title: Comparison of recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and placebo for treatment of septic preterm infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To reduce morbidity and mortality adjuvant cytokine therapy was administered to septic neonates with variable results. The objective of this case series was to compare the effectiveness of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rhuGM-CSF) and recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rG-CSF) with that of placebo in correcting neutropenia induced by sepsis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Symptomatic, septic premature neonates with or without a positive blood culture were eligible. Twenty-eight patients were randomized: 10 received rG-CSF (5 microg/kg/dose i.v. twice a day); 10 received rhuGM-CSF (4 microg/kg/dose i.v. twice a day) and 8 received placebo for a maximum of 7 days, or until an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) of 10,000 cells/mm was reached.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant increase in the ANC above the baseline was present on Day 2 in the rG-CSF group (P = 0.015) and on Day 5 in the rhuGM-CSF (P = 0.002) and placebo (P = 0.027) groups. The ANC of the rG-CSF group was significantly above that in the rhuGM-CSF and placebo groups on Day 7 (P = 0.03). Mortality and neonatal intensive care unit morbidity was not significantly different between the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The neutrophil count in the rG-CSF-treated group increased significantly faster than that in the placebo or rhuGM-CSF group.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York City, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Asma
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Laborada
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bussel
authors.forename: Mirjana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nesin
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D010919:Placebos; D011247:Pregnancy; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D018805:Sepsis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D010919:Placebos; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor