title: Enlargement of calcium oxalate stones to clinically significant size in an in-vitro stone generator.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop and validate an in vitro method suitable for the quantitative investigation of the growth of calcium oxalate stones through to a clinically significant size.
  
  
  METHODS
  Small fragments of calcium oxalate calculi were suspended in a mixed suspension/mixed product removal crystalliser supplied with artificial urine supersaturated with calcium oxalate. The fragments were weighed at regular intervals until they reached approximately equal 500 mg. The results were plotted as weight against time and fitted to equations corresponding to constant increase in diameter, surface area-controlled and constant-deposition growth patterns. The choice of the most appropriate model was based on the squared regression coefficient (r2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight fragments (2-6 mm in diameter) were grown to approximately 10 mm in diameter over periods from 137 to 369 h. Seven of the growth curves were best-fitted (r2 > or = 0.988) by the equation w = kt(3/2) + c, where w is the weight, k is a growth constant, t is the time and c is a constant approximating to the initial weight. This corresponds to a surface area-dependent mechanism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The growth of these small fragments to a clinically significant size accelerated throughout the experimental period in a way which was consistent with a surface area-dependent mechanism. We have developed a resilient model suitable for studying the kinetics of calcium oxalate stone growth in vitro.
authors.affiliation: Lithotriptor Unit, South Manchester University Hospital Trust, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ananth
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Kavanagh
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Walton
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Rao
mesh_terms: D002129:Calcium Oxalate / Q000737:chemistry*; D003460:Crystallization; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000473:pathology; D017348:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning Transmission; D014894:Weights and Measures
chemical_list: D002129:Calcium Oxalate