title: Tourette's syndrome.
abstract: As our knowledge of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome increases, so does our appreciation for the pathogenic complexity of this disorder and the challenges associated with its treatment. Advances in the neurosciences have led to new models of pathogenesis, whereas clinical studies have reinvigorated early hypotheses. The interdependent roles of genes and environment in disease formation have yet to be fully elucidated. Results of epidemiological studies have prompted debate on how best to characterise and diagnose this disorder. Absence of ideal anti-tic drugs, combined with knowledge that uncomplicated cases of childhood Tourette's syndrome frequently have a favourable outcome, has led to striking changes in care and treatment of patients. This seminar focuses on these changing views and offers a new perspective on our understanding of the pathogenesis of Tourette's syndrome and on principles for treatment of patients with this disorder.
authors.affiliation: Child Study Center and Departments of Paediatrics, Psychiatry, and Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-7900, USA. James.Leckman@yale.edu
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Leckman
mesh_terms: D015897:Comorbidity; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy