title: An analysis of motorcycle injury and vehicle damage severity using ordered probit models.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Motorcycles constitute about 19% of all motorized vehicles in Singapore and are generally overrepresented in traffic accidents, accounting for 40% of total fatalities.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this paper, an ordered probit model is used to examine factors that affect the injury severity of motorcycle accidents and the severity of damage to the vehicle for those crashes. Nine years of motorcycle accident data were obtained for Singapore through police reports. These data included categorical assessments of the severity of accidents based on three levels. Damage severity to the vehicle was also assessed and categorized into four levels. Categorical data of this type are best analyzed using ordered probit models because they require no assumptions regarding the ordinality of the dependent variable, which in this case is the severity score. Various models are examined to determine what factors are related to increased injury and damage severity of motorcycle accidents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Factors found to lead to increases in the probability of severe injuries include the motorcyclist having non-Singaporean nationality, increased engine capacity, headlight not turned on during daytime, collisions with pedestrians and stationary objects, driving during early morning hours, having a pillion passenger, and when the motorcyclist is determined to be at fault for the accident. Factors leading to increased probability of vehicle damage include some similar factors but also show some differences, such as less damage associated with pedestrian collisions and with female drivers. In addition, it was also found that both injury severity and vehicle damage severity levels are decreasing over time.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Transport Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2BU, UK. m.quddus@ic.ac.uk
authors.forename: Mohammed A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Quddus
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Noland
authors.forename: Hoong Chor
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Chin
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000401:mortality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004738:Engineering; D005006:Ethnicity; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009049:Motorcycles; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices