title: Sulphonamide resistant commensal Neisseria with alterations in the dihydropteroate synthase can be isolated from carriers not exposed to sulphonamides.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Development of sulphonamide resistance in Neisseria meningitidis has been suggested to involve horizontal DNA-transfer from a commensal Neisseria species. In this study, we isolated commensal Neisseria from throat specimens and examined the isolates with respect to sulphonamide resistance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three resistant clones were identified and the resistance phenotype could be explained by amino acid variations in their dihydropteroate synthase, the target molecule for sulphonamides. Some of these variations occurred in positions corresponding to previously detected variations in resistant N. meningitidis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sulphonamide resistant commensal Neisseria were isolated from an environment not exposed to sulphonamides, suggesting that resistant Neisseria has become a natural part of the commensal throat flora.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, PO Box 582, S-751 23 Uppsala , Sweden. yvonne.qvarnstrom@imbim.uu.se
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qvarnström
authors.forename: Göte
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Swedberg
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D004094:Dihydropteroate Synthase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009343:Neisseria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D010641:Phenotype; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D013449:Sulfonamides; D004094:Dihydropteroate Synthase