title: [Surveillance for antimicrobial resistance: VIRA Study].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Resistance to antimicrobial drugs has increased in recent years. The aim of this multicenter study was to determine the current situation in Spain regarding the resistance patterns of the most common infectious agents to antimicrobial drugs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total 1,475 strains isolated in 38 hospitals in October 2001 were studied. These included 294 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), 149 clinically significant coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), 96 Enterococcus faecium, 1 ampicillin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis, 204 penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, 100 ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae, 361 ciprofloxacin-resistant Escherichia coli, 160 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and 110 Acinetobacter baumannii. Sensitivity to various antibiotics was studied by a broth microdilution method. Additionally, an epidemiologic survey was conducted in the participating hospitals to determine the incidence of these multi-drug resistant microorganisms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall incidence of ciprofloxacin-resistant E. coli and MRSA strains was 24% in both cases. The pneumococci were resistant to several antibiotics. Telithromycin showed excellent activity against all the pneumococci, including those resistant to macrolides. Most MRSA isolates were resistant to quinolones and macrolides. All the staphylococci were susceptible to linezolid and quinupristin-dalfopristin. Only 50% of A. baumannii strains were susceptible to imipenem.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study evidence increasing multi-drug resistance among various microorganisms, such as MRSA, CNS, ampicillin-resistant enterococci, and penicillin-resistant pneumococci, and underline the need for surveillance programs to gain information on this significant therapeutic problem.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Microbiología Clínica. Hospital Clínico San Carlos. Madrid. España.
authors.forename: Juan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Picazo
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Betriu
authors.forename: Iciar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Avial
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Azahares
authors.forename: Blas
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ali Sánchez
mesh_terms: D040981:Acinetobacter baumannii / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D000668:Ampicillin Resistance; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D016984:Enterococcus faecium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D016106:Methicillin Resistance; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010403:Penicillin Resistance; D011358:Product Surveillance, Postmarketing / Q000379:methods*; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D013030:Spain; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002939:Ciprofloxacin