title: Improved inhalation behavior of steroid KSR-592 in vitro with Jethaler by polymorphic transformation to needle-like crystals (beta-form).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to improve the dry powder inhalation behavior of steroid KSR-592 with lactose by altering the crystal shape and the particle size of the drug for use in a newly designed inhalation device, Jethaler.
  
  
  METHODS
  The shape of the crystals was changed by polymorphic transformation of original crystal (alpha-form) to beta-form by agitating alpha-form crystals in hexane containing 5% ethanol. The inhalation properties of the resultant crystals in vitro were evaluated with a twin impinger and cascade impactor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Needle-like crystals (beta-form) with dimensions of 1.8 microm in width x 41 microm in length were obtained by the polymorphic transformation, the kinetics of which was described by the Avrami equation. The beta-form crystals loaded on lactose particles were easily separated and crushed into fine particles in the airstream produced in the Jethaler, which increased dramatically the respirable fraction (RF) deposited in the twin impinger (43.8%) and the fine particle fraction (FPF) of the cascade impactor (FPF = 39.3%) compared with their values for the original crystals (RF = 5.8%, FPF = 4.7%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The dry powder inhalation properties of steroid KSR-592 (platelike crystal, alpha-form) were improved dramatically by changing the crystal shape to a needle-like shape by the polymorphic transformation to the beta-form.
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Nagano, Japan. kazuhiko_ikegami@pahrm.kissei.co.jp
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ikegami
authors.forename: Yoshiaki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kawashima
authors.forename: Hirofumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.forename: Hiromitsu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Nobuyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Isshiki
authors.forename: Den-Ichi
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Momose
authors.forename: Kiyohisa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ouchi
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000731:Androstanes / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003460:Crystallization; D007785:Lactose / Q000737:chemistry; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011208:Powders; D013256:Steroids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000731:Androstanes; C473300:KSR592; D011208:Powders; D013256:Steroids; D007785:Lactose