Cognitive impairment in heart failure: issues of measurement and etiology.
BACKGROUND
Clinicians need easy methods of screening for cognitive impairment in patients with heart failure. If correlates of cognitive impairment could be identified, more patients with early cognitive impairment could be treated before the problem interfered with adherence to treatment.


OBJECTIVE
To describe cognitive impairment in patients with heart failure, to explore the usefulness of 4 measures of cognitive impairment, and to assess correlates of cognitive impairment.


METHODS
A descriptive, correlational design was used. Four screening measures of cognition were assessed in 42 patients with heart failure: Commands subtest and Complex Ideational Material subtest of the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination, Mini-Mental State Examination, and Draw-a-Clock Test. Cognitive impairment was defined as performance less than the standardized (T-score) cutoff point on at least 1 of the 4 measures. Possible correlates of cognitive impairment included age, education, hypotension, fluid overload (serum osmolality < 269 mOsm/kg), and dehydration (serum osmolality > or = 295 mOsm/kg).


RESULTS
Cognitive impairment was detected in 12 (28.6%) of 42 participants. The 4 screening tests varied in effectiveness, but the Draw-a-Clock Test indicated impairment in 50% of the 12 impaired patients. A summed standardized score for the 4 measures was not significantly associated with age, education, hypotension, fluid overload, or dehydration in this sample.


CONCLUSIONS
Cognitive impairment is relatively common in patients with heart failure. The Draw-a-Clock Test was most useful in detecting cognitive impairment, although it cannot be used to detect problems with verbal learning or delayed recall and should not be used as the sole screening method for patients with heart failure. Correlates of cognitive impairment require further study.
Riegel
Barbara
B
School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, USA.
Bennett
Jill A
JA
Davis
Andra
A
Carlson
Beverly
B
Montague
John
J
Robin
Howard
H
Glaser
Dale
D
D000328:Adult; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male