title: Tetanus surveillance--United States, 1991-1994.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite the widespread availability of a safe and effective vaccine against tetanus, 201 cases of the disease were reported during 1991-1994. Of patients with known illness outcome, the case-fatality rate was 25%.
  
  
  METHODS
  1991-1994.
  
  
  METHODS
  Physician-diagnosed cases of tetanus are reported to local and state health departments, the latter of which reports these cases on a weekly basis to CDC's National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System. Since 1965, state health departments also have submitted supplemental clinical and epidemiologic information to CDC's National Immunization Program.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During 1991-1994, 201 cases of tetanus were reported from 40 states, for an average annual incidence of 0.02 cases per 100,000 population. Of the 188 patients for whom age was known, 101 (54%) were aged > or = 60 years and 10 (5%) were aged < 20 years. No cases of neonatal tetanus were reported. Among adults, the risk for tetanus increased with age; the risk for persons aged > or = 80 years was more than 10 times greater than the risk for persons aged 20-29 years. All deaths occurred among persons aged > or = 30 years. The case-fatality rate (overall: 25%) increased with age, from 11% in persons aged 30-49 years to 54% in persons aged > or = 80 years. Only 12% of all patients were reported to have received a primary series of tetanus toxoid before onset of illness. For 77% of patients, tetanus occurred after an acute injury was sustained. Of patients who obtained medical care for their injury, only 43% received tetanus toxoid as part of wound prophylaxis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The epidemiology of reported tetanus in the United States during 1991-1994 was similar to that during the 1980s. Tetanus continued to be a severe disease primarily of older adults who were unvaccinated or inadequately vaccinated. Most tetanus cases occurred after an acute injury was sustained, emphasizing the need for appropriate wound management.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In addition to decennial booster doses of tetanus-diphtheria toxoid during adult life, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends vaccination visits for adolescents at age 11-12 years and for adults at age 50 years to enable health-care providers to review vaccination histories and administer any needed vaccine. Full implementation of the ACIP recommendations should virtually eliminate the remaining tetanus burden in the United States.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology and Surveillance Division, National Immunization Program, USA.
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Izurieta
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Sutter
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Strebel
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bardenheier
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Prevots
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wharton
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Hadler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance; D013742:Tetanus / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D013743:Tetanus Antitoxin; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014611:Vaccination
chemical_list: D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous; D013743:Tetanus Antitoxin; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid