title: Phosphorus and uremic serum up-regulate osteopontin expression in vascular smooth muscle cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dialysis patients have accelerated atherosclerosis, with extensive calcification of both the intima and media. Cross-sectional studies have implicated hyperphosphatemia in this process, but the mechanism is unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  To test the hypothesis that hyperphosphatemia and/or uremia induces vascular calcification, bovine vascular smooth muscle cells (BVSMC) were treated with increasing concentrations of beta-glycerophosphate, a phosphate donor, in the presence or absence of inhibitors for sodium/phosphate (Na/Pi) co-transport (foscarnet) or alkaline phosphatase (levamisole) for 48 hours. BVSMC also were incubated for various times with DMEM plus 15% pooled uremic sera from patients with low (LP) or high serum phosphorus (HP), or from pooled healthy control serum. Calcification in BVSMC was examined by quantitation of calcium deposition. Osteopontin expression and alkaline phosphatase activity were assessed by Western blotting and a colorimetric assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  beta-glycerophosphate increased osteopontin expression and alkaline phosphatase activity in BVSMC. Inhibition of either alkaline phosphatase activity or Na/Pi co-transport abolished this effect. Compared to incubation with control human serum, BVSMC cultured with uremic sera had increased mineral deposition. Uremic sera also increased alkaline phosphatase activity and osteopontin expression in BVSMC. The addition of beta-glycerophosphate to uremic HP or LP sera did not further augment osteopontin expression. Blocking Na/Pi co-transport or alkaline phosphatase activity only partially inhibited uremic sera-induced osteopontin expression, indicating that other non-Na/Pi co-transport dependent mechanisms also are involved.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  beta-glycerophosphate and uremic sera induce calcification and osteopontin expression in BVSMC. The uremic sera-induced osteopontin expression in BVSMC is partially mediated through alkaline phosphatase activity and a Na/Pi co-transporter dependent mechanism. However, other non-Na/Pi dependent mechanisms also contribute to accelerated vascular calcification in patients with ESRD.
authors.affiliation: Indiana University School of Medicine, and Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA. xuechen@iupui.edu
authors.forename: Neal X
authors.initials: NX
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Kalisha D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: O'Neill
authors.forename: Danxia
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.forename: Sharon M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Moe
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002417:Cattle; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D053495:Osteopontin; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000378:metabolism*; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins / Q000235:genetics*; D050608:Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins; D027981:Symporters / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D014511:Uremia / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D001798:Blood Proteins; C506895:SPP1 protein, human; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins; D050608:Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins; D027981:Symporters; D053495:Osteopontin; D010758:Phosphorus; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D002118:Calcium