title: Induced hypothermia and rewarming after hemorrhagic shock.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent patient and animal studies have shown protective effects of hypothermia (HT) in traumatic brain injury and hemorrhagic shock. We have demonstrated a reduced stress level and a lack of additive hemodynamic effects of HT. The present work was undertaken to evaluate whether these effects persist during and after rewarming.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pigs were quickly exsanguinated of 40% of their individually calculated blood volume and randomized to HT (32.5 degrees C) or normothermia (controls). After 30 min of HT, rewarming to baseline temperature was initiated. All animals were followed for 7 h. Thrombolelastography was used to evaluate blood coagulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HT did not aggravate the hemodynamic signs of hemorrhagic shock. HT decreased the oxygen uptake, however, which reduced the oxygen extraction ratio to the prehemorrhage level (P < 0.05). Serum levels of potassium were transiently stabilized by cooling. Coagulation was slower, but blood clot strength was normal. HT also delayed fibrinolysis (P < 0.05). Rewarming reversed all physiological changes induced by HT including those involving the coagulation system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HT produced few hemodynamic effects in the presence of hemorrhagic shock, but created a surplus of oxygen in the core circulation. Blood clotting was delayed by HT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Söder Hospital, Karolinska Institute, SE-118 83, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Heinius
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wladis
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.forename: B Thomas
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Kjellström
mesh_terms: D000138:Acidosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D000818:Animals; D001777:Blood Coagulation; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001831:Body Temperature; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D004573:Electrolytes / Q000097:blood; D006339:Heart Rate; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D020896:Hypovolemia / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000097:blood; D010976:Platelet Count; D011188:Potassium / Q000097:blood; D017694:Rewarming; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D013318:Stroke Volume; D013552:Swine; D013916:Thrombelastography
chemical_list: D004573:Electrolytes; D003404:Creatinine; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D011188:Potassium