title: Carbon paste electrodes modified with Bi(2)O(3) as sensors for the determination of Cd and Pb.
abstract: Carbon paste electrodes bulk-modified with Bi(2)O(3)were used for the determination of Cd(II) and Pb(II). The best composition was 1% (wt%) Bi(2)O(3) in the paste. The measurements were made by differential pulse voltammetry in the potential range from -1.2 V to -0.3 V. The peak potential of the reoxidation of Cd is -0.85 V, and of Pb -0.60 V vs. SCE. The lowest concentration that could be determined was 5 microg L(-1) of both metals (preconcentration time 240 s), the relative standard deviation was 3.5%-5.0% (four determinations). The correlation coefficient ( r(2)) of the calibration curves was 0.9966 (for Cd) and 0.9971 (for Pb). The Bi(2)O(3)-modified electrode could be used for the analysis of drinking water, mineral water and urine.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemistry, Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, 2600 Vilnius, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Rasa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pauliukaite
authors.forename: Radovan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Metelka
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Svancara
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Królicka
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bobrowski
authors.forename: Karel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vytras
authors.forename: Eugenijus
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Norkus
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kalcher