title: Trypanosoma cruzi induces edematogenic responses in mice and invades cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells in vitro by activating distinct kinin receptor (B1/B2) subtypes.
abstract: Trypanosoma cruzi, the protozoan that causes Chagas' heart disease, invades endothelial cells in vitro by activating the B2 kinin receptor (B2R). Here, we demonstrate that mice infected with trypomastigotes develop potent edema after treatment with the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) (or kininase II) inhibitor captopril. Experiments performed with specific kinin receptor (B2R/B1R) antagonists and knockout mice revealed that the early-phase (3-h) edema is mediated by the constitutive B2R, whereas the late-phase (24-h) response depends on stimulation of the up-regulated B1R. Given previous evidence that parasite invasion of cells expressing B2R is potentiated by captopril, we investigated the prerequisites for in vitro infection of Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing either B1R or B2R, human umbilical vein endothelial cells activated by lipopolysaccharide, and neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Our results indicate that captopril potentiates parasite invasion regardless of the kinin (B2/B1) activation pathways, whereas DL-2-mercaptomethyl-3-guanidino-ethylthiopropanoic acid (MGTA), an inhibitor of kininase I (carboxypeptidase M/N), selectively decreases parasite infectivity for B1R-expressing cells. These data suggest that formation of the B1R agonist, i.e., [des-Arg] kinins, critically depends on the processing action of kininase I, here proposed as a potential pathogenesis cofactor. Collectively, our data suggest that fluctuations in the levels of kininases may modulate parasite infectivity and pathological outcome in Chagas' disease.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade do Brasil, CCS, Bloco G, Cidade Universitária, CEP 21944-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alex G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Todorov
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.forename: João B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Pesquero
authors.forename: Ronaldo de Carvalho
authors.initials: Rde C
authors.lastname: Araujo
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bader
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: Lajos
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gera
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Müller-Esterl
authors.forename: Verônica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Morandi
authors.forename: Regina C S
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Goldenberg
authors.forename: Hugo Castro-Faria
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Neto
authors.forename: Julio
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Scharfstein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D016466:CHO Cells; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D014355:Chagas Disease / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D006224:Cricetinae; D004487:Edema / Q000378:metabolism / Q000469:parasitology*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000469:parasitology; D005121:Extremities / Q000469:parasitology; D006321:Heart / Q000469:parasitology*; D007700:Kinetics; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D001121:Lysine Carboxypeptidase / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D008954:Models, Biological; D043783:Receptor, Bradykinin B1; D043782:Receptor, Bradykinin B2; D018002:Receptors, Bradykinin / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D014349:Trypanosoma cruzi / Q000254:growth & development / Q000472:pathogenicity*
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D043783:Receptor, Bradykinin B1; D043782:Receptor, Bradykinin B2; D018002:Receptors, Bradykinin; D001121:Lysine Carboxypeptidase