title: [Low dose exposure to cadmium and its health effects (1). Genotoxicity and carcinogenicity].
abstract: We reviewed studies on genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of cadmium (Cd). Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli exposed to Cd did not show mutagenicity, whereas cultured mammalian cells exposed to Cd showed mutation, DNA strand breaks, and chromosomal aberrations. Carcinogenicity tests showed that exposure to Cd increased the occurrence of tumors in testis, lung, prostate, hematopoietic tissues, and injection sites. On the other hand, recent epidemiologic studies are not supportive of earlier observations on the association between Cd and prostate cancer. The US NIOSH data on a possible association between Cd and lung cancer may need reevaluation. No studies which show a positive relationship between oral Cd exposure and carcinogenesis have been reported. All available data suggest that Cd should be reassigned to IARC Group 2A (probably carcinogenic to humans) from the current Group 1.
authors.affiliation: Gunma University School of Health Sciences, 3-39-15, Showa, Maebashi 371-8514, Japan. hkoyama@health.gunma-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koyama
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kitoh
authors.forename: Masahiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Satoh
authors.forename: Chiharu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tohyama
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity*; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental / Q000633:toxicity*; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations / Q000187:drug effects*; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation / Q000187:drug effects*; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D002104:Cadmium