title: Effects of a controlled exercise trial on pain in nursing home residents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report preliminary data relevant to the effects of an exercise and toileting intervention on pain among incontinent nursing home (NH) residents.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized controlled intervention trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-one incontinent residents in one skilled NH.
  
  
  METHODS
  The intervention was implemented by research staff for a total of 4 times a day (every 2 hours), 5 days a week, for 32 weeks. Residents were provided with incontinence care and assistance to either walk or, if nonambulatory, wheel their chairs, and to repeat sit-to-stand movements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pain was measured in two ways at baseline and again at 32 weeks: (1) a count of the number of verbal expressions and pain behaviors during a standardized physical performance assessment; and (2) a modified Geriatric Pain Measure administered in a one-on-one interview format.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were significant differences between intervention and control groups on all physical performance measures over time, with the intervention group remaining stable and the control group showing a significant decline in sit-to-stand, walking, and wheelchair propulsion endurance. Both groups showed mild to moderate pain at baseline according to each of the two pain measures, while there were no significant changes in pain reports between groups over time based on either measure. There was, however, a trend for pain to increase in the intervention group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No significant changes in pain reports were attributable to exercise despite significant improvements in physical performance. In fact, there was a tendency for pain reports to increase with exercise. These preliminary findings suggest that exercise alone may be ineffective for pain management among incontinent NH residents. Care providers should consider that exercise to improve physical function may increase pain symptoms, requiring preemptive analgesia, other pain control strategies, or modified exercise techniques for this frail segment of the NH population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatrics, Borun Center for Gerontological Research, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine, USA. ssimmons@ucla.edu
authors.forename: Sandra F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.forename: Bruce A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Ferrell
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Schnelle
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D035061:Control Groups; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009735:Nursing Homes; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology; D059408:Pain Management; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010166:Palliative Care; D017211:Treatment Failure