title: Atrophy of kidney following extra corporeal shock wave lithotripsy of renal calculus in a paraplegic patient with marked spinal curvature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To discuss a rare complication of extra corporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) of renal calculus in a paraplegic patient, who had marked curvature of thoracic and lumbar spine.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case report of a paraplegic patient, who developed renal atrophy and hypertension after undergoing ESWL of staghorn calculus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Regional Spinal Injuries Centre, Southport and Mersey Regional Lithotripsy Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 28-year-old male with spina bifida, paraplegia at L-1 level and considerable curvature of spine and tilting of pelvis.
  
  
  METHODS
  ESWL was carried out in three sessions by delivering 1934, 1876, and 2025 shock waves respectively. Localisation of the staghorn calculus was difficult because of spinal curvature and pelvic tilt.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A follow-up IVU, performed 3 months after last ESWL treatment, revealed no residual stone in the left kidney, apart from a little low-density calcification in the renal parenchyma adjacent to the lower pole calyx. There were no calculi in the left ureter. The left kidney had become small, though still functioning. MAG-3 isotope renogram showed the left kidney to be markedly atrophic. Relative renal function: right kidney, 94%; and left kidney, 6%. He developed hypertension and a laparoscopic left nephrectomy was performed at another hospital.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Difficulty in localisation of renal calculi for ESWL must be anticipated in spinal bifida and spinal cord injury patients, who have significant spinal curvature. Because of problems in the positioning of a patient with marked curvature of spine and pelvic tilt, and consequent difficulties in accurate localisation of renal calculi for lithotripsy, these patients may be at increased risk of developing renal parenchymal and vascular damage following ESWL.
authors.affiliation: Regional Spinal Injuries Centre, District General Hospital, Southport, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vaidyanathan
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Soni
authors.forename: K F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Parsons
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sett
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001284:Atrophy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015984:Causality; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D007668:Kidney / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D009392:Nephrectomy; D010264:Paraplegia / Q000150:complications* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018579:Patient Selection; D012307:Risk Factors; D013121:Spinal Curvatures / Q000150:complications* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016135:Spinal Dysraphism / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome