title: Novel caged fluorescein diphosphates as photoactivatable substrates for protein tyrosine phosphatases.
abstract: We have characterized some novel caged fluorescein diphosphates as photoactivatable, cell-permeable substrates for protein tyrosine phosphatases and explored their usefulness in identifying inhibitors of tyrosine phosphatases. 1-(2-Nitrophenyl)ethyl protected fluorescein diphosphate (NPE-FDP) undergoes rapid photolysis to release FDP upon irradiation with a 450-W UV immersion lamp and its by-product does not inactivate protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) or alters the viability of cells. The generated FDP from photolysis of NPE-FDP was shown to have exactly the same properties as FDP, which can be used as a PTP substrate in pure enzyme assays. We have also demonstrated that the PTP activity can be measured using NPE-FDP in small droplets. Its advantage as an inert substrate before photolysis allows the possibility of applying nanospray technology in screening and optimizing PTP inhibitors through a large chemical library. Like other caged bioeffectors such as nucleotide and inositol trisphosphate, NPE-FDP is cell-permeable. The NPE-FDP can be photolyzed to generate FDP inside cells, and then can be hydrolyzed by phosphatases to produce fluorescein monophosphate and subsequently to fluorescein. Although Jurkat cells contain high concentrations of CD45, it has not been possible to use FDP as a substrate to measure CD45 activity in the intact cell. This is due to the hydrolysis of FDP by several other cellular phosphatases. However, NPE-FDP can be useful as a cell-permeable substrate for overexpressed phosphatases such as alkaline phosphatase.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Frosst Center for Therapeutic Research, P.O. Box 1005, Pointe-Claire, Dorval, Quebec, Canada H9R 4P8. qingping_wang@merck.com
authors.forename: Qingping
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Scheigetz
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.forename: Chidambaram
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ramachandran
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Gresser
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D005452:Fluoresceins / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D019169:Jurkat Cells; D007700:Kinetics; D017493:Leukocyte Common Antigens / Q000378:metabolism; D063065:Organophosphonates / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D010782:Photolysis; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018411:Spodoptera; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D005452:Fluoresceins; D063065:Organophosphonates; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D017493:Leukocyte Common Antigens; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases