title: A randomized controlled trial of buprenorphine in the management of short-term ambulatory heroin withdrawal.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether buprenorphine is more effective than clonidine and other symptomatic medications in managing ambulatory heroin withdrawal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Open label, prospective randomized controlled trial examining withdrawal and 4-week postwithdrawal outcomes on intention-to-treat.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two specialist, out-patient drug treatment centres in inner city Melbourne and Sydney, Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and fourteen dependent heroin users were recruited. Participants were 18 years or over, and with no significant other drug dependence, medical or psychiatric conditions or recent methadone treatment. One hundred and one (89%) participants completed a day 8 research interview examining withdrawal outcomes, and 92 (81%) completed day 35 research interview examining postwithdrawal outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants randomized to control (n = 56) (up to 8 days of clonidine and other symptomatic medications) or experimental (n = 58) (up to 5 days of buprenorphine) withdrawal groups. Following the 8-day withdrawal episode, participants could self-select from range of postwithdrawal options (naltrexone, substitution maintenance, or counselling).
  
  
  METHODS
  Retention in withdrawal; heroin use during withdrawal; and retention in drug treatment 4 weeks after withdrawal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Withdrawal severity; adverse events, and heroin use in the postwithdrawal period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The experimental group had better treatment retention at day 8 (86% versus 57%, P = 0.001, 95% CI for numbers needed to treat (NNT) = 3-8) and day 35 (62% versus 39%, P = 0.02, 95% CI for NNT = 4-18); used heroin on fewer days during the withdrawal programme (2.6 +/- 2.5 versus 4.5 +/- 2.3, P < 0.001, 95% CI = 1-2.5 days) and in the postwithdrawal period (9.0 +/- 8.2 versus 14.6 +/- 10, P < 0.01, 95% CI = 1.8-9.4); and reported less withdrawal severity. No severe adverse events reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Buprenorphine is effective for short-term ambulatory heroin withdrawal, with greater retention, less heroin use and less withdrawal discomfort during withdrawal; and increased postwithdrawal treatment retention than symptomatic medications.
authors.affiliation: Turning Point Alcohol and Drug Centre, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia. N.Lintzeris@iop.kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lintzeris
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bammer
authors.forename: Damien J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Jolley
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rushworth
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000379:methods; D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003000:Clonidine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009294:Narcotics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010349:Patient Compliance; D016320:Substance Abuse Treatment Centers; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013565:Sympatholytics / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D013565:Sympatholytics; D002047:Buprenorphine; D003000:Clonidine