title: Flt3+ macrophage precursors commit sequentially to osteoclasts, dendritic cells and microglia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Macrophages, osteoclasts, dendritic cells, and microglia are highly specialized cells that belong to the mononuclear phagocyte system. Functional and phenotypic heterogeneity within the mononuclear phagocyte system may reveal differentiation plasticity of a common progenitor, but developmental pathways leading to such diversity are still unclear.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mouse bone marrow cells were expanded in vitro in the presence of Flt3-ligand (FL), yielding high numbers of non-adherent cells exhibiting immature monocyte characteristics. Cells expanded for 6 days, 8 days, or 11 days (day 6-FL, day 8-FL, and day 11-FL cells, respectively) exhibited constitutive potential towards macrophage differentiation. In contrast, they showed time-dependent potential towards osteoclast, dendritic, and microglia differentiation that was detected in day 6-, day 8-, and day 11-FL cells, in response to M-CSF and receptor activator of NFkappaB ligand (RANKL), granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating-factor (GM-CSF) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha), and glial cell-conditioned medium (GCCM), respectively. Analysis of cell proliferation using the vital dye CFSE revealed homogenous growth in FL-stimulated cultures of bone marrow cells, demonstrating that changes in differential potential did not result from sequential outgrowth of specific precursors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We propose that macrophages, osteoclasts, dendritic cells, and microglia may arise from expansion of common progenitors undergoing sequential differentiation commitment. This study also emphasizes differentiation plasticity within the mononuclear phagocyte system. Furthermore, selective massive cell production, as shown here, would greatly facilitate investigation of the clinical potential of dendritic cells and microglia.
authors.affiliation: INSERM U503, CERVI, 21 avenue Tony Garnier, 69365 Lyon Cedex 07, France. servet@cervi-lyon.inserm.fr
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Servet-Delprat
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arnaud
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jurdic
authors.forename: Serge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nataf
authors.forename: Marie-France
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Grasset
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Soulas
authors.forename: Chantal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Domenget
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Destaing
authors.forename: Aymeric
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rivollier
authors.forename: Magali
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Perret
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dumontel
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hanau
authors.forename: Gary L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Gilmore
authors.forename: Marie-Françoise
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Belin
authors.forename: Chantal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rabourdin-Combe
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mouchiroud
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned / Q000494:pharmacology; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000494:pharmacology; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D017628:Microglia / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D053245:RANK Ligand; D053246:Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology; D051941:fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D053245:RANK Ligand; D053246:Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B; C505687:Tnfrsf11a protein, mouse; C505689:Tnfsf11 protein, mouse; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C084881:flt3 ligand protein; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; C497971:Flt3 protein, mouse; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D051941:fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3