title: A computer assisted surgical trainer for transurethral resection of the prostate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We developed a realistic and reusable computer assisted surgical training system for transurethral resection of the prostate.
  
  
  METHODS
  A disposable prostate model is housed in a model abdomen. A software program that provides a 3-dimensional (D) illustration of the prostate model was developed. Resectoscope position with reference to the model is tracked by infrared emitting diodes attached to it, which in turn are monitored by an optical tracker. Movement of the loop in relation to the resectoscope is measured by a potentiometer attached to the working element.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Resectoscope position was shown on the monitor superimposed on a 3-D image of the prostate model in real time. A 2-D image showed the amount of tissue resected and the proximity of the loop to the capsule. A series of thumbnail images were shown and the highlighted image represented the current position of the resectoscope. It is intended that this system should be interactive, providing continuous feedback on the progress of resection and acting as an interactive training aid. During the course of validating the system several problems were noted, mainly with model movement and permanent deformation of the model during resection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This system can exist as a stand-alone training aid after the problems have been addressed. The potential application of an in vivo system for routine transurethral prostate resection has great implications for training and quality control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Bristol Urological Institute and Southmead Hospital, Westbury-on-Trym, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: P V S
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: M P S F
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Timoney
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008838:Microcomputers; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D012984:Software; D020728:Transurethral Resection of Prostate / Q000193:education* / Q000295:instrumentation; D014584:User-Computer Interface