title: The association of lumbar disc disease with vitamin-D receptor gene polymorphism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although the etiology of lumbar disc disease is unknown, it has been suggested that a genetic factor contributes to its development. Recently, some genetic polymorphisms have been found to be related to clinical disorders. We investigated the association between vitamin-D receptor gene and estrogen receptor gene polymorphisms and lumbar disc disease in young adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participants included 205 young adults (166 women and thirty-nine men) with or without low-back problems. A magnetic resonance imaging scan of the lumbar spine was performed for all subjects, and the grade of disc degeneration was determined, according to the four-grade classification system of Schneiderman et al. The presence or absence of disc herniation was also evaluated. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples. The polymorphisms of the vitamin-D receptor and estrogen receptor genes were detected with use of a polymerase-chain-reaction assay. The restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) for the vitamin-D receptor gene were analyzed by TaqI and ApaI restriction enzymes. XbaI and PvuII restriction enzymes were used for the estrogen receptor gene analysis. The distribution of polymorphism in subjects with disc degeneration and/or disc herniation was compared with that in the normal subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The allelic frequencies of both vitamin-D receptor gene and estrogen receptor gene polymorphisms were similar to those in previous analyses of Japanese subjects. The allelic variation in the vitamin-D receptor gene was associated with multilevel and severe disc degeneration and disc herniation. The Tt allele was found to be more frequently associated with multilevel disc disease, severe disc degeneration, and disc herniation than was the TT allele. No additional associations were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study revealed that the Tt allele of the vitamin-D receptor gene was more frequently associated with multilevel and severe disc degeneration and disc herniation than was the TT allele, pointing to an increased risk of disc disease at an early age in subjects with the Tt allele in the vitamin-D receptor gene.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Toyama Medical and Pharmaecutical University, Faculty of Medicine, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan. zenji@ms.toyama-mpu.ac.jp
authors.forename: Yoshiharu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kawaguchi
authors.forename: Masahiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kanamori
authors.forename: Hirokazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishihara
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohmori
authors.forename: Hisao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsui
authors.forename: Tomoatsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kimura
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000235:genetics*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae; D008297:Male; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol / Q000235:genetics*; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen