title: Intravascular extraction of permanent pacemaker leads.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cardiac leads that became infected, fail, or are otherwise problematic present difficulties in the management of patients. In this report, we assess our intravascular countertraction technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between February 1990 and January 2001, 13 leads were removed from 11 patients using the intravascular countertraction technique. The reasons for lead extraction were pacemaker infection and lead dysfunction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In two of these patients, the ventricular leads could not be completely removed. The complete success rate was 85% and the overall success rate was 92%. There were no serious complications such as cardiac rupture, vein injury, or death, and there were no clinical signs of pulmonary embolism. In one of the patients whose ventricular leads could not be removed completely, the ventricular lead was stretched from its previous round shape, but tricuspid valve regurgitation did not occur during the 3-year follow-up period. In the other patient, the distal electrode was left in the subclavian vein. However, this residual distal electrode did not migrate, and there were no clinical signs of any recurrence of infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study suggests that to remove leads successfully, the largest locking stylet that can be easily passed to the lead's tip through the coil lumen should be chosen in order to avoid valve injury, which can sometimes occur when a ventricular lead's locking stylet is left in the coil lumen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Kinki University School of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan.
authors.forename: Susumu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakamoto
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Oka
authors.forename: Zhiwei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Masahiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Onoe
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kaneda
authors.forename: Takehiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Toshihiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Saga
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000209:etiology; D020878:Device Removal; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D016896:Treatment Outcome