title: The effects of standard enforcement on Michigan safety belt use.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of standard enforcement legislation on safety belt use in Michigan through a series of seven statewide direct observation surveys. A secondary purpose of the study was to compare the results in Michigan to the results in other states that have changed the provision of their mandatory safety belt use law from secondary to standard enforcement. The study found that standard enforcement has been effective in increasing safety belt use in Michigan. Immediately following the implementation of standard enforcement, Michigan's belt use rate increased to 83.5%, 13.4 percentage points higher than the highest rate previously observed. One year after the change, safety belt use in Michigan was still nearly 10 percentage points greater than the highest observed rate before standard enforcement legislation was enacted. Results indicated that safety belt use decreased slightly in the year following the implementation of standard enforcement. This appears to be an overall trend across all observed groups, and not due to any single demographic category. The results also suggest that standard enforcement legislation appears to have a greater effect on groups with historically low belt use, such as young people, males, passengers, and Black/African-Americans. When compared with other states that have made the change from secondary to standard enforcement, the increase in the safety belt use rate in Michigan was comparable to the increase seen in states with relatively high safety belt use prior to standard enforcement. However, states that had low safety belt use rates prior to adopting standard enforcement legislation observed a larger percentage point increase in the year following their change to standard enforcement.
authors.affiliation: UMTRI-SBA, University of Michigan, Transportation Research Institute, Ann Arbor 48109-2150, USA. eby@umich.edu
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Eby
authors.forename: Jonathon M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Vivoda
authors.forename: Tiffani A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Fordyce
mesh_terms: D001334:Automobile Driving; D006801:Humans; D035846:Law Enforcement; D008824:Michigan; D012622:Seat Belts / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012926:Social Control, Formal