title: Megalencephaly in NF1: predominantly white matter contribution and mitigation by ADHD.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Megalencephaly is a frequent CNS manifestation in neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1); however, its tissue composition, modification by attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and relationship with unidentified bright objects (UBO) remain controversial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen male patients with NF1, seven of whom had ADHD (NF1+ADHD), were compared with 18 age- and sex-matched controls in terms of MRI-, Talairach-based brain, cerebral, lobar, and sublobar gray and white matter volumes. Twelve subjects with NF1 had UBO in the centrencephalic region, whereas six had no UBO or exclusively infratentorial lesions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with NF1 without ADHD (NF1-pure) had the largest total cerebral, gray, and white matter volumes with larger parietal/somatosensory white matter volumes than controls, particularly if UBO were present in the basal ganglia. All subjects with NF1 (including NF1+ADHD) had larger total and frontal white matter volumes than controls. Smaller frontal/right prefrontal gray matter volumes were found in NF1+ADHD when compared with NF1-pure patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increase in frontal and parietal white matter volumes in male patients with NF1, including the preferential centrencephalic distribution, supports the hypothesis that NF1's white matter pathology encompasses but is not limited to visible UBO. Male patients with NF1+ADHD, as compared with NF1-pure patients, showed frontal reductions that are largely consistent with those found in idiopathic ADHD.
authors.affiliation: aMRI Analysis Laboratory, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Cutting
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Koth
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Mostofsky
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Kates
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Denckla
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Kaufmann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D002648:Child; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009412:Nerve Fibers / Q000473:pathology; D009456:Neurofibromatosis 1 / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000473:pathology; D013003:Somatosensory Cortex / Q000473:pathology