title: Intentional nonadherence due to adverse symptoms associated with antiretroviral therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the frequency and possible predictors of patient-mediated intentional alterations in antiretroviral medication regimens in direct response to symptoms associated with antiretroviral therapy use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional survey of a population-based dynamic cohort of antiretroviral recipients in a province-wide HIV drug treatment program, the only source of free-of-charge antiretroviral medications in the province of British Columbia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Program participants voluntarily complete program surveys on an annual basis. Study subjects were those who responded to the annual treatment program survey between January 1 and November 1, 2001. Patients reported on the occurrence and severity of symptoms of 42 side effects of antiretroviral agents. Symptoms were classified into four subgroups based on whether they were considered subjective or objective and whether they would or would not prompt clinical action. For each of the four symptom categories, patients reported what their physician recommended in response to symptoms in that group and what the patient actually did in response to these same symptoms. Intentional nonadherence was defined as reporting either skipping or altering dosages of selective regimen components or temporary cessation of therapy that was not recommended by the physician in response to adverse drug effects in the past year.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 638 study subjects, 70 (11%) reported intentional nonadherence with between 4% and 7.4% reporting this activity over the preceding year depending on the symptom group. Multivariate analysis revealed that a plasma viral load of <400 copies/mL (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 0.35; 95% CI, 0.21-0.61) and completion of high school (AOR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.24-0.78) were both inversely associated with intentional nonadherence. Those subjects reporting at least one severe symptom were more than twice as likely to report intentional nonadherence (AOR, 2.24; 95% CI, 1.16-4.33). Similarly, each additional symptom considered to be objective and to require clinical action was associated with a 25% increase in the risk of intentional nonadherence (AOR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.10-1.43).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intentional nonadherence to antiretroviral therapy is common among persons experiencing therapy-related side effects. Although the type and severity of adverse effects impact intentional nonadherence, this activity occurs in relation to symptoms regardless of their strict clinical relevance.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. kateheath@telus.ne
authors.forename: Katherine V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Heath
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Singer
authors.forename: Michael V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: O'Shaughnessy
authors.forename: Julio S G
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Montaner
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Hogg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001955:British Columbia; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012424:Rural Population; D012574:Schools / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016312:Treatment Refusal; D019562:Viral Load / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents