title: Prone positioning does not affect cannula function during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation or continuous renal replacement therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prone positioning in respiratory failure has been shown to be a useful adjunct in the treatment of severe hypoxia. However, the prone position can result in dislodgment or malfunction of tubes and cannulae. Certain patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) or continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) may also benefit from positional therapy. The impact of cannula-related complications in these patients is potentially disastrous. The safety and efficacy of prone positioning of these patients has not been previously reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review evaluated ECMO or CRRT cannula location, and displacement or malfunction during positional change or while prone. The study was set in a General Surgery and Trauma Intensive Care Unit. The subjects were all patients at our institution who simultaneously underwent ECMO or CRRT and prone positioning from July 1996 to July 2001. There were no interventions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten patients underwent ECMO and 42 patients underwent CRRT during the study period. Seven patients underwent simultaneous prone positioning and either ECMO (4/10) or CRRT (4/42). A total of 68 turning events (prone to supine or supine to prone) were recorded, with each patient averaging 9.7 (range, 4-16) turning episodes. Turning was performed with sheets and extra nursing personnel; no special mechanical assist devices were used. No patients experienced inadvertent cannula removal during turning. Two patients had poor flow through their cannulae. In one patient, this occurred in the supine position and required repositioning of the cannula. In the second patient, cannulae were changed twice and flow was poor in both the supine and the prone positions. All ECMO and CRRT patients received venous cannulae. Cannula location (seven internal jugular and 11 femoral) did not the affect risk of malfunction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with venous cannulae for ECMO or CRRT can be safely placed in the prone position. Flow rates are maintained in this position. Potential cannula complications of ECMO and CRRT are not a contraindication to prone positioning in severely ill patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Traumatology and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Claudia E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Goettler
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Pryor
authors.forename: Brian A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Hoey
authors.forename: JoAnne K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Michelle C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Balas
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Shapiro
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016684:Prone Position; D017582:Renal Replacement Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome