title: Cutaneous analgesia, hemodynamic and respiratory effects, and beta-endorphin concentration in spinal fluid and plasma of horses after acupuncture and electroacupuncture.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine cutaneous analgesia, hemodynamic and respiratory effects, and beta-endorphin concentration in spinal fluid and plasma of horses after acupuncture and electroacupuncture (EA).
  
  
  METHODS
  8 healthy 10- to 20-year-old mares that weighed between 470 and 600 kg.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each horse received 2 hours of acupuncture and 2 hours of PAES at acupoints Bladder 18, 23, 25, and 28 on both sides of the vertebral column as well as sham needle placement (control treatment). Each treatment was administered in a random order. At least 7 days elapsed between treatments. Nociceptive cutaneous pain threshold was measured by use of skin twitch reflex latency (STRL) and avoidance to radiant heat (< or = 50 degrees C) in the lumbar area. Skin temperature, cardiovascular and respiratory variables, and beta-endorphin concentration in spinal fluid (CSF-EN) and plasma (plasma-EN) were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Acupuncture and PAES significantly increased STRL and skin temperature. The CSF-EN was significantly increased from baseline values 30 to 120 minutes after onset of PAES, but it did not change after acupuncture and control treatments. Heart and respiratory rates, rectal temperature, arterial blood pressure, Hct, total solids and bicarbonate concentrations, base excess, plasma-EN, and results of blood gas analyses were not significantly different from baseline values after acupuncture, PAES, and control treatments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Administration of PAES was more effective than acupuncture for activating the spinal cord to release beta-endorphins into the CSF of horses. Acupuncture and PAES provided cutaneous analgesia in horses without adverse cardiovascular and respiratory effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA.
authors.forename: Roman T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Skarda
authors.forename: Gopi A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Tejwani
authors.forename: William W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Muir
mesh_terms: D015667:Acupuncture Analgesia / Q000662:veterinary*; D000818:Animals; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001831:Body Temperature; D015671:Electroacupuncture / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006736:Horses / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000502:physiology*; D012143:Respiratory Physiological Phenomena; D013997:Time Factors; D001615:beta-Endorphin / Q000097:blood* / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*
chemical_list: D001615:beta-Endorphin