title: Opioids versus antidepressants in postherpetic neuralgia: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) provide less than satisfactory pain relief for postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), and the role of opioids is controversial.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the analgesic and cognitive effects of opioids with those of TCA and placebo in the treatment of PHN.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-six patients with PHN were randomized in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Each subject was scheduled to undergo three treatment periods (opioid, TCA, and placebo), approximately 8 weeks' duration each. Doses were titrated to maximal relief or intolerable side effects. The primary outcome measures were pain intensity (0 to 10 scale), pain relief (0 to 100%), and cognitive function. Analyses included patients who provided any pain ratings after having received at least a single dose of a study medication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty patients completed two periods, and 44 patients completed all three. Mean daily maintenance doses were morphine 91 mg or methadone 15 mg and nortriptyline 89 mg or desipramine 63 mg. Opioids and TCA reduced pain (1.9 and 1.4) more than placebo (0.2; p < 0.001), with no appreciable effect on any cognitive measure. The trend favoring opioids over TCA fell short of significance (p = 0.06), and reduction in pain with opioids did not correlate with that following TCA. Treatment with opioids and TCA resulted in greater pain relief (38 and 32%) compared with placebo (11%; p < 0.001). More patients completing all three treatments preferred opioids (54%) than TCA (30%; p = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Opioids effectively treat PHN without impairing cognition. Opioids and TCA act via independent mechanisms and with varied individual effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. sraja@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Raja
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Haythornthwaite
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pappagallo
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Travison
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sabeen
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Royall
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Max
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006562:Herpes Zoster / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012044:Regression Analysis
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000928:Antidepressive Agents