title: Observing responses maintained by stimuli associated with cocaine or remifentanil reinforcement in rhesus monkeys.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The stimuli associated with drug reinforcement may be particularly relevant to drug abuse and relapse.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The study measured behavior maintained by conditioned reinforcing stimuli in an observing response procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  The experiment was conducted with rhesus monkeys in three stages: 1) discriminative control was established by reinforcing responding on one lever with either intravenous cocaine or remifentanil in the presence of one stimulus and extinguishing the response in the presence of another stimulus, 2) discriminative control was suspended by not presenting the stimuli, and 3) a final stage was implemented wherein the stimuli from the first stage were presented only when one or more responses were made on a second (observing) lever.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Under FR1 conditions, observing responses were maintained at low rates, but increased markedly when the response requirement was increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The procedure maintained observing responses quite well and may be useful to an analysis of conditioned reinforcement based on drug reinforcement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, 1301 MSRB III, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0632, USA. jhwoods@umich.edu
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Woods
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Winger
mesh_terms: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D003042:Cocaine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000187:drug effects*; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005108:Extinction, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D000077208:Remifentanil; D012646:Self Administration
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D010880:Piperidines; D003042:Cocaine; D000077208:Remifentanil