title: Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography during surgery for congenital heart defects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was undertaken to further define the impact of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography during surgery for congenital heart disease and to determine appropriate indications.
  
  
  METHODS
  The impact of transesophageal echocardiography on patient care was assessed in 1002 patients who underwent this procedure during surgery for congenital heart defects. It had major impact when new information altered the planned procedure or led to a revision of the initial repair. The safety of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography was evaluated by review of the prospective data sheets and the medical record. A simple relative cost analysis was also performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patient median age was 9.9 years (range 2 days to 85 years). Transesophageal echocardiography had prebypass or postbypass major impact in 13.8% of cases (n = 138/1002). Major impact was more frequent during reoperations (P <.03). Procedures that benefited most from the additional information were valve repairs (aortic or atrioventricular) and complex outflow tract reconstructions. Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection, tricuspid valve repair (other than of Ebstein anomaly), simple atrioventricular discordance, aortic arch anomalies, and secundum atrial septal defects had major impact rates less than 5%. No major complications occurred. Minor complications occurred in 1% of patients and were most often observed in infants smaller than 4 kg. Routine use of transesophageal echocardiography for all patients with congenital heart defects proved cost-effective.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On the combined basis of the observed rates of major impact, the minimal complications, and the relative cost advantage, we believe that routine use of transesophageal echocardiography during most intracardiac repairs of congenital heart defects is justified, particularly for patients undergoing repeat operations for congenital cardiac malformations.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Guy R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Randolph
authors.forename: Donald J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Hagler
authors.forename: Heidi M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Connolly
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Dearani
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Puga
authors.forename: Gordon K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Danielson
authors.forename: Martin D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Abel
authors.forename: V Shane
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Pankratz
authors.forename: Patrick W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: O'Leary
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000191:economics; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D012086:Reoperation; D012449:Safety