title: DNA methyltransferase inhibitors-state of the art.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  DNA methylation is the addition of a methyl group to the 5 position of cytosine. It is an epigenetic process with several effects, including chromatin structure modulation, transcriptional repression and the suppression of transposable elements. In malignancy, methylation patterns change, resulting in global hypomethylation with regional hypermethylation. This can lead to genetic instability and the repression of tumor suppressor genes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor literature was conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DNA methylation inhibitors have demonstrated the ability to inhibit hypermethylation, restore suppressor gene expression and exert antitumor effects in in vitro and in vivo laboratory models. Four inhibitors, which are analogs of the nucleoside deoxycitidine, have been clinically tested: 5-azacytidine, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-5-azacytosine and dihydro-5-azacytidine. The first two have demonstrated encouraging antileukemic activity but little activity in solid tumors, while the latter two are no longer under study due to lack of efficacy. A fifth agent, MG98, is an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide directed against the 3' untranslated region of the DNA methyltransferase-1 enzyme mRNA, and is now under phase II study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While some positive clinical results with DNA methyltransferase inhibitors have been seen, a definitive clinical role for these agents will most likely require combination therapy, and good phase III studies are needed.
authors.affiliation: National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goffin
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Eisenhauer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D017322:Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic; D004248:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000187:drug effects*; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D008223:Lymphoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008780:Methyltransferases / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011379:Prognosis; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008780:Methyltransferases; D004248:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases