title: A life-supporting technique of renal allotransplantation in Macaca fascicularis to evaluate novel immunosuppressive drugs in nonhuman primates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of nonhuman primates in preclinical transplantation studies is becoming more common. This report details complete procedures developed for a successful life-supporting kidney allotransplantation program using the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis).
  
  
  METHODS
  All transplants were performed in wild-caught, ABO-matched, MLR-mismatched adult males. Transplant procedures were staggered: an animal first served as a donor, was allowed to recover for 4 weeks, and was subsequently used as a recipient. The kidney was flushed in situ while the aorta was briefly cross-clamped. The graft was implanted heterotopically end-to-side in the right iliac fossa using microsurgical techniques. An ureteroneocystostomy was constructed; a telemetry probe was inserted into the aorta, and the remaining native kidney was removed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-two transplants were performed in 6.9 +/- 0.1 kg animals. Operating times in the donor and recipient were 126 +/- 3 and 166 +/- 5 min, respectively. The cold ischemia time was 55 +/- 1 min. There were no intraoperative deaths. Postoperative complications were observed in six (9.7%) monkeys and consisted of one early renal arterial thrombosis and five ureteral complications (two of which were successfully repaired). Transplants were ultimately successful in 93.6% (58/62) of cases. Immediate kidney function was satisfactory, with a mean serum creatinine of 1.7 +/- 0.2 mg/dL and a mean urine output of 140 +/- 15 ml on postoperative day 7.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Life-supporting kidney transplantation in cynomolgus macaques is a demanding operation that requires great attention to details. Precise surgical techniques, telemetric monitoring, ultrasound surveillance, and aggressive, early, postoperative fluid resuscitation produced a 94% success rate.
authors.affiliation: Transplantation Immunology, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305, USA. dborie@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Dominic
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Borie
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hausen
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Klupp
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stalder
authors.forename: Tudor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Birsan
authors.forename: Randall
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Morris
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004231:Diuresis; D004341:Drug Evaluation / Q000379:methods; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects; D008020:Life Support Care; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008297:Male; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents