title: HLA and cytokine gene polymorphisms in relation to occurrence of palindromic rheumatism and its progression to rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Palindromic rheumatism (PR) is an episodic arthropathy that may precede typical rheumatoid arthritis (RA), although pathogenetic relationships between these disorders remain unclear. The predictive value for those immunogenetic risk factors implicated in RA for disease progression in PR remains to be established. A previous retrospective analysis from our group has implicated rheumatoid factor in disease progression. Our objective was to determine the contribution of HLA and cytokine gene polymorphisms implicated in RA to predisposition to PR and to progression of PR to chronic joint inflammation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 147 patients with PR seen in a tertiary referral center; 87 were selected retrospectively from the period 1986-96 using a structured selection process and 60 were selected prospectively in the period 1997-2001. Comparison groups included 149 patients with RA and 149 ethnically matched controls. Typing for HLA-DRB1 alleles and HLA-DRB1-04 subtypes was performed following polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification using sequence-specific primers (SSP). Cytokine genotypes were ascertained following PCR-SSP with and without digestion with restriction enzymes. Time-adjusted survival analysis (Kaplan-Meier) and multivariate logistic regression were used to assess the independent contribution of immunogenetic markers in assessing progression of PR to chronic joint inflammation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-one percent of patients progressed to connective tissue disease after a mean of 10.6 (retrospective group) and 3.9 (prospective group) years. A significantly increased prevalence of the shared epitope (SE) allele was noted in patients with PR (65%) versus controls (39%) (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.8-4.6, p < 0.001). This primarily reflected increased prevalence of the DRB1-0401 and 0404 and not DRB1-01 alleles. A weak contribution to disease susceptibility was also noted with carriage of the IL4 promoter -590T (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.1-3.0, p = 0.02) and IL4 intron 3 RP1 (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1-2.9, p = 0.03) alleles. The TNFa +489A allele was associated with RA (OR = 2.7, 95% CI 1.5-5.1, p = 0.001) in both SE+ and SE- patients, but not with PR. Time-adjusted and multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that only homozygosity for SE alleles was a significant independent risk factor for disease progression to chronicity in PR (hazard ratio 2.9, 95% CI 1.2-6.9, p = 0.02). However, none of 8 patients homozygous for SE- DRB1 XP4n alleles developed chronic disease after 10 years of followup (p = 0.07).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The immunogenetic risk profile for PR resembles that for RA, indicating that PR is likely not an independent entity. A significant gene dose effect for SE alleles is operative in determining risk for progression from PR to RA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. walter.maksymowych@ualberta.ca
authors.forename: Walter P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Maksymowych
authors.forename: Maria E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Suarez-Almazor
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Buenviaje
authors.forename: Bobbi-Lynn
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Degeus
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Anthony S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Russell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000235:genetics*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics*; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D018450:Disease Progression; D000939:Epitopes / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D005820:Genetic Testing; D006680:HLA Antigens / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D012216:Rheumatic Diseases / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D000939:Epitopes; D006680:HLA Antigens