title: Implementing intensive control of blood glucose concentration and blood pressure in type 2 diabetes in England: cost analysis (UKPDS 63).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the incremental cost of implementing policies for intensive control of blood glucose concentration and blood pressure for all patients with type 2 diabetes in England.
  
  
  METHODS
  Extrapolation of resource use and cost data derived from a randomised controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  General practice, outpatient care, and inpatient care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Trial population with diagnosed type 2 diabetes in England extrapolated to the population of England.
  
  
  METHODS
  Total costs based on use of healthcare resources including costs of management, treatment, and hospitalisation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incremental net annual cost of implementing intensive control of blood glucose and blood pressure to all people with diagnosed type 2 diabetes in England is estimated to be pound 100.5m ($156m; euro;159m), which is equivalent to less than 1% of the proposed additional annual expenditure on the NHS in 2001-5. This estimate varied in sensitivity analyses from pound 67m to pound 121m.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Policies to improve control of blood glucose and blood pressure of people with type 2 diabetes are effective in reducing complications associated with the disease and are also cost effective. The total cost represents a small fraction of the NHS's spending plans.
authors.affiliation: Health Economics Research Centre, Department of Public Health, University of Oxford, Institute of Health Sciences, Oxford OX3 7LF. alastair.gray@ihs.ox.ac.uk
authors.forename: Alastair
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Farmer
authors.forename: Rury
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Holman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000191:economics / Q000503:physiopathology; D005102:Health Expenditures; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose