title: Acutei and chronic toxicity of nickel to marine organisms: implications for water quality criteria.
abstract: Acute and chronic toxicity tests were conducted to determine the effects of nickel on three U.S. west coast marine species: a fish (the topsmelt, Atherinops affinis), a mollusk (the red abalone, Haliotis rufescens), and a crustacean (the mysid, Mysidopsis intii). The 96-h median lethal concentration (LC50) for topsmelt was 26,560 microg/L, and the chronic value for the most sensitive endpoint in a 40-d exposure was 4,270 microg/L. The median effective concentration (EC50) for 48-h abalone larval development was 145.5 microg/L, and the chronic value for juvenile growth in a 22-d exposure through larval metamorphosis was 26.43 microgAL. The mysid 96-h LC50 was 148.6 microg/L, and the chronic value for the most sensitive endpoint in a 28-d, whole life-cycle exposure was 22.09 microg/L. The abalone and mysid acute values were lower than other values available in the literature. Acute-to-chronic ratios for nickel toxicity to the three species were 6.220, 5.505, and 6.727, respectively, which were similar to the only other available saltwater value of 5.478 (for Americamysis [Mysidopsis] bahia) and significantly lower than the existing values of 35.58 and 29.86 for freshwater organisms. Incorporation of data from the present study into calculations for water quality criteria would lower the criterion maximum concentration and raise the criterion continuous concentration for nickel.
authors.affiliation: University of California, Davis, Marine Pollution Studies Laboratory, Monterey 93940-9702, USA. jwhunt@ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: Brian S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Bryn M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Ron S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Tjeerdema
authors.forename: H Max
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Puckett
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stephenson
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Tucker
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Watson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002140:California; D003445:Crustacea / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D005399:Fishes / Q000196:embryology*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008974:Mollusca / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000196:embryology; D009532:Nickel / Q000633:toxicity*; D011786:Quality Control; D013997:Time Factors; D036401:Toxicity Tests, Chronic; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D009532:Nickel