title: The importance of being marginal: Norma Ford Walker and a Canadian school of medical genetics.
abstract: This study reviews the development of a medical genetics research tradition in Toronto, Canada. This research tradition, what I call the "Ford Walker school," was forged in the 1930s in an iconoclastic mold. It was female-dominated in an era when leading-edge science was definitely not "women's work." It emerged in a leading research university, but in a country that lagged in the sciences. These social relations of gender and nation symbolized and sustained a marginality that was reinforced by the substantive concerns of members of this research school. They adopted a service orientation toward medicine, were sympathetic to heterodox approaches to genetic and medical science, and were principally reliant on a marginal research tool-dermatoglyphics. Despite this marginality, Norma Ford Walker was among the founding members of the institutions of human and medical genetics in North America in the postwar period. She forged a research tradition that served as the basis for further developments in medical genetics in Toronto and educated a generation of students, many of them women, who went on to populate and then institutionalize the growing science and practice of medical genetics in Canada. The heterodox approach of the early Ford Walker school was displaced as the field grew in the postwar period. Yet many members of the research school retained dermatoglyphic technique and used it to contribute to progress in medical cytogenetics. In this article, I explore why the history of this marginal research school is important.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada. millerf@mcmaster.ca
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000266:history* / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards; D005826:Genetics, Medical / Q000266:history*; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D009936:Organizational Innovation; D012107:Research Design