title: Growth hormone increases lung microvascular injury in lipopolysaccharide peritonitis rats: possible involvement of NF-kappaB activation in circulating neutrophils.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of growth hormone (GH) on NF-kappaB activity in neutrophils and neutrophils-mediated organ injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar rats challenged with or without LPS (5 mg/kg) were treated with varied doses of GH (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg) for 2 or 4 h. NF-kappaB activities in circulating neutrophils were measured with electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA), and I-kappaB levels in circulating neutrophils were detected by Western blot. Lung neutrophils sequestration and lung microvascular permeability were measured at 4 h after LPS challenge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Circulating neutrophils in LPS challenged rats had increased NF-kappaB activity and decreased I-kappaB level as compared with controls. GH dramatically increased NF-kappaB activity and I-kappaB degradation induced by LPS challenge in neutrophils. Also, subsequently, GH treatment increased lung neutrophils sequestration and lung microvascular injury induced by LPS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that treatment of GH is harmful, instead of beneficial, to LPS-induced organ injury. Increased neutrophils' NF-kappaB activity and lung neutrophils sequestration are critical in vivo mechanisms mediating GH action on LPS-induced organ injury.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of General Surgery, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, China.
authors.forename: Zhi-Hai
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Ying-Qun
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Wei-Qin
authors.initials: WQ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jie-Shou
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002199:Capillary Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000009:adverse effects*; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins / Q000097:blood; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000187:drug effects*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000502:physiology*; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D006133:Growth Substances; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B