title: Inverse planning for interstitial gynecologic template brachytherapy: truly anatomy-based planning.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Commercially available optimization schemes generally result in an undesirable dose distribution, because of the particular shapes of tumors extending laterally from the tandem. Dose distribution is therefore manually obtained by adjusting relative dwell time values until an acceptable solution is found. The objective of this work is to present the clinical application of an inverse planning dose optimization tool for the automatic determination of source dwell time values in the treatment of interstitial gynecologic templates.
  
  
  METHODS
  In cases where the tumor extends beyond the range of the tandem-ovoid applicator, catheters as well as the tandem are inserted into the paravaginal and parametrial region in an attempt to cover the tumor volume. CT scans of these patients are then used for CT-based dose planning. Dose distribution is obtained manually by varying the relative dwell times until adequate dose coverage is achieved. This manual planning is performed by an experienced physician. In parallel, our in-house inverse planning based on simulated annealing is used to automatically determine which of all possible dwell positions will become active and to calculate the dwell time values needed to fulfill dose constraints applied to the tumor volume and to each organ at risk. To compare the results of these planning methods, dose-volume histograms and isodose distributions were generated for the target and each organ at risk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This procedure has been applied for the dose planning of 12 consecutive interstitial gynecologic templates cases. For all cases, once the anatomy was contoured, the routine of inverse planning based on simulated annealing found the solution to the dose constraints within 1 min of CPU time. In comparison, manual planning took more than 45 min. The inverse planning-generated plans showed improved protection to organs at risk for the same coverage compared to manual planning.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This inverse planning tool reduced the planning time significantly and produced improved plans with reduced dose to the organs at risk. Furthermore, the inverse planning approach improves the physician's control over treatment. The focus becomes the physician's prescription to the target and his or her compromise due to dose to normal structures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California-San Francisco, 1600 Divisadero Street, Suite H1031, San Francisco, CA 94143-1708, USA. lessard@radonc17.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Etienne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lessard
authors.forename: I-Chow
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pouliot
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005833:Genital Neoplasms, Female / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*