title: [Early electroretinografic changes in elderly RA patients treated with hydroxychloroquine].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effectiveness of fundoscopy, electrooculography, electroretinogram and visually evoked potentials in early detection of hydroxychloroquine retinal toxicity in RA patients and to evaluate the influence of patients' age, drug dosage, concomitant therapy (prednisone and methotrexate) and serum creatinine levels in the development of this side effect.
  
  
  METHODS
  From september to december 1999, we have enrolled 32 RA patients (13 males, 19 females) starting hydroxychloroquine treatment. The patients underwent regular ophthalmological examination (fundoscopy, electro-oculography, electroretinogram and visually evoked potentials) every 4 months. Disease activity was evaluated every two months by clinical and routine serological examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No patients developed retinopathy during 1 year's follow-up; fundoscopy, electrooculography, and visually evoked potentials did not vary from the baseline. On the other hand, electroretinogram showed early alterations of scotopic and photopic response; moreover a significant statistical correlation between patients' age (more than 65 years) and b1 photopic wave increase (p < 0,05) was observed. No correlation was found between the development of electro-retinographic alterations and hydroxychloroquine dosage, concomitant therapy and serum creatinine levels
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data show the inefficacy of fundoscopy, electrooculography and visually evoked potentials in early detection of hydroxychloroquine retinopathy. On the other hand electroretinogram allows early detection of retinal alterations during hydroxychloroquine treatment, in patients older than 65 years.
authors.affiliation: Cattedra ed Unità Operativa di Reumatologia, Università degli Studi di Pavia, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cavagna
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bogliolo
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Antoniazzi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gelmi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Caporali
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Montecucco
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004585:Electrooculography; D004596:Electroretinography / Q000187:drug effects*; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D006801:Humans; D006886:Hydroxychloroquine / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019721:Ophthalmoscopes; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects*; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D006886:Hydroxychloroquine