title: Effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on non-pain related cognitive and behavioural functioning.
abstract: An extensive search through nine electronic bibliographic databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, ERIC, PsychINFO, Psyndex, Cinahl, Biological Abstracts, Rehabdata) was performed in order to review the effects of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) on non-pain related cognitive and behavioural functioning. Eight studies were identified on neglect due to stroke, six studies on Alzheimer's disease (AD), one study on aging, and two studies on coma due to traumatic brain injury. The results of the various studies revealed that TENS has a variety of effects. These consist of enhancement of somatosensory functioning, visuo-spatial abilities and postural control in neglect, improved memory, affective behaviour and rest-activity rhythm in AD and acceleration of awakening in coma. Effectiveness of TENS is discussed in relation to various stimulation parameters: duration, frequency, pulse width and intensity. It is argued that arousal may underlie the beneficial influence of TENS in various conditions. Finally, suggestions are offered for future research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. kra.van.dijk@psy.vu.nl
authors.forename: Koene R A
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: van Dijk
authors.forename: Erik J A
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Scherder
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Scheltens
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sergeant
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000628:therapy; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology; D001519:Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000628:therapy; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D012146:Rest / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors; D004561:Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation / Q000379:methods*