title: Kinematic MRI of the normal shoulder using a specially designed positioning device.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to determine the normal patterns of the normal glenohumeral joint by kinematic MRI with a special positioning device.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten healthy volunteers were examined using an open MRI system. Axial three-dimensional gradient-echo images were obtained through the glenohumeral joint in the transverse axial plane by 30 degrees increments from external rotation to internal rotation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The free margins of the anterior labrum (40%) and the posterior labrum (10%) were seen to be slightly mobile. Although the anterior labrum showed increased signal intensity (20%), no signal intensity changes occurred in the posterior labrum. Most of the anterior labrum was not triangular in internal rotation. The anterior joint capsule showed changes in shape (60%) in neutral and internal rotation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Kinematic MRI can provide information on the labrocapsular ligamentous complex without the need for intraarticular injection of a contrast agent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Tokuda
authors.forename: Yoshie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kunihiro
authors.forename: Naofumi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Matsunaga
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011187:Posture; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology