title: Photorespiratory NH(4)(+) production in leaves of wild-type and glutamine synthetase 2 antisense oilseed rape.
abstract: Exposure of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) plants to increasing leaf temperatures between 15 degrees C and 25 degrees C increased photorespiratory NH(4)(+) production from 0.7 to 3.5 micromol m(-2) s(-1). Despite the 5-fold increase in the rate of NH(4)(+) production, the NH(4)(+) concentration in root and leaf tissue water and xylem sap dropped significantly, whereas that in the leaf apoplastic fluid remained constant. The in vitro activity of glutamine synthetase (GS) in both leaves and roots also increased with temperature and in all cases substantially exceeded the observed rates of photorespiratory NH(4)(+) production. The surplus of GS in oilseed rape plants was confirmed using GS2 antisense plants with 50% to 75% lower in vitro leaf GS activity than in the wild type. Despite the substantial reduction in GS activity, there was no tendency for antisense plants to have higher tissue NH(4)(+) concentrations than wild-type plants and no overall correlation between GS activity and tissue NH(4)(+) concentration was observed. Antisense plants exposed to leaf temperatures increasing from 14 degrees C to 27 degrees C or to a trifold increase in the O(2) to CO(2) ratio did not show any change in steady-state leaf tissue NH(4)(+) concentration or in NH(3) emission to the atmosphere. The antisense plants also had similar leaf tissue concentrations of glutamine, glycine, and serine as the wild type, whereas glutamate increased by 38%. It is concluded that photorespiration does not control tissue or apoplastic levels of NH(4)(+) in oilseed rape leaves and, as a consequence, that photorespiration does not exert a direct control on leaf atmosphere NH(3) fluxes.
authors.affiliation: Plant Nutrition Laboratory, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Søren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Husted
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mattsson
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Möllers
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wallbraun
authors.forename: Jan K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Schjoerring
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000378:metabolism; D016375:Antisense Elements (Genetics) / Q000235:genetics*; D029688:Brassica napus / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000528:radiation effects; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D005973:Glutamine / Q000378:metabolism; D005998:Glycine / Q000378:metabolism; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008027:Light; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008954:Models, Biological; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018526:Plant Transpiration / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*; D012273:Ribulose-Bisphosphate Carboxylase / Q000378:metabolism; D012694:Serine / Q000378:metabolism; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D016375:Antisense Elements (Genetics); D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D005973:Glutamine; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D012694:Serine; D000641:Ammonia; D012273:Ribulose-Bisphosphate Carboxylase; C083818:glutamine synthetase 2; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase; D010100:Oxygen; D005998:Glycine