title: Combination of vascular targeting agents with thermal or radiation therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The most likely clinical application of vascular targeting agents (VTAs) is in combination with more conventional therapies. In this study, we report on preclinical studies in which VTAs were combined with hyperthermia and/or radiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A C3H mammary carcinoma grown in the right rear foot of female CDF1 mice was treated when at 200 mm3 in size. The VTAs were combretastatin A-4 disodium phosphate (CA4DP, 25 mg/kg), flavone acetic acid (FAA, 150 mg/kg), and 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA, 20 mg/kg), and were all injected i.p. Hyperthermia and radiation were locally administered to tumors of restrained, nonanesthetized mice, and response was assessed using either a tumor growth or tumor control assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Heating tumors at 41.5 degrees C gave rise to a linear relationship between the heating time and tumor growth with a slope of 0.02. This slope was increased to 0.06, 0.09, and 0.08, respectively, by injecting the VTAs either 30 min (CA4DP), 3 h (FAA), or 6 h (DMXAA) before heating. The radiation dose (+/-95% confidence interval) that controls 50% of treated tumors (the TCD(50) value) was estimated to be 53 Gy (51-55 Gy) for radiation alone. This was decreased to 48 Gy (46-51 Gy), 45 Gy (41-49 Gy), and 42 Gy (39-45 Gy), respectively, by injecting CA4DP, DMXAA, or FAA 30-60 min after irradiating. These values were further decreased to around 28-33 Gy if the tumors of VTA-treated mice were also heated to 41.5 degrees C for 1 h, starting 4 h after irradiation, and this effect was much larger than the enhancement seen with either 41.5 degrees C or even 43 degrees C alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our preclinical studies and those of others clearly demonstrate that VTAs can enhance tumor response to hyperthermia and/or radiation and support the concept that such combination studies should be undertaken clinically for the full potential of VTAs to be realized.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark. mike@onclology.dk
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Horsman
authors.forename: Rumi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Murata
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000628:therapy*; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D013267:Stilbenes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014965:X-Rays; D014966:Xanthenes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D044004:Xanthones
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D005419:Flavonoids; D013267:Stilbenes; D014966:Xanthenes; D044004:Xanthones; C066668:vadimezan; C049328:flavone acetic acid; C058728:fosbretabulin