title: Regulation of bovine papillomavirus replicative helicase e1 by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
abstract: Papillomaviruses maintain their genomes in a relatively constant copy number as stable extrachromosomal plasmids in the nuclei of dividing host cells. The viral initiator of replication, E1, is not detected in papillomavirus-infected cells. Here, we present evidence that E1 encoded by bovine papillomavirus type 1 is an unstable protein that is degraded through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. In a cell-free system derived from Xenopus egg extracts, E1 degradation is regulated by both cyclin E/Cdk2 binding and E1 replication activity. Free E1 is readily ubiquitinated and degraded by the proteasome, while it becomes resistant to this degradation pathway when bound to cyclin E/Cdk2 complexes before the start of DNA synthesis. This stabilization is reversed in a process involving E1-dependent replication activity. In transiently transfected cells, E1 is also polyubiquitinated and accumulates when proteasome activity is inhibited. Thus, the establishment and maintenance of a stable number of papillomavirus genomes in latently infected cells are in part a function of regulated ubiquitin-mediated degradation of E1.
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherches de Biochimie Macromoléculaire, CNRS, IFR 24, 34 293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: Marie-Helene
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Malcles
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cueille
authors.forename: Francisca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mechali
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Coux
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bonne-Andrea
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D052688:Bovine papillomavirus 1 / Q000201:enzymology*; D042846:CDC2-CDC28 Kinases; D019556:COS Cells; D002417:Cattle; D002460:Cell Line; D002474:Cell-Free System; D019927:Cyclin E / Q000378:metabolism; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism*; D004265:DNA Helicases / Q000378:metabolism*; D004261:DNA Replication; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; D006801:Humans; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000378:metabolism*; D009865:Oocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D025801:Ubiquitin / Q000378:metabolism*; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D014981:Xenopus / Q000196:embryology; D029867:Xenopus Proteins
chemical_list: D019927:Cyclin E; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C069814:E1 protein, Bovine papillomavirus; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D025801:Ubiquitin; D014764:Viral Proteins; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D042846:CDC2-CDC28 Kinases; C495894:CDK2 protein, human; C495891:Cdk2 protein, Xenopus; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; D004265:DNA Helicases