title: Increasing risks of introduction of heartwater onto the American mainland associated with animal movements.
abstract: Opportunities to introduce heartwater onto the American mainland through animal movements include importation from Africa of tick-infested reptiles and of subclinically infected wild ungulates and importation of livestock from islands in the Caribbean infested with Amblyomma variegatum ticks. Measures to control importation of heartwater vectors on reptiles include importation bans of infested species, treatment of imported reptiles, and eradication of established infestations on the American mainland. Measures to control importation of infected wildlife must focus on improved methods, such as the PCR assay, of screening animals to prevent the entry of carriers of Cowdria ruminantium. Measures to control importation of infected animals from the Caribbean must be based on knowledge of the islands that are infected with C. ruminantium so that the risk of dissemination of heartwater can be established.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiology, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110880, Gainesville, Florida 32611-0880, USA. burridgem@mail.vetmed.ufl.edu
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Burridge
authors.forename: Leigh-Ann
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.forename: Trevor F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Peter
authors.forename: Suman M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Mahan
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D000818:Animals; D001096:Arachnid Vectors / Q000382:microbiology*; D017691:Caribbean Region / Q000453:epidemiology; D016995:Ehrlichia ruminantium / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006357:Heartwater Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*; D026863:Ixodidae / Q000382:microbiology*; D012104:Reptiles / Q000469:parasitology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013984:Tick Infestations / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D014186:Transportation; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology