title: Risk factors for complications after performance of ERCP.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  ERCP has become widely available for the diagnosis and treatment of benign and malignant pancreaticobiliary diseases. In this prospective study, the overall complication rate and risk factors for diagnostic and therapeutic ERCP were identified.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected prospectively on patient characteristics and endoscopic techniques from 1223 ERCPs performed at a single referral center and entered into a database. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify risk factors for ERCP-associated complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 1223 ERCPs performed, 554 (45.3%) were diagnostic and 667 (54.7%) therapeutic. The overall complication rate was 11.2%. Post-ERCP pancreatitis was the most common (7.2%) and in 93% of cases was self-limiting, requiring only conservative treatment. Bleeding occurred in 10 patients (0.8%) and was related to a therapeutic procedure in all cases. Nine patients had cholangitis develop, most cases being secondary to incomplete drainage. There was one perforation (0.08%). All other complications totaled 1.5%. Variables derived from cannulation technique associated with an increased risk for post-ERCP pancreatitis were precut access papillotomy (20%), multiple cannulation attempts (14.9%), sphincterotome use to achieve cannulation (13.1%), pancreatic duct manipulation (13%), multiple pancreatic injections (12.3%), guidewire use to achieve cannulation (10.2%), and the extent of pancreatic duct opacification (10%). Patient characteristics associated with an increased risk of pancreatitis were sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (21.7%) documented by manometry, previous ERCP-related pancreatitis (19%), and recurrent pancreatitis (16.2%). Pain during the procedure was an important indicator of an increased risk of post-ERCP pancreatitis (27%). Independent risk factors for post-ERCP pancreatitis were identified as a history of recurrent pancreatitis, previous ERCP-related pancreatitis, multiple cannulation attempts, pancreatic brush cytology, and pain during the procedure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The most frequent ERCP-related complication was pancreatitis, which was mild in the majority of patients. The frequency of post-ERCP pancreatitis was similar for both diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Bleeding was rare and mostly associated with sphincterotomy. Other complications such as cholangitis and perforation were rare. Specific patient- and technique-related characteristics that can increase the risk of post-ERCP complications were identified.
authors.affiliation: Endoscopy Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, and School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Jo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vandervoort
authors.forename: Roy M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Soetikno
authors.forename: Tony C K
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Tham
authors.forename: Richard C K
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Angelo P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Montes
authors.forename: Alfred D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Roston
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Slivka
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Lichtenstein
authors.forename: Frederick W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Ruymann
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van Dam
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Carr-Locke
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001660:Biliary Tract Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000209:etiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors