The emotional impact of injury following an international terrorist incident.
BACKGROUND
Terrorism represents a major public health threat throughout the world. Bombings of the United States Embassies in East Africa in 1998 resulted in extensive physical and emotional casualties.


METHODS
This study examined posttraumatic stress reactions, worry, and feelings of safety in the workplace in the context of injury in a convenience sample of 21 individuals directly exposed to the bombing in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Eight months postbombing, participants completed a self-report instrument examining demographics, exposure, injury, initial reaction, posttraumatic stress, worry, and feelings of safety in the workplace. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression were used to analyze the data. The "Impact of Event Scale-Revised" measured current posttraumatic stress.


RESULTS
Report of injury predicted posttraumatic stress, intrusion, and arousal but not avoidance/numbing. Injury and intrusion were significant predictors of ongoing worry.


CONCLUSIONS
Even relatively minor injury may be associated with ongoing posttraumatic stress and worry. The participants in the sample were all highly exposed which, along with the small sample size, may have limited the ability to establish other expected relationships.
Pfefferbaum
B
B
Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City 73104, USA. betty-pfefferbaum@ouhsc.edu
North
C S
CS
Flynn
B W
BW
Ursano
R J
RJ
McCoy
G
G
DeMartino
R
R
Julian
W E
WE
Dumont
C E
CE
Holloway
H C
HC
Norwood
A E
AE
D000328:Adult; D000351:Africa, Eastern; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016272:Occupational Health; D011634:Public Health; D012650:Self Disclosure; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D023481:Terrorism / Q000523:psychology*; D014481:United States; D017132:Workplace / Q000523:psychology; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000523:psychology*