title: Defibrillation threshold and cardiac responses using an external biphasic defibrillator with pediatric and adult adhesive patches in pediatric-sized piglets.
abstract: Before recommendations for using an automatic external defibrillator on pediatric patients can be made, a protocol for the energy of a biphasic waveform energy dosing needs to be determined that will allow ventricular defibrillation of 8 year olds while causing only a minimal amount of cardiac damage to infants. Pediatric- and adult-sized electrode patches were alternately applied to 10 isoflurane-anesthetized piglets weighing 3.8-20.1 kg to approximate the body weights of newborns to children < 8 years old. The defibrillation threshold (DFT) was determined for biphasic truncated exponential waveform shocks. Additional shocks, varying from the DFT to 360 Joules (J), were delivered during sinus rhythm or following 30 s of ventricular fibrillation (VF). The DFT was 2.4+/-0.81 and 2.1+/-0.65 J/kg for pediatric and adult patches, respectively (P = N.S.). The change in left ventricular (LV) dP/dt from baseline as a function of shock strength was significantly different at 1 and 10 s after shocks of increasing energy that were delivered in sinus rhythm, and 1, 10, 20, and 30 s after defibrillation shocks. There was no significant difference in LV dP/dt with increasing shock energy at 60 s with either patch size. The time to return of sinus rhythm, ST-segment deviation, and cardiac output were also not significantly different from baseline 60 s following shocks of up to 360 J delivered during sinus rhythm or VF with either patch. The same amount of energy delivered with a biphasic external defibrillator successfully defibrillated VF whether adult or pediatric patches were used. Cardiac rhythm and hemodynamic variables were unaltered at 60 s after shocks delivered at energies of up to 360 J. These data suggest that there is a substantial safety margin above a DFT strength shock for this biphasic waveform in piglets.
authors.affiliation: Cardiac Rhythm Management Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Boulevard, B140 Volker Hall, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA. crk@crml.uab.edu
authors.forename: Cheryl R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Killingsworth
authors.forename: Sharon B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Melnick
authors.forename: Fred W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: William M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Raymond E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Ideker
authors.forename: Gregory P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Walcott
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D004056:Differential Threshold; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004554:Electric Countershock / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004566:Electrodes; D005260:Female; D006334:Heart Function Tests; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011336:Probability; D011897:Random Allocation; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013552:Swine; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000628:therapy*; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*