title: Antenatal anxiety predicts child behavioral/emotional problems independently of postnatal depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the hypothesis that the effects of postnatal depression on children's behavioral/emotional problems are explained by antenatal maternal mood.
  
  
  METHODS
  The current study investigated this hypothesis in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, a prospective, community-based study that has followed a cohort of women since pregnancy (n = 7,144) who delivered their baby between April 1, 1991, and December 31, 1992. Self-report measures of maternal anxiety and depression were assessed at repeated intervals in pregnancy and the postnatal period. Children's behavioral/emotional problems were assessed by parent report at age 4 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After controlling for smoking, alcohol use, birth weight for gestational age, maternal age, child sex, and socioeconomic status, postnatal depression at 8 weeks (OR = 2.27 [1.55-3.31]) and 8 months (OR = 1.68 [1.12-2.54]) was associated with children's behavioral/emotional problems. Subsequent analyses that included antenatal maternal mood indicated that antenatal anxiety in late pregnancy and not antenatal depression was also independently associated with behavioral/emotional problems at age 4 (OR = 1.72 [1.14-2.59]); 8 week postnatal depression remained a significant predictor after antenatal maternal mood was statistically controlled for (OR = 1.56 [1.04-2.32]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antenatal anxiety and postnatal depression represent separate risks for behavioral/emotional problems in children and act in an additive manner.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and SGDP Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London, England. spjwtoc@iop.kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Thomas G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heron
authors.forename: Vivette
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Glover
mesh_terms: D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology*; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010552:Personality Assessment; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors