title: Screening for prostate cancer: an update of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In U.S. men, prostate cancer is the most common noncutaneous cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death. Screening for prostate cancer is controversial.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force the evidence of benefits and harms of screening and earlier treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library, experts, and bibliographies of reviews.
  
  
  METHODS
  Researchers developed eight questions representing a logical chain between screening and reduced mortality, along with eligibility criteria for admissible evidence for each question. Admissible evidence was obtained by searching the data sources.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two reviewers abstracted relevant information using standardized abstraction forms and graded article quality according to Task Force criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No conclusive direct evidence shows that screening reduces prostate cancer mortality. Some screening tests can detect prostate cancer at an earlier stage than clinical detection. One study provides good evidence that radical prostatectomy reduces disease-specific mortality for men with localized prostate cancer detected clinically. No study has examined the additional benefit of earlier treatment after detection by screening. Men with a life expectancy of fewer than 10 years are unlikely to benefit from screening even under favorable assumptions. Each treatment is associated with several well-documented potential harms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although potential harms of screening for prostate cancer can be established, the presence or magnitude of potential benefits cannot. Therefore, the net benefit of screening cannot be determined.
authors.affiliation: Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, CB# 7590, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 725 Airport Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7590, USA.
authors.forename: Russell
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Kathleen N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Lohr
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D010808:Physical Examination; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D011788:Quality of Life; D012007:Rectum; D012107:Research Design
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen