title: Abnormal movements and tardive dyskinesia in smokers and nonsmokers with schizophrenia genotyped for cytochrome P450 2D6.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationships between cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 genotype, antipsychotic drug exposure, abnormal movements and tardive dyskinesia, and cigarette smoking.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, longitudinal study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University mental health research center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-seven patients with schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were genotyped for CYP2D6*1, *3, and *4 alleles, and data were collected on their psychiatric symptoms, cigarette smoking status, and antipsychotic drug exposure. Abnormal movements were measured using the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS). Presence of tardive dyskinesia was also evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A linear regression model used the AIMS scores as the dependent variable, and genotype, sex, smoking status, and antipsychotic drug exposure as independent variables. Antipsychotic drug exposure, genotype, and cigarette smoking interaction was significant (p<0.0212) for patients with the CYP2D6*1/*3, *4 genotype. Seventy-eight percent of smokers with the CYP2D6*1/*3, *4 genotype had tardive dyskinesia compared with 20-33% of patients in other groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with a CYP2D6*3 or *4 allele may shunt antipsychotic metabolism through other pathways that are induced by cigarette smoke. This induction may result in formation of neurotoxic metabolites, leading to increased AIMS scores and a higher frequency of tardive dyskinesia compared with patients without these alleles.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA. vicki-ellingrod@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Vicki L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Ellingrod
authors.forename: Susan K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Schultz
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arndt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 / Q000235:genetics*; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D020820:Dyskinesias / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D012907:Smoking / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6