title: Visual acuity impairment and mortality in US adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the associations between reported visual impairment (VI) and mortality in a nationally representative sample of US adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  The National Health Interview Survey is a multistage probability survey of the US civilian population. Adults within households were administered questions about VI and selected eye diseases (n = 116 796). Mortality linkage data with more than 96% of the 1986-1994 survey participants were available through December 31, 1997. Statistical analyses included Cox proportional hazards regression analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  All-cause, cardiovascular disease-related, and cancer-related mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 327 participants (0.3%) had severe bilateral VI; an additional 4754 (4%) had some VI and/or severe VI in at least one eye. Mortality linkage identified 8949 deaths. After controlling for survey design, age, race, marital status, educational level, reported health status, glaucoma, cataract, and retinopathy, women, but not men, with reported severe bilateral VI were at a significantly increased risk of death relative to their counterparts without VI (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval], 2.21 [1.61-3.02] and 1.33 [0.96-1.84], respectively); risk of mortality was also slightly but significantly elevated in women and men with some reported VI compared with those reporting no VI. Similar patterns of associations were found for cardiovascular disease-related mortality. Risk of cancer-related mortality was not associated with VI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reported severe bilateral VI and, to a smaller extent, less severe VI are associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease-related mortality in US women; there is weaker evidence for an association between VI and mortality in US men.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1801 NW Ninth Ave, Miami, FL 33136, USA. dlee@med.miami.edu
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Orlando
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gómez-Marín
authors.forename: Byron L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: D Diane
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Zheng
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000401:mortality*; D014792:Visual Acuity; D019987:Persons with Visual Disabilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*