title: Interactions between dorsal-ventral patterning genes lmx1b, engrailed-1 and wnt-7a in the vertebrate limb.
abstract: The vertebrate limb has characteristic morphological features that distinguish dorsal and ventral regions. For example, humans and most other mammals have nails on the dorsal surface of their digits, while the ventral surface is covered by skin or footpads. Internally, there is a high degree of organization along the dorsal-ventral axis. Extensor muscles are generally located dorsally while flexor muscles are generally located ventrally. The skeleton has subtle differences that allow for attachment of these muscles and distinct pools of motor neurons innervate either dorsal or ventral muscles. How is this complex arrangement of tissues generated? Recent studies have identified a molecular cascade of three factors that govern early events in dorsal-ventral limb patterning. Two of these factors, engrailed-1 and wnt-7a are expressed in the dorsal and ventral ectoderm respectively. The function of engrailed-1 is to repress the expression of wnt-7a in the ventral limb bud ectoderm. The third factor, a LIM-homeodomain transcription factor, Imx1b is induced in dorsal mesenchyme by wnt-7a and it is both necessary and sufficient to specify dorsal limb pattern. In this report, we examine genetic interactions between wnt-7a, engrailed-1, and Imx1b by analyzing the phenotypes of mice that are double mutants for Imx1b and either wnt-7a or engrailed-1. These studies indicate that Imx1b is the only target of wnt-7a and engrailed-1 that is of consequence for dorsal-ventral patterning. Moreover, this genetic analysis suggests that Imx1b plays additional roles in anterior-posterior patterning and growth that were not previously appreciated.
authors.affiliation: Program in Genes and Development, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Haixu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Randy L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000002:abnormalities; D004627:Embryonic Induction / Q000502:physiology*; D005121:Extremities / Q000196:embryology*; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D060850:LIM-Homeodomain Proteins; D051379:Mice; D009154:Mutation; D010641:Phenotype; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051153:Wnt Proteins
chemical_list: C080330:En1 protein, mouse; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; C490939:Hoxd11 protein, mouse; C112149:LIM homeobox transcription factor 1 beta; D060850:LIM-Homeodomain Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D051153:Wnt Proteins; C490508:Wnt7a protein, mouse