title: Non-anaemic iron deficiency identified by ZPP test in extremely premature infants: prevalence, dietary risk factors, and association with neurodevelopmental problems.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aims of this study were to determine, in a cohort of extremely premature infants, the prevalence of iron deficiency identified by zinc protoporphyrin/heme ratio (ZPP) testing, and its association with neurodevelopmental problems and dietary risk factors for iron deficiency.
  
  
  METHODS
  Infants of less than 29 weeks' gestation or less than 1000 g birth weight were studied prospectively at a multidisciplinary follow-up clinic. Assessments were made at a corrected age of either 12 months (n=72) or 2 years (n=69). Physical examination, Griffiths Developmental Scale, and neurosensory-motor assessment were administered, information on diet and behaviour was obtained by questionnaire, and a fingerprick ZPP ratio was performed to identify iron deficiency.
  
  
  RESULTS
  18.4% of infants had positive ZPP tests. There was no significant association between a positive ZPP test result and dietary risk factors, or symptoms of lethargy, irritability or poor attention. In children without cerebral palsy, there was no difference on Griffiths scores or neurosensory-motor assessment between ZPP-positive and ZPP-negative groups. The diagnosis of cerebral palsy (n=12) was significantly associated with both a positive ZPP test and a lower Griffiths general quotient (GQ) score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Iron deficiency occurs commonly in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) children in early childhood, and is not predicted by dietary risk factors. The prevalence of iron deficiency is increased in ELBW children with cerebral palsy. Non-anaemic iron deficiency (NAID) does not impair development or significantly affect behaviour of ELBW subjects who do not have cerebral palsy.
authors.affiliation: Mater Children's Hospital, Queensland 4101, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: O'Keeffe
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: O'Callaghan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cowley
authors.forename: D I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Tudehope
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mohay
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005865:Gestational Age; D006403:Hematologic Tests; D006418:Heme / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000097:blood*; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight / Q000097:blood*; D000090463:Iron Deficiencies; D019266:Iron, Dietary; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011524:Protoporphyrins / Q000097:blood*; D011793:Queensland / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D019266:Iron, Dietary; D011524:Protoporphyrins; D006418:Heme