title: Intranasal corticosteroids versus topical H1 receptor antagonists for the treatment of allergic rhinitis: a systematic review with meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We performed a systematic review of randomized, controlled trials to determine whether intranasal corticosteroids offered an advantage over topical antihistamines in the treatment of allergic rhinitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched for studies using MEDLINE, Embase, Cinahi, and Cochrane databases, pharmaceutical companies, and references of included trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  Criteria for considering trials included: 1) published randomized controlled trials; 2) single- or double-blind studies; and 3) presence of one of the following clinical outcomes: nasal symptoms, eye symptoms, global symptoms evaluation of quality of life and side effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine studies including 648 subjects (mean age 30.4 years, range 13 to 73) with allergic rhinitis were selected. Intranasal corticosteroids produced significantly greater reduction of total nasal symptoms (standardized mean difference -0.36, 95% confidence interval -0.57 to -0.14), sneezing (-0.41, -0.57 to -0.24), rhinorrhea (-0.47, -0.64 to -0.29), itching (-0.38, -0.56 to -0.19), and nasal blockage (-0.86, -1.07 to -0.64) than did topical antihistamines. There was no significant difference between treatments for ocular symptoms (-0.07, -0.27 to 0.12). The effects on sneezing, rhinorrhea, itching, and ocular symptoms were significantly heterogeneous between studies. Other outcomes (total nasal symptom score and nasal blockage) were homogeneous between studies. Subgroup and sensitivity analysis suggested that most of the heterogeneity of outcomes could be explained on the basis of the methodologic quality of studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intranasal corticosteroids produced greater relief of nasal symptoms than did topical antihistamines (topical H1 receptor antagonists). However, there was no difference in the relief of the ocular symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Alergia e Inmunología Clínica, Hospital Aeronáutico Central, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Anahí
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yáñez
authors.forename: Gustavo J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Rodrigo
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000287:Administration, Topical; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000730:Androstadienes / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018926:Anti-Allergic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001507:Beclomethasone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019819:Budesonide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005446:Fluocinolone Acetonide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D000068298:Fluticasone; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010793:Phthalazines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010880:Piperidines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D006255:Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000730:Androstadienes; D018926:Anti-Allergic Agents; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists; D010793:Phthalazines; D010880:Piperidines; D005446:Fluocinolone Acetonide; D019819:Budesonide; C007734:flunisolide; D000068298:Fluticasone; C047340:levocabastine; D001507:Beclomethasone; C020976:azelastine