title: Synchronous rhythmical vasomotion in the human cutaneous microvasculature during nonpulsatile cardiopulmonary bypass.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The origin, control mechanisms, and functional significance of oscillations in microvascular flow are incompletely understood. Although the traditional belief has been that only low-frequency oscillations (0.04-0.10 Hz) can originate at the microvascular level, recent evidence in healthy volunteers has suggested that high-frequency oscillations (> 0.10 Hz) also may have a microvascular origin (as opposed to being mechanically transmitted respiratory-induced variations in stroke volume). The current study determined if such oscillations would emerge in the absence of cardiac and respiratory activity during nonpulsatile cardiopulmonary bypass (NP-CPB).
  
  
  METHODS
  Forehead and finger laser Doppler flow, arterial pressure, and core temperature were simultaneously recorded in eight patients during NP-CPB. Analyses included time- domain indices, frequency-domain indices (auto power spectral density), and a measure of regularity (approximate entropy) for standardized time segments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nonpulsatile cardiopulmonary bypass was associated with the emergence of rhythmical oscillations in laser Doppler flow, with characteristic frequencies for the forehead (0.13 +/- 0.03 Hz) and finger (0.07 +/- 0.02 Hz). Forehead vasomotion became progressively synchronized, with a gain in high-frequency spectral power from 17.5 (minute 1) to 89.1 (minute 40) normalized units, and a decrease in approximate entropy from 1.2 (before NP-CPB) to less than 0.5 (minute 40).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The emergence of forehead microvascular oscillations at greater than 0.10 Hz (characteristic of parasympathetic frequency response), in the absence of cardiac and respiratory variability, demonstrates their peripheral origin and provides insights into parasympathetic vasoregulatory mechanisms. The progressive synchronization of forehead vasomotion during NP-CPB, suggestive of increased coupling among microvascular biologic oscillators, may represent a microcirculatory homeostatic response to systemic depulsation, with potential implications for end-organ perfusion.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. podgo001@mc.duke.edu
authors.forename: Mihai V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Podgoreanu
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Stout
authors.forename: Habib E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: El-Moalem
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Silverman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply*