title: Cocoa procyanidins are stable during gastric transit in humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Polyphenolic procyanidins are abundant flavonoid polymers in Western diets. In vitro biological activity has been reported for these compounds, but activity in vivo depends on the amount and chemical nature of the flavonoids reaching the gastrointestinal tract. Degradation of procyanidins under simulated gastric conditions at pH 2.0 has been reported in vitro.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to examine whether depolymerization of procyanidins occurs in the stomach of human subjects in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  After an overnight fast, 6 healthy subjects (3 men and 3 women) consumed 500 mL of a cocoa beverage containing 733 mg procyanidin polymers and 351 mg structurally related flavanol monomers. With the use of a nasogastric tube, stomach contents were collected every 10 min after beverage ingestion until the stomach was emptied. Flavanols and procyanidins (up to pentamers) were quantified by normal and reversed-phase HPLC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all subjects, gastric transit lasted approximately 50-60 min. No change in the HPLC profile of procyanidins was observed during this period, showing that procyanidins were remarkably stable in the stomach environment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that most ingested procyanidins reach the small intestine intact and are available for absorption or metabolism.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Laurent Y
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Rios
authors.forename: Richard N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: Sheryl A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Lazarus
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rémésy
authors.forename: Augustin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scalbert
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Williamson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044946:Biflavonoids; D002099:Cacao / Q000737:chemistry*; D002392:Catechin / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D004355:Drug Stability; D005260:Female; D005766:Gastrointestinal Contents / Q000737:chemistry*; D005772:Gastrointestinal Transit / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008297:Male; D044945:Proanthocyanidins
chemical_list: D044946:Biflavonoids; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; C017674:procyanidin; D002392:Catechin