title: Target sites for herbicides: entering the 21st century.
abstract: At present the use-rate of modern herbicides is in the range of 100-300 g AI ha-1, with a tendency to decline. The low use-rate (ca 10 g AI ha-1) of the original sulfonylurea and cyclic imide herbicides prompted agrochemical scientists to look for even more active compounds which led to the successive discoveries of many new herbicidal acetolactate synthase inhibitors and no less than 18 cyclic imides in the class of protoporphyrinogen-IX oxidase inhibitors in the 1990s. In this paper, mechanisms of action related to function and biosynthesis of chlorophylls, carotenoids, plastoquinone, amino acids, fatty acids and photosynthetic electron transport and other metabolic processes are discussed as plant-specific herbicidal target domains.
authors.affiliation: Tamagawa University, Machida-shi, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan. kwaka@agr.tamagawa.ac.jp
authors.forename: Ko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wakabayashi
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Böger
mesh_terms: D000095:Acetolactate Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000641:Ammonia / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002482:Cellulose / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004579:Electron Transport / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006540:Herbicides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045342:Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes; D008055:Lipids / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D045322:Photosynthetic Reaction Center Complex Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D010860:Pigments, Biological / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010971:Plastoquinone / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D006540:Herbicides; D045342:Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes; D008055:Lipids; D045322:Photosynthetic Reaction Center Complex Proteins; D010860:Pigments, Biological; D002734:Chlorophyll; D002338:Carotenoids; D000641:Ammonia; D002482:Cellulose; D000095:Acetolactate Synthase; D010971:Plastoquinone