Change in psychological and vasomotor symptom reporting during the menopause.
There remains uncertainty regarding what health symptoms can be directly attributed to the menopause. The association between changes in menopausal status and changes in vasomotor symptom and psychological symptom reporting was investigated and the effects of changing menopausal status were compared with those related to life events and difficulties. Reports of common health symptoms, menopausal status and life events and difficulties have been collected prospectively from 1572 British women followed up since their birth in 1946, every year between 47 and 52 years. Regression models for repeated measures were fitted with the change in symptom scores between consecutive years as the outcome. Estimates from these models were obtained using generalised estimating equations, thus allowing appropriately for the correlation between repeated measures on the same woman. Vasomotor symptoms were found to be strongly related to changes in menopausal status with increases being observed as women move through the menopause. Psychological symptoms were more strongly associated with current life events and difficulties, particularly those experienced in family life, than with menopausal status. An increase in symptoms was, however, observed in premenopausal and perimenopausal women starting hormone replacement therapy. These effects were not confounded or modified by previous psychological morbidity, social or behavioural factors. The findings suggest that vasomotor symptoms are dependent on changing hormone levels associated with the menopause, while psychological symptoms are not. The possibility that there is a small subgroup of women who experience increased psychological problems at the time of the menopause, and who in this cohort are identified by their use of HRT, is suggested. The mechanism behind this rise remains unclear. Factors other than the menopause should be considered, such as concurrent life events and past experiences and behaviours, when considering the treatment of psychological symptoms in women during middle life.
Hardy
Rebecca
R
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Medical Research Council-National Survey of Health and Development, Gower Street Campus, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 6BT, UK. rebecca.hardy@ucl.ac.uk
Kuh
Diana
D
D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008593:Menopause / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012044:Regression Analysis; D020377:Self Efficacy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D014666:Vasomotor System / Q000502:physiology; D016387:Women's Health