title: Bimanual coordination dynamics in adults with Down syndrome.
abstract: Previous experiments involving discrete unimanual tasks have shown that individuals with Down syndrome (DS) have auditory/verbal-motor deficits. The present study investigated unimanual and bimanual continuous perceptual-motor actions in adults with DS. Ten adults with DS, 10 typical adults, and 10 children drew continuous circles at increasing periods bimanually and unimanually with each hand. Movement was paced by either a visual or an auditory metronome. The results revealed that for circle shape and coordination measures, children and adults were more accurate with the visual metronome, whereas adults with DS were more accurate with the auditory metronome. In the unimanual tasks, adults with DS displayed hand asymmetries on spatial measures. In the bimanual task, however, adults with DS adopted an in-phase coordination pattern and stability more similar to adults than children. These results suggest that bimanual coordination in adults with DS is functioning effectively despite hand asymmetries evident in unimanual performance.
authors.affiliation: Motor Development Laboratory at Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-0404, USA.
authors.forename: Shannon D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Robertson Ringenbach
authors.forename: Romeo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chua
authors.forename: Brian K V
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Maraj
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Kao
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Weeks
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005246:Feedback / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009949:Orientation / Q000502:physiology; D011596:Psychomotor Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D011603:Psychophysiology; D012016:Reference Values; D013998:Time Perception / Q000502:physiology*