title: Efficacy of atovaquone combined with clindamycin against murine infection with a cystogenic (Me49) strain of Toxoplasma gondii.
abstract: The efficacy of atovaquone (ATO) combined with clindamycin (CLI) against Toxoplasma gondii was examined in murine models of infection with a mouse-non-virulent (Me49) strain. Swiss-Webster mice inoculated by mouth with 10 or 20 cysts were treated with ATO and CLI alone or combined at dosages of ATO 5-100 and CLI 25-400 mg/kg/day for 2-4 weeks. Drug treatment was initiated (i) day 4 post-infection (acute infection), (ii) 3 months post-infection (chronic infection) and (iii) following a 2-3 week course of treatment with dexamethasone (DXM) alone or combined with cortisone-acetate (CA) introduced 3 months post-infection (reactivated toxoplasmosis). In acute infection, whereas treatment with any drug or drug combination significantly enhanced survival and reduced the brain cyst burden, in mice treated with ATO alone or combined with CLI, the cyst counts were significantly lower than in mice treated with CLI alone. In chronic infection, the decrease in the cyst burden observed 2 weeks after treatment with either drug alone was significant only in mice treated with the combined drugs. Most importantly, in reactivated toxoplasmosis, whereas an effect for the combined drugs was shown in mice suppressed with both DXM alone and combined with CA, in mice pre-treated with DXM a 3 week course of ATO > or = 25 and CLI 50 mg/kg/day significantly increased survival and markedly decreased the cyst burden. The latter effect was long-term, since the cyst burdens in treated mice continued to decrease up to 3 months later, whereas they increased in the untreated mice. The results warrant clinical evaluation of the combination of ATO and CLI in the treatment of toxoplasmosis in both immunocompetent and, more importantly, immunosuppressed patients.
authors.affiliation: Toxoplasmosis Research Laboratory, Institute for Medical Research, PO Box 102, 11129 Belgrade, Yugoslavia. olgicadj@imi.bg.ac.yu
authors.forename: Olgica
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Djurković-Djaković
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Milenković
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nikolić
authors.forename: Branko
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bobić
authors.forename: Jelica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grujić
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D053626:Atovaquone; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000469:parasitology; D002981:Clindamycin / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003560:Cysts / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D051379:Mice; D009285:Naphthoquinones / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014122:Toxoplasma / Q000187:drug effects*; D014124:Toxoplasmosis, Animal / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology
chemical_list: D009285:Naphthoquinones; D002981:Clindamycin; D053626:Atovaquone