title: The analgesic effect of xenon on the formalin test in rats: a comparison with nitrous oxide.
abstract: To investigate the analgesic effects of xenon, we performed formalin tests in rats under 0.5 minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration xenon or nitrous oxide and stained the lumbar spinal cord for c-fos (n = 18) and the phosphorylated N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor (n = 24) by using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase method. After 20 min of 79% xenon, 68% nitrous oxide, or 100% inhaled oxygen, 10% formalin (100 microL) was injected into the left rear paw of the animals except for a control group. Nociceptive behavior was observed for 1 h. The rats were killed 2 h after the formalin injection, and the lumbar spinal cord was stained for c-fos or the phosphorylated NMDA receptor immunohistochemically. Animals in the xenon and nitrous oxide groups showed less nociceptive behavior than did the oxygen group. Although the number of c-fos-positive cells in the lumbar spinal cord in the nitrous oxide group was not decreased, that in the xenon group decreased. The number of phosphorylated NMDA receptor-positive cells in the xenon group was significantly less than in the nitrous oxide and oxygen groups. Inhaled xenon suppressed nociceptive behaviors, c-fos expression, and activation of the NMDA receptor during the formalin test in rats. These results confirm that xenon's analgesic effects result from inhibition of the NMDA receptor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inhaled xenon suppressed nociceptive behaviors, c-fos expression, and activation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor during the formalin test in rats. Xenon's analgesic effect was speculated to result from the inhibition of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Tsukuba University, Tsukuba-city, 305-8575 Japan. taekof@md.tsukuba.ac.jp
authors.forename: Taeko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fukuda
authors.forename: Chikako
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nishimoto
authors.forename: Setsuji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hisano
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miyabe
authors.forename: Hidenori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Toyooka
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D005557:Formaldehyde; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018079:Receptors, GABA / Q000378:metabolism; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D014978:Xenon / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D018079:Receptors, GABA; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D005557:Formaldehyde; D014978:Xenon; D009609:Nitrous Oxide