title: Development and validation of models predicting the toxicity of major seawater ions to the mysid shrimp, Americamysis bahia.
abstract: The concentration and balance of major ions that comprise total dissolved solids (TDS) can influence the toxicity of effluents discharged to freshwater and marine environments. An additional complicating factor in waters released to saltwater systems is the effluent salinity since the toxicity of major ions changes with the salinity of the test solution. A study was conducted to evaluate the toxicity of six major seawater ions (bicarbonate, borate, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sulfate) to the mysid shrimp, Americamysis bahia, at salinities of 10 and 20/1000. Logistic regression models were developed to predict organism survival at deficient and excess concentrations of the ions. Calcium and potassium caused significant mortality to mysid shrimp in both excess and deficient (relative to artificial seawater) solutions. Bicarbonate, borate, and magnesium displayed significant toxicity only in excess concentrations, while sulfate had no adverse impacts at any of the concentrations tested. As the salinity of the test solutions decreased, mysid shrimp tolerated increasingly lower calcium and potassium concentrations. Similarly, as salinity increased, the upper tolerance levels of calcium, potassium, and magnesium also increased. The models developed during these studies, and similar models developed by other researchers, were used to evaluate 11 actual effluents with unexplained toxicity that might be associated with TDS ions. The models correctly identified calcium as the primary toxicant in 9 of the 11 effluents. These results indicate the models can be used as an important tool to identify toxicity associated with major seawater ions.
authors.affiliation: ENSR, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA. dpillard@ensr.com
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Pillard
authors.forename: Doree L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: DuFresne
authors.forename: Mike C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Mickley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003445:Crustacea / Q000187:drug effects*; D007477:Ions / Q000633:toxicity*; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008954:Models, Biological; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry*; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D007477:Ions; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical