title: Antioxidant activities of sicilian prickly pear (Opuntia ficus indica) fruit extracts and reducing properties of its betalains: betanin and indicaxanthin.
abstract: Sicilian cultivars of prickly pear (Opuntia ficus indica) produce yellow, red, and white fruits, due to the combination of two betalain pigments, the purple-red betanin and the yellow-orange indicaxanthin. The betalain distribution in the three cultivars and the antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts from edible pulp were investigated. In addition, the reducing capacity of purified betanin and indicaxanthin was measured. According to a spectrophotometric analysis, the yellow cultivar exhibited the highest amount of betalains, followed by the red and white ones. Indicaxanthin accounted for about 99% of betalains in the white fruit, while the ratio of betanin to indicaxanthin varied from 1:8 (w:w) in the yellow fruit to 2:1 (w:w) in the red one. Polyphenol pigments were negligible components only in the red fruit. When measured as 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox) equivalents per gram of pulp, the methanolic fruit extracts showed a marked antioxidant activity. Vitamin C did not account for more than 40% of the measured activity. In addition, the extracts dose-dependently inhibited the organic hydroperoxide-stimulated red cell membrane lipid oxidation, as well as the metal-dependent and -independent low-density lipoprotein oxidation. The extract from the white fruit showed the highest protection in all models of lipid oxidation. Purified betanin and indicaxanthin were more effective than Trolox at scavenging the [2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] diammonium salt cation radical. Cyclic voltammetric measurements show two anodic waves for betanin and indicaxanthin, and differential pulse voltammetry shows three anodic waves for betanin, with calculated peak potentials of 404, 616, and 998 mV, and two anodic waves for indicaxanthin, with peak potentials of 611 and 895 mV. Betanin underwent complex formation through chelation with Cu(2+), whereas indicaxanthin was not modified. These findings suggest that the above betalains contribute to the antioxidant activity of prickly pear fruits.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pharmaceutical, Toxicological and Biological Chemistry, and Medical Biotechnologies and Forensic Medicine, Policlinico, University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Butera
authors.forename: Luisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tesoriere
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Di Gaudio
authors.forename: Antonino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bongiorno
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Allegra
authors.forename: Anna Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Pintaudi
authors.forename: Rohn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kohen
authors.forename: Maria A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Livrea
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D050859:Betacyanins; D050860:Betaxanthins; D003300:Copper / Q000737:chemistry; D004492:Edetic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D005419:Flavonoids; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D007211:Indoles / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D029747:Opuntia / Q000737:chemistry*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis; D010860:Pigments, Biological / Q000032:analysis; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry*; D011108:Polymers / Q000032:analysis; D059808:Polyphenols; D011725:Pyridines / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D013053:Spectrophotometry
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D050859:Betacyanins; D050860:Betaxanthins; D005419:Flavonoids; D007211:Indoles; D010636:Phenols; D010860:Pigments, Biological; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011108:Polymers; D059808:Polyphenols; D011725:Pyridines; C469628:indicaxanthin; C020228:betanin; D003300:Copper; D004492:Edetic Acid; D001205:Ascorbic Acid