title: Insulin sensitivity and lipolysis in adolescent girls with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes: effect of anticholinergic treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Increased GH secretion could be one factor behind the impaired glycaemic control often seen in adolescent girls with type 1 diabetes. Because GH induces insulin resistance, treatment with anticholinergic agents, such as pirenzepine (PZP), has been used to reduce GH secretion. However, in a previous study of adolescent girls with type 1 diabetes, we observed an improvement in glycaemic control during 12 weeks of PZP therapy despite unchanged excretion of GH in urine. Considering the complex mechanisms behind urinary GH excretion, the effects of PZP on pituitary GH secretion or secretory pattern cannot be excluded. Thus, to assess the effect of anticholinergic treatment on metabolic control in adolescent girls with diabetes, we have investigated GH secretion, insulin sensitivity and lipolysis before and during treatment with PZP.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven adolescent girls with type 1 diabetes and poor metabolic control were investigated before and after treatment with PZP, 100 mg orally, twice a day for 3 weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum samples for analysis of haemoglobin A1c and IGF-I were obtained in addition to serum profiles of GH, insulin and IGFBP-1 before and after 3 weeks of PZP treatment. Effects on insulin sensitivity and lipolysis were also assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  IGFBP-1 was measured every hour, whereas serum GH and insulin were measured every 20 min for 24 h. Insulin sensitivity was analysed with the hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp technique. The rate of lipolysis was assessed under basal conditions following a constant rate infusion of [1,1,2,3,3-2H5]-glycerol. In five girls, lipolysis was also estimated during the hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant reduction in haemoglobin A1c levels (9.9 +/- 0.2%vs. 9.1 +/- 0.2; P < 0.0001) during 3 weeks of PZP treatment. In additional, the glucose requirement during the euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp increased by more than 30% (72.5 +/- 4.9 vs. 96.8 +/- 8.5 mg/m2/min; P = 0.003). However, we could not demonstrate any significant changes in GH secretion (area under the curve, basal levels or peak amplitude) or in the GH secretory pattern (peak height, peak length or interpeak interval). Concordantly, the IGF-I levels were statistically unchanged, as were IGFBP-1 concentrations. The rate of lipolysis did not change under basal conditions (3.40 +/- 0.53 vs. 3.04 +/- 0.54 micro mol/kg/min, n = 11, P = 0.54) or during the hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp (1.58 +/- 0.21 vs. 2.08 +/- 0.26 micro mol/kg/min; n = 5, P = 0.32).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our observations of an increased glucose requirement during the clamp as well as a decrease in haemoglobin A1c demonstrate improved insulin sensitivity in the adolescent girls with diabetes following pirenzepine therapy. The mechanism behind the improvement is not clear, as neither secretion nor the secretory pattern of GH changed significantly. The persistently high levels of GH might explain the unaltered rate of lipolysis despite the improved insulin sensitivity. The observed improvement in glycaemic control in adolescent girls with type 1 diabetes following pirenzepine therapy is promising, although more studies on this topic are needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Sweden. maria.halldin@kbh.uu.se
authors.forename: M U
authors.initials: MU
authors.lastname: Halldin
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brismar
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tuvemo
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gustafsson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D005990:Glycerol / Q000378:metabolism; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D018970:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1 / Q000097:blood; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000032:analysis; D016014:Linear Models; D008066:Lipolysis; D010890:Pirenzepine / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D005990:Glycerol; D013006:Growth Hormone; D007328:Insulin; D018970:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D010890:Pirenzepine