title: Intracellular Ca(2+) release as irreversible Markov process.
abstract: In striated muscles, intracellular Ca(2+) release is tightly controlled by the membrane voltage sensor. Ca(2+) ions are necessary mediators of this control in cardiac but not in skeletal muscle, where their role is ill-understood. An intrinsic gating oscillation of Ca(2+) release-not involving the voltage sensor-is demonstrated in frog skeletal muscle fibers under voltage clamp. A Markov model of the Ca(2+) release units is shown to reproduce the oscillations, and it is demonstrated that for Markov processes to have oscillatory transients, its transition rates must violate thermodynamic reversibility. Such irreversibility results in permanent cycling of the units through a ring of states, which requires a source of free energy. Inhibition of the oscillation by 20 to 40 mM EGTA or partial depletion of Ca(2+) in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) identifies the SR [Ca(2+)] gradient as the energy source, and indicates a location of the critical Ca(2+)-sensing site at distances greater than 35 nm from the open channel. These results, which are consistent with a recent demonstration of irreversibility in gating of cardiac Ca(2+) sparks, (Wang, S.-Q., L.-S. Song, L. Xu, G. Meissner, E. G. Lakatta, E. Ríos, M. D. Stern, and H. Cheng. 2002. Biophys. J. 83:242-251) exemplify a cell-wide oscillation caused by coupling between ion permeation and channel gating.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biophysics and Physiology, Rush University, 1750 W. Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Juliana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rengifo
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rosales
authors.forename: Adom
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: Heping
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ríos
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D055592:Biophysical Phenomena; D001703:Biophysics; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004533:Egtazic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D008390:Markov Chains; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009132:Muscles / Q000378:metabolism*; D009991:Oscillometry; D011894:Rana pipiens; D019837:Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel / Q000378:metabolism; D012519:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum; D013816:Thermodynamics; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002614:Chelating Agents; D019837:Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel; D004533:Egtazic Acid; D002118:Calcium