title: The effects of nicotine on specific eye tracking measures in schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of neuronal nicotinic receptors in the etiology and pathophysiology of schizophrenia has been suggested by postmortem findings as well as by linkage analysis implicating chromosome 15q14, the region where the alpha-7 nicotinic receptor gene is located. In addition, drug probe studies show that acute nicotine administration reverses sensory gating and eye-tracking deficits associated with the genetic liability for schizophrenia. The purpose of the current study was to examine the effects of acute administration of nicotine on specific measures of smooth pursuit eye movements and visual attention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty nine subjects with schizophrenia (15 smokers and 14 nonsmokers), and 26 healthy comparison subjects (15 smokers and 11 nonsmokers) completed testing. The effects of 1 mg of nicotine, administered by nasal spray, on smooth pursuit initiation, pursuit maintenance, and predictive pursuit were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nicotine significantly improved eye acceleration during smooth pursuit initiation in both smoker and nonsmoker patients but had no effects in healthy subjects. The fact that patient initiation eye acceleration in response to nicotine was significantly higher than in healthy subjects suggests that the lack of effect in healthy subjects was not due to ceiling effects. Nicotine significantly improved pursuit gain during maintenance at a target velocity of 18.7 deg/sec. There were no effects of nicotine on visually guided and memory saccades, or visual attention (d' from a continuous performance task).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nicotine showed differential effects in schizophrenic patients compared to healthy subjects. These effects of nicotine were unlikely the result of differences in vigilance or sustained attention, because saccadic peak velocity, a sensitive measure of vigilance, and continuous performance task measures were not affected by nicotine. These findings are not thought to be an artifact of nicotine withdrawal effects at baseline, because the abstinence period was very short, and there were similar effects of nicotine on initiation in nonsmoker patients. These findings suggest an abnormality in neuronal nicotinic system functioning in schizophrenic patients.
authors.affiliation: Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Catonsville, USA.
authors.forename: Jay D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Sherr
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: Matthew T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Avila
authors.forename: Amie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: Teresa A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Blaxton
authors.forename: Gunvant K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Thaker
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000328:Adult; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects; D011698:Pursuit, Smooth / Q000187:drug effects; D012438:Saccades / Q000187:drug effects; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012907:Smoking
chemical_list: D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D009538:Nicotine