title: Cerebral CBM1 neuron contributes to synaptic modulation appearing during rejection of seaweed in Aplysia kurodai.
abstract: The Japanese species Aplysia kurodai feeds well on Ulva but rejects Gelidium with distinctive rhythmic patterned movements of the jaws and radula. We have previously shown that the patterned jaw movements during the rejection of Gelidium might be caused by long-lasting suppression of the monosynaptic transmission from the multiaction MA neurons to the jaw-closing (JC) motor neurons in the buccal ganglia and that the modulation might be directly produced by some cerebral neurons. In the present paper, we have identified a pair of catecholaminergic neurons (CBM1) in bilateral cerebral M clusters. The CBM1, probably equivalent to CBI-1 in A. californica, simultaneously produced monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in the MA and JC neurons. Firing of the CBM1 reduced the size of the inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) in the JC neuron, evoked by the MA spikes, for >100 s. Moreover, the application of dopamine mimicked the CBM1 modulatory effects and pretreatment with a D1 antagonist, SCH23390, blocked the modulatory effects induced by dopamine. It could also largely block the modulatory effects induced by the CBM1 firing. These results suggest that the CBM1 may directly modulate the synaptic transmission by releasing dopamine. Moreover, we explored the CBM1 spike activity induced by taste stimulation of the animal lips with seaweed extracts by the use of calcium imaging. The calcium-sensitive dye, Calcium Green-1, was iontophoretically loaded into a cell body of the CBM1 using a microelectrode. Application of either Ulva or Gelidium extract to the lips increased the fluorescence intensity, but the Gelidium extract always induced a larger change in fluorescence compared with the Ulva extract, although the solution used induced the maximum spike responses of the CBM1 for each of the seaweed extracts. When the firing frequency of the CBM1 activity after taste stimulation was estimated, the Gelidium extract induced a spike activity of ~30 spikes/s while the Ulva extract induced an activity of ~20 spikes/s, consistent with the effective firing frequency (>25 spikes/s) for the synaptic modulation. These results suggest that the CBM1 may be one of the cerebral neurons contributing to the modulation of the basic feeding circuits for rejection induced by the taste of seaweeds such as Gelidium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Narusuye
authors.forename: Tatsumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nagahama
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001048:Aplysia / Q000502:physiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000502:physiology; D004594:Electrophysiology; D019706:Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D017952:Ganglia, Invertebrate / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007568:Jaw / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D008239:Lysine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000502:physiology; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D012624:Seaweed; D013569:Synapses / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D013649:Taste / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D002395:Catecholamines; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; C013411:biocytin; D008239:Lysine; D002118:Calcium