title: Evaluation of cytochrome P4502C9 metabolic activity with tolbutamide in CYP2C91 heterozygotes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Multiple single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the gene encoding cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 have been identified, but the functional significance of the various putative defective genotypes in humans merits further study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using tolbutamide as a probe of CYP2C9 activity, we evaluated CYP2C9 phenotype in 15 healthy individuals expressing the CYP2C9(*)1/(*)1, (*)1/(*)2, and (*)1/(*)3 genotypes (n = 5 per group). CYP2C9 genotype was determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism methods. Subjects received 500 mg of tolbutamide, with plasma and urine collected over a 24-hour period. Plasma tolbutamide and urinary tolbutamide, 4'-hydroxytolbutamide, and carboxytolbutamide concentrations were determined by an HPLC method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tolbutamide area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to infinity [AUC(0- infinity )] significantly increased by 1.5-fold and 1.9-fold, respectively, in subjects expressing the CYP2C9(*)1/(*)2 and (*)1/(*)3 genotypes compared with (*)1/(*)1 subjects. Statistically significant reductions in tolbutamide oral clearance (29% and 48%) and formation clearance (38% and 56%) were detected in the (*)1/(*)2 and (*)1/(*)3 individuals, respectively, compared with (*)1/(*)1 subjects. The increases in AUC(0- infinity) and decreases in oral clearance observed in the (*)1/(*)3 individuals were also significantly greater than those expressing the (*)1/(*)2 genotype (P <.05). The amount of urinary 4'-hydroxytolbutamide and carboxytolbutamide excreted in the 0- to 12-hour and 6- to 12-hour collection intervals was significantly less in (*)1/(*)2 and (*)1/(*)3 individuals compared with (*)1/(*)1 subjects. With tolbutamide used as a CYP2C9 probe, CYP2C9 genotype was the major determinant of CYP2C9 phenotype (r(2) = 0.77).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CYP2C9 activity was significantly reduced in (*)1 heterozygotes compared with (*)1 homozygotes, and metabolism was more severely impaired in (*)1/(*)3 individuals compared with those expressing (*)1/(*)2.
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Pharmacotherapy and Cardiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA.
authors.forename: Craig R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Pieper
authors.forename: Alan L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Hinderliter
authors.forename: Joyce A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Blaisdell
authors.forename: Joyce A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Goldstein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases / Q000235:genetics*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D014044:Tolbutamide / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D014044:Tolbutamide; C450260:CYP2C9 protein, human; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases