title: Efficacy of UV irradiation in inactivating Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts.
abstract: To evaluate the effectiveness of UV irradiation in inactivating Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts, the animal infectivities and excystation abilities of oocysts that had been exposed to various UV doses were determined. Infectivity decreased exponentially as the UV dose increased, and the required dose for a 2-log(10) reduction in infectivity (99% inactivation) was approximately 1.0 mWs/cm(2) at 20 degrees C. However, C. parvum oocysts exhibited high resistance to UV irradiation, requiring an extremely high dose of 230 mWs/cm(2) for a 2-log(10) reduction in excystation, which was used to assess viability. Moreover, the excystation ability exhibited only slight decreases at UV doses below 100 mWs/cm(2). Thus, UV treatment resulted in oocysts that were able to excyst but not infect. The effects of temperature and UV intensity on the UV dose requirement were also studied. The results showed that for every 10 degrees C reduction in water temperature, the increase in the UV irradiation dose required for a 2-log(10) reduction in infectivity was only 7%, and for every 10-fold increase in intensity, the dose increase was only 8%. In addition, the potential of oocysts to recover infectivity and to repair UV-induced injury (pyrimidine dimers) in DNA by photoreactivation and dark repair was investigated. There was no recovery in infectivity following treatment by fluorescent-light irradiation or storage in darkness. In contrast, UV-induced pyrimidine dimers in the DNA were apparently repaired by both photoreactivation and dark repair, as determined by endonuclease-sensitive site assay. However, the recovery rate was different in each process. Given these results, the effects of UV irradiation on C. parvum oocysts as determined by animal infectivity can conclusively be considered irreversible.
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Health, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Shigemitsu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morita
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Namikoshi
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hirata
authors.forename: Kumiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oguma
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Katayama
authors.forename: Shinichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ohgaki
authors.forename: Nobuyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Motoyama
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fujiwara
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016785:Cryptosporidium parvum / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D033661:Oocysts / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013696:Temperature; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays