title: Risk factors for urinary bladder carcinoma in postmenopausal women. The Iowa Women's Health Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We evaluated prospectively the association of smoking and other potential risk factors with bladder carcinoma incidence in postmenopausal women.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 37,459 women participating in the Iowa Women's Health Study completed baseline questionnaires in 1986 and were followed 13 years for bladder carcinoma incidence (n = 112).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adjusted for potential confounders, the relative risk (RR) of bladder carcinoma in women who were current smokers compared with those who had never smoked was 3.58 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.86-6.88). The RR declined as years since quitting increased. Currently, married women, compared with unmarried women, had a RR of 0.66 (95% CI = 0.44-0.99). A 2.46-fold (95% CI = 1.32-4.59) increase in bladder carcinoma risk was identified for women who reported, versus did not report, diabetes. Regular versus no physical activity (RR = 0.66, 95% CI 0.43-1.01) and body mass index were inversely associated (P = 0.06) with bladder carcinoma incidence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We confirmed that cigarette smoking is an important risk factor for bladder carcinoma in women; women who had quit smoking had a reduction of risk. We also identified diabetes as a potential risk factor, which may invite more research on its role in the development of urinary bladder carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55454, USA.
authors.forename: Apeksha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tripathi
authors.forename: Aaron R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Folsom
authors.forename: Kristin E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*