title: Development of myopia as a hazard for workers in pneumatic caissons.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pneumatic caisson engineering has been developed for large civil engineering constructions. Because of complaints of blurred vision by personnel working in pneumatic caissons, the development of myopia was suspected. The aim of this study was to determine the cause of the blurred vision and the mechanism underlying the changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  12 caisson workers underwent a complete ophthalmological examination after completing up to 11 weeks of work (4 days/week) in a pneumatic caisson. Six months later, nine of the workers were examined again.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine subjects were myopic at the initial examination, and seven of these were considered to have developed the myopia after starting to work in the pneumatic caisson. Six months after completion of the work, the mean refractive change was significantly towards hyperopia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The blurred vision in pneumatic caisson workers was in all likelihood due to the development of myopia. The refractive shift towards hyperopia after completion of work in the pneumatic caisson supports this and demonstrates that the changes were temporary. The myopia is similar to the myopia seen in patients treated by hyperbaric oxygen. Careful monitoring of the refraction of caisson workers should be performed for industrial health control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate school, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Onoo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kiyosawa
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takase
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mano
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004738:Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D006956:Hyperopia / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009216:Myopia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D011312:Pressure; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology