Hyperaldosteronism: the internist's hypertensive disease.
Primary aldosteronism (PA) is a disorder typically characterized by resistant hypertension, hypokalemia, alkalosis and suppressed plasma renin activity, and excessive aldosterone production. A true estimate of the prevalence of the disorder is difficult to estimate because its detection is dependent on the awareness of the healthcare provider to the disorder, but it has generally been felt to be a rare occurrence. Its frequency of detection began to change when Hiramatsu suggested calculating the ratio of plasma aldosterone/plasma renin activity as a screening tool for the disorder. He found a ratio greater than 75 as a sensitive indicator for aldosterone-producing adenomas. Using the ratio, several investigators have found prevalence ranging from 3 to 9%. Two major classifications of PA exist: aldosterone-producing adrenal adenoma (APA) and zona glomerulosa hyperplasia (IHA). Distinguishing between these 2 entities is important clinically, because removal of a unilateral aldosterone-producing adenoma may result in correction of elevated blood pressure and hypokalemia. Thus, when evaluating hypertensive patients, PA should be suspected in those with moderate to severe hypertension or with hypertension refractory to standard treatment or in hypertensive patients with disease onset at an early age. The aldosterone-to-renin ratio is an easy, inexpensive, and rapid means of screening for the disorder. The ratio is the screening test of choice, but further confirmatory testing is required to clinch the diagnosis. Frequently employed confirmatory tests include urinary aldosterone excretion on a high-salt diet, aldosterone suppression after a saline infusion, and the fludrocortisone suppression test, which is considered the most sensitive confirmatory maneuver. Both high-resolution CT and MRI scans appear to have similar ability to differentiate between APA and IHA. As with essential hypertension, the goal of treatment is to prevent the long-term sequela of hypertension. The underlying pathology resulting in PA dictates the treatment strategy. The drug of choice is spironolactone. Surgical intervention should be entertained in those patients with PA in whom imaging studies suggest an adenoma.
Brown
C Andrew
CA
Department of Medicine, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson 39216-4505, USA. abrown@medicine.umsmed.edu
Bouldin
Marshall J
MJ
Blackston
Joseph W
JW
Duddleston
David N
DN
Shepherd
Jinna M
JM
Hicks
Gilliam S
GS
D000236:Adenoma / Q000175:diagnosis; D000310:Adrenal Gland Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D006929:Hyperaldosteronism / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006965:Hyperplasia; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D007008:Hypokalemia / Q000175:diagnosis