title: Effects of halothane and isoflurane on the contraction, relaxation and energetics of rat diaphragmatic muscle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The inotropic effects of halogenated anaesthetics on diaphragmatic muscle remain a matter of debate. Their effects on its relaxation are poorly understood, although diaphragmatic relaxation is recognized as an important physiological process that may interfere with diaphragmatic performance, fatigue and arterial blood flow.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of halothane and isoflurane (1 or 2 x minimum alveolar concentration [1 or 2 MAC]) on contraction and relaxation of rat diaphragm muscle strips (n = 40) were studied in vitro from force-velocity curves obtained at various loads from isotonic to isometric conditions. From these curves we determined the peak power output and the curvature. Data are mean (SD) percentage of baseline values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At I MAC, isoflurane and halothane induced no significant inotropic and lusitropic effects. At 2 MAC, isoflurane induced a negative inotropic effect (active force, 93(5)% of baseline). Halothane and isoflurane induced a significant decrease in the peak power output at 2 MAC (88(8) and 86(9)% of baseline; P < 0.05), without significant changes in the curvature of the force-velocity curve. At 2 MAC isoflurane under high loads and halothane under low loads induced moderate negative lusitropic effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Halothane and isoflurane induced very moderate inotropic and lusitropic effects, suggesting that the decrease in diaphragm function observed in vivo is not related to a direct effect on diaphragmatic contractility.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Anaesthesiology, Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assitance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bouhemad
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Langeron
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Orliaguet
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Coriat
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Riou
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D006221:Halothane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D007551:Isotonic Contraction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D009126:Muscle Relaxation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D007530:Isoflurane; D006221:Halothane