title: An immunogold investigation of the distribution of calmodulin in the apex of cochlear hair cells.
abstract: Calmodulin is found in the mechanosensitive stereociliary bundle of hair cells where it plays a role in various calcium-sensitive events associated with mechanoelectrical transduction. In this study, we have investigated the ultrastructural distribution of calmodulin in the apex of guinea-pig cochlear hair cells, using post-embedding immunogold labelling, in order to determine in more detail where calmodulin-dependent processes may be occurring. Labelling was found in the cuticular plate as well as the hair bundle, the rootlets of the stereocilia being more densely labelled than the surrounding filamentous matrix. In the bundle, labelling was found almost exclusively at the periphery rather than over the centre of the actin core of the stereocilia, and was clearly associated with the attachments of the lateral links that connect them to their nearest neighbours. It was also found to be denser towards the tips of stereocilia compared to other stereociliary regions and occurred consistently at either end of the tip link that connects stereocilia of adjacent rows. The contact region between stereocilia that is found just below the tip link was also clearly labelled. These concentrations of labelling in the bundle are likely to indicate sites where calmodulin is associated with calcium/calmodulin-sensitive proteins such as the various myosin isoforms and the plasma membrane ATPase (PMCA2a) that are known to occur there, and possibly with the transduction channels themselves. At least one of the myosin isoforms, myosin 1c, is thought to be associated with slow adaptation, and PMCA2a with control of calcium levels in the bundle. The concentration of calmodulin in the contact region further supports the suggestion that this is a functionally distinct region rather than a simple geometrical association between adjacent stereocilia.
authors.affiliation: MacKay Institute of Communication and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Furness
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karkanevatos
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Hackney
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002147:Calmodulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006198:Hair Cells, Auditory / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D002147:Calmodulin