title: The Utian Quality of Life (UQOL) Scale: development and validation of an instrument to quantify quality of life through and beyond menopause.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Quality of life (QOL) is an outcome variable requiring measurement in clinical care or pivotal regulatory trial research. Current menopause QOL measures are mostly life phase or disease symptom inventories or scores. Believing that QOL should refer more to "sense of well-being," we have developed the Utian QOL scale (UQOL) that is strongly based on perception of sense of well-being as distinct from menopausal symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  A pool of items sampling various aspects of well-being was developed. Peri- and postmenopausal women (n = 327) responded to the items, and their responses were subjected to a factor analysis. Four factors emerged, each representing a QOL domain. The resulting 23-item instrument was validated in a geographically and socioeconomically diverse sample of peri- and postmenopausal women using the Short Form-36, an established, frequently used QOL inventory. QOL domains were subjected to confirmatory factor analyses, formal item analysis was completed, and the measure was assessed for reliability and validity, including a second sample of women (n = 270).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women (n = 597; mean age, 52.9 years) from 12 communities across the United States completed the measure. The UQOL seems to reflect four components of QOL: occupational QOL, health QOL, emotional QOL, and sexual QOL. The questionnaire and scoring system are presented.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We are reporting on the process of validating an instrument for quantifying sense of well-being in a perimenopausal population. Substantial reliability and validity estimates for the scale and its subscales support the UQOL as a valuable new tool for use in clinical research and practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Reproductive Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA. Utian@menopause.org
authors.forename: Wulf H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Utian
authors.forename: Jeffrey W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Janata
authors.forename: Sheryl A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Kingsberg
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schluchter
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hamilton
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002979:Climacteric / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000523:psychology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results