title: The sensitivity to honey of Gram-positive cocci of clinical significance isolated from wounds.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the sensitivity to honey of Gram-positive cocci of clinical significance in wounds and demonstrate that inhibition is not exclusively due to osmotic effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and seven strains of vancomycin-sensitive enterococci were isolated from infected wounds and 20 strains of vancomycin-resistant enterococci were isolated from hospital environmental surfaces. Using an agar incorporation technique to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), their sensitivity to two natural honeys of median levels of antibacterial activity was established and compared with an artificial honey solution. For all of the strains tested, the MIC values against manuka and pasture honey were below 10% (v/v), but concentrations of artificial honey at least three times higher were required to achieve equivalent inhibition in vitro. Comparison of the MIC values of antibiotic-sensitive strains with their respective antibiotic-resistant strains demonstrated no marked differences in their susceptibilities to honey.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The inhibition of bacteria by honey is not exclusively due to osmolarity. For the Gram-positive cocci tested, antibiotic-sensitive and -resistant strains showed similar sensitivity to honey.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A possible role for honey in the treatment of wounds colonized by antibiotic-resistant bacteria is indicated.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Wales Institute Cardiff, Llandaff Campus, Cardiff, Wales. rcooper@uwic.ac.uk
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Molan
authors.forename: K G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Harding
mesh_terms: D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D016983:Enterococcus / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D006722:Honey; D006801:Humans; D016106:Methicillin Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods; D009995:Osmosis; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D020713:Vancomycin Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D014946:Wound Infection / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000628:therapy