title: Spatially restricted patterning cues provided by heparin-binding VEGF-A control blood vessel branching morphogenesis.
abstract: Branching morphogenesis in the mammalian lung and Drosophila trachea relies on the precise localization of secreted modulators of epithelial growth to select branch sites and direct branch elongation, but the intercellular signals that control blood vessel branching have not been previously identified. We found that VEGF(120/120) mouse embryos, engineered to express solely an isoform of VEGF-A that lacks heparin-binding, and therefore extracellular matrix interaction domains, exhibited a specific decrease in capillary branch formation. This defect was not caused by isoform-specific differences in stimulating endothelial cell proliferation or by impaired isoform-specific signaling through the Nrp1 receptor. Rather, changes in the extracellular localization of VEGF-A in heparin-binding mutant embryos resulted in an altered distribution of endothelial cells within the growing vasculature. Instead of being recruited into additional branches, nascent endothelial cells were preferentially integrated within existing vessels to increase lumen caliber. The disruption of the normal VEGF-A concentration gradient also impaired the directed extension of endothelial cell filopodia, suggesting that heparin-binding VEGF-A isoforms normally provide spatially restricted stimulatory cues that polarize and thereby guide sprouting endothelial cells to initiate vascular branch formation. Consistent with this idea, we found opposing defects in embryos harboring only a heparin-binding isoform of VEGF-A, including excess endothelial filopodia and abnormally thin vessel branches in ectopic sites. We conclude that differential VEGF-A isoform localization in the extracellular space provides a control point for regulating vascular branching pattern.
authors.affiliation: Endothelial Cell Biology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London WC2A 3PX, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Christiana
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ruhrberg
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gerhardt
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Golding
authors.forename: Rose
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: Sofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ioannidou
authors.forename: Hajime
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fujisawa
authors.forename: Christer
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Betsholtz
authors.forename: David T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Shima
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000502:physiology*; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006493:Heparin / Q000378:metabolism*; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009024:Morphogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000502:physiology*; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011554:Pseudopodia / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012261:Ribonucleoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D029867:Xenopus Proteins
chemical_list: D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012261:Ribonucleoproteins; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; C068598:Msi1 protein, Xenopus; D006493:Heparin; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine