The approach of comprehensive tobacco control in cancer prevention: elements and evidence.
The aim of this overview is to present measures of comprehensive tobacco control (CTC) and recent evidence according to their efficacy. CTC includes eight measures: raising taxes, consumer regulations, information about tobacco products, advertisement and sponsoring, economic alternatives to the production of tobacco, programmes for the support of the motivation to stop smoking and maintain tobacco abstinence, including the change of attitudes and norms in the population to support non-smoking, financial and human resources of CTC, and quality assurance of CTC. These measures include single elements such as activities against smuggling, to be considered in conjunction with tax increases. Evidence, particularly from single US states, reveals the efficacy of CTC. As discussed, the literature shows that programmes have not yet included all single elements. This is due to individual, programme-related and external limiting factors. It is concluded that in spite of these, CTC programmes are effective in adults as well as minors. A dose-response relationship between CTC and reduction of smoker rates, the amount of tobacco consumption and tobacco-attributable mortality is probable.
John
U
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Medical Faculty, Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Walter-Rathenau-Strasse 48, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany. ujohn@uni-greifswald.de
D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D020340:Tobacco Use Cessation; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology