title: Can elective nodal irradiation be omitted in stage III non-small-cell lung cancer? Analysis of recurrences in a phase II study of induction chemotherapy and involved-field radiotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish the recurrence patterns when elective mediastinal irradiation was omitted, patients with Stage III non-small-cell lung cancer were treated with sequential chemotherapy (CHT) and involved-field radiotherapy (RT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty patients were treated with either two or four cycles of induction CHT, followed by once-daily involved-field RT to 70 Gy, delivered using three-dimensional treatment planning. The contoured gross tumor volume consisted of the pre-CHT tumor volume and nodes with a short-axis diameter of > or = 1 cm. Patients were reevaluated at 3 and 6 months after RT using bronchoscopy and chest CT. Elective nodal failure was defined as recurrence in the regional nodes outside the clinical target volume, in the absence of in-field failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 43 patients who received doses > or = 50 Gy, 35% were disease free at last follow-up; in-field recurrences developed in 27% (of whom 16% had exclusively in-field recurrences); 18% had distant metastases exclusively. No elective nodal failure was observed. The median actuarial overall survival was 18 months (95% confidence interval 14-22) and the median progression-free survival was 12 months (95% confidence interval 6-18).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Omitting elective mediastinal irradiation did not result in isolated nodal failure. Future studies of concurrent CHT and RT for Stage III non-small-cell lung cancer should use involved-field RT to limit toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. s.senan@vumc.nl
authors.forename: Suresh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Senan
authors.forename: Sjaak
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Burgers
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Samson
authors.forename: Rob J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: van Klaveren
authors.forename: Swie Swat
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Oei
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Sörnsen de Koste
authors.forename: Peter W J
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Voet
authors.forename: Frank J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Lagerwaard
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Maarten van Haarst
authors.forename: Joachim G J V
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Aerts
authors.forename: Jan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: van Meerbeeck
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects