title: Underwater audiogram of a Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) measured with narrow-band frequency-modulated signals.
abstract: The underwater hearing sensitivity of an 18-year-old male Pacific walrus was measured in a pool by using a go/no-go response paradigm and the up-down staircase method. Auditory sensitivity was measured using narrow-band, frequency-modulated signals (1500 ms duration) with center frequencies ranging from 0.125 to 15 kHz. The resulting underwater audiogram (50% detection thresholds) for this individual walrus shows the typical mammalian U-shape. Maximum sensitivity (67 dB re 1 microPa) occurred at 12 kHz. The range of best hearing (10 dB from the maximum sensitivity) was from 1 to 12 kHz. Sensitivity fell gradually below 1 kHz and dropped off sharply above 12 kHz. The animal showed a peculiar insensitivity for 2 kHz signals. His much higher sensitivity for 1.5- and 3-kHz signals indicated that this is a narrow-band phenomenon. Walrus hearing is relatively sensitive to low frequency sound, thus the species is likely to be susceptible to anthropogenic noise. The thresholds found during a small test with four frequencies with signal durations of 300 ms did not differ significantly from those obtained with signal durations of 1500 ms.
authors.affiliation: Harderwijk Marine Mammal Park, The Netherlands. r.kastelein@dolfinarium.nl
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kastelein
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mosterd
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van Santen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hagedoorn
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: de Haan
mesh_terms: D000819:Animal Communication; D000818:Animals; D001299:Audiometry / Q000379:methods*; D006309:Hearing / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009622:Noise; D014856:Walruses; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water