Observing mother-child relationships across generations: boundary patterns, attachment, and the transmission of caregiving.
Grounded in both attachment and family systems theories, this study is one of the first to examine how relationship patterns observed in mothers' current relationships with their own mothers are recreated in their relationships with their infants. Mostly white, middle-class families (N = 55), including maternal grandmothers, mothers, and infants, were observed when infants were 6, 9, and 18 months old. At 6 months, mothers and grandmothers completed self-report assessments and worked together on discussion tasks. These interactions were coded using the Boundary Assessment Coding System, developed for the present study, which assessed three relational patterns: disengagement, balance, and entanglement. At 9 months, mothers were rated on sensitivity and intrusiveness while playing with and feeding their infants; and, at 18 months, infant-mother attachment was assessed using the Strange Situation. Multiple regression analyses revealed, as predicted, that mothers who remembered being accepted by their mothers as children and who were in highly balanced relationships with their own mothers currently were more sensitive and less intrusive with their 9-month-old infants. Further, discriminant function analyses indicated that memories of acceptance, high levels of balance, and low levels of disengagement differentiated secure from insecure attachment, whereas memories of overprotection and high levels of entanglement distinguished resistant from secure and avoidant attachment. Discussion focuses on the theoretical hypothesis that mothers internalize relationship strategies experienced with their own caregivers and recreate these patterns with their infants.
Kretchmar
Molly D
MD
Department of Human Ecology, Division of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Texas at Austin, Gearing Hall 117, Austin, TX 78712, USA. kretchmar@gonzaga.edu
Jacobvitz
Deborah B
DB
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology / Q000639:trends*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018730:Infant Behavior; D016901:Intergenerational Relations; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D009769:Object Attachment; D016487:Parenting; D010553:Personality Development; D014481:United States