title: Blood letting in high-ferritin type 2 diabetes: effects on vascular reactivity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In a recent study, iron chelation with deferoxamine led to improvement of endothelial dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. We tested the hypothesis that decreasing circulating iron stores might improve vascular dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes and increased serum ferritin concentration.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 28 type 2 diabetic male patients with serum ferritin levels >200 ng/ml ( approximately 18% of consecutive type 2 diabetic men attending our outpatient clinic) were randomized to iron depletion (three extractions of 500 ml blood at 2-week intervals; group 1A) or to observation (group 1B). C282Y mutation was absent in all patients. Vascular reactivity (high-resolution external ultrasound) was evaluated at baseline and at 4 and 12 months thereafter. The two groups of patients were matched for age, BMI, pharmacological treatment, and chronic diabetic complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Endothelium-dependent vasodilation remained essentially unchanged in both groups of patients. In contrast, the vasodilation induced by glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) improved significantly after iron depletion (P = 0.006). These changes occurred in parallel to decreases in transferrin saturation index and HbA(1c) levels (-0.6%, P < 0.05) only in group 1A patients. The best predictor of the modifications in endothelium-independent vasodilation was the change in HbA(1c) levels. Changes in endothelium-independent vasodilation also correlated with the change in serum ferritin (r = -0.45, P = 0.04). At 12 months, transferrin saturation index and GTN-induced vasodilation returned to values similar to those at baseline in both groups of subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Iron depletion improves vascular dysfunction in type 2 diabetic patients with high ferritin concentrations. The mechanisms by which these changes occur should be further investigated.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Hospital of Girona Dr Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain. endocrino@htrueta.scs.es
authors.forename: José Manuel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Fernández-Real
authors.forename: Georgina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Peñarroja
authors.forename: Antoni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: García-Bragado
authors.forename: Abel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: López-Bermejo
authors.forename: Wifredo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ricart
mesh_terms: D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001800:Blood Specimen Collection; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000097:blood; D000090463:Iron Deficiencies; D008875:Middle Aged; D005996:Nitroglycerin / Q000494:pharmacology; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D005293:Ferritins; D007501:Iron; D005996:Nitroglycerin