title: Left atrial function: bridge to central and hormonal determinants of exercise capacity in patients with chronic heart failure.
abstract: The stroke volume response to exercise is a critical determinant in meeting peripheral metabolic demands in patients with chronic hear failure. The Left atrium, by its position, is important in coupling right and left ventricles, to left preload reserve and to modulate sympathetic activity. We performed this study to investigate the relationship between exercise capacity and diastolic and systolic left atrium function in patients with chronic heart failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  We considered 128 consecutive patients with severe chronic heart failure (EF < 35%) due to ischemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Cardiac output, right atrial pressure, pulmonary artery pressures and mean pulmonary wedge pressure (A, X, V, Y wedge pressures) were determined during right cardiac catheterization. By Echocardiography evaluation, we measured atrial pressures and volume during early and late left atrial systolic filling and we calculated left atrial chamber stiffness by this equation P = A*eKV1. (P = left atrial pressure; A = elastic constant (mmHg*ml); e = the base of the natural logarithm; V1 = left atrial volume (ml); K = left atrial chamber stiffness constant (ml-1) = ln (V/X)/(maximal--minimal left atrial volumes)). All patients performed cardiopulmonary exercise test with modified Noughton protocol. Plasma norepinephrine and Atrial natriuretic factor levels were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maximal and minimal left atrial volumes were inversely related to oxygen consumption (r = -.44, p < .001; r = -.61, p < .001). At rest, no differences were found in plasma norepinephrine concentrations (309 +/- 152 pg/ml vs 309 +/- 394 pg/ml; p = ns) and systemic vascular resistance (1706 +/- 435 vs 1771 +/- 524 dynes/cm sec-5; p = ns) in patients with large or normal left atrial volumes. During exercise the chronotropic response increased less in patients with large atrial volumes (56 +/- 13 vs 45 +/- 14; p = .001). The left atrial chamber stiffness constant was inversely related to peak oxygen consumption and exercise time. Patients with different chamber stiffness showed statistical difference in peak VO2 (16 +/- 4 vs 11 +/- 3 ml/kg/min; p = .0001). Left atrial ejection fraction was directly related to peak oxygen consumption (r = 0.55), but the most strongly correlation was with atrial filling fraction (r = .67).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates a strong relationship between left atrial function and exercise capacity in patients with chronic heart failure.
authors.affiliation: Istituto Scientifico di Montescano, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri, IRCCS, Italy, Pavia. scapomolla@fsm.it
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ceresa
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Capomolla
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Pinna
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Febo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Caporotondi
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Guazzotti
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: La Rovere
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Francolini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Olivares
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gnemmi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mortara
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Maestri
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cobelli
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D017079:Exercise Tolerance; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged