title: Cardiac sympathetic dysautonomia in chronic orthostatic intolerance syndromes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS) and repeated neurocardiogenic presyncope (NCS), orthostatic intolerance occurs without persistent sympathetic neurocirculatory failure. Whether these conditions involve abnormal cardiac sympathetic innervation or function has been unclear.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with POTS or NCS underwent measurements of neurochemical indices of cardiac release, reuptake, and synthesis of the sympathetic neurotransmitter norepinephrine based on entry of norepinephrine into the cardiac venous drainage (cardiac norepinephrine spillover), cardiac extraction of circulating (3)H-norepinephrine, and cardiac production of dihydroxyphenylalanine and measurement of left ventricular myocardial innervation density using 6-[(18)F]fluorodopamine positron emission tomographic scanning. Mean cardiac norepinephrine spillover in POTS (171+/-30 pmol/min, N=16) was higher and in NCS (62+/-9 pmol/min, N=20) was lower than in a large group of healthy volunteers (102+/-9 pmol/min, N=52) and in a subgroup of age-matched healthy women (106+/-18 pmol/min, N=11). Both patient groups had normal cardiac extraction of (3)H-norepinephrine, normal cardiac production of dihydroxyphenylalanine, and normal myocardial 6-[(18)F]fluorodopamine-derived radioactivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  POTS and NCS differ in tonic cardiac sympathetic function, with increased cardiac norepinephrine release in the former and decreased release in the latter. Both groups had normal values for indices of function of the cell membrane norepinephrine transporter, norepinephrine synthesis, and density of myocardial sympathetic innervation. Because POTS and NCS both include specific abnormalities of cardiac sympathetic function, both can be considered forms of dysautonomia.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neurocardiology Section, NINDS, NIH, USA. goldsteind@ninds.nih.gov
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: Courtney
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: Raghuveer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dendi
authors.forename: Richard O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Cannon
authors.forename: Yehonatan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sharabi
authors.forename: Murray D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Esler
authors.forename: Graeme
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Eisenhofer
mesh_terms: D058669:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists; D000328:Adult; D001342:Autonomic Nervous System Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D004295:Dihydroxyphenylalanine / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004298:Dopamine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000294:innervation* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D007024:Hypotension, Orthostatic / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008150:Lower Body Negative Pressure; D008297:Male; D008734:Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D012016:Reference Values; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019462:Syncope, Vasovagal / Q000503:physiopathology; D013577:Syndrome; D013610:Tachycardia / Q000503:physiopathology; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed; D015016:Yohimbine
chemical_list: D058669:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists; D015016:Yohimbine; D008734:Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol; C029253:6-fluorodopamine; D004295:Dihydroxyphenylalanine; C010117:3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol; D004298:Dopamine; D009638:Norepinephrine