title: Shoulder-arm morbidity following axillary dissection and sentinel node only biopsy for breast cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine the outcome of shoulder-arm morbidity in patients with breast cancer after various axillary staging procedures. We used a new specific summation score to compare conventional axillary node dissection (AD) and sentinel node only biopsy for postoperative shoulder-arm morbidity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-five patients undergoing conventional AD and 66 patients undergoing sentinel node biopsy were evaluated both subjectively (questionnaire) and objectively (clinical examination) for reduced muscle strength, limited range of motion, lymphedema and pain, dysesthesias and loss of sensitivity. The symptoms elicited were rated by their severity with a single summation score describing all symptoms reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjective evaluation of patients undergoing breast conserving surgery showed a highly significant difference in favor of SNB only (P< or =0.002). On clinical examination the outcome of patients with SNB only was also significantly or highly significantly better (difference in arm volume:P =0.007; difference in arm muscle strength: P=0.016; loss of sensitivity: P<0.001). Of a total score of 100 (=no symptoms), the mean for AD patients was 80.2 vs 92.8 for SNB patients (P=0.001). In patients undergoing total mastectomy the difference was only significant for pain sensations and total scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SNB appears to reduce morbidity. Summation scores are a suitable and practicable tool for describing the symptoms associated with axillary surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, Landeskrankenhaus Feldkirch, Austria. anton.haid@cable.vol.at
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haid
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kuehn
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Konstantiniuk
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Köberle-Wührer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knauer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kreienberg
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
mesh_terms: D001134:Arm Injuries / Q000145:classification / Q000209:etiology*; D001365:Axilla; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D018567:Breast Neoplasms, Male / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D000070599:Shoulder Injuries