n=3]), but it was not efficacious at a 0.3 mg/kg per day dose. For cyclosporine alone, 30 mg/kg per day during maintenance was efficacious (average concentration above 100 ng/mL, historical data from our group), and for RAD alone 0.75 mg/kg per day (concentration above 10 ng/mL). Efficacious FTY720-cyclosporine-A (CsA) or FTY720-RAD combinations were established using 0.1-0.3 mg/kg per day FTY720, 10-30 mg/kg per day cyclosporine, and/or 0.25-0.50 mg/kg per day RAD. Compared with single-compound treatment, FTY720 effective doses and 24 hr trough concentrations were at least tenfold lower in combination treatment and those of cyclosporine and RAD about twofold lower, indicative of effective synergy between the compounds. Already at the lowest FTY720 dose tested (0.03 mg/kg per day), there was a profound lymphocyte depletion down to about 30% of pretransplant values, which further increased at the highest dose (3.0 mg/kg per day, to about 14% of pretransplant values). Lymphocyte depletion was reflected by a decrease in T and B subpopulations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FTY720 is an effective immunosuppressant in prevention of acute kidney allograft rejection in cynomolgus monkeys and synergizes with cyclosporine and/or RAD in yielding rejection-free allograft survival.
authors.affiliation: Transplantation Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland. Presently, Immerge BioTherapeutics, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA. henk.schuurman@immergebt.com
authors.forename: Henk-Jan
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Schuurman
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Menninger
authors.forename: Maxime
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Audet
authors.forename: Adrien
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kunkler
authors.forename: Claudine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maurer
authors.forename: Corinne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vedrine
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bernhard
authors.forename: Lorrie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gaschen
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Brinkmann
authors.forename: Valerie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Quesniaux
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000502:physiology; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D000068876:Fingolimod Hydrochloride; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D018655:Lymphocyte Count; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008297:Male; D010641:Phenotype; D011409:Propylene Glycols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D013110:Sphingosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000502:physiology; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D011409:Propylene Glycols; D016572:Cyclosporine; D000068876:Fingolimod Hydrochloride; D013110:Sphingosine; D020123:Sirolimus