title: Variation in diabetes care among states: do patient characteristics matter?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine state variability in diabetes care for Medicare beneficiaries and the impact of certain beneficiary characteristics on those variations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medicare beneficiaries with diabetes, aged 18-75 years, were identified from 1997 to 1999 claims data. Claims data were used to construct rates for three quality of care measures (HbA(1c) tests, eye examinations, and lipid profiles). Person-level variables (e.g., age, sex, race, and socioeconomic status) were used to adjust state rates using logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A third of 2 million beneficiaries with diabetes aged 18-75 years did not have annual HbA(1c) tests, biennial eye examinations, or biennial lipid profiles. There was wide variability in the measures among states (e.g., receipt of HbA(1c) tests ranged from 52 to 83%). Adjustment using person-level variables reduced the variance in HbA(1c) tests, eye examinations, and lipid profiles by 30, 23, and 27%, respectively, but considerable variability remained. The impact of the adjustment variables was also inconsistent across measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Opportunities remain for improvement in diabetes care. Large variations in care among states were reduced significantly by adjustment for characteristics of state residents. However, much variability remained unexplained. Variability of measures within states and variable impact of the adjustment variables argues against systems effects operating with uniformity on the three measures. These findings suggest that a single approach to quality improvement is unlikely to be effective. Further understanding variability will be important to improving quality.
authors.affiliation: Army Medical Surveillance Activity, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Arday
authors.forename: Barbara B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Fleming
authors.forename: Dana K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: Peter W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Pendergrass
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Vaughn
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Turpin
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Nicewander
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000628:therapy*; D005194:Family Practice / Q000592:standards*; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D006278:Medicare; D008875:Middle Aged; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D014481:United States