Predicting drug-induced agranulocytosis: characterizing neutrophil-generated metabolites of a model compound, DMP 406, and assessing the relevance of an in vitro apoptosis assay for identifying drugs that may cause agranulocytosis.
DMP 406 is a clozapine analogue developed by Dupont-Pharma for the treatment of schizophrenia. Unfortunately it caused agranulocytosis in dogs during preclinical studies. Clozapine also causes agranulocytosis and this is believed to be due to a reactive nitrenium ion metabolite produced by neutrophils. We studied the oxidation of DMP 406 by activated neutrophils and found that the major reactive species that is produced is not a nitrenium ion but rather an imine. This metabolite is similar to the reactive metabolite that has been proposed to be responsible for mianserin-induced agranulocytosis. Therefore we also studied the oxidation of mianserin by activated neutrophils and found that, although the major species is an iminium ion, it also bears a lactam moiety in the piperazine ring resulting from further oxidation. We usually find that HOCl is a good model system for the production of reactive metabolites of drugs that are formed by activated neutrophils, but in the case of both DMP 406 and mianserin, the products produced were significantly different than those formed by activated neutrophils. In contrast, the combination of horseradish peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide (HRP/H(2)O(2)) formed a very similar pattern of products, and this system was used to produce sufficient quantities of metabolites to allow for identification. The reactive metabolites of both DMP 406 and mianserin reacted with a range of nucleophiles, but in many cases the reaction was reversible. The best nucleophile for trapping these reactive metabolites was cyanide. It has been demonstrated that the products of clozapine oxidation by HRP/H(2)O(2), presumably the nitrenium ion, induced apoptosis in neutrophils at therapeutic concentrations of clozapine. It has been suggested that this process is involved in the mechanism of clozapine-induced agranulocytosis. We tested DMP 406 and mianserin in this system to see if the ability of a reactive metabolite of a drug to cause apoptosis could predict the ability of that drug to cause agranulocytosis. We used clozapine as a positive control and we also tested olanzapine, a drug that forms a reactive metabolite similar to that of clozapine but is given at a lower dose and does not cause agranulocytosis. We found that DMP 406 did not increase apoptosis at concentrations below 50 microM, and although mianserin did increase apoptosis at 10 microM this is above the therapeutic concentration. Olanzapine caused an increase in apoptosis at the same concentration as clozapine (1 microM), but because its therapeutic concentration is lower, this concentration was above the pharmacological range. There was no increase in apoptosis with any drug in the absence of HRP/H(2)O(2). These results indicate that this assay is unable to reliably predict the ability of different types of drugs to cause agranulocytosis. This is not a surprising result given that different drugs may induce agranulocytosis by different mechanisms.
Iverson
S
S
Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 19 Russell Street, Toronto, Canada M5S 2S2.
Zahid
N
N
Uetrecht
J P
JP
D000380:Agranulocytosis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D003024:Clozapine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D003486:Cyanides / Q000494:pharmacology; D006735:Horseradish Peroxidase / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D006997:Hypochlorous Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008803:Mianserin / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000378:metabolism*; D009683:Nuclear Medicine; D000077152:Olanzapine; D010890:Pirenzepine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D003486:Cyanides; C118280:DMP 406; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D008803:Mianserin; D010890:Pirenzepine; D006997:Hypochlorous Acid; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D006735:Horseradish Peroxidase; D003024:Clozapine; D000077152:Olanzapine