title: Activity of natural and synthetic naphthoquinones against Toxoplasma gondii, in vitro and in murine models of infection.
abstract: The effect of 14 natural and synthetic naphthoquinones in the replication of Toxoplasma gondii was evaluated. In vitro studies were accomplished in cultures of 2C4 fibroblasts infected with RH-strain. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to quantify parasite growth. For the studies in vivo, mice were infected with tachyzoites of the RH strain or cysts of the T. gondii EGS strain. In vitro, seven naphthoquinones demonstrated significant inhibition of intracellular T. gondii growth at concentrations of 1 and 5 micrograms/ml. Only three compounds were significantly protective when tested in animals: 2-hydroxy-3'-(3'-pentenyl)-1,4-naphthoquinone (PHNQ4), 2-hydroxy-3-(1'-vinylphenyl)-1,4-naphthoquinone (PHNQ5), and 2-hydroxy-3-(1'-propen-3'-phenyl)-1,4-naphthoquinone (PHNQ6). In animals infected with the EGS strain and treated with PHNQ4 (50 mg/kg/day orally), a 7-day prolongation of the time to death was observed. Treatment with 100 mg/kg/day orally or 50 mg/kg/day i.p. of PHNQ5 resulted in a 5-day and 16-day prolongation of the time to death, respectively. Treatment with 50 mg/kg/day orally or 50 mg/kg/day i.p. of PHNQ6 resulted in a 4-day prolongation of the time to death or up to 30 days after treatment, respectively. Our results suggest that the naphthoquinones may be important therapeutic agents for the treatment of toxoplasmosis.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Gualberto
authors.forename: R W A
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Vitor
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000469:parasitology; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D009285:Naphthoquinones / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014122:Toxoplasma / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D014124:Toxoplasmosis, Animal / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D009285:Naphthoquinones