title: Daycare centers and schools as sources of exposure to mites, cockroach, and endotoxin in the city of São Paulo, Brazil.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Public places, including schools, have been identified as sources of exposure to allergens derived from mites, cockroach, cat, and dog and to endotoxin.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purposes of this study were to assess and compare exposure to allergens and endotoxin in 4 types of public child-care facilities in Brazil and to investigate whether the presence of children and the performance of cleaning procedures could have an influence on allergen and endotoxin levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have analyzed dust from bedding, floors, chairs, and tables of daycare centers (DCs), preschools, kindergartens, and elementary schools (ESs). Major allergens from mites, cockroach, cat, and dog were quantitated by means of ELISA, and endotoxin content was determined by using the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Group 1 mite allergens were greater than 2 microg/g in 67% of DC and preschool samples and in 8.9% and 2.2% of kindergarten and ES samples, respectively. The presence of bedding in DCs and preschools accounted for increased levels of mite allergens in these settings. Levels of Bla g 1 were higher in ES floors compared with those found in DC and preschool floors. Low levels (<1 microg/g) of Fel d 1 e Can f 1 were found in most samples. Levels of endotoxin in DCs and preschools were 3 times higher than in ESs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DCs and schools in Brazil should be considered as important sources of exposure to dust mites and cockroach allergens and to endotoxin. Recommendations for mite allergen avoidance should include appropriate care of bedding in DCs and preschools.
authors.affiliation: Division of Allergy, Clinical Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, CEP 14049-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vera E V
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Rullo
authors.forename: M Candida
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Rizzo
authors.forename: L Karla
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Arruda
authors.forename: Dirceu
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Solé
authors.forename: Charles K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Naspitz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000818:Animals; D001938:Brazil; D002648:Child; D002656:Child Day Care Centers; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003058:Cockroaches; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004731:Endotoxins; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008925:Mites; D012574:Schools
chemical_list: D004731:Endotoxins