title: Comorbidity and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with chronic kidney disease.
abstract: The mortality rate among dialysis patients is high. Although guidelines have been in place to improve outcomes in dialysis patients, new emphasis is being placed on better management of patients who are pre-end-stage renal disease (pre-ESRD)-patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Spearheaded by the National Kidney Foundation, the National Institute of Health, and the nephrology community at large, an effort is underway to improve the care of patients with kidney disease. We hope that improvement in health and outcomes of patients with kidney disease will be optimized through attention to care before the development of advanced renal disease. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is an important comorbidity of chronic kidney disease, and reducing cardiovascular events in this population is an important goal for the people who care for chronic kidney disease patients. In this article, we review the available literature regarding certain risk factors for cardiovascular disease: proteinuria, hyperglycemia, hypertension, homocysteine, hyperlipidemia, and inflammation. When possible, recommendations for treatment are provided based on the information reviewed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, the Feinberg School of Medicine of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Paparello
authors.forename: Abhijit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kshirsagar
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Batlle
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D020138:Hyperhomocysteinemia / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009026:Mortality; D015995:Prevalence; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000150:complications; D012307:Risk Factors