title: Management of acute rejection of kidney allograft.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the management of acute rejection (AR) after kidney transplantation and investigate the factors influencing the clinical outcome of the patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study was conducted in 86 cases of AR developed after primary kidney transplantation in the light of therapeutic measures, clinical outcome and prognosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among these patients, 81 survived AR after treatment. In patients with pulse treatment with methylprednisolone (MP), 48 out of 68 managed to survive the crises, while in those who received ATG as the first line drug therapy 10 out of 11 patients survived and in other cases, 6 out of 7 did due to first-line OKT3 administration. All the 20 patients who did not respond to MP received ATG or OKT3 instead, with 14 recovered. Of the 8 patients who failed to be cured by the management above, 6 with previous CSA treatment took FK506 and 3 were consequently cured. Five patients lost the allografts because of uncontrollable infection, allograft rupture or thrombosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MP therapy is still the most commonly used primary treatment for acute rejection episodes. Increase of SCr by more than 10% on days 2 and 3 of MP therapy indicates poor prognosis. ATG or OKT3 can be effective against acute rejection not only as first-line but also as second-line drug. In condition of steroid-resistant rejection when ATG and OKT3 fail to manage, a change to baseline immunosuppression may be considered as the replacement of CSA with FK506.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kidney Transplantation, Nanfang Hospital, First Military Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
authors.forename: Li-Xin
authors.initials: LX
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Ying-Bin
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008775:Methylprednisolone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016853:Muromonab-CD3 / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D016853:Muromonab-CD3; D008775:Methylprednisolone