title: Effect of carvedilol on the morbidity of patients with severe chronic heart failure: results of the carvedilol prospective randomized cumulative survival (COPERNICUS) study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Beta-blocking agents improve functional status and reduce morbidity in mild-to-moderate heart failure, but it is not known whether they produce such benefits in severe heart failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We randomly assigned 2289 patients with symptoms of heart failure at rest or on minimal exertion and with an ejection fraction <25% (but not volume-overloaded) to double-blind treatment with either placebo (n=1133) or carvedilol (n=1156) for an average of 10.4 months. Carvedilol reduced the combined risk of death or hospitalization for a cardiovascular reason by 27% (P=0.00002) and the combined risk of death or hospitalization for heart failure by 31% (P=0.000004). Patients in the carvedilol group also spent 27% fewer days in the hospital for any reason (P=0.0005) and 40% fewer days in the hospital for heart failure (P<0.0001). These differences were as a result of both a decrease in the number of hospitalizations and a shorter duration of each admission. More patients felt improved and fewer patients felt worse in the carvedilol group than in the placebo group after 6 months of maintenance therapy (P=0.0009). Carvedilol-treated patients were also less likely than placebo-treated patients to experience a serious adverse event (P=0.002), especially worsening heart failure, sudden death, cardiogenic shock, or ventricular tachycardia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In euvolemic patients with symptoms at rest or on minimal exertion, the addition of carvedilol to conventional therapy ameliorates the severity of heart failure and reduces the risk of clinical deterioration, hospitalization, and other serious adverse clinical events.
authors.affiliation: College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA. mp65@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Milton
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Packer
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: Ellen B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Roecker
authors.forename: Andrew J S
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Coats
authors.forename: Hugo A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Katus
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Krum
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mohacsi
authors.forename: Jean L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Rouleau
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tendera
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Staiger
authors.forename: Terry L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Holcslaw
authors.forename: Ildiko
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Amann-Zalan
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: DeMets
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077261:Carvedilol; D002908:Chronic Disease; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006295:Health Resources / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality*; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D011412:Propanolamines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012306:Risk; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D002227:Carbazoles; D011412:Propanolamines; D000077261:Carvedilol