title: Cardiovascular autonomic function in conscious rats: a novel approach to facilitate stationary conditions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An experimental setting and software were developed to evaluate cardiovascular autonomic function in conscious rats. A restrained approach was used, which, upon proper habituation, induced little or no stress in the rats and limited motion artifacts.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ECG and arterial blood pressure were recorded. Time- and frequency-domain indices of heart rate variability (HRV) and blood pressure variability (BPV) were calculated. The spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity (spBRS) was estimated using the method of statistical dependence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The power spectra clearly concentrated in a frequency band with center frequency around 0.4 Hz, the low frequency (LF) component, and one at the respiratory frequency at 1.5 Hz, the high frequency (HF) component. In baseline conditions, a direct association existed between mean R-R and especially HRV parameters denoting vagal modulation such as rMSSD, pNN5, and HF power. Beta-adrenergic blockade by propranolol diminished basal heart rate. Vagal indices increased while there was an exclusive decrease in the low frequency band of HRV. Alpha-adrenergic blockade with phentolamine produced a depressor response with tachycardia, and a clear decrease in the LF component of BPV. Both the LF and HF component in the HRV spectrum were virtually absent. Cholinergic blockade with atropine did not significantly alter BP but induced a clear tachycardia with decreased vagal indices. The HF component of HRV was completely abolished and the LF band was reduced.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockade left spBRS virtually unaltered, while cholinergic blockade profoundly diminished spBRS. Spectral fluctuations of beta-sympathetic tone were restricted to the LF range of HRV, while the HF respiratory component represented vagal modulation. The alpha-sympathetic system played a dominant role in the LF oscillations of BPV. A role of the vagus in the HF oscillations of BPV in the rat is questioned. The baroreflex depended mainly on changes in vagal activity.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Cardiology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg O-N, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ramaekers
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Beckers
authors.forename: Hilde
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Demeulemeester
authors.forename: André E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Aubert
mesh_terms: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D017704:Baroreflex / Q000187:drug effects*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D010646:Phentolamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D011433:Propranolol / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D011433:Propranolol; D010646:Phentolamine