title: Perceptions about prenatal care: views of urban vulnerable groups.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the United States, infant mortality rates remain more than twice as high for African Americans as compared to other racial groups. Lack of adherence to prenatal care schedules in vulnerable, hard to reach, urban, poor women is associated with high infant mortality, particularly for women who abuse substances, are homeless, or live in communities having high poverty and high infant mortality. This issue is of concern to the women, their partners, and members of their communities. Because they are not part of the system, these womens' views are often not included in other studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  This qualitative study used focus groups with four distinct categories of people, to collect observations about prenatal care from various perspectives. The 169 subjects included homeless women; women with current or history of substance abuse; significant others of homeless women; and residents of a community with high infant mortality and poverty indices, and low incidence of adequate prenatal care. A process of coding and recoding using Ethnograph and counting ensured reliability and validity of the process of theme identification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Barriers and motivators to prenatal care were identified in focus groups. Pervasive issues identified were drug lifestyle, negative attitudes of health care providers and staff, and non-inclusion of male partners in the prenatal experience.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Designing prenatal care relevant to vulnerable women in urban communities takes creativity, thoughtfulness, and sensitivity. System changes recommended include increased attention to substance abuse treatment/prenatal care interaction, focus on provider/staff attitudes, and commitment to inclusion of male partners.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing and health studies, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA. tworams@aol.com
authors.forename: Renee
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Milligan
authors.forename: Barbara K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Wingrove
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rodan
authors.forename: Lillie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Monroe-Lord
authors.forename: Velishie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hatcher
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Cassandra
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: Allan A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology*; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001294:Attitude to Health / Q000208:ethnology*; D004219:District of Columbia; D005220:Fathers / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006703:Ill-Housed Persons / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008019:Life Style; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000208:ethnology; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000208:ethnology; D011203:Poverty; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D036301:Qualitative Research; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000208:ethnology; D014504:Urban Health; D035862:Vulnerable Populations / Q000208:ethnology*