title: Multiclonal increase in ciprofloxacin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Thailand, 1998-1999.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  isolates exhibiting clinically significant resistance to fluoroquinolones have been isolated most frequently in Asian and western Pacific countries, including Thailand. In Bangkok, Thailand, ciprofloxacin has been used to treat gonorrhea since 1987.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our goal was to determine the prevalence of isolates of that exhibit resistance to ciprofloxacin in Bangkok and to characterize these strains with regard to ciprofloxacin MICs, auxotype/serovar (A/S) classification, A and C mutations responsible for ciprofloxacin resistance, and outer membrane lipoprotein (Lip) subtype analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  MICs of gonococcal isolates from consecutive patients attending the Bangrak Hospital STD Clinic in Bangkok were determined by agar dilution. A/S class was determined by established procedures. Mutations within A and C were determined by DNA sequencing. Lip subtypes were determined by PCR and DNA sequencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 1998 and 1999, 115 of 168 isolated strains of exhibited decreased susceptibility or resistance to ciprofloxacin, and three cases of possible ciprofloxacin treatment failure were identified. Ciprofloxacin-resistant (CipR) strains increased from 13.8% (8/58) in 1998 to 25.4% (28/110) in 1999 ( = 0.08). Ciprofloxacin MICs of CipR isolates ranged from 1.0 microg/ml to 32.0 microg/ml. CipR strains belonged to a number of A/S classes and Lip subtypes. Different CipR strains contained alterations at both amino acid 91 and amino acid 95 of A and also contained an amino acid alteration in C. These alterations are known to be involved in gonococcal resistance to ciprofloxacin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of CipR strains of isolated in Bangkok increased substantially in the 1990s. Characterization of the CipR isolates revealed a number of different strain subtypes, indicating that CipR isolates in Bangkok are not from a single clonal source and therefore result from multiple cases of importation or local emergence. Because of the high level of CipR isolates at Bangrak Hospital, in 2000 the Thai Ministry of Public Health issued recommendations against the use of fluoroquinolones for the treatment of gonococcal infection in Thailand.
authors.affiliation: Venereal Disease Division, Ministry of Public Health, Bangkok, Thailand. dlt1@cdc.gov
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Trees
authors.forename: Pachara
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sirivongrangson
authors.forename: Abbigail J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Schultz
authors.forename: Anukul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Buatiang
authors.forename: Sandra W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Neal
authors.forename: Joan S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Knapp
authors.forename: Peter H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Kilmarx
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002999:Clone Cells; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D006069:Gonorrhea / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D009344:Neisseria gonorrhoeae / Q000187:drug effects*; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D002939:Ciprofloxacin