title: Relationship between levels of indinavir in hair and virologic response to highly active antiretroviral therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Suboptimal levels of antiretroviral drugs result in virologic failure in HIV-infected patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the relationship between levels of indinavir in hair and virologic outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  7 AIDS clinics in France.
  
  
  METHODS
  89 HIV-infected patients who received HAART that included indinavir.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were classified as responders or nonresponders on the basis of viremia at the time of hair collection. In nonresponders, levels of indinavir in hair and resistance mutations in the protease gene were assessed at baseline and at the time of indinavir measurement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean indinavir levels (+/-SD) were significantly higher in the 65 responders than in the 24 nonresponders (24.4 +/- 16 microg/g vs. 12.9 +/- 8.6 microg/g) (P < 0.001). Nonresponders with intermediate levels of indinavir in hair had more mutations in the protease gene than did nonresponders with low levels of indinavir in hair.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Indinavir levels in hair are associated with virologic outcome in patients receiving HAART.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospital and Laboratoire de Virologie, Rue Micheli-du-Crest, CH 1211 Geneva, Switzerland. louis.bernard@hcuge.ch
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vuagnat
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Peytavin
authors.forename: Marie-Charlotte
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Hallouin
authors.forename: Damien
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bouhour
authors.forename: Thu Huyen
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Jean Louis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Vildé
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bricaire
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Raguin
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: de Truchis
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ghez
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Duong
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Perronne
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology*; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000032:analysis* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D019469:Indinavir / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods*; D010349:Patient Compliance; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D012372:ROC Curve; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D012367:RNA, Viral; D019469:Indinavir