title: Role of submandibular salivary glands in LPS-induced lung inflammation in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Literature data suggest that rodent salivary glands can exert a neuroimmunomodulatory influence on distant inflammatory events. The release of regulatory factors by salivary glands appears to be influenced by time-dependent factors. In this paper we examined this possibility directly by studying the role of submandibular salivary glands in the temporal profile of lypopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung inflammation in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  The submandibular glands were removed (SMGx) or not (sham) and, 4 days later, the animals received an intravenous LPS injection (Salmonella abortus equi, 1 mg/kg). Cells in peripheral blood and in bronchoalveolar and bone marrow lavages were quantified after 90 min, 1, 3 and 5 days. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) activity and corticosterone concentrations in serum were also determined. Baseline values were determined in a group of naïve rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One day after the LPS injection, neutrophil counts in lungs and blood in both animal groups were elevated, but the SMGx rats presented a significantly lower response in comparison to the sham-operated controls. Five days after LPS treatment, however, SMGx rats had higher neutrophil counts in the lungs than did sham animals, but numbers of blood neutrophils were equal. Ninety minutes after LPS injection, a peak of serum TNF activity was detected in both groups compared with naïve levels. At this time point, TNF activity was about 135% higher in the serum of the SMGx group than in controls. Corticosterone levels of sham-operated controls rose only on the 5th day after LPS, whereas SMGx rats had significant peaks of corticosterone both on the 1st and the 5th day, but not on the 3rd day.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicate that submandibular glands have a dual effect on inflammatory pulmonary response by differentially modulating the profile of lung neutrophil influx.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana  Maria
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fialho de Araújo
authors.forename: Ricardo M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Oliveira-Filho
authors.forename: Aryene G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Trezena
authors.forename: Primavera
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Borelli
authors.forename: Ronald  D
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mathison
authors.forename: Wothan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tavares de Lima
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000276:immunology; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000097:blood; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008297:Male; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000276:immunology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013363:Submandibular Gland / Q000276:immunology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D003345:Corticosterone