title: Coadministration of grapefruit juice increases systemic exposure of diltiazem in healthy volunteers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Grapefruit juice has been reported to increase the bioavailability of several calcium-channel antagonists, i.e. the dihydropyridines and verapamil, which are cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) substrates. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of diltiazem and the metabolites N-demethyl-diltiazem (MA) and desacetyl-diltiazem (M1).
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten healthy male volunteers were included in a randomised, open, crossover study, comparing the effect of a single oral dose of non-retard formulated diltiazem (120 mg) administered with 250 ml grapefruit juice or water. The study was performed on two investigation days separated by 13-38 days (median 28 days). Plasma samples were collected for measurement of diltiazem and the metabolites MA and M1. Blood pressure and heart rate were monitored throughout the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Grapefruit juice intake resulted in a statistically significant average individual increase in the area under the plasma diltiazem concentration-time curve (AUC(0-24)) of 20+/-25% ( P=0.02) compared with water. The average individual increase in peak plasma concentration (C(max)) of diltiazem after grapefruit juice administration was 22+/-37%, but this effect was not statistically significant ( P=0.14). The time to C(max) (t(max)) or terminal half-life was not affected by grapefruit juice. Considerable interindividual variability in the interaction was observed. There were no statistically significant differences in blood pressure and heart rate between the two treatments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study demonstrated that a single intake of grapefruit juice (250 ml) caused a slight but statistically significant increase in the systemic exposure of diltiazem. Inhibition of intestinal metabolism and/or P-glycoprotein efflux transport may be responsible for this effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway. h.s.christensen@farmasi.uio.no
authors.forename: Hege
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Asberg
authors.forename: Aase-Britt
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Holmboe
authors.forename: Knut Joachim
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Berg
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001628:Beverages; D001682:Biological Availability; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood* / Q000494:pharmacology; D032083:Citrus paradisi; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004110:Diltiazem / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood* / Q000494:pharmacology; D018565:Food-Drug Interactions; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D004110:Diltiazem