title: The nucleotide-binding site of human sphingosine kinase 1.
abstract: Sphingosine kinase catalyzes the formation of sphingosine 1-phosphate, a lipid second messenger that has been implicated in a number of agonist-driven cellular responses including mitogenesis, anti-apoptosis, and expression of inflammatory molecules. Despite the importance of sphingosine kinase, very little is known regarding its structure or mechanism of catalysis. Moreover, sphingosine kinase does not contain recognizable catalytic or substrate-binding sites, based on sequence motifs found in other kinases. Here we have elucidated the nucleotide-binding site of human sphingosine kinase 1 (hSK1) through a combination of site-directed mutagenesis and affinity labeling with the ATP analogue, FSBA. We have shown that Gly(82) of hSK1 is involved in ATP binding since mutation of this residue to alanine resulted in an enzyme with an approximately 45-fold higher K(m)((ATP)). We have also shown that Lys(103) is important in catalysis since an alanine substitution of this residue ablates catalytic activity. Furthermore, we have shown that this residue is covalently modified by FSBA. Our data, combined with amino acid sequence comparison, suggest a motif of SGDGX(17-21)K is involved in nucleotide binding in the sphingosine kinases. This motif differs in primary sequence from all previously identified nucleotide-binding sites. It does, however, share some sequence and likely structural similarity with the highly conserved glycine-rich loop, which is known to be involved in anchoring and positioning the nucleotide in the catalytic site of many protein kinases.
authors.affiliation: Hanson Institute, Division of Human Immunology, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Frome Road, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia. stuart.pitson@imvs.sa.gov.asu
authors.forename: Stuart M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Pitson
authors.forename: Paul A B
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Moretti
authors.forename: Julia R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Zebol
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zareie
authors.forename: Claudia K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Derian
authors.forename: Andrew L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Darrow
authors.forename: Jenson
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: D'Andrea
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Bagley
authors.forename: Mathew A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Vadas
authors.forename: Binks W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Wattenberg
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000345:Affinity Labels / Q000494:pharmacology; D000409:Alanine / Q000737:chemistry; D020816:Amino Acid Motifs; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001386:Azides / Q000494:pharmacology; D016367:Baculoviridae / Q000378:metabolism; D001665:Binding Sites; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002147:Calmodulin / Q000378:metabolism; D002384:Catalysis; D020134:Catalytic Domain; D002460:Cell Line; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000378:metabolism; D017353:Gene Deletion; D006801:Humans; D007313:Insecta; D007700:Kinetics; D008239:Lysine / Q000737:chemistry; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D009154:Mutation; D009711:Nucleotides / Q000737:chemistry*; D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor) / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019920:Photoaffinity Labels / Q000494:pharmacology; D011485:Protein Binding; D017510:Protein Folding; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D014162:Transfection; D000099157:Sphingosine Kinase
chemical_list: D000241:Adenosine; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D000345:Affinity Labels; D000409:Alanine; D001386:Azides; D002147:Calmodulin; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D008239:Lysine; D009711:Nucleotides; D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor); D019920:Photoaffinity Labels; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D000099157:Sphingosine Kinase; C017040:8-azidoadenosine 5'-triphosphate; C010959:5'-(4-fluorosulfonylbenzoyl)adenosine