title: Bacterial redox protein azurin, tumor suppressor protein p53, and regression of cancer.
abstract: The use of live bacteria in the treatment of cancer has a long and interesting history. We report the use of a purified bacterial redox protein, azurin, that enters human cancer (melanoma UISO-Mel-2) cells and induces apoptosis. The induction of apoptosis occurs readily in melanoma cells harboring a functional tumor suppressor protein p53, but much less efficiently in p53-null mutant melanoma (UISO-Mel-6) cells. A redox-negative mutant form of azurin (M44K/M64E) demonstrates much less cytotoxicity to the UISO-Mel-2 cells than the wild-type protein. Azurin has been shown to be internalized in UISO-Mel-2 cells and is localized predominantly in the cytosol and in the nuclear fraction. In the p53-null UISO-Mel-6 cells, azurin is localized only in the cytosol. Thus, intracellular trafficking of azurin to the nucleus is p53-dependent. Azurin forms a complex with p53, thereby stabilizing it and raising its intracellular level in cytosolic, mitochondrial, and nuclear fractions. Corresponding to an increasing level of p53, an inducer of apoptosis, the level of Bax also increases in mitochondria, allowing significant release of mitochondrial cytochrome c into the cytosol, thus initiating the onset of apoptosis. The M44K/M64E mutant form of azurin, deficient in cytotoxicity, is also deficient in forming a complex with p53 and is less efficient in stabilizing p53 than wild-type azurin. Azurin has been shown to allow regression of human UISO-Mel-2 tumors xenotransplanted in nude mice and may potentially be used in cancer treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, and Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois, 835 South Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Tohru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Masatoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.forename: Vasu
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Punj
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Zaborina
authors.forename: Mei Ling
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Kazuhide
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kimbara
authors.forename: Dibyen
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Majumdar
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.forename: Tapas K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Das Gupta
authors.forename: Ananda M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Chakrabarty
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017209:Apoptosis; D001400:Azurin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D002458:Cell Fractionation; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D003574:Cytochrome c Group / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008545:Melanoma; D008546:Melanoma, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C494826:BAX protein, human; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; C494827:Bax protein, mouse; D003574:Cytochrome c Group; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D001400:Azurin; C017167:cytochrome C(551)