title: Immediate antecedents of cigarette smoking: an analysis from ecological momentary assessment.
abstract: The authors assessed the association between smoking and situational cues, including affect, in real-world contexts. Using ecological momentary assessment, 304 smokers monitored ad-lib smoking for 1 week, recording each cigarette on palm-top computers. Generalized estimating equations contrasted 10,084 smoking and 11,155 nonsmoking situations. After controlling for smoking restrictions, smoking was strongly related to smoking urges and modestly related to consumption of coffee and food, the presence of other smokers, and several activities. Smoking was unrelated to negative or positive affect or to arousal, although it was associated with restlessness. Thus, in daily life, affect appears to exert little influence over ad-lib smoking in heavy smoking adults.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA. shiffman@pitt.edu
authors.forename: Saul
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shiffman
authors.forename: Chad J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Gwaltney
authors.forename: Mark H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Balabanis
authors.forename: Kenneth S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jean A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Paty
authors.forename: Jon D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Kassel
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hickcox
authors.forename: Maryann
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gnys
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000523:psychology; D003069:Coffee; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003463:Cues; D017753:Ecosystem; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012650:Self Disclosure; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee