title: An active ring X and haploinsufficiency of SHOX contribute to short stature, congenital anomalies, and developmental delay in a female.
abstract: We report on a female infant with short stature and mesomelic limb shortening, multiple congenital abnormalities, developmental delay, and Rieger anomaly. Cytogenetic analysis revealed a complex rearrangement of the sex chromosomes in this patient. In addition to a normal X chromosome, a derivative Y [der(Y)] chromosome composed of X and Y material and a ring X [r(X)] were present. Consistent with the fact that this infant had normal female genitalia, the SRY gene was not detected in the Y chromosome portion of the der(Y). By fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), XIST was present on the normal X and the r(X), but not on the der(Y). The normal X was late replicating (inactive) and the r(X) early replicating (active) in all lymphocyte metaphases examined. As the X chromosome material on the der(Y) cannot be inactivated, the unusual skew of activation toward the r(X) presumably resulted in the least amount of functional disomy of X-linked genes in the cells of this patient. Deletion of one copy of the SHOX gene was detected in this patient. Haploinsufficiency of this gene is known to be correlated with short stature and mesomelic limb shortening.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shago
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sgro
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Barozzino
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Antinucci
authors.forename: Pranesh
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chakraborty
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chitayat
authors.forename: Ikuko
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Teshima
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000235:genetics*; D002871:Chromosome Banding; D041321:Chromosomes, Human, X; D005260:Female; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007621:Karyotyping; D012303:Ring Chromosomes; D000074122:Short Stature Homeobox Protein
chemical_list: D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; C106071:SHOX protein, human; D000074122:Short Stature Homeobox Protein