title: Pacemaker reed switch behavior in 0.5, 1.5, and 3.0 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging units: are reed switches always closed in strong magnetic fields?
abstract: MRI is established as an important diagnostic tool in medicine. However, the presence of a cardiac pacemaker is usually regarded as a contraindication for MRI due to safety reasons. The aim of this study was to investigate the state of a pacemaker reed switch in different orientations and positions in the main magnetic field of 0.5-, 1.5-, and 3.0-T MRI scanners. Reed switches used in current pacemakers and ICDs were tested in 0.5-, 1.5-, and 3.0-T MRI scanners. The closure of isolated reed switches was evaluated for different orientations and positions relative to the main magnetic field. The field strengths to close and open the reed switch and the orientation dependency of the closed state inside the main magnetic field were investigated. The measurements were repeated using two intact pacemakers to evaluate the potential influence of the other magnetic components, like the battery. If the reed switches were oriented parallel to the magnetic fields, they closed at 1.0 +/- 0.2 mT and opened at 0.7 +/- 0.2 mT. Two different reed switch behaviors were observed at different magnetic field strengths. In low magnetic fields (< 50 mT), the reed switches were closed. However, in high magnetic fields (> 200 mT), the reed switches opened in 50% of all tested orientations. No difference between the three scanners could be demonstrated. The reed switches showed the same behavior whether they were isolated or an integral part of the pacemakers. The reed switch in a pacemaker or an ICD does not necessarily remain closed in strong magnetic fields at 0.5, 1.5, or 3.0 T and the state of the reed switch may not be predictable with certainty in clinical situations.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich.
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Luechinger
authors.forename: Firat
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Duru
authors.forename: Volkert A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Zeijlemaker
authors.forename: Markus B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Scheidegger
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boesiger
authors.forename: Reto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Candinas
mesh_terms: D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial