title: Omega-3 fatty acids in immune-enhancing enteral diets selectively increase blood flow to the ileum by a bile acid dependent mechanism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The immune-enhancing diet (IED) (Impact, Novartis Corp, Minneapolis, Minn) initiates a delayed and sustained increase in blood flow to the ileum and gut-associated lymphoid tissue. The immune-enhancing benefits of Impact (Novartis Corp) are attributed to the addition of L-arginine, fish oil (FO), and RNA fragments to a standard enteral diet. The sustained increase in blood flow to the gut-associated lymphoid tissue during IED exposure might account for these immune effects. We hypothesized that the increase in ileal blood flow with IED might be a result of ileal omega-3 fatty acid absorption in the ileum by a bile-dependent mechanism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Sprague-Dawley rats (200 g-230 g) were anesthetized and cannulated for microsphere measurement of whole organ blood flow. Rats received gastric gavage (2 mL) with either IED, an isocaloric, isonitrogenous control diet (CD) (Boost, Mead-Johnson, Evansville, Ind), CD plus menhaden FO (CD+FO), or CD+FO plus bile duct ligation (BDL). Blood flow was determined at baseline and 30, 60, and 120 minutes after short-term gavage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline blood flow and central hemodynamics were comparable in all groups. In the ileum, at 120 minutes postgavage, blood flow was increased by IED and CD+FO compared with baseline and CD. BDL prevented the increase in blood flow in the CD+FO+BDL rats. All groups exhibited differences in splanchnic blood flow distribution after gavage: CD and CD+FO+BDL increased blood flow compared with baseline early in the proximal gut and spleen. IED and CD+FO produced a delayed, sustained hyperemia to the distal gut.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gastrointestinal blood flow distribution after feeding is dependent on nutrient composition. These findings suggest that omega-3 fatty acids are the components of the enteral IED, Impact (Novartis Corp), which produce the increased blood flow to the terminal ileum and its contiguous gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Our data suggests that an intact enterohepatic bile pathway is needed for the IED blood flow effect.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Surgery, and Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Ky 40292, USA.
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Matheson
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lusco
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: R Neal
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Garrison
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001646:Bile / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D001647:Bile Acids and Salts / Q000502:physiology*; D001652:Bile Ducts / Q000502:physiology*; D004750:Enteral Nutrition; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005704:Gallbladder / Q000098:blood supply*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D007082:Ileum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D007700:Kinetics; D008102:Liver Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008863:Microspheres; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000187:drug effects; D013154:Spleen / Q000098:blood supply
chemical_list: D001647:Bile Acids and Salts; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D005395:Fish Oils; C033266:Menhaden oil