title: Androgen receptor expression induces FGF2, FGF-binding protein production, and FGF2 release in prostate carcinoma cells: role of FGF2 in growth, survival, and androgen receptor down-modulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alterations in fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) production and/or FGF receptors expression have been described to play key roles in prostate tumor progression, particularly in androgen-independent tumors. However, the role of androgen receptor (AR) in altering FGF-mediated growth and survival of prostatic neoplastic cells has not been completely defined. In this study, we investigated the alterations in FGF2 production and utilization by the PC3 cell line, after transfection with a full-length AR.
  
  
  METHODS
  FGF1,2,7, FGF-binding protein (FGF-BP) production and FGF receptor (FGFR) 1-4 expression were investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  De novo AR expression by PC3 cells restores FGFR2 IIIb isoform expression and sensitivity to FGF7 and FGF2. Androgen stimulation induces AR+ PC3 clones to secrete FGF-BP, likely responsible for activation and mobilization from the extracellular matrix of the high amounts of FGF2 produced by the same cells. In addition to the effects on cell proliferation, FGF2 maintains the survival of AR+ PC3 clones through a positive modulation of the Bcl-2 protein and down-modulates AR protein expression, allowing the escape of selected clones from androgen regulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the presence of an active AR, the combined production of FGF2 and FGF-BP may play an important role in the progression of prostate cancer through the selection of AR- clones expressing high levels of Bcl-2.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Physiopathology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rosini
authors.forename: Lorella
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bonaccorsi
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Baldi
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chiasserini
authors.forename: Gianni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Forti
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: De Chiara
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lucibello
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mongiat
authors.forename: Renato V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Iozzo
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Garaci
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cozzolino
authors.forename: Maria G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Torcia
mesh_terms: D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D002455:Cell Division; D002470:Cell Survival; D015536:Down-Regulation; D016220:Fibroblast Growth Factor 1 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000502:physiology*; D051523:Fibroblast Growth Factor 7; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000032:analysis; D051496:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1; D051497:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology*; D017468:Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor / Q000032:analysis; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; C496453:FGF7 protein, human; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D017468:Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D016220:Fibroblast Growth Factor 1; D051523:Fibroblast Growth Factor 7; C070699:FGFBP1 protein, human; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors; C496348:FGFR1 protein, human; C496353:FGFR2 protein, human; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D051496:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1; D051497:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2