title: An assay to evaluate the long-term effects of inflammatory mediators on murine airway smooth muscle: evidence that TNFalpha up-regulates 5-HT(2A)-mediated contraction.
abstract: 1. Asthma research is arguably limited by an absence of appropriate animal models to study the pharmacology of inflammatory mediators that affect airway hyperresponsiveness and remodelling. Here we assessed an assay based on mouse tracheal segments cultured for 1-32 days, and investigated contractile responses mediated by muscarinic and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptors following long-term exposure to tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha). 2. Following culture, in the absence of TNFalpha, maximum contractile responses to KCl and carbachol were similar, with an increase in response up to day two and a decrease to a stable level after 8 days. Maximal relaxations to isoprenaline were not affected by the culture procedure. The potency of KCl and isoprenaline increased throughout the study. DNA microarray data revealed that global gene expression changes were greater when tissues were introduced to culture than when they were maintained in culture. The morphology of smooth muscle cells was maintained throughout the culture period. 3. 5-HT induced a weak contraction in both fresh and cultured (up to 8 days) segments. Culture with TNFalpha produced a time- and concentration-dependent increase in the maximal contraction to 5-HT, evidently mediated by 5-HT(2A) receptors, whereas, the potency for carbachol was reduced. 4. In conclusion, the phenotype of airway smooth muscle remained largely intact during the culture period, even though minor changes were obtained during the first days of culture. The time-dependent effect of TNFalpha indicates the importance of studying the long-term effect of cytokines on the smooth muscle cells in relation to airway hyperresponsiveness and remodelling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Malmö University Hospital, SE-20502 Malmö, Sweden. Mikael.Adner@oron.mas.lu.se
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Adner
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: Yaping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Swärd
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Benson
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Uddman
authors.forename: Nigel P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Shankley
authors.forename: Lars-Olaf
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Cardell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001285:Atropine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002217:Carbachol / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007545:Isoproterenol / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D011189:Potassium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D044402:Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A; D011985:Receptors, Serotonin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012701:Serotonin / Q000494:pharmacology; D018490:Serotonin Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D012702:Serotonin Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D017366:Serotonin Receptor Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors; D014132:Trachea / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; D044402:Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A; D011985:Receptors, Serotonin; D018490:Serotonin Agents; D012702:Serotonin Antagonists; D017366:Serotonin Receptor Agonists; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D012701:Serotonin; D011189:Potassium Chloride; D001285:Atropine; D002217:Carbachol; D007545:Isoproterenol