title: Pluripotent cell division cycles are driven by ectopic Cdk2, cyclin A/E and E2F activities.
abstract: Pluripotent cells of embryonic origin proliferate at unusually rapid rates and have a characteristic cell cycle structure with truncated gap phases. To define the molecular basis for this we have characterized the cell cycle control of murine embryonic stem cells and early primitive ectoderm-like cells. These cells display precocious Cdk2, cyclin A and cyclin E kinase activities that are conspicuously cell cycle independent. Suppression of Cdk2 activity significantly decreased cycling times of pluripotent cells, indicating it to be rate-limiting for rapid cell division, although this had no impact on cell cycle structure and the establishment of extended gap phases. Cdc2-cyclin B was the only Cdk activity that was identified to be cell cycle regulated in pluripotent cells. Cell cycle regulation of cyclin B levels and Y(15) regulation of Cdc2 contribute to the temporal changes in Cdc2-cyclin B activity. E2F target genes are constitutively active throughout the cell cycle, reflecting the low activity of pocket proteins such as p107 and pRb and constitutive activity of pRb-kinases. These results show that rapid cell division cycles in primitive cells of embryonic origin are driven by extreme levels of Cdk activity that lack normal cell cycle periodicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biosciences and Center for Molecular Genetics of Development, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stead
authors.forename: Josephine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Renate
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Faast
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Conn
authors.forename: Sherilyn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goldstone
authors.forename: Joy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rathjen
authors.forename: Urvashi
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Dhingra
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rathjen
authors.forename: Duncan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dalton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D042846:CDC2-CDC28 Kinases; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002455:Cell Division / Q000502:physiology*; D002460:Cell Line; D019925:Cyclin A / Q000502:physiology*; D019927:Cyclin E / Q000502:physiology*; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050684:E2F Transcription Factors; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000166:cytology; D051379:Mice; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000502:physiology*; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D019925:Cyclin A; D019927:Cyclin E; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050684:E2F Transcription Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014443:Tyrosine; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D042846:CDC2-CDC28 Kinases; C495893:Cdk2 protein, mouse; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases