title: Differential diagnosis of Krukenberg tumors using multivariate analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Krukenberg tumors are ovarian metastases from a gastroenteric malignancy in 90% of cases. At present, diagnostic imaging techniques (US, CT, MRI) do not provide any reliable diagnostic criteria to differentiate these metastases from ovarian primaries. We tried to use multivariate analysis to distinguish malignant ovarian primaries from Krukenberg tumors based on their differential natural history.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively compared the CT findings of Krukenberg tumors (47 patients, 79 masses, only from gastroenteric malignancy) with CT findings of primary epithelial ovarian cancers (46 patients, 67 masses). We compared the same independent variables in the two groups: age, morphology, margins, carcinomatosis, bilateral versus unilateral involvement, ascites, lymph node involvement, metastases on the basis of multivariate analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  According to the best fitted model, clear-cut margins (OR: 3.75; 95% CI: 1.14-9.72) and the presence of carcinomatosis (OR: 4.21; 95% CI: 1.51-11.72) were the strongest predictors of a diagnosis of Krukenberg tumor. In contrast, the presence of ascites was more likely to be a protective factor (OR: 0.22; 95% CI: 0.08-0.62).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We can try to make a differential diagnosis between a metastatic lesion from the gastroenteric tract and a primary adnexal lesion based on the multivariate statistical analysis of intraperitoneal spread of the different types of cancer rather than on morphologic findings at CT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Pavia, IRCCS Policlinico S Matteo, Italy. lafianza.alfredo@libero.it
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: La Fianza
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Alberici
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pistorio
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Generoso
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007725:Krukenberg Tumor / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed