title: Nuclear structure and gene activity in human differentiated cells.
abstract: The nuclear arrangement of the ABL, c-MYC, and RB1 genes was quantitatively investigated in human undifferentiated HL-60 cells and in a terminally differentiated population of human granulocytes. The ABL gene was expressed in both cell types, the c-MYC gene was active in HL-60 cells and down-regulated in granulocytes, and expression of the RB1 gene was undetectable in HL-60 cells but up-regulated in granulocytes. The distances of these genes to the nuclear center (membrane), to the center of the corresponding chromosome territory, and to the nearest centromere were determined. During granulopoesis, the majority of selected genetic structures were repositioned closer to the nuclear periphery. The nuclear reposition of the genes studied did not correlate with the changes of their expression. In both cell types, the c-MYC and RB1 genes were located at the periphery of the chromosome territories regardless of their activity. The centromeres of chromosomes 8 and 13 were always positioned more centrally within the chromosome territory than the studied genes. Close spatial proximity of the c-MYC and RB1 genes with centromeric heterochromatin, forming the chromocenters, correlated with gene activity, although the nearest chromocenter of the silenced RB1 gene did not involve centromeric heterochromatin of chromosome 13 where the given gene is localized. In addition, the role of heterochromatin in gene silencing was studied in retinoblastoma cells. In these differentiated tumor cells, one copy of the RB1 gene was positioned near the heterochromatic chromosome X, and reduced RB1 gene activity was observed. In the experiments presented here, we provide evidence that the regulation of gene activity during important cellular processes such as differentiation or carcinogenesis may be realized through heterochromatin-mediated gene silencing.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bártová
authors.forename: Stanislav
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kozubek
authors.forename: Pavla
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jirsová
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kozubek
authors.forename: Hana
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gajová
authors.forename: Emilie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lukásová
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Skalníková
authors.forename: Alena
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ganová
authors.forename: Irena
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Koutná
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hausmann
mesh_terms: D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D002882:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13; D002898:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8; D041321:Chromosomes, Human, X; D019175:DNA Methylation; D016193:G1 Phase; D020868:Gene Silencing; D016313:Genes, abl / Q000235:genetics*; D018922:HL-60 Cells; D006570:Heterochromatin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D016315:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-abl / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D016192:Resting Phase, Cell Cycle; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014178:Translocation, Genetic; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D006570:Heterochromatin; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein; D016315:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-abl