title: Failure of suture material at suture anchor eyelets.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the repair of soft tissue to bone using suture anchors, failure of the suture material can occur at the anchor eyelet. This study examines the load strength at which suture material fails with different metallic suture anchor eyelets.
  
  
  METHODS
  Biomechanical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Suture material (Ethibond No. 2, Ethicon, Norderstedt, Germany) was pulled out from 22 metallic suture anchor models at 60 mm/min, and tensile load at failure and failure mode were recorded. Tests were performed either by simultaneous pulling on 2 suture limbs in 3 different directions (straight, at 45 degrees, and at 45 degrees rotated by 90 degrees to the suture anchor axis) or by pulling on 1 suture limb while measuring the resulting force on the second limb. All tests were performed until suture failure. Pulling was performed in single tests on an Instron materials testing machine (High Wycombe, UK), with the anchors held by a vise.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all cases, the suture failed at the anchor eyelet. Failure load at straight loading ranged from 116 +/- 5 N to 226 +/- 5 N and from 69 +/- 5 N to 193 +/- 7 N when loaded at an angle of 45 degrees. The best results were found with the Statak 5.2-mm (Zimmer, Warsaw, IN): 177 N; Corkscrew 6.5-mm anchor (Arthrex, Naples, FL): 174 N; and PeBA 4.0-mm anchor (OBL Orthopaedic Biosystems, Scottsdale, AZ): 169 N. With each eyelet, sutures failed preferentially in 1 direction, depending on the presence of sharp edges.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Suture material can be cut at suture anchor eyelets. Failure load depends on sharp edges on the eyelet and occurs at forces up to 73% below the breaking strength of the suture material on a smooth hook. Anchors with suture-protecting channels are particularly sensitive to the orientation in which the sutures are loaded.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Dominik C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Nyffeler
authors.forename: Sandro F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Fucentese
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gerber
mesh_terms: D004867:Equipment Design; D004868:Equipment Failure; D008422:Materials Testing; D011093:Polyethylene Terephthalates; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D013536:Suture Techniques; D013537:Sutures; D013718:Tensile Strength
chemical_list: C014534:Ethibond; D011093:Polyethylene Terephthalates