title: Effects of age and exercise on physiological dead space during simulated dives at 2.8 ATA.
abstract: Physiological dead space (Vds), end-tidal CO(2) (Pet(CO(2))), and arterial CO(2) (Pa(CO(2))) were measured at 1 and 2.8 ATA in a dry hyperbaric chamber in 10 older (58-74 yr) and 10 younger (19-39 yr) air-breathing subjects during rest and two levels of upright exercise on a cycle ergometer. At pressure, Vd (liters btps) increased from 0.34 +/- 0.09 (mean +/- SD of all subjects for normally distributed data, median +/- interquartile range otherwise) to 0.40 +/- 0.09 (P = 0.0060) at rest, 0.35 +/- 0.13 to 0.45 +/- 0.11 (P = 0.0003) during light exercise, and 0.38 +/- 0.17 to 0.45 +/- 0.13 (P = 0.0497) during heavier exercise. During these conditions, Pa(CO(2)) (Torr) increased from 33.8 +/- 4.2 to 35.7 +/- 4.4 (P = 0.0059), 35.3 +/- 3.2 to 39.4 +/- 3.1 (P < 0.0001), and 29.6 +/- 5.6 to 37.4 +/- 6.5 (P < 0.0001), respectively. During exercise, Pet(CO(2)) overestimated Pa(CO(2)), although the absolute difference was less at pressure. Capnography poorly estimated Pa(CO(2)) during exercise at 1 and 2.8 ATA because of wide variability. Older subjects had higher Vd at 1 ATA but similar changes in Vd, Pa(CO(2)), and Pet(CO(2)) at pressure. These results are consistent with an effect of increased gas density.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Environmental Physiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Mummery
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Stolp
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: deL  Dear
authors.forename: P O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Doar
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Natoli
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Boso
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Archibald
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Hobbs
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: El-Moalem
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Moon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D001158:Arteries; D001274:Atmospheric Pressure; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D004242:Diving / Q000502:physiology*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000378:metabolism; D012119:Respiration; D012126:Respiratory Dead Space; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013147:Spirometry; D013990:Tidal Volume
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D010100:Oxygen