title: Long-term memory for concepts in a California sea lion ( Zalophus californianus).
abstract: An adult California sea lion ( Zalophus californianus) with extensive experience in performing discrimination learning tasks was tested to evaluate her long-term memory for two previously learned concepts. An associative concept, that of equivalence classification, was retested after a retention interval of approximately 1 year. The sea lion had originally shown emergent equivalence classification with nonsimilarity-based classes of stimuli in a simple discrimination repeated-reversal procedure as well as in a matching-to-sample procedure. The 1-year memory test revealed no decrement in classification performance in either procedure. A relational concept, that of generalized identity matching, was retested after approximately 10 years. The sea lion had originally received trial-and-error exemplar training with identity matching-to-sample problems prior to transferring the concept to novel stimulus configurations. In the 10-year memory test, the sea lion immediately and reliably applied the previously established identity concept to familiar and novel sets of matching problems. These are the first reports of long-term conceptual memory in a nonprimate species. The experimental findings are consistent with a variety of observations of sea lions in natural settings, which indicate that natal sites, feeding areas, and individuals may be remembered over long periods of time.
authors.affiliation: Long Marine Laboratory, University of California at Santa Cruz, 100 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA. coll@cats.ucsc.edu
authors.forename: Colleen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Reichmuth Kastak
authors.forename: Ronald J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Schusterman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003210:Concept Formation; D005260:Female; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D008606:Mental Processes; D046070:Sea Lions / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology*; D013997:Time Factors