title: Investigation of transfusion transmission of a WA1-type babesial parasite to a premature infant in California.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A premature infant in California developed respiratory distress associated with infection with a protozoal parasite, Babesia. The infant had received two blood transfusions, one from the father and one from an anonymous donor (Donor A). This study describes the follow-up required to identify the source and species of Babesia that infected the infant.
  
  
  METHODS
  At the time of the infant's illness, whole blood from the infant, father, and mother was evaluated for Babesia infection. Similar evaluation of whole blood from Donor A was performed 2 months after the suspected donation to the infant. Samples were tested using blood smear examination, serology, PCR, and hamster inoculation. Identity of the recovered Babesia parasites was confirmed by DNA amplification by PCR, genetic sequencing of the 18S gene, and phylogenetic analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  WA1-type Babesia was recovered from the infant. Neither parent was the source of infection. Serology and hamster inoculation confirmed WA1-type Babesia infection in Donor A. DNA sequences of the 18S gene from the infant and donor isolates were 100% identical.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  WA1-type Babesia infections may be difficult to detect among blood donors because such infections can be subclinical. This is the second WA1-type Babesia transmission via blood transfusion and the first in an infant. Physicians in the western United States should consider Babesia as a possible cause of nonspecific febrile illness after a blood transfusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616-8745, USA.
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kjemtrup
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Curtis L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Fritz
authors.forename: Cherie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chervenak
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Conrad
mesh_terms: D000740:Anemia / Q000628:therapy; D000818:Animals; D041001:Babesia microti / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001404:Babesiosis / Q000097:blood* / Q000469:parasitology; D001782:Blood Donors; D006224:Cricetinae; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D018512:Parasitemia / Q000469:parasitology; D010290:Parents; D010802:Phylogeny; D049590:Postpartum Period / Q000097:blood; D016053:RNA, Protozoan / Q000235:genetics; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S / Q000235:genetics; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D013154:Spleen / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D065227:Transfusion Reaction
chemical_list: D016053:RNA, Protozoan; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S