title: Effects of electroporation on primary rat hepatocytes in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of electroporation on primary rat hepatocyte and to optimize the electroporation conditions introducing foreign genes into primary hepatocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A single-pulse procedure was performed at low voltage (220-400 V) but with high capacitance (500-950 microF). Hepatocytes were divided into 4 groups according to the electroporation conditions: group I, 220 V and 500 microF; group II, 220 V and 950 microF; group III, 400 V and 950 microF,and group IV. The control group was freshly isolated hepatocytes and directly cultured under the same conditions as those of electroporation groups. The effects of electroporation on primary rat hepatocytes were detected by trypan blue exclusion (TBE) and MTT analysis. Besides, albumin (Alb), alanine transaminase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the supernatants of cultured hepatocytes were measured by biochemical assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between day 1 and day 15 after incubation, primary rat hepatocytes of each electroporation group appeared normal, being the same with those of control group. TBE staining showed that slight hepatocyte damage and high survival rate were found in the electroporation groups and the control group. Cultured for 3, 7, 11 and 15 days, hepatocyte viability was approximately 92.6+/-2.5 %, 89.5+/-3.3 %, 82.0+/-3.5 % and 74.3+/-1.2 %, respectively. MTT analysis indicated that the viabilities of hepatocytes had no significant difference between each electroporation group, and those were similar to that of control group. At the 36th hour after electroporation, Alb, ALT and LDH in the supernatants of control group were 5.3+/-0.1 g x L(-1), 183.7+/-8.4 nkat x L(-1) and 896.8+/-58.5 nkat x L(-1); those of group II were 5.7+/-0.1 g x L(-1), 215.4+/-16.7 nkat x L(-1) and 1063.8+/-51.8 nkat x L(-1); and those of group III were 5.8+/-0.2 g x L(-1), 217.1+/-8.4 nkat x L(-1) and 1063.8+/-10.0 nkat x L(-1). Statistically, the proteins of group II and group III were significantly higher than those of control group (P<0.05), whereas the protein production of group I, Alb, ALT and LDH were 5.3+/-0.2 g x L(-1), 205.4+/-3.3 nkat x L(-1) and 1035.4+/-116.9 nkat x L(-1), were similar to those of control group. At the same time, TBE and MTT analysis indicated that there was no significant cell viability difference between electroporation groups and control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This single-pulse electroporation procedure performed at low voltage (220-400 V) but with high capacitance (950 microF) is one of the optimal choices to introduce foreign genes into primary rat hepatocyte.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases of the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing University of Medical Sciences, Chongqing 400016, China. sigyaoyq@public.cta.cq.cn
authors.forename: Yun-Qing
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Ding-Feng
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ai-Long
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Da-Zhi
authors.initials: DZ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Wei-Ping
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: Shu-Hua
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Guo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival; D018274:Electroporation / Q000379:methods*; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar