title: Late-life depression: psychopathology, medical interventions, and dental implications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Late-life depression (LLD) initially occurs after age 65 years and is a major public health concern because the elderly who are at high risk constitute an ever-expanding segment of the population. LLD is a mental illness in which mood, thought content, and behavioral patterns are impaired, causing the individual distress, compromising social function, and impairing self-maintenance skills (eg, bathing, dressing, hygiene). LLD characterized by marked sadness or a loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and may be accompanied by weight change, sleep disturbance, fatigue, difficulty in concentration, and a high suicide rate. Diagnosis of LLD is sometimes complicated by a denial of mood change and an inability to distinguish symptoms of a concurrent physical illness from those of a depressive etiology. The disorder is most frequently treated with antidepressant medications, and although older individuals have a recovery rate that is comparable with younger adults, they often take longer to recover, have more frequent relapses, and are more sensitive to the side effects of the drugs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Individuals undergoing treatment for LLD and those whose illness has not been diagnosed or treated often are seen with significant oral disease by the dentist. Dentists need to be cognizant of how to safely and compassionately provide care to those already receiving mental health services. They must also be familiar with the psychiatric symptoms of the disorder to effectuate a timely referral to a physician of those with occult or relapsing disease. LLD is frequently associated with a disinterest in oral hygiene, a cariogenic diet, diminished salivary flow, rampant dental decay, advanced periodontal disease, and oral dysesthesias. Many medications used to treat the disease magnify the xerostomia and increase the incidence of dental disease. Appropriate dental management necessitates a vigorous preventive dental education program, the use of artificial salivary products, antiseptic mouthwash, daily fluoride mouth rinse, and special precautions in administration of local anesthetics with vasoconstrictors and prescription of analgesics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dentists who invoke appropriate precautions can usually provide a full range of services to individuals with LLD, thereby enhancing patient self-esteem and contributing to the psychotherapeutic aspect of management.
authors.affiliation: Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, CA 90073, USA. arthur.friedlander@med.va.gov
authors.forename: Arthur H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Friedlander
authors.forename: Dean C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Norman
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000339:Affect; D000368:Aged; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003863:Depression / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D004037:Diet, Cariogenic; D006801:Humans; D009059:Mouth Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D009910:Oral Hygiene; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D012678:Sensation Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D012919:Social Behavior; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology; D013850:Thinking; D014076:Tooth Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D014987:Xerostomia / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents