title: Longitudinal investigation of energy expenditure in infants with cystic fibrosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine when energy expenditure becomes elevated in infants with cystic fibrosis (CF).
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal studies of total energy expenditure (TEE) using doubly labeled water were conducted in infants identified with CF by newborn screening through the first year of life.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospital and community based studies in Denver, Colorado, USA and Cambridge, UK.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight of the 12 infants enrolled had begun enzyme therapy but were clinically asymptomatic. Four of the 12 infants were heterozygous for the delta F508 mutation, however no difference was seen in TEE from the remaining homozygous infants. TEE was compared to control cohorts at 2, 6 and 12 months of age. There was no difference from the control groups in TEE/kg fat free mass (FFM)/day at 2 months. However, by 6 months of age TEE/kg FFM/day in infants with CF exceeded that of age-matched controls by 25% (P<0.001). This elevation in TEE continued at 12 months of age exceeding that of controls by 30% (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that infants with CF have increased energy needs by 6 months of age and that early diagnosis alone does not prevent the development of increased caloric requirements. These findings emphasize the need for close nutritional monitoring to prevent suboptimal growth during infancy in this population.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This research was supported by grant number 5 MO1 RR00069, General Clinical Research Centers Program, National Center for Research Resources, NIH.
authors.affiliation: Children's Nutrition Research Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Queensland, Royal Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia. ps.davies@mailbox.uq.edu.au
authors.forename: P S W
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Erskine
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Hambidge
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Accurso
mesh_terms: D000886:Anthropometry; D001834:Body Water / Q000378:metabolism; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007201:Indicator Dilution Techniques; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D015997:Neonatal Screening