title: Negative regulation of adipose-expressed galectin-12 by isoproterenol, tumor necrosis factor alpha, insulin and dexamethasone.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Galectin-12 has recently been shown to be a predominantly adipocyte-expressed protein which is stimulated by insulin-sensitizing thiazolidinediones and possesses apoptosis-inducing activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  To further clarify galectin-12 regulation and its potential involvement in the development of insulin resistance, 3T3-L1 adipocytes were chronically treated with various hormones known to impair insulin sensitivity, and galectin-12 mRNA was measured by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment of 3T3-L1 cells for 16 h with 10 micromol/l isoproterenol, 100 nmol/l insulin, 0.6 nmol/l tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), and 100 nmol/l dexamethasone reduced galectin-12 gene expression between 47% and 85%. These negative effects were dose-dependent with significant inhibition detectable at concentrations as low as 10 nmol/l isoproterenol, 0.06 nmol/l TNFalpha, and 1 nmol/l dexamethasone. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of isoproterenol could be almost completely reversed by pretreatment with the beta-adrenergic antagonist propranolol and mimicked by stimulation of G(S)-proteins with cholera toxin or by activation of adenylyl cyclase with forskolin and dibutyryl-cAMP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that galectin-12 is an adipocyte-expressed protein which is downregulated by various insulin resistance-inducing hormones. These findings imply a role for galectin-12 in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fasshauer
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Lossner
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Paschke
mesh_terms: D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases / Q000378:metabolism; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D019205:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs / Q000378:metabolism; D037161:Galectins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D007545:Isoproterenol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta / Q000378:metabolism; D038762:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
chemical_list: D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D003907:Dexamethasone; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D019205:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs; D037161:Galectins; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D007545:Isoproterenol; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta; D038762:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases