title: New strategies for the treatment of gallstone disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Symptomatic gallstones are generally accepted as being the indication for cholecystectomy. Generally, severe abdominal pain in epigastrium and in the right upper abdominal quadrant, and lasting for more than 15 min, is thought to be caused by gallstones. However, many patients with other abdominal complaints undergo cholecystectomy and are satisfied with the outcome of surgery. Possible ways to improve the results of cholecystectomy are discussed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review of previous work by the authors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy has even led to an increase in cholecystectomies; in a higher complication rate; and in increased costs of the treatment of gallstone disease. Because of faster recovery, 70% of symptomatic gallstone patients are able and willing to undergo laparoscopic cholecystectomy in day care. Cholecystectomy after sphincterotomy and stone extraction in patients who have stones in the gallbladder was demonstrated to prevent gallstone-related symptoms in at least 40% of patients. If the gallbladder had to be removed later for symptomatic disease, however, this did not result in a higher rate of conversions and complications. Because of shortage in operation capacity in The Netherlands, there is a considerable delay between the diagnosis of symptomatic stones and cholecystectomy. Better selection of patients for cholecystectomy will not only improve the results of cholecystectomy, it will also reduce the number of cholecystectomies and patients on waiting lists. Delay of cholecystectomy is associated with more complications, longer operative times, higher conversion rates to open cholecystectomy and prolonged hospitalization. The efficacy of the bile salt ursodeoxycholic acid in preventing gallstone-related pain attacks and complications in patients with contraindications for operation or waiting to undergo cholecystectomy should be investigated further, since two retrospective studies have demonstrated favourable outcomes for this strategy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of cholecystectomy are likely to be improved by better selection of patients, prevention of delay of the procedure and possibly treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Gastroenterology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands. yolande_keulemans@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Y C A
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Keulemans
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Venneman
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Gouma
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: van Berge Henegouwen
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000601:surgery*; D042882:Gallstones / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D014580:Ursodeoxycholic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D014580:Ursodeoxycholic Acid