title: Protective properties of artichoke (Cynara scolymus) against oxidative stress induced in cultured endothelial cells and monocytes.
abstract: It is currently believed that oxidative stress and inflammation play a significant role in atherogenesis. Artichoke extract exhibits hypolipemic properties and contains numerous active substances with antioxidant properties in vitro. We have studied the influence of aqueous and ethanolic extracts from artichoke on intracellular oxidative stress stimulated by inflammatory mediators (TNFalpha and LPS) and ox-LDL in endothelial cells and monocytes. Oxidative stress which reflects the intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was followed by measuring the oxidation of 2', 7'-dichlorofluorescin (DCFH) to 2', 7'-dichlorofluorescein (DCF). Agueous and ethanolic extracts from artichoke were found to inhibit basal and stimulated ROS production in endothelial cells and monocytes in dose dependent manner. In endothelial cells, the ethanolic extract (50 microg/ml) reduced ox-LDL-induced intracellular ROS production by 60% (p<0,001) while aqueous extract (50 microg/ml) by 43% (p<0,01). The ethanolic extract (50 microg/ml) reduced ox-LDL-induced intracellular ROS production in monocytes by 76% (p<0,01). Effective concentrations (25-100 microg/ml) were well below the cytotoxic levels of the extracts which started at 1 mg/ml as assessed by LDH leakage and trypan blue exclusion. Penetration of some active substances into the cells was necessary for inhibition to take place as juged from the effect of preincubation time. These results demonstrate that artichoke extracts have marked protective properties against oxidative stress induced by inflammatory mediators and ox-LDL in cultured endothelial cells and monocytes.
authors.affiliation: Chair of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnoastic, Regional Ctr. Atherosclerosis Research, Pomeranian Academy of Medicine, ul. Powstańców Wlkp. 72, PL-70-111, Szczecin, Poland.
authors.forename: Danuta
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zapolska-Downar
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zapolski-Downar
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Naruszewicz
authors.forename: Aldona
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Siennicka
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Krasnodebska
authors.forename: Blanka
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kołdziej
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D031943:Cynara scolymus; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005452:Fluoresceins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014343:Trypan Blue / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005452:Fluoresceins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C029569:diacetyldichlorofluorescein; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D014343:Trypan Blue