title: The prevalence of anemia in chronic heart failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess prevalence of anemia and its correlation with NYHA-class in patients with congestive heart failure.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Recently, it was reported that anemia in congestive heart failure patients is common and correlated with the severity of disease. In these patients with anemia, treatment with erythropoietin and intravenous iron improved cardiac function significantly.
  
  
  METHODS
  193 patients from a tertiary heart failure outpatient clinic (mean age 54 years) were included in a retrospective analysis. Fourteen patients were in NYHA-class I, 69 class II, 79 class III, and 31 class IV. All patients had clinical and laboratory evaluation, echocardiography and coronary angiography. Patients with secondary anemia or on hemodialysis were excluded. Etiology of heart failure was ischemic in 41%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anemia (hemoglobin<120 g/l) was present in 28 of 193 patients (15%). There was an inverse relationship between NYHA-class and left ventricular ejection fraction (NYHA-class I 45%, class II 32%, class III 25%, class IV 25%). Serum creatinine increased with NYHA-class. Hemoglobin levels were similar in all four NYHA-classes but there were significantly more patients with anemia in NYHA-class III and IV (19%) compared with class I and II (8%, P<0.05). Hemoglobin was similar in surviving patients (mean 140 g/l) and those who died or were transplanted (mean 136 g/l, ns).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of anemia in our heart failure service is 15% (compared with 56% in the literature) and is correlated to NYHA-class.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology, Swiss Cardiovascular Center Bern, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Hildegard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tanner
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Moschovitis
authors.forename: Gabriela M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Kuster
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hullin
authors.forename: Dorothy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pfiiffner
authors.forename: Otto M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Hess
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mohacsi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000740:Anemia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013318:Stroke Volume; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left