title: Polymorphisms in candidate obesity genes and their interaction with dietary intake of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids affect obesity risk in a sub-sample of the EPIC-Heidelberg cohort.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In several genes coding for molecules involved in the regulation of body weight (fat mass) and thermogenesis, polymorphisms have been reported which possibly modify human obesity risk. The aim of this study was a) to reproduce these observations with data and biological material from the Heidelberg cohort of EPIC, a large European prospective investigation into diet and cancer, and b) to investigate potential effects of interactions between dietary fatty acid intake and allelic variants on obesity risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Within EPIC-Heidelberg, 154 subjects with a body mass index > 35 kg/m(2) and 154 age- and sex-matched normal-weight controls were selected and genotypes determined for 11 candidate genes. Dietary intake was assessed by a validated food frequency questionnaire. Odds ratios (OR) were computed by means of unconditional logistic regression and different adjustment models. Genotyping was performed by PCR-RFLP and allele-specific PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For most of the investigated genes (PPARA, PPARG2, UCP1, UCP2, UCP3, BAR-2, APM1, leptin, SORBS1, HSL, and TNFA) an indication for a minor effect on obesity risk was found. Indication of a risk-increasing effect was strongest for the homozygous form of leptin -2548AA with an adjusted OR of 3.53 (p < 0.009). Additionally, for the polymorphic sites of BAR-2 (Arg16Gly and Gln27Glu) a significant effect on obesity risk was seen. Importantly, the results of the analysis of gene-diet interactions suggest that the allelic variants of candidate genes (leptin, TNFA, PPARG2) might strongly affect diet-related obesity risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results support some but not all previous reports about a risk-modulating effect of polymorphisms in genes affecting obesity risk. The most important finding is an indication of substantial interaction between allelic variants of particular genes and fatty acid intake-related obesity risk. These observations suggest that future studies on polymorphisms in obesity genes should take data on dietary habits into account.
authors.affiliation: German Cancer Research Center, Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. a.nieters@dkfz.de
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nieters
authors.forename: Nikolaus
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Jakob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Linseisen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D020738:Leptin / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000235:genetics*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D020738:Leptin