title: Dietary exposure and urinary excretion of total N-nitroso compounds, nitrosamino acids and volatile nitrosamine in inhabitants of high- and low-risk areas for esophageal cancer in southern China.
abstract: We assessed the exposure of total N-nitroso compounds (TNOCs) in the inhabitants of high- and low-risk areas for esophageal cancer in southern China. Samples of 24 hr diet and 12 hr overnight urine were collected from 120 male adults in each of the 2 areas, a high-risk area (Nan'ao County) and a low-risk area (Lufeng County) for esophageal cancer. Annual standardized mortality rates of esophageal cancer in Nan'ao and Lufeng are 110/10(6) and 10/10(6) respectively. The 240 healthy male subjects (35-64 years old) were selected by a 3-stage random cluster sample procedure. Levels of TNOCs, NAAs and volatile nitrosamines in the samples were measured. The TNOC detection rate (95%) in the diet, the TNOC daily intake (4.25 +/- 0.84 micromol), TNOC excretion levels (0.04 +/- 0.01 nmol/12 hr) and daily intake of volatile nitrosamines (5.84 +/- 0.71 micromol) in the high-risk area were significantly greater than values in the low-risk area (A +/- B = mean +/- SE). The TNOC detection rate in the diet, the TNOC daily intake, TNOC excretion levels and daily intake of volatile nitrosamines in the low-risk area were 70%, 0.25 +/- 0.06 micromol, 0.02 +/- 0.01 nmol/12 hr and 3.18 +/- 0.31 micromol, respectively. NAA excretion levels showed no difference between the 2 areas (16.3 +/- 7.18 micromol/12 hr for Nan'ao and 31.2 +/- 26.4 micromol/12 hr for Lufeng). Thus, TNOCs are implicated in the etiology of esophageal cancer in southern China.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hygiene, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, 515031 Shantou, People's Republic of China. Klin@mailserv.stu.edu.cn
authors.forename: Kun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Wenying
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Zhongying
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Yongning
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Shihhsin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000652:urine; D002681:China; D004032:Diet; D004052:Diethylnitrosamine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000652:urine; D004128:Dimethylnitrosamine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000652:urine; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D007295:Inositol Phosphates / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009242:N-Nitrosopyrrolidine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D009602:Nitrosamines / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000652:urine*; D009603:Nitroso Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000652:urine; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000652:urine; D053778:Thiazolidines
chemical_list: D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D007295:Inositol Phosphates; C041920:N-nitroso-2-methylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid; D009602:Nitrosamines; D009603:Nitroso Compounds; D013844:Thiazoles; D053778:Thiazolidines; C008651:4-nitrosodimethylaniline; C074663:4-nitrophenyl myo-inositol-1-phosphate; C013161:N-nitroso(di-n-propyl)amine; D004052:Diethylnitrosamine; C002743:N-nitrosopiperidine; C040387:N-nitrosothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid; C014707:nitrosobenzylmethylamine; C010259:nitrosoproline; C013162:N-nitrososarcosine; D004128:Dimethylnitrosamine; D009242:N-Nitrosopyrrolidine