title: Type II gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor transcripts in human sperm.
abstract: GnRH regulates reproduction via the well-characterized mammalian pituitary GnRH receptor (type I). In addition, two homologous genes for a second form of the GnRH receptor (type II) are present in the human genome, one on chromosome 14 and the second on chromosome 1. The chromosome 14 gene is ubiquitously transcribed at high levels in the antisense orientation but lacks exon 1, required to encode a full-length receptor. In comparison, the chromosome 1 gene contains all three exons. The issue of whether this gene is transcribed in any human tissue(s), and whether these transcripts encode a functional receptor protein, remains unresolved. We have directly addressed this by screening a panel of human RNAs by hybridization and RT-PCR. These analyses showed that, unlike the chromosome 14 gene, chromosome 1 gene expression is limited and of low abundance. Exon 1-containing transcripts were detected by in situ hybridization in mature sperm and in human postmeiotic testicular cells. Further sequence analysis revealed that although all the potential coding segments were present, the human transcripts, like the gene, contain a stop codon within the coding region and a frame-shift relative to other mammalian GnRH receptors. Although this suggests that the human gene may be a transcribed pseudogene, a functional type II GnRH receptor cDNA has recently been cloned from monkeys. Given the well-established role of GnRH in spermatogenesis and reported evidence of type II GnRH receptor immunoreactivity in human tissues, it is possible that the chromosome 1 gene is functional.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, Republic of South Africa.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: van Biljon
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wykes
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Scherer
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Krawetz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hapgood
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D015139:Blotting, Southern; D002878:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1; D002883:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D005091:Exons; D006801:Humans; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011544:Pseudogenes; D017393:RNA Editing; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis*; D011966:Receptors, LHRH / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: C427484:GNRHR2 protein, human; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011966:Receptors, LHRH