title: Phorbol ester induction of angiotensin-converting enzyme transcription is mediated by Egr-1 and AP-1 in human endothelial cells via ERK1/2 pathway.
abstract: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is an enzyme that plays a major role in vasoactive peptide metabolism, and it has been implicated in various cardiovascular diseases. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), a protein kinase C activator, has been shown to increase ACE mRNA at the transcriptional level in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. We have investigated the transcriptional mechanism involved in protein kinase C induction of the ACE gene. Deletion and transfection analyses have revealed that two regions are required for PMA-inducible gene expression. The first is a G+C-rich region located in the proximal ACE promoter bearing overlapping consensus recognition sequences for stimulatory protein-1 (Sp1) and early growth response gene 1 (Egr-1). Electrophoretic mobility shift assay and supershift experiments have shown that Egr-1 is present in the specific nucleoprotein complex induced by PMA in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The second region is located in the distal ACE promoter. DNase I footprinting analysis restricted this region to a 21-bp element containing a cAMP-responsive element/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate-responsive element sequence. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and supershift analyses have revealed that activating protein 1 (AP-1) is the transcription factor binding the cAMP-responsive element/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate-responsive element located in the ACE promoter after PMA stimulation. Mutations of either Egr-1 or AP-1 binding sites partially abrogate ACE expression induced by PMA, whereas mutation of both sites totally abrogates PMA-induced ACE expression. Treatment of cells with PD98059, a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-1-specific inhibitor, inhibited PMA-induced ACE expression. Our results demonstrate that the two transcription factors, Egr-1 and AP-1, are involved in the PMA-induced ACE transcriptional activation in human endothelial cells via the activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 signaling pathway.
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unit 525, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Sapétrière, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Mélanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eyries
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Agrapart
authors.forename: Amalia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alonso
authors.forename: Florent
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Soubrier
mesh_terms: D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018983:DNA Footprinting; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051766:Early Growth Response Protein 1; D024202:Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D020536:Enzyme Activators / Q000494:pharmacology; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D020862:GC Rich Sequence / Q000502:physiology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000502:physiology; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000502:physiology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C497325:EGR1 protein, human; D051766:Early Growth Response Protein 1; D020536:Enzyme Activators; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D014157:Transcription Factors; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate