title: Granulomatous mastitis: imaging findings with histopathologic correlation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study is to evaluate the mammographic and ultrasonographic characteristics of granulomatous mastitis and to correlate the imaging features with the histologic findings.
  
  
  METHODS
  15 patients with diagnosis of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis were examined with mammography and ultrasonography. The clinical, pathologic and imaging features were retrospectively reviewed and correlated in all patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mammographic examination showed an asymmetric density with no distinct margins in 8 patients and an ill-defined mass in 3 patients. In 4 cases, no abnormal finding was detected on the mammography. Sonographic examination demonstrated an irregular mass with tubular connections in 5 patients, single or multiple hypoechoic tubular/nodular structures in 6, and focally or segmentally decreased parenchymal echogenity with acoustic shadowing in 4 patients. The imaging findings suggested a malignant tumor in 7 patients, while an inflammatory process or intraductal papilloma was considered in the differential diagnosis of the other patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Granulomatous mastitis usually presents with clinical findings mimicking a carcinoma. The most common mammographic appearance of the lesion is an asymmetrically increased density, which is not characteristic for this entity. Sonographic patterns of the disease are varied and appear to relate to the histologic features. Findings include a mass-like appearance, tubular/nodular hypoechoic structures and focal decreased parenchmal echogenicity with acoustic shadowing. With awareness of the findings granulomatous mastitis can be considered in the differential diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Medical School of Ege University, 35100, Izmir, Turkey. aymemis@med.ege.tr
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Memis
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bilgen
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Ustun
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ozdemir
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Erhan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kapkac
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006099:Granuloma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography; D008413:Mastitis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016217:Ultrasonography, Mammary