title: Family resemblance in breakfast energy intake: the Stanislas Family Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There seems to be a consensus that family influences on dietary habits are important. However, no data relative to breakfast have been published yet.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether and how breakfast energy intake aggregates within French families.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 398 families of the Stanislas Family Study who filled in a 3 day food consumption diary were selected. Absolute and relative breakfast energy intakes (BEI in kcal/day and RBEI in percentage of daily intake, respectively) were both studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By using a variance component analysis, no genetic influence was shown in family aggregation of both BEI and RBEI. Intra-generation common environmental contribution to total phenotypic variance of BEI and RBEI was higher than inter-generation; both were increased with frequency of sharing breakfast. Furthermore frequency of sharing breakfast contributed to increase family resemblance in breakfast energy intake, particularly in offspring for BEI and RBEI, and in spouses for RBEI. Smoking habits, alcohol consumption, BMI or physical activity were related to family resemblance, but after adjustment on each factor degrees of resemblance were almost unchanged.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  General findings of this study were that family aggregation in breakfast absolute and relative energy intakes was significant within Stanislas families. Family resemblance depended on inter- and intra-generation components and was modified by the number of shared breakfasts. Our study confirmed that familial habits act on family resemblance in both absolute and relative breakfast energy intakes, so that family should be a favorite unit for health and diet promotion programs.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Kellogg's PA, France.
authors.affiliation: INSERM U525 and Centre de Médecine Préventive, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Billon
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lluch
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Guéguen
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Berthier
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Siest
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Herbeth
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D015930:Diet Records; D002149:Energy Intake; D005190:Family; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005602:France; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys