title: Association between Helicobacter pylori infection and increased risk of typhoid fever.
abstract: Helicobacter pylori infection has been reported to increase the risk of cholera. This nested case-control study was conducted to determine whether H. pylori infection is associated with occurrence of typhoid fever. Eighty-three case subjects of culture-proven typhoid fever were identified through a 1-year surveillance of subjects aged 0-40 years in an urban slum. Two age- and sex-matched neighborhood control subjects were concurrently selected for each case subject. Serum anti-H. pylori immunoglobulin G antibodies were measured in case and neighborhood control subjects. For determining other risk factors, 2 additional community control subjects per case were selected. There was a significant association between the presence of serum anti-H. pylori immunoglobulin G antibodies and typhoid fever (adjusted odds ratio, 2.03; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-4.01). Illiteracy, being part of a nuclear family, nonuse of soap, and consumption of ice cream were also associated with a significantly greater risk of typhoid fever. This study provides the first empiric evidence that H. pylori infection is associated with an increased risk of typhoid fever.
authors.affiliation: Advanced Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. community.research@cih.uib.no
authors.forename: Maharaj K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Bhan
authors.forename: Rajiv
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bahl
authors.forename: Sunil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sazawal
authors.forename: Anju
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sinha
authors.forename: Ramesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Dilip
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mahalanabis
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Clemens
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005511:Food Handling; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D006920:Hygiene; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011203:Poverty; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014435:Typhoid Fever / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial