Maximizing versus satisficing: happiness is a matter of choice.
Can people feel worse off as the options they face increase? The present studies suggest that some people--maximizers--can. Study 1 reported a Maximization Scale, which measures individual differences in desire to maximize. Seven samples revealed negative correlations between maximization and happiness, optimism, self-esteem, and life satisfaction, and positive correlations between maximization and depression, perfectionism, and regret. Study 2 found maximizers less satisfied than nonmaximizers (satisficers) with consumer decisions, and more likely to engage in social comparison. Study 3 found maximizers more adversely affected by upward social comparison. Study 4 found maximizers more sensitive to regret and less satisfied in an ultimatum bargaining game. The interaction between maximizing and choice is discussed in terms of regret, adaptation, and self-blame.
Schwartz
Barry
B
Department of Psychology, Swarthmore College, Pennsylvania 19081, USA. bschwar1@swarthmore.edu
Ward
Andrew
A
Monterosso
John
J
Lyubomirsky
Sonja
S
White
Katherine
K
Lehman
Darrin R
DR
D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D002755:Choice Behavior; D003657:Decision Making; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006240:Happiness; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D012649:Self Concept; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires