title: Somatostatin mediates nitric oxide production by activating sst(2) receptors in the rat retina.
abstract: Somatostatin and its receptors (ssts) are found in the retina. Recent evidence suggested the involvement of sst(2A) and sst(2B) receptors in the regulation of nitric oxide (NO) (). In this study, we investigated further the localization of sst(1), sst(3)-sst(5), and the possible involvement of all subtypes, present in the rat retina, in the regulation of NO production. Polyclonal antibodies raised against sst(1), sst(3-5) were applied to 10-14 micro m cryostat sections of rat retinas fixed in paraformaldehyde. NADPH-diaphorase reactivity was assessed histochemically. The levels of NO in rat retinal explants were assessed by the production of its stable metabolites NO(2)(-) and NO(3)(-). sst(1) immunofluorescence was detected mainly in the retinal pigment epithelium, blood vessels of the inner retina, where it was colocalized with NADPH-diaphorase, and in processes of the inner plexiform layer (IPL). sst(4) immunohistochemistry was found in ganglion cell bodies, where it was colocalized with NADPH-diaphorase, processes of the IPL and ganglion cell layer, and optic nerve fibers. sst(3) or sst(5) immunostain was not detected. Somatostatin increased NO production and this effect was mimicked only by the sst(2) specific analog L-779976. The sst(2) antagonist CYN-154806 blocked the L-779976 increase of NO production. These results present conclusive evidence that somatostatin's role in the retina involves the regulation of NO by an sst(2) mechanism.
authors.affiliation: University of Crete, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Heraclion, Crete, Greece.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vasilaki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mouratidou
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Thermos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009252:NADPH Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D009566:Nitrates / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D009573:Nitrites / Q000378:metabolism; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017481:Receptors, Somatostatin / Q000502:physiology*; D012160:Retina / Q000378:metabolism*; D013004:Somatostatin / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; D017481:Receptors, Somatostatin; C106140:somatostatin receptor sst2A; C098681:somatostatin receptor subtype-4; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D013004:Somatostatin; D009252:NADPH Dehydrogenase