title: Different risk factors for peripheral vascular calcification between diabetic and non-diabetic haemodialysis patients--importance of glycaemic control.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although derangements of calcium and phosphate control have been emphasized as important risk factors for vascular calcification in non-diabetic haemodialysis patients, similar risk factors for diabetic haemodialysis patients are not known. We compared factors affecting peripheral vascular calcification between haemodialysis patients with and without diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined 421 patients on maintenance haemodialysis. There were 89 patients with Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus (53 men and 36 women, 62+/-10 years old) and 332 patients without diabetes (192 men and 140 women, 59+/-13 years old). Hand roentgenography was carried out, and visible vascular calcification of the hand arteries was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 42 diabetic patients and 45 non-diabetic patients with vascular calcification. The prevalence of vascular calcification in diabetic patients (47.1%) was higher than in non-diabetic patients (13.6%) ( p<0.001). In multivariate logistic regression, the main factors affecting vascular calcification in non-diabetic patients were advanced age, longer duration of haemodialysis, increased phosphate concentrations, male gender, and lower predialysis diastolic pressure. In diabetic patients, predictors for vascular calcification were higher values of HbA(1C) and longer duration of haemodialysis. In diabetic patients, a 1% increase in HbA(1C) increased the risk of calcification by 2.1-fold (95% CI 1.282-3.575, p=0.0029).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have shown that poor glycaemic control, rather than calcium and phosphate concentrations, is a predictor of peripheral vascular calcification in diabetic patients on haemodialysis. This study emphasizes that glycaemic control remains critical even in diabetic patients with end-stage renal disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan. ish@med.osaka-cu.ac.jp
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ishimura
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Okuno
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kitatani
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shoji
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakatani
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inaba
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nishizawa
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010710:Phosphates / Q000097:blood; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D010710:Phosphates