title: Potential therapeutic uses of interleukin 1 receptor antagonists in human diseases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review publications relating to the blocking of interleukin 1 (IL1) as a strategy for treating human disease, ranging from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) to Alzheimer's disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  The National Library of Medicine's PubMed database was searched for articles about pharmaceutical agents that reduce the biological actions of IL1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fish oils and corticosteroids were identified as non-selective pharmacological interventions that reduce the activity of IL1, whereas a recombinant human IL1 receptor antagonist (anakinra) and a soluble recombinant type I IL1 receptor act selectively. To date, anakinra is the only selective intervention that has been shown in controlled clinical trials to be effective and well tolerated in the treatment of a specific human disorder, RA. In controlled clinical trials, anakinra provided significant clinical improvement and slowed radiographic disease progression in patients with active RA. Moreover, addition of anakinra to existing methotrexate treatment significantly reduced signs and symptoms of active disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clinical use of anakinra has been demonstrated in the management of RA, but blocking of IL1 in other human disorders, as well as the safety of the use of these blocking agents in chronic diseases, still needs to be defined by controlled clinical investigations.
authors.affiliation: Cedars-Sinai Medical Center/UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Hallegua
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Weisman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000502:physiology*; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; C507763:IL1RN protein, human; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; D007375:Interleukin-1; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins