title: Use of postmenopausal hormones, alcohol, and risk for invasive breast cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Physiologic evidence suggests that use of alcohol increases the risk for breast cancer through a hormonal mechanism, but the relationship among breast cancer, alcohol, and postmenopausal hormones (PMH) remains unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relation between concurrent use of alcohol and PMH and invasive breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study
  
  
  METHODS
  Nurses' Health Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  44 187 postmenopausal women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-reported data on PMH use and breast cancer obtained from biennial questionnaires completed from 1980 to 1994 and average alcohol consumption in 1980, 1984, 1986, and 1990.
  
  
  RESULTS
  1722 women developed invasive breast cancer. Risk for breast cancer was elevated in women who currently used PMH for 5 or more years and did not drink alcohol (relative risk, 1.32 [95% CI, 1.05 to 1.66]) and those who never used PMH but drank 20 or more g (1.5 to 2 drinks) of alcohol daily (relative risk, 1.28 [CI, 0.97 to 1.69]). Current users of PMH for 5 or more years who consumed 20 or more g of alcohol daily had a relative risk for breast cancer nearly twice (1.99 [CI, 1.42 to 2.79]) that of nondrinking nonusers of PMH. A hypothetical postmenopausal woman whose lifetime risk for breast cancer is 4% could increase her risk to 8% with 5 or more years of current PMH use and consumption of more than one alcoholic drink daily.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both alcohol consumption and PMH use were associated with an increased incidence of breast cancer. Women who are currently taking PMH may want to consider the added risks of regular alcohol consumption.
authors.affiliation: Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Wendy Y
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Graham A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Colditz
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rosner
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Hankinson
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: JoAnn E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Manson
authors.forename: Meir J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Stampfer
authors.forename: Walter C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Willett
authors.forename: Frank E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Speizer
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors