title: Non-work factors associated with musculoskeletal upper extremity disorders in women: Beyond the work environment.
abstract: It is women who are predominantly affected by musculoskeletal disorders of the upper extremities (MSD/UE), especially those disorders attributed to repetitive strain or cumulative trauma. This study focuses on a female sample of supermarket employees and the effects of stress acquired from their non-work environments on the reporting of musculoskeletal symptoms. Stress and life events were shown to be positively associated with the presence of UE disorders and measures of intensity, duration, and frequency of pain. A multifactorial model for explaining the development of MSD/UE in female workers is proferred, while the significance of understanding the inter-relational nature of women's lives is underscored. Additionally, the study lends credence to the physiological underpinning of stress.
authors.affiliation: Occupational Therapy Department, University of New England, 11 Hills Beach Road, Biddeford, ME 04005-9599, USA. Tel.: +1 207 283 0170 x: 2288; Fax: +1 207 282 6379; E-mail: Kvroman@mailbox.une.edu
authors.forename: Kerryellen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vroman
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: MacRae