title: Errors with small volume elastic seepage meter bags.
abstract: The use of small volume elastic collection bags (condoms) has become popular in seepage meter studies in recent years, despite minimal field or laboratory validation of their use and, specifically, the impact of their elasticity on seepage measurements. A laboratory study was initiated after field results using small elastic collection bags produced seepage data that did not correlate with hydrometric data. The laboratory data demonstrate that condoms undergo significant mechanical relaxation during seepage measurement times typically observed in field settings. Unlike conventional nonelastic collection bags, which mechanically relax over several minutes, the condoms suffered from a slow mechanical relaxation or equilibration. Over nine hours, condoms gained 43 mL of water, approximately 50% of maximum workable volume (between mechanical relaxation effect and elastic limit), under stagnant flow conditions. This long-term equilibration invalidates simple subtraction of equilibration volumes from collection volumes as a correction technique. Previously published studies using flexible small-volume elastic measurement bags (condoms) have not reported a mechanical relaxation effect. Overall, because the condom's small workable volume and inherent variability, we would not recommend any small-volume elastic measurement bags for quantitative seepage measurements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada. schincar@uwo.ca
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Schincariol
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: McNeil
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012987:Soil; D014872:Water Movements; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D012987:Soil