title: Prenatal evaluation of facial clefts with two-dimensional and adjunctive three-dimensional ultrasonography: a prospective trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to compare the prenatal diagnostic capabilities of two-dimensional ultrasonography versus adjunctive three-dimensional ultrasonography for fetal cleft lip and palate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fetuses that were suspected of a facial cleft were then examined sequentially with two-dimensional ultrasonography then with a targeted scan of the fetal face with three-dimensional ultrasonography. The images were coded as cleft, no cleft, or equivocal for lip and palate. Postnatal outcome follow-up was obtained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-three of 57 fetuses had outcome results available. The diagnostic accuracy (true positive + true negative) of adjunct three-dimensional ultrasonography versus two-dimensional ultrasonography alone were improved for cleft lip (100% [53/53 fetuses] vs 91% [48/53 fetuses], P <.05) and cleft palate (89% [47/53 fetuses] vs 57% [30/53 fetuses], P <.05)
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is significant improvement in diagnostic accuracy with two-dimensional ultrasonography with adjunctive three-dimensional ultrasonography compared with two-dimensional ultrasonography alone for the prenatal evaluation of facial clefts.
authors.affiliation: Division of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Ramen
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chmait
authors.forename: Dolores
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pretorius
authors.forename: Marilyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hull
authors.forename: Gina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000196:embryology*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000196:embryology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000592:standards*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000592:standards*