title: Electromyographic analysis and phase definition of the overhead football throw.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The phases of the football throw need definition so that muscle activation patterns during the overhead football throw can be fully described.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Electromyographic analysis of shoulder musculature can better define muscle activation patterns during the football throw.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive anatomic study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Videos of 20 elite-level quarterbacks were reviewed to define phases of the overhead football throw; 14 recreational male athletes underwent electromyography and motion analysis testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four sequential phases of the football throw were consistently observed. Early cocking (49% +/- 11% of throw) was initiated at rear foot plant and continued to maximal shoulder abduction and internal rotation. Late cocking (20% +/- 6%) started at maximal shoulder abduction and internal rotation and ended with maximal shoulder external rotation. The acceleration phase (15% +/- 4%) began with maximal shoulder external rotation and ended with ball release. Follow-through (16% +/- 5%) was defined as the phase from ball release to maximal horizontal adduction (across the body).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The four phases demonstrated little variation in motion analysis and electromyographic activation between subjects and were associated with muscle activation patterns consistent with upper extremity movements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A clearer understanding of muscle activation patterns may help to explain patterns of muscle injury and improve rehabilitation protocols in football-throwing athletes.
authors.affiliation: Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York 10021, USA.
authors.forename: Bryan T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Sherry I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Backus
authors.forename: Russell F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.forename: Riley J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology; D004576:Electromyography; D005538:Football / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D014741:Video Recording