title: Effect of Pentavac and measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination on the intestine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The safety of infant vaccination has been questioned in recent years. In particular it has been suggested that the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccination leads to brain damage manifesting as autism consequent to the development of an "enterocolitis" in the immediate post-vaccination period.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess if MMR vaccination is associated with subclinical intestinal inflammation, which is central to the autistic "enterocolitis" theory.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 109/58 infants, before and two and four weeks after immunisation with Pentavac and MMR vaccines, for the presence of intestinal inflammation (faecal calprotectin).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neither vaccination was associated with any significant increase in faecal calprotectin concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The failure of the MMR vaccination to cause an intestinal inflammatory response provides evidence against the proposed gut-brain interaction that is central to the autistic "enterocolitis" hypothesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Hringbraut, Reykjavík, Iceland.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Thjodleifsson
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Davídsdóttir
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Agnarsson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sigthórsson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kjeld
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bjarnason
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D015721:Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine; D004760:Enterocolitis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D018073:Haemophilus Vaccines; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D039841:Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex / Q000032:analysis; D022542:Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011054:Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated; D017778:Vaccines, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D015721:Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine; D018073:Haemophilus Vaccines; D039841:Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex; D022542:Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; C426945:Pentavac; D011054:Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated; D017778:Vaccines, Combined