title: Effects of buprenorphine on candy and sweetened fluid self-administration by rhesus monkeys.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  . Previous studies have shown that buprenorphine differentially suppresses the reinforcing effects of different drugs (cocaine, alfentanil), drug versus nondrug reinforcers (food, drug), and the same reinforcer (food) maintained under different schedules of reinforcement.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the present study was to determine whether buprenorphine (0.03, 0.1, 0.3 mg/kg) differentially affects candy versus sweetened fluid self-administration. The hypotheses were that (1) candy would maintain higher rates of responding and would be chosen on more occasions than sweetened fluid, and (2) buprenorphine would produce smaller disruptions in responding for the more-preferred reinforcer.
  
  
  METHODS
  During separate sessions, rhesus monkeys self-administered candy alone, sweetened fluid alone, or had the opportunity to choose between candy and sweetened fluid. Monkeys responded under a second order, two-chain schedule of reinforcement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Candy was a more-preferred reinforcer than sweetened fluid. Buprenorphine significantly decreased rates of responding for fluid, but increased rates of responding for candy. Although buprenorphine significantly decreased both candy and fluid intake, it produced a more robust, and longer-lasting suppression of sweetened-fluid intake than candy. Choice to self-administer candy or fluid was not affected by buprenorphine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that behavior maintained by a less-preferred reinforcer is more easily disrupted by buprenorphine than is behavior maintained by a more-preferred reinforcer.
authors.affiliation: Division on Substance Abuse, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 120, New York, NY 10032, USA. sdc10@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Sandra D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Comer
authors.forename: Suzette M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Cindy M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Pudiak
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Foltin
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002182:Candy; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005518:Food Preferences / Q000187:drug effects*; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D009294:Narcotics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012055:Reinforcement Schedule; D012646:Self Administration; D013549:Sweetening Agents
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D013549:Sweetening Agents; D002047:Buprenorphine