title: Breathing modes, body positions, and suprahyoid muscle activity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine (1) how electromyographic activities of the genioglossus and geniohyoid muscles can be differentiated, and (2) whether changes in breathing modes and body positions have effects on the genioglossus and geniohyoid muscle activities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten normal subjects participated in the study. Electromyographic activities of both the genioglossus and geniohyoid muscles were recorded during nasal and oral breathing, while the subject was in the upright and supine positions. The electromyographic activities of the genioglossus and geniohyoid muscles were compared during jaw opening, swallowing, mandibular advancement, and tongue protrusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The geniohyoid muscle showed greater electromyographic activity than the genioglossus muscle during maximal jaw opening. In addition, the geniohyoid muscle showed a shorter (P < 0.05) latency compared with the genioglossus muscle. Moreover, the genioglossus muscle activity showed a significant difference among different breathing modes and body positions, while there were no significant differences in the geniohyoid muscle activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Electromyographic activities from the genioglossus and geniohyoid muscles are successfully differentiated. In addition, it appears that changes in the breathing mode and body position significantly affect the genioglossus muscle activity, but do not affect the geniohyoid muscle activity.
authors.affiliation: Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ono
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ishiwata
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kuroda
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003679:Deglutition / Q000502:physiology; D004576:Electromyography; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000502:physiology; D009058:Mouth Breathing / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009068:Movement; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D009334:Neck Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture; D012119:Respiration; D012132:Respiratory Muscles / Q000502:physiology; D014059:Tongue / Q000502:physiology