title: Disposition and intracellular activity of azithromycin in human THP-1 acute monocytes.
abstract: Uptake of [14C]-azithromycin into THP-1 human monocytes was determined at pH 7.4, 6.8 or 5.5 over 4-log antibiotic concentrations for 24 h under a number of conditions. Stimulation of cells was with bacteria, latex beads, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or zymogen A. Subcellular organelle disposition was determined after isolation by ultracentrifugation or sucrose gradients. Hydrolytic enzyme activities and mediators of intracellular inflammation (IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, and TNFalpha) were assessed. Azithromycin uptake into human THP-1 monocytes was initially linear achieving approximately 2% of the extracellular concentration. At pH 7.4, uptake was both passive- and carrier-mediated, but as the pH became more acidic, the uptake was exclusively passive. The intracellular concentration was not pH-dependent over 24 h. Uptake was dependent upon temperature but not the presence of foetal calf serum. Intracellular disposition in zymogen A-stimulated and unstimulated cells was throughout all compartments of the cell, but was higher in the nucleus and cell sap. Phagosomes of stimulated cells contained higher level of the antibiotic. Efflux from THP-1 monocytes was complete between 3 and 4 h. After 1 h treatment with zymogen A, THP-1 monocytes demonstrated an increase in intracellular acidity, protein kinase C, SOD and NAG activities, and NO, H(2)O(2), TNFalpha and IL-1 release over the 1st h. After 2-4 h the pH became alkaline, activities of NADPH reductase, NAG and cathepsin were reduced, and the release of NO, H(2)O(2), TNFalpha and IL-6 were suppressed. Protein synthesis and killing of the bacteria was evident in bacteria kept in monocyte-free medium and those phagocytized by the THP-1 monocytes moderately at 2 h, but more significantly at 24 h. The early killing of the bacteria appears to be a cidal mechanism whereas later, a standard bacteriostatic mechanism was evident. Nevertheless, suppression of these chemical mediators and hydrolytic enzyme activities would reduce the infection and the spread to adjacent areas.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7360, USA. iris_hall@unc.edu
authors.forename: Iris H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Ute E
authors.initials: UE
authors.lastname: Schwab
authors.forename: E Stacy
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Butts
authors.forename: Eric T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Wolford
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Ives
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017963:Azithromycin / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D002460:Cell Line; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008863:Microspheres; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D016897:Respiratory Burst / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D017963:Azithromycin