title: Efficient extraction of ginkgolides and bilobalide from Ginkgo biloba leaves.
abstract: An efficient and rapid protocol has been developed for extracting ginkgolides and bilobalide (terpene trilactones) from Ginkgo biloba leaves. The procedure takes advantage of the extraordinary stability of the terpene trilactone structure to a variety of chemical treatments, especially oxidation, despite the presence of multiple oxygen functions. The protocol involves boiling the aqueous extract of leaves with dilute hydrogen peroxide, extraction with ethyl acetate, washing with basic solutions, and charcoal filtration to yield an off-white powder, terpene trilactone content 60-70%. It is likely that the hydrogen peroxide treatment degrades the undesired leaf constituents that lead to intense emulsification during extractions. Further reversed-phase chromatography of the extracts with polymeric resins removes the undesirable ginkgolic acids to amounts less than 10 ppm. The extracts are suited for pure terpene trilactone preparation, enrichment of terpene trilactone content in nutraceuticals, and preparations of low-flavonoid/high-terpene trilactone controls in medicinal studies. The four ginkgolides (ginkgolides A, B, C, J) and bilobalide isolated from the extract were identical in all respects with authentic specimens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, USA.
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lichtblau
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakanishi
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002855:Chromatography, Thin Layer; D003517:Cyclopentanes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004224:Diterpenes; D005663:Furans / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D020441:Ginkgo biloba / Q000737:chemistry*; D046934:Ginkgolides; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D016339:Spectrometry, Mass, Fast Atom Bombardment; D013729:Terpenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D003517:Cyclopentanes; D004224:Diterpenes; D005663:Furans; D046934:Ginkgolides; D013729:Terpenes; C073710:bilobalide