title: Ejaculatory duct obstruction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We surveyed the growing literature on ejaculatory duct obstruction and provide suggestions regarding its diagnosis and management.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ejaculatory duct obstruction is a rare cause of male infertility. With the advent of the high resolution transurethral ultrasound (TRUS) technology, there has been an increase in diagnosis of this disorder. As for the treatment, it appears that central cystic lesions and partial obstructions respond best to transurethral resection of the ejaculatory ducts (TURED).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ejaculatory duct obstruction is a rare but surgically correctable cause of male infertility. Although there are no pathognomonic findings associated with ejaculatory duct obstruction, the diagnosis should be suspected in an infertile male with oligospermia or azoospermia with low ejaculate volume, normal secondary sex characteristics, testes, and hormonal profile, and dilated seminal vesicles, midline cyst, or calcifications on TRUS. In select cases, TURED has resulted in marked improvement in semen parameters, and pregnancies have been achieved. More studies are needed in the areas of diagnosis and long-term surgical outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Squier Urologic Clinic, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York 10028, USA. harryfisch@aol.com
authors.forename: Harry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fisch
authors.forename: Young M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Christopher W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Erik T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Goluboff
mesh_terms: D003251:Constriction, Pathologic; D004543:Ejaculatory Ducts / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D005832:Genital Diseases, Male / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D014463:Ultrasonography; D013521:Urologic Surgical Procedures, Male