title: Cost-effectiveness of inhaled nitric oxide in near-term and term infants with respiratory failure: eighteen- to 24-month follow-up for Canadian patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this article is to conduct a cost-effectiveness analysis, based on data up to 18-24 months of follow-up, of the use of inhaled nitrogen oxide vs. oxygen, administered to near-term and term infants with severe respiratory failure who were referred for consideration for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted alongside a randomized controlled trial conducted by the Canadian Inhaled Nitric Oxide Study Group for patients with severe respiratory distress.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were cared for in Canadian regional neonatal intensive care units; follow-up treatment was based on standard care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Term and near-term neonates with severe respiratory failure determined by at least two oxygenation indexes (oxygenation index = mean arterial pressure x Fio2/Pao2) >/=25 at least 15 mins apart.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were randomized to inhaled nitrogen oxide or oxygen. If conditions deteriorated, they qualified for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Not all who qualified received extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Standard care followed after hospital discharge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Timelines of analysis were from randomization until the follow-up, which occurred between 18 and 24 months after randomization. Costs included those for initial hospitalization (neonatal intensive care, medications, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, transport) and standard medical services above routine care and developmental services received until follow-up. Outcomes included mortality rate, clinical outcomes, and a variety of neurodevelopmental indicators. Costs were not significantly different between interventions. While infants who received inhaled nitrogen oxide generally did better than those who received oxygen, the only variable that was significant was the number of seizure disorders. On economic grounds, inhaled nitrogen oxide was the preferred intervention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Alberta and the Institute of Health Economics, Edmonton, Canada. Philip.jacobs@ualberta.ca
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Neil N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Finer
authors.forename: Konrad
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fassbender
authors.forename: Ed
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Charlene M T
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Robertson
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D002170:Canada; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000150:complications / Q000191:economics; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics*; D010102:Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000150:complications / Q000191:economics* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D012640:Seizures / Q000150:complications; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D009569:Nitric Oxide