title: Cholangiocarcinoma in primary sclerosing cholangitis: risk factors and clinical presentation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) confers a high risk of cholangiocarcinoma (CC) development. Since patients at risk of CC may be selected for early liver transplantation, it is a challenge to identify any predisposing factors. We compared the presentation and natural history of a large number of PSC patients with and without later CC development to identify features associated with risk of CC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical and laboratory data from presentation and follow-up were collected from 394 PSC patients from five European countries. The cohort included 48 (12.2%) patients with CC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CC was diagnosed within the first year after diagnosis of PSC in 24 (50%) cases and in 13 (27%) patients at intended liver transplantation. Jaundice, pruritus, abdominal pain and fatigue were significantly more frequent at diagnosis of PSC in the group that developed CC, but not after exclusion of cases diagnosed within the first year. Inflammatory bowel disease was diagnosed at least 1 year before PSC more often among patients with CC development than among those without (90% and 65%, respectively: P = 0.001). The duration of inflammatory bowel disease before diagnosis of PSC was significantly longer in patients who developed CC than in the remaining group (17.4 years and 9.0 years, respectively: P=0.009 in multivariate analysis).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high proportion of CC cases is diagnosed within the first year after diagnosis of PSC. A long history of inflammatory bowel disease is a risk factor for CC development.
authors.affiliation: Medical Dept, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway. kirsten.boberg@rikshospitalet.no
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Boberg
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bergquist
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pares
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rosina
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Broomé
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Fausa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Egeland
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rocca
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schrumpf
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001650:Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001653:Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018281:Cholangiocarcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015209:Cholangitis, Sclerosing / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors