title: DNA fingerprinting analysis of coagulase negative staphylococci implicated in catheter related bloodstream infections.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The epidemiological assessment of cases of coagulase negative staphylococcal catheter related bloodstream infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and thirty patients with suspected catheter related bloodstream infection were evaluated over a two year period. Central venous catheters were cultured both endoluminally and extraluminally. Peripheral blood, catheter hubs, skin entry, and skin control sites were also cultured. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to DNA fingerprint coagulase negative staphylococci isolated from patients with presumptive catheter related bloodstream infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty cases of catheter related bloodstream infection were identified, 21 of which were attributed to coagulase negative staphylococci. Two hundred and ninety four separate isolates of coagulase negative staphylococci from the 21 cases of catheter related bloodstream infection were subjected to PFGE (mean of 14 for each case). Catheter related bloodstream infection was only confirmed by PFGE analysis in 16 of the 21 cases because in the remaining five cases peripheral blood and central venous catheter coagulase negative staphylococci isolates were different. Skin entry, control skin, and central venous catheter hub isolates matched peripheral blood isolates in six, four, and seven cases, respectively. Coagulase negative staphylococci isolates could not be cultured from the patients' own skin in seven cases of catheter related bloodstream infection. Central venous catheter lumens were colonised in all cases of catheter related bloodstream infection compared with 44-81% of cases that had positive external surface catheter tip cultures, depending on the threshold used to define significant growth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Catheter related bloodstream infection as a result of coagulase negative staphylococci may be over stated in about a quarter of cases, unless a discriminatory technique is used to fingerprint isolates. No single, simplistic route of bacterial contamination of central venous catheters was identified, but endoluminal catheter colonisation is invariably present in cases of catheter related bloodstream infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Leeds General Infirmary and University of Leeds, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK.
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Dobbins
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kite
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kindon
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: McMahon
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Wilcox
mesh_terms: D016470:Bacteremia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003030:Coagulase / Q000032:analysis; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting / Q000379:methods*; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D004866:Equipment Contamination; D006801:Humans; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission; D013210:Staphylococcus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D003030:Coagulase