title: Integrated pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model of XV459, a potent and specific GPIIb/IIIa inhibitor, in healthy male volunteers.
abstract: Roxifiban is an oral prodrug of XV459, a potent and specific inhibitor of the glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor previously under investigation for the treatment of peripheral arterial disease and acute coronary care syndrome. The objective of the present analysis was to develop a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model that would be used to guide dose selection in Phase 2. This was a randomized, sequential, rising multiple-dose study in 41 healthy male volunteers given doses of 0.5 to 1.25 mg daily for 7 to 10 days. Total XV459 was measured in plasma by a sensitive and specific LC/MS/MS method. The percent inhibition of platelet aggregation (%IPA) was evaluated in citrated plasma in response to 10 microM ADP using the initial slope of the response. The resulting PK data were fit to a two-compartment model with first-order absorption and saturable oral absorption. The pharmacodynamics was modeled using a direct sigmoidal Emax model. Modeling was performed using NONMEM V. Intersubject variability was moderate in both PK and PD (15.3%-18.5%), except for V2/F (64.8%). Residual variability was low at 11.8%. Platelet count influenced both CL/F and EC50. Age and weight did not explain any additional variability in either PK or PD. The model was shown to produce realistic data when used for simulation. Overall, the results suggest that XV459 concentrations in the range of 10 to 20 ng/ml will yield %IPA values in the range of 40% to 80% inhibition. Because of the pharmacodynamically mediated PK of XV459 (due to platelet binding), the EC50 and CL/F are negatively correlated, limiting the utility of plasma concentration monitoring.
authors.affiliation: Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, DuPont Pharmaceuticals Company, Newark, Delaware, USA.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Fossler
authors.forename: William F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Ebling
authors.forename: Su
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kornhauser
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mondick
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Barrett
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Garner
authors.forename: Check Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Quon
authors.forename: Henry J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Pieniaszek
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000368:Aged; D000578:Amidines / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000097:blood*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D007555:Isoxazoles / Q000097:blood* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D019039:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000578:Amidines; D000596:Amino Acids; D007555:Isoxazoles; D019039:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex; D011355:Prodrugs; C104284:XV 459; C118235:roxifiban