title: Intermittent cryogen spray cooling for optimal heat extraction during dermatologic laser treatment.
abstract: Fast heat extraction is critically important to obtain the maximal benefit of cryogen spray cooling (CSC) during laser therapy of shallow skin lesions, such as port wine stain birthmarks. However, a film of liquid cryogen can build up on the skin surface, impairing heat transfer due to the relatively low thermal conductivity and higher temperature of the film as compared to the impinging spray droplets. In an attempt to optimize the cryogen mass flux, while minimally affecting other spray characteristics, we apply a series of 10 ms spurts with variable duty cycles. Heat extraction dynamics during such intermittent cryogen sprays were measured using a custom-made metal-disc detector. The highest cooling rates were observed at moderate duty cycle levels. This confirms the presence, and offers a practical way to eliminate the adverse effect of liquid cryogen build-up on the sprayed surface. On the other hand, lower duty cycles allow a substantial reduction in the average rate of heat extraction, enabling less aggressive and more efficient CSC for treatment of deeper targets, such as hair follicles.
authors.affiliation: Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia. boris.majaron@ijs.si
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Majaron
authors.forename: Lars O
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Svaasand
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Aguilar
authors.forename: J Stuart
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Nelson
mesh_terms: D000335:Aerosol Propellants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017679:Cryotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D062109:Dermatologic Surgical Procedures; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D006813:Humidity; D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053685:Laser Therapy; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000293:injuries*; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000335:Aerosol Propellants; D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated