title: Efficacy and toxicity of replication-competent adenovirus-mediated double suicide gene therapy in combination with radiation therapy in an orthotopic mouse prostate cancer model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of replication-competent adenovirus-mediated double suicide gene therapy in an adjuvant setting with external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) in an experimental prostate cancer model in preparation for a Phase I clinical study in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  For efficacy studies, i.m. DU145 and intraprostatic LNCaP C4-2 tumors were established in immune-deficient mice. Tumors were injected with the lytic, replication-competent Ad5-CD/TKrep adenovirus containing a cytosine deaminase (CD)/herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-1 TK) fusion gene. Two days later, mice were administered 1 week of 5-fluorocytosine + ganciclovir (GCV) prodrug therapy and fractionated doses of EBRT (trimodal therapy). Tumor control rate of trimodal therapy was compared to that of EBRT alone. For toxicology studies, immune-competent male mice received a single intraprostatic injection (10(10) vp) of the replication-competent Ad5-CD/TKrep adenovirus. Two days later, mice were administered 4 weeks of 5-fluorocytosine + GCV prodrug therapy and 56 Gy EBRT to the pelvic region. The toxicity of trimodal therapy was assessed by histopathologic analysis of major organs and clinical chemistries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both the i.m. DU145 and intraprostatic LNCaP C4-2 tumor models, trimodal therapy significantly improved primary tumor control beyond that of EBRT alone. In the DU145 model, trimodal therapy resulted in a tumor growth delay (70 days) that was more than twice that (32 days) of EBRT alone. Whereas EBRT failed to eradicate DU145 tumors, trimodal therapy resulted in 25% tumor cure. In the LNCaP C4-2 tumor model, EBRT slowed the growth of intraprostatic tumors, but resulted in no tumor cures, and 57% of the mice developed retroperitoneal lymph node metastases at 3 months. By contrast, trimodal therapy resulted in 44% tumor cure and reduced significantly the percentage (13%) of lymph node metastases relative to EBRT alone. Overall, trimodal therapy was associated with little toxicity. A comparison of the major histopathologic findings among the treatment groups indicated that most of the locoregional (prostate, seminal vesicles, urinary bladder) pathology was attributable to the combined effects of the Ad5-CD/TKrep vector and EBRT and that the prodrugs contributed little to this effect. Importantly, trimodal therapy did not exacerbate inflammation of the rectum and intestines beyond that of EBRT alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Together, the results support the thesis that replication-competent adenovirus-mediated double suicide gene therapy may be a safe and effective adjuvant to EBRT and provide a sound scientific rationale for human trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Henry Ford Health Systems, Detroit, MI 48202, USA. sfreyta1@hfhs.org
authors.forename: Svend O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Freytag
authors.forename: Dell
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Paielli
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wing
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rogulski
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Andy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kolozsvary
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Seely
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Barton
authors.forename: Alek
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dragovic
authors.forename: Jae Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003588:Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D016513:Mice, SCID; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000628:therapy*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014779:Virus Replication