title: Comparison of efficacy of intraarticular application of tenoxicam, bupivacaine and tenoxicam: bupivacaine combination in arthroscopic knee surgery.
abstract: Arthroscopic knee surgery is one of the most common surgeries done in outpatient settings; however, postoperative pain is believed to be the major barrier for discharge and early rehabilitation. In this study we evaluated and compared the efficacy of intraarticular application of long-lasting non-steroidal analgesic drug tenoxicam, a long-lasting local anaesthetic bupivacaine and combination of the two on postoperative pain after arthroscopic knee surgery. With the approval of the local ethics committee and signed informed consent of the patients, 75 American Society of Anesthesiologists I-II patients aged between 18 and 65 years going under elective arthroscopic meniscectomy were included in this randomized, blind, prospective study. The patients were divided into three groups: group-T (GT) patients ( n=25) had intraarticular 20 mg of tenoxicam in 20 ml normal saline; group-B (GB) patients ( n=25) had 50 mg bupivacaine in 20 ml normal saline (0.25%); group-BT (GBT) patients ( n=25) had intraarticular 20 mg of tenoxicam and 50 mg bupivacaine (0.25%) in 20 ml normal saline after completion of the surgery and before deflation of the tourniquet. Postoperative analgesia was maintained by intravenous tramadol hydrochloride 50 mg/s at the first 4 h and paracetamol 500 mg and codeine 7.5 mg preparation (Pacofen) as needed (maximum six per day) during the study period. The numeric rating scale (NRS) values were at rest and at active-passive motion at 4, 12, 24 and 48 h, total analgesic consumption, at 4 h for tramadol and at the end of 48 h for oral medication; and patient satisfaction at the end of 48 h was evaluated and recorded. The demographic features of the patients, and tourniquet times, were found to be similar between the groups. Group BT had significantly lower NRS values than GB at 12 h at rest. Group BT was found to have significantly lower NRS values at 4 h compared with GT, and significantly lower NRS values at 12 h compared with GB. Group BT was found to have significantly lower NRS values at 48 h compared with GB. Group T had significantly higher NRS values at 4 h compared with GB. Group B had significantly higher values at 12 h compared with GT and GBT. Group B used significantly more analgesics than GBT and GT throughout the study period. Group BT patients had significantly more satisfaction at the end of the study period when compared with GT and GB. Application of intraarticular tenoxicam-bupivacaine solution is a simple, safe and effective method of analgesia after arthroscopic meniscectomy with high patient satisfaction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pain Management, Medical Faculty of Istanbul University, Monoblok, Capa Klinikleri, 34390 Istanbul, Turkey. algotur@superonline.com
authors.forename: Gül K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Talu
authors.forename: Süleyman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ozyalçin
authors.forename: Kemallettin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Koltka
authors.forename: Engin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ertürk
authors.forename: Ozkan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Akinci
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aşik
authors.forename: Kamil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pembeci
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001182:Arthroscopy; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007270:Injections, Intra-Articular; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008592:Menisci, Tibial / Q000601:surgery*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010894:Piroxicam / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D014111:Tourniquets
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D010894:Piroxicam; D002045:Bupivacaine; C032801:tenoxicam