title: Fetal learning: a prospective randomized controlled study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether prenatal exposure to a music stimulus alters fetal behavior and whether this continues into the newborn period.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective randomized control trial was conducted using an exposure learning model in 20 normal term pregnancies. Music was played to ten fetuses via a headphone on the maternal abdomen. Ten controls had the headphone without sound. All fetal studies took place within 72 h prior to elective delivery. All 20 newborns were exposed to the same music on days 3-5. Computerized assessment of fetal heart rate and activity was documented and neonatal behavioral states were recorded. Nonparametric statistical analysis was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the first hour of study, exposed fetuses had higher mean heart rates (FHR) and spent more time exhibiting high FHR variation compared to unexposed fetuses, but neither of these differences was statistically significant. However, by the fourth hour the exposed fetuses not only demonstrated these two features but also exhibited more state transitions (P = 0.01) and higher FHR variation (P = 0.04) compared to unexposed fetuses. These effects were carried over into the neonatal period with prenatally exposed newborns manifesting more state transitions (P = 0.01) and spending a higher proportion of time in awake states (P = 0.05) when exposed to the same music stimulus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prenatal music exposure alters the fetal behavioral state and is carried forward to the newborn period. This suggests that a simple form of fetal programming or learning has occurred.
authors.affiliation: School of Human Development, University of Nottingham Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK. david.james@nottingham.ac.uk
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Stepsis
mesh_terms: D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005324:Fetal Movement / Q000502:physiology; D005865:Gestational Age; D006340:Heart Rate, Fetal / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn / Q000523:psychology*; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology; D009147:Music Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies