title: Immune responses of sheep to quadrivalent double emulsion foot-and-mouth disease vaccines: rate of development of immunity and variations among other ruminants.
abstract: Despite representing the majority of the world's foot-and-mouth disease (FMD)-susceptible livestock, sheep and goats have generally been neglected with regard to their epidemiological role in the spread of FMD. In the present investigations, FMD virus quadrivalent double emulsion (Montanide ISA 206) vaccines were tested in sheep. The oil adjuvant elicited a better immune response at any time than did aluminum hydroxide gel vaccine, and the response developed quicker. The animals maintained their neutralizing antibody titers at >3 log(10) for the duration of the trial (90 days). Sheep were found to be late responders to serotypes A, C, and Asia-1; a clear upward shift in titer was observed at 60 days postvaccination. However, development of the immune response to serotype O in sheep was superior to that in cattle and goats.
authors.affiliation: Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bangalore 560 024, India.
authors.forename: Prasanna K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Patil
authors.forename: Jagadeesh
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bayry
authors.forename: Chitimalla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ramakrishna
authors.forename: Basavesh
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hugar
authors.forename: Laxmi D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Misra
authors.forename: Krishnamsetty
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Prabhudas
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Natarajan
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology; D004655:Emulsions; D005536:Foot-and-Mouth Disease / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology; D029544:Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus / Q000145:classification / Q000276:immunology*; D015511:Goat Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology; D006041:Goats; D009500:Neutralization Tests; D012703:Serotyping; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology; D014611:Vaccination; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D004655:Emulsions; D014765:Viral Vaccines