title: Three-dimensional navigator for retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy using multidetector row computerized tomography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the efficacy of a 3-dimensional (D) navigator for retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 21 patients with malignant localized renal (16) or ureteral (5) neoplasms underwent multi-detector row computerized tomography. The 3-D navigator was created using volume rendering technique. These findings were compared with videos obtained during laparoscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 3-D navigator depicted all renal arteries (100% sensitivity) and 24 of the 25 renal veins (96% sensitivity). Hilar anatomy, including the tumor, major vessels and adrenal gland, and their relationships were visualized as in laparoscopic views.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 3-D navigator has a potentially important role in retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy. It is able to guide surgeons and aid in avoiding operative risks and possible complications.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Intelligence and Informatics, Department of Radiology, Programs for Applied Biomedicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Hiroshima University, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazushi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Marukawa
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Horiguchi
authors.forename: Masanobu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shigeta
authors.forename: Takahisa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakamoto
authors.forename: Tsuguru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Usui
authors.forename: Katsuhide
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ito
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000792:Angiography / Q000295:instrumentation; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation*; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012187:Retroperitoneal Space; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000295:instrumentation*