title: Potential interactions between herbal medicines and conventional drug therapies used by older adults attending a memory clinic.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Herbal medicines and conventional drug therapies are often taken in combination. The objective of our study was to identify the range of natural health products and conventional drug therapies used by older adults (aged 65 years and over) attending a memory clinic, and to specifically evaluate the frequency of potential interactions between herbal medicines and conventional drug therapies.
  
  
  METHODS
  We interviewed consecutive patients attending the Memory Disorders Clinic at the Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, a University of Toronto teaching hospital, between 4 July and 15 August 2000. Patients were asked to bring to their appointment all natural health products (i.e. herbal medicines, vitamins and minerals) and conventional drug therapies (i.e. prescription and over-the-counter) they were currently using. We collected information on current and previously used natural health products and current conventional drug therapies. Patients were classified as having the potential for an interaction if they were using a current herbal medicine in combination with a conventional drug therapy and the interaction had been reported previously in the medical literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  We interviewed 195 consecutive patients attending the Memory Disorders Clinic at the Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 195 patients in our sample, 33 (17%) were 'current users', 19 (10%) were 'past users', and 143 (73%) were 'never users' of herbal medicines. Among the 52 patients who were 'current or past users', the most frequently used herbal medicines were ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) [39 users], garlic (n = 10), glucosamine sulphate (n = 9) and echinacea (n = 8). Among the 33 patients who were current users, the most commonly used herbal medicines were Ginkgo biloba (n = 22), glucosamine sulphate (n = 8) and garlic (n = 6). Among the 33 current users, we identified 11 potential herb-drug interactions in nine patients. The 11 herb-drug interactions we identified were between ginkgo and aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) [n = 8], ginkgo and trazodone (n = 1), ginseng and amlodipine (n = 1) and valerian and lorazepam (n = 1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Herbal medicines are widely used. Almost one-third of current users of herbal medicines were at risk of a herb-drug interaction. The most common potential herb-drug interaction was between ginkgo and aspirin. This finding has important potential implications because both of these products are regularly used by older people. Physicians and other healthcare providers should be aware of potential herb-drug interactions and should monitor and inform their patients accordingly.
authors.affiliation: Kunin-Lunenfeld Applied Research Unit, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. julie.dergal@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: Julie M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Dergal
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Gold
authors.forename: Dara A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Laxer
authors.forename: Monica S W
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Malcolm A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Binns
authors.forename: Krista L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Lanctôt
authors.forename: Morris
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Freedman
authors.forename: Paula A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Rochon
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004347:Drug Interactions; D011307:Drug Prescriptions; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D005260:Female; D006299:Health Services for the Aged; D041743:Herb-Drug Interactions; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004366:Nonprescription Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects; D009864:Ontario; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D004366:Nonprescription Drugs