title: Comparison of human duodenum and Caco-2 gene expression profiles for 12,000 gene sequences tags and correlation with permeability of 26 drugs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare gene expression profiles and drug permeability differences in Caco-2 cell culture and human duodenum.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gene expression profiles in Caco-2 cells and human duodenum were determined by GeneChip analysis. In vivo drug permeability measurements were obtained through single-pass intestinal perfusion in human subjects, and correlated with in vitro Caco-2 transport permeability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GeneChip analysis determined that 37, 47, and 44 percent of the 12,559 gene sequences were expressed in 4-day andl6-day Caco-2 cells and human duodenum, respectively. Comparing human duodenum with Caco-2 cells, more than 1,000 sequences were determined to have at least a 5-fold difference in expression. There were 26, 38, and 44 percent of the 443 transporters, channels, and metabolizing enzymes detected in 4-day, 16-day Caco-2 cells, and human duodenum, respectively. More than 70 transporters and metabolizing enzymes exhibited at least a 3-fold difference. The overall coefficient of variability of the 10 human duodenal samples for all expressed sequences was 31% (range 3% to 294%) while that of the expressed transporters and metabolizing enzymes was 33% (range 3% to 87%). The in vivo / in vitro drug permeability measurements correlated well for passively absorbed drugs (R2 = 85%). The permeability correlation for carrier-mediated drugs showed 3- 35-fold higher in human above the correlation of passively absorbed drugs. The 2- 595-fold differences in gene expression levels between the Caco-2 cells and human duodenum correlated with the observed 3- 35-fold difference in permeability correlation between carrier-mediated drugs and passively absorbed drugs. CONCLUSIONS; Significant differences in gene expression levels in Caco-2 cells and human duodenum were observed. The observed differences of gene expression levels were consistent with observed differences in carrier mediated drug permeabilities. Gene expression profiling is a valuable new tool for investigating in vitro and in vivo permeability correlation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Duxin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lennernas
authors.forename: Lynda S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Welage
authors.forename: Jeffery L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Barnett
authors.forename: Christopher P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Landowski
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fleisher
authors.forename: Kyung-Dall
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Gordon L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Amidon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018938:Caco-2 Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D004386:Duodenum / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000379:methods; D010539:Permeability; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D016324:Sequence Tagged Sites
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations