title: Screening siblings for vesicoureteral reflux.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Publications on screening the siblings of patients with reflux were reviewed to determine the overall incidence and severity of reflux and renal scarring in siblings, and identify factors that predict siblings more likely to have reflux.
  
  
  METHODS
  A MEDLINE search for 1985 to the present was performed. Of 34 articles on familial reflux only 11, including 1 abstract, on sibling screening were used in this analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean incidence of reflux in siblings in all studies was 32% (570 of 1,768). Of the siblings with reflux approximately two-thirds had grades I to II disease. Only 22 of 1,051 siblings (2%) had reflux greater than grade III. Reflux was unilateral in 162 of 307 cases (53%). Certain factors predicted the chance of sibling reflux. Sibling age varied inversely with the incidence of reflux. A twin relationship and absent dysfunctional voiding symptoms in the index patient may predict a higher chance of reflux in a sibling. The mean incidence of renal abnormality in siblings with reflux was 11%. The incidence of reflux and renal abnormality in the sibling population undergoing screening was 3%. In more than half of the siblings with an abnormal renal evaluation there was no history of urinary tract infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The studies reveal an incidence of reflux in siblings greater than in the general population. These data do not prove that screening and treating asymptomatic siblings decreases infectious renal scarring. Studies in a control group that consider sibling age are still needed to determine the benefit of screening asymptomatic siblings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery (Urology), Pinnacle Health Hospitals, Camp Hill, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Jean G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Hollowell
authors.forename: Saul P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Greenfield
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D011704:Pyelonephritis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D035781:Siblings; D014567:Urography; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*