title: Malaria surveillance--United States, 1999.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Malaria is caused by four species of intraerythrocytic protozoa of the genus Plasmodium (i.e., P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, or P. malariae). Malaria is transmitted by the bite of an infective female Anopheles sp. mosquito. The majority of malaria infections in the United States occur in persons who have traveled to areas with ongoing transmission. In the United States, cases can occur through exposure to infected blood products, by congenital transmission, or locally through mosquitoborne transmission. Malaria surveillance is conducted to identify episodes of local transmission and to guide prevention recommendations for travelers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cases with onset of illness during 1999.
  
  
  METHODS
  Malaria cases confirmed by blood films are reported to local and state health departments by health-care providers or laboratory staff. Case investigations are conducted by local and state health departments, and reports are transmitted to CDC through the National Malaria Surveillance System (NMSS). Data from NMSS serve as the basis for this report.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CDC received reports of 1,540 cases of malaria with an onset of symptoms during 1999 among persons in the United States or one of its territories. This number represents an increase of 25.5% from the 1,227 cases reported for 1998. P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale were identified in 46.0%, 30.7%, 4.6%, and 3.6% of cases, respectively. More than one species was present in 12 patients (0.8% of total). The infecting species was unreported or undetermined in 223 (14.5%) cases. The number of reported malaria cases acquired in Africa increased 27.6% (n = 901), compared with 1998, and an increase of 2.9% (n = 246) occurred in cases acquired in Asia, compared with 1998. Cases from the Americas increased by 19.7% (n = 274) from 1998. Of 831 U.S. civilians who acquired malaria abroad, 159 (19.1%) reported that they had followed a chemoprophylactic drug regimen recommended by CDC for the area to which they had traveled. Three patients became infected in the United States, all through probable local mosquitoborne transmission. Five deaths were attributed to malaria, all caused by P. falciparum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 25.5% increase in malaria cases in 1999, compared with 1998, resulted primarily from increases in cases acquired in Africa and the Americas. This increase is possibly related to a change in the system by which states report to CDC, but it could also have resulted from local changes in disease transmission, increased travel to these regions, improved reporting to state and local health departments, or a decreased use of effective antimalarial chemoprophylaxis. In the majority of reported cases, U.S. civilians who acquired infection abroad were not on an appropriate chemoprophylaxis regimen for the country where they acquired malaria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Additional information was obtained concerning the five fatal cases and the three infections acquired in the United States. The NMSS surveillance form was modified to gather more detailed information regarding compliance with prescribed chemoprophylaxis regimens. Persons traveling to a malarious area should take one of the recommended chemoprophylaxis regimens appropriate to the region of travel, and travelers should use personal protection measures to prevent mosquito bites. Any person who has been to a malarious area and who subsequently develops a fever or influenza-like symptoms should seek medical care immediately; investigation should include a blood-film test for malaria. Malaria infections can be fatal if not diagnosed and treated promptly. Recommendations concerning prevention of malaria can be obtained from CDC.
authors.affiliation: Epidemic Intelligence Service, Epidemiology Program Office, USA.
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: Ann M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Barber
authors.forename: Jacquelin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Holtz
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Steketee
authors.forename: Monica E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Parise
mesh_terms: D001800:Blood Specimen Collection / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015980:Public Health Practice; D014195:Travel; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology