title: Mycobacterium avium infection and modulation of human macrophage gene expression.
abstract: Mycobacterium avium is a facultative intracellular pathogen cleared rapidly via intact host defense mechanisms. In the absence of adequate T cell function, as occurs in HIV-1-induced immunodeficiency, M. avium becomes an opportunistic infection with uncontrolled replication and reinfection of macrophage hosts. How M. avium infects, survives, and replicates in macrophages without signaling an effective microbicidal counterattack is unresolved. To address whether M. avium signals the expression of molecules, which influence mycobacterial survival or clearance, human monocyte-derived macrophage cultures were exposed to M. avium. Within minutes, M. avium, or its cell wall lipoarabinomannan, binds to the adherent macrophages and induces a spectrum of gene expression. In this innate response, the most abundant genes detected within 2 h by cDNA expression array involved proinflammatory chemokines, cytokines including TNF-alpha and IL-1, and adhesion molecules. Associated with this rapid initial up-regulation of recruitment and amplification molecules was enhanced expression of transcription factors and signaling molecules. By 24 h, this proinflammatory response subsided, and after 4 days, when some bacteria were being degraded, others escaped destruction to replicate within intracellular vacuoles. Under these conditions, inducible NO synthase was not up-regulated and increased transferrin receptors may facilitate iron-dependent mycobacterial growth. Sustained adhesion molecule and chemokine expression along with the formation of multinucleated giant cells appeared consistent with in vivo events. Thus, in the absence of T lymphocyte mediators, macrophages are insufficiently microbicidal and provide a nonhostile environment in which mycobacteria not only survive and replicate, but continue to promote recruitment of new macrophages to perpetuate the infection.
authors.affiliation: Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Greenwell-Wild
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vázquez
authors.forename: Davis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sim
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schito
authors.forename: Delphi
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chatterjee
authors.forename: Jan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Orenstein
authors.forename: Sharon M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Wahl
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000235:genetics; D018925:Chemokines / Q000235:genetics; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007700:Kinetics; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000235:genetics; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D015270:Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha