title: Expression of intracellular Th1 and Th2 cytokines in women with recurrent spontaneous abortion, implantation failures after IVF/ET or normal pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to investigate absolute counts of intracellular T helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 cytokine expressing T-cell subpopulations in women with three or more recurrent spontaneous abortions (RSA), multiple implantation failures after in-vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF/ET) (three or more) or during normal pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Absolute cell counts and percentages of CD3+, CD3+/CD4+, and CD3+/CD8+ T-cell populations expressing intracellular cytokines [interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10] was studied by four-color flow cytometry in 15 RSA and 13 implantation failure patients. Eighteen fertile non-pregnant and 47 normal pregnant women were also compared with regard to intracellular cytokine expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Interleukin-10 producing CD3+/CD8+ T-cell counts were significantly lower in women with RSA (P < 0.05) and implantation failures (P < 0.05), and TNF-alpha producing CD3+/CD4+ T-cell counts were higher in women with RSA (P < 0.05) and implantation failures (P < 0.005) than those of non-pregnant fertile controls. During normal pregnancies, first trimester IL-4 expressing CD3+, CD3+/CD4+ T-cell counts (P < 0.05) and IFN-gamma expressing CD3+ T-cell counts (P < 0.05) were significantly higher than those of third trimester (P < 0.05). First trimester TNF-alpha expressing CD3+/CD8+ T-cell counts were significantly higher than those of second and third trimester women (P < 0.05). However, there are no differences in cytokine expression between non-pregnant and first trimester pregnant women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Absolute counts of IFN-gamma, IL-4, and TNF-alpha expressing T cells decrease with the progress of gestation (third trimester) during normal pregnancies. In women with implantation failures, absolute cell counts of TNF-alpha expressing CD3+/ 4- cells reflects the presence of dominant Th1 immune response. A significantly increased Th1 cytokine expression may be the underlying immune etiology for reproductive failures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Finch University of Health Sciences/The Chicago Medical School, IL 60064, USA.
authors.forename: Siu Chui
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gilman-Sachs
authors.forename: Poonam
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thaker
authors.forename: Kenneth D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Beaman
authors.forename: Alan E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Beer
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kwak-Kim
mesh_terms: D000026:Abortion, Habitual / Q000276:immunology*; D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000276:immunology*; D000328:Adult; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D010064:Embryo Implantation; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000276:immunology*; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines