title: Tissue engineering skeletal muscle for orthopaedic applications.
abstract: With current technology, tissue-engineered skeletal muscle analogues (bioartificial muscles) generate too little active force to be clinically useful in orthopaedic applications. They have been engineered genetically with numerous transgenes (growth hormone, insulinlike growth factor-1, erythropoietin, vascular endothelial growth factor), and have been shown to deliver these therapeutic proteins either locally or systemically for months in vivo. Bone morphogenetic proteins belonging to the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily are osteoinductive molecules that drive the differentiation pathway of mesenchymal cells toward the chondroblastic or osteoblastic lineage, and stimulate bone formation in vivo. To determine whether skeletal muscle cells endogenously expressing bone morphogenetic proteins might serve as a vehicle for systemic bone morphogenetic protein delivery in vivo, proliferating skeletal myoblasts (C2C12) were transduced with a replication defective retrovirus containing the gene for recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-6 (C2BMP-6). The C2BMP-6 cells constitutively expressed recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-6 and synthesized bioactive recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-6, based on increased alkaline phosphatase activity in coincubated mesenchymal cells. C2BMP-6 cells did not secrete soluble, bioactive recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-6, but retained the bioactivity in the cell layer. Therefore, genetically-engineered skeletal muscle cells might serve as a platform for long-term delivery of osteoinductive bone morphogenetic proteins locally.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Brown University School of Medicine/The Miriam Hospital, 164 Summit Avenue, Providence, RI 02906, USA.
authors.forename: Francis C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Payumo
authors.forename: Hyun D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sherling
authors.forename: Lee P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Courtney
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Hugh S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Keeping
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Valentini
authors.forename: Herman H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Vandenburgh
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D055418:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 6; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D002460:Cell Line; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D032448:Myoblasts, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology*; D009985:Orthopedics; D010641:Phenotype; D023822:Tissue Engineering; D014161:Transduction, Genetic; D019076:Transgenes / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: C525816:BMP6 protein, human; D055418:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 6; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase