title: Negative mood, depressive symptoms, and major depression after smoking cessation treatment in smokers with a history of major depressive disorder.
abstract: Negative mood, depressive symptoms, and major depressive episodes (MDEs) were examined in 179 smokers with a history of major depression in a trial comparing standard smoking cessation treatment to treatment incorporating cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression (CBT-D). Early lapses were associated with relatively large increases in negative mood on quit date. Mood improved in the 2 weeks after quit date among those returning to regular smoking but not among those smoking moderately. Continuous abstinence was associated with short- and long-term reductions in depressive symptoms. MDE incidence during follow-up was 15.3% and was not associated with abstinence. Unexpected was that CBT-D was associated with greater negative mood and depressive symptoms and increased MDE risk. Results suggest complex bidirectional associations between affect and smoking outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School/Butler Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA. Christopher_Kahler@brown.edu
authors.forename: Christopher W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Kahler
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Ramsey
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Niaura
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Abrams
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: Timothy I
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: Ivan W
authors.initials: IW
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000187:drug effects*; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology*; D013997:Time Factors