title: An internal dose model for interspecies extrapolation of immediate incapacitation risk from inhalation of fire gases.
abstract: A quantitative mathematical model assesses incapacitation risk in humans from toxic gas inhalation. A body-mass-normalized internal dose for each gas is calculated from an inhalation equation in which ventilation is a function of species, activity, and the gases inhaled. Uptake in the dead space considers U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) gas categories. The probability of incapacitation is a function of normalized internal dose and follows a cumulative distribution curve whose parameters are found from small-animal incapacitation data. No internal interaction of gases is modeled, and probabilities are combined independently. The model compares favorably with combined gas and large-animal incapacitation data.
authors.affiliation: Simulation, Engineering, and Testing Group, Jaycor, Inc., San Diego, California, USA. jstuhmiller@jaycor.com
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Stuhmiller
authors.forename: Louise M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Stuhmiller
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005390:Fires; D005740:Gases / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D009068:Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D011041:Poisoning / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D005740:Gases; D012906:Smoke