title: The rheumatoid hand: a predictable disease with unpredictable surgical practice patterns.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate variation in fusion, arthroplasty, and tenosynovectomy rates among rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients across states; to evaluate associations between surgery rates and the density of hand surgeons; and to evaluate differences in treatment by sex of the patient.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained from the 1996 and 1997 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project database. The procedure codes for fusion, arthroplasty, and tenosynovectomy were matched to patients with the diagnostic code of RA, which provided the total number of procedures performed in each state. The smoothed estimates of the RA population for each state were derived from age/sex strata in the 1995 US census using age/sex-adjusted RA prevalence data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The number of hand surgeons was from the 1996 American Society for Surgery of the Hand.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Procedure rates across states varied from 9-fold to 12-fold for all 3 procedures. The rates of the reconstructive procedures-fusion and arthroplasty-were highly correlated in each state, but these 2 procedures were only moderately correlated with tenosynovectomy. Surgeon density and procedure rates were minimally correlated. Procedure rates differed by patient sex, with significantly more arthroplasty and fusion procedures performed in women. More tenosynovectomy procedures were performed in men, and they were also performed at a younger age in men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant large area variations are present in the surgical management of the rheumatoid hand, but the correlations between reconstructive and early intervention procedures are modest. These rate differences are not explained by the number of hand surgeons, disease prevalence, or demographic composition of the states. However, men are more likely to receive more aggressive early surgical interventions, and women are more likely to receive end-stage reconstructive surgery.
authors.affiliation: The University of Michigan and the University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Amy K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Alderman
authors.forename: Kevin C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Sonya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Demonner
authors.forename: Sandra V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Spilson
authors.forename: Rodney A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hayward
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D001174:Arthrodesis / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001178:Arthroplasty / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007348:Insurance, Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014481:United States