title: Milk containing Mycobacterium bovis as a source of infection for white-tailed deer fawns (Odocoileus virginianus).
abstract: METHODS
  White-tailed deer represent the first wildlife reservoir of Mycobacterium bovis in the United States. The behavior of does with nursing fawns provides several potential mechanisms for disease transmission. Little information exists concerning transmission between doe and fawn, specifically transmammary transmission.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Determine if fawns can become infected by ingestion of milk replacer containing M. bovis, thus simulating transmission from doe to fawn through contaminated milk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen, 21-day-old white-tailed deer fawns were inoculated orally with 2 x 10(8) CFU (high dose, n=5), 2.5 x 10(5) to 2.5 x 10(6) CFU (medium dose, n=5), and 1 x 10(4) CFU (low dose, n=5) of M. bovis in milk replacer. Dosages were divided equally and fed daily over a 5-day period. Positive control fawns (n=2) received 1 x 10(5) CFU of M. bovis instilled in the tonsillar crypts. Fawns were euthanized and examined 35-115 days after inoculation and various tissues collected for bacteriologic and microscopic analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All fawns in the tonsillar, high oral and medium oral dose groups developed generalized tuberculosis involving numerous organs and tissues by 35-84 days after inoculation. Three of five fawns in the low-dose oral group had tuberculous lesions in the mandibular lymph node, and one of five had lesions in the medial retropharyngeal lymph node when examined 115 days after inoculation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  White-tailed deer fawns can become infected through oral exposure to M. bovis. Therefore, the potential exists for fawns to acquire M. bovis while nursing tuberculous does.
authors.affiliation: Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Ames, IA 50010, USA. mpalmer@nadc.ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Waters
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Whipple
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D003670:Deer / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D008892:Milk / Q000382:microbiology*; D009163:Mycobacterium bovis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary*; D014385:Tuberculosis, Gastrointestinal / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary; D014388:Tuberculosis, Lymph Node / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary