Target sites for herbicides: entering the 21st century.
At present the use-rate of modern herbicides is in the range of 100-300 g AI ha-1, with a tendency to decline. The low use-rate (ca 10 g AI ha-1) of the original sulfonylurea and cyclic imide herbicides prompted agrochemical scientists to look for even more active compounds which led to the successive discoveries of many new herbicidal acetolactate synthase inhibitors and no less than 18 cyclic imides in the class of protoporphyrinogen-IX oxidase inhibitors in the 1990s. In this paper, mechanisms of action related to function and biosynthesis of chlorophylls, carotenoids, plastoquinone, amino acids, fatty acids and photosynthetic electron transport and other metabolic processes are discussed as plant-specific herbicidal target domains.
Wakabayashi
Ko
K
Tamagawa University, Machida-shi, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan. kwaka@agr.tamagawa.ac.jp
Böger
Peter
P
D000095:Acetolactate Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000641:Ammonia / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002482:Cellulose / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004579:Electron Transport / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006540:Herbicides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045342:Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes; D008055:Lipids / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D045322:Photosynthetic Reaction Center Complex Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D010860:Pigments, Biological / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010971:Plastoquinone / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D013045:Species Specificity
D000596:Amino Acids; D006540:Herbicides; D045342:Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes; D008055:Lipids; D045322:Photosynthetic Reaction Center Complex Proteins; D010860:Pigments, Biological; D002734:Chlorophyll; D002338:Carotenoids; D000641:Ammonia; D002482:Cellulose; D000095:Acetolactate Synthase; D010971:Plastoquinone