title: Development of thrombolytic therapy for stroke: a perspective.
abstract: Thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator (alteplase, Activase trade mark, rtPA; Genentech Inc) has proven beneficial for acute stroke management, even though only 1 - 2% of stroke patients in the US are treated with the drug [1]. Part of the reason for the under utilisation of alteplase may be the narrow therapeutic window and frequent occurrence of serious side effects, such as increased haemorrhage incidence [2,3]. It is because of these shortcomings, that recent efforts have attempted to identify new thrombolytics that might improve the benefit/risk ratio in treating stroke. Second generation derivatives of alteplase have attempted to counteract the side effects of the drug by increasing fibrin specificity (tenecteplase, TNK-tPA; Genentech Inc) or half-life (lanoteplase, SUN-9216; Genetics Institute Inc.). New recombinant DNA methodology has led to the revival of plasmin or a truncated form of plasmin (microplasmin; ThromboGenics Ltd), a direct-acting thrombolytic with non-thrombolytic related neuroprotective activities, as a therapeutic. Other promising approaches for the treatment of stroke include the development of novel plasminogen activators, such as recombinant desmodus rotundus salivary plasminogen activator (rDSPA) alpha-1 (Schering/Teijin Pharmaceuticals) and a mutant fibrin-activated human plasminogen (BB10153; British Biotech Inc.). These important areas of drug discovery and development will be reviewed.
authors.affiliation: University of California San Diego, Department of Neuroscience, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0624, USA. plapchak@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Lapchak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D020521:Stroke / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends*
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents