title: Posterior circulation stroke in childhood: risk factors and recurrence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To ascertain whether posterior circulation stroke in children has distinctive clinical or radiologic features.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were identified retrospectively from two pediatric neurology centers. Clinical details were ascertained by chart review, and radiologic data were reviewed by three neuroradiologists.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-two cases were identified (17 boys). Twenty children had evidence of vertebrobasilar arterial abnormalities, which were multifocal in 12. The etiology of these was vertebral artery dissection in 10 cases and unclear in the remaining 10. Cardiac abnormalities were rare (n = 4). Other risk factors for stroke in childhood were hypertension (n = 9), the thermolabile methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase gene mutation (n = 4), and the factor V Leiden mutation (n = 2). Two children had subluxation of the upper cervical spine at the extreme of normal limits. In follow-up for 6 months to 11 years (median 4 years), five patients had further strokes and seven had TIA. Overall, 12 patients had no residual neurologic deficits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The male preponderance, frequency of arterial dissection, rarity of cardiac embolism, and >20% recurrence were notable. Cerebral angiography is usually indicated if a definitive diagnosis is not made on MRI. Additional investigations should include echocardiography and cervical spine radiography in flexion and extension.
authors.affiliation: Neurosciences Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK. v.ganesan@ich.ucl.uk
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ganesan
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Chong
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Chawda
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prengler
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Kirkham
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007022:Hypotension / Q000503:physiopathology; D007223:Infant; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography; D008297:Male; D020769:Posterior Cerebral Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D014711:Vertebral Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D020217:Vertebral Artery Dissection / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology