title: Diagnosis of umbilical cord entanglement of monoamniotic twins by first-trimester color Doppler imaging.
abstract: Monoamniotic twins occur in approximately 5% of monochorionic twin gestations as a result of splitting of the inner cell mass at 8 or more days after fertilization, and they are associated with high perinatal mortality rates, ranging between 28% and 47%. These gestations have unique pathologic conditions, including conjoined twins, a high prevalence of discordancy for fetal structural anomalies (the former and possibly also the latter resulting from consequences of the twinning process), and cord entanglement. We present a case in which monoamniotic twins at first-trimester transvaginal sonography were confirmed by color Doppler imaging as having entangled umbilical cords.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn 11203-2098, USA.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Sherer
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sokolovski
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Haratz-Rubinstein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D011272:Pregnancy, Multiple; D014427:Twins; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal; D014470:Umbilical Cord / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging