title: Fungal ABC transporters and microbial interactions in natural environments.
abstract: In natural environments, microorganisms are exposed to a wide variety of antibiotic compounds produced by competing organisms. Target organisms have evolved various mechanisms of natural resistance to these metabolites. In this study, the role of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters in interactions between the plant-pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea and antibiotic-producing Pseudomonas bacteria was investigated in detail. We discovered that 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol, phenazine-1-carboxylic acid and phenazine-1-carboxamide (PCN), broad-spectrum antibiotics produced by Pseudomonas spp., induced expression of several ABC transporter genes in B. cinerea. Phenazines strongly induced expression of BcatrB, and deltaBcatrB mutants were significantly more sensitive to these antibiotics than their parental strain. Treatment of B. cinerea germlings with PCN strongly affected the accumulation of [14C]fludioxonil, a phenylpyrrole fungicide known to be transported by BcatrB, indicating that phenazines also are transported by BcatrB. Pseudomonas strains producing phenazines displayed a stronger antagonistic activity in vitro toward ABcatrB mutants than to the parental B. cinerea strain. On tomato leaves, phenazine-producing Pseudomonas strains were significantly more effective in reducing gray mold symptoms incited by a ABcatrB mutant than by the parental strain. We conclude that the ABC transporter BcatrB provides protection to B. cinerea in phenazine-mediated interactions with Pseudomonas spp. Collectively, these results indicate that fungal ABC transporters can play an important role in antibiotic-mediated interactions between bacteria and fungi in plant-associated environments. The implications of these findings for the implementation and sustainability of crop protection by antagonistic microorganisms are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Henk-jan
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Schoonbeek
authors.forename: Jos M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Raaijmakers
authors.forename: Maarten A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: De Waard
mesh_terms: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D020171:Botrytis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development*; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D004149:Dioxoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; D009154:Mutation; D010619:Phenazines / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D010696:Phloroglucinol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D011549:Pseudomonas / Q000378:metabolism*; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C437164:ABC transporter BcatrB; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D004149:Dioxoles; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D010619:Phenazines; D011758:Pyrroles; C420923:phenazine-1-carboxamide; C037165:1-phenazinecarboxylic acid; C059817:2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol; D010696:Phloroglucinol; C108339:fludioxonil