title: Flap tear of rectus muscles: an underlying cause of strabismus after orbital trauma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present an avulsion injury of the rectus muscle after orbital trauma, usually the inferior rectus, and detail its diagnosis and operative repair.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-three patients underwent repair of flap tears of 62 rectus muscles. During surgery, we found the muscle abnormality was often subtle, with narrowing or thinning of the remaining attached global layer of muscle. The detached flap of external (orbital) muscle was found embedded in surrounding orbital fat and connective tissue. Retrieval and repair were performed in each case.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The causes of orbital trauma were as follows: orbital fractures (15 patients), blunt trauma with no fracture (11 patients), suspected trauma but did not undergo computerized tomographic scan (12 patients), and status after retinal detachment repair (5 patients). Of note, 15 of the 43 patients (35%) underwent repair of the flap tear alone, without any additional orbital or strabismus surgery. Diagnostically, the predominant motility defect in 45 muscles was limitation toward the field of action of the muscle, presumably as a result of a tether created by the torn flap; these tethers simulated muscle palsy. Seventeen muscles were restricted away from their field of action, simulating entrapment. The direction taken by the flap during healing determined the resultant strabismus pattern. All patients with gaze limitation toward an orbital fracture had flap tears. The worst results after flap tear repair were seen in patients (1) who had undergone orbital fracture repair before presentation, (2) who had undergone previous attempts at strabismus repair, and (3) who had the longest intervals between the precipitating event and the repair. The best results were obtained in patients who underwent simultaneous fracture and strabismus repair or early strabismus repair alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Avulsion-type flap tears of the extraocular muscles are a common cause of posttraumatic strabismus. Early repair produces the best results, but improvement is possible despite long delay.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
authors.forename: Irene H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Ludwig
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D022125:Lacerations / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery*; D009917:Orbital Fractures / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D012086:Reoperation; D013285:Strabismus / Q000209:etiology; D013524:Surgical Flaps