title: Risk factors for stomach cancer in Brazil (I): a case-control study among non-Japanese Brazilians in São Paulo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stomach cancer is an important health problem in Brazil, with an estimated 20 000 new cases per year and it was the most frequent cancer site in men and the third most frequent site in women in São Paulo in 1993. Nevertheless, there are no reports of analytical epidemiological study on stomach cancer in Brazil.
  
  
  METHODS
  A hospital-based case-control study was conducted among Brazilian residents with a non-Japanese background in the city; 236 consecutive cases of histologically confirmed stomach cancer were matched to the same number of controls admitted for non-neoplastic diseases by age (+/-5 years) and gender. The socio-demographic characteristics, personal and family medical history, lifetime history of tobacco use and dietary habits were determined by interview using a structured questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Non-white race, lower educational background and lower family income were more frequent in stomach cancer patients. After adjustment for race and educational background, cigarette smoking, frequent use of oil and frequent consumption of egg were significantly associated with increased risk of stomach cancer, while frequent consumption of fruit and vegetables decreased the risk. These associations did not change substantially after mutual adjustment of the other variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study confirmed that low socio-economic status, cigarette smoking and low consumption of fruit and vegetables were risk factors of stomach cancer in São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.affiliation: Research Center, Hospital do Cancer A.C. Camargo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Inês Nobuko
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Nishimoto
authors.forename: Gerson Shigueaki
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Hamada
authors.forename: Luiz Paulo
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Kowalski
authors.forename: Joaquim Gama
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iriya
authors.forename: Shizuka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sasazuki
authors.forename: Tomoyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hanaoka
authors.forename: Shoichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tsugane
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*