title: Voiding cystourethrography using the suprapubic versus transurethral route in infants and children: results of a prospective pain scale oriented study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We determined the advantages and disadvantages of different types of contrast medium injection into the bladder for imaging children during evaluation for urinary tract infection in regard to child behavior and distress during urethral catheterization or suprapubic puncture.
  
  
  METHODS
  From December 2000 to September 2001 we prospectively compared transurethral catheter and suprapubic voiding cystourethrography in children with a history of urinary tract infection. A total of 65 children with a mean age of 33.8 months were entered into the study, of whom 32 underwent transurethral catheterization and 33 underwent suprapubic puncture with topical anesthesia. Each child was evaluated, particularly in regard to discomfort and pain using an objective pain score that measures stress and pain during a medical procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Objective pain score recording showed a mean pain score plus or minus SD of 4.25 +/- 1.3 in the transurethral catheterization and 3.03 +/- 1.21 in the suprapubic puncture groups. Correlation studies of age in the 2 groups also showed a significant impact of age on the objective pain score. In the transurethral group the score increased with age (p <0.001), whereas in the suprapubic group it decreased with age (p <0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current study shows that the suprapubic puncture technique with topical anesthesia was well tolerated and associated with a low pain score independent of patient age. Transurethral catheterization was also tolerated but it was associated with a low pain score only in the younger age group. Thus, we recommend that voiding cystourethrography in children older than 24 months should be done via the suprapubic route.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Institute of Biostatistics, University of Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oswald
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Riccabona
authors.forename: Lukas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lusuardi
authors.forename: Hanno
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ulmer
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bartsch
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Radmayr
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002404:Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007267:Injections / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011859:Radiography; D014521:Urethra / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D003287:Contrast Media