title: Longitudinal, 15-year follow-up of children born at less than 29 weeks' gestation after introduction of surfactant therapy into a region: neurologic, cognitive, and educational outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure the primary and secondary school-age neurologic, cognitive, and educational outcomes in a cohort of extremely premature infants born after the introduction of exogenous surfactant therapy in a circumscribed region.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred thirteen infants born at <29 weeks' gestation were cared for at a regional referral center during 1985-1987. At primary school age, neurologic and cognitive outcomes, educational achievement, school placement, health status, and socioeconomic status were determined by follow-up visit. At secondary school age, school placement and health status were evaluated by telephone interview.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred thirty-two infants survived to school age, of whom 127 (96%) were evaluated in 1992-1995 and 126 (95%) were evaluated in 2000. Mean ages were 7.0 years at first follow-up and 14.1 years at second follow-up. At primary-school age follow-up, 19 children (15%) had cerebral palsy, 24 (19%) had a general cognitive index <70, and 41 (32%) were placed in a self-contained, special classroom. Thirty-nine children (31%) had no physical or educational impairment, whereas 27 (21%) had at least 1 severe disability. At secondary school age, cerebral palsy incidence remained unchanged, whereas 36 children (29%) were placed in a special classroom. Fifty-one children (41%) had no physical or educational impairment, whereas 24 (19%) had at least 1 severe disability. Neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage and low socioeconomic status were the strongest predictors of adverse outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Premature infants born in the surfactant era remain at high risk of neurodevelopmental compromise. Although many of these children do well, a significant minority will require intensive special educational services through secondary school age.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Strong Children's Research Center, Golisano Children's Hospital at Strong, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, USA. carl_dangio@urmc.rochester.edu
authors.forename: Carl T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: D'Angio
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Sinkin
authors.forename: Timothy P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: Nancy K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Landfish
authors.forename: Joan L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Merzbach
authors.forename: Rita M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: Dale L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Phelps
authors.forename: Donna R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Palumbo
authors.forename: Gary J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Myers
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001688:Biological Products; D002423:Cause of Death; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000502:physiology*; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight / Q000502:physiology*; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011663:Pulmonary Surfactants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012923:Social Class; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001688:Biological Products; D011663:Pulmonary Surfactants; C117342:calfactant