title: Differential exocytosis from human endothelial cells evoked by high intracellular Ca(2+) concentration.
abstract: Endothelial cells secrete a range of procoagulant, anticoagulant and inflammatory proteins by exocytosis to regulate blood clotting and local immune responses. The mechanisms regulating vesicular exocytosis were studied in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) with high-resolution membrane capacitance (C(m)) measurements. The total whole-cell C(m) and the amplitudes and times of discrete femtoFarad (fF)-sized C(m) steps due to exocytosis and endocytosis were monitored simultaneously. Intracellular calcium concentration [Ca(2+)](i) was elevated by intracellular photolysis of calcium-DM-nitrophen to evoke secretion and monitored with the low-affinity Ca(2+) indicator furaptra. Sustained elevation of [Ca(2+)](i) to > 20 microM evoked large, slow increases in C(m) of up to 5 pF in 1-2 min. Exocytotic and endocytotic steps of amplitude 0.5-110 fF were resolved, and accounted on average for ~33 % of the total C(m) change. A prominent component of C(m) steps of 2.5-9.0 fF was seen and could be attributed to exocytosis of von-Willebrand-factor-containing Weibel-Palade bodies (WPb), based on the near-identical distributions of capacitance step amplitudes, with calculated estimates of WPb capacitance from morphometry, and on the absence of 2.5-9.0 fF C(m) steps in cells deficient in WPb. WPb secretion was delayed on average by 23 s after [Ca(2+)](i) elevation, whereas total C(m) increased immediately due to the secretion of small, non-WPb granules. The results show that following a large increase of [Ca(2+)](i), corresponding to strong stimulation, small vesicular components are immediately available for secretion, whereas the large WPb undergo exocytosis only after a delay. The presence of events of magnitude 9-110 fF also provides evidence of compound secretion of WPb due to prior fusion of individual granules.
authors.affiliation: University of Ljubljana, Department of Biology, Vec na Pot 111, POB 2995, Slovenia.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zupancic
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ogden
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Magnus
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wheeler-Jones
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Carter
mesh_terms: D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004594:Electrophysiology; D004705:Endocytosis / Q000502:physiology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D005089:Exocytosis / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000378:metabolism*; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D010782:Photolysis; D013347:Subcellular Fractions / Q000378:metabolism; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D020302:Weibel-Palade Bodies / Q000502:physiology; D014841:von Willebrand Factor / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014841:von Willebrand Factor; D002118:Calcium