title: Endoscopically assisted Le Fort I osteotomy to correct transverse and sagittal discrepancies of the maxilla.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this report was to show the feasibility of the combination of a minimally invasive endoscopic approach to the maxilla with transverse and sagittal distraction procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four human cadavers were used for training of a minimally invasive access to the maxilla to perform a endoscopically assisted Le Fort I osteotomy, before this technique was applied in 3 patients with transverse and sagittal growth deficits of the maxilla. Access to the maxilla was gained through a small mucosa incision in the vestibule to create a visualization port to the maxillary sinus through a bur hole. Landmarks were identified through the endoscope before a Le Fort I osteotomy was performed using chisels of different shapes and angulations. In 2 patients the maxilla was split sagittally to perform a transverse maxillary expansion; in 1 patient, a buried distractor was applied close to the piriform aperture to correct a sagittal growth deficit in a hypoplastic maxilla.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Endoscopic exposure of the maxillary sinus walls from within the sinus, the accurate identification of landmarks, and the creation of a Le Fort I osteotomy were achieved in all cases. Distractor application close to the piriform aperture rendered good stability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of these cases indicate that the endoscopic approach to the maxillary sinus allows excellent exposure of the sinus walls to perform a endscopically assisted Le Fort I osteotomy. The combination of endoscopy and osteodistraction processes supports the tendency to perform minimally invasive, less-traumatizing surgical procedures, especially in individuals who are still growing.
authors.affiliation: Received from the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany. joerg.wiltfang@mkg.med.uni-erlangen.de
authors.forename: Joerg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wiltfang
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kessler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D004724:Endoscopy; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000601:surgery; D008437:Maxilla / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000254:growth & development / Q000601:surgery*; D008443:Maxillary Sinus / Q000601:surgery*; D019857:Osteogenesis, Distraction / Q000379:methods*; D019340:Osteotomy, Le Fort / Q000379:methods*; D010155:Palatal Expansion Technique; D063173:Retrognathia / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome