title: The gibberellin pathway mediates KNOTTED1-type homeobox function in plants with different body plans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The shoot apical meristem (SAM) is an indeterminate structure that gives rise to the aerial parts of higher plants. Leaves arise from the differentiation of cells at the flanks of the SAM. Current evidence suggests that the precise regulation of KNOTTED1-like homeobox (KNOX) transcription factors is central to the acquisition of leaf versus meristem identity in a wide spectrum of plant species. Factors required to repress KNOX gene expression in leaves have recently been identified. Additional factors such as the CHD3 chromatin remodeling factor PICKLE (PKL) act to restrict meristematic activity in Arabidopsis leaves without repressing KNOX gene expression. Less is known regarding downstream targets of KNOX function. Recent evidence, however, has suggested that growth regulators may mediate KNOX activity in a variety of plant species.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here we show that reduced activity of the gibberellin (GA) growth regulator pathway promotes meristematic activity, both in the natural context of KNOX function in the SAM and upon ectopic KNOX expression in Arabidopsis leaves. We show that constitutive signaling through the GA pathway is detrimental to meristem maintenance. Furthermore, we provide evidence that one of the functions of the KNOX protein SHOOTMERISTEMLESS (STM) is to exclude transcription of the GA-biosynthesis gene AtGA20ox1 from the SAM. We also demonstrate that AtGA20ox1 transcript is reduced in the pkl mutant in a KNOX-independent manner. Moreover, we show a similar interaction between KNOX proteins and GA-biosynthesis gene expression in the tomato leaf and implicate this interaction in regulation of the dissected leaf form.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We suggest that repression of GA activity by KNOX transcription factors is a key component of meristem function. Transfer of the KNOX/GA regulatory module from the meristem to the leaf may have contributed to the generation of the diverse leaf morphologies observed in higher plants.
authors.affiliation: Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of California, Berkeley 94720, USA.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hay
authors.forename: Hardip
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hedden
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hake
authors.forename: Miltos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsiantis
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001483:Base Sequence; D018744:DNA, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000187:drug effects; D005801:Genes, Homeobox; D017343:Genes, Plant; D005875:Gibberellins / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018519:Meristem / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D009154:Mutation; D010641:Phenotype; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000378:metabolism; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D018744:DNA, Plant; D005875:Gibberellins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; C092212:KNAT1 protein, Arabidopsis; C095848:Kn1 protein, plant; C405985:Knox1 protein, plant; D010940:Plant Proteins