title: Distinct neuropsychological characteristics in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterise the nature of cognitive change in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Case histories are reported of four patients with sporadic (sCJD) and two with familial CJD (fCJD), with postmortem pathological findings in four cases. The data derived from cognitive examination are examined with respect to the presence or absence of a variety of characteristics to elicit performance profiles across cognitive domains.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three patients with sCJD exhibited clear focal cortical deficits. One patient had visual impairment leading to cortical blindness, associated with posterior hemisphere abnormalities on single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging; two others had impairments in language, mirrored by left hemisphere SPECT abnormalities. The remaining three patients showed no specific cortical symptomatology. Despite these differences all six patients shared common qualitative characteristics: episodic unresponsiveness, interference effects, and profound verbal and motor perseveration. These common features are interpreted in terms of impaired activation and regulation of neocortex from subcortical structures. Findings from postmortem pathological examination and from the published literature provide converging evidence to implicate a critical role of the thalamus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These preliminary findings suggest that sCJD and fCJD may be associated with distinct neuropsychological characteristics.
authors.affiliation: Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Hope Hospital, Salford, UK. julie.snowden@man.ac.uk
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Snowden
authors.forename: D M A
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Neary
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001284:Atrophy; D019575:Blindness, Cortical / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D007562:Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology; D018450:Disease Progression; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon