title: Efficacy of a new pattern of delivery of methylphenidate for the treatment of ADHD: effects on activity level in the classroom and on the playground.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the pharmacodynamic effects of an experimental (EXP) delivery of methylphenidate (MPH) in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and to investigate the situational nature of effects in laboratory classroom and playground settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  A "sipping" study methodology was used to deliver a bolus followed by small but increasing MPH doses as the EXP regimen. A randomized, double-blind crossover design was used to compare the EXP regimen to a thrice-daily (TID) regimen and a placebo (PLA) regimen. Measures of efficacy were obtained from a Motionlogger actigraph to quantify activity and from the Swanson, Kotkin, Agler, M-Flynn, and Pelham (SKAMP) rating scale to quantify two domains of behavior (attention and deportment).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with PLA, both EXP and TID delivery of MPH produced large, significant reductions in activity and inappropriate behavior in the classroom, but the two MPH regimens did not differ in onset or duration of effects across the day. The MPH effects were situationally dependent and were smaller for the playground than for the classroom settings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this "proof of concept" study support the efficacy of a continuous, ascending delivery of MPH. The situational effects of MPH provide support for the theory of selective effects of stimulants, dependent on the demands of the environment.
authors.affiliation: Child Development Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Swanson
authors.forename: Suneel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Lillie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Dave
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Agler
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lerner
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wigal
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010988:Play and Playthings; D012931:Social Environment; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D008774:Methylphenidate