title: Self-reported organic and nonorganic sleep problems in schoolchildren aged 11 to 15 years in Vienna.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the prevalence of self-reported sleep problems, to examine associations among demographic characteristics, familial factors, and sleep problems, and to investigate the association between the symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and nonorganic sleep disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  An anonymous questionnaire with 22 questions was designed. 332 schoolchildren (aged 11-15 years, mean age 12 years and 9 months; median, 12 years; 56% female, 44% male) from two high schools in Vienna were investigated with regard to self-reported symptoms characteristic for obstructive sleep apnea and for parasomnia/insomnia. Data were analyzed by definition of three groups (problem, occasional problem, and nonproblem sleepers, and by calculation of an insomnia/parasomnia sum score). Statistical analysis included nonparametric tests (Mann Whitney-U and Kruskal), Pearson correlation test, and multiple regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve percent reported at least one sleep problem every night, 76% reported occasional sleep problems, and 12% had no sleep problems. Girls were affected more frequently than boys (p <.01). Children with sleep problems suffered more often from concentration difficulties (p <.05), daytime fatigue (p <.001), and daytime naps (p <.05). Children who snored had nightmares (10% vs. 2%, p <.01), night terrors (4% vs. 1.5%, p <.001), sleepwalking (1.4% vs. 1%, p <.05), and nocturnal awakening (16% vs. 5%, p <.01) more frequently. On multiple regression analysis, 23% of the variability of a defined parasomnia/insomnia sum score had the characteristic OSA symptoms of nocturnal sweating, dryness of the mouth, snoring, hyperactivity, and daytime fatigue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  12% of schoolchildren aged 11-15 years reported sleep problems almost every night. The children suffer from daytime fatigue, naps, and concentration difficulties. Nearly one-fourth of the symptoms of parasomnia/insomnia were associated with characteristic signs of OSA, suggesting the importance of a routine clinical investigation in children with so-called nonorganic sleep disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology and Intensive Care, Vienna University Hospital, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. osman.ipsiroglu@akh-wien.ac.at
authors.forename: Osman S
authors.initials: OS
authors.lastname: Ipsiroglu
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fatemi
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.forename: Ekkehart
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Paditz
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schwarz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001317:Austria / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012650:Self Disclosure; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires