Expressed emotion in relatives of first-episode and chronic patients with schizophrenia and major depressive disorder-a comparison.
Relatives of first-episode and chronic schizophrenic and depressed patients were examined with respect to their expressed emotion (EE) status. The two aims of the study were to (1) investigate whether relatives of first-episode patients differed from family members of chronic patients, and (2) whether EE indices of relatives of schizophrenic patients were comparable to those of depressed subjects. Twenty patients of each diagnostic group (DSM-III-R and DSM-IV) were included, i.e. a total of 80 patients. The EE status of key relatives was assessed with the Five-Minute Speech Sample on the basis of critical comments and emotional overinvolvement. Additionally, the new criterion 'covert criticism' was applied to detect indirect expressions of critique. Relatives of first-episode and chronic patients of both diagnostic groups did not differ significantly regarding their EE status; in first-episode patients, 52.5% of relatives were classified high EE; in chronic patients, 45%. Moreover, EE indices of relatives of schizophrenic and depressed patients were comparable. Analysis revealed 52.5 and 45% high-EE relatives in the depression and the schizophrenia subsamples, respectively. Thus, the overall incidence of high-EE relatives was comparable to numbers reported in the literature. In our study EE status of relatives was not disease-specific, and it was independent of chronicity of illness.
Bachmann
Silke
S
Department of Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. silke_bachmann@med.uni-heidelberg.de
Bottmer
Christina
C
Jacob
Sarah
S
Kronmüller
Klaus Thomas
KT
Backenstrass
Matthias
M
Mundt
Christoph
C
Renneberg
Babette
B
Fiedler
Peter
P
Schröder
Johannes
J
D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D019260:Expressed Emotion; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010552:Personality Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D014705:Verbal Behavior