title: Milk thistle for the treatment of liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Milk thistle, an herbal compound, is the dietary supplement taken most frequently by patients with chronic liver disease. We performed a systematic review of the literature to determine the efficacy and safety of this herb for the treatment of liver disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched English and non-English reports through July 1999 using thirteen databases and reference lists, and contacting manufacturers and technical experts. Reviewers independently screened all reports to identify randomized placebo-controlled trials that evaluated milk thistle for the treatment of liver disease. Outcomes of primary interest included mortality, histological findings on liver biopsy specimens, serum aminotransferase and albumin levels, and prothrombin times.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen trials met inclusion criteria. Four trials reported outcomes for mortality among 433 participants. The overall summary odds ratio for mortality in the milk thistle group compared with placebo was 0.8 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.5 to 1.5; P = 0.6). Three trials assessed histology on liver biopsy; study quality was inversely associated with the likelihood of histological benefit for milk thistle compared with placebo. There were no differences in serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, or albumin levels, or prothrombin times, among participants assigned to milk thistle compared with those assigned to placebo. The only statistically significant difference was a greater reduction in alanine aminotransferase levels among patients with chronic liver disease assigned to milk thistle (-9 IU/L, 95% CI: -18 to -1 IU/L; P = 0.05), but this reduction was of negligible clinical importance and no longer statistically significant after limiting analyses to studies of longer duration or of higher quality. The frequency of adverse effects was low and, in clinical trials, indistinguishable from placebo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment with milk thistle appears to be safe and well tolerated. We found no reduction in mortality, in improvements in histology at liver biopsy, or in biochemical markers of liver function among patients with chronic liver disease. Data are too limited to exclude a substantial benefit or harm of milk thistle on mortality, and also to support recommending this herbal compound for the treatment of liver disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA. jacobsb@ocim.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Bradly P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Cathi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dennehy
authors.forename: Gilbert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ramirez
authors.forename: Jodi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sapp
authors.forename: Valerie A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Lawrence
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001706:Biopsy; D004796:Clinical Enzyme Tests; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D020944:Silybum marianum / Q000009:adverse effects; D008517:Phytotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000009:adverse effects; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D028321:Plant Preparations