title: Spontaneous twin gestation after vaginal dilation in a woman with uterus didelphys and bladder exstrophy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bladder exstrophy is an uncommon anomaly rarely associated with uterus didelphys. Fertility is limited by associated vaginal malformations, which have traditionally required surgical reconstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  A woman with a history of bladder exstrophy and hypoplastic vagina presented complaining of painful intercourse. The patient underwent vaginal dilator treatment after corrective surgery for the bladder defect. Without any further fertility therapy she subsequently conceived twins, with one implantation in each horn of a didelphic uterus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bladder exstrophy, uterus didelphys, and vaginal hypoplasia share a common embryological devel-opment, and the finding of one anomaly can alert to the presence of another. Vaginal dilators may be used in place of surgical reconstruction to allow conception.
authors.affiliation: University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA.
authors.forename: Eliran
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mor
authors.forename: Peyman
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Saadat
authors.forename: Rebecca Z
authors.initials: RZ
authors.lastname: Sokol
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Paulson
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple; D000328:Adult; D001746:Bladder Exstrophy / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery; D004106:Dilatation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011272:Pregnancy, Multiple; D014427:Twins; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014599:Uterus / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014621:Vagina / Q000002:abnormalities*