title: Immunohistochemical expression of metallothionein in human bladder cancer: correlation with histopathological parameters and patient survival.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We assessed metallothionein expression and its patterns of distribution as possible prognostic variables in bladder cancer with regard to histopathological parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  We stained 91 formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue specimens of bladder cancer from 91 patients with no history of treatment using an immunohistochemical technique for metallothionein. Relationships between immunoreactivity for metallothionein and histopathological parameters were examined. In addition, these parameters, including metallothionein, were evaluated as potential prognostic markers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Metallothionein was detected in 33 of 91 bladder cancers (36.3%). There were significant relationships of metallothionein expression with high grade, high stage and nonpapillary growth pattern tumors. There was no specific correlation of metallothionein expression with the interval to intravesical recurrence. In the 31 patients who underwent radical cystectomy a significant relationship between metallothionein immunoreactivity and cancer specific survival was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that a close correlation exists of metallothionein expression with histopathological parameters and metallothionein expression can be a useful prognostic variable for bladder cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Saga
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.forename: Sunao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yachiku
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tokumitsu
authors.forename: Shigeo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaneko
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008297:Male; D008668:Metallothionein / Q000032:analysis*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D015996:Survival Rate; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000473:pathology; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D008668:Metallothionein