title: Pneumoconiosis among workers in a Vietnamese refractory brick facility.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vietnam is a rapidly industrializing country with increasing needs for building materials, including refractory bricks. The manufacture of refractory bricks results in high levels of free silica, a recognized occupational hazard.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 158 employees using a respiratory symptom questionnaire and ILO classification of radiographs for pneumoconiosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of radiographic silicosis (ILO category 1/0 and greater) was 10% in all workers with evidence of a dose-response gradient. Pneumoconiosis prevalence increased from 0% in workers employed < 10 years at the plant to 18% for workers employed > 20 years (trend test P = 0.01 for each year increment after adjusting for gender and tobacco use).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Workers in this plant demonstrate a consistent pattern of radiographic evidence of pneumoconiosis, which appears to be related to duration of work. Future studies should assess exposure control measures that are appropriate to countries undergoing rapid industrialization such as Vietnam.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Occupational and Environmental Health, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Vien Chinh
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Chien
authors.forename: Sanders Kim
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Chai
authors.forename: Doan Ngoc
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Hai
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takaro
authors.forename: Harvey
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Checkoway
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Keifer
authors.forename: Phan Hong
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Son
authors.forename: Le Van
authors.initials: le V
authors.lastname: Trung
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barnhart
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003252:Construction Materials / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D003906:Developing Countries; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008452:Maximum Allowable Concentration; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D015995:Prevalence; D011859:Radiography; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012829:Silicosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D014744:Vietnam / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D012822:Silicon Dioxide