title: Cardiorespiratory and all-cause mortality after restrictions on sulphur content of fuel in Hong Kong: an intervention study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In July, 1990, a restriction was introduced over one weekend that required all power plants and road vehicles in Hong Kong to use fuel oil with a sulphur content of not more than 0.5% by weight. This intervention led to an immediate fall in ambient sulphur dioxide (SO2). We assessed the effect of this intervention on mortality over the next 5 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Changes in trends in deaths were estimated by a Poisson regression model of deaths each month between 1985 and 1995. Changes in seasonal deaths immediately after the intervention were measured by the increase in deaths from warm to cool season. We also estimated the annual proportional change in number of deaths before and after the intervention. We used age-specific death rates to estimate person-years of life gained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the first 12 months after introduction of the restriction, a substantial reduction in seasonal deaths was noted, followed by a peak in the cool-season death rate between 13 and 24 months, returning to the expected pattern during years 3-5. Compared with predictions, the intervention led to a significant decline in the average annual trend in deaths from all causes (2.1%; p=0.001), respiratory (3.9%; p=0.0014) and cardiovascular (2.0%; p=0.0214) diseases, but not from other causes. The average gain in life expectancy per year of exposure to the lower pollutant concentration was 20 days (females) to 41 days (males).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pollution resulting from sulphur-rich fuels has an effect on death rates, especially respiratory and cardiovascular deaths. The outcome of the Hong Kong intervention provides direct evidence that control of this pollution has immediate and long-term health benefits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong. commed@hkucc.hku.hk
authors.forename: Anthony Johnson
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hedley
authors.forename: Chit-Ming
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Thuan Quoc
authors.initials: TQ
authors.lastname: Thach
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Tai-Hing
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: Hugh Ross
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D005648:Fuel Oils; D006723:Hong Kong / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D012621:Seasons; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D005648:Fuel Oils; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide