title: Insulin resistance and associated compensatory responses in african-american and Hispanic children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to compare insulin resistance relative to body fat and the associated compensatory responses in 57 healthy children living in Los Angeles, California (14 Caucasians, 15 African-Americans, and 28 Hispanics).
  
  
  METHODS
  Insulin sensitivity and acute insulin response were determined by intravenous glucose tolerance test. Insulin secretion, hepatic insulin extraction, and insulin clearance were estimated by C-peptide and insulin modeling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Insulin sensitivity was significantly lower in Hispanics and African-Americans compared with Caucasian children, and acute insulin response was significantly higher in African-American children. No ethnic differences were noted in the first-phase secretion, but second-phase insulin secretion was significantly higher in Hispanic children than in African-American children (200 +/- 53 vs. 289 +/- 41 nmol/min; P = 0.03). The greater acute insulin response in African-Americans, despite lower secretion, was explained by a lower hepatic insulin extraction in African-Americans compared with Hispanics (36.6 +/- 2.9 vs. 47.3 +/- 2.2%; P = 0.0006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, Hispanic and African-American children are more insulin resistant than Caucasian children, but the associated compensatory responses are different across ethnic groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90033, USA. goran@usc.edu
authors.forename: Michael I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Goran
authors.forename: Richard N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Bergman
authors.forename: Martha L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Watanabe
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D001741:Black or African American; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002096:C-Peptide; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D007328:Insulin