title: The development of indicators to measure the quality of clinical care in emergency departments following a modified-delphi approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop and apply a systematic approach to identify and define valid, relevant, and feasible measures of emergency department (ED) clinical performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  An extensive literature review was conducted to identify clinical conditions frequently treated in most EDs, and clinically relevant outcomes to evaluate these conditions. Based on this review, a set of condition-outcome pairs was defined. An expert panel was convened and a Modified-Delphi process was used to identify specific condition-outcome pairs where the panel felt there was a link between quality of care for the condition and a specific outcome. Next, for highly rated condition-outcome pairs, specific measurable indicators were identified in the literature. The panelists rated these indicators on their relevance to ED performance and need for risk adjustment. The feasibility of calculating these indicators was determined by applying them to a routinely collected data set.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen clinical conditions and eight quality-of-care outcomes (mortality, morbidity, admissions, recurrent visits, follow-up with primary care, length of stay, diagnostics, and resource use) were identified from the literature (104 pairs). The panel selected 21 condition-outcome pairs, representing eight of 13 clinical conditions. Then, the panel selected 29 specific clinical indicators, representing the condition-outcome pairs, to measure ED performance. It was possible to calculate eight of these indicators, covering five clinical conditions, using a routinely collected data set.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using a Modified-Delphi process, it was possible to identify a series of condition-outcome pairs that panelists felt were potentially related to ED quality of care, then define specific indicators for many of these condition-outcome pairs. Some indicators could be measured using an existing data set. The development of sound clinical performance indicators for the ED is possible, but the feasibility of measuring them will be dependent on the availability and accessibility of high-quality data.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Patrice
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lindsay
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schull
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bronskill
authors.forename: Geoffrey
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D032921:Consensus; D003697:Delphi Technique; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000592:standards*; D004638:Emergency Treatment / Q000592:standards*; D006302:Health Services Research / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care; D012196:Review Literature as Topic