title: [Ultrasound in local anaesthesia. Part I: technical developments and background].
abstract: The localisation of the nerve to be blocked is one of the special challenges in local anaesthesia. Since the first time local anaesthesia procedures were carried out approximately 100 years ago, the basic limitations of this method have always been the unsatisfactory success rate and the specific risks involved. Even by variation of the access route to the various nerves and use of different identification methods, no ideal blockade technique has been found which allows a 100% success rate and at the same time reduces the risks to a minimum. The clinical introduction of various aids, such as nerve stimulation or Doppler sonography, have brought no statistically significant advantages despite showing clear improvements. In recent years there has been a trend towards local anaesthesia in perioperative care due to the proven advantages and range of possibilities. Several working groups have developed methods for the sonographic identification of nerves or the epidural space and to an exact placing of needles or catheters from the information obtained. In this way the application of catheters and the injection of local anaesthetic agents can be carried out in an accurate and controlled manner. Although sonography is a procedure which has been used in local anaesthesia for over 10 years, there are at present only few practising local anaesthetists who can use this method. However, interest in this method is growing especially due to the aspect of quality assurance. Organising committees have established that this method will be the future direction. Perhaps even the prediction of Alon P. Winnie for ultrasound-guided local anaesthesia will become true: "Sooner or later someone will make a sufficiently close examination of the anatomy involved, so that exact techniques will be developed."
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Anaesthesie und Allgemeine Intensivmedizin, Universität Wien, Germany. stephan.kapral@univie.ac.at
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kapral
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marhofer
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Grau
mesh_terms: D000765:Anesthesia, Conduction / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods; D009420:Nervous System / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000295:instrumentation