title: Thyroid cancer in HCV-related mixed cryoglobulinemia patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The prevalence of thyroid cancer in a series of unselected HCV-related mixed cryoglobulinemic patients was investigated in comparison with a control group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Among 107 consecutive patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC), 94 were eligible for the study. A control group was obtained from a sample of the general population (2,401 subjects), age > 50 years, who had undergone thyroid ultrasonography (582 subjects); 5 sex-matched controls were randomly assigned to each MC patients (470 individuals). The mean age was similar in the MC patients and controls (64.2 +/- 10.0 vs. 63.4 +/- 7.0).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of thyroid nodules was higher, although not significantly so, in control subjects than in MC patients (65.3 vs. 54.8%). Two patients with papillary thyroid cancer were found in the MC series, while no case was observed among controls (p = 0.001, chi-square P value; p = 0.02, Fisher's exact test). In both MC patients with papillary thyroid cancer lymphocytic infiltration was observed in the thyroid tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The possible association between HCV-related MC and thyroid cancer indicates that a careful monitoring of the thyroid would be opportune during the clinical follow-up of HCV-associated MC patients, especially in those with signs of thyroid autoimmune disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy. a.antonelli@med.unipi.it
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Antonelli
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ferri
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fallahi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nesti
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Zignego
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maccheroni
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003449:Cryoglobulinemia / Q000150:complications* / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology