title: Effects of the essential oil from citrus lemon in male and female rats exposed to a persistent painful stimulation.
abstract: The ability of olfaction to modulate behavior in mammalian species has repeatedly been demonstrated. Here we tested the properties of the volatile components of lemon essential oil. Male and female rats were allowed to inhale the aroma while experiencing a persistent nociceptive input (50 microl formalin, 5%); in the same animals the c-Fos immunohistochemistry was used to test the degree of neuronal activation of areas belonging to the limbic system. In formalin-treated animals, lemon essential oil decreased licking the injected paw, in both sexes; flinching and flexing were decreased in males and increased in females in the interphase (5-20 min) of the formalin test. Essential oil increased the c-Fos expression in the arcuate n. of the hypothalamus. Essential oil and formalin increased c-Fos in the paraventricular n. of the hypothalamus and in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. In the paraventricular n. of the thalamus formalin induced higher c-Fos than control in both sexes; when formalin treatment was carried out in presence of essential oil, c-Fos further increased in males, but remained at control levels in females. The present results clearly indicate the ability of lemon essential oil to modulate the behavioral and neuronal responses related to nociception and pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro, Italy. aloisi@unisi.it
authors.forename: Anna Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Aloisi
authors.forename: Ilaria
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ceccarelli
authors.forename: Flavio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Masi
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scaramuzzino
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001111:Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D002908:Chronic Disease; D002957:Citrus / Q000737:chemistry*; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000097:blood; D003672:Defecation / Q000187:drug effects; D018891:Dentate Gyrus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005106:Exploratory Behavior / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000633:toxicity; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D016762:Genes, fos / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010146:Pain / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000523:psychology*; D010286:Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013787:Thalamic Nuclei / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D014621:Vagina / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D009822:Oils, Volatile; D005557:Formaldehyde; D003345:Corticosterone