title: Tangeretin induces cell-cycle G1 arrest through inhibiting cyclin-dependent kinases 2 and 4 activities as well as elevating Cdk inhibitors p21 and p27 in human colorectal carcinoma cells.
abstract: Tangeretin (5,6,7,8,4'-pentamethoxyflavone) is concentrated in the peel of citrus fruits. DNA flow cytometric analysis indicated that tangeretin blocked cell cycle progression at G1 phase in colorectal carcinoma COLO 205 cells. Over a 24 h exposure to tangeretin, the degree of phosphorylation of Rb was decreased after 12 h and G1 arrest developed. The protein expression of cyclins A, D1, and E reduced slightly under the same conditions. Immunocomplex kinase experiments showed that tangeretin inhibited the activities of cyclin-dependent kinases 2 (Cdk2) and 4 (Cdk4) in a dose-dependent manner in the cell-free system. As the cells were exposed to tangeretin (50 microM) over 48 h a gradual loss of both Cdk2 and 4 kinase activities occurred. Tangeretin also increased the content of the Cdk inhibitor p21 protein and this effect correlated with the elevation in p53 levels. In addition, tangeretin also increased the level of the Cdk inhibitor p27 protein within 18 h. These results suggest that tangeretin either exerts its growth-inhibitory effects through modulation of the activities of several key G1 regulatory proteins, such as Cdk2 and Cdk4, or mediates the increase of Cdk inhibitors p21 and p27.
authors.affiliation: Institutes of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Min-Hsiung
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Wei-Jen
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Shoei-Yn
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Lin-Shiau
authors.forename: Chi-Tang
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Jen-Kun
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D042846:CDC2-CDC28 Kinases; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D047309:Flavones; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016193:G1 Phase / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D010766:Phosphorylation; D008517:Phytotherapy; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013997:Time Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D047309:Flavones; D005419:Flavonoids; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein; C087628:TCEAL1 protein, human; D014157:Transcription Factors; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D042846:CDC2-CDC28 Kinases; C495894:CDK2 protein, human; C495900:CDK4 protein, human; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases; C059006:tangeretin