title: BIS monitoring during midazolam and midazolam-ketamine conscious intravenous sedation for oral surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine whether the bispectral index scale (BIS) would provide added benefit to established methods of monitoring conscious sedation with midazolam (M group) or midazolam supplemented with ketamine (MK group).
  
  
  METHODS
  BIS was prospectively and blindly examined in 22 patients receiving outpatient oral surgery with conscious sedation supplemented with local anesthesia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average midazolam dose in the midazolam group over the treatment period was 0.01 mg/kg/h, and the average midazolam plus ketamine dose was 0.01 and 0.05 mg/kg/h, respectively. Mean BIS values throughout the sedation study period were 90 for the midazolam group and 94 for the midazolam plus ketamine group. The addition of ketamine did not lower BIS. BIS values did not alter significantly over time except for an expected transient drop after the midazolam bolus induction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BIS levels remained close to baseline levels, suggesting that BIS would not provided any additional benefit to currently established methods of monitoring patient consciousness during conscious sedation for oral surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, The Nippon Dental University at Niigata, Hamaura-cho, Japan. zacmorse@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Zac
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Morse
authors.forename: Motoo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaizu
authors.forename: Kimito
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sano
authors.forename: Tomio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kanri
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000556:Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000766:Anesthesia, Dental; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D003243:Consciousness / Q000187:drug effects; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D016555:Matched-Pair Analysis; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013223:Statistics as Topic
chemical_list: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D007649:Ketamine; D008874:Midazolam; D010100:Oxygen