title: Antimicrobial activity of methyl cis-7-oxo deisopropyldehydroabietate on Botrytis cinerea and Lophodermium seditiosum: ultrastructural observations by transmission electron microscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the antifungal activity of methyl cis-7-oxo-deisopropyldehydroabietate (MCOD) against phytopathogenic fungi, Botrytis cinerea and Lophodermium seditiousm. The effect of the compound was studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the composition of sterols on both treated and untreated cultures was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MCOD was tested at concentrations in the range 0.003-0.5% by the agar plate dilution method. The radial growth of the colonies treated with MCOD was measured against colonies from untreated cultures. The radial growth of colonies of both fungi and the spore germination of B. cinerea were partially or completely inhibited. Fragments of active growing colonies treated and untreated with MCOD were submitted to the conventional procedure for ultrastructural observation by TEM. Observations by TEM on colonies of B. cinerea and L. seditiosum under 0.1% MCOD revealed several autophagic-like vacuoles, morphological alterations on lomasome and lipid accumulations in the apical zone of hyphae of both fungi. Observations on spore germination of B. cinerea revealed the presence of strongly stained lipid accumulations retained by vacuoles at the cell periphery of young hyphae. The sterol composition of B. cinerea and L. seditiosum was determined on MCOD treated and untreated cultures by gas-chromatography/mass-spectrometry (GC-MS) with molecular ions and fragmentation patterns characteristics of ergosterol (M+396) and dihydroergosterol (M+398) in both fungi.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The morphological alterations are consistent with an unspecific mode of action of MCOD causing inhibition of normal growth or damaging the fungi cells. TEM observations suggest a mechanism of resistance based on the retention of MCOD by the lipid accumulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results obtained in the present work afforded a better understanding of the mode of action of a resin acid derivative on phytopathogenic fungi. The inhibition growth of both fungi by MCOD demonstrates the antifungal activity of this compound and the interest on further in vivo studies, in order to evaluate its potential as a benign alternative to conventional fungicides.
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Engenharia e Tecnologia Industrial, Estrada ao Paço do Lumiar, 1699-038, Lisboa, Portugal. sonia.feio@ineti.pt
authors.forename: S Savluchinske
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Feio
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Franca
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gigante
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Roseiro
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Marcelo Curto
mesh_terms: D045784:Abietanes; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D001203:Ascomycota / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D020171:Botrytis / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D004224:Diterpenes; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D025301:Hyphae / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D013261:Sterols / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D045784:Abietanes; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D004224:Diterpenes; D013261:Sterols; C470821:methyl-7-oxo deisopropyldehydroabietate