title: Epidermal calcium release (ECR) in vivo sampled with a simple washout chamber technique.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Epidermis forms the protective barrier of the skin by its outermost layer, stratum corneum. The purpose of this study was to investigate the epidermal barrier in view of epidermal calcium release (ECR), phosphate release, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin surface pH. Calcium is mainly an intracellular ion. Calcium was sampled introducing a new and simple washout chamber technique for the study of epidermal release in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Test sites on forearms of 13 healthy subjects were pre-treated with 24 h water occlusion, 24 h 2% sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) or tape stripped. Both untreated and pre-treated test sites were exposed to a water washout chamber with 200 micro deionized water as a solvent. Water washout chambers were removed after two hours and calcium and phosphate in the water was analyzed. Transepidermal water loss and pH were measured before and after the trial.
  
  
  RESULTS
  pH increased after tape stripping and after exposure to SLS. Transepidermal water loss increased significantly at all test sites. Calcium was significantly released from SLS-treated sites but not from tape stripped sites. There was generally a correlation between ECR, phosphate release, TEWL and pH. In this study ECR is showed to be a barrier marker of high reproducibility.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Epidermal calcium release or ECR is found useful as an indicator of skin barrier function. Calcium release and increase of pH appear mainly to illustrate direct and corrosive damage to epidermal cells and functions contrasting TEWL, in this experiment probably reflecting intercellular damage of fracturing as exemplified by mechanical damage resulting from surface stripping. This new distinction of skin barrier damage into cellular damage resulting from a corrosive chemical trauma and intercellular damage and fracturing resulting from a mechanical trauma is exemplified in SLS provocative testing and tape stripping, the former characterized by increased ECR. The washout chamber technique was deemed technically reliable and reproducible, and has a major potential in experimental dermatology and skin pharmacology for the study of in vivo epidermal release of a range of endogenous and exogenous substances.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology and Department of Clinical Chemistry, Linköping University Hospital, Sweden. liliansaid@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Lilian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Said
authors.forename: Jørgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Serup
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rebel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D003880:Dermatology / Q000379:methods; D004817:Epidermis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010710:Phosphates / Q000378:metabolism; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate / Q000494:pharmacology; D014870:Water Loss, Insensible
chemical_list: D010710:Phosphates; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; D002118:Calcium