title: Effect of chronic and acute cigarette smoking on the pharyngoglottal closure reflex.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Injection of water into the pharynx at a threshold volume induces vocal cord adduction--the pharyngoglottal closure reflex (PGCR). This reflex together with other supraoesophageal reflexes may be helpful in preventing aspiration. Cigarette smoking has an adverse affect on the pharyngo-upper oesophageal sphincter contractile reflex and reflexive pharyngeal swallow. The effect of smoking on PGCR has not been studied previously.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To elucidate the effect of chronic and acute cigarette smoking on PGCR.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 10 chronic smokers and 10 non-smokers before and after real/simulated smoking, respectively.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using concurrent recordings, glottal function was monitored by video endoscopy, swallowing by electromyography, and PGCR was triggered by rapid and slow pharyngeal water injections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The threshold volume to trigger PGCR during rapid injection was significantly higher in chronic smokers (non-smoker 0.20 (SEM 0.02) ml, smoker 0.36 (0.02) ml; p<0.001). In six of 10 smokers, acute smoking abolished this reflex during slow water injection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking adversely affects stimulation of PGCR. This finding may have implications in the development of reflux related respiratory complications in smokers.
authors.affiliation: MCW Dysphagia Institute, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin and Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. dua@mcw.edu
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dua
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bardan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Sui
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shaker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005931:Glottis / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007828:Laryngoscopy; D008297:Male; D010614:Pharynx / Q000502:physiology*; D011015:Pneumonia, Aspiration / Q000209:etiology; D012018:Reflex; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014741:Video Recording