title: Glutamine synthetase enhances the clearance of extracellular glutamate by the neural retina.
abstract: Clearance of synaptic glutamate by glial cells is required for the normal function of excitatory synapses and for prevention of neurotoxicity. Although the regulatory role of glial glutamate transporters in glutamate clearance is well established, little is known about the influence of glial glutamate metabolism on this process. This study examines whether glutamine synthetase (GS), a glial-specific enzyme that amidates glutamate to glutamine, affects the uptake of glutamate. Retinal explants were incubated in the presence of [(14)C]glutamate and glutamate uptake was assessed by measurement of the amount of radioactively labeled molecules within the cells and the amount of [(14)C]glutamine released to the medium. An increase in GS expression in Müller glial cells, caused by induction of the endogenous gene, did not affect the amount of glutamate accumulated within the cells, but led to a dramatic increase in the amount of glutamine released. This increase, which was directly correlated with the level of GS expression, was dependent on the presence of external sodium ions, and could be completely abolished by methionine sulfoximine, a specific inhibitor of GS activity. Our results demonstrate that GS activity significantly influences the uptake of glutamate by the neural retina and suggest that this enzyme may represent an important target for neuroprotective strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Iftach
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Shaked
authors.forename: Iris
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ben-Dror
authors.forename: Lily
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vardimon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002642:Chick Embryo; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000502:physiology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism*; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008717:Methionine Sulfoximine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000145:classification / Q000201:enzymology; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism*; D012160:Retina / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism*; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008717:Methionine Sulfoximine; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D012964:Sodium; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase