title: Anti-typhoid agglutinins in school aged African children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine baseline antibody responses to H and O antigens of Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi (A, B and C) in school aged Nigerian children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study involving 175 children. Using both rapid slide and tube agglutination techniques in dilutions of sera (1:20 to 1:320), agglutination reactions with various antigens were determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community based study involving primary school pupils in Benin City.
  
  
  METHODS
  Apparently healthy school children (5-16 years) selected systematically, using multistage sampling technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No subject demonstrated agglutination to any of antigens at 1:320 dilution. Two (1.1%), 26 (14.9%), 85 (33.1%) and 51 (29.1%) pupils respectively had reactions to either antigens of Salmonella typhi at dilutions of 1:160, 1:80, 1:40 and 1:20. At 1:40 dilution 1 (0.6%) and 3 (2.3%) each had reactions to HB, OB and HC respectively. Sixteen per cent had reactions at higher dilutions of > or = 1:80 and this occurred more significantly in older children (chi2(y) = 15.50; p < 0.001), those with low maternal socio-economic status (chi2(y) = 22.06, p < 0.001), those from poor apartments (chi2 = 4.49; p < 0.05) and those who used predominantly none pipe-borne water (chi2 = 5.40; p < 0.02). Against OD and HD, about 50.0% seroconverted at 1:40 dilution with antibodies against H being more prevalent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interpretation of single widal reaction in endemic areas must take into cognisance age, clinical and socio-cultural characteristics of the child.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Health, University of Benin/Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria.
authors.forename: M O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Ibadin
authors.forename: A O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Ogbimi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000373:Agglutinins / Q000032:analysis*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009549:Nigeria; D012482:Salmonella paratyphi A / Q000276:immunology*; D012485:Salmonella typhi / Q000276:immunology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013334:Students / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014435:Typhoid Fever / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000373:Agglutinins