title: Ethical orientation, functional linguistics, and the codes of ethics of the Canadian Nurses Association and the Canadian Medical Association.
abstract: The literature on codes of ethics suggests that grammatical and linguistic structures as well as the theoretical ethical orientation conveyed in codes of ethics have implications for the manner in which such codes are received by those bound by them. Certain grammatical and linguistic structures, for example, tend to have an authoritarian and disempowering impact while others can be empowering. The authors analyze and compare the codes of ethics of the Canadian Nurses Association (CNA) and the Canadian Medical Association (CMA) in terms of their ethical orientation and grammatical/linguistic structures. The results suggest that the two codes differ substantially along these two dimensions. The CNA code contains proportionally more statements that provide a rationale for ethical behaviour; the statements of the CMA code tend to be more dogmatic. Functional grammar analysis suggests that both codes convey a strong deontological tone that does not enhance the addressee's ability to engage in discretionary decision-making. The nurses' code nonetheless implies a collaborative relationship with the client, whereas the medical code implies that the patient is the recipient of medical wisdom. The implications of these findings are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. Thomas.Hadjistavropoulos@uregina.ca
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hadjistavropoulos
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Malloy
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Douaud
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Smythe
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada; D004992:Ethics, Medical; D004993:Ethics, Nursing; D007802:Language; D008037:Linguistics; D012955:Societies, Medical; D012956:Societies, Nursing