title: Carrier mediated uptake of L-tyrosine and its competitive inhibition by model tyrosine linked compounds in a rabbit corneal cell line (SIRC)--strategy for the design of transporter/receptor targeted prodrugs.
abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of amino acid transporters on the corneal epithelium and to enhance corneal drug absorption through prodrug modification targeted to the amino acid transporters. SIRC was used as a model cell line representing the corneal epithelium. Uptake studies were carried out using [3H] L-tyrosine at 37 degrees C. Temperature, energy and pH dependence studies were carried out. The uptake seems to be composed of a major saturable and minor non-saturable component (V(max) =2.9+/-0.62 nmoles/min/mg protein, K(m) =71+/-21 microM, K(d) =2.6+/-0.6 nl/min/mg protein). No significant inhibition of uptake was observed in the presence of metabolic inhibitors or in the absence of sodium. Competitive inhibition studies were performed in the presence of various amino acids and model tyrosine conjugates (p-nitro and p-chloro benzyl ether conjugate of L-tyrosine). Uptake was inhibited by neutral aromatic and large neutral aliphatic amino acids. L-Tyrosine uptake was inhibited by its ether conjugates in a concentration dependent manner suggesting that these compounds may be sharing the same transport mechanism. This study provides biochemical evidence of the presence of a large neutral amino acid transport system on the corneal epithelium, which may be utilized to enhance the corneal drug transport.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5005 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO 64110-2499, USA.
authors.forename: Anand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Balakrishnan
authors.forename: Blisse
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jain-Vakkalagadda
authors.forename: Chun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Dhananjay
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pal
authors.forename: Ashim K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Mitra
mesh_terms: D026905:Amino Acid Transport Systems / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001667:Binding, Competitive / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002460:Cell Line; D003315:Cornea / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D004337:Drug Carriers; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D011817:Rabbits; D017459:Receptors, Amino Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D026905:Amino Acid Transport Systems; D004337:Drug Carriers; D011355:Prodrugs; D017459:Receptors, Amino Acid; C087659:tyrosine receptor; D014443:Tyrosine