title: Generalist and subspecialist care for children with chronic conditions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine, among Medicaid-enrolled children with chronic conditions, associations of indicators of morbidity and expenditures with different patterns of generalist, subspecialist, and pediatric subspecialist use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional analysis of Medicaid claims, enrollment, and provider data from 4 states (California, Georgia, Michigan, and Tennessee).
  
  
  METHODS
  All children enrolled in Supplemental Security Income (aged 0-21 years) and a sample of other Medicaid-enrolled children matched for age and gender. We included 11 chronic conditions, including both uncommon conditions (eg, spina bifida, hemophilia) and common ones (eg, asthma, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder).
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined the number of visits per year to generalists and subspecialists (pediatric and other), using only subspecialists relevant to that condition. We categorized patterns of care as generalist only, predominantly generalist, or predominantly subspecialist, and examined patterns by condition and an indicator of morbidity. Among children seeing subspecialists, we also compared morbidity by pediatric and other subspecialists. We used linear regression to determine per-year total expenditures, controlling for demographic characteristics and morbidity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most children (60.7%) saw generalists only. Twenty-eight percent were in predominantly generalist arrangements, and 11% were in predominantly subspecialist arrangements. Children in predominantly generalist arrangements had higher morbidity than children in generalist-only or predominantly subspecialist arrangements. Among children seeing subspecialists, those seeing pediatric subspecialists had generally higher morbidity than those seeing other subspecialists. Mean yearly expenditures varied from 1306 dollars (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) to 11,633 dollars (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Children who saw only generalists had significantly lower expenditures for 6 of the 11 conditions, after adjusting for morbidity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Medicaid-enrolled children in predominantly generalist arrangements appear to have more complicated conditions than children in generalist-only or predominantly subspecialist arrangements, engendering also higher expenditures. Although children who saw generalists only had lower expenditures than those seeing subspecialists, this finding may reflect unmeasured variations in morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Center for Child and Adolescent Health Policy, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston 02114, USA. perrin.james@mgh.harvard.edu
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Perrin
authors.forename: Karen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Kuhlthau
authors.forename: Steven L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Gortmaker
authors.forename: Anne C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Beal
authors.forename: Timothy G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Ferris
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000628:therapy*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D019988:Children with Disabilities; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008484:Medicaid; D008511:Medicine; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010372:Pediatrics; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D013038:Specialization; D014481:United States