title: Proliferation, but not apoptosis, is associated with distinct beta-catenin expression patterns in non-small-cell lung carcinomas: relationship with adenomatous polyposis coli and G(1)-to S-phase cell-cycle regulators.
abstract: beta-catenin (beta-cat) is a versatile component of homotypic cell adhesion and signaling. Its subcellular localization and cytoplasmic levels are tightly regulated by the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) protein. Mutations in beta-cat (exon 3) or APC (MCR) result in beta-cat aberrant overexpression that is associated with its nuclear accumulation and improper gene activation. Data from experimental models have shown that beta-cat overexpression has a multitude of effects on cell-cycle behavior. In many of these aspects its function depends on major G(1) phase regulators. To the best of our knowledge, most of these issues have never been addressed concurrently in tumors. For this reason we investigated in a panel of 92 non-small-cell lung carcinomas, beta-cat and APC expression, and their relationship with cell-cycle kinetics (PI and AI) and ploidy status. Moreover, the above correlations were examined in relation to the main G(1)/S-phase checkpoint regulators. Four beta-cat immunohistochemical expression patterns [membranous (11.1%), membranous-cytoplasmic (54.3%), cytoplasmic (9.9%), cytoplasmic-nuclear (24.7%)] and three APC immunohistochemical expression patterns [cytoplasmic (37.7%), cytoplasmic-nuclear (58%), nuclear (4.3%)] were observed, which were further confirmed by Western blot analysis on subcellular fractions in representative samples. The frequent presence of beta-cat in the cytoplasm is an indication of aberrant expression, whereas membranous and nuclear localization were inversely related. Absence of mutations in beta-cat (exon 3) and APC (MCR) suggest that beta-cat destruction mechanisms may be functional. However, expression analysis revealed attenuated levels for APC, indicating a residual ability to degrade beta-cat. Decreased levels were associated with loss of heterozygosity at the APC region in 24% of the cases suggesting that additional silencing mechanisms may be involved. Interestingly, the 90-kd APC isoform associated with apoptosis, was found to be the predominant isoform in normal and cancerous lung tissues. The most important finding in our study, was the correlation of nuclear beta-cat immunohistochemical localization with increased proliferation, overexpression of E2F1 and MDM2, aberrant p53, and low expression of p27(KIP), providing for the first time in vivo evidence that beta-cat-associated proliferation correlates with release of E2F1 activity and loss of p53- and p27(KIP)-dependent cell-cycle checkpoints. Loss of these checkpoints is accompanied by low levels of APC, which possibly reflects a diminished ability to degrade beta-cat. Taken together our data indicate that cases with nuclear beta-cat immunohistochemical expression represent a subset of non-small-cell lung carcinomas that have gained an increased proliferation advantage in contrast to the other beta-cat immunohistochemical expression profiles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology-Embryology, Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Medical School, University of Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Athamassios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kotsinas
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Evangelou
authors.forename: Panayotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zacharatos
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kittas
authors.forename: Vassilis G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Gorgoulis
mesh_terms: D025601:Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017209:Apoptosis; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D002455:Cell Division; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000737:chemistry; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000737:chemistry; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000737:chemistry; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D016193:G1 Phase; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D019656:Loss of Heterozygosity; D008175:Lung Neoplasms; D008954:Models, Biological; D011003:Ploidies; D016196:S Phase; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D051176:beta Catenin
chemical_list: D025601:Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein; C495270:CTNNB1 protein, human; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; D051176:beta Catenin