title: Groin exploration for nonpalpable testes: laparoscopic approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diagnostic laparoscopy (DL) is the technique of choice for exploration of nonpalpable testes (NPT). Nevertheless, groin exploration is necessary to evaluate the cord and gonadal structures entering the internal ring. This retrospective analysis evaluates our hypothesis that hypoplastic cord structures entering the internal ring predicts absence of a viable testicle and a laparoscopic groin exploration in these cases can reduce the number of unnecessarily performed open groin exploration (OGE).
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review was performed of 23 boys with 26 NPTs who were operated on from June 1998 to October 2000 to evaluate our protocol for NPT using DL and OGE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 26 NPTs in 23 boys, 3 bilateral intraabdominal testis were detected (2 Fowler Stephens; 1 standard orchidopexy). Twenty cord structures entered the internal ring. Three appeared normal at DL with a viable testis followed by an orchidopexy. Seventeen were hypoplastic without patent processus. During LGE no viable testis was detected: blind-ending cords, no biopsy (n = 4); testicular regression syndromes (n = 3), early fetal regression (n = 6), no residual testicular structures (n = 4).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This experience confirms the authors' hypothesis and criteria for LGE in all cases. The authors conclude that LGE is a helpful tool in the diagnostic workup of NPT to avoid unnecessary OGE and is a further step in the minimally invasive approach to all kinds of findings of NPT.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Pediatric Surgery, University of Graz Medical School and the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schleef
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: von Bismarck
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Burmucic
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gutmann
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mayr
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000465:Algorithms; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006119:Groin / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D020706:Laparoscopes; D008297:Male; D010173:Palpation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome