title: Second-trimester ultrasonographic assessment of the umbilical coiling index.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the relationship between gestational age and the ultrasonic measurement of umbilical coiling index (UCI), and to assess the ability of second-trimester ultrasonic measurements of UCI to predict the true UCI, determined at birth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five hundred and thirty-one consecutive women with uncomplicated pregnancies, booking for delivery with a singleton pregnancy, were recruited during a routine second-trimester fetal morphology scan. Multiple ultrasonographic measurements of the intercoil distance were performed between two to three coils of the umbilical cord, along its entire visible length. Three hundred and seventy-four patients (70%) were followed until delivery when the true UCI was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An adequate portion of umbilical cord for assessment of coiling was visualized in 99% of cases. Adequate ultrasonographic visibility rates for the fetal, middle and placental regions of the cord were different. All three regions of the umbilical cord could only be visualized adequately in 10% of cases, and two regions were visible in 75%. The UCI progressively decreased along the cord from the fetal insertion to the placental insertion. The mean decrease in UCI with increasing gestational age was similar in all parts of the cord before the 23rd week (160 days) of pregnancy, and plateaued off after this point, except in measurements performed near the fetal insertion. The sensitivity of second-trimester ultrasound examination for predicting hypercoiling at birth was 17.3% and for predicting hypocoiling was 9.1%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whilst UCI can be measured easily and reliably in the second trimester these estimates do not accurately reflect the UCI at term. Our original assumption that umbilical coiling does not alter after the initial formation of coils in the first trimester is incorrect; mixed patterns occurred in about 25% of cases. These patterns develop during the second and third trimesters, presumably due to snarls in the cord, and influence the final coiling number and therefore the relationship between the two measurements of UCI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Rogers
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D011247:Pregnancy; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods*; D014470:Umbilical Cord / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*