title: Classifying diabetes according to the new WHO clinical stages.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the usefulness of the new WHO criteria for clinical staging of diabetes in the characterization of 1977 diabetic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The following clinical stages were used: patients on diet and/or oral antidiabetic agents 2 years after diagnosis were considered as non-insulin requiring (NIR; n = 711) and patients who required insulin therapy after 1 year as insulin requiring for control (IRC; n = 543). Patients who because of deteriorating hyperglycemia within 1 year required insulin therapy were considered as insulin requiring for survival (IRS; n = 743).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The NIR patients had the highest age at onset (52 +/- 12 years; mean +/- SD), BMI (29.3 +/- 5.2 kg/m2) and C-peptide concentrations (median 0.98 nmol/l; interquartile range 0.72-1.31 nmol/l) but the lowest frequency of GAD antibodies (5.5%) compared to the IRC and IRS groups. The IRC group had a high age at onset (49 +/- 13 years), BMI (28.0 +/- 4.8 kg/m2), frequency of GAD antibodies (16.8%), intermediate C-peptide concentrations (0.56 nmol/l, interquartile range 0.28 +/- 0.94), and the highest prevalence of nephropathy (31.5%) and neuropathy (68.1%). The IRS group had the lowest age at onset (23 +/- 15 years), BMI (24.2 +/- 3.4 kg/m2), C-peptide concentrations (0.05 nmol/l, interquartile range below detection limit 0.01) and highest frequency of GAD antibodies (44.5%). Retinopathy was more common in IRS than in IRC patients (62.1 vs. 43.9%;p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new WHO criteria seem to discriminate three distinct subgroups and thus provide a useful tool for clinical staging. The IRC patients seem to have a more severe disease than the IRS patients, which has not been clearly acknowledged in the etiological classification. However, because of the cross-sectional nature of these data, they need to be confirmed in a prospective study with defined cut-off limits for when insulin should be initiated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital MAS, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lindholm
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Agardh
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tuomi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Groop
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Agardh
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000145:classification* / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000145:classification* / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase / Q000276:immunology; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013548:Sweden; D014944:World Health Organization
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D015415:Biomarkers; D002096:C-Peptide; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin