title: Antioxidant vitamins and lipid peroxidation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: association with inflammatory markers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated vitamin status in relation to inflammatory markers and lipid peroxidation measures in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty patients with RA and 30 controls were studied. Lipid profile, vitamin A, vitamin E, and inflammatory markers were analyzed in all subjects. Susceptibility to low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation was evaluated in both groups by measuring the kinetics of conjugated dienes induced by hemin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients and controls had similar lipid profiles, except with LDL cholesterol, which was lower in the patients (p < 0.05). Patients had significantly higher plasma levels of inflammatory markers with respect to controls (p < 0.01). Plasma levels of vitamin A were lower in patients, and similar levels of vitamin E were observed in both groups. Oxidative variables, measured as the different phases of conjugated diene formation, were similar in patients and controls. We found a significant inverse correlation between vitamin A, vitamin E, and secretory type II phospholipase A2 in patients. We found a positive correlation between the affinity constant of LDL binding to glycosaminoglycans (GAG), Kd-LDL, and the lag phase of LDL oxidation (p < 0.05) in patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This report supports the hypothesis that chronic inflammation affects antioxidant vitamin levels in RA. Combined with the presence of a chronic inflammatory process and high LDL affinity for GAG, this may explain the high risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with RA.
authors.affiliation: Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paredes
authors.forename: Josefa
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Girona
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hurt-Camejo
authors.forename: Joan Carles
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Vallvé
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Olivé
authors.forename: Mercedes
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heras
authors.forename: Pere
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Benito
authors.forename: Lluís
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Masana
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000502:physiology*; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010741:Phospholipases A / Q000097:blood; D054467:Phospholipases A2; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000502:physiology; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000097:blood; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000097:blood; D014815:Vitamins / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D014815:Vitamins; D014801:Vitamin A; D014810:Vitamin E; D010741:Phospholipases A; D054467:Phospholipases A2