title: Response to adenosine differentiates focal from macroreentrant atrial tachycardia: validation using three-dimensional electroanatomic mapping.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We previously proposed that adenosine has mechanism-specific effects on atrial tachycardia (AT), such that adenosine terminates AT attributable to triggered activity, transiently suppresses automatic rhythms, and has no effect on macroreentrant AT. This, however, remains controversial, because other studies have reported that adenosine terminates reentrant AT. To clarify this issue, we used 3D electroanatomic mapping to delineate the tachycardia circuit and thereby determine whether the response to adenosine differentiates focal from macroreentrant AT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We examined the effect of adenosine on 43 ATs in 42 consecutive patients (59+/-15 years of age; 26 female) who received adenosine during tachycardia and whose mechanism of AT was characterized by pharmacological perturbation, entrainment, 3D electroanatomic mapping, and results of radiofrequency ablation. Eight tachycardias were macroreentrant (noncavotricuspid isthmus-dependent), and 35 ATs were focal (either triggered or automatic). Adenosine administered during AT (at doses sufficient to result in AV block) terminated or transiently suppressed focal AT in 33 of 35 cases, whereas 8 of 8 macroreentrant ATs were adenosine insensitive (P<0.001). Twenty-eight of 35 focal ATs were located along the crista terminalis or tricuspid annulus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The response of AT to adenosine can immediately differentiate atrial tachycardia arising from a focal source from that attributable to macroreentry. This finding can be exploited to facilitate developing a focused, strategic ablative approach at the onset of a procedure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Cornell University Medical Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: Sei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iwai
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Markowitz
authors.forename: Kenneth M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: Suneet
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mittal
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Slotwiner
authors.forename: Mithilesh K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: Jennifer D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Steven C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.forename: Bruce B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Lerman
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018780:Body Surface Potential Mapping / Q000379:methods; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004437:Ebstein Anomaly / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D004562:Electrocardiography; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D013610:Tachycardia / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D000241:Adenosine