title: [Sonographic findings for synovial fluid].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this pictorial essay was to evaluate the sonographic features of synovial fluid in patients with arthritis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-nine patients with active synovitis (rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, osteoarthritis, septic arthritis, crystal arthropathies, post-traumatic arthritis) were studied. Sonographic evaluation was performed with a AU-5 Harmonic, Esaote Biomedica (Genoa, Italy) equipped with a 10-14 MHz broadband linear transducer and a Diasus Dynamic Imaging Ltd.(Livingston, Scotland UK) equipped with a 8-16 MHz broadband linear transducer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six main different sonographic patterns were detected: 1) Anechoic: increased amount of homogeneous anechoic synovial fluid (exudative synovitis). 2) Cloudy: echogenic structures (proteinaceous material). 3) Mixed: anechoic synovial fluid and proteinaceous material. 4) "Snow-storm" aspect: multiple mildly and heterogeneous echoic spots (9 out of 10 patients with acute gouty synovitis). 5) Dotted: multiple sparkling hyperechoic dots without posterior acoustic shadow (10 out of 12 patient with chondrocalcinosis). 6) Granular: irregular turbid aspect of the synovial fluid. It was present in 3 patient with septic arthritis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study indicate that high resolution ultrasonography is able to detect different features of synovial fluid. Further studies are needed to assess both sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonography in "in vivo" synovial fluid examination.
authors.affiliation: Clinica Reumatologica, Università degli Sudi di Ancona, Ospedale A. Murri, Jesi. antonella_farina@hotmail.com
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Farina
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Filippucci
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Grassi
mesh_terms: D001170:Arthritis, Infectious / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D015535:Arthritis, Psoriatic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002805:Chondrocalcinosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006073:Gout / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007596:Joints / Q000293:injuries; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D013582:Synovial Fluid / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D013585:Synovitis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D011506:Proteins