title: Cardiac catheterization of patients supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to describe the clinical outcomes of patients undergoing cardiac catheterization while supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is an important mechanical support for the failing circulation. There are diagnostic and therapeutic indications for cardiac catheterization in patients on ECMO, but no large series has been reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective review of the indications and outcomes of patients catheterized on ECMO from a single, large pediatric tertiary care center.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At our institution, 192 patients with cardiac disease have undergone a total of 216 courses of ECMO; 60 catheterizations were performed on 54 patients (28%). Indications for catheterization included assessment of surgical repair (21 patients), left heart decompression (12 patients), myocarditis/cardiomyopathy assessment (10 patients), non-post-operative hemodynamic assessment (8 patients), planned catheter-based interventions (6 patients), and arrhythmia ablation (3 patients). An intervention was undertaken either during or after 50 of the catheterizations (83%); 29 occurred at catheterization, 17 in the operating room (OR), and 4 both during catheterization and in the OR. Complications during catheterization were two myocardial perforations that were treated with pericardial drains (3%). Overall outcomes included successful decannulation of 39 patients, survival to hospital discharge of 26 (48%) patients, and longer-term survival of 23 (43%) patients (median follow-up, 35 months; range, 1 to 180 months). Fifteen patients were withdrawn from ECMO support due to severe neurologic impairment or lack of myocardial recovery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cardiac catheterization can be performed safely on patients supported with ECMO. Catheterization during ECMO enables the diagnosis of residual lesions and can facilitate important therapeutic interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. karenlbooth@msn.com
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Booth
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: Stanton B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: Pedro J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: del Nido
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Wessel
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Laussen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies