title: Effects of caffeine, sleep loss, and stress on cognitive performance and mood during U.S. Navy SEAL training. Sea-Air-Land.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  When humans are acutely exposed to multiple stressors, cognitive performance is substantially degraded. Few practical strategies are available to sustain performance under such conditions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study examined whether moderate doses of caffeine would reduce adverse effects of sleep deprivation and exposure to severe environmental and operational stress on cognitive performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Volunteers were 68 U.S. Navy Sea-Air-Land (SEAL) trainees, randomly assigned to receive either 100, 200, or 300 mg caffeine or placebo in capsule form after 72 h of sleep deprivation and continuous exposure to other stressors. Cognitive tests administered included scanning visual vigilance, four-choice visual reaction time, a matching-to-sample working memory task and a repeated acquisition test of motor learning and memory. Mood state, marksmanship, and saliva caffeine were also assessed. Testing was conducted 1 and 8 h after treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sleep deprivation and environmental stress adversely affected performance and mood. Caffeine, in a dose-dependent manner, mitigated many adverse effects of exposure to multiple stressors. Caffeine (200 and 300 mg) significantly improved visual vigilance, choice reaction time, repeated acquisition, self-reported fatigue and sleepiness with the greatest effects on tests of vigilance, reaction time, and alertness. Marksmanship, a task that requires fine motor coordination and steadiness, was not affected by caffeine. The greatest effects of caffeine were present 1 h post-administration, but significant effects persisted for 8 h.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even in the most adverse circumstances, moderate doses of caffeine can improve cognitive function, including vigilance, learning, memory, and mood state. When cognitive performance is critical and must be maintained during exposure to severe stress, administration of caffeine may provide a significant advantage. A dose of 200 mg appears to be optimal under such conditions.
authors.affiliation: Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760-5007, USA. harris.lieberman@na.amedd.army.mil
authors.forename: Harris R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Lieberman
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Tharion
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shukitt-Hale
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Speckman
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tulley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D001143:Arousal / Q000187:drug effects; D002110:Caffeine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000187:drug effects; D008889:Military Personnel; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D002110:Caffeine