title: Pterygium in Indonesia: prevalence, severity and risk factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine prevalence rates, severity, and risk factors for pterygium in adults in provincial Indonesia and to validate a clinical grading scheme in a population based setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population based prevalence survey of 1210 adults aged 21 years and above was conducted in five rural villages and one provincial town in Riau province, Sumatra, Indonesia, an area near to the equator. A one stage household cluster sampling procedure was employed: 100 households were randomly selected from each village or town. Pterygia were graded for severity (T1 to T3, by visibility of episcleral vessels) and the basal and apical extent measured by an ophthalmologist (GG) with a hand held slit lamp. Refraction was measured by hand held autorefractor (Retinomax). Face to face household interviews assessed outdoor activity, occupation, and smoking. The participation rate was 96.7%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age was 36.6 years (SD 13.1), 612 were male. The age adjusted prevalence rate of any pterygium was 10.0% (95% confidence intervals (CI) 8.2 to 11.7) and of bilateral pterygia was 4.1% (95% CI 2.9 to 5.3). There was a significant dose-response relation with age (2.9% (95% CI 0.4 to 5.8) for 21-29 years versus 17.3% (95% CI 10.4 to 24.2) 50 years and above; p for trend <0.001) and occupations with more time outdoors (p for trend = 0.02). This was true for both sexes, all grades of lesion (T1 to T3), and bilateral disease. A multivariate logistic regression model showed pterygium was independently related to increasing age and outdoor activity 10 years earlier. The mean basal diameter = 3.3 mm (SD 1.51, range 0.1-9.5) and extent from limbus = 1.4 mm (SD 1.18, range 0.1-8.0). Higher grade pterygia were larger for basal and apical extent (p for trend <0.001). The presence of pterygium was associated with astigmatism (defined as cylinder at least -0.5 dioptres (D); p <0.001). This association increased with increasing grade of lesion (p for trend <0.001). Median cylinder for those with pterygium (-0.50 D) was greater than for those without (-0.25D), (p <0.001), and increased with higher grade of lesion (p for trend <0.001). For eyes with pterygia, magnitude of astigmatism was associated with greatest extent from the limbus, (p = 0.03), but not basal width (p = 0.99).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a high prevalence rate of pterygia in provincial Sumatra. The independent increase with age and past outdoor activity (a surrogate for sun exposure) is consistent with previous findings. Clinical grading of pterygium morphology by the opacity of the lesion was a useful additional marker of severity.
authors.affiliation: Singapore National Eye Centre, 11 Third Hospital Avenue, Singapore 139651. gusgazzard@hotmail.com
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gazzard
authors.forename: S-M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Saw
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farook
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Widjaja
authors.forename: S-E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Chia
authors.forename: C-Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: D T H
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Tan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D001251:Astigmatism / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015995:Prevalence; D011625:Pterygium / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012423:Rural Health; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays / Q000009:adverse effects; D014504:Urban Health; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology