title: Sintering mechanism of the CaF2 on hydroxyapatite by a 10.6-l microm CO2 laser.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Laser has been reported as a heat source for melting and re-crystallization. Occurring at about 1100 degrees C, the melting of surface dental enamel along with re-crystallization might have an assistant role in the therapy of hypersensitive tooth, apical sealing of endodontic surgery in dentistry, preventive dentistry for pit and fissure sealing, and fluoridation. For laser to be accepted in clinical applications, it is desired that, studies must show the incorporation of CaF(2) into hydroxyapatite could reduce the sintering temperature for the sake of safety.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, the Sharplan 20XJ CO(2) laser with 10.6- microm wavelength was set under the following parameters: power, 5 W; repetitive mode, 0.1 second; beam, focused. Fluorite was added to hydroxyapatite as a synthetic compound to lower the sintering temperature. Human dental enamel without caries was used for in vitro sintering test. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transforming infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and differential thermal analysis/thermogravimetric analysis (DAT/TGA) were used for the investigation of sintering mechanism of CaF(2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fusion between hexagonal shape crystals and cubic shape crystals (CaF(2)) were observed under SEM study. Hexagonal shape crystals indicated the formation of fluorapatite under XRD analysis. Under FTIR study, we examined reductions of water (3445 cm(-1)) and hydroxyl bands (3567 and 627 cm(-1)) in irradiated compounds. From the DTA pattern of synthetic compound, it showed the endothermic reaction reaching its peak point around 1180 +/- 20 degrees C. It was attributed to the phase transformation and/or initial melting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, we proposed the interrelationship of the eutectics between initiator (CaF(2)) and the reaction product (calcium hydroxide) that reduced the sintering temperature. It appeared that the co-eutectics interacted to reduce the sintering temperature of hydroxyapatite below 800 degrees C and that the key eutectic was calcium hydroxide. The clinical feasibility of the melting and re-crystallization of hydroxyapatite under 10.6-microm CO(2) laser would be therefore enhanced.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Dental Science, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. alen914@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Cheng-Chei
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Rong-Tai
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Roan
authors.forename: Jeng-Huey
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000528:radiation effects*; D002124:Calcium Fluoride / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004055:Differential Thermal Analysis; D017886:Durapatite / Q000528:radiation effects*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007834:Lasers; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013818:Thermogravimetry; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D017886:Durapatite; D002124:Calcium Fluoride