title: Induction and superinduction of growth arrest and DNA damage gene 45 (GADD45) alpha and beta messenger RNAs by histone deacetylase inhibitors trichostatin A (TSA) and butyrate in SW620 human colon carcinoma cells.
abstract: Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors such as trichostatin (TSA) and butyrate have been shown to inhibit cancer cell proliferation, induce apoptosis and regulate the expression of genes involved in cell cycle. Although the precise mechanism underlying HDAC inhibitor-induced cell growth arrest is not fully understood, induction of cell cycle related genes such as p21(cip/waf), is thought to be important. Here we showed that in the SW620 human colon cancer cell line, TSA and butyrate induced the growth arrest and DNA damage gene 45alpha (GADD45alpha) and GADD45beta. Furthermore, GADD45beta and p21(cip/waf) messenger RNA were induced in the absence of protein synthesis, indicating that both genes were immediate target genes for TSA. Cyclohexamide and TSA super-induced the expression of GADD45alpha and beta, but not p21(cip/waf). Interestingly while mitogen-activated kinase (MEK) inhibitor PD98059 and p38 kinase inhibitor SB242235 were unable to affect GADD45 induction, two serine/threonine protein kinase inhibitors (H7 and H8) as well as curcumin completely blocked the super-induction. Concomitant to the inhibition of GADD45 induction, H7 and H8 also blocked TSA-induced apoptosis. Taken together, these results suggest that GADD45 induction may play important role in TSA-induced cellular effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Biology, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceutical Inc., Room 25-2088, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA.
authors.forename: Zunxuan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Marian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Birkeland
authors.forename: Chiu Mei
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.forename: Amparo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lago
authors.forename: Ronggang
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kirkpatrick
authors.forename: Kyung
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Johanson
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Winkler
authors.forename: Erding
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000943:Antigens, Differentiation / Q000235:genetics*; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002087:Butyrates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins / Q000378:metabolism; D003513:Cycloheximide / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006801:Humans; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000097642:GADD45 Proteins
chemical_list: D000943:Antigens, Differentiation; D002087:Butyrates; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D003513:Cycloheximide; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; C439070:GADD45A protein, human; D000097642:GADD45 Proteins; C086470:GADD45B protein, human; C012589:trichostatin A