title: The effect of treadmill incline on maximal oxygen uptake, gas exchange and the metabolic response to exercise in the horse.
abstract: In healthy man, conditions that change muscle O2 delivery affect the achievable maximum rate of O2 uptake as well as the metabolic (e.g. lactate threshold, LT) and gas exchange (e.g. gas exchange threshold, Tge) responses to incremental exercise. Inclined (I) compared to level (L) running increases locomotory muscle EMG at a given speed in the horse, indicative of elevated metabolic demand. To our knowledge, the effect of treadmill incline on VO2,max, LT and Tge has not been addressed in the exercising quadruped. We used blood sampling and breath-by-breath expired gas analysis to test the hypothesis that I (10% gradient) would increase VO2,max and the rate of O2 uptake (VO2) at LT and Tge in six Thoroughbred horses during incremental running to volitional fatigue. VO2,max was significantly higher for I (I, 77.8 +/- 4.1; L, 65.5 +/- 5.3 1 min(-1); P < 0.05), but peak plasma lactate concentration was not (I, 28.0 +/- 3.7; L, 25.9 +/- 3.0 mM). Arterial Pco2 increased to 62.1 +/- 3.3 and 57.9 +/- 2.7 Torr (I vs. L; P < 0.05), yet despite this relative hypoventilation, a distinct Tge was present. This Tge occurred at a significantly different absolute (I, 49.6 +/- 3.2; L, 42.4 +/- 3.21 min(-1); P < 0.05), but nearly identical relative VO2 (I, 63.6 +/- 1.2; L, 63.9 +/- 1.6% VO2max) in I and L. Similarly, LT occurred at a significantly greater absolute VO2 (I, 37.3 +/- 2.8; L, 26.9 +/- 2.1 1 min(-1)), but a relative VO2 that was not different (I, 47.9 +/- 2.1; L, 43.9 +/- 4.5% VO2,max). In addition, Tge occurred at a significantly higher (P < or = 0.05) absolute and relative VO2 than LT for both I and L tests. In conclusion, VO2,max is higher during inclined than level running and both LT and Tge in the horse occur at a similar percentage of VO2,max irrespective of the absolute level of VO2,max. In contrast to humans, LT is a poor analogue of Tge in the horse.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506, USA. pjmcdono@vet.ksu.edu
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McDonough
authors.forename: Casey A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Kindig
authors.forename: Casey
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ramsel
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Poole
authors.forename: Howard H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Erickson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000379:methods; D006736:Horses / Q000502:physiology*; D007773:Lactates / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange / Q000502:physiology*; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation / Q000502:physiology*; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D007773:Lactates; D010100:Oxygen