title: Levels of processing: past, present. and future?
abstract: In this article I first briefly survey some enduring legacies of the Craik and Lockhart (1972) article on levels of processing (LOP) and address some common criticisms. In the next section I discuss whether memory can be regarded as "pure processing", the role of short-term memory in an LOP framework, measurement of "depth" in LOP, encoding-retrieval interactions, the concept of consolidation, and the reality of "levels" of processing. In the final section I offer some speculations on future directions, discussing the notion of levels of representation and a possible continuing role for LOP in memory research.
authors.affiliation: Rotman Research Institute of Baycrest Centre, Toronto, Canada. craik@psych.utoronto.ca
authors.forename: Fergus I M
authors.initials: FI
authors.lastname: Craik
mesh_terms: D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D008568:Memory; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D011939:Mental Recall; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009484:Neuropsychology / Q000639:trends*; D011589:Psychology, Experimental / Q000639:trends*; D012153:Retention, Psychology