title: Structure, molecular evolution, and gene expression of primate superoxide dismutases.
abstract: Mn- and Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) cDNAs of eight primate species, Pan troglodytes, Pongo pygmaeus, Hylobates lar, Macaca fuscata, Macaca fascicularis, Macaca mulatta, Cebus apella, and Callithrix jacchus, were cloned. The whole protein-coding sequences were covered, comparing 198 and 153 (or 154) amino acids, for Mn- and Cu,Zn-SODs, respectively. Residues forming metal ligands were completely conserved in the two primate SODs and nucleotide/amino acid substitutions were more frequent in Cu,Zn-SODs than in Mn-SODs. Molecular evolutionary analyses showed Mn-SOD to have evolved at a constant rate and its phylogenetic tree well reflected primate phylogeny. Cu,Zn-SOD was shown to have evolved differently between primate lineages. The significant high ratio of a non-synonymous/synonymous rate was found in the lineage leading to great apes and humans, showing that this lineage underwent positive Darwinian selection. Southern hybridization suggested that the genes for primate Mn- and Cu,Zn-SOD exist as single copies. Northern analysis in various Japanese monkey tissues showed Mn- and Cu,Zn-SOD expression to be high in the liver, kidneys, and adrenal glands.
authors.affiliation: Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama 484-8506, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryoji
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fukuhara
authors.forename: Takafumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tezuka
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kageyama
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D015139:Blotting, Southern; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D015246:Deoxyribonuclease EcoRI / Q000378:metabolism; D015252:Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific / Q000378:metabolism; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005260:Female; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D005796:Genes / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D011323:Primates / Q000235:genetics*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D004247:DNA; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D015246:Deoxyribonuclease EcoRI; C024404:BglII endonuclease; D015252:Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific