title: Effective use of electroconvulsive therapy in late-life depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review literature pertaining to the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in treating late-life depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  We undertook a literature review with an emphasis on research studies published in the last 10 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There is a positive association between advancing age and ECT efficacy. Age per se does not necessarily increase the risk of cognitive side effects from ECT, but this risk is increased by age-associated neurological conditions such as Alzheimer's dementia and cerebrovascular disease. With appropriate evaluation and monitoring, ECT can be used safely in patients of very advanced age and in those with serious medical conditions. Several technical factors, including dose of electricity relative to a patient's seizure threshold, position of electrodes, frequency of administration, and total number of treatments, have an impact on the efficacy and cognitive side effects of ECT and need to be taken into account when administering ECT. Naturalistic studies have found that 50% of more of patients have a relapse of depression within 6 to 12 months of discontinuing acute ECT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In recent years, there has been substantial progress in our understanding of the effect of technical factors on the efficacy and cognitive side effects of ECT. When administered in an optimal manner, ECT is a safe, well-tolerated, and effective treatment in older patients. Relapse of depression after response to ECT remains a significant problem, and there is a need for further research into the prediction and prevention of post-ECT relapse.
authors.affiliation: University of Toronto, Geriatric Psychiatry Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario. alastair.flint@uhn.on.ca
authors.forename: Alastair J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Flint
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gagnon
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D015897:Comorbidity; D000075202:Contraindications; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D004565:Electroconvulsive Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome