title: Intentional use of the Hawthorne effect to improve oral hygiene compliance in orthodontic patients.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the home care of noncompliant adolescent orthodontic patients with "poor" oral hygiene could be improved through the use of a deception strategy designed to intentionally induce the Hawthorne effect. This effect is often cited as being responsible for oral health improvements of control groups that receive placebo treatments. It is thought that participating in and fulfilling the requirements of a study alters subjects' behavior, thereby contributing to the improvement. Forty patients with histories of poor oral hygiene were assigned, in a quasi-random fashion, to two groups. Experimental subjects (n = 20) were presented with a situation that simulated participation in an experiment. These included the use of a consent form; distribution of tubes of toothpaste labeled "experimental"; instructions to brush twice a day for two minutes using a timer; and a request to return unused toothpaste. Control subjects (n = 20) had no knowledge of study participation. Tooth surface area covered with plaque was used as a proxy measure of home care behavior. It was measured at baseline, three months, and six months. Mean percentages of tooth surface covered with plaque for the experimental and control groups were 71 (+/- 11.52) and 74 (+/- 11.46) at baseline; 54 (+/- 13.79) and 78 (+/- 12.18) at three months; and 52 (+/- 13.04) and 79 (+/- 10.76) at six months. No statistically significant difference (p > .05) was obtained between groups at baseline. Statistically significant differences (p < .05) were found between groups at three and six months. Significant differences (p < .05) were also found only for the experimental subjects between baseline and each of the two subsequent observation periods. The efficiency and potential effectiveness of this strategy suggest that additional research be conducted to assess oral health improvements and possible applications to the private practice setting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Public Health & Behavioral Science, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Dentistry, USA. feilp@umkc.edu
authors.forename: Philip H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Feil
authors.forename: Jennifer Sherah
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Grauer
authors.forename: Cynthia C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Gadbury-Amyot
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kula
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: McCunniff
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D015987:Effect Modifier, Epidemiologic; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D009910:Oral Hygiene; D009971:Orthodontics, Corrective; D010349:Patient Compliance; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012648:Self Care; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013997:Time Factors; D014099:Toothbrushing; D014100:Toothpastes / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D014100:Toothpastes