title: ABC transporters and azole susceptibility in laboratory strains of the wheat pathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola.
abstract: Laboratory strains of Mycosphaerella graminicola with decreased susceptibilities to the azole antifungal agent cyproconazole showed a multidrug resistance phenotype by exhibiting cross-resistance to an unrelated chemical, cycloheximide or rhodamine 6G, or both. Decreased azole susceptibility was found to be associated with either decreased or increased levels of accumulation of cyproconazole. No specific relationship could be observed between azole susceptibility and the expression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter genes MgAtr1 to MgAtr5 and the sterol P450 14alpha-demethylase gene, CYP51. ABC transporter MgAtr1 was identified as a determinant in azole susceptibility since heterologous expression of the protein reduced the azole susceptibility of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and disruption of MgAtr1 in one specific M. graminicola laboratory strain with constitutive MgAtr1 overexpression restored the level of susceptibility to cyproconazole to wild-type levels. However, the level of accumulation in the mutant with an MgAtr1 disruption did not revert to the wild-type level. We propose that variations in azole susceptibility in laboratory strains of M. graminicola are mediated by multiple mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Lute-Harm
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Zwiers
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Stergiopoulos
authors.forename: Johannes G M
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Van Nistelrooy
authors.forename: Maarten A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: De Waard
mesh_terms: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001203:Ascomycota / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D003513:Cycloheximide / Q000494:pharmacology; D026141:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Fungal / Q000235:genetics*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D012235:Rhodamines / Q000494:pharmacology; D014230:Triazoles / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D012235:Rhodamines; D014230:Triazoles; C026188:rhodamine 6G; C093628:cyproconazole; D003513:Cycloheximide