title: Arthritis treatment in Hong Kong--cost analysis of celecoxib versus conventional NSAIDS, with or without gastroprotective agents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors have been reported to cause fewer gastrointestinal complications when compared with conventional, non-selective, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To analyse the cost of celecoxib (selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitor) and conventional NSAID regimens for the treatment of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis from the perspective of a public health organization in Hong Kong.
  
  
  METHODS
  A decision tree was used to analyse the cost of celecoxib, NSAID alone, NSAID plus histamine2-receptor antagonist, NSAID plus misoprostol and NSAID plus proton pump inhibitor over 6 months. Model outcomes were no gastrointestinal toxicity, gastrointestinal discomfort, symptomatic ulcer, anaemia with occult bleeding and serious gastrointestinal complications. The clinical probabilities were estimated from clinical trials. Resource utilization for gastrointestinal events was determined locally. Sensitivity analysis was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 6-month costs per base-case analysis were as follows: NSAID plus histamine2-receptor antagonist, 1404 HK dollars (1 US dollar = 7.8 HK dollars); celecoxib, 1545 HK dollars; NSAID alone, 1610 HK dollars; NSAID plus misoprostol, 2213 HK dollars; NSAID plus proton pump inhibitor, 2857 HK dollars. The model was sensitive to the patients' underlying gastrointestinal risk scores, daily cost of NSAID regimen, risk ratio of NSAID plus histamine2-receptor antagonist for symptomatic ulcer, daily cost of celecoxib and daily cost of histamine2-receptor antagonist.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Celecoxib appeared to be the least costly alternative in patients with intermediate to high gastrointestinal risk for the treatment of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis in Hong Kong.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong. joyceyou@cuhk.edu.hk
authors.forename: J H S
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: You
authors.forename: K K C
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: T Y K
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: F K L
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics*; D000068579:Celecoxib; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003663:Decision Trees; D016527:Drug Costs; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000191:economics* / Q000517:prevention & control; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006635:Histamine H2 Antagonists / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006723:Hong Kong; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics*; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors; D011720:Pyrazoles; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents; D006635:Histamine H2 Antagonists; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides; D000068579:Celecoxib