title: Relation between depression and anxiety in dystonic patients: implications for clinical management.
abstract: Past clinical research has identified depression as the most common psychiatric disorder associated with cervical dystonia (CD). The purpose of our study is to document different patterns of psychopathology, the frequency of psychiatric disorders, and possible correlation with the neurological disorder in patients with CD. Forty patients with CD were investigated to assess levels of psychopathology on two self-rated scales: the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Symptom Check List (SCL-90). To determine the presence of psychiatric disorders, the patients were evaluated using the standard instrument in the DSM-III-R (Structured Clinical Interview Schedule, SCID). A small group of dystonic patients (12%) had higher levels of psychopathology, with significant amounts of concomitant anxiety and depression on the BDI and SCL-90. SCID criteria for at least one psychiatric disorder were fulfilled in 22 patients (55%), including both the lifetime and current diagnoses. The most frequent diagnostic categories were anxiety (40%) and major depressive disorders (37.5%). In 17 patients (42.5%), criteria for at least one lifetime diagnosis were fulfilled prior to the onset of CD. Psychiatric evaluation does not indicate one specific disorder associated with CD. The presence of anxiety and depression symptoms before and during the course of dystonia, without a possible causal relationship, could mean that the alteration of a chain of physiological events in the central nervous system may not lead to a single clinical picture. The relatively high overall lifetime prevalence of anxiety and depressive disorders may indicate the need for a broader diagnostic and therapeutic approach to patients with focal dystonia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Division of Neurological Rehabilitation, University of Vienna, Währingergürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Moraru
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schnider
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wimmer
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wenzel
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Birner
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Griengl
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Auff
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014103:Torticollis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A