title: Prevention of edema, flight microangiopathy and venous thrombosis in long flights with elastic stockings. A randomized trial: The LONFLIT 4 Concorde Edema-SSL Study.
abstract: The LONFLIT1/2 studies have established that in high-risk subjects after long (> 10 hours) flights the incidence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is between 4% and 6%. The LONFLIT4 study has been planned to evaluate the control of edema and DVT in low-medium-risk subjects. The aim of this study was to evaluate edema and its control with specific flight stockings, in long-haul flights. In the first part of the study 400 subjects at low-medium risk for DVT were contacted; 28 were excluded for several nonmedical problems; 372 were randomized into 2 groups to evaluate prophylaxis with stockings in 7-8-hour flights; the control group had no prophylaxis. Below-knee, Scholl, Flight Socks, producing 14-17 mm Hg of pressure at the ankle, were used in the treatment group. The occurrence of DVT was evaluated with high-resolution ultrasound scanning (femoral, popliteal, and tibial veins). Edema was assessed with a composite score based on parametric and nonparametric measurements. Part II: In this part of the study 285 subjects at low-medium risk for DVT were included and randomized into 2 groups to evaluate edema prophylaxis in 11-12-hour flights; the controls had no prophylaxis while the prevention group had below-knee, Scholl, Flight Socks (comparable to part I).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Part 1: DVT evaluation. Of the 184 included subjects in the stockings group and 188 in the control group, 358 (96.2%) completed the study. Dropouts were due to compliance or connection problems. Age/sex distributions were comparable in the groups. Stockings Group: of 179 subjects (mean age 49; SD 7; M:F = 101:78), none had DVT or superficial thromboses.
  
  
  METHODS
  of 179 subjects (mean age 48.4; SD 7.3; M:F = 98:81), 4 (2.2%) had a DVT. There were also 2 superficial thromboses. In total, 3.35% (6) subjects had a thrombotic event. The difference (p<0.002) is significant. Intention-to-treat analysis detects 15 failures in the control group (9 lost + 6 thromboses) out of 188 subjects (7.9%) versus 5 subjects (2.7%) in the stockings group (p <0.05). All thrombotic events were observed in passengers sitting in nonaisle seats. The tolerability of the stockings was very good and there were no complaints or side effects. Thrombotic events were asymptomatic. No difference was observed in the distribution of events between men and women. The 3 women who had a thrombotic event were taking low-dose, oral contraceptives. Edema evaluation: The level of edema at inclusion was comparable in the 2 groups. After the flight there was a score of 6.7 (3.1) in controls; in the stockings group the score was 2.9 times lower (p<0.05). The control of edema with stockings was clear considering both parametric (circumference, volume) and nonparametric (analogue scale lines) data. Part II: DVT evaluation. Of the 285 included subjects, 271 (95%) completed the study. Dropouts were due to low compliance or connection problems. Age/sex distributions were comparable in the groups. Stockings Group: of 142 subjects (mean age 48; SD 8; M:F = 89:53), none had DVT or superficial thromboses.
  
  
  METHODS
  of 143 subjects (mean age 47; SD 8; M:F = 87:56), 3 had a popliteal DVT and 3 a superficial thrombosis. In total, 4.2% (6) subjects had a thrombotic event. The difference (p<0.02) between groups is significant. Intention-to-treat analysis detects 14 failures in the control group (8 lost + 6 thromboses = 9.7%) versus 6 (all lost = 4.2% in the stockings group) (p<0.05). Four of 6 events (3 DVT + 1 SVT) were observed in non-aisle seats. The tolerability of the stockings was very good. No difference was observed in the distribution of events between men and women. Edema evaluation: The level of edema at inclusion was comparable in the 2 groups. After the flight there was a score of 8.08 (2.9) in controls while in the stockings group the score was 2.56 (1.5) (p < 0.005). In conclusion. Scholl Flight Socks are very effective in controlling edema. Also this type of compression is effective in significantly reducing the incidence of DVT and thrombotic events in low-medium-risk subjects, in long-haul flights.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considering these observations, Flight Socks are effective in controlling edema and in reducing the incidence of DVT in low-medium-risk subjects, in long-haul flights (7-11 hours).
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Irvine2 Vascular Laboratory, G. D'Annunzio University, and San Valentino Vascular Screening Project (Pe), Italy. cardres@pe.abol.it
authors.forename: Gianni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Belcaro
authors.forename: Maria Rosaria
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Cesarone
authors.forename: Sandeep S G
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Andrew N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Nicolaides
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Geroulakos
authors.forename: Edmondo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ippolito
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Winford
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lennox
authors.forename: Luciano
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pellegrini
authors.forename: Rossella
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brandolini
authors.forename: Kenneth A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Simeone
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bavera
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dugall
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Renzo
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moia
mesh_terms: D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D001458:Bandages; D004487:Edema / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000098:blood supply; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000517:prevention & control*