title: In vivo and in vitro induction of cytochrome P450 enzymes in beagle dogs.
abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the in vitro and in vivo effects of several prototypical inducers, namely beta-naphthoflavone, 3-methylcholanthrene, phenobarbital, isoniazid, rifampin, and clofibric acid, on the expression of cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes in beagle dogs. For the in vitro induction study, primary cultures of dog hepatocytes were treated with enzyme inducers for 3 days, after which microsomes were prepared and analyzed for P450 activities. For the in vivo induction study, male and female beagle dogs were treated with enzyme inducers for 4 days (with the exception of phenobarbital, which was given for 14 days), after which the livers were removed and microsomal P450 activities were determined ex vivo. Treatment of male beagle dog hepatocyte cultures (n = 3) with beta-naphthoflavone or 3-methlychloranthrene resulted in up to a 75-fold increase in microsomal 7-ethoxyresorufin O-dealkylase (CYP1A1/2) activity, whereas in vivo treatment of male and female beagle dogs with beta-naphthoflavone followed by ex vivo analysis resulted in up to a 24-fold increase. Phenobarbital caused a 13-fold increase in 7-benzyloxyresorufin O-dealkylase (CYP2B11) activity in vitro and up to a 9.9-fold increase in vivo. Isoniazid had little or no effect on 4-nitrophenol hydroxylase activity in vitro. Rifampin caused a 13-fold induction of testosterone 6beta-hydroxylase (CYP3A12) activity in vitro and up to a 4.5-fold increase in vivo. Treatment of dogs in vivo or dog hepatocytes in vitro with clofibric acid appeared to have no effect on CYP4A activity as determined by the 12-hydroxylation of lauric acid. In general, the absolute rates (picomoles per minute per milligram of microsomal protein) of P450 reactions catalyzed by microsomes from cultured hepatocytes (i.e., in vitro rates) were considerably lower than those catalyzed by microsomes from dog liver (i.e., ex vivo rates). These results suggest that beagle dogs have CYP1A, CYP2B, CYP2E, and CYP3A enzymes and that the induction profile resembles the profile observed in humans more than in rats.
authors.affiliation: XenoTech, LLC, Lenexa, Kansas 66219, USA.
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: April
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Downey
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mudra
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Krueger
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chengelis
authors.forename: Ajay
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Madan
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Parkinson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019362:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019392:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; D042926:Cytochrome P-450 CYP4A; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004285:Dogs; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008297:Male; D008862:Microsomes, Liver; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D007527:Isoenzymes; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; D019392:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1; C104464:CYP3A protein, human; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1; D019362:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; C475779:cytochrome P-450 CYP3A12 (canine); D042926:Cytochrome P-450 CYP4A