title: Impaired cognition and schooling in adults with end stage renal disease since childhood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine cognitive and educational attainment in adults with end stage renal disease (ESRD) since childhood.
  
  
  METHODS
  All Dutch patients with onset of ESRD at age 0-14 years between 1972 and 1992, who were born before 1979, were asked to perform the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) test. Educational attainment was assessed by a questionnaire. Determinants of cognitive performance were measured by reviewing medical charts in 37 hospitals. Data on cognition were compared to those of age matched controls who cooperated in the revision of the Dutch WAIS. National Dutch Statistics data were used to compare educational attainment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data on intelligence and schooling were acquired in 126 of 187 patients (67%) and data on determinants of outcome in all patients. Clinical characteristics of participants and non-participants were comparable. Educational attainment of patients was low compared to the Dutch standard. Patient mean full scale IQ, performal IQ, and verbal IQ were 10.4, 9.2, and 9.7 points lower, respectively, compared to those of 36 controls. The lowest scores were observed in tasks which require concentration, memory, and general knowledge. Patients currently on dialysis and transplanted patients had similar IQ scores. Cumulative dialysis duration of more than four years was associated with a 3.4 times higher chance of having a full scale IQ of 1 SD below the mean.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ESRD of childhood is associated with an impaired cognitive and educational attainment in adulthood. Long duration of dialysis may enhance intellectual impairment, which may not be reversible after renal transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Emma Children's Hospital AMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands. j.w.groothoff@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Groothoff
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grootenhuis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dommerholt
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Gruppen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Offringa
authors.forename: H S A
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Heymans
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged