title: Synovial fluid from patients with rheumatoid arthritis inhibits neutrophil apoptosis: role of adenosine and proinflammatory cytokines.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In synovial fluid (SF) from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), neutrophils are exposed to proinflammatory mediators endowed with either anti-apoptotic or pro-apoptotic properties. We investigated neutrophil apoptosis in the presence of SF from 11 RA patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  SF was obtained from affected knees of 11 patients with RA. Human neutrophil apoptosis was evaluated by light microscopic examination and flow-cytometric analysis of annexin V binding. Immune complex-induced neutrophil activation was evaluated as superoxide anion production. Adenosine levels in SF were detected by chromatographic analysis and cytokine levels were studied by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Spontaneous and immune complex-triggered neutrophil apoptosis was reduced by SF from eight out of 11 patients. Immune complex-induced neutrophil activation was unaffected by SF. The cytokines tested had no role in promoting the anti-apoptotic activity of SF. On the contrary, the anti-apoptotic activity of SF was found to depend on the presence of adenosine. Adenosine levels detected in the various samples of SF correlated significantly with the anti-apoptotic activity of the fluids and with the number of apoptotic neutrophils detected in the articular exudate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The microenvironment of rheumatoid SF is a proinflammatory milieu responsible for the in loco persistence of activated and long-surviving neutrophils. Adenosine plays a crucial role in this phenomenon, which is related to anti-apoptotic activity.
authors.affiliation: Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ottonello
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cutolo
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Frumento
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Arduino
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bertolotto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mancini
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sottofattori
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dallegri
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000378:metabolism*; D000328:Adult; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003470:Culture Media; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D019409:Interleukin-15 / Q000494:pharmacology; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000494:pharmacology; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000494:pharmacology; D007719:Knee Joint; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013582:Synovial Fluid / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000166:cytology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D016207:Cytokines; D019409:Interleukin-15; D007376:Interleukin-2; D016209:Interleukin-8; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D000241:Adenosine