title: Effects of off-pump coronary surgery on the mechanics of the respiratory system, lung, and chest wall: Comparison with extracorporeal circulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the effects of cardiac surgery with and without extracorporeal circulation on the mechanics of the respiratory system, lung, and chest wall. We also determined the time course of those effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, controlled study.
  
  
  METHODS
  An eight-bed, cardiac-surgical intensive care unit at a university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two groups of patients scheduled for elective coronary bypass surgery were studied: ten patients with extracorporeal circulation and 13 patients without extracorporeal circulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Measurement of esophageal pressure after insertion of an esophageal balloon catheter to separate respiratory system mechanics into lung and chest wall components. Measurements were performed preoperatively after induction of anesthesia (control), immediately postoperatively at arrival in the intensive care unit (time 1), and after 3 hrs (time 2). In 12 of the 23 patients, measurements were also performed 6 hrs postoperatively (time 3).
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences concerning demographics or surgical procedure were noticed between the two groups. Respiratory system, chest wall, and lung mechanics were obtained using the technique of rapid airway occlusion during constant-flow inflation. In both the group with and without extracorporeal circulation there was a significant increase in static and dynamic elastance of the respiratory system and lung at times 1 and 2, which tended to decrease again at time 3; chest wall elastance significantly increased at times 2 and 3 in the group without extracorporeal circulation, whereas the increase in chest wall elastance in the group with extracorporeal circulation occurred earlier (also at time 1). Additional resistance of the respiratory system and lung remained unchanged; chest wall resistance, however, significantly increased in both groups. Work of breathing significantly increased in both groups at times 1 and 2. There was a significant reduction in the Pao2/Fio2 ratio in both groups at times 2 and 3. No significant differences between the groups at any moment were noticed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Coronary bypass surgery with and without extracorporeal circulation results in dramatic impairment of respiratory system mechanics. Based on respiratory system mechanics, early extubation after coronary artery bypass grafting should be performed with caution, no matter whether the off-pump or cardiopulmonary bypass technique is used.
authors.affiliation: Department of Intensive Care, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium.
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Roosens
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heerman
authors.forename: Filip
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: De Somer
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Caes
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Van Belleghem
authors.forename: Jan I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Poelaert
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000403:Airway Resistance; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D005112:Extracorporeal Circulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008170:Lung Compliance; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014939:Work of Breathing