title: Serum matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-3 levels in dialysis patients vary independently of CRP and IL-6 levels.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients on chronic hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis often develop an inflammatory state that causes morbidity and mortality. Cross-sectional studies of dialysis patients have determined that C-reactive protein (CRP) is a predictor of morbidity. Little is known as to whether CRP, cytokines, such as IL-6 and IL-1beta that stimulate the synthesis of CRP, or matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are markers of inflammation in patients on dialysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assayed by ELISA serum levels of MMP-2, MMP-3, IL-6 and CRP in healthy individuals and in patients with pre-end-stage renal disease (pESRD, n = 10), peritoneal dialysis (PD, n = 11), hemodialysis (HD, n = 17) and renal transplant (TX, n = 10).
  
  
  RESULTS
  MMP-2 was significantly elevated before dialysis, perhaps indicative of progressive chronic renal sclerosis. MMP-3 was markedly elevated in hemodialysis patients but not in pESRD or PD patients, and may be related to the hemodialysis process and/or accelerated atherogenesis in these patients. IL-6 was significantly elevated in all patient groups, including pESRD patients. There were no statistically significant differences in CRP levels among the study groups. CRP correlated with IL-6, but not with MMP-2 or MMP-3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data indicate that there are measurable differences in the expression of MMPs within the dialysis patient population. Because dialysis can be associated with local and systemic inflammation, increased levels of MMP-3 in the hemodialysis group may be a reflection of gene stimulation induced by inflammatory cytokines and should be considered as a marker of chronic, local inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. Gloria_Preston@med.unc.edu
authors.forename: Gloria A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Preston
authors.forename: Cheri V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Barrett
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Alcorta
authors.forename: Susan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Hogan
authors.forename: Lesley
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dinwiddie
authors.forename: J Charles
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Jennette
authors.forename: Ronald J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Falk
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000097:blood*; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis; D006435:Renal Dialysis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D015850:Interleukin-6; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D003404:Creatinine; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2