title: Season affects characteristics of the pre-ovulatory LH surge and embryo viability in superovulated ewes.
abstract: The aim of this study was to determine whether there are seasonal shifts in ovulatory response, and in the viability of ova recovered from superovulated ewes. Fifty mature ewes underwent a standard oestrous synchronisation (CIDR), superovulation (oFSH) and artificial insemination procedure during October (peak breeding season) and April (transition to anoestrus). In each month peripheral LH and progesterone concentrations were measured around the time of ovulation and embryos were recovered, graded and cryopreserved on day 6 after insemination. During the subsequent breeding season, grade 1 and 2 morulae and unexpanded blastocysts were thawed and transferred singly to synchronous recipients (October, n = 40; April, n = 40) or cultured in vitro for 18-20 h (October, n = 107; April, n = 98). Following culture, viable embryos were stained to count cell nuclei or assayed to measure their capacity for glucose metabolism ([3H]glucose) and protein synthesis ([35S]methionine). Peak LH concentrations were higher in October than in April (38.2 +/- 3.26 ng ml(-1) versus 25.7 +/- 1.99 ng ml(-1), respectively; P < 0.01) and the pre-ovulatory LH surge was advanced by approximately 3 h (P < 0.05). Progesterone concentrations at CIDR withdrawal were lower in October than in April (3.1 +/- 0.16 ng ml(-1) versus 4.3 +/- 0.19 ng ml(-1), respectively; P < 0.001) but were not different at embryo recovery. Season did not affect the numbers of corpora lutea per ewe or the numbers of ova recovered but the proportion of recovered ova that was unfertilised/degenerate was lower in October than in April (0.43 versus 0.58, respectively; P < 0.001). For embryos containing more than 16 cells, there was no effect of season on the median stage of development or morphological grade. The proportions of October and April embryos that established pregnancy following transfer to recipient ewes were 0.78 and 0.70 (not significantly different), and that were viable after in vitro culture were 0.66 and 0.37 (P < 0.05), respectively. Season did not affect the number of nuclei per viable embryo or the capacity for protein synthesis but the glucose uptake of October embryos was approximately double that of April embryos (3163+/-293.4 dpm versus 1550+/-358.9 dpm, respectively; P < 0.05). Results indicate that during the late compared to peak breeding season, there is an increased incidence of fertilisation failure as a possible consequence of seasonal shifts in LH secretion and (or) associated effects on follicular function. Frozen-thawed embryos produced at contrasting stages of the breeding season are equally viable in vivo but those produced during the late, as opposed to the peak breeding season have lower viability following in vitro culture.
authors.affiliation: SAC, Animal Biology Division, Craibstone Estate, Ferguson Building, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9YA, Scotland, UK. l.mitchell@ab.sac.ac.uk
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Dingwall
authors.forename: M J A
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Mylne
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hunton
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Gebbie
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: McCallum
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: McEvoy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004624:Embryo Transfer / Q000662:veterinary*; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development / Q000502:physiology*; D004973:Estrus Synchronization; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D007315:Insemination, Artificial / Q000662:veterinary*; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood; D012621:Seasons; D012756:Sheep / Q000502:physiology*; D013480:Superovulation / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D011374:Progesterone; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone; D005947:Glucose