title: Cost/utility ratio in chronic heart failure: comparison between heart failure management program delivered by day-hospital and usual care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study compared the effectiveness and cost/utility ratio between a heart failure (HF) management program delivered by day-hospital (DH) and usual care in chronic heart failure (CHF) outpatients.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Previous studies showed that about 50% of readmissions for CHF can be prevented by a multidisciplinary approach. However, the performance, effectiveness, and cost/utility ratio of a process of HF outpatient management related to evidence-based medicine have not been considered.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 234 prospective patients discharged by a HF Unit were randomized to two management strategies: 122 patients to usual community care and 112 patients to a HF management program delivered by the DH. Management (rate of readmissions, therapeutic interventions), functional parameters (New York Heart Association [NYHA] functional class, left ventricular diameters, and ejection fraction, deceleration time of early diastolic mitral flow, peak oxygen uptake, and mitral regurgitation) and hard outcomes (cardiac death and urgent cardiac transplantation) were evaluated. The cost/utility ratios of the two strategies were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 12 +/- 3 months of follow-up, the individual rate access in DH was 5.5 +/- 3.8 days. The DH subjects were readmitted to the hospital less frequently than were the usual-care group patients (13 vs. 78, p < 0.00001). Patients allocated to usual-care management showed heterogeneous changes in NYHA functional class (13% improved and 16% worsened p = NS); In contrast, the DH group showed significant changes in NYHA functional class (23% improved and 11% worsened, p < 0.009). Hard cardiac events in the one-year follow-up occurred in 25/234 (10.6%) patients; cardiac death occurred in 21/122 (17.2%) of the community group and in 3/112 (2.7%) in the DH group (p < 0.0007). One DH patient underwent urgent transplantation. Comparison of the two managerial models by Cox regression analysis showed that DH management significantly protected against the appearance of hard events (relative risk [RR] 0.17; confidence interval [CI] 0.06 to 0.66). The cost/utility ratio of the two management strategies was similar (usual care $2,409 vs. DH $2,244). The incremental analysis revealed a cost savings of $1,068 for each quality-adjusted life year gained. The cost/utility ratio for the integration of DH management of CHF was $19,462 (CI $13,904 to $34,048).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A heart failure outpatient management program delivered by a DH can reduce mortality and morbidity of CHF patients. This management strategy is cost-effective and has an equitable value from a societal point of view.
authors.affiliation: Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri, IRCCS, Dipartimento di Cardiologia, Istituto Scientifico di Montescano, Montescano, Pavia, Italy. scapomolla@fsm.it
authors.forename: Soccorso
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Capomolla
authors.forename: Oreste
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Febo
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ceresa
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Caporotondi
authors.forename: Giampaolo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Guazzotti
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: La Rovere
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lenta
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baldin
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vaccarini
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gnemmi
authors.forename: GianDomenico
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pinna
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Maestri
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Abelli
authors.forename: Sandro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Verdirosi
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cobelli
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000191:economics* / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017046:Cost Savings; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003631:Day Care, Medical / Q000191:economics* / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006302:Health Services Research; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000191:economics* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008017:Life Expectancy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D010348:Patient Care Team / Q000458:organization & administration; D010359:Patient Readmission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015397:Program Evaluation; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013318:Stroke Volume; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome