title: Pneumatic dilation versus intrasphincteric botulinum toxin injection in the treatment of achalasia cardia in India: an economic analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pneumatic dilation (PD) is an established therapeutic option for achalasia cardia. Recently, intrasphincteric botulinum toxin (BT) has been used to treat achalasia cardia in view of its simplicity and safety. However, it is likely to be a costly treatment as repeated injections are often needed due to its short-lasting effect. No economic analysis of PD and BT strategies has been done in India.
  
  
  METHODS
  A decision tree was constructed using decision analysis software (DATA 4.0; TreeAge Software, Williamstown, MA, USA). Probability estimates for BT injection and PD (and, in case of failure, surgery) were obtained from published literature, preferably from India. Direct "out-of-pocket" costs (in Indian rupees; currently US$ 1 = 49 rupees approximately) for baseline analysis were obtained from our hospital and from some private hospitals. Sensitivity analysis was done using a wide range of probability and cost estimates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intrasphincteric BT injection strategy was more costly at 18,520 rupees per patient than PD strategy (4,568 rupees), yielding an incremental cost of 13,952 rupees per patient successfully treated. Sensitivity analysis supported the conclusions of the baseline analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Primary intrasphincteric BT injection strategy was costlier than primary PD strategy in the treatment of achalasia cardia in India, and therefore cannot be justified despite its efficacy, relative ease of administration and safety.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow. ghoshal@sgpgi.ac.in
authors.forename: U C
authors.initials: UC
authors.lastname: Ghoshal
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aggarwal
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Naik
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis / Q000191:economics; D003663:Decision Trees; D004106:Dilatation / Q000379:methods*; D004931:Esophageal Achalasia / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy; D004943:Esophagogastric Junction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007267:Injections; D008875:Middle Aged; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A