title: Effects of fertilizer and soil components on pesticide photolysis.
abstract: An environmental fate study was performed analyzing the effects of soil composition on the soil photolysis of a chemical. The study was conducted in two phases in which both moist and air-dried soils were fortified with either the common fertilizer sodium nitrate or the natural soil components iron or humic acid and dosed with niclosamide. The soils were photolyzed under a xenon lamp for 7 days. Increasing concentration of sodium nitrate did not affect the degradation pattern but did produce a lower concentration of aminoniclosamide. Soils fortified with iron displayed an unknown, which was not observed in other experiments, and the degradation of niclosamide from these soils was slower than from the sodium nitrate-fortified soils. There were no extractable degradates from any of the soils fortified with humic acid. In irradiated moist soils, the half-life of niclosamide increased when sodium nitrate was present at 20 ppm, and the half-lives of niclosamide in iron- and humic acid-fortified soil were increased slightly over that in unfortified soil. The effect of the nitrate and iron on the half-lives in dark control moist soils was minimal, but humic acid increased the dark control half-life from 420 to 611 h. No transformation of niclosamide was observed in the dark control air-dried soils. Soils with higher organic or iron contents or exposed to fertilizers do not affect as dramatically the half-life of pesticides as does the presence of moisture in the soil. Soil photolysis samples that were not maintained with moisture exhibited differences in half-life and degradation pattern. The maintenance of moisture was found to be more crucial to the reliability of soil photolysis studies than soil composition.
authors.affiliation: Pittsburgh Environmental Research Laboratory, Inc., 3210 William Pitt Way, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15238, USA.
authors.forename: Phillip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Graebing
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Chib
mesh_terms: D005308:Fertilizers; D006812:Humic Substances / Q000032:analysis; D007501:Iron / Q000032:analysis; D008027:Light; D009534:Niclosamide / Q000737:chemistry; D009566:Nitrates / Q000032:analysis; D010575:Pesticides / Q000737:chemistry*; D010782:Photolysis; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis*; D012988:Soil Microbiology
chemical_list: D005308:Fertilizers; D006812:Humic Substances; D009566:Nitrates; D010575:Pesticides; D012987:Soil; D009534:Niclosamide; C031618:sodium nitrate; D007501:Iron