title: Levodopa modulating effects of inducible nitric oxide synthase and reactive oxygen species in glioma cells.
abstract: Neurological injury and Parkinson disease (PD) are often associated with the increase of nitric oxide (NO) and free radicals from resident glial cells in the brain. In vitro, exposure to L-3-4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), one of the main therapeutic agents for the treatment of PD, can lead to neurotoxicity. In this study, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-gamma (IFN-g) were used to stimulate C6 glioma cells in the presence of varying concentrations of L-DOPA (1 microM-1 mM). The results indicated a slight augmentation of NO(2)(-) production at low concentrations of L-DOPA (<100 microM) and complete inhibition of NO(2)(-) at higher concentrations (500 microM, 1 mM), (p < 0.001). Western blot analysis corroborated that L-DOPA effects on iNOS was at the level of its protein expression. Total reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected using 2', 7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate fluorescence dye (2', 7'-DCFC) and there was an increase of intensity with the increasing concentrations of L-DOPA. Furthermore, large amounts of superoxide (O(2)(-)) and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) were generated from the autoxidation of L-DOPA. C6 cells contain high levels of catalase, with inadequate levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD); therefore, there was an accumulation of O(2)(-), tantamount to elevation in 2'7'-DCFC intensity. Simultaneous accumulation of O(2)(-) and NO(2)(-) would propel formation of peroxynitrite (ONOO-). SOD completely attenuated the autoxidation of L-DOPA and significantly reversed the inhibitory effects on iNOS at high concentrations. The data obtained confirmed that the observed effects on iNOS were not due to the activation of the D(1) or beta1 adrenergic receptors by L-DOPA. It was concluded from this study that L-DOPA contributed to the modulation of iNOS and to the increase of O(2)(-) production in the stimulated glioma cells in vitro.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA. Karam.Soliman@famu.edu
authors.forename: Mark K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Soliman
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mazzio
authors.forename: Karam F A
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Soliman
mesh_terms: D058672:Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Antagonists; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D002396:Catechols / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000378:metabolism; D005910:Glioma / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology; D007980:Levodopa / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D009573:Nitrites / Q000378:metabolism; D016877:Oxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D051381:Rats; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D017447:Receptors, Dopamine D1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000494:pharmacology; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D058672:Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Antagonists; D000975:Antioxidants; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D002396:Catechols; D005609:Free Radicals; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D009573:Nitrites; D016877:Oxidants; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D017447:Receptors, Dopamine D1; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D013481:Superoxides; D007980:Levodopa; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496318:Nos2 protein, rat; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase