title: Higher myocardial strain rates during isovolumic relaxation phase than during ejection characterize acutely ischemic myocardium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to define an index that can differentiate normal from ischemic myocardial segments that exhibit postsystolic shortening (PSS).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Identification of ischemia based on the reduction of regional systolic function is sometimes challenging because other factors such as normal nonuniformity in contraction between segments, tethering effect, pharmacologic agents, or alterations in loading conditions can also cause reduction in regional systolic deformation. The PSS (contraction after the end of systole) is a sensitive marker of ischemia; however, inconsistent patterns have also been observed in presumed normal myocardium.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight open-chest pigs underwent echocardiographic study before and during acute myocardial ischemia induced by coronary artery occlusion. Ultrasound-derived myocardial longitudinal strain rates were calculated during systole (S(SR)), isovolumic relaxation (IVR(SR)), and rapid filling (E(SR)) phases in both ischemic and normal myocardium. Systolic strain (epsilon(sys)) and postsystolic strain (epsilon(ps)) were calculated by integrating systolic and postsystolic strain rates, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During ischemia, S(SR), E(SR), and epsilon(sys) in ischemic segments were significantly lower (in magnitude) than in nonischemic segments or at baseline. However, some overlap occurred between ischemic and normal values for all three parameters. At baseline, 18 of 28 animals had negative IVR(SR) (i.e., PSS) in at least one segment. During coronary artery occlusion, IVR(SR) became negative and larger in magnitude than S(SR) in all ischemic segments. The IVR(SR)/S(SR) and epsilon(ps) best differentiated ischemic from nonischemic segments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the presence of reduced regional systolic deformation, a higher rate of PSS than systolic shortening identifies acutely ischemic myocardium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Rochester, Minnesota, USA. Pislaru.Cristina@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pislaru
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Anagnostopoulos
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Seward
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Greenleaf
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Belohlavek
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006439:Hemodynamics; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012372:ROC Curve; D013318:Stroke Volume; D013552:Swine; D013599:Systole; D014463:Ultrasonography