title: Methods to reduce social desirability bias in sex surveys in low-development settings: experience in Zimbabwe.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Social desirability bias hampers measurement of risk behavior for acquiring STDs and evaluation of control interventions. More confidential data collection methods reduce this bias in Western countries but generally require technology not available in less developed settings. GOAL The goal of this report was to describe and evaluate an informal, confidential, low-technology method-Informal Confidential Voting Interviews (ICVIs)-for collecting sexual behavior data in less developed settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reports of multiple sex partners by sexually active, basic-literate, population-based survey participants in rural Zimbabwe randomly assigned to ICVIs and face-to-face interviews (FTFIs) were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-two percent of respondents (n = 7,823) were sufficiently literate for ICVIs. Error rates were low but higher than in FTFIs. More male and female ICVI respondents interviewed reported multiple current sex partners (OR = 1.33 and 5.24, respectively) and multiple partners in the past month (OR = 1.71 and 2.92) and the past year (OR = 1.35 and 1.97).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ICVI method appears to reduce bias but requires further evaluation to assess viability and effect in alternative settings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom. sajgregson@aol.com
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gregson
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhuwau
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ndlovu
authors.forename: Constance A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Nyamukapa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003219:Confidentiality; D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods*; D003906:Developing Countries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011287:Prejudice; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012747:Sexual Partners; D012928:Social Desirability; D015030:Zimbabwe / Q000453:epidemiology