title: Epidemiology and toxicity of pediatric guanfacine exposures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the epidemiology and toxicity of guanfacine exposures in children and adolescents reported to poison control centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Guanfacine exposures reported to the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System from 1993 to 1999 in children and adolescents <19 years of age were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 870 cases that met the inclusion criteria: 478 (54.9%) were children <6 years old, 304 (34.9%) were 6-12 years old, and 88 (10.1%) were adolescents 13-18 years old. The number of cases increased eight-fold over the 7-year period, with the largest increase in children <13 years of age. Analysis showed 29.7% of exposures were managed on site (non-healthcare facility) and 68.3% were managed in a healthcare facility. There were no symptoms in 546 (62.8%) children. In 324 symptomatic children, the most common symptoms were drowsiness/lethargy (76.8%), bradycardia (30.0%), and hypotension (25.8%). The majority of cases were acute (77.5%), 182 (20.9%) were acute-on-chronic, and 14 (1.6%) were chronic. Children aged 6-12 years represented the majority of the acute-on-chronic and chronic exposures with (n = 118). Overall, there were 195 (22.4%) exposures coded as minor, 121 (13.9%) as moderate, and 8 (0.9%) as major effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrated a trend of increasing numbers of guanfacine exposures annually. Although the majority of children experienced minimal or no toxicity, serious toxicity can occur.
authors.affiliation: Maryland Poison Center, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, USA. mcgrathj@acp.edu
authors.forename: Jean C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: McGrath
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Klein-Schwartz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D016316:Guanfacine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011039:Poison Control Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D016316:Guanfacine