title: Micronucleus frequency and proliferation in human lymphocytes after exposure to herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in vitro and in vivo.
abstract: Widespread use of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and its association with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and other cancers has raised public concern. Here, micronucleus (MN) formation has been used as a biomarker of genotoxicity, and replicative and mitotic indices (MIs) as biomarkers of cell cycle kinetics in human lymphocytes. Cells were cultured either as whole blood or isolated lymphocytes and treated with pure or commercial forms of 2,4-D at doses between 0.001 and 1 mM for 48 h. Exposure to 2,4-D produced a minimal increase in MN in whole blood and even smaller one in isolated lymphocyte cultures. This induction took place only at levels approaching cytotoxicity and was accompanied by a significant inhibition of replicative index (RI). At a low (0.005 mM) dose of commercial 2,4-D, a small, marginally significant increase in RI (12-15%) was found in two independent sets of experiments (P=0.052). Additionally, we found that lymphocyte RI was more affected by commercial 2,4-D containing 9.4% of the chemically pure 2,4-D, than with an equal concentration of the latter suggesting that other ingredients present in the commercial pesticide may be responsible or may enhance the effect of 2,4-D. Mitotic index, however, did not show any significant change with either commercial or pure 2,4-D. The lymphocytes of 12 male applicators exposed solely to 2,4-D during a 3-month period had a significantly higher RI than the same group prior to exposure and than a control group (P<0.01), in accordance with the in vitro finding of increased RI at low doses.
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA. ninah@uclink4.berkeley.edu
authors.forename: Nina T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.forename: Paurene
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Duramad
authors.forename: Nathaniel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rothman
authors.forename: Larry W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Figgs
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blair
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hubbard
authors.forename: Martyn T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000633:toxicity*; D000328:Adult; D001769:Blood / Q000187:drug effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D008940:Mitotic Index; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D016273:Occupational Exposure
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid