title: Various penetrance of familial medullary thyroid carcinoma in patients with RET protooncogene codon 790/791 germline mutations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe a genotype-phenotype correlation in MEN2 families with germline mutations of codons 790/791 and discuss options for the therapeutic management of gene carriers.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Heredity of MEN2 syndromes is caused by a heterozygous germline mutation in the protooncogene. Rare mutations of codons 790/791 associated with incomplete penetrant MEN2A/FMTC phenotype were reported in five families, contraindicating the prophylactic thyroidectomy for the genetically affected children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-five patients with a putative sporadic MTC were screened for germline mutations by direct DNA sequencing. Family members of identified index cases underwent genetic analysis. Gene carriers were examined clinically and biochemically, and all gene carriers underwent prophylactic thyroidectomy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five index patients were identified, four of whom harbored mutations in codons 790/791 and one in codon 634. In the kindreds, four L790F carriers and one Y791F carrier were detected. The thyroid gland histology of L790F carriers revealed medullary thyroid carcinoma in two patients (aged 29 and 50 years) and C-cell hyperplasia in two additional patients (aged 9 and 16 years). The Y791F carrier had a normal histology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Codon 790/791 mutations had diverse penetrance. Whereas prophylactic thyroidectomy in children is a justifiable approach for codon 790 mutation carriers, the indication for thyroidectomy should depend on the clinical course of codon 791 carriers.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pediatric Surgery, General Surgery, Nuclear Medicine, and Surgical Research, University of Technology Dresden, Dresden, Germany. guido.fitze@mailbox.tu-dresden.de
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fitze
authors.forename: Mandy
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schierz
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bredow
authors.forename: Hans D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Saeger
authors.forename: Dietmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Roesner
authors.forename: Hans K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Schackert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018276:Carcinoma, Medullary / Q000235:genetics* / Q000517:prevention & control; D002648:Child; D003062:Codon; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D005260:Female; D006580:Genetic Carrier Screening; D018095:Germ-Line Mutation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018813:Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2a / Q000235:genetics*; D010375:Pedigree; D019683:Penetrance; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D051096:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000235:genetics*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000517:prevention & control; D013965:Thyroidectomy
chemical_list: D003062:Codon; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051096:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; C416649:Ret protein, Drosophila