title: Halofuginone inhibition of COL1A2 promoter activity via a c-Jun-dependent mechanism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The naturally occurring compound halofuginone has been shown to antagonize collagen synthesis by fibroblasts both in vitro and in vivo. We previously demonstrated that this inhibitory property was related to the ability of halofuginone to disrupt transforming growth factor beta signal transduction. The present study further analyzed the ability of halofuginone to affect transcription factors that can regulate type I collagen gene expression by examining its effect on c-Jun, the negative regulator of collagen gene transcription.
  
  
  METHODS
  The phosphorylation state of c-Jun in the presence of halofuginone was examined via direct Western blotting, and the transcriptional activity of the activator protein 1 (AP-1) binding element via electrophoretic mobility shift assay and luciferase reporter assay. We determined whether the effect of halofuginone on collagen synthesis was dependent on the presence of c-Jun by ectopic expression of a wild-type or dominant-negative c-Jun construct in the presence of halofuginone and assaying alpha2(I) collagen promoter strength via luciferase reporter assay. The effect of halofuginone on alpha2(I) collagen message levels in fibroblasts when wild-type or dominant-negative c-Jun was overexpressed was determined. We also determined whether halofuginone had an effect on the phosphorylation state of c-Jun in the skin of TSK/+ mice via immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment of fibroblasts with 10(-8)M halofuginone enhanced basal and mitogen-mediated phosphorylation of c-Jun in culture. This elevated phosphorylation of c-Jun correlated with enhanced DNA binding and transcriptional activation of an AP-1 complex consisting of c-Jun and Fos but lacking the c-Jun antagonist JunB. Overexpression of c-Jun enhanced in a dose-dependent manner the ability of halofuginone to inhibit the activity of a luciferase reporter construct under control of the -3200-bp to +54-bp COL1A2 promoter, whereas the expression of a dominant-negative c-Jun construct abolished this effect. Northern blotting showed that overexpression of c-Jun enhanced the ability of halofuginone to reduce collagen alpha2(I) messenger RNA levels in fibroblasts, whereas expression of the dominant-negative c-Jun abolished this effect. Topical administration of a halofuginone-containing cream for 20 days to TSK mice, which spontaneously develop dermal fibrosis, greatly increased the phosphorylated form of c-Jun in the skin; this was followed by a decrease in skin thickness and type I collagen messenger RNA expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings illustrate the powerful down-regulatory property of c-Jun toward type I collagen and establish that halofuginone exerts its effect on collagen synthesis in a c-Jun-dependent manner.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
authors.forename: Tracy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: McGaha
authors.forename: Takao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kodera
authors.forename: Harry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Spiera
authors.forename: Alexandru C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Stan
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pines
authors.forename: Constantin A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Bona
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003094:Collagen / Q000235:genetics*; D024042:Collagen Type I; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D008934:Mitogens / Q000494:pharmacology; D010766:Phosphorylation; D010880:Piperidines; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects*; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000235:genetics; D016755:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun / Q000378:metabolism*; D011799:Quinazolines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D052999:Quinazolinones; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D012595:Scleroderma, Systemic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1
chemical_list: D024042:Collagen Type I; D008934:Mitogens; D010880:Piperidines; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; D016755:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun; D011799:Quinazolines; D052999:Quinazolinones; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C508961:Tgfb1 protein, mouse; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D003094:Collagen; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; C080813:emt protein-tyrosine kinase; C010176:halofuginone