title: Requirements for developing mixed-chimerism in nonmyeloablative total-lymphoid irradiated mice: role of IL-4 and immunoredirection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adult mice treated with total-lymphoid irradiation (TLI) followed by hematopoietic cell transfer develop stable mixed-chimerism. The purpose of the study is to examine the requirements for the development of mixed-chimerism and characterize the immune responses associated with mixed-chimerism.
  
  
  METHODS
  T-cell number and function were examined in spleens of TLI-treated mice at various times after the completion of TLI by fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). TLI-treated BALB/c mice were injected with CAF(1) spleen cells between 2 and 28 days after completing TLI, with or without concurrent anti-IL-4. The extent of mixed-chimerism was determined using multiparameter FACS analysis. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) assays were used to measure anti-donor CD4+ and CD8+ immune responses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TLI treatment results in transient lymphopenia, sparing CD4 cells relative to CD8 cells, followed by gradual, partial recovery over 28 days. Day 2 post-TLI T cells produce more interleukin (IL)-4, but less IL-2, interferon (IFN)-gamma and IL-10, while day 28 post-TLI T cells produce more IFN-gamma relative to IL-4. More than 70% of mice develop mixed-chimerism when injected with CAF(1) cells at 2 days post-TLI, while none become chimeric if injected at 28 days post-TLI. Mixed-chimeric mice contain more anti-donor Th2 CD4 cells and less anti-donor TC1 CD8 cells compared with nonchimeric mice and nonirradiated controls. Treatment with anti-IL-4 inhibits the development of mixed-chimerism ( <0.05), and these nonchimeric mice contain donor-reactive TC1 CD8 cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IL-4 plays a role in the development of mixed-chimerism, perhaps by inhibition of anti-donor TC1 CD8 cells or enhancement of anti-donor Th2 CD4 cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA. liz-field@icva.gov
authors.forename: Elizabeth H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Field
authors.forename: Todd
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rouse
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000917:Antibody Formation; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D016516:CD4-CD8 Ratio; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000502:physiology*; D015182:Lymphatic Irradiation / Q000009:adverse effects; D008231:Lymphopenia / Q000209:etiology; D051379:Mice; D008805:Mice, Inbred A; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / Q000378:metabolism; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D018183:Transplantation Chimera / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D015847:Interleukin-4