title: Abdominal vs buttock adipose fat: relationships with children's serum lipid levels.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the extent to which the reported unfavorable fatty acid content of abdominal depots in adults is also true for children. In addition, the present study aims to assess the relative importance of abdominal vs buttock adipose tissue fat in the prediction of serum lipid levels in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study of children from the island of Crete.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted between October 1999 and January 2000 in the Municipality of St Nikolas, Crete.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 475 children (aged 11-18) participated in the study. Data were obtained on children's anthropometry, serum lipids, physical activity and abdominal and buttock adipose tissue fatty acids. In total 138 children (aged 11-16) had complete data in all of the variables studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Abdominal depots have elevated proportions of saturated fatty acids (P<0.001) and trans fatty acids (P<0.001), and reduced proportions of monounsaturated (P<0.001) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (P<0.001) in comparison to buttock depots. Buttock adipose tissue monounsaturated fat correlated negatively to serum LDL-C (P<0.05). Abdominal adipose tissue polyunsaturated fat had negative correlations with serum total cholesterol (P<0.05) and LDL-C (P<0.05). Regression analyses indicated that children's serum total cholesterol (P<0.05) and LDL-C (P<0.05) were inversely related to abdominal adipose tissue polyunsaturated fat. Body mass index was positively related to serum triglycerides (P<0.01) and LDL-C (P<0.01), and negatively to serum HDL-C (P<0.05). Age was negatively related to serum HDL-C (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It appears that, similar to adults, children's fatty acid composition of abdominal adipose tissue is less favorable than that of the buttock. Abdominal depots have elevated proportions of saturated fatty acids and reduced proportions of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat in comparison to buttock depots. Moreover, children's abdominal depots appear to have higher trans fatty acid contents than buttock depots. Children's adipose polyunsaturated fat, a biomarker of long-term polyunsaturated fatty acid intake, is inversely related to serum total cholesterol and LDL-C. It appears that abdominal adipose tissue fatty acids are more strongly related to serum lipids than buttock adipose tissue fatty acids. This may be attributed to the reported higher lipolysis rates in abdominal as opposed to buttock depots.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Funding was provided by the Municipality of St Nikolas, Crete, Greece.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Department of Social Medicine Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, University of Crete, Iraklion, Crete, Greece.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mamalakis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kafatos
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Manios
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kalogeropoulos
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Andrikopoulos
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism*; D000293:Adolescent; D000886:Anthropometry; D001824:Body Constitution / Q000502:physiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002081:Buttocks / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D002648:Child; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015444:Exercise; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated / Q000378:metabolism; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006115:Greece; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D008055:Lipids; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol