title: Infectiousness in a cohort of brazilian dogs: why culling fails to control visceral leishmaniasis in areas of high transmission.
abstract: The elimination of seropositive dogs in Brazil has been used to control zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis but with little success. To elucidate the reasons for this, the infectiousness of 50 sentinel dogs exposed to natural Leishmania chagasi infection was assessed through time by xenodiagnosis with the sandfly vector, Lutzomyia longipalpis. Eighteen (43%) of 42 infected dogs became infectious after a median of 333 days in the field (105 days after seroconversion). Seven highly infectious dogs (17%) accounted for >80% of sandfly infections. There were positive correlations between infectiousness and anti-Leishmania immunoglobulin G, parasite detection by polymerase chain reaction, and clinical disease (logistic regression, r2=0.08-0.18). The sensitivity of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect currently infectious dogs was high (96%) but lower in the latent period (<63%), and specificity was low (24%). Mathematical modeling suggests that culling programs fail because of high incidence of infection and infectiousness, the insensitivity of the diagnostic test to detect infectious dogs, and time delays between diagnosis and culling.
authors.affiliation: Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom. orin.courtenay@warwick.ac.uk
authors.forename: Orin
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Courtenay
authors.forename: Rupert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Quinnell
authors.forename: Lourdes M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Garcez
authors.forename: Jeffrey J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dye
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007303:Insect Vectors; D007898:Leishmaniasis, Visceral / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008297:Male; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011576:Psychodidae / Q000469:parasitology; D013997:Time Factors; D015047:Zoonoses
chemical_list: D000953:Antigens, Protozoan; D007074:Immunoglobulin G