title: Upstream stimulatory factor activates the vasopressin promoter via multiple motifs, including a non-canonical E-box.
abstract: We have described previously a complex E-box enhancer (-147) of the vasopressin promoter in small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) extracts [Coulson, Fiskerstrand, Woll and Quinn, (1999) Biochem. J. 344, 961-970]. Upstream stimulatory factor (USF) heterodimers were one of the complexes binding to this site in vitro. We now report that USF overexpression in non-SCLC (NSCLC) cells can functionally activate vasopressin promoter-driven reporters that are otherwise inactive in this type of lung cancer cell. Site-directed mutagenesis and electrophoretic mobility-shift analysis demonstrate that although the -147 E-box contributes, none of the previously predicted E-boxes (-147, -135, -34) wholly account for this USF-mediated activation in NSCLC. 5' Deletion showed the key promoter region as -52 to +42; however, USF-2 binding was not reliant on the -34 E-box, but on a novel adjacent CACGGG non-canonical E-box at -42 (motif E). This mediated USF binding in both SCLC and USF-2-transfected NSCLC cells. Mutation of motif E or the non-canonical TATA box abolished activity, implying both are required for transcriptional initiation on overexpression of USF-2. Co-transfected dominant negative USF confirmed that binding was required through motif E for function, but that the classical activation domain of USF was not essential. USF-2 bound motif E with 10-fold lower affinity than the -147 E-box. In NSCLC, endogenous USF-2 expression is low, and this basal level appears to be insufficient to activate transcription of arginine vasopressin (AVP). In summary, we have demonstrated a novel mechanism for USF activation, which contributes to differential vasopressin expression in lung cancer.
authors.affiliation: Physiological Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK. j.m.coulson@liv.ac.uk
authors.forename: Judy M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Coulson
authors.forename: Jodie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Edgson
authors.forename: Zoe V
authors.initials: ZV
authors.lastname: Marshall-Jones
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mulgrew
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.forename: Penella J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Woll
mesh_terms: D001127:Arginine Vasopressin / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000235:genetics; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000235:genetics; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D024721:E-Box Elements; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D051720:Upstream Stimulatory Factors
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C497181:USF1 protein, human; D051720:Upstream Stimulatory Factors; D001127:Arginine Vasopressin