title: Cytoplasmic trafficking of minute virus of mice: low-pH requirement, routing to late endosomes, and proteasome interaction.
abstract: The cytoplasmic trafficking of the prototype strain of minute virus of mice (MVMp) was investigated by analyzing and quantifying the effect of drugs that reduce or abolish specific cellular functions on the accumulation of viral macromolecules. With this strategy, it was found that a low endosomal pH is required for the infection, since bafilomycin A(1) and chloroquine, two pH-interfering drugs, were similarly active against MVMp. Disruption of the endosomal network by brefeldin A interfered with MVMp infection, indicating that viral particles are routed farther than the early endocytic compartment. Pulse experiments with endosome-interfering drugs showed that the bulk of MVMp particles remained in the endosomal compartment for several hours before its release to the cytosol. Drugs that block the activity of the proteasome by different mechanisms, such as MG132, lactacystin, and epoxomicin, all strongly blocked MVMp infection. Pulse experiments with the proteasome inhibitor MG132 indicated that MVMp interacts with cellular proteasomes after endosomal escape. The chymotrypsin-like but not the trypsin-like activity of the proteasome is required for the infection, since the chymotrypsin inhibitors N-tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone and aclarubicin were both effective in blocking MVMp infection. However, the trypsin inhibitor Nalpha-p-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone had no effect. These results suggest that the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway plays an essential role in the MVMp life cycle, probably assisting at the stages of capsid disassembly and/or nuclear translocation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland. carlos.ros@ibc.unibe.ch
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ros
authors.forename: Christoph J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Burckhardt
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kempf
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D002918:Chymotrypsin / Q000502:physiology; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases / Q000502:physiology*; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000821:virology*; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000502:physiology; D004247:DNA / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004261:DNA Replication; D011992:Endosomes / Q000821:virology*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D051379:Mice; D008915:Minute Virus of Mice / Q000502:physiology*; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000502:physiology*; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; D014357:Trypsin / Q000502:physiology; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D004247:DNA; D002918:Chymotrypsin; D014357:Trypsin; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex