title: RHD maternal-fetal genotype incompatibility increases schizophrenia susceptibility.
abstract: Fetal events and obstetric complications are associated with schizophrenia. Here we report the results of a family-based candidate-gene study that assesses the role of maternal-fetal genotype incompatibility at the RHD locus in schizophrenia. We adapted the case-parent-trio log-linear modeling approach to test for RHD maternal-fetal genotype incompatibility and to distinguish this effect from a high-risk allele at or near the RHD locus and from a direct maternal effect alone. Eighty-eight patient-parent trios, 72 patient-mother pairs, and 21 patient-father pairs were genotyped at the RHD locus. Of the 181 patients, 62% were male and 81% were second born or later. Only three patients were born after prophylaxis against maternal isoimmunization had become common practice. There was significant evidence for an RHD maternal-fetal genotype incompatibility, and the incompatibility parameter was estimated at 2.6. There was no evidence to support linkage/association with schizophrenia at or near the RHD locus nor any evidence to support the role of maternal genotype effect alone. Our results replicate previous findings that implicate the RHD locus in schizophrenia, and the candidate-gene design of this study allows the elimination of alternative explanations for the role of this locus in disease. Thus, the present study provides increasing evidence that the RHD locus increases schizophrenia risk through a maternal-fetal genotype incompatibility mechanism that increases risk of an adverse prenatal environment (e.g., Rh incompatibility) rather than through linkage/association with the disorder, linkage disequilibrium with an unknown nearby susceptibility locus, or a direct maternal effect alone. This is the first candidate-gene study to explicitly test for and provide evidence of a maternal-fetal genotype incompatibility mechanism in schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095, USA. cpalmer@mednet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: Christina G S
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: Joni A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Turunen
authors.forename: Janet S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Sinsheimer
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Minassian
authors.forename: Tiina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Paunio
authors.forename: Jouko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lönnqvist
authors.forename: Leena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Peltonen
authors.forename: J Arthur
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Woodward
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000378:metabolism*; D005387:Finland; D005819:Genetic Markers / Q000235:genetics; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D008297:Male; D008957:Models, Genetic; D009035:Mothers; D012204:Rh-Hr Blood-Group System / Q000235:genetics*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; D012204:Rh-Hr Blood-Group System; C026410:Rho(D) antigen