title: Broad-spectrum virus reduction in red cell concentrates using INACTINE PEN110 chemistry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The risk of transmission of blood-borne pathogens by transfusion is a persistent problem in medicine. To address this safety issue, INACTINE PEN110 chemistry is being utilized to develop a process for preparing pathogen-reduced red blood cell concentrates (RBCC). The purpose of this study was to characterize the virucidal effectiveness of the INACTINE PEN110 chemistry in full units of RBCC by using a panel of viruses with diverse properties in composition, size and shape.
  
  
  METHODS
  The panel included four enveloped (bovine viral diarrhoea virus, pseudorabies virus, vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus and sindbis virus), six non-enveloped (porcine parvovirus, human adenovirus 2, reovirus 3, vesicular exanthema of swine virus, bluetongue virus, and foot and mouth disease virus) and cell-associated (human immunodeficiency) viruses. All viruses were individually spiked into CPD/AS-1, CP2D/AS-3 and CPD/AS-5 RBCC units and treated with 0.1% PEN110 (vol/vol) at 22 +/- 2 degrees C for up to 22 +/- 2 h. The PEN110 treatment reaction was stopped by chemical quenching, and residual virus was assayed. The cytotoxicity effect of PEN110-treated RBCC on indicator cells and the potential interference with the ability of the virus to infect indicator cells was determined and taken into consideration for calculating the virus-reduction factors, to avoid underestimation or overestimation of the virus reduction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The kinetics of inactivation for viruses spiked into CPD/AS-1, CP2D/AS-3 and CPD/AS-5 RBCC were equivalent. All viruses analysed in this study were reduced to the limit of detection of the assay. The reduction factors for the virus panel ranged from 4.2 to 7.5 log10/ml.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results from the study demonstrate for the first time that a pathogen-reduction technology for RBCC can achieve a broad-spectrum virucidal effect against both enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. The broad spectrum of virucidal activity of INACTINE PEN110, and equivalent kinetics of virus inactivation in RBCC prepared using different commercially available RBC storage solutions, demonstrate the robustness of this pathogen-reduction process.
authors.affiliation: V. I. Technologies, Inc., 134 Coolidge Avenue, Watertown, MA 02472, USA. aris.lazo@vitechnologies.com
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lazo
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tassello
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jayarama
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ohagen
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gibaja
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marmorato
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Billia-Shaveet
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Purmal
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chapman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D017707:Erythrocyte Transfusion / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D011073:Polyamines / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D013242:Sterilization / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D013552:Swine; D014780:Viruses / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; C451719:PEN 110; D011073:Polyamines