title: Physiological and psychological influences on postoperative fatigue.
abstract: Fatigue is common after major surgery and delays recovery. We studied the role of physiological and psychological factors in determining fatigue and physical well being after surgery in 102 patients undergoing primary hip arthroplasty. Self-administered questionnaires were used to measure the intensity of feelings of fatigue, vigor, depression, and subjective physical well being on the day before surgery, on the third and seventh postoperative days, and 1 and 6 mo after surgery. The physiological response to surgery was determined by sequential measurements of circulating norepinephrine, epinephrine, cortisol, interleukin-6, and C-reactive protein during the 7 days after surgery. The peak value of each variable was used for statistical analysis. Physical well being decreased significantly at 3 and 7 days but increased significantly at 1 and 6 mo. Fatigue decreased significantly at 1 and 6 mo. Multiple regression analysis showed that the main predictor of worse physical well being at 3 days was the size of the C-reactive protein response. Subsequently, the main predictor was the level of preoperative well being. The severity of fatigue and vigor after surgery were predicted mostly by the preoperative levels of the respective variable. We conclude that fatigue after hip arthroplasty was not predicted by physiological variables but was largely predicted by preoperative levels of fatigue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fatigue is common after major surgery and delays recovery. It is usually attributed to the physiological response to surgery. We studied patients undergoing hip arthroplasty and found that the severity of postoperative fatigue was not predicted by physiological changes. Instead, it was predicted by the preoperative level of fatigue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London SW17 0RE, UK. ghall@sghms.ac.uk
authors.forename: George M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Salmon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019644:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip / Q000009:adverse effects; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood; D005221:Fatigue / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine