title: Long-term follow up of children with congenital complete atrioventricular block and the impact of pacemaker therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study assessed survival, morbidity and impact of pacemaker (PM) therapy in children with Congenital Complete Atrioventricular Block (CCAVB).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data of 32 children, diagnosed as showing CCAVB at a median age of 0.4 years (range foetal-10 years), were retrospectively analysed. For comparison of clinical data patients were separated into two groups: CCAVB without structural heart disease (group 1; n = 23) and with structural heart disease (group 2; n = 9). Median follow-up time was 10.2 years. Pacemakers (PM) were implanted in 17 group 1 and all group 2 children. Frequency of PM therapy, age and symptoms before PM implantation did not differ significantly between the groups. Indications for PM implantation were bradycardia in 15, decreased exercise tolerance in 6, syncope in 3 and heart failure in 2 children. PM system related complications occurred in 11/26 (42%) children. Although 1 child died due to PM exit block no further CCAVB related symptoms were recorded in children with PM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PM therapy reduces mortality and morbidity in children with CCAVB when compared with natural history data. Although children with PM are free from CCAVB related symptoms limited morbidity remains due to PM system related complications.
authors.affiliation: Division of Paediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland. christian.balmer@kispi.unizh.ch
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Balmer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fasnacht
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rahn
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Molinari
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bauersfeld
mesh_terms: D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006327:Heart Block / Q000151:congenital / Q000628:therapy*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000150:complications; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D016896:Treatment Outcome