title: Cocaine-seeking behavior after extended cocaine-free periods in rats: role of conditioned stimuli.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cocaine abstinence symptoms and conditioned stimuli (CSs) previously associated with cocaine administration are postulated to contribute to relapse to drug taking in humans.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study assessed the role of both non-contingent CS presentation and experimenter-imposed extended cocaine-free periods on cocaine-seeking behavior in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  A fixed interval (FI) second-order schedule of intravenous cocaine (0.5 mg/infusion) reinforcement of the type FI 15 min (fixed ratio 8:S) was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Non-contingent CS presentation before exposure to a cocaine binge had no effect on responding under the second-order schedule of reinforcement for cocaine after 23 h of no access to cocaine. By contrast, six non-contingent presentations of the CS during a 1-min period before the test session increased the number of responses in both no-binge (daily 2-h sessions, five infusions) and binge (two 12-h overnight sessions; maximum 48 infusions) exposed rats on day 7 of the cocaine-free period compared to no-binge- and binge-exposed rats that were not presented with the CSs. On day 30 of the cocaine-free period, only binge-exposed rats presented with the CSs exhibited a tendency for increased level of responding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicated that non-contingent CS presentation had no effect after 23 h of no access to cocaine, increased drug-seeking behavior on day 7 of the cocaine-free period independent of binge exposure, and a strong tendency to increase drug-seeking behavior only in binge-exposed rats, on day 30 of the cocaine-free period, illustrating the interactive effects of conditioned stimuli with the extended cocaine-free period.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropharmacology, CVN-7, The Scripps Research Institute. 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA, USA.
authors.forename: Svetlana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Semenova
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropharmacology, CVN-7, The Scripps Research Institute. 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA, USA. amarkou@scripps.edu.
authors.forename: Athina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Markou
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000523:psychology*; D003042:Cocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D012055:Reinforcement Schedule
chemical_list: D003042:Cocaine