title: Confusion assessment method in the diagnostics of delirium among aged hospital patients: would it serve better in screening than as a diagnostic instrument?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) is an easy, four-step algorithmic diagnostic test developed to detect delirium.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine how sensitive and specific the CAM is in diagnosing delirium when compared with fully operationalized criteria of delirium according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) editions III, III revised, and IV, and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 10th edition.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study with blinded assessments was performed on consecutive elderly patients (>70 years) (n=81) in two acute geriatric hospitals in Helsinki, Finland. The sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios, and positive and negative predictive values of CAM were assessed with the DSM-III, DSM-III-R, DSM-IV, and ICD-10 criteria of delirium used as reference standards.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sensitivity rates of the CAM were proved to be only moderate (0.81-0.86) against all formal criteria of delirium. The specificity rates were lower (0.63-0.84), and far less than reported in previous studies using global assessment of the reference standard. Instead of the DSM-III-R, from which it is derived, the CAM seems more concordant with the DSM-IV criteria of delirium. The likelihood ratio for a positive CAM test was 5.06 and for a negative test 0.23, when compared with the DSM-IV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CAM seems to be an acceptable screening instrument for delirium, but the diagnosis should be ensured according to the formal criteria of delirium, preferably by the DSM-IV.
authors.affiliation: Helsinki University Hospital, Department of Medicine, Geriatric Clinic, Helsinki, Finland. jouko.laurila@fimnet.fi
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Laurila
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Pitkala
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Strandberg
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Tilvis
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D003221:Confusion; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003693:Delirium / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000592:standards; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity