title: Effect of high altitude on blood glucose meter performance.
abstract: Participation in high-altitude wilderness activities may expose persons to extreme environmental conditions, and for those with diabetes mellitus, euglycemia is important to ensure safe travel. We conducted a field assessment of the precision and accuracy of seven commonly used blood glucose meters while mountaineering on Mount Rainier, located in Washington State (elevation 14,410 ft). At various elevations each climber-subject used the randomly assigned device to measure the glucose level of capillary blood and three different concentrations of standardized control solutions, and a venous sample was also collected for later glucose analysis. Ordinary least squares regression was used to assess the effect of elevation and of other environmental potential covariates on the precision and accuracy of blood glucose meters. Elevation affects glucometer precision (p = 0.08), but becomes less significant (p = 0.21) when adjusted for temperature and relative humidity. The overall effect of elevation was to underestimate glucose levels by approximately 1-2% (unadjusted) for each 1,000 ft gain in elevation. Blood glucose meter accuracy was affected by elevation (p = 0.03), temperature (p < 0.01), and relative humidity (p = 0.04) after adjustment for the other variables. The interaction between elevation and relative humidity had a meaningful but not statistically significant effect on accuracy (p = 0.07). Thus, elevation, temperature, and relative humidity affect blood glucose meter performance, and elevated glucose levels are more greatly underestimated at higher elevations. Further research will help to identify which blood glucose meters are best suited for specific environments.
authors.affiliation: Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholar, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. kfink@ahrq.gov
authors.forename: Kenneth S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Fink
authors.forename: Dale B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ellsworth
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000531:Altitude; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009051:Mountaineering; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose