Anaphylaxis to muscle relaxants: rational for skin tests.
IgE-dependent allergy to muscle relaxants (MR) has an estimated prevalence of 1 out of 6500 General Anesthesias (GA). 62% of anaphylaxis during surgery are due to MR anaphylaxis. All the molecules are divalent, carrying two NH4+ epitopes (quaternary ammonium ions), either structurally or after rapid in vivo protonization (vecuronium). The excellent overall performance of skin test makes them the golden standard for the diagnosis of anaphylactoid reactions. Techniques include intradermal tests and prick-tests. The current localizations are the forearm and the back. Positivity criteria are 3 mm for prick-tests. For IDTs, the criterium is the doubling of the size of the injection papula, when 0.02 to 0.04 ml is injected: 8 mm. The recommended concentrations are not falsely negative. Commercial concentrations can be tested by prick tests, except for mivacurium and atracurium tested of 1:10 dilution. A scale of concentrations is advised for IDT starting with 1:10,000, up to a normally non reactive concentration that is: 100 micrograms/ml (succinylcholine), 200 micrograms/ml (gallamine), 10 micrograms/ml (atracurium), 2 micrograms/ml (mivacurium), 200 micrograms/ml (pancuronium), 400 micrograms/ml (vecuronium), 1,000 micrograms/ml (rocuronium), 200 micrograms/ml (cis atracurium). The specificity and sensitivity of the skin tests to MRs are greater than 95%. The reproducibility over years is 88%. The overall concordance of PT and IDR is 97%. Both types of tests can be used for the diagnosis. IDT have to be carried out for the search of the cross sensitization. 84% of patients do have cross sensitization to MRs but only 16% react to all MRs. The further use of MRs selected by negative IDTs has been proved to be safe.
Moneret-Vautrin
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Université Nancy 1, Hospital Central, Department of Internal Medicine-Clinical Immunology and Allergy-Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre-de-Tassigny-54035 Nancy, France.
Kanny
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D000707:Anaphylaxis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D001415:Back; D004306:Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic; D005542:Forearm; D006801:Humans; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000276:immunology; D007428:Intradermal Tests; D009466:Neuromuscular Blocking Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012882:Skin Tests / Q000009:adverse effects
D009466:Neuromuscular Blocking Agents; D007073:Immunoglobulin E