title: A prospective study of adherence and viral load in a large multi-center cohort of HIV-infected women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship between antiretroviral adherence and viral load, and to determine the predictors of adherence over time in HIV-infected women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  One-hundred sixty-one HIV-infected women who were taking antiretroviral therapy for a median of 3.0 years were recruited from the HIV Epidemiology Research Study, a multicenter cohort study of HIV infection in women. Antiretroviral adherence (percent of doses taken as prescribed) was measured over a 6-month period using MEMS caps. At baseline and follow-up, CD4 lymphocyte count and viral load were measured, and a standardized interview was administered to elicit medication history and drug use behaviors. To examine changes in adherence over time, the mean adherence to all antiretroviral agents was calculated for each monitored month.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adherence varied significantly over time (P < 0.001), ranging from a mean of 64% in month 1 to 45% in month 6. Nearly one-fourth of the participants had a 10% or greater decrease in adherence between consecutive months. Virologic failure occurred in 17% of women with adherence of > or = 88%, 28% of those with 45-87% adherence, 43% of those with 13-44% adherence, and 71% of those with < or = 12% adherence. In multivariate analysis, factors predicting lower adherence included active drug use, alcohol use, more frequent antiretroviral dosing, shorter duration of antiretroviral use, younger age, and lower initial CD4 lymphocyte count.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antiretroviral adherence is not stable over time. Interventions aimed at monitoring and improving long-term adherence in women are urgently needed.
authors.affiliation: AIDS Research Program, Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10467, USA.
authors.forename: Andrea A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: Julia H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Arnsten
authors.forename: Yungtai
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vlahov
authors.forename: Josiah D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Rich
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schuman
authors.forename: Valerie E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.forename: Dawn K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Ellie E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Schoenbaum
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010349:Patient Compliance; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D004338:Drug Combinations