title: Long-term trends in the incidence of and survival with heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Heart failure is a major public health problem. Long-term trends in the incidence of heart failure and survival after its onset in the community have not been characterized.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used statistical models to assess temporal trends in the incidence of heart failure and Cox proportional-hazards regression to evaluate survival after the onset of heart failure among subjects in the Framingham Heart Study. Cases of heart failure were classified according to the date of onset: 1950 through 1969 (223 cases), 1970 through 1979 (222), 1980 through 1989 (307), and 1990 through 1999 (323). We also calculated 30-day, 1-year, and 5-year age-adjusted mortality rates for each period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Heart failure occurred in 1075 subjects (51 percent of whom were women). As compared with the rate for the period from 1950 through 1969, the incidence of heart failure remained virtually unchanged among men in the three subsequent periods but declined by 31 to 40 percent among women (rate ratio for the period from 1990 through 1999, 0.69; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.51 to 0.93). The 30-day, 1-year, and 5-year age-adjusted mortality rates among men declined from 12 percent, 30 percent, and 70 percent, respectively, in the period from 1950 through 1969 to 11 percent, 28 percent, and 59 percent, respectively, in the period from 1990 through 1999. The corresponding rates among women were 18 percent, 28 percent, and 57 percent for the period from 1950 through 1969 and 10 percent, 24 percent, and 45 percent for the period from 1990 through 1999. Overall, there was an improvement in the survival rate after the onset of heart failure of 12 percent per decade (P=0.01 for men and P=0.02 for women).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Over the past 50 years, the incidence of heart failure has declined among women but not among men, whereas survival after the onset of heart failure has improved in both sexes. Factors contributing to these trends need further clarification.
authors.affiliation: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Mass, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: Satish
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kenchaiah
authors.forename: Martin G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.forename: Emelia J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Benjamin
authors.forename: Michelle J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kupka
authors.forename: Kalon K L
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Joanne M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Murabito
authors.forename: Ramachandran S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Vasan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008404:Massachusetts / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012306:Risk; D015996:Survival Rate; D017741:Survivors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*