title: Use of near-infrared reflection spectroscopy to study the effects of X-ray contrast media on renal tolerance in rats: effects of a prostacyclin analogue and of phosphodiesterase inhibitors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Use of near-infrared reflection spectroscopy (NIR-RS) as a new model to assess renal tolerance of contrast agents and determination of the effects of a prostacyclin analogue and of two phosphodiesterase inhibitors on renal tolerance.
  
  
  METHODS
  NIR-RS was used to measure total hemoglobin, oxygenated hemoglobin and tissue oxygen saturation in the renal cortex of rats and the effect of diatrizoate, iopromide and iotrolan injected at 1 g iodine/kg alone or together with the prostacyclin derivative, iloprost, or the phosphodiesterase inhibitors, rolipram and mesopram, on these parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Injection of the contrast media alone resulted in a 10% to 35% depression of total hemoglobin, oxygenated hemoglobin, and tissue oxygen saturation approximately 40 to 100 seconds after administration, whereas saline showed no effect and mannitol solution only a minor effect. Coadministration of iloprost or pretreatment with the phosphodiesterase inhibitors, rolipram or mesopram, significantly attenuated the contrast media-induced effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NIR-RS might be useful for the determination of contrast media-induced side effects. Stable prostacyclin analogues or phosphodiesterase inhibitors have the potential to mitigate these side effects.
authors.affiliation: Research Laboratories of Schering AG, Berlin, Germany. werner.krause@schering.de
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Krause
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Muschick
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Krüger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003973:Diatrizoate / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000187:drug effects; D016285:Iloprost / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007472:Iohexol / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D007672:Kidney Cortex / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D010080:Oxazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D020889:Rolipram / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D014283:Triiodobenzoic Acids / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D006454:Hemoglobins; D010080:Oxazoles; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D014283:Triiodobenzoic Acids; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; C412083:mesopram; D003973:Diatrizoate; C033300:iotrolan; D007472:Iohexol; C038192:iopromide; D016285:Iloprost; D020889:Rolipram; D010100:Oxygen