title: Time should be considered in developmental ecotoxicity test.
abstract: Developmental toxicity tests are often used for the hazard assessment of chemicals and environmental media. One of the most widely used is the oyster embryo larval test (OEL), in which the development of oyster larvae is arrested at a single fixed time (e.g. 24 or 48 h) of toxic exposure, and the proportion of normal larvae measured. However, a major problem with this conventional approach is the lack of information on temporal trends in development. In this study, Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas embryos were exposed to nominal concentrations of copper (CUSO4) of <0.001 (control), 0.60,1.25,2.5, 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 microg l(-1) (at 20 degrees C, salinity 35 per thousand and pH 8.1). Three replicates from each group were arrested and examined every 8 h during 24-72 h of exposure, and the number of viable larvae developed to D-shape was determined. The results revealed that the number of viable D-shape larvae in the control increased rapidly and reached an optimum at 32 h, before declining gradually due to starvation. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) showed that larval developmental rates during 0-32 h were significantly inhibited by Cu at all concentrations. This paper demonstrates that arrest and measurement at different time periods are important and should be incorporated into the OEL test. This would maximise the sensitivity of the test in detecting developmental effects in spiked or environmental samples.
authors.forename: Mathew A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Worboys
authors.forename: Kenneth M Y
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: Eric P M
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Grist
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Crane
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003300:Copper / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects*; D047108:Embryonic Development; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D010125:Ostreidae / Q000254:growth & development*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013997:Time Factors; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D014873:Water Pollutants; D003300:Copper