title: Influence of the subpubic arch angle on anal sphincter trauma and anal incontinence following childbirth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the relationship between the subpubic arch angle, anal sphincter and perineal trauma, and anal incontinence after childbirth in nulliparous women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred thirty-four low risk nulliparous women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Measurements of the bony pelvic outlet were made to calculate the subpubic arch angle. Endosonographic assessment of the perineum and anal sphincter was made before and after delivery. A specific bowel function questionnaire was completed before and after delivery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Perineal and anal sphincter trauma, and deteriorating anal continence after delivery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-two women with a subpubic arch angle of less than 90 degrees had significantly prolonged first and second stages of labour when compared with 102 women whose subpubic arch was wider. Following delivery, anal continence deteriorated in more women with a narrow subpubic angle (69% vs 21%, P < 0.001) but this was unrelated to the incidence of anal sphincter and perineal trauma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A narrow subpubic arch is strongly associated with prolonged labour and postpartum anal incontinence in nulliparous women. However, perineal and anal sphincter trauma, assessed by ultrasound, does not account for the higher rate of postpartum analincontinence in women with a narrow subpubic arch angle.
authors.affiliation: Intestinal Imaging Centre, Northwick Park and St Mark's Hospitals, Harrow, Middlesex, UK.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Frudinger
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Halligan
authors.forename: John A D
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: Clive I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Bartram
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kamm
authors.forename: Raimund
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Winter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000293:injuries*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007744:Obstetric Labor Complications / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011630:Pubic Bone / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D011644:Puerperal Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors