title: The effect of repeated torque on the ultimate tensile strength of slotted gold prosthetic screws.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Repeated torque may alter the mechanical properties and fracture resistance of certain prosthetic retaining screws.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the effect of repeated torque and salivary contamination on the ultimate tensile strength of one type of slotted gold prosthetic retaining screw.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-five slotted gold prosthetic screws from the same manufacturer (Implant Innovations) were divided randomly into 9 groups of 5 screws each, with group 0X being an unused control. Groups 1XL, 5XL, 10XL, and 20XL were lubricated with human saliva, tightened to 10 Ncm, and removed 1, 5, 10, and 20 times, respectively. This procedure was performed in an unused stack of implant components consisting of an implant, an abutment cylinder and screw, and a gold cylinder. Groups 1XN, 5XN, 10XN, and 20XN were not lubricated. A custom load cell, load frame, and strain gauge torque wrench with associated electronics were used to apply torque; ultimate tensile strength was measured on a universal testing machine. Fracture load values were analyzed against torque cycles with 1-way analysis of variance and a Tukey test (P<.05). Differences between the 2 conditions (lubricated and nonlubricated) were characterized with Student's t test (P<.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean fracture load values ranged from 97.6 +/- 2.2 kg (group 0X) to 102.0 +/- 2.1 kg (group 5XN). Analysis of variance and Tukey's test revealed no significant differences between the lubricated and nonlubricated conditions for all groups and no significant reduction of tensile strength. For 2 of the nonlubricated groups, 5XN and 20XN, a significant increase in fracture load values was recorded (P=.02 and P=.03, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the limitations of this study, the results suggest that the slotted gold prosthetic screw tested can be tightened and removed up to 20 times without any effect on its ultimate tensile strength. The use of human saliva as a lubricant during torquing also had no apparent effect on ultimate tensile strength.
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry and College of Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53201-6516, USA.
authors.forename: Mohammed A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Al Rafee
authors.forename: William W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Nagy
authors.forename: Raymond A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Fournelle
authors.forename: Virendra B
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: Dhuru
authors.forename: George K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Tzenakis
authors.forename: Charles E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Pechous
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000044:Dental Abutments; D015921:Dental Implants; D017268:Dental Prosthesis Retention / Q000295:instrumentation*; D019232:Dental Restoration Failure; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D006047:Gold Alloys; D006801:Humans; D008153:Lubrication; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011897:Random Allocation; D012463:Saliva; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013718:Tensile Strength; D019415:Torque
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants; D006047:Gold Alloys