title: Case report: complete lymphatic staging in breast cancer by lymphoscintigraphy and sentinel node biopsy.
abstract: The status of the lymph nodes in the axilla and in the internal mammary chain are the most significant prognostic factors for survival in breast cancer. Lymphoscintigraphy shows lymphatic drainage outside the axilla, most often to the internal mammary nodes, usually in 20% to 30% of breast cancer patients, when intraparenchymal techniques of the radioactive tracer injection are used. Lymphoscintigraphy and sentinel node biopsy are potential tools for more accurate staging in breast cancer, because they provide additional information compared to axillary staging alone. We report a breast cancer case with 10 hot spots in five different lymphatic basins (axilla, internal mammary chain, intramammary, infraclavicular, and high interpectoral) in the lymphoscintigraphy.
authors.affiliation: Breast Surgery Unit, Maria Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Marjut H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Leidenius
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ortiz
authors.forename: Riitta H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Rönkä
authors.forename: Esa A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Leppänen
authors.forename: Leena A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Krogerus
authors.forename: Karl A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: von Smitten
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D002285:Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D018275:Carcinoma, Lobular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy