title: Quantification of instantaneous flow rate and dynamically changing effective orifice area using a geometry independent three-dimensional digital color Doppler method: An in vitro study mimicking mitral regurgitation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our study was intended to test the accuracy of a 3-dimensional (3D) digital color Doppler flow convergence (FC) method for assessing the effective orifice area (EOA) in a new dynamic orifice model mimicking a variety of mitral regurgitation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  FC surface area methods for detecting EOA have been reported to be useful for quantifying the severity of valvular regurgitation. With our new 3D digital direct FC method, all raw velocity data are available and variable Nyquist limits can be selected for computation of direct FC surface area for computing instantaneous flow rate and temporal change of EOA.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 7.0-MHz multiplane transesophageal probe from an ultrasound system (ATL HDI 5000) was linked and controlled by a computer workstation to provide 3D images. Three differently shaped latex orifices (zigzag, arc, and straight slit, each with cutting-edge length of 1 cm) were used to mimic the dynamic orifice of mitral regurgitation. 3D FC surface computation was performed on parallel slices through the 3D data set at aliasing velocities (14-48 cm/s) selected to maximize the regularity and minimize lateral dropout of the visualized 3D FC at 5 points per cardiac cycle. Using continuous wave velocity for each, 3D-calculated EOA was compared with EOA determined by using continuous wave Doppler and the flow rate from a reference ultrasonic flow meter. Simultaneous digital video images were also recorded to define the actual orifice size for 9 stroke volumes (15-55 mL/beat with maximum flow rates 45-182 mL/s).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over the 9 pulsatile flow states and 3 orifices, 3D FC EOAs (0.05-0.63 cm(2)) from different phases of the cardiac cycle in each pump setting correlated well with reference EOA (r = 0.89-0.92, SEE = 0.027-0.055cm(2)) and they also correlated well with digital video images of the actual orifice peak (r = 0.97-0.98, SEE = 0.016-0.019 cm(2)), although they were consistently smaller, as expected by the contraction coefficient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The digital 3D FC method can accurately predict flow rate, and, thus, EOA (in conjunction with continuous wave Doppler), because it allows direct FC surface measurement despite temporal variability of FC shape.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Care Center for Congenital Heart Disease, Portland, Oregon 97201, USA.
authors.forename: Xiaokui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Suthep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wanitkun
authors.forename: Xiang-Ning
authors.initials: XN
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Ikuo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.forename: Yoshiki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: Rosemary A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Rusk
authors.forename: Shannon E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Hicks
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Sahn
mesh_terms: D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D018618:Echocardiography, Doppler, Color; D006801:Humans; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015588:Observer Variation; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology