title: Alternative splicing of a beta4 subunit proline-rich motif regulates voltage-dependent gating and toxin block of Cav2.1 Ca2+ channels.
abstract: Ca2+ channel beta subunits modify alpha1 subunit gating properties through direct interactions with intracellular linker domains. In a previous report (Helton and Horne, 2002), we showed that alternative splicing of the beta4 subunit had alpha1 subunit subtype-specific effects on Ca2+ channel activation and fast inactivation. We extend these findings in the present report to include effects on slow inactivation and block by the peptide toxin omega-conotoxin (CTx)-MVIIC. N-terminal deletion and site-directed mutagenesis experiments revealed that the effects of alternative splicing on toxin block and all aspects of gating could be attributed to a proline-rich motif found within N-terminal beta4b amino acids 10-20. Interestingly, this motif is conserved within the third postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95)/Discs large/zona occludens-1 domain of the distantly related membrane-associated guanylate kinase homolog, PSD-95. Sequence identity of approximately 30% made possible the building of beta4a and beta4b three-dimensional structural models using PSD-95 as the target sequence. The models (1) reveal that alternative splicing of the beta4 N terminus results in dramatic differences in surface charge distribution and (2) localize the proline-rich motif of beta4b to an extended arm structure that flanks what would be the equivalent of a highly modified PSD-95 carboxylate binding loop. Northern blot analysis revealed a markedly different pattern of distribution for beta4a versus beta4b in the human CNS. Whereas beta4a is distributed throughout evolutionarily older regions of the CNS, beta4b is concentrated heavily in the forebrain. These results raise interesting questions about the functional role that alternative splicing of the beta4 subunit has played in the evolution of complex neural networks.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Helton
authors.forename: Douglas J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kojetin
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cavanagh
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Horne
mesh_terms: D017398:Alternative Splicing / Q000502:physiology*; D020816:Amino Acid Motifs / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D020864:Calcium Channels, N-Type / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D015640:Ion Channel Gating / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D009865:Oocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D009928:Organ Specificity; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary / Q000502:physiology; D021122:Protein Subunits / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000378:metabolism; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014982:Xenopus laevis; D020960:omega-Conotoxins / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D020864:Calcium Channels, N-Type; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D021122:Protein Subunits; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D020960:omega-Conotoxins; C033652:postsynaptic density proteins; C075851:omega-conotoxin-MVIIC