title: Changes in postural mechanics associated with different types of minimally invasive surgical training exercises.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Doctors who perform minimally invasive surgery commonly report upper extremity fatigue or joint and muscle pain. The goal of this study was to investigate the changes in postural parameters associated with different laparoscopic training tasks and graspers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three different training tasks (targeted object release, rope passing, and cable tying) were performed with three types of laparoscopic graspers. Joint angles were determined using video analysis, and centers of pressure (COP) were measured with force platforms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cable tying proved to be the most challenging training task and involved greater joint angle excursions and COP excursions and velocities. Grasper 2 reduced shoulder and wrist flexion-extension over the selected tasks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Training tasks should be designed to simulate surgical procedures because different tasks require distinct combinations of joint rotations. Joint rotations and postural balance should be considered when an optimal grasper is selected for a particular training task.
authors.affiliation: Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose Street, Room MN-258, Lexington, KY 40506-0070, USA.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Gillette
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Quick
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Adrales
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D018771:Arthralgia / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007596:Joints / Q000503:physiopathology; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D018908:Muscle Weakness / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis