title: The evolution of training in off-pump coronary surgery in a single institution.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study analyses the development of off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) surgery training at a single institution, and compares the early and midterm clinical outcomes of OPCAB and conventional coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) procedures performed by trainees with or without direct consultant cardiothoracic surgeon supervision.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis was undertaken on data prospectively recorded on a computer database (Patient Analysis and Tracking System). Of the 2,422 CABG operations performed between January 1999 and December 2001, 969 (40%) were carried out by trainees either off pump (422) or on pump (547).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although the total number of CABG operations performed by trainees remained constant, there was a significant increase in the number of OPCAB operations during the study period compared with conventional CABG, as well as an increase in the average number of grafts per patient in the OPCAB group (both p < 0.05). Furthermore, a significant trend towards using two or more arterial conduits in the OPCAB group was observed in the study period. The number of OPCAB operations performed by trainees as independent operators without direct consultant supervision also increased significantly (p < 0.05). Early and midterm clinical outcomes were similar between patients operated by trainees on pump or off pump as independent operators versus under direct consultant supervision.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The significant increase in OPCAB operations performed by trainees as independent operators or under direct consultant supervision, as well as the increase in the number of grafts per patient and arterial conduits used for myocardial revascularization, demonstrate a progression of training in beating heart surgery for cardiothoracic trainees. Improvements in the techniques have made it safe to teach trainees off-pump multivessel coronary artery revascularization.
authors.affiliation: Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol Royal Infirmary, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Caputo
authors.forename: Alan J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Bryan
authors.forename: Radek
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Capoun
authors.forename: Balakrishnan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mahesh
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ciulli
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hutter
authors.forename: Gianni D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Angelini
mesh_terms: D000768:Anesthesia, General; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000379:methods*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013903:Thoracic Surgery / Q000193:education* / Q000639:trends; D006113:United Kingdom