title: A profile of the features and speech in patients with mandibulofacial dysostosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present a profile of the features and speech in patients with mandibulofacial dysostosis (MFD). Data were collected on occlusion, palatal condition, hearing, resonance, voice, and articulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty patients with MFD ranging in age from 1.6 to 21.0 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective and prospective cross-sectional designs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pediatric tertiary care hospital.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty percent of the patients had an open bite. Isolated cleft palate was found in 37% with other types of cleft conditions occurring less frequently. Twenty-three percent underwent tracheostomy. All patients demonstrated hearing loss, 93% were conductive and 7% were mixed. Resonance, voice, and articulation were also affected. Seventy-seven percent had aberrant resonance including hypernasality, hyponasality, mixed hyper- and hyponasality or muffled resonance, which was found in 40% of the patients. Voice quality was abnormal in 63%. All patients had articulation errors. Although overlap between categories occurred, results showed that 60% had errors related to malocclusion, 30% demonstrated errors usually associated with velopharyngeal inadequacy and 50% had general articulatory or phonological errors that could be attributed to other causes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The features and speech of patients with MFD are complex. The speech disorders may have multiple overlapping etiologies that require careful differential diagnosis. This is imperative to establish appropriate treatment regimens and evaluate clinical outcomes.
authors.affiliation: The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. lindavallino01@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Linda D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Vallino-Napoli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001184:Articulation Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000209:etiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003766:Dental Occlusion; D005145:Face; D005260:Female; D006309:Hearing / Q000502:physiology; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000209:etiology; D006314:Hearing Loss, Conductive / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000209:etiology; D008342:Mandibulofacial Dysostosis / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D024343:Open Bite / Q000209:etiology; D010699:Phonation / Q000502:physiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology*; D013064:Speech Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D014139:Tracheostomy; D014681:Velopharyngeal Insufficiency / Q000209:etiology; D014831:Voice / Q000502:physiology; D014832:Voice Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D014833:Voice Quality / Q000502:physiology