title: Incidental findings on pediatric MR images of the brain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies have addressed the prevalence of incidental findings in symptomatic and healthy adult populations. Our study aims to elucidate the prevalence of incidental findings in a healthy pediatric population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed 225 conventional brain MR imaging studies obtained during structural and functional brain imaging research in a cohort of neurologically healthy children (100 boys [44%] and 125 girls [56%]) ranging in age from younger than 1 month to 18 years. All MR images were reviewed, and two board-certified neuroradiologists categorized the findings by consensus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incidental abnormalities were detected in 47 subjects (21%), while 79% of the images were normal. Of the 47 abnormalities detected, 17 (36%) required routine clinical referral; a single lesion (2%) required urgent referral. The occurrence of these findings in the male cohort was twice that of the female cohort; however, the percentage of subjects requiring either routine or urgent referral did not differ by sex (male subjects, 34%; female subjects, 39%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the frequency of clinically important incidental abnormalities was not high in the sample of children studied, the presence and variety of findings in any pediatric group is particularly important for both the welfare of the subject and for research in which knowledge of the subject's neurologic status is vital to the interpretation of the results. Despite the limitations of the study in terms of the age and ethnic distribution, this work highlights the need for the routine involvement of trained radiologists in these studies to ensure that such incidental findings are detected and that appropriate follow-up is provided.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Stanford Center for Biomedical Ethics, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
authors.forename: Brian S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Judy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Illes
authors.forename: Richard T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reiss
authors.forename: Scott W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Atlas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001921:Brain / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002648:Child; D002669:Child Welfare; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D033162:Incidental Findings; D007223:Infant; D007229:Infant Welfare; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D011859:Radiography; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors