title: Self-management of age-related macular degeneration and quality of life: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effectiveness of an age-related macular degeneration (AMD) self-management program, consisting of health education and enhancement of problem-solving skills, to improve quality of life as shown by measures of mood and function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred thirty-one community-dwelling cognitively intact volunteers (mean age, 80.6 years) with advanced macular degeneration were randomly assigned to a 12-hour self-management program (n = 86), a series of 12 hours of tape-recorded health lectures (n = 74), or to a waiting list (n = 72).
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcome measure was emotional distress (Profile of Mood States). Secondary outcome measures included function (National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire), social support (Duke Social Support Index), outlook on life (Life Optimism Test-Revised), and self-confidence to handle AMD-specific challenges in daily life (AMD Self-Efficacy Questionnaire). Clinical depression was determined in accord with the Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Axis I, Fourth Edition, Research Version.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The self-management group showed significant improvement in measures of mood and function compared with controls. These changes were significantly greater for the depressed than for the nondepressed subjects. Decreased emotional distress was associated with increased self-efficacy, while improvements in function were associated with increases in self-efficacy and perceived social support.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that the AMD self-management program was an effective intervention to enhance well-being in older persons with poor eyesight due to AMD, particularly in those who were initially depressed.
authors.affiliation: Shiley Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California-San Diego, 9415 Campus Point Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093-0946, USA. sbrown@eyecenter.ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Barbara L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Brody
authors.forename: Anne-Catherine
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Roch-Levecq
authors.forename: Anthony C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Gamst
authors.forename: Kellie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maclean
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: Stuart I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D011340:Problem Solving; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D012648:Self Care / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology*; D020377:Self Efficacy; D015354:Vision, Low / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D014792:Visual Acuity; D014850:Waiting Lists