title: Critical mechanisms of secondary damage after inflicted head injury in infants and children.
abstract: A number of critical mechanisms are involved in the pathophysiology of inflicted head injury. Excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, programmed cell death, and mediators of blood flow and metabolism all contribute to secondary injury after abusive head trauma. These mechanisms are reviewed and the implications for clinical practice discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Randall A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Ruppel
authors.forename: Robert S B
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Hülya
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bayir
authors.forename: Margaret A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Satchell
authors.forename: Patrick M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Kochanek
mesh_terms: D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant