title: Two processes lead to a stable all-trans and 13-cis isomer equilibrium in dark-adapted bacteriorhodopsin; effect of high pressure on bacteriorhodopsin, bacteriorhodopsin mutant D96N and fluoro-bacteriorhodopsin analogues.
abstract: The combination of absorption spectroscopy and extraction techniques was applied to study the effect of high pressure on the dark-adapted state of bacteriorhodopsin, 14-(12-,10-)fluoro-bacteriorhodopsin, a D96N bacteriorhodopsin mutant, and 14-(12-,10-)fluoro-D96N. Evidence is presented that, at high pressure, the isomers' equilibrium is shifted from all- trans isomers towards the 13-cis isomers. Two groups of values for calculated molar volume changes indicate that there are at least two different processes leading to a stable all-trans and 13-cis isomers' equilibrium called the dark-adapted bacteriorhodopsin. The first process may be attributed to changes in the distances and rearrangement of functionally important residues and a retinal Schiff base. It is suggested that the moved residues (probably Asp-212 with the contribution of Tyr-185 and/or Asp-85) closer to the chromophore could catalyse its trans-cis isomerization. These changes require smaller pressure changes and induce larger volume changes (large-volume-change process). The second process may be attributed to the formation of the three hydrogen bonds that additionally decrease the volume and strengthen further stabilization of the 13-cis isomer. To induce these changes, larger changes of pressure are required and the final molar volume changes are smaller (small-volume-change process). The total molar volume change between all-trans bacteriorhodopsin and 13-cis bacteriorhodopsin in the dark-adapted state of native bacteriorhodopsin was found to be about -28 mL/mol, which is much higher than the value of about -7 mL/mol obtained previously (Tsuda and Ebrey 1980, Schulte and Bradley 1995). The data provide a novel insight into factors leading to stable isomer equilibrium in dark-adapted bacteriorhodopsin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland. Kris@moskit.uwm.edu.pl
authors.forename: Krzysztof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bryl
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshihara
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D001436:Bacteriorhodopsins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000528:radiation effects; D003624:Darkness; D019617:Halobacterium salinarum / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D008027:Light; D009154:Mutation; D011312:Pressure; D011487:Protein Conformation; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic / Q000379:methods*; D013237:Stereoisomerism
chemical_list: D001436:Bacteriorhodopsins