title: Effect of zinc source (zinc oxide vs zinc proteinate) and level on performance, carcass characteristics, and immune response of growing and finishing steers.
abstract: Sixty Angus and Angus x Hereford steers (246 kg initial BW) were used to determine the effects of Zn level and source on performance, immune response, and carcass characteristics of growing and finishing steers. Treatments consisted of 1) control (no supplemental Zn), 2) ZnO, 3) Zn proteinate-A (ZnProt-A, 10% Zn), and 4) ZnProt-B (15% Zn). Treatments 2, 3, and 4 supplied 25 mg of supplemental Zn/kg diet. Steers were individually fed a corn silage-based diet during the 84-d growing phase and a high corn diet during the finishing phase. Cell-mediated and humoral immune response measurements were obtained between d 67 and 74 of the growing phase. Equal number of steers per treatment were slaughtered after receiving the finishing diets for 84 or 112 d. Performance and carcass measurements were similar in steers fed the two ZnProt sources. Zinc supplementation, regardless of source, increased (P < 0.05) ADG during the growing phase. In the finishing phase, ADG (P = 0.10) and gain/feed (P = 0.07) tended to be higher for steers fed ZnProt compared with those supplemented with ZnO. Gain and feed efficiency were similar for control and ZnO-supplemented steers during the finishing phase. Steers fed ZnProt had heavier (P < 0.05) hot carcass weights and slightly higher (P < 0.05) dressing percentages than those in the control or ZnO treatments. Quality grade, yield grade, marbling, and backfat were increased by Zn supplementation, but were not affected by Zn source. In vitro response of lymphocytes to mitogen stimulation and in vivo swelling response following intradermal injection of phytohemagglutinin were not affected by Zn level or source. Humoral immune response following vaccination with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis also was not affected by treatment. Soluble concentrations of Zn in ruminal fluid were higher (P < 0.05) in steers fed ZnProt compared to ZnO steers. Results indicate that ZnProt may improve performance of finishing steers above that observed with inorganic Zn supplementation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-7621, USA. Jerry_Spears@ncsu.edu
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Spears
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Kegley
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D000917:Antibody Formation / Q000187:drug effects; D001823:Body Composition / Q000187:drug effects; D002417:Cattle / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000276:immunology*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat / Q000592:standards*; D011897:Random Allocation; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000187:drug effects*; D015032:Zinc / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015034:Zinc Oxide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D015032:Zinc; D015034:Zinc Oxide