title: Origins of prostaglandin E2: involvements of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 in human and rat systems.
abstract: Prostaglandin (PG) E2 is a major cyclooxygenase (COX) product at inflammatory sites where it contributes to local increases in blood flow, edema formation, and pain sensitization. Using rats in vivo and rat and human blood in vitro, we have examined the roles of COX-1 and COX-2 in the production of PGE2. In anesthetized rats treated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce the expression of COX-2, the marked increase in PGE2 production that followed bolus intravenous injection of arachidonic acid (3 mg x kg(-1)) was strongly inhibited by diclofenac but largely unaffected by the COX-2-selective inhibitor DFP (5,5- dimethyl-3-(2-propoxy)-4-methanesulfonylphenyl)-2(5H)-furanone). In rat blood in vitro, aspirin strongly inhibited the production of PGE2 that followed either acute exposure to calcium ionophore, A23187 (calcimycin) (50 microM, 15 min), or incubation with LPS for 18 h. In contrast, human whole blood only produced significant levels of PGE2 when incubated with LPS. Rat leukocytes expressed COX-2 and produced PGE2 when exposed to LPS but not when acutely stimulated with A23187. Rat platelets, but not human platelets, also produced significant amounts of PGE2 when acutely stimulated with A23187. These data show that when exposed to an inflammatory stimulus, rat whole blood produces increased levels of PGE2 through induction of COX-2 in blood leukocytes. Rat blood, unlike human blood, may also produce copious amounts of PGE2 via the actions of COX-1 enzyme constitutively present in platelets. These data may well explain why in rats COX-2-selective inhibitors have been reported not to produce the full anti-inflammatory effects associated with standard nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac, Vascular, and Inflammation Research, The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Giuliano
authors.forename: Timothy D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Warner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000378:metabolism; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008875:Middle Aged; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D007527:Isoenzymes; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496511:PTGS1 protein, human; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; C496513:Ptgs1 protein, rat; D015232:Dinoprostone