title: P-cresol, a uremic toxin, decreases endothelial cell response to inflammatory cytokines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infectious diseases are among the most morbid events in uremia. The uremic toxin p-cresol may play a role in the immunodeficiency of uremia by depressing phagocyte functional capacity. Leukocyte adhesion to endothelium, a key event in the immune response, is mediated by endothelial adhesion molecules. These include intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and E-selectin, which are induced by various inflammatory cytokines. We asked whether p-cresol alters endothelial adhesion molecule expression and modifies endothelial/leukocyte adhesion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were incubated with p-cresol in the presence or absence of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) or interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta). Thereafter, the endothelial molecules ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin were quantitated and the monocyte (THP-1) adhesion to HUVEC measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  P-cresol decreased cytokine-induced protein and mRNA expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. In addition, p-cresol significantly decreased the adhesion of THP-1 to cytokine-stimulated HUVEC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  P-cresol may play a role in the immune defect of uremic patients by inhibiting cytokine-induced endothelial adhesion molecule expression and endothelium/monocyte adhesion.
authors.affiliation: INSERM EMI0019, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de la Méditerranée, and Service de Néphrologie, Hôpital de la Conception, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Laetitia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dou
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cerini
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brunet
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guilianelli
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Moal
authors.forename: Georges
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Grau
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: De Smet
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vanholder
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sampol
authors.forename: Yvon
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Berland
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003408:Cresols / Q000633:toxicity*; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000235:genetics; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000166:cytology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014471:Umbilical Veins / Q000166:cytology; D014511:Uremia / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D003408:Cresols; D007375:Interleukin-1; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; C032538:4-cresol