title: Mitochondrial damage by nitric oxide is potentiated by dopamine in PC12 cells.
abstract: Mitochondrial damage in PC12 cells, a model for dopaminergic cells, was examined in terms of the contribution of oxidative stress, nitric oxide (*NO), and dopamine to impairment of mitochondrial respiratory control (RC). A kinetic analysis suggested that the oxidative deamination of dopamine catalyzed by monoamine oxidase (MAO) was not a significant source of hydrogen peroxide, because of constrains imposed by the low cytosolic level of dopamine. *NO induced irreversible damage of mitochondrial complex I in PC12 cells: this damage followed a sigmoid response on *NO concentration with a well-defined threshold level. Dopamine did not elicit damage of mitochondria in PC12 cells; however, the amine potentiated the effects of *NO at or near the threshold level, thus leading to irreversible impairment of mitochondrial respiration. This synergism between *NO and dopamine was not observed at *NO concentrations below the threshold level. Depletion of dopamine from the storage vesicles by reserpine protected mitochondria from *NO damage. Dopamine oxidation by *NO increased with pH, and occurred at modest levels at pH 5.5. In spite of this, calculations showed that the oxidation of dopamine in the storage vesicles (pH 5.5) was higher than that in the cytosol (pH 7.4), due to the higher dopamine concentration in the storage vesicles (millimolar range) compared to that in the cytosol (micromolar range). It is suggested that storage vesicles may be the cellular sites where the potential for dopamine oxidation by *NO is higher. These data provide further support to the hypothesis that dopamine renders dopaminergic cells more susceptible to the mitochondrial damaging effects of *NO. In the early stages of Parkinson's disease, *NO production increases until reaching a point near the threshold level that induces neuronal damage. Dopamine stored in dopaminergic cells may cause these cells to be more susceptible to the deleterious effects of *NO, which involve irreversible impairment of mitochondrial respiration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9121, USA. fantunes@fc.ul.pt
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Antunes
authors.forename: Derick
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rettori
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cadenas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D019069:Cell Respiration / Q000502:physiology; D004298:Dopamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016877:Oxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D016716:PC12 Cells; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D016877:Oxidants; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D004298:Dopamine