title: The Erlanger chest pain evaluation protocol: a one-year experience with serial 12-lead ECG monitoring, two-hour delta serum marker measurements, and selective nuclear stress testing to identify and exclude acute coronary syndromes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We determine the overall use of a 6-step accelerated chest pain protocol to identify and exclude acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and to confirm previous findings of the use of serial 12-lead ECG monitoring (SECG) in conjunction with 2-hour delta serum marker measurements to identify and exclude acute myocardial infarction (AMI).
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective observational study was conducted over a 1-year period from January 1, 1999, through December 31, 1999, in 2,074 consecutive patients with chest pain who underwent our accelerated evaluation protocol, which includes 2-hour delta serum marker determinations in conjunction with automated SECG for the early identification and exclusion of AMI and selective nuclear stress testing for identification and exclusion of ACS. In patients not undergoing emergency reperfusion therapy, physician judgment was used to determine patient disposition at the completion of the 2-hour evaluation period: admit for ACS, discharge or admit for non-ACS condition, or immediate emergency department nuclear stress scan for possible ACS. A positive protocol was defined as a positive result in 1 or more of the 6 incremental steps in our chest pain evaluation protocol: (1) initial ECG diagnostic of acute injury or reciprocal injury; (2) baseline creatine kinase (CK)-MB level of 10 ng/mL or greater and index of 5% or greater or cardiac troponin I level of 2 ng/mL or greater; (3) new/evolving injury or new/evolving ischemia on SECG; (4) increase in CK-MB level of +1.5 ng/mL or greater or cardiac troponin I level of +0.2 ng/mL or greater in 2 hours; (5) clinical diagnosis of ACS despite a negative 2-hour evaluation; and (6) reversible perfusion defect on stress scan compared with on resting scan. All patients were followed up for 30-day ACS, which was defined as myocardial infarction (MI), percutaneous coronary intervention/coronary artery bypass grafting, coronary arteriography revealing stenosis of major coronary artery of 70% or greater not amenable to percutaneous coronary intervention/coronary artery bypass grafting, life-threatening complication, or cardiac death within 30 days of ED presentation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Discharge diagnosis in the 2,074 study patients consisted of 179 (8.6%) patients with AMI, 26 (1.3%) patients with recent AMI (decreasing curve of CK-MB), and 327 (15.8%) patients with 30-day ACS. At 2 hours, sensitivity and specificity for MI (AMI or recent AMI) of SECG plus delta serum marker measurements was 93.2% and 93.9%, respectively (positive likelihood ratio 15.3; negative likelihood ratio 0.07). At the completion of the full ED evaluation protocol (positive result in >or=1 of the 6 incremental steps), sensitivity and specificity for 30-day ACS was 99.1% and 87.4%, respectively (positive likelihood ratio 7.9; negative likelihood ratio 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An accelerated chest pain evaluation strategy consisting of SECG, 2-hour delta serum marker measurements, and selective nuclear stress testing in conjunction with physician judgment identifies and excludes MI and 30-day ACS during the initial evaluation of patients with chest pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Erlanger Medical Center, University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Chattanooga 37405, USA. FFesmire@comcast.net
authors.forename: Francis M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Fesmire
authors.forename: Alan D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Edward P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Fody
authors.forename: Alan P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Connie E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Fesmire
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: Paul K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Stout
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Wojcik
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Wharton
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Creel
mesh_terms: D002637:Chest Pain / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood; D052279:Creatine Kinase, MB Form; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013714:Tennessee
chemical_list: D007527:Isoenzymes; D003402:Creatine Kinase; D052279:Creatine Kinase, MB Form