title: Seventh nerve palsies may be the only clinical sign of small pontine infarctions in diabetic and hypertensive patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Small brainstem infarctions are increasingly recognized as a cause of isolated ocular motor and vestibular nerve palsies in diabetic and/or hypertensive patients. This raises the question whether there are also isolated 7(th) nerve palsies due to pontine infarctions in patients with such risk factors for the development of cerebrovascular diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over an 11-year-period, we retrospectively identified 10 diabetic and/or hypertensive patients with isolated 7(th) nerve palsies and electrophysiological abnormalities indicating pontine dysfunction. All patients had examinations of masseter and blink reflexes, brainstem auditory evoked potentials, direct current electro-oculography including bithermal caloric testing, and T1- and T2-weighted MRI (slice thickness: 4-7 mm).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Electrophysiological abnormalities on the side of the 7(th) nerve palsy included delayed masseter reflex latencies (4 patients), slowed abduction saccades (4 patients), vestibular paresis (2 patients), and abnormal following eye movements (2 patients). Electrophysiological abnormalities were always improved or normalized at re-examination, which was always associated with clinical improvement. MRI revealed an ipsilateral pontine infarction in 2 patients. Another 2 had bilateral hyperintense intrapontine lesions, and one an ipsilateral cerebellar infarction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Simultaneous improvement or recovery of abnormal clinical and electrophysiological findings strongly indicated that both were caused by the same actual pontine lesions. A 7(th) nerve palsy may be the only clinical sign of a pontine infarction in diabetic and/or hypertensive patients. Such mechanism may be underestimated if based on MRI only.
authors.affiliation: Neurologische Universitätsklinik, Johannes-Gutenberg Universität, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55101 Mainz, Germany. thoemke@neurologie.klinik.uni-mainz.de
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Thömke
authors.forename: Peter P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Urban
authors.forename: Jürgen J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Marx
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mika-Grüttner
authors.forename: Hanns C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Hopf
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001488:Basilar Artery / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D020526:Brain Stem Infarctions / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D004198:Disease Susceptibility / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005154:Facial Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005155:Facial Nerve Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015835:Ocular Motility Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011149:Pons / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D000160:Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology