title: Long-term effect of Sea-Nine on natural coastal phytoplankton communities assessed by pollution induced community tolerance.
abstract: Sea-Nine211 has been introduced as a new biocide in antifouling paints with an immediate degradation when it is released from ship hulls. The active component of Sea-Nine211 is 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-isothiazoline-3-one (DCOI). In the present study, the toxicity of DCOI and the occurrence of Pollution Induced Community Tolerance (PICT) were tested in microcosms containing eutrophic coastal water with its natural composition of phytoplankton. The experiment was performed in closed systems with a single addition of the nominal concentrations 0, 3.2, 10, 32 and 100 nM DCOI, for a period of 16 days. Pollution induced community tolerance (PICT) was observed in the phytoplankton communities exposed to the nominal concentrations 32 and 100 nM DCOI. Chemical analysis of DCOI in the coastal water utilised in the toxicity and PICT experiment was performed by GC-MS using a solid- phase extraction method. Half-life was calculated to be 2.5 days for the nominal concentrations 32 and 100 nM DCOI. The results of the present study show that nominal concentrations of 32 and 100 nM DCOI significantly increased the community tolerance already after 2 days of exposure and that the tolerance was maintained for a period of 16 days even when DCOI was degraded during this period. The causes for the persistent tolerance are discussed in relation to the degradation of DCOI and structural changes in the phytoplankton communities.
authors.affiliation: DHI-Institut for Water and Environment, The International Agency for 14C determination, Agern Allé 11, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark.
authors.forename: Dorthe K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.forename: Inge
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gustavson
authors.forename: Valery E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Forbes
authors.forename: Torben
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lund
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D010839:Phytoplankton / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D011156:Population Density; D011157:Population Dynamics; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D013844:Thiazoles; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C080469:Kathon 930