title: Reproducibility of primary motor cortex somatotopy under controlled conditions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The somatotopic organization of the contralateral primary motor cortex (M1) and its intra- and intersubject reproducibility has been the subject of many investigations and controversies. A potential explanation for a least some of the conflicting results could be the lack of movement control in the studies performed. The purpose of this study was to investigate these issues under controlled experimental conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Functional MR imaging was performed in 12 healthy volunteers performing hand, finger, wrist, elbow, foot, and tongue movements. Two experimental sessions were separated by 2 weeks. Controlled conditions were achieved by means of a custom-designed arm and hand manipulandum providing standardization of the movements within and across subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The experiments revealed a clear large-scale somatotopy of the contralateral M1 with distinct subregions controlling the foot, arm, and tongue. Despite considerable overlap of the volumes, geometric centers of gravity (COGs) showed statistically significant differences in coordinates between the elbow, wrist, fingers, and hand. COGs showed a high degree of intra- and interindividual reproducibility, particularly for the upper limb movements, in contrast to the activation volumes that proved to be unreliable parameters, despite the controlled conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings support the existence of a gross-scale somatotopic organization yet also demonstrate a clear, fine-scale somatotopy of the within-arm representations. Furthermore, they reveal high reproducibility of the COGs when standardized conditions are applied. This observation highlights the need for movement control to allow for intra- and intersubject comparison.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Zurich, Krauenklinikstrasse 10, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Hatem
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Alkadhi
authors.forename: Gerard R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Crelier
authors.forename: Sabina Hotz
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Boendermaker
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Golay
authors.forename: Marie-Claude
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Hepp-Reymond
authors.forename: Spyros S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kollias
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm / Q000294:innervation; D001931:Brain Mapping; D004550:Elbow / Q000294:innervation; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000294:innervation; D006225:Hand / Q000294:innervation; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D009068:Movement; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014059:Tongue / Q000294:innervation