title: Effects of cigarette nicotine content and smoking pace on subsequent craving and smoking.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relative contribution of sensory and pharmacological variables in regulating craving and smoking remains unclear. Rapid smoking procedures and denicotinized cigarettes can be used to further disentangle these factors, and to explore the relationship between craving and smoking.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study examined the role of nicotine and sensory cues in mediating craving and smoking, and the relationship between craving and smoking.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants ( n=15) engaged in one session each of rapid smoking (up to nine cigarettes with puffs taken every 6 s) and normal paced smoking with nicotinized and denicotinized cigarettes (total of four sessions). During the next 3 h, craving and withdrawal assessments and smoking opportunities were scheduled every 15 min. Plasma nicotine levels were measured at baseline, immediately and 15 min after the smoking interventions, and subsequently at the time when the participant first chose to smoke.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Craving ratings were equally suppressed immediately after all conditions. After self-paced conditions, both types of cigarettes produced equivalent effects on latency to smoke. Latency to smoke was significantly longer after rapid smoking of nicotinized cigarettes compared to all other conditions. Finally, changes in craving were associated with choices to smoke.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The sensory cues associated with smoking suppressed craving ratings regardless of the smoking pace or nicotine content. Only at high doses did nicotine levels play an additional role in acutely suppressing smoking behavior. Small elevations in craving ratings were associated with choices to smoke.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Florida, P.O. Box 112250, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. dallery@ufl.edu
authors.forename: Jesse
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dallery
authors.forename: Elisabeth J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Houtsmuller
authors.forename: Wallace B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Pickworth
authors.forename: Maxine L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Stitzer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003463:Cues; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D009460:Neurologic Examination / Q000187:drug effects; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology*; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine