title: Nithsdale Schizophrenia Surveys 23: movement disorders. 20-year review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the past 10 years the new atypical antipsychotic drugs have stimulated further interest in the pharmacological management of schizophrenia. The risk of movement disorders has been reported to be less with these new agents.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the current prevalence of movement disorders among all people with schizophrenia in a discrete geographical area, to compare the prevalence in patients receiving and not receiving atypical antipsychotic drugs; and to compare current prevalence with prevalence over the past 20 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  In Nithsdale, south-west Scotland, in 1999/2000, we replicated previous studies by using the Abnormal Involuntary Movements Scale, Simpson-Angus scale and Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale to measure tardive dyskinesia, parkinsonism and akathisia, respectively. Mental state was assessed by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 136 patients the prevalence of probable tardive dyskinesia was 43%, of parkinsonism 35% and of akathisia 15%. Parkinsonism was present as often in those receiving atypicals as in those receiving standard oral antipsychotics. The prevalence of tardive dyskinesia has doubled over 20 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Movement disorders remain significant problems for patients despite the introduction of atypical antipsychotic drugs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Research, Crichton Royal Hospital, Dumfries, UK. mikejenq@tinyworld.co.uk
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Halliday
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Farrington
authors.forename: Shiona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Macdonald
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: MacEwan
authors.forename: Val
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sharkey
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McCreadie
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017109:Akathisia, Drug-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020734:Parkinsonian Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012606:Scotland / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents