title: Investigation of hormonal male contraception in African men: suppression of spermatogenesis by oral desogestrel with depot testosterone.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Suppression of spermatogenesis to azoospermia is required for effective hormonal male contraception, but the degree of suppression varies between ethnic groups. We here report the first study of hormonal suppression of spermatogenesis in two African centres using a regimen of oral progestogen with depot testosterone. METHODS A total of 31 healthy men (21 black) were recruited in Cape Town and 21 men in Sagamu, Nigeria. Subjects were randomized to take either 150 or 300 micro g desogestrel daily p.o. with testosterone pellets. In Cape Town, desogestrel was administered for 24 weeks with 400 mg testosterone re-administered 12 weekly. In Sagamu, desogestrel was administered for 52 weeks with 200 mg testosterone (later increased to 400 mg) re-administered 12-weekly.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Cape Town, 22 men completed at least 20 weeks treatment. Azoospermia was achieved in 8/10 and 8/12 men in the 150 micro g and 300 micro g desogestrel groups. Four men in Sagamu withdrew. Azoospermia was achieved in all 17 men in the two groups. There were no significant changes in lipoprotein or haemoglobin concentrations in any group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate that the combination of oral desogestrel with depot testosterone is an effective regimen for suppression of spermatogenesis in African as in Caucasian and Chinese men, with azoospermia achieved in a total of 83/98 (85%) men.
authors.affiliation: MRC Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, Centre for Reproductive Biology, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, Scotland. r.a.anderson@hrsu.mrc.ac.uk
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Z M
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Van Der Spuy
authors.forename: O A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Dada
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Tregoning
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Zinn
authors.forename: O A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Adeniji
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Fakoya
authors.forename: K B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Baird
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000349:Africa / Q000208:ethnology; D044383:Black People; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003272:Contraceptive Agents, Male / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D003280:Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D017135:Desogestrel / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D006065:Gonadotropins, Pituitary / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D013076:Sperm Count; D013091:Spermatogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D013739:Testosterone / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D003272:Contraceptive Agents, Male; D003280:Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D006065:Gonadotropins, Pituitary; D013739:Testosterone; D017135:Desogestrel