title: Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification using an autotrophic membrane-immobilized biofilm reactor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a laboratory-scale autotrophic membrane-immobilized biofilm reactor to remove nitrogen from drinking water.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) immobilized biofilm, attached to the surface of a silicone tube, was used as the basis of a bioreactor for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification of water. The bioreactor was aerated with air to supply oxygen for nitrification. Pure hydrogen was supplied to the silicone tube and diffused through the membrane wall to feed the biofilm for autotrophic denitrification. The bioreactor was effective for the simultaneous nitrification and denitrification of water after a short period of acclimation, while the biofilm exhibited good resistance to the inhibition of denitrification by dissolved oxygen; the denitrification rate decreased by only 8% as the dissolved oxygen increased from 2 mg l(-1) to saturation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By using PVA crosslinked with sodium nitrate to entrap nitrifying and denitrifying sludge on the surface of a silicone tube, a novel bioreactor for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification was developed. In addition to performing as an immobilizing agent to strengthen the biofilm, PVA protected the denitrifying microorganisms to reduce the inhibition by dissolved oxygen under aerobic condition. Therefore, nitrification and denitrification occurred simultaneously within the biofilm. Furthermore, the immobilization technique shortened the acclimation period of the bioreactor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The described space saving and simple to operate bioreactor for nitrogen removal performed autotrophic denitrification to solve the problem of residual carbon in heterotrophic denitrification, and thus is suitable for removing nitrogen from drinking water.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71 Chou-Shan Road Taipei, Taiwan. d88541003@ms88.ntu.edu.tw
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Tseng
authors.forename: Y J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000378:metabolism*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D019149:Bioreactors; D018914:Cells, Immobilized; D006859:Hydrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D008566:Membranes; D009566:Nitrates / Q000378:metabolism*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D011142:Polyvinyl Alcohol; D012722:Sewage / Q000382:microbiology; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D009566:Nitrates; D012722:Sewage; D000641:Ammonia; D006859:Hydrogen; D011142:Polyvinyl Alcohol; D010100:Oxygen