title: Surgical management of urinary incontinence in children with anatomical bladder-outlet anomalies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pediatric urinary incontinence secondary to anatomical anomalies of the bladder outlet is relatively rare, and there is no consensus on its surgical treatment. We reviewed the clinical courses and surgical management of children with this pathology.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1991 to 2001, we performed bladder neck reconstruction on seven children (three boys and four girls). The mean age at the first intervention was 7 years (range 5-12 years). The underlying diagnosis was bladder exstrophy in two children, pseudoureterocele-type ectopic ureter in three, bladder neck incompetence from unknown etiology in one boy with hypospadias, and bilateral single ectopic ureter associated with cloacal malformations in one child. Lower urinary tract was evaluated through various imagings, endoscopy, and urodynamic studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The methods used to reconstruct the bladder neck was the Young-Dees-Leadbetter procedure (performed on four children); the Kropp procedure (two children); and the Pippi-Salle procedure (one child). Bladder augmentation with intestinal segment was performed on four children; Mitrofanoff continent stoma was created in all patients. Urethral catheterization could not be routinely used in all patients, because of pain, stricture, or complicated urethral anatomy. All patients achieved urinary continence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The treatment of pediatric urinary incontinence from anatomical anomalies is technically challenging. Depending on the underlying disorders and anatomy, one needs to decide which method of reconstruction to perform. It would be safer to employ simultaneous augmentation and to create catheterizable continent stoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka, Japan. shimada@mch.pref.osaka.jp
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.forename: Fumi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tohda
authors.forename: Yasunori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Harada
authors.forename: Yasuyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Naitoh
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery; D001748:Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction / Q000150:complications / Q000151:congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D014570:Urologic Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000151:congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures