title: A framework for noise-power spectrum analysis of multidimensional images.
abstract: A methodological framework for experimental analysis of the noise-power spectrum (NPS) of multidimensional images is presented that employs well-known properties of the n-dimensional (nD) Fourier transform. The approach is generalized to n dimensions, reducing to familiar cases for n = 1 (e.g., time series) and n = 2 (e.g., projection radiography) and demonstrated experimentally for two cases in which n = 3 (viz., using an active matrix flat-panel imager for x-ray fluoroscopy and cone-beam CT to form three-dimensional (3D) images in spatiotemporal and volumetric domains, respectively). The relationship between fully nD NPS analysis and various techniques for analyzing a "central slice" of the NPS is formulated in a manner that is directly applicable to measured nD data, highlights the effects of correlation, and renders issues of NPS normalization transparent. The spatiotemporal NPS of fluoroscopic images is analyzed under varying conditions of temporal correlation (image lag) to investigate the degree to which the NPS is reduced by such correlation. For first-frame image lag of approximately 5-8%, the NPS is reduced by approximately 20% compared to the lag-free case. A simple model is presented that results in an approximate rule of thumb for computing the effect of image lag on NPS under conditions of spatiotemporal separability. The volumetric NPS of cone-beam CT images is analyzed under varying conditions of spatial correlation, controlled by adjustment of the reconstruction filter. The volumetric NPS is found to be highly asymmetric, exhibiting a ramp characteristic in transverse planes (typical of filtered back-rojection) and a band-limited characteristic in the longitudinal direction (resulting from low-pass characteristics of the imager). Such asymmetry could have implications regarding the detectability of structures visualized in transverse versus sagittal or coronal planes. In all cases, appreciation of the full dimensionality of the image data is essential to obtaining meaningful NPS results. The framework may be applied to NPS analysis of image data of arbitrary dimensionality provided the system satisfies conditions of NPS existence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan 48073, USA. jsiewerd@uhnres.utoronto.ca
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Siewerdsen
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Jaffray
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013269:Stochastic Processes; D036542:Tomography, Spiral Computed / Q000379:methods; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*