title: Evaluation of the in vitro degradation of macroporous hydrogels using gravimetry, confined compression testing, and microcomputed tomography.
abstract: This study investigated the in vitro degradation characteristics of macroporous hydrogels based on poly(propylene fumarate-co-ethylene glycol) (P(PF-co-EG)). Four formulations were fabricated to test the effect of porosity and cross-linking density on the degradation of the resulting macroporous hydrogels. Macroporosity was introduced by the addition of sodium bicarbonate and ascorbic acid, the precursors of the carbon dioxide porogen, in the initiation system for the hydrogel cross-linking. Macroporous hydrogels with porosities of 0.80 +/- 0.03 and 0.89 +/- 0.03 were synthesized by the addition of sodium bicarbonate of concentrations 40 and 80 mg/mL and ascorbic acid of concentrations 0.05 and 0.1 mol/L, respectively. Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEG-DA) was utilized as a cross-linker. The molecular weight between cross-links had a significant effect on weight loss after 12 weeks, where samples with M(C) of 1,880 +/- 320 synthesized with a P(PF-co-EG):PEG-DA ratio of 3:1 had a significantly greater mass loss due to degradation than those with M(C) of 1,000 +/- 100 synthesized with a P(PF-co-EG):PEG-DA ratio of 1:1. In contrast, porosity played a minimal role in determining the weight loss. Mechanical testing of the hydrogels under confined compression showed a decrease in compressive modulus over the degradation time for all formulations. In addition, an increase in hydrogel equilibrium water content and pore wall thickness was observed with degradation time, whereas the hydrogel porosity and surface area density remained invariant. The results from microcomputed tomography corroborated with the rest of the measurements and indicated a bulk degradation mechanism of the macroporous hydrogels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, MS-142, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, Texas 77251-1892, USA.
authors.forename: Esfandiar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Behravesh
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Timmer
authors.forename: Jeremy J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lemoine
authors.forename: Michael A K
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Liebschner
authors.forename: Antonios G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Mikos
mesh_terms: D019245:Compressive Strength; D020100:Hydrogels / Q000737:chemistry*; D008422:Materials Testing; D008970:Molecular Weight; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D011126:Polypropylenes / Q000737:chemistry; D016062:Porosity; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D020100:Hydrogels; D011126:Polypropylenes; C115157:poly(propylene fumarate-co-ethylene glycol); D011092:Polyethylene Glycols