title: IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and IL-6 release from monocytes in haemodialysis patients in relation to dialytic age.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been suggested that changes in immune response to infectious agents in patients on haemodialysis might be due to impaired monocyte function; uraemic and haemodialysed patients overproduce proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6).
  
  
  METHODS
  We quantitated the cytokines released into the plasma and into the supernatants of 24-h cultured purified monocytes, under basal conditions and after stimulation by lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli, in 15 healthy subjects (CON), 20 uraemic patients who had not yet started dialysis (CRF) and 60 haemodialysed patients (HD), who were divided into three groups of 20 patients corresponding to short-, medium- and long-term dialysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Monocytes from HD patients spontaneously secreted significantly higher levels of cytokines than those from controls and uraemic patients who had not yet started dialysis. After stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), cytokine levels in culture supernatants of cells from HD patients were significantly lower than those from controls and uraemic patients. Moreover, levels of cytokines in monocyte supernatants and plasma from short-, medium- and long-term haemodialysed patients decreased progressively with dialytic age. Monocytes from haemodialysed patients tended to be constitutively active, but their ability to secrete proinflammatory cytokines was inversely correlated with dialytic age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that prolonged treatment with dialysis can be considered a form of chronic stress that causes the progressive activation of monocytes, which ultimately leads to monocyte exhaustion and dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of General Pathology, University of Catania, Italy. g.malaponte@unict.it
authors.forename: Grazia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Malaponte
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bevelacqua
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fatuzzo
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rapisarda
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Emmanuele
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Travali
authors.forename: Maria Clorinda
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Mazzarino
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012016:Reference Values; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014511:Uremia / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha