title: The role of task difficulty in the control of dynamic balance in children and adults.
abstract: Although several studies have explored the development of balance control in children, few have addressed the influence of task difficulty on balance control under dynamic and ecologically valid conditions. In this study, reaching tasks in three directions to two distances enabled the examination of balance control in the context of graded task difficulty. Balance control was measured in younger (6 years) and older (10-11 years) children and adults using center of pressure (COP) measures (initial position, excursion, and amplitude) and reach distance. Measures of the initial position of the COP and the excursion of the COP revealed no age-related differences in balance control. Furthermore, balance control, measured by the amplitude of COP movement over the course of the reaching tasks, indicated no differences between the age groups for the least difficult and most difficult tasks. For tasks of moderate difficulty, however, older children displayed levels of balance control similar to younger children for some tasks and higher levels of balance control, similar to adults, for others. This study suggests that (1) process-based measures of balance control are more sensitive in detecting age-related differences, and (2) balance control depends upon both age and the difficulty of the task being performed.
authors.affiliation: Center for Human Motor Research, The University of Michigan, Division of Kinesiology, 401 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2214, USA. jstreepy@umich.edu
authors.forename: Jefferson W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Streepey
authors.forename: Rosa M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Angulo-Kinzler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D007699:Kinesthesis; D009949:Orientation; D004856:Postural Balance; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D012016:Reference Values; D016474:Weight-Bearing