title: Priming effect as determined by adding 14C-glucose to modified controlled composting test.
abstract: The development of new biodegradable packaging materials, especially biodegradable plastics, has created a need for biodegradability testing. The European standard for controlled composting test was used in this study for assessing if the addition of a test material results in excess CO2 production in compost. This effect, designated as the priming effect, would give an erroneous result for biodegradation, which is based on CO2 formation from the test material. Glucose was selected as a test substrate because it is the degradation product of starch and cellulose, which are major compounds of many packaging materials. Both 14C-glucose and non-labelled glucose was applied to nine compost samples of variable stability and age from two weeks to 1.5 years. CO2 and 14CO2 evolution were measured during the incubation. Biodegradation of glucose in unstable composts (age <6 months) was negative and 14CO2 evolution was poor, although the respective composts without glucose produced relatively high amounts of CO2. It was concluded that a negative priming effect was observed in unstable composts, in which glucose remained mostly non-degraded and apparently inhibited the mineralization of native organic matter in the compost. In stable composts (age > or = 6 months), biodegradation of glucose was high and approximately equal to 14C-glucose mineralization, i.e., the composts showed no priming effect. Young composts were unsuitable for controlled composting test due to lack of stability. It is important to ensure that the compost inoculum used for the test is sufficiently stable.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Finland. marja.tuomela@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: Marja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tuomela
authors.forename: Annele
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hatakka
authors.forename: Sari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karjomaa
authors.forename: Merja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Itävaara
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000378:metabolism; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques / Q000592:standards; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental / Q000187:drug effects; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D012037:Refuse Disposal / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018505:Waste Management / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D005947:Glucose