title: Cost-effectiveness implications of the timing of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The appropriate time to initiate antiretroviral therapy is controversial for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients with CD4 cell counts between 200/microL and 350/microL and low levels of HIV RNA, potentially leading to barriers to treatment access.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effect of cholesterol changes and fat redistribution symptoms on the clinical benefits and cost-effectiveness of early antiretroviral therapy in these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a state-transition model to compare initiating antiretroviral therapy at CD4 cell counts of 350/microL (early therapy) with initiating therapy at CD4 cell counts of 200/microL (deferred therapy) in patients with HIV RNA levels of 10,000 to 30,000 copies/mL. Data were from randomized clinical trials, cohort studies, and other published literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  If cholesterol changes associated with antiretroviral therapy resulted in a permanent increase in coronary heart disease risk, life expectancy with early therapy was 16.54 years (vs 16.66 years without this risk) and with deferred therapy was 13.73 years (vs 13.80 years without this risk). Early therapy was a more efficient use of resources (ie, dominated) compared with deferred therapy. Early therapy cost $13,000 per quality-adjusted life-year compared with no therapy with or without increased coronary heart disease risk, and $17,000 to $24,000 per quality-adjusted life-year taking into account the quality-of-life reduction in patients with fat distribution symptoms. Early therapy had a higher quality-adjusted life expectancy than deferred therapy as long as this quality-of-life reduction was 70% or less.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Changes in cholesterol or quality of life associated with antiretroviral therapy do not justify limiting access to early HIV treatment. The effect of fat redistribution symptoms on quality of life will determine the optimal choice of early vs deferred therapy for an individual patient.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. brs2006@med.cornell.edu
authors.forename: Bruce R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Schackman
authors.forename: Kenneth A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Freedberg
authors.forename: Milton C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Weinstein
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Sax
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Losina
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Sue J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Goldie
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000517:prevention & control; D000273:Adipose Tissue; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics*; D001823:Body Composition; D001824:Body Constitution; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006678:HIV / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics* / Q000276:immunology; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D012367:RNA, Viral; D002784:Cholesterol