title: Neuropsychological functioning in children with DSM-IV combined type Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the global cognitive functioning and frontal lobe functioning of children with and without DSM-IV combined type Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 6 to 10 year old, clinic-referred children diagnosed with combined type ADHD, who were medication naïve; and an age (+/- 3 months) and sex matched group of children without behaviour problems. The performance of the two groups were compared on measures of intellectual functioning and tests designed to assess the functions of the frontal lobes (verbal and-non-verbal fluency, reasoning, problem solving, spatial working memory, attention).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The children with ADHD obtained significantly lower Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-third edition IQ scores than controls and performed more poorly across the range of frontal lobe tests. Group differences on these tests were attenuated when IQ scores were included in the analyses as a covariate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with combined type ADHD have mild to moderate global cognitive impairment together with some impairment of functions subserved by the frontal lobes. Longitudinal studies are required to determine if the deficit in global cognitive functioning is a primary deficit or secondary to the deficit in frontal lobe functioning. The importance of neuro-psychological assessment and follow-up for children with ADHD is stressed. Study limitations relate to the generalizability of the findings and the absence of a psychiatric control group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. gtripp@psy.otago.ac.nz
authors.forename: Gail
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tripp
authors.forename: Junita
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Peace
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D014888:Wechsler Scales