title: Pagetoid variant of actinic keratosis with or without squamous cell carcinoma of sun-exposed skin: a lesion simulating extramammary Paget's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Extramammary Paget's disease usually occurs in anogenital skin. We present five cases of squamous cell carcinoma in situ of sun-exposed skin and non-squamous cell carcinoma in situ actinic keratosis that displayed atypical keratinocytes disposed in intraepithelial cell nests and immunohistochemical staining simulating extramammary Paget's disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two pilot cases--one squamous cell carcinoma in situ and one non-squamous cell carcinoma in situ actinic keratosis with formation of intra-epidermal nests of atypical keratinocytes with a pagetoid spread pattern--were encountered at our institution. Fifty-four consecutive cases of squamous cell carcinoma in situ including bowenoid actinic keratosis and 34 cases of non-squamous cell carcinoma in situ actinic keratosis were reviewed to identify pagetoid spread of atypical cells. Representative sections of all cases with pagetoid spread of atypical keratinocytes were submitted for special stains for mucin, and immunostaining for cytokeratin 7 (CK7), cytokeratin 20 (CK20), cytokeratin CAM 5.2 (CAM 5.2), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), vimentin and S100 protein. In the group of squamous cell carcinoma in situ, 10 cases displayed pagetoid spread of atypical keratinocytes with cytoplasm ranging from clear to pale and atypical hyperchromatic nuclei. One review squamous cell carcinoma in situ was multicentric with three separate lesions. The atypical keratinocytes tended to form well to poorly defined cell groups extending from the basal cell layer to the corneal layer. No similar cases were identified in the group of non-squamous cell carcinoma in situ actinic keratosis. Two pilot cases and three of 10 review cases with a total of seven separate lesions displayed a moderate to marked immunohistochemical reactivity for CK7 similar to extramammary Paget's disease. CEA immunoreactivity was also detected in two of these cases. In addition, two of 44 squamous cell carcinomas in situ without pagetoid spread of atypical keratinocytes showed a moderate reactivity for CK7 in very occasional atypical keratinocytes. The remaining seven squamous cell carcinomas in situ with pagetoid spread of atypical keratinocytes were not immunoreactive for CEA and CK7. Immunostaining for CK20, vimentin, S100 protein was negative in all atypical cells in all study cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Actinic keratosis, particularly squamous cell carcinoma in situ of sun-exposed skin, may have histopathological and immunohistochemical features similar to extramammary Paget's disease and probably represents a variant of actinic keratosis. Awareness of the pagetoid variant of actinic keratosis arising in sun-exposed skin is helpful to avoid the over-diagnosis of extramammary Paget's disease.
authors.affiliation: Division of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Civic Campus, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. ktmai@ottowahospital.on.ca
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Mai
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Alhalouly
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Landry
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Stinson
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Perkins
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Yazdi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007642:Keratosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010145:Paget Disease, Extramammary / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D010787:Photosensitivity Disorders / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor