title: Chronic bacterial infections: living with unwanted guests.
abstract: Some bacterial pathogens can establish life-long chronic infections in their hosts. Persistence is normally established after an acute infection period involving activation of both the innate and acquired immune systems. Bacteria have evolved specific pathogenic mechanisms and harbor sets of genes that contribute to the establishment of a persistent lifestyle that leads to chronic infection. Persistent bacterial infection may involve occupation of a particular tissue type or organ or modification of the intracellular environment within eukaryotic cells. Bacteria appear to adapt their immediate environment to favor survival and may hijack essential immunoregulatory mechanisms designed to minimize immune pathology or the inappropriate activation of immune effectors.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, UK. g.dougan@ic.ac.uk
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Tracy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hussell
authors.forename: Gordon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dougan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000940:Antigenic Variation; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology; D001419:Bacteria / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D002417:Cattle; D002908:Chronic Disease; D006801:Humans; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D009164:Mycobacterium Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D009166:Mycobacterium leprae / Q000276:immunology; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D009928:Organ Specificity; D012475:Salmonella / Q000145:classification / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D012480:Salmonella Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial