title: Intrauterine hyperglycemia is associated with an earlier diagnosis of diabetes in HNF-1alpha gene mutation carriers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In animals, experimentally induced maternal hyperglycemia during pregnancy results in hyperglycemic offspring. Similarly, Pima Indian offspring with mothers who are diabetic at the time of pregnancy have increased risk of early-onset diabetes. We hypothesized that exposure to hyperglycemia in utero would decrease the age at diagnosis of diabetes in patients with maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) due to a mutation in the hepatocyte nuclear factor 1alpha (HNF-1alpha) gene.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed the affect of maternal diabetes on age at diagnosis of diabetes in 150 HNF-1alpha gene mutation carriers from 55 families.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age at diagnosis in HNF-1alpha mutation carriers was younger when the mother was diagnosed before pregnancy compared with when the mother was diagnosed after pregnancy (15.5 +/- 5.4 vs. 27.5 +/- 13.1 years, P < 0.0001). This is unlikely to represent a generalized familial decrease in age at diagnosis due to a more severe mutation, because no difference was seen in age of the offspring at diagnosis of diabetes when the father was diagnosed at a young age, and a similar trend was seen when only the single common mutation, P291fsinsC, was analyzed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that maternal hyperglycemia during pregnancy probably increases the penetrance of HNF-1alpha mutations. The potential role of exposure to hyperglycemia in utero in a monogenic diabetic subgroup warrants prospective study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, University of Exeter, Devon, UK.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stride
authors.forename: Maggie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shepherd
authors.forename: Timothy M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Frayling
authors.forename: Mike P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Bulman
authors.forename: Sian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ellard
authors.forename: Andrew T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Hattersley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006580:Genetic Carrier Screening; D018392:Genomic Imprinting; D051537:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1; D051538:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-alpha; D051539:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-beta; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000196:embryology*; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000235:genetics; D011247:Pregnancy; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C496487:HNF1A protein, human; C496495:HNF1B protein, human; D051538:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-alpha; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D051537:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1; D051539:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-beta