title: Vascular cognitive disorders: memory, mental speed and cognitive flexibility after stroke.
abstract: This study investigated the occurrence of cognitive disorders 1 and 6 months after stroke in a cohort of patients with a first-ever stroke. In addition, it was investigated whether age, sex and level of education are risk factors for vascular cognitive disorders. Memory, simple speed, cognitive flexibility and overall cognitive functioning were examined in 139 patients at 1 and 6 months post-stroke. Inclusion criteria on admission were first cerebral stroke, age>/=40, no other neurological or psychiatric disorders and ability to communicate. Mean age was 69.3 years (S.D.=12.3). Patients were compared with a healthy control group matched for age, sex and level of education. A large group of patients who, at 1 month after stroke, scored below the cutoff on cognitive domains, scored above the cutoff on most of these cognitive domains at 6 months. For overall cognitive functioning, 16 out of 39, for memory, 13 out of 26 and for cognitive flexibility, 15 out of 49 patients, who at 1 month scored below the cutoff, scored above the cutoff at 6 months. Simple speed did not change; 12 patients scored above the cutoff and 7 patients scored below the cutoff at 6 months after stroke. Speaking in terms of improvement or deterioration, most people remained stable on the four cognitive domains (ranging from 37.6% to 83.5%), and a substantial group improved (ranging from 12.9% to 52.1%). Older and female patients had more cognitive disturbances. Overall, the conclusion is that the prognosis of cognitive functioning after stroke is general favourable, especially in younger patients.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Brain and Behaviour, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: S M C
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Rasquin
authors.forename: F R J
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Verhey
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lousberg
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Winkens
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lodder
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015140:Dementia, Vascular / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D014706:Verbal Learning / Q000502:physiology