title: The effect of herbal remedies on the production of human inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Some herbal remedies are sold as food additives and are believed to have immune-enhancing properties.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the effect of five herbal remedies--Sambucol Black Elderberry Extract, Sambucol Active Defense Formula and Sambucol for Kids (with known antiviral properties), Protec and Chizukit N (containing propolis and Echinacea, claimed to be immune enhancers)--on the production of cytokines, one of the main components of the immune system.
  
  
  METHODS
  The production of four inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and IL-6 and IL-8) and one anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) was tested using blood-derived monocytes from 12 healthy donors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Sambucol preparations increased the production of five cytokines (1.3-6.2 fold) compared to the control. Protec induced only a moderate production of IL-8 (1.6 fold) and IL-10 (2.3 fold) while Chizukit N caused only a moderate increase in IL-10 production (1.4 fold). Both Protec and Chizukit N caused moderate decreases in IL-1 beta, TNF alpha and IL-6 production. Lipopolysaccharide, a known activator of monocytes, induced the highest levels of cytokine production (3.6-10.7 fold).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The three Sambucol formulations activate the healthy immune system by increasing inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines production, while the effect of Protec and Chizukit N is much less. Sambucol could therefore have immunostimulatory properties when administered to patients suffering from influenza (as shown before), or immunodepressed cancer or AIDS patients who are receiving chemotherapy or other treatments.
authors.affiliation: Immunology Laboratory for Tumor Diagnosis, Department of Oncology, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel. barak845@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Vivian
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Barak
authors.forename: Shlomo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Birkenfeld
authors.forename: Tal
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Halperin
authors.forename: Inna
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kalickman
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D020900:Echinacea; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology*; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology*; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology*; D008517:Phytotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000276:immunology; D011429:Propolis / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D027924:Sambucus nigra; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D004338:Drug Combinations; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D011429:Propolis