title: Food habits and nutrient density of diets of Pakistani children living in different urban and rural settings.
abstract: Food habits and nutrient density of diets of six groups of rural and urban school children aged 10-12 years were compared. Data were collected from three-day food records. In the UK, data were collected during October-November 1994 and in Pakistan during April-May 1995. Based on the apparent level of urbanism, the six groups were arbitrarily assigned urbanization rank 1-6. Patterns of their food and intake of nutrients were different from each other in various aspects and were not always associated with the apparent level of urbanism of the group. With urbanization, the intake of fat and sugar increased steadily. The intake of carbohydrate, fibre, riboflavin, and vitamin E decreased with urbanization. The intake of vitamin C, vitamin B12, and folates was higher among group 4, 5, and 6 than other groups. Due to various factors, in terms of micronutrient density, diets of various urban groups could have more differences than similarities. While these differences point toward the need for comprehensive nutrition education and community nutrition surveys, they also indicate the possibility of having healthy diets in urban settings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, Raana Liaqat Ali Khan Government College of Home Economics, Karachi, Pakistan. hakeem@cyberaccess.com.pk
authors.forename: Rubina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hakeem
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Salma H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Badruddin
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002648:Child; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D004032:Diet; D015930:Diet Records; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004522:Educational Status; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D010154:Pakistan; D010290:Parents; D012424:Rural Population; D006113:United Kingdom; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats