title: The risk of mortality or cerebral palsy in twins: a collaborative population-based study.
abstract: The purpose of the paper was to describe demographic and clinical factors associated with fetal or neonatal death or cerebral palsy (CP) in twins. Vital statistics from five populations in the United States and Australia, which included information on CP diagnosed after 1 y of age. Information on zygosity was not available. In 1,141,351 births, 25,772 of whom were twins, significant secular trends from 1980 to 1989 included increasing prevalence of twins, increasing proportion of unlike-sex twins, and increasing maternal age. Overall, twins were at an approximately 5-fold increased risk of fetal death, 7-fold increased risk of neonatal death, and 4-fold increased risk of CP compared with singletons. However, at birth weight <2500 g, twins generally did better than singletons, both with respect to mortality and to CP rates. Second-born twins and twins from same-sex pairs were at increased risk of early death but not of CP. Twins from growth-discordant pairs and twins whose co-twin died were at increased risk of both mortality and CP. The highest rates of CP were in surviving twins whose co-twin was still-born (4.7%), died shortly after birth (6.3%) or had CP (11.8%). In this large data set spanning a 10-y period, overall rates of death or cerebral palsy were higher in twins than singletons, although small twins generally did better than small singletons. Co-twin death was a strong predictor of CP in surviving twins. This risk was the same for same- and different-sex pairs, and observed both for preterm and term infants.
authors.affiliation: Neuroepidemiology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. schera@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Ann I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Scher
authors.forename: Bev
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Petterson
authors.forename: Eve
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Blair
authors.forename: Jonas H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Ellenberg
authors.forename: Judy K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Grether
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Haan
authors.forename: Dinah S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Reddihough
authors.forename: Marshalyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yeargin-Allsopp
authors.forename: Karin B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Nelson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004200:Diseases in Twins / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000453:epidemiology; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007232:Infant, Newborn, Diseases / Q000401:mortality*; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D015995:Prevalence; D044469:Racial Groups; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology