title: Tension changes in the collateral ligaments of a cruciate ligament-deficient knee joint: an experimental biomechanical study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The biomechanical changes in the cruciate ligament-deficient knee are still widely unexplained. By producing a model of cruciate ligament insufficiency in the knee joint, we wanted to provide an experimental explanation for the great amount of secondary injuries to the knee joint after conservative treatment of an anterior cruciate ligament rupture.
  
  
  METHODS
  The forces exerted on the medial and lateral collateral ligament were measured in ten fresh human cadaver knees. While simulating muscle force and body weight, the ligamentous loading patterns were determined before and after the anterior cruciate ligament was transected. The specimens were moved in a special apparatus from 0 degrees extension to 100 degrees flexion. Strain gauges were used to measure the ligament forces. They were fixed at the bony origins and insertions of the examined ligaments. The method allowed all ligamentous and capsular structures to be kept intact, thereby creating nearly physiological conditions by simulating muscular strength and axial force.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the quasistatic measurements, the relative changes of the ligament forces were determined from one angle position to the next. The variability of these relative values were very small among the ten specimens. The method yielded reproducible ligament force data. The values obtained in the intact knee joints were markedly similar to those reported in the literature. Cutting the anterior cruciate ligament led to a general increase of the ligament forces on both collateral ligaments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show excess stress of the main ligamentous stabilisers after anterior cruciate ligament transection. This is an explanation for the secondary injuries often seen after conservative treatment of anterior cruciate ligament rupture as a result of impaired knee biomechanics.
authors.affiliation: Chirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik der LMU München, Standort Innenstadt, Nussbaumstrasse 20, 80336 Munich, Germany. stefan.hinterwimmer@ch-i.med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hinterwimmer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Baumgart
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Plitz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D017885:Collateral Ligaments / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017888:Medial Collateral Ligament, Knee / Q000503:physiopathology; D013314:Stress, Mechanical