title: Signaling pathways involved in Ca2+- and Pb2+-induced vesicular catecholamine release from rat PC12 cells.
abstract: Since Pb(2+) substitutes for Ca(2+) in essential steps leading to exocytosis, we have investigated whether Ca(2+) and Pb(2+) induce exocytosis through similar pathways. Vesicular catecholamine release was measured from dexamethasone-differentiated PC12 cells using carbon fiber microelectrode amperometry. Effects of drugs known to modulate PKC (PMA, staurosporine), calcineurin (cyclosporin A), calmodulin (W7), and CaM kinase II (KN-62) activity were investigated in intact and in ionomycin-permeabilized PC12 cells. Activation of PKC and inhibition of calmodulin decrease the frequency of exocytotic events evoked by high K(+) stimulation in intact cells. In addition, inhibition of calmodulin enhances the frequency of basal exocytosis from intact cells. Activation of PKC and inhibition of calcineurin enhance the frequency of basal exocytosis in intact as well as in ionomycin-permeabilized cells. Inhibition of PKC and of CaM kinase II cause no significant effects. None of the treatments has a significant effect on vesicle contents. The combined results indicate that PKC and calcineurin enhance and inhibit exocytosis through direct effects on the exocytotic machinery, whereas calmodulin and CaM kinase II exert indirect effects only. Conversely, Pb(2+)-evoked exocytosis in permeabilized cells is strongly reduced by inhibition of CaM kinase II, but is not sensitive to modulation of PKC and calcineurin activity. Inhibition of calmodulin only reduces the delay to onset of Pb(2+)-evoked exocytosis. Synaptotagmin I- and II-deficient PC12-F7 cells exhibit vesicular catecholamine release following depolarization or superfusion with Pb(2+). However, the frequency of exocytosis and the contents of vesicles released are strongly reduced as compared to PC12 cells. It is concluded that Ca(2+)-evoked exocytosis is modulated mainly by PKC and calcineurin, whereas Pb(2+)-evoked exocytosis is mainly modulated by CaM kinase II.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, PO Box 80176, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands. rwesteri@science.uva.nl
authors.forename: Remco H S
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Westerink
authors.forename: André A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Klompmakers
authors.forename: Herman G M
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Westenberg
authors.forename: Henk P M
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Vijverberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019703:Calcineurin / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D054732:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D002147:Calmodulin / Q000378:metabolism; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000378:metabolism*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D005089:Exocytosis; D015759:Ionomycin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007476:Ionophores / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007854:Lead / Q000378:metabolism*; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000172:deficiency; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000172:deficiency; D016716:PC12 Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D011188:Potassium / Q000378:metabolism; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D015398:Signal Transduction; D050863:Synaptotagmin I; D050861:Synaptotagmin II; D050857:Synaptotagmins
chemical_list: D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D002147:Calmodulin; D002395:Catecholamines; D007476:Ionophores; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D050863:Synaptotagmin I; D050861:Synaptotagmin II; C494312:Syt1 protein, rat; C494264:Syt2 protein, rat; D050857:Synaptotagmins; D007854:Lead; D015759:Ionomycin; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D054732:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D019703:Calcineurin; D011188:Potassium; D002118:Calcium; D004298:Dopamine