Epizootiology of sixty-four amphibian morbidity and mortality events in the USA, 1996-2001.
A total of 44 amphibian mortality events and 20 morbidity events were reviewed retrospectively. The most common cause of amphibian mortality events was infection by ranaviruses (Family: Iridoviridae). Ranavirus epizootics have abrupt onset and affect late-stage larvae and recent metamorphs. Mortality events due to ranavirus infections affected only widespread and abundant amphibian species, and there was a clear association with high population densities. Chytrid fungal infections accounted for seven mortality events in postmetamorphic anurans only. Chytrid epizootics are insidious and easily overlooked in the field. While both ranavirus and chytrid fungal epizootics were associated with > 90% mortality rates at affected sites, only the chytrid fungal infections were linked to multiple amphibian population declines. Three primitive fungal organisms in the newly erected clade, Mesomycetozoa, caused morbidities and mortalities in anurans and salamanders.
Green
D Earl
DE
United States Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin 53711 USA.
Converse
Kathryn A
KA
Schrader
Audra K
AK
D000663:Amphibians; D000818:Animals; D002423:Cause of Death; D008411:Chytridiomycota; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000662:veterinary; D004266:DNA Virus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000662:veterinary*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000662:veterinary; D009017:Morbidity; D009181:Mycoses / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000662:veterinary*; D011157:Population Dynamics; D017995:Ranavirus; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States