title: Anticholinergic suppression of fetal rabbit upper gastrointestinal motility.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  At birth the newborn digestive tract must assume the responsibility of assimilating nutrients for survival. Immature gastrointestinal motility in the neonate may result in impaired feeding and nutrition. Newborn gastrointestinal motility development requires the expression and functional maturation of gastrointestinal receptors. To explore the timing of fetal responses to gastrointestinal cholinergic motility agents, we assessed the effect of the anticholinergic agent atropine in the late-gestation rabbit fetus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven pregnant New Zealand White rabbits were studied at day 30 of their normal 31-day gestation. In each litter, two fetuses were selected as study (n = 14) and two as control (n = 14). Under ultrasound guidance, a spinal needle was percutaneously inserted through the maternal uterus into the fetal stomach and 0.5 ml of gastric content was aspirated. Fluorescein, labelled with colored microspheres, and either atropine (0.04 microg/g fetal body weight) or normal saline were injected in a total volume of 0.5 ml. Two hours after injection, fetuses were delivered, the small intestine harvested, and the total small intestinal length and the distance the gastrointestinal fluorescein travelled were measured by ultraviolet light optical density. The fluorescein travelled distance and the per cent motility, defined as the length of fluorescein travelled divided by the total length of the small intestine, were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All fetuses survived the intragastric injection. Mean fetal body weight at delivery was 44.2 +/- 6.7 and 46.8 +/- 7.2 g in atropine and control fetuses, respectively. The fluorescein travelled distance (15.4 +/- 4.2 vs. 19.0 +/- 4.3 cm;. p < 0.01) and per cent motility (51.0 +/- 8.9 vs. 63.8 +/- 11.7%; p < 0.01) of atropine-treated fetuses were significantly lower than those of control fetuses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fetal upper gastrointestinal motility is suppressed in response to intragastric atropine. These results indicate that fetal gastrointestinal cholinergic receptors are expressed and functional in the term (0.97 gestation) rabbit fetus. In utero administration of cholinergic agonists/antagonists may potentially modulate fetal gastrointestinal motility and absorption of amniotic fluid water and solutes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90509-2910, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Acosta
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Oyachi
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Buchmiller-Crair
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Atkinson
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Ross
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001285:Atropine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000494:pharmacology; D004064:Digestive System / Q000196:embryology*; D005260:Female; D020567:Fetal Weight / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D019793:Fluorescein / Q000494:pharmacology; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D007267:Injections; D008863:Microspheres; D010276:Parasympatholytics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011817:Rabbits; D011950:Receptors, Cholinergic / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D010276:Parasympatholytics; D011950:Receptors, Cholinergic; D001285:Atropine; D019793:Fluorescein