title: Clonidine and dexmedetomidine potently inhibit peristalsis in the Guinea pig ileum in vitro.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inhibition of intestinal peristalsis is a major side effect of drugs used for anesthesia or for analgesia and sedation of patients in the intensive care unit. This in vitro study examined the effect of clonidine and dexmedetomidine on intestinal peristalsis and analyzed some of their mechanisms of action.
  
  
  METHODS
  In isolated segments of the guinea pig small intestine, peristalsis was triggered by a perfusion-induced rise of the intraluminal pressure. The peristaltic pressure threshold to elicit a peristaltic wave was used to quantify drug effects on peristalsis. Vehicle (Tyrode's solution), clonidine (10 nM-100 microm), or dexmedetomidine (0.1-100 nM) were added extraserosally to the organ bath. In other series of experiments, clonidine or dexmedetomidine was administered after pretreatment with yohimbine, prazosin, apamin, naloxone, or vehicle. Clonidine was also tested after blockade of NO synthase with L-NAME and in the presence of the inactive enantiomer D-NAME.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clonidine and dexmedetomidine concentration-dependently increased peristaltic pressure threshold and inhibited peristalsis (clonidine: EC50 = 19.6 microm; dexmedetomidine: EC50 = 12.0 nM). The inhibition caused by clonidine could be prevented by pretreatment with yohimbine, naloxone, and apamin, but not by prazosin, L-NAME, or D-NAME. Inhibition caused by dexmedetomidine was prevented by yohimbine only.(50) (50)
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results reveal that clonidine and, much more potently, dexmedetomidine inhibit peristalsis of the guinea pig ileum. The inhibition is caused by interaction with alpha2 adrenoceptors and, in the case of clonidine, also involves activation of small conductance Ca2+ -activated potassium channels and endogenous opioidergic pathways.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany. mherbert@anaesthesie.uni-wuerzburg.de
authors.forename: Michael K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Herbert
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roth-Goldbrunner
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Holzer
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Roewer
mesh_terms: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D003000:Clonidine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020927:Dexmedetomidine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D007082:Ileum / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D010528:Peristalsis / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D020927:Dexmedetomidine; D003000:Clonidine