title: Antioxidant properties of ursodeoxycholic acid.
abstract: We have investigated potential antioxidant properties of the clinically relevant bile acid UDCA, which reaches therapeutic concentrations up to 0.09 and 29 mM, respectively, in human plasma and bile. UDCA was an excellent scavenger of OHz.rad; generated by FeCl(3)-EDTA, H(2)O(2) and ascorbate in the deoxyribose oxidation test, showing IC(min) and IC(50) values of 0.02 and 0.2 mM, respectively, and a second-order rate constant for reaction with OHz.rad; of 2+/-0.1 x 10(10)M(-1)s(-1). Notably, the drug could enhance at 1.5 mM concentration the antioxidant capacity of human bile against OHz.rad;-induced deoxyribose oxidation. UDCA also showed antioxidant effects in the deoxyribose test performed with nonchelated iron ions, such as Fe(2+) plus H(2)O(2) (IC(min): 7 mM, IC(50): 20 mM) or Fe(3+) plus H(2)O(2) and ascorbate (IC(min): 0.3 mM, IC(50): 5 mM), and inhibited ferrozine-Fe(2+) and desferrioxamine-Fe(3+) complexes formation with IC(50) values of, respectively, 12 and 0.3 mM, indicating that the drug interacts more with iron(III) than with iron(II). Moreover, UDCA significantly inhibited phospholipid liposome peroxidation induced by the OHz.rad;-generating system FeCl(3)-EDTA, H(2)O(2) and ascorbate (IC(min): 0.75 mM, IC(50): 3 mM), and by peroxyl radicals generated in the aqueous phase by AAPH (IC(min): 8 mM, IC(50): 14 mM). UDCA, even at 25 mM concentration, was ineffective on the lipoperoxidation mediated by Fe(2+) alone, but at the same concentration counteracted significantly that by Fe(3+) plus ascorbate, further pointing to its preferential antioxidant interaction with iron(III). In conclusion, UDCA has direct antioxidant properties, which are especially relevant against Fe(3+)- and OHz.rad;-dependent biomolecular oxidative damage; such properties are evident at therapeutically relevant drug concentrations, suggesting that UDCA could act as an antioxidant in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina e Scienze dell'Invecchiamento, Facolta' di Medicina e Chirurgia, Universita' G. d'Annunzio, 66100 Scalo, Chieti, Italy. piersd@tiscalinet.it
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lapenna
authors.forename: Giuliano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ciofani
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Festi
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Neri
authors.forename: Sante D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Pierdomenico
authors.forename: Maria Adele
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Giamberardino
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cuccurullo
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001646:Bile / Q000187:drug effects; D002756:Cholagogues and Choleretics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003855:Deoxyribose / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D007501:Iron / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014580:Ursodeoxycholic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002756:Cholagogues and Choleretics; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical; D003855:Deoxyribose; D014580:Ursodeoxycholic Acid; D007501:Iron