[The implantation window].
BACKGROUND
Embryo implantation is a complex event involving apposition followed by adhesion of the blastocyst to the maternal endometrium, and finally invasion of this endometrium. Though implantation could occur in any human tissue, the endometrium is the only tissue where embryo implantation cannot occur except during a restricted period called the implantation window. During this window, the endometrium is highly receptive to the embryo.


METHODS
and methods. We reviewed the literature concerning the different factors involved in improved endometrial receptivity and implantation.


RESULTS
Maternal - embryo crosstalk is favored by the implantation window. Endometrial receptivity results from the acquisition of ligands or receptors facilitating apposition, then adhesion of the embryo, or from the loss of components preventing it. The molecular basis of the implantation window remains to be defined.


CONCLUSIONS
Despite progress in assisted reproduction technologies, the lack of control of implantation remains a major obstacle to successful pregnancy. It is of prime importance to determine the characteristic features of a receptive endometrium and, among the many markers proposed by in vitro studies, to analyze in humans those demonstrated by knock-out experiments to play a crucial role in mice.
Perrier D'hauterive
S
S
Centre d'Immunologie, Université de Liège, Institut de Pathologie CHU B-23, 4000 Liège-Sart Tilman, Belgique. sperrier@ulg.ac.be
Charlet-Renard
C
C
Goffin
F
F
Foidart
M
M
Geenen
V
V
D000818:Animals; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000502:physiology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000502:physiology; D010064:Embryo Implantation / Q000502:physiology*; D004717:Endometrium / Q000502:physiology; D004967:Estrogens / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D020738:Leptin / Q000502:physiology; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D023421:Models, Animal; D010920:Placenta / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000502:physiology; D011374:Progesterone / Q000502:physiology; D012099:Reproductive Techniques; D013997:Time Factors
D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D016207:Cytokines; D004967:Estrogens; D006133:Growth Substances; D020738:Leptin; D011374:Progesterone