title: Ximelagatran versus warfarin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after total knee arthroplasty. A randomized, double-blind trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Warfarin is used for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty. However, it is associated with rates of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) of approximately 38% to 55% and requires routine coagulation monitoring and frequent dose adjustment. Ximelagatran, an oral direct thrombin inhibitor, has shown promising efficacy and tolerability in patients undergoing total hip or knee arthroplasty.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the efficacy and safety of ximelagatran and warfarin for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism after total knee arthroplasty.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, double-blind, parallel-group trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  74 North American hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  680 patients who had undergone total knee arthroplasty.
  
  
  METHODS
  7 to 12 days of treatment with oral ximelagatran, 24 mg twice daily, starting on the morning after surgery, or warfarin (target international normalized ratio, 2.5 [range, 1.8 to 3.0]), starting on the evening of the day of surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Principal end points were asymptomatic DVT on mandatory venography; symptomatic DVT confirmed by ultrasonography or venography; symptomatic, objectively proven pulmonary embolism; and bleeding. All were assessed by blinded adjudication locally and at a central study laboratory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On central adjudication, incidence of venous thromboembolism was 19.2% (53 of 276 patients) in the ximelagatran group and 25.7% (67 of 261 patients) in the warfarin group (difference, -6.5 percentage points [95% CI, -13.5 to 0.6 percentage points]; P = 0.070). On local assessment, incidence was 25.4% in the ximelagatran group and 33.5% in the warfarin group (P = 0.043). In the ximelagatran and warfarin groups, respectively, major bleeding occurred in 1.7% and 0.9% of patients and minor bleeding occurred in 7.8% and 6.4% of patients. No variables related to bleeding differed significantly between the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism, fixed-dose ximelagatran started the morning after total knee arthroplasty is well tolerated and at least as effective as warfarin, but it does not require coagulation monitoring or dose adjustment.
authors.affiliation: University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA. charles_francis@urmc.rochester.edu
authors.forename: Charles W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.forename: Bruce L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: Scott D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Berkowitz
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Lotke
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Ginsberg
authors.forename: Jay R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lieberman
authors.forename: Anne K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Webster
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Whipple
authors.forename: Gary R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Clifford W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Colwell
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000368:Aged; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019645:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001384:Azetidines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001596:Benzylamines; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010690:Phlebography; D013917:Thrombin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014859:Warfarin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D001384:Azetidines; D001596:Benzylamines; C426686:ximelagatran; D014859:Warfarin; D013917:Thrombin