title: Current use of pressurised liquid extraction and subcritical water extraction in environmental analysis.
abstract: This review updates our knowledge about pressurised liquid extraction (PLE) and subcritical water extraction (SWE), two sample preparation techniques which are increasingly used for the extraction of moderately and non-volatile organic pollutants from a variety of solid and semi-solid environmental matrices. Parameters influencing the extraction yield and selectivity are discussed. The results deriving from the analysis of several different classes of compounds in a variety of matrices are compared with a reference method, e.g., Soxhlet extraction. PLE and SWE are both promising techniques due to the short extraction times and low solvent consumption. In addition, SWE offers a wide range of polarities by changing the temperature and can easily provide class-selective extraction by temperature programming and/or the addition of modifier(s). This indicates that, even though many applications have already been reported, more can be expected.
authors.affiliation: Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain. l.ramos@iqog.csic.es
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Kristenson
authors.forename: U A Th
authors.initials: UA
authors.lastname: Brinkman
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D011312:Pressure; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D014867:Water