title: Paracrine cyclooxygenase-2-mediated signalling by macrophages promotes tumorigenic progression of intestinal epithelial cells.
abstract: In human colorectal adenomas or polyps, cyclooxygenase-2 is expressed predominantly by stromal (or interstitial) macrophages. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that macrophage cyclooxygenase-2 has paracrine pro-tumorigenic activity using in vitro models of macrophage-epithelial cell interactions. We report that macrophages can promote tumorigenic progression of intestinal epithelial cells (evidenced by decreased cell-cell contact inhibition, increased proliferation and apoptosis, gain of anchorage-independent growth capability, decreased membranous E-cadherin expression, up-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 expression, down-regulation of transforming growth factor-beta type II receptor expression and resistance to the anti-proliferative activity of transforming growth factor-beta(1)) in a paracrine, cyclooxygenase-2-dependent manner. Pharmacologically relevant concentrations (1-2 microM) of a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor had no detectable, direct effect on intestinal epithelial cells but inhibited the macrophage-epithelial cell signal mediating tumorigenic progression. Cyclooxygenase-2-mediated stromal-epithelial cell signalling during the early stages of intestinal tumorigenesis provides a novel target for chemoprevention of colorectal cancer (and other gastro-intestinal epithelial malignancies, which arise on a background of chronic inflammation, such as gastric cancer) and may explain the discrepancy between the concentrations of cyclooxygenase inhibitors required to produce anti-neoplastic effects in vitro and in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Medicine Unit, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK.
authors.forename: Stanley C W
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: Keith S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Chapple
authors.forename: Gillian
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hawcroft
authors.forename: P Louise
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Coletta
authors.forename: Alexander F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Markham
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hull
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000502:physiology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D007422:Intestines / Q000166:cytology*; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism*; D008262:Macrophage Activation; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D019899:Paracrine Communication; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides
chemical_list: D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D015232:Dinoprostone; D007527:Isoenzymes; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides; C119130:4-(5-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonamide; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides