title: Pharmacogenomics as molecular autopsy for postmortem forensic toxicology: genotyping cytochrome P450 2D6 for oxycodone cases.
abstract: Pharmacogenomics, the study of the impact of heritable traits on pharmacology and toxicology, may serve as an adjunct for certifying opioid fatalities. Oxycodone, frequently prescribed for the relief of moderate to severe pain, is metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6, encoded by a polymorphic gene with three mutations (*3, *4, and *5) with a combined 95% allelic frequency and about 10% prevalence. Individuals with variant alleles are more susceptible to oxycodone toxicity. By assessing the prevalence of CYP2D6 polymorphisms and covariables, we hypothesized that oxycodone fatality may be partially due to poor drug metabolism caused by CYP2D6 variant alleles. From the Milwaukee County Medical Examiner's Office (MCMEO), a retrospective analysis of 15 oxycodone cases was followed by genotyping blood samples for the variant alleles by conventional and real-time PCRs. Institutional Review Board approval was obtained. Oxycodone, extracted from blood and/or urine, was quantitated by GC-MS. The results show two homozygous for 2D6*4 and four heterozygous for 2D6*4. The MCMEO was not significantly different from those in the control group (n = 26) (p > 0.05, Fisher's Exact Test). However, genotyping CYP2D6 provided a more definitive interpretation of the oxycodone toxicity in four cases. Therefore, pharmacogenomics may serve as an adjunct in the determination of the cause and manner of death in forensic toxicology and a pharmacogenomic algorithm for genotyping has been proposed.
authors.affiliation: Milwaukee County Medical Examiner's Office, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Jannetto
authors.forename: Steven H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Susan B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Gock
authors.forename: Elvan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Laleli-Sahin
authors.forename: B Charles
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Schur
authors.forename: Jeffrey M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Jentzen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D002423:Cause of Death; D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005554:Forensic Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D005787:Gene Frequency; D023281:Genomics; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009294:Narcotics / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000506:poisoning*; D010098:Oxycodone / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000506:poisoning*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D004247:DNA; D010098:Oxycodone; D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6