title: Themes in the history of medical professionalism.
abstract: Professionalism in medicine is an ambiguous term. Discussions are hampered by understandings of the past that are counterproductive to today s debates. Three decades of criticism of physicians as self-interested and arrogant, and of professional organizations as unfairly monopolistic have shaken the confidence of professional leaders and their constituents in their ability to act as a positive social force, and left the concept of professional autonomy without a useful meaning. Inherited assumptions about conflict between the profession, government and the market have encouraged organizational policies to fight familiar enemies for short-term gains, rather than reinvent professionalism as a social force or seek new strategic alliances. This article stresses the importance of distancing the present from the past in re-inventing professionalism for the future, and lists eight fundamental goals.
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania, Department of History and Sociology of Science, 303 Logan Hall, 249 South 36th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6304, USA.
authors.forename: Rosemary A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Stevens
mesh_terms: D015510:Clinical Medicine / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D026690:Ethics, Clinical; D006801:Humans; D016134:Organizational Policy; D010820:Physicians / Q000941:ethics / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards; D017009:Professional Autonomy; D014481:United States