title: Screening for colorectal cancer: the cost to find an advanced adenoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cancer Care Ontario has recommended a program to screen for colorectal cancer using fecal occult blood testing (FOBT). Patients who test positive on FOBT will require further investigation. We examined the cost of finding an advanced adenoma in these patients using four different strategies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using decision analysis software (DATA 3.5, TreeAge Software, Boston, MA), we considered four strategies for evaluating patients referred for a positive FOBT: 1) flexible sigmoidoscopy to the splenic flexure, 2) flexible sigmoidoscopy with air contrast barium enema (ACBE), 3) virtual colonoscopy, and 4) colonoscopy. If an adenoma was found in any of the first three methods, colonoscopy and polypectomy were performed. An advanced adenoma was defined as a villous adenoma, tubular adenoma > or = 10 mm, high grade dysplasia, or cancer. Values for probabilities, test characteristics and costs ($CDN) were estimated from a MEDLINE literature review, local costs, and OHIP fee codes. Patients with adenomas identified as well as direct medical costs from a third party payer perspective were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Assuming a probability of adenoma of 16.9%, the cost for each strategy (compared to no investigation) was as follows: flexible sigmoidoscopy to the splenic flexure, $226; flexible sigmoidoscopy with ACBE, $424; virtual colonoscopy, $597; and colonoscopy, $387. The cost to clear a patient of adenoma(s) was $1,930, $2,840, $3,681, and $2,290, respectively. Despite being most cost-effective, the sigmoidoscopy strategy was predicted to detect 69% of cases of advanced adenomas. The radiological strategies would be less expensive if ACBE cost less than $115 or virtual colonoscopy cost less than $291. The colonoscopy strategy was more cost-effective if the probability of an adenoma was > or = 33.5%. When the incremental costs were considered to investigate 1000 patients, virtual colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy with ACBE were both more costly then colonoscopy, and neither detected as many cases of advanced adenomas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Improved access to colonoscopy seems to be the preferred approach to deal with increased referrals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: McGrath
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Ponich
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Gregor
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000191:economics* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001466:Barium Sulfate; D002170:Canada; D003113:Colonoscopy / Q000191:economics; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000191:economics* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003287:Contrast Media; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003663:Decision Trees; D004733:Enema / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods*; D009780:Occult Blood; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012984:Software; D014584:User-Computer Interface
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D001466:Barium Sulfate