Fluid shear stress attenuates hydrogen peroxide-induced c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase activation via a glutathione reductase-mediated mechanism.
c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) is activated by a number of cellular stimuli including reactive oxygen species (ROS). Previous studies have demonstrated that fluid shear stress (flow) inhibits cytokine-induced JNK activation in endothelial cells (ECs). In the present study, we show JNK activation by ROS in ECs and hypothesized that flow inhibits ROS-induced JNK activation in ECs via modulation of cellular protection systems against ROS. JNK was activated by 300 micro mol/L hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in bovine lung microvascular ECs (BLMVECs) with a peak at 60 minutes after stimulation (6.3+/-1.2-fold increase). Preexposure of BLMVECs to physiological steady laminar flow (shear stress=12 dyne/cm2) for 10 minutes significantly decreased H2O2-induced JNK activation. Thioredoxin and glutathione are cellular antioxidants that protect cells against ROS. Flow induced a significant increase in the ratio of reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione consistent with a 1.6-fold increase in glutathione reductase (GR) activity. Preincubation of BLMVECs with the GR inhibitor, 1,3 bis-(2 chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, abolished the inhibitory effect of flow. In contrast, preincubation of BLMVECs with azelaic acid, a specific inhibitor for thioredoxin reductase, did not alter the effect of flow on H2O2-induced JNK activation. Overexpression of GR mimicked the effect of flow to inhibit JNK activation. These results suggest that flow activates GR, an important regulator of the intracellular redox state of glutathione, and exerts a protective mechanism against oxidative stress in endothelial cells.
Hojo
Yukihiro
Y
Center for Cardiovascular Research, Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
Saito
Yuji
Y
Tanimoto
Tatsuo
T
Hoefen
Ryan J
RJ
Baines
Christopher P
CP
Yamamoto
Kei
K
Haendeler
Judith
J
Asmis
Reto
R
Berk
Bradford C
BC
D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005978:Glutathione / Q000502:physiology; D005980:Glutathione Reductase / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D007700:Kinetics; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D008956:Models, Chemical; D016877:Oxidants / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013879:Thioredoxins / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection
D016877:Oxidants; D013879:Thioredoxins; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D005980:Glutathione Reductase; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D005978:Glutathione