title: Bronchial and nonbronchial systemic artery embolization for life-threatening hemoptysis: a comprehensive review.
abstract: Massive hemoptysis is one of the most dreaded of all respiratory emergencies and can have a variety of underlying causes. In 90% of cases, the source of massive hemoptysis is the bronchial circulation. Diagnostic studies for massive hemoptysis include radiography, bronchoscopy, and computed tomography (CT) of the chest. Bronchoscopy and chest radiography have been considered the primary methods for the diagnosis and localization of hemoptysis. Many researchers currently suggest that CT should be performed prior to bronchoscopy in all cases of massive hemoptysis. Bronchial artery embolization (BAE) is a safe and effective nonsurgical treatment for patients with massive hemoptysis. However, nonbronchial systemic arteries can be a significant source of massive hemoptysis and a cause of recurrence after successful BAE. Knowledge of the bronchial artery anatomy, together with an understanding of the pathophysiologic features of massive hemoptysis, are essential for planning and performing BAE in affected patients. In addition, interventional radiologists should be familiar with the techniques, results, and possible complications of BAE and with the characteristics of the various embolic agents used in the procedure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, 8 Hak-1-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju 501-757, South Korea. radyoon@cnuh.com
authors.forename: Woong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Jae Kyu
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Yun Hyun
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Tae Woong
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Heoung Keun
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Kang
mesh_terms: D001981:Bronchial Arteries / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D006469:Hemoptysis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000098:blood supply; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed