title: The effect of initial graft tension in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction on the mechanical behaviors of the femur-graft-tibia complex during cyclic loading.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Initial graft tension influences clinical results of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Under repetitive loading conditions, the effect of initial graft tension on the biomechanical behavior of the femur-graft-tibia complex may depend on the graft and the fixation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ex vivo biomechanical laboratory study.
  
  
  METHODS
  After anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, initial graft tension of 20, 80, or 140 N was applied to the complex for 2 minutes. Then, a cyclic force-relaxation test was performed for 5000 cycles so that the graft was stretched by 2 mm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a patellar tendon graft with interference screws, the average peak load values at the 5000 th cycle were 105, 157, and 205 N for the complexes with initial tension of 20, 80, and 140 N, respectively. In a flexor tendon graft with interference screws, the values were 27, 41, and 39 N. In a flexor tendon graft with Endobutton fixation, the values were 17, 40, and 77 N.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considering the tension of the normal anterior cruciate ligament (16 to 87 N), an initial tension of 20 N appears to be high enough for a patellar tendon graft. For a flexor tendon graft with interference screws, an increase in initial tension above 80 N has no biomechanical advantages.
authors.affiliation: Department of Advanced Surgery, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hironori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Numazaki
authors.forename: Harukazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tohyama
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakano
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.forename: Kazunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yasuda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D011897:Random Allocation; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D013552:Swine; D013718:Tensile Strength