title: Characterization of isolated acidocalcisomes from Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites reveals a novel pool of hydrolyzable polyphosphate.
abstract: Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites were fractionated by modification of an iodixanol density gradient method previously used for acidocalcisome isolation from Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes. Fractions were characterized using electron microscopy, x-ray microanalysis, and enzymatic markers, and it was demonstrated that the heaviest (pellet) fraction contains electron-dense vacuoles rich in phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium, as found before for acidocalcisomes. Staining with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) indicated that poly- phosphate (polyP) was preferentially localized in this fraction together with pyrophosphate (PP(i)). Using an enzyme-based method, millimolar levels (in terms of P(i) residues) of polyP chains of less than 50 residues long and micromolar levels in polyP chains of about 700-800 residues long were found to be preferentially localized in this fraction. The fraction also contained the pyrophosphatase and polyphosphatase activities characteristic of acidocalcisomes. Western blot analysis using antibodies against proteins from micronemes, dense granules, rhoptries, and plasma membrane showed that the acidocalcisomal fraction was not contaminated by these other organelles. T. gondii polyP levels rapidly decreased upon exposure of the parasites to a calcium ionophore (ionomycin), to an inhibitor of the V-H(+)-ATPase (bafilomycin A(1)), or to the alkalinizing agent NH(4)Cl. These changes were in parallel to an increase in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration, suggesting a close association between polyP hydrolysis and Ca(2+) release from the acidocalcisome. These results provide a useful method for the isolation and characterization of acidocalcisomes, showing that they are distinct from other previously recognized organelles present in T. gondii, and provide evidence for the role of polyP metabolism in response to cellular stress.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 61802, USA.
authors.forename: Claudia O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.forename: Felix A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Ruiz
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rohloff
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Silvia N J
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Moreno
mesh_terms: D017766:Acid Anhydride Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D006868:Hydrolysis; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D011122:Polyphosphates / Q000378:metabolism*; D014122:Toxoplasma / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D011122:Polyphosphates; D017766:Acid Anhydride Hydrolases; C022563:endopolyphosphatase