title: Increased but imbalanced expression of VEGF and its receptors has no positive effect on angiogenesis in systemic sclerosis skin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its vascular and lymphatic receptors in skin in systemic sclerosis (SSc) compared to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) and normal healthy control skin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Staining was performed using rabbit anti-human antibodies in DAKO TechMate Horizon staining robot programmed for the biotin-streptavidin protocol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VEGF was sporadically and weakly expressed in normal skin, but in spite of vascular damage in diseased skin, VEGF expression was only slightly upregulated. In contrast, its vascular receptors VEGFR-1 (Flt-1) and VEGFR-2 (Flk-1), were clearly upregulated. Finally, the lymphatic VEGFR-3 (Flt-4) receptor was also upregulated in diseased skin and ectopically expressed also in blood vessels. Negative staining and positive sample controls confirmed the specificity of the staining.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The imbalanced expression of VEGF and its vascular receptors suggest that the compensatory efforts to angiogenesis fail in SSc, in part due to insufficient local production of VEGF, which was low compared to VEGFR expression. This is compatible with the recent observations on the lack of alpha V beta 3+ newly formed blood vessels in SSc skin. Since microvascular angiogenic stimuli normally induce first VEGF and then VEGFR, these findings also suggest that the angiogenic cascade is turned on, but there is a defect in the finalization of its effects. Normalization of angiogenic cascade in SSc could provide a future therapeutic target.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mackiewicz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sukura
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Povilenaité
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ceponis
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Virtanen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hukkanen
authors.forename: Y T
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Konttinen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000378:metabolism*; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D011928:Raynaud Disease / Q000378:metabolism*; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D012595:Scleroderma, Systemic / Q000378:metabolism*; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008222:Lymphokines; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor