title: Effects of pneumoperitoneum on hemodynamic and systemic immunologic responses to peritonitis in pigs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Experimental evidence supporting the safety of laparoscopic intervention during sepsis is limited. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of pneumoperitoneum on immunologic and hemodynamic responses to peritoneal sepsis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A porcine model of peritonitis was created using an intraperitoneal autologous fecal inoculum. Pigs were then subjected to one of four procedures 24 h postinoculation (n = 6 per group): laparotomy, CO(2) laparoscopy, helium laparoscopy, and anesthesia only (1.5% isoflurane in 100% O(2), mechanical ventilation). Venous blood samples were obtained prior to inoculation, and at 24 (prior to procedure), 30, 48, 72, and 96 h postinoculation to determine white blood count (WBC) with differential, C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor, and bacteremia. Heart rate, end-tidal CO(2) (ETCO(2)), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), and arterial blood gas variables were also measured at baseline and every 30 min throughout the procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Postoperative blood cultures confirmed systemic bacteremia in all groups at all time periods postinoculation. Following inoculation, WBC, band cell count, and CRP remained elevated above baseline in all groups throughout the study (P < 0.01). However, no significant differences in these parameters were observed among groups. In the CO(2) laparoscopy group, MAP, ETCO(2), and arterial pCO(2) were increased above baseline, while pH was decreased throughout the procedure (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this animal model of peritonitis, CO(2) pneumoperitoneum induced hypercapnia, acidemia, and systemic hypertension intraoperatively, without a discernable effect on systemic immune function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Clary
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Bruch
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Chekan
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Garcia-Oria
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eubanks
mesh_terms: D000138:Acidosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D000818:Animals; D001772:Blood Cell Count; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006935:Hypercapnia / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011027:Pneumoperitoneum / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018805:Sepsis / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000150:complications; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000150:complications; D016985:Streptococcus bovis; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002097:C-Reactive Protein