title: Angiostatin potentiates cyclophosphamide treatment of metastatic disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the interaction between cyclophosphamide (CPA) and angiostatin (AS) on the growth of primary Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) tumors and on the development of LLC pulmonary metastases. We studied the effects of AS and CPA on the stages of angiogenesis employing in vitro assays.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary tumor growth and pulmonary metastases were measured to evaluate the effects of treatment with AS alone, CPA alone or the combination of CPA and AS. We examined the effects of CPA plus AS on endothelial cell (HUVEC) survival, migration and tube formation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Combined treatment with CPA and AS did not significantly affect primary tumor growth when compared with CPA treatment alone. However, a significant decrease in the number of pulmonary metastases was observed following CPA plus AS treatment when compared with CPA treatment alone ( P<0.001). AS did not enhance CPA-mediated HUVEC cytotoxicity, and CPA failed to enhance AS-mediated inhibition of migration. However, tube formation was inhibited following combined treatment with CPA and AS when compared with either treatment alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AS enhanced the antimetastatic effects of CPA without significantly influencing the effects of CPA on primary tumor growth. CPA plus AS inhibited tube formation, suggesting that interrupting specific steps in the angiogenesis process might be an effective approach to the treatment of subclinical distant metastases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, Duchossois Center for Advanced Medicine, 5758 S. Maryland Avenue, MC 9006, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Helena J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Mauceri
authors.forename: Saraswathy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seetharam
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Beckett
authors.forename: L Philip
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Schumm
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koons
authors.forename: Vinay K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: James O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Abdullah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Manan
authors.forename: John Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Anthony G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Montag
authors.forename: Donald W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Kufe
authors.forename: Ralph R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Weichselbaum
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D043168:Angiostatins; D000818:Animals; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018827:Carcinoma, Lewis Lung / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000556:secondary; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000556:secondary; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009024:Morphogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010958:Plasminogen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000637:transplantation
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; D043168:Angiostatins; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D010958:Plasminogen; C011272:perfosfamide