title: Crack cocaine use and other risk factors for tuberculin positivity in drug users.
abstract: Two-step tuberculin testing and standardized interviews of 793 current and former drug users were performed to determine the risk factors for tuberculin positivity. The prevalence of tuberculin positivity was 25%. Factors independently associated with tuberculin positivity among participants seronegative for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) included crack cocaine use (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0-2.5), employment as a home health aide (adjusted OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.0-4.1), birth in Puerto Rico (adjusted OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.3-3.6), foreign birthplace (adjusted OR, 4.7; 95% CI, 1.6-13.6), African American race (adjusted OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.2-5.0), reported tuberculosis exposure (adjusted OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.2-4.4), and older age (adjusted OR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.2-6.7). Additional risk factors among HIV-infected participants included alcoholism (adjusted OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.0-5.8) and high CD4(+) lymphocyte count. Identification of and administration of appropriate chemoprophylaxis to drug users with these risk factors should be given high priority.
authors.affiliation: AIDS Research Program, Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10467, USA. ahoward@montefiore.org
authors.forename: Andrea A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Ellie E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Schoenbaum
authors.forename: Marc N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Gourevitch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009518:New York / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D014374:Tuberculin Test; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology