title: Factors affecting the field performance of an attracticide against the codling moth Cydia pomonella.
abstract: Factors affecting the efficacy of an attracticide strategy for the control of the codling moth Cydia pomonella L (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) were investigated using laboratory and field experiments. The sex-pheromone-based insect-control strategy utilises 100-microliters droplets of a sticky, paste-like formulation containing 1 mg g-1 (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (codlemone) as an attractant for male moths and 40 mg g-1 cyfluthrin, a contact insecticide, applied to branches in the upper parts of the tree crown. The longevity of the treatment under field conditions was assessed in the laboratory by biological testing of variously aged samples of the attracticide formulation which had been applied to the bark of apple trees growing in commercial orchards. Electroantennogram responses of male moth antennae were used to compare codlemone release from the attracticide after different lengths of environmental exposure. Changes in insecticidal efficacy of the same samples were assessed with reference to the speed of knockdown (KT50) and the mortalities after 48 h among populations of male moths confined in cages containing samples of fresh and field-aged formulations. Gradual declines in both the amount of pheromone released and insecticidal activity were observed over the 10-week period of the experiments. Various factors associated with the behaviour of codling moths in the field which might influence the attracticide strategy were also investigated. Although the vertical position of attracticide sources within apple trees had a strong influence on their attractiveness, their horizontal position had none. Results of field trials showed that efficacy of the attracticide depends on the population density of the pest. Under the conditions of the current study a density of three or more sources per tree (= 4500 sources per ha) was required to attain satisfactory levels of codling moth control.
authors.affiliation: Bayer AG, Bayer Crop Science, Insecticides Research, Agricultural Research Centre Monheim, Building 6220, Alfred-Nobel-Strasse 50, D-40789 Monheim, Germany. PETER.LOESEL.PL@bayer-ag.de
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Lösel
authors.forename: Roel P J
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Potting
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ebbinghaus
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Scherkenbeck
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D007851:Dodecanol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D005426:Flight, Animal / Q000502:physiology; D007306:Insecticides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D027845:Malus / Q000469:parasitology; D009036:Moths / Q000187:drug effects*; D009570:Nitriles; D011157:Population Dynamics; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D012724:Sex Attractants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D009570:Nitriles; D011722:Pyrethrins; D012724:Sex Attractants; D007851:Dodecanol; C001977:8,10-dodecadien-1-ol; C052570:cyfluthrin