title: Nonenzymatic browning in food models in the vicinity of the glass transition: effects of fructose, glucose, and xylose as reducing sugar.
abstract: Effects of a reducing sugar, fructose, glucose, or xylose, and glass transition on the nonenzymatic browning (NEB) rate in maltodextrin (MD), poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP), and water systems were studied. Glass transition temperatures (T(g)) were determined using DSC. Water contents were determined gravimetrically, and NEB rates were followed at several temperatures spectrophotometrically at 280 and 420 nm. Reducing sugar did not affect water contents, but xylose reduced the T(g) of the solid models. Sugars showed decreasing NEB reactivity in the order xylose > fructose > glucose in every matrix material. The NEB reactivity and temperature dependence of the single sugars varied in different matrices. The NEB rates of the solid models increased at temperatures 10-20 degrees C above the T(g), and nonlinearity was observed in Arrhenius plots in the vicinity of T(g). The temperature dependence of nonenzymatic browning could also be modeled using the WLF equation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Technology, P.O. Box 27, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Satu M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lievonen
authors.forename: Tommi J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Laaksonen
authors.forename: Yrjö H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Roos
mesh_terms: D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D005502:Food; D005632:Fructose / Q000737:chemistry*; D005898:Glass / Q000737:chemistry*; D005947:Glucose / Q000737:chemistry*; D015416:Maillard Reaction; D008433:Mathematics; D008956:Models, Chemical; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry; D011205:Povidone / Q000737:chemistry; D013053:Spectrophotometry; D013696:Temperature; D013816:Thermodynamics; D014867:Water; D014994:Xylose / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D011134:Polysaccharides; D014867:Water; D005632:Fructose; C008315:maltodextrin; D014994:Xylose; D011205:Povidone; D005947:Glucose