title: The effects of overcoming experimental bladder outflow obstruction in fetal sheep.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop an ovine model of fetal bladder outflow obstruction and to investigate the effect on the kidney of surgical relief of the obstruction in the prenatal period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ultrasound examination and amniocentesis were performed on 68 date-bred pregnant ewes at day 57 of pregnancy (term = 150 days). Fetal gender was determined using a molecular technique to identify single male fetuses. The urethra and urachus were ligated at hysterotomy on 20 of these fetuses at 75 days' gestation. Comparisons were made with six controls that did not undergo operation. Changes that occurred in fetal urinary tract appearance were detected using serial ultrasound examinations. Seven obstructed cases chosen at random had further prenatal surgery on day 94 to decompress the obstructed urinary tract by vesicostomy. The animals were killed at 110 days' gestation and post-mortem studies were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen days after surgical obstruction, there were increases in the summed renal lengths (33 mm vs. 28 mm, p = 0.003) and renal pelvis anteroposterior (A-P) diameters (8 mm vs. 5.5 mm, p = 0.02). In the group allocated to receive surgical decompression, 9 days' relief of obstruction resulted in significant reductions in summed renal lengths (30 mm vs. 41 mm, p = 0.024; controls 31 mm) and renal pelvis A-P diameters (5.8 mm vs. 8.9 mm, p = 0.012; controls < 2 mm). Postmortem histological examination in the surgical decompression group revealed an estimated number of glomeruli similar to controls and greater than in the obstructed cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgical relief of fetal bladder outflow obstruction in ovine mid-pregnancy results in improved renal appearance on ultrasonic and histopathological examinations.
authors.affiliation: Women and Infants Research Foundation, Subiaco, Western Australia.
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Duncombe
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.forename: T J M
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Moss
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Gurrin
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Charles
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Newnham
mesh_terms: D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004487:Edema / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D007668:Kidney / Q000196:embryology / Q000473:pathology; D008026:Ligation; D008297:Male; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D011247:Pregnancy; D012756:Sheep; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014469:Umbilical Arteries; D014497:Urachus / Q000601:surgery; D014521:Urethra / Q000601:surgery; D001748:Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D014556:Urine
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine