title: Clustered schedules in allergen-specific immunotherapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Injective immunotherapy is traditionally performed with a build-up phase lasting 3 to 4 months. The costs, decreasing compliance from both patients and clinicians and inconveniences due to this schedule may be overcome using different schedules.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A revision of the published papers with clustered schedules has been made. Attention has been focussed on tolerance and its relationships with relevant parameters such as kind of extract (aqueous or depot), allergens and their pharmaceutical presentation, schedule followed, use or not of a premedication, clinical manifestations of patients before treatment. For a better revision, papers dealing with clustered schedules have been divided into two groups. The first group includes 20 papers not designed to study the clustered schedule but using it to study other parameters affected by specific immunotherapy. The second group includes 9 papers specifically or mainly designed to study the clustered schedule. A huge difference in the rate of side effects could be assessed among different papers, even in studies run with similar allergens from the same producer and with a similar schedule.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Summarizing the results of the revision, the following conditions seem to lead to the optimal tolerance of the clustered schedule: use of a premedication; use of a depot preparation; use of no more than 4 administrations per cluster; administration of 1-2 clusters per week and of 4 to 6 clusters in total. These results seem promising but further efforts are required to better define the optimal clustered schedule.
authors.affiliation: Alk-Abelló. Italy. silvano_parmiani@allergia.it
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Parmiani
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fernández Távora
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Guardia
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rico
mesh_terms: D000485:Allergens / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000187:drug effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D001514:Bee Venoms / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D003888:Desensitization, Immunologic / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D006927:Hymenoptera / Q000276:immunology; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy; D008925:Mites / Q000276:immunology; D010944:Plants / Q000276:immunology; D011292:Premedication; D012997:Solvents; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014862:Wasp Venoms / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D001514:Bee Venoms; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D012997:Solvents; D014862:Wasp Venoms; D014867:Water