Work stress and risk of cardiovascular mortality: prospective cohort study of industrial employees.
OBJECTIVE
To examine the association between work stress, according to the job strain model and the effort-reward imbalance model, and the risk of death from cardiovascular disease.


METHODS
Prospective cohort study. Baseline examination in 1973 determined cases of cardiovascular disease, behavioural and biological risks, and stressful characteristics of work. Biological risks were measured at 5 year and 10 year follow up.


METHODS
Staff of a company in the metal industry in Finland.


METHODS
812 employees (545 men, 267 women) who were free from cardiovascular diseases at baseline.


METHODS
Cardiovascular mortality 1973-2001 from the national mortality register.


RESULTS
Mean length of follow up was 25.6 years. After adjustment for age and sex, employees with high job strain, a combination of high demands at work and low job control, had a 2.2-fold (95% confidence interval 1.2 to 4.2) cardiovascular mortality risk compared with their colleagues with low job strain. The corresponding risk ratio for employees with effort-reward imbalance (low salary, lack of social approval, and few career opportunities relative to efforts required at work) was 2.4 (1.3 to 4.4). These ratios remained significant after additional adjustment for occupational group and biological and behavioural risks at baseline. High job strain was associated with increased serum total cholesterol at the 5 year follow up. Effort-reward imbalance predicted increased body mass index at the 10 year follow up.


CONCLUSIONS
High job strain and effort-reward imbalance seem to increase the risk of cardiovascular mortality. The evidence from industrial employees suggests that attention should be paid to the prevention of work stress.
Kivimäki
Mika
M
Department of Psychology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 13, FIN-00014, Finland. mika.kivimaki@occuphealth.fi
Leino-Arjas
Päivi
P
Luukkonen
Ritva
R
Riihimäki
Hilkka
H
Vahtera
Jussi
J
Kirjonen
Juhani
J
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000401:mortality*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000401:mortality*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires