title: Local therapeutic injection in bleeding peptic ulcer: a comparison of adrenaline to adrenaline plus a sclerosing agent.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  a) To analyse the probability of haemodynamic changes in patients with non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (NV-UGB), as well as the risk of bleeding in cases of peptic ulcer; and b) to compare an injection of epinephrine alone with epinephrine plus an sclerosing agent in ulcers with a high risk of persistent or recurrent bleeding.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 500 consecutive patients (295 males/205 females) who were admitted because of an NV-UGB episode. Haemodynamic evaluation and upper endoscopy were performed in all patients. They were randomised to receive an injection of epinephrine 1:10.000 or epinephrine plus 2% polidocanol in case of active bleeding, visible vessel or unstable clot.
  
  
  RESULTS
  263/500 (52.6%) were taking NSAIDs before the acute bleeding. 70/96 (72.9%) patients with red haematemesis showed haemodynamic changes vs 15/107 (14%) with dark haematemesis and melena, and 29/281 (10.3%) with melena alone, p < 0.01, OR = 20. Duodenal ulcer was the cause of NV-UGB in 206 cases (40.6%) and gastric ulcer in 134 (27.2%). However, an endoscopic therapy was performed in 85 patients, 58 with gastric ulcers (19 with active bleeding, 33 with visible vessel and 6 with unstable clot) vs 27 with duodenal ulcers (6 with active bleeding, 19 with visible vessel and 2 with unstable clot), p < 0.01, OR = 4.7. 15/85 patients developed recurrent bleeding after injection therapy: 3 with a non-bleeding visible vessel and 10 with active bleeding (10 were treated with epinephrine and 2 with epinephrine plus 2% polidocanol, p < 0.04, OR = 8). A multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age, active bleeding and type of injected agent were the only independent variables associated with failure of treatment and recurrent bleeding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  a) 52.6% of patients with NV-UGB were taking NSAIDs before acute bleeding; b) epinephrine injection followed by a sclerosing agent is more effective in case of active bleeding; however, there is no difference in case of visible vessel or unstable clot; and c) age, active bleeding and type of treatment were the only independent variables associated with recurrent bleeding.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastrointestinal Medicine, Hospital Comarcal de Riotinto, Huelva, Spain. agarridos@interec.org
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garrido Serrano
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Guerrero Igea
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Perianes Hernández
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Arenas Posadas
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Palomo Gil
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005773:Gastroscopy; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010438:Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D012597:Sclerosing Solutions / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D012597:Sclerosing Solutions; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D004837:Epinephrine