title: Hepatopulmonary syndrome: prevalence and predictive value of various cut offs for arterial oxygenation and their clinical consequences.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is defined as the triad of liver disease, arterial deoxygenation, and pulmonary vascular dilatation. The reported prevalence of HPS in cirrhotic patients varies between 4% and 19%, and various threshold values defining arterial deoxygenation have been used and recommended previously. However, it is not known how the prevalence of HPS differs using different cut off values for arterial deoxygenation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 127 patients for the presence of HPS using transthoracic contrast echocardiography for detection of pulmonary vasodilation, pulmonary function tests, and blood gas analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety eight patients were included in the study, of whom 33 (34%) had a positive contrast echocardiography. Using an increased alveolar-arterial difference for the partial pressure of oxygen (AaDO(2)) as an indication of hypoxaemia, the prevalence of HPS was considerably higher (>15 mm Hg, 32%; >20 mm Hg, 31%; and >age related threshold, 28%) than using reduced partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO(2)) as a threshold (<80 mm Hg, 19%; <70 mm Hg, 15%; and <age related threshold, 15%). For AaDO(2) as the cut off, the positive predictive value for a diagnosis of HPS was low (34%, 37%, and 53%, respectively). In contrast, PaO(2) as a cut off had considerably higher positive predictive values (44%, 93%, and 94%, respectively). Introducing PaO(2) <65 mm Hg as the cut off, the positive predictive value increased to 100%. Dyspnoea was more often present in patients with "clinically significant" HPS (57%) compared with "subclinical HPS" (8%), and patients without HPS (6%). The Child-Pugh score correlated significantly with the severity of HPS. Two of five liver transplanted patients with "subclinical HPS" had embolic brain infarcts, possibly induced by venous emboli passing through dilated intrapulmonary vessels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Defining arterial hypoxaemia in HPS by different, previously used, cut off values for arterial oxygenation leads to a wide variation in the prevalence of HPS in the same sample of cirrhotic patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine IV, Intensive Care Unit, University of Vienna, Allgemeines Krankenhaus, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. Peter.Schenk@akh-wien.ac.at
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schenk
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fuhrmann
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Madl
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Funk
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lehr
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kandel
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Müller
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001158:Arteries; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D020065:Hepatopulmonary Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen