title: [The role of MRI for the evaluation of atrial septal defects before and after percutaneous occlusion with the amplatzer septal occluder(R)].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evaluation of morphologic and functional MRI of atrial septal defects (ASD) before and after percutaneous occlusion with the Amplatzer Septal Occluder (AOC). Comparison of MRI with transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), balloon measurement (IVBM) and cardiac catheterization with shunt quantification (CCSQ).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty patients with ASD were examined before and three months after AOC implantation. ECG-triggered, breath-hold T1-weighted Turbo Spin Echo Segmented FLASH 2D and dynamic turbo-FLASH-GRE sequences after application of 0.2 mmol gadolinium DTPA per kg body weight were obtained in a 1.5 T MRI system. Defect size, and distance to coronal sinus (CS) and right upper pulmonary vein (RUPV) were determined for pre-interventional planning, and the AOC size was measured quantitatively for post-interventional follow-up. The shunts were evaluated qualitatively (occurrence of jets), semiquantitatively (jet length, turbulence square product) and quantitatively (flow measurement in the thoracic aorta and in the left and right pulmonary arteries).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average size of the ASD measured by MRI was 17.6 mm (11 - 24.8 mm) in the axial view, 15.9 mm (10.8 - 28.9 mm) in the sagittal view and 16.4 mm (12.1 - 24.8 mm) in the short axis view. In comparison, the average defect size was 15 mm (8 - 24 mm) by TEE and 20 mm (13 - 27 mm) by IVBM. The average distance to the RUPV was 17 mm (9.6 - 21.9 mm) and to the CS 11.2 mm (5 - 17 mm). The AOC was visualized with only minimal artifacts. Qualitative analysis of the MRI findings revealed an occurrence of jets in 17/20 patients. Semiquantitative analysis documented a high correlation for jet length and square product of the turbulence to defect size r = 0.81 resp. r = 0.82. Mean QP/QS-ratio measured by MR-volumetry was 1.6 +/- 0.29 and by MR-flow 1.6 +/- 0.26. The corresponding measurements were 1.7 +/- 0.3 for TEE and 1.5 +/- 0.5 for CCSQ. In comparison to TEE, the correlation coefficient was r = 0.96 for MR-volumetry and r = 0.85 for MR-flow measurement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MRI is found to be a valuable diagnostic method for pre-interventional planning and post-interventional follow-up of atrial septal defects occluded by the Amplatzer septal occluder.
authors.affiliation: Radiologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Abteilung für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany. C.Weber@uke.uni-hamburg.de
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dill
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mommert
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Adam
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016477:Artifacts; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D003287:Contrast Media; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA