title: Dopant-dependent reflectivity and refractive index of microcrystalline HxWO3 and LixWO3 bronze thin films.
abstract: Reflectivity spectra of HxWO3 and LiWO3 thin films were measured over the photon energy range from 0.4 to 4.2 eV. It was found that microcrystalline tungsten bronzes have reflectances of 8%-30% over the dopant concentration range x (0 < or = x < or = 0.25). Values for the real part of refractive index n were also determined from the refined reflectivity data. The optical data are interpreted by use of a modified Drude-Zener model together with a single-oscillator model to differentiate between bound and free electronic states. The values of high-frequency dielectric constant epsilon(hf) of MxWO3 (M = H+, Li+) bronzes were determined from the refractive-index data for estimation of the effective electronic masses involved in optical and polaronic transitions. A single-oscillator model showed that oscillator energy Ea and dispersion energy Ed increased and decreased, respectively, with increasing x values, opposite what occurs in crystalline tungsten bronzes. These findings support the fact that Bloch electrons are almost absent; instead, the polaronic species (W5+ and W4+) are assumed to control the reflectivity modifications (or variations in the refractive index) that are associated with the microcrystalline tungsten bronzes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, United Kingdom. zhussain@dircon.co.uk
authors.forename: Zahid
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hussain