Ion movements in cell death: from protection to execution.
Cell death is preceded by severe disruption of inorganic ion homeostasis. Seconds to minutes after an injury, calcium, protons, sodium, potassium and chloride are exchanged between the cell and its environment. Simultaneously, ions are shifted between membrane compartments inside the cell, whereby mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum play a crucial role. Depending of the type and severity of injury, two mutually exclusive metastable states can be reached, which predict the final outcome. Cells characterized by large increases in cytosolic [Ca2+], [Na+] and [Mg2+] swell and die by necrosis; alternatively, cells characterized by high [H+] and low [K+], with normal [Na+] and normal to moderate [Ca2+] increases die by apoptosis. The levels of these ions represent central determinants in signaling events leading to cell death. Their movements are explained mechanistically by specific modulation of membrane transport proteins including channels, pumps and carriers.
Barros
Luis Felipe
LF
Centro de Estudios Científicos CECS, Arturo Prat 514, Casilla 1469, Valdivia, Chile. fbarros@cecs.cl
Castro
Joel
J
Bittner
Carla X
CX
D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D016923:Cell Death / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D017136:Ion Transport; D008274:Magnesium / Q000378:metabolism; D011188:Potassium / Q000378:metabolism; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism
D007473:Ion Channels; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D012964:Sodium; D008274:Magnesium; D011188:Potassium; D002118:Calcium