title: The effect of external pneumatic compression on regional fibrinolysis in a prospective randomized trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  External pneumatic compression devices (EPC) prevent deep venous thrombosis (DVT) by reducing lower extremity venous stasis. Early studies suggested they also enhance fibrinolytic activity; however, in a recent study, EPC had no effect on systemic fibrinolysis in patients undergoing abdominal surgery. The hypothesis of this study was that EPCs enhance regional fibrinolysis in these subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-five patients (44 male, one female; mean age, 67 years) undergoing major abdominal surgery (35 bowel procedures, 10 aortic reconstructions) were prospectively randomized to one of three groups for DVT prophylaxis: subcutaneous heparin injections (HEP), thigh-length sequential EPC devices (EPC), or both (HEP+EPC). Prophylaxis was begun immediately before surgical incision and continued until postoperative day 5 or patient discharge. Venous blood samples were collected from the common femoral vein for measurement of regional fibrinolysis after induction of anesthesia but before initiation of prophylaxis, and on postoperative days 1, 3, and 5. A baseline sample was collected the day before surgery. Fibrinolysis was quantified with measurement of the activities of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA; the activator of fibrinolysis) and its inhibitor plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) with amidolytic technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  tPA activity in all groups was normal at baseline; baseline PAI-1 activity was elevated. Within each prophylaxis group, no significant changes occurred in either tPA or PAI-1 activities after induction of anesthesia or after surgery compared with before surgery (P >.05, analysis of variance with repeated measures). No changes occurred between postoperative samples and after anesthesia within each group. No significant enhancement of fibrinolysis, manifested as either increased tPA activity or decreased PAI-1 activity, occurred in either EPC group compared with the HEP group at any time point (P >.05, analysis of variance with repeated measures). No differences were noted when surgery was performed for malignant disease versus nonmalignant disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, enhanced regional fibrinolysis in the lower extremities could not be detected with the use of EPCs, as measured with tPA and PAI-1 activity in common femoral venous blood samples. EPC devices do not appear to prevent DVT with fibrinolytic enhancement; effective and safe prophylaxis is provided only when the devices are used in a manner that reduces lower extremity venous stasis.
authors.affiliation: Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, and the Office of Biostatistics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555, USA. lakillew@utmb.edu
authors.forename: Lois A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Killewich
authors.forename: Mitchell A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Cahan
authors.forename: Dinah J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Hanna
authors.forename: Maki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.forename: Tatsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Uchida
authors.forename: Lara A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Wiley
authors.forename: Glenn C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Hunter
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000601:surgery; D000368:Aged; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005342:Fibrinolysis; D005676:Gravity Suits; D006493:Heparin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000098:blood supply; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000097:blood; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011312:Pressure; D011446:Prospective Studies; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000378:metabolism; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D006493:Heparin; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator