title: Risk factors predictive of late complications after endoscopic sphincterotomy for bile duct stones: long-term (more than 10 years) follow-up study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Widespread use of laparoscopic cholecystectomy has extended the indications for endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) to young patients with choledocholithiasis; however, long-term results of ES and risk factors for late complications are largely unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1977 and 1990, 145 patients aged 60 yr or younger underwent ES for choledocholithiasis. Long-term outcomes of ES were investigated in the year 2000, and prognostic factors for late complications were multivariately analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Long-term information was available in 135 cases (93.1%), with a median overall follow-up duration of 14.5 yr (range, 6.5-22.3 yr). There were neither biliary malignancies nor deaths attributable to biliary disease. Sixteen patients (11.9%) developed late complications, including choledochal complications (stone recurrence and/or cholangitis; 14 patients) and acute cholecystitis (two of 32 patients with the gallbladder in situ). Multivariate analysis identified two independent risk factors for choledochal complications: bile duct diameter > or = 15 mm and brown pigment stones at the initial ES. Choledochal complications were endoscopically manageable. All recurrent stones were brown pigment stones.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Approximately 12% of patients develop late complications after ES, but retreatment with ERCP is effective. ES is a reasonable alternative even in young patients with choledocholithiasis. Careful follow-up is necessary, however, particularly for patients with a dilated bile duct or brown pigment stones.
authors.affiliation: The First Department of Surgery, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Masanori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sugiyama
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Atomi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001660:Biliary Tract Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D002761:Cholangitis / Q000209:etiology; D002764:Cholecystitis / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D042882:Gallstones / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D016717:Sphincterotomy, Endoscopic / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013997:Time Factors