title: Cutting edge: persistent viral infection prevents tolerance induction and escapes immune control following CD28/CD40 blockade-based regimen.
abstract: A continuing concern with CD28 and/or CD40 blockade-based strategies to induce tolerance and mixed chimerism is their potential to disrupt protective immunity to preexisting infections. In this report, we find that preexisting persistent infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) clone 13 prevents the induction of tolerance, mixed chimerism, and donor-reactive T cell deletion. Mice continue to be refractory to tolerance induction even after viremia has been resolved and virus is present only at very low levels in peripheral tissues. Conversely, we find that the full tolerance regimen, or costimulation blockade alone, specifically inhibits already ongoing antiviral immune responses, leading to an inability to control viremia. These findings suggest that ongoing T cell responses continue to depend on costimulatory interactions in the setting of a chronic infection and provide insight into potential risks following costimulation blockade posed by chronic or latent viral infections such as hepatitis C, EBV, and CMV.
authors.affiliation: Emory Transplant Center and Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, 1639 Pierce Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Thandi M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Onami
authors.forename: Andrew B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: Megan M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Durham
authors.forename: Thomas C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Pearson
authors.forename: Rafi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Christian P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Larsen
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D016026:Bone Marrow Transplantation / Q000276:immunology; D018106:CD28 Antigens / Q000276:immunology*; D019013:CD40 Antigens / Q000276:immunology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000276:immunology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology; D008212:Lymphocyte Depletion; D008216:Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology*; D008217:Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D011828:Radiation Chimera / Q000276:immunology; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D019172:Transplantation Conditioning / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D023001:Transplantation Tolerance / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D018106:CD28 Antigens; D019013:CD40 Antigens