title: Characterization of inhalation aerosols: a critical evaluation of cascade impactor analysis and laser diffraction technique.
abstract: Cascade impactor analysis is the standard technique for in vitro characterization of aerosol clouds generated by medical aerosol generators. One important reason for using this inertial separation principle is that drug fractions are classified into aerodynamic size ranges that are relevant to the deposition in the respiratory tract. Measurement of these fractions with chemical detection methods enables establishment of the particle size distribution of the drug in the presence of excipients. However, the technique is laborious and time consuming and most of the devices used for inhaler evaluation lack sufficient possibilities for automation. In addition to that, impactors often have to be operated under conditions for which they were not designed and calibrated. Particularly, flow rates through impactors are increased to values at which the flow through the nozzles is highly turbulent. This has an uncontrolled influence on the collection efficiencies and cut-off curves of these nozzles. Moreover, the cut-off value varies with the flow rate through an impactor nozzle. On the other hand, the high air flow resistances of most impactors are rather restricting to the attainable (fixed) inspiratory flow curves through these devices. Especially for breath actuated dry powder inhalers, higher flow rates and flow increase rates may be desirable than can be achieved in combination with a particular type of impactor. In this paper, the applicability of laser diffraction technology is evaluated as a very fast and highly reliable alternative for cascade impactor analysis. With this technique, aerodynamic diameters cannot be measured, but for comparative evaluation and development, comprising most in vitro applications, this is not necessary. Laser diffraction has excellent possibilities for automated recording of data and testing conditions, and the size classes are independent of the flow rate. Practical limitations can be overcome by using a special inhaler adapter which enables control of the inspiratory flow curve through the inhaler, analysis of the emitted fine particle mass fraction and pre-separation of large particles during testing of dry powder inhalers containing adhesive mixtures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen University Institute for Drug Exploration (GUIDE), University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands. a.h.de.boer@farm.rug.nl
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: de Boer
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gjaltema
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hagedoorn
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Frijlink
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000336:Aerosols / Q000737:chemistry*; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D007834:Lasers
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols