title: Acute digital gangrene in a long-term dialysis patient -- a diagnostic challenge.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vascular complications are frequent in long-term dialysis patients. The differential diagnosis is complex and includes immunological derangement (underlying disease, uremia), vasculopathic-atheroembolic diseases, calciphylaxis, infections, neoplasm, coagulation disorders, and adverse drug effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report on a 50-year-old male patient with a long follow-up on renal replacement therapy (20 years), currently on daily hemodialysis. The patient's history of kidney transplantation was complicated by seven acute rejection episodes and by Kaposi sarcoma; comorbidity included HLA-B27 positive ankylosing spondylitis, diffuse vascular disease, recurrent atrial fibrillation, chronic hypotension, HCV positivity. Ten days after the start of warfarin for an atrial fibrillation episode, the patient developed digital necrotising ulcerations, rapidly evolving into partial symmetric digital gangrene at distal phalanxes. The timing and evolution of the lesions and the finding of protein S deficiency were the clues for diagnosing warfarin-induced skin necrosis (WISN); the drug was discontinued and therapy with low-molecular weight heparin, plasma and prostacyclin achieved slow resolution of lesions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to a combined MEDLINE and EMBASE search, this is the first report of WISN in a hemodialysis patient: underlining the clinical relevance of this uncommon problem, this case exemplifies the difficult differential diagnosis of acute vascular skin lesions in dialysis
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Torino, Italy. gbpiccoli@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Giorgina B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Piccoli
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Quaglia
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Quaglino
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Burdese
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bermond
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mezza
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jeantet
authors.forename: Giuseppe P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Segoloni
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects; D019992:Databases as Topic; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D003956:Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005385:Fingers / Q000473:pathology*; D005734:Gangrene / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015796:HLA-B27 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009336:Necrosis; D017582:Renal Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology; D013167:Spondylitis, Ankylosing / Q000150:complications; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000150:complications; D014859:Warfarin / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D015796:HLA-B27 Antigen; D014859:Warfarin