title: Psychosocial impact of headache and comorbidity with other pains among Swedish school adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The psychosocial impact of headache combined with other pains has previously been insufficiently investigated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study examined the prevalence of headache, its comorbidity with other pains and psychosocial impact among adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  793 adolescents in a sample recruited from 8 schools in the middle of Sweden were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-five percent of the adolescents reported ongoing pain during assessment and more than half of the adolescents reported at least one frequent pain during the previous 6 months. The most common pain among girls was headache (42%), but for boys muscle pain (32%) was most prevalent. Number of pains and perceived pain disability were also higher among girls than boys. One-third of the headache sufferers had headache only, while one-third reported one other frequent pain and the others had at least two other frequent pains. Overall, adolescents with frequent headaches had higher levels of anxiety or depressive symptoms, in addition to functional disability and usage of analgesic medication. Frequent headache sufferers reported more problems in everyday life areas than those with infrequent headaches.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is recommended that adolescents suffering from recurrent headaches routinely should be asked about the presence of other pains, anxiety and depressive symptoms, medication usage, in addition to psychosocial consequences in their everyday life activities. Longitudinal research is also needed to delineate causal relationships between psychosocial factors and recurrent pains, in particular regarding possible sex differences.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Section of Caring Sciences, Uppsala Science Park, S-751 83, Sweden.
authors.forename: Asa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fichtel
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Larsson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001007:Anxiety / Q000150:complications; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000150:complications*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013548:Sweden
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics