title: The effect of dysfunctional voiding on the costs of treating vesicoureteral reflux: a computer model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We created a computer model for evaluating the effect of dysfunctional voiding on the costs of managing vesicoureteral reflux in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  The literature on vesicoureteral reflux was reviewed to create a set of assumptions regarding the epidemiology, likelihood of resolution, need for operative intervention, risk of infection and appropriate regimen for nonoperative surveillance. Recent literature describing the effect of dysfunctional voiding on the clinical course of vesicoureteral reflux was included in the model to compare the costs of treating vesicoureteral reflux in children with and without dysfunctional voiding. A 5-year management period was considered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dysfunctional voiding in children with vesicoureteral reflux increased the cost of treatment per patient by 51.2%. The cost per patient increased with increasing grade in those with and without dysfunctional voiding. The difference in costs in the 2 groups increased from 18.7% for grade 1 reflux to 62.1% for grade 5. Sensitivity analysis was performed, in which the risk of urinary tract infection, rate of surgical resolution, incidence of dysfunctional voiding and discount rate varied. The cost in children with dysfunctional voiding remained higher in all scenarios studied, showing the robustness of the model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dysfunctional voiding substantially increases the costs of treating children with vesicoureteral reflux due to the higher rate of urinary tract infection in children with dysfunctional voiding. Methods that would decrease the rate of urinary tract infection in children with dysfunctional voiding and vesicoureteral reflux would lead to a significant saving of health care dollars.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Ronald M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Benoit
authors.forename: Barbara V
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Wise
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Naslund
authors.forename: Ranjiv
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mathews
authors.forename: Steven G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Docimo
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008329:Managed Care Programs / Q000191:economics; D018803:Models, Economic; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics / Q000601:surgery; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics* / Q000601:surgery; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics* / Q000601:surgery