title: Exercise is superior to pacing for T wave alternans measurement in subjects with chronic coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  T wave alternans (TWA) is a heart rate-dependent marker of vulnerability to ventricular arrhythmias. Atrial pacing and exercise both are used as provocative stimuli to elicit TWA. However, the prognostic value of the two testing methods has not been compared. The aim of this prospective study was to compare the prognostic value of TWA measured during bicycle exercise and atrial pacing in a large cohort of high-risk patients with ischemic heart disease and left ventricular dysfunction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This was a prospective study of 251 patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction who were referred for electrophysiologic studies (EPS) for standard clinical indications. Patients underwent TWA testing using bicycle ergometry (exercise TWA, n = 144) and/or atrial pacing (pacing TWA, n = 178). The primary endpoint was the combined incidence of death, sustained ventricular arrhythmias, and appropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy. The predictive value of exercise and pacing TWA for EPS results and for endpoint events was determined. Exercise and pacing TWA both were significant predictors of EPS results (odds ratios 3.0 and 2.9 respectively, P < 0.02). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of the primary endpoint revealed that exercise TWA was a significant predictor of events (hazard ratio 2.2, P = 0.03). In contrast, pacing TWA had no prognostic value for endpoint events (hazard ratio 1.1, P = 0.8).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TWA should be measured during exercise when it is used for clinical risk stratification. EPS results may not be an adequate surrogate for spontaneous events when evaluating new risk stratification tests.
authors.affiliation: erashba@medicine.umaryland.edu
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Rashba
authors.forename: Ahmed F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Osman
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: MacMurdy
authors.forename: Malcolm M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Kirk
authors.forename: Samantha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sarang
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Shorofsky
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Gold
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004562:Electrocardiography; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac; D023381:Endpoint Determination; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008133:Long QT Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008396:Maryland / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*