title: Induction of higher expression of IL-beta and TNF-alpha, lower expression of IL-10 and cyclic guanosine monophosphate by pulmonary arterial hypertension following cardiopulmonary bypass.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pulmonary arterial hypertension [PAH] and cardiopulmonary bypass [CPB] induce systemic inflammatory cytokines that are critical factors related to postoperative mortality of open heart surgery. We studied the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and cyclic guanosine monophosphate [cGMP] in patients suffering from PAH after CPB.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-six patients who underwent valve replacement surgery were recruited and divided into two groups according to their pulmonary arterial pressure [< 50 mmHg for Group A and > or = 50 mmHg for Group B]. Blood samples were taken to measure the concentrations of interleukin-1 beta [IL-1 beta], tumour necrosis factor alpha [TNF-alpha], interleukin-10 [IL-10] and cGMP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha were significantly higher in Group B [28.6 +/- 9.1 mmHg] than in Group A [65.8 +/- 10.2 mmHg] at baseline. After CPB, IL-1 beta of both groups rose significantly, while only TNF-alpha of Group B rose significantly higher. There were significant differences between the two groups after CPB. IL-10 and cGMP in Group B were lower than in Group A at baseline. They all decreased significantly after CPB. Significant differences were seen between the groups after CPB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients suffering from PAH had different levels of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines compared to normal patients. PAH aggravates the production of IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha, while it decreases the production of IL-10 and cGMP after CPB.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Center, Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore. yeleislp@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Ye
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.forename: Jiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhen
authors.forename: Xia L
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Ming
authors.forename: Hu K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Jian
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000097:blood*; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012214:Rheumatic Heart Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D007375:Interleukin-1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D006152:Cyclic GMP