title: Comparing neural networks and linear discriminant functions for glaucoma detection using confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy of the optic disc.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether neural network techniques can improve differentiation between glaucomatous and nonglaucomatous eyes, using the optic disc topography parameters of the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT; Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany).
  
  
  METHODS
  With the HRT, one eye was imaged from each of 108 patients with glaucoma (defined as having repeatable visual field defects with standard automated perimetry) and 189 subjects without glaucoma (no visual field defects with healthy-appearing optic disc and retinal nerve fiber layer on clinical examination) and the optic nerve topography was defined by 17 global and 66 regional HRT parameters. With all the HRT parameters used as input, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated for the classification of eyes, by three neural network techniques: linear and Gaussian support vector machines (SVM linear and SVM Gaussian, respectively) and a multilayer perceptron (MLP), as well as four previously proposed linear discriminant functions (LDFs) and one LDF developed on the current data with all HRT parameters used as input.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The areas under the ROC curves for SVM linear and SVM Gaussian were 0.938 and 0.945, respectively; for MLP, 0.941; for the current LDF, 0.906; and for the best previously proposed LDF, 0.890. With the use of forward selection and backward elimination optimization techniques, the areas under the ROC curves for SVM Gaussian and the current LDF were increased to approximately 0.96.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Trained neural networks, with global and regional HRT parameters used as input, improve on previously proposed HRT parameter-based LDFs for discriminating between glaucomatous and nonglaucomatous eyes. The performance of both neural networks and LDFs can be improved with optimization of the features in the input. Neural network analyses show promise for increasing diagnostic accuracy of tests for glaucoma.
authors.affiliation: Hamilton Glaucoma Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA. bowd@eyecenter.ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bowd
authors.forename: Kwokleung
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Linda M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Zangwill
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Goldbaum
authors.forename: Te-Won
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Terrence J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Sejnowski
authors.forename: Robert N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Weinreb
mesh_terms: D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D005902:Glaucoma, Open-Angle / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure; D007834:Lasers; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D009898:Optic Disk / Q000473:pathology*; D012372:ROC Curve