title: Is steam sterilization really making any difference in dialysis-induced cytokine release?
abstract: Ethylene oxide (ETO) is presently the most commonly used sterilization method for medical devices. Although alternative sterilization modes such as steam sterilization have been suggested, the effect of steam on dialysis-induced cytokine release is unknown. We enrolled 9 patients on chronic hemodialysis and evaluated at different intervals IL-1beta production while treated with ETO (NC 1785-Bellco) and steam sterilized NC 1785S-Bellco) Synthetically Modified Cellulose (SMC). A basal test during treatment with NC 1785 was performed (A); the same test was set up 4 weeks after treatment with NC 1785S (B) and, lastly, 4 weeks after returning to NC 1785 (C). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were purified before and after the dialysis session, were isolated on a Ficoll/Hypaque gradient and incubated for 24 h. Spontaneous IL-1beta release was evaluated in the supernatant and in the lysate. In A, IL-1beta levels were (in pg/ml/10(6) cells, in supematant and lysate, respectively): 5.8 +/- 4.8 and 7.6+/-5.2 in pre-HD and 4.68 +/- 3.6 and 9.7 +/- 6.65 in post-HD. These levels showed a clear reduction in B: 2.5 +/- 2.2 and 4.4 +/- 3.1 in pre-HD, and 4.35+/- 6.6 and 7.52 +/- 7.22 in post-HD. In the C test, 4 weeks after the return to the ETO membrane, IL-1beta levels remained unchanged: 2.9 +/- 1.8 and 4.5 +/- 3.1 in pre-HD; and 2.6 +/- 3 and 5.7 +/- 6.6 in post-HD. Statistical analysis showed significant changes in the pre-HD levels both in supematant (p < 0.04) and in lysate (p < 0.04). Steam sterilization of SMC induced a lower spontaneous IL-1beta release, but this effect was not statistically significant due to the large inter-individual variation. Hence, contrary to claims of better biocompatibility, steam sterilization does not result in a reduced production of pro-inflammatory IL-1beta.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, IRCCS, San Giovanni Rotondo - Italy. faucel@tin.it
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Aucella
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tetta
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tessore
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: De Nitti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vigilante
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gatta
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Grandone
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Margaglione
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Colaizzo
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cappucci
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Modoni
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stallone
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002482:Cellulose / Q000737:chemistry; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000737:chemistry; D005027:Ethylene Oxide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000032:analysis*; D008033:Limulus Test; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D013227:Steam; D013242:Sterilization / Q000379:methods*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D004202:Disinfectants; D007375:Interleukin-1; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D013227:Steam; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002482:Cellulose; D005027:Ethylene Oxide