title: Two ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, Rhp6 and UbcX, regulate heterochromatin silencing in Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
abstract: Methylation of histone H3 has been linked to the assembly of higher-order chromatin structures. Very recently, several examples, including the Schizosaccharomyces pombe mating-type region, chicken beta-globin locus, and inactive X-chromosome, revealed that H3-Lys9-methyl (Me) is associated with silent chromatin while H3-Lys4-Me is prominent in active chromatin. Surprisingly, it was shown that homologs of Drosophila Su(var)3-9 specifically methylate the Lys9 residue of histone H3. Here, to identify putative enzymes responsible for destabilization of heterochromatin, we screened genes whose overexpressions disrupt silencing at the silent mat3 locus in fission yeast. Interestingly, we identified two genes, rhp6(+) and ubcX(+) (ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme participating in silencing), both of which encode ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes. Their overexpression disrupted silencing at centromeres and telomeres as well as at mat3. Additionally, the overexpression interfered with centromeric function, as confirmed by elevated minichromosome loss and antimicrotubule drug sensitivity. On the contrary, deletion of rhp6(+) or ubcX(+) enhanced silencing at all heterochromatic regions tested, indicating that they are negative regulators of silencing. More importantly, chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that their overexpression alleviated the level of H3-Lys9-Me while enhancing the level of H3-Lys4-Me at the silent regions. On the contrary, their deletions enhanced the level of H3-Lys9-Me while alleviating that of H3-Lys4-Me. Taken together, the data suggest that two ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, Rhp6 and UbcX, affect methylation of histone H3 at silent chromatin, which then reconfigures silencing.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Eun Shik
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Hyun Soo
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Yeun Kyu
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.forename: Seung Hwan
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Sang Dai
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D002503:Centromere / Q000378:metabolism; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D020868:Gene Silencing; D005800:Genes, Fungal; D049770:Genes, Mating Type, Fungal; D006570:Heterochromatin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D008025:Ligases / Q000378:metabolism*; D008745:Methylation; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D012568:Schizosaccharomyces / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D029702:Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D025801:Ubiquitin / Q000378:metabolism*; D044763:Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes
chemical_list: D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D006570:Heterochromatin; D006657:Histones; D029702:Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins; D025801:Ubiquitin; C489286:Ubc6 protein, Drosophila; D044763:Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes; C063863:rhp6 protein, S pombe; C106164:ubc11 protein, S pombe; D008025:Ligases