title: Glutamate and glutamine measured with 4.0 T proton MRS in never-treated patients with schizophrenia and healthy volunteers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This in vivo (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy study examined levels of glutamate, glutamine, and N-acetylaspartate in patients experiencing their first episode of schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Localized in vivo (1)H spectra were acquired at 4.0 T from the left anterior cingulate and thalamus of 21 never-treated patients with schizophrenia and 21 comparable healthy volunteers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The level of glutamine was significantly higher in the left anterior cingulate cortex and thalamus of the patients with schizophrenia than in the healthy subjects. No differences were found between groups in the levels of other metabolites in the anterior cingulate or thalamus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher than normal glutamine levels in the left anterior cingulate and thalamus provide in vivo evidence of greater than normal glutamatergic activity proposed by glutamatergic models of schizophrenia. In contrast to other studies in chronically ill patients, no differences were seen in the levels of N-acetylaspartate in either location, suggesting that the findings in patients with chronic schizophrenia may be related to the effect of medication or the progression of the illness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine and Magnetic Resonance, St Joseph's Health Care, London, On., Canada.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Théberge
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bartha
authors.forename: Dick J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Drost
authors.forename: Ravi S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Menon
authors.forename: Ashok
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malla
authors.forename: Jatinder
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Takhar
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Neufeld
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Pavlosky
authors.forename: Betsy
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schaefer
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Densmore
authors.forename: Yousef
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Al-Semaan
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Williamson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D005973:Glutamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012016:Reference Values; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D013788:Thalamus / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D005973:Glutamine; D018698:Glutamic Acid