title: Effect of follow-up time on risk estimates: a longitudinal examination of the relative risks of leukemia and multiple myeloma in a rubber hydrochloride cohort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Choice of follow-up time for an occupational cohort can influence risk estimates. We examined the effects of follow-up time on relative risk estimates for leukemia and multiple myeloma in a cohort of 1,845 rubber hydrochloride workers.
  
  
  METHODS
  We generated standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) for yearly follow-ups, beginning each study in 1940 and increasing study end dates from 1950 through 1996. We used Cox proportional hazards modeling to explore the effects of follow-up time on the exposure-response relationship.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The SMR for leukemia rose to 13.55 in 1961 and fell nearly monotonically to 2.47 by 1996. Cox modeling suggested interaction between cumulative exposure and time since exposure. A longer time to peak risk was seen for multiple myeloma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because summary risk estimates change with follow-up time, exposure limits set using these estimates may not adequately protect workers. Consideration of appropriate follow-up time and use of more complex temporal models are critical to the risk assessment process.
authors.affiliation: Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Parkway, MS R-44, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. ZRE4@cdc.gov
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Silver
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Rinsky
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Hornung
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lai
mesh_terms: D001554:Benzene / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D007938:Leukemia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000401:mortality; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000401:mortality; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000401:mortality; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012408:Rubber; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D012408:Rubber; D001554:Benzene