title: Helicobacter pylori infection in upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND: In patients with hereditary bleeding disorders, upper gastrointestinal bleeding presents a life-threatening complication, while the role of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in this group of patients has not been fully clarified in the literature. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of H. pylori infection and of dental status in upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic disorders (HHD). METHODS: Thirty-seven patients with HHD (18 patients with and 19 without a history of upper gastrointestinal bleeding) and 26 control patients without HHD, who were admitted to our hospital for elective gastroscopy due to dyspeptic symptoms, were included in the study. Endoscopy was performed on all patients with gastrointestinal bleeding and on controls. ELISA was used to detect IgG, anti-CagA, and IgA antibodies to H. pylori in the serum and saliva of patients and controls. Moreover, dental status was examined using the decayed/missing/filled teeth index (DMFT) in all subjects. The chi(2)-test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Some 64.8% of the patients and 65.4% of the controls had H. pylori IgG antibodies in serum (P>0.1, NS) while 54.05% of the patients and 34.6% of controls were anti-CagA-positive in serum (P=NS). However, 83 and 26.3% of the HHD patients with and without gastrointestinal bleeding, respectively, were serum anti-CagA-positive (P<0.01) while 72 and 58%, respectively, were serum IgG-positive (P=NS). H. pylori antibodies in saliva and the DMFT calculated index did not differ between the two subgroups. Subsequently, all serum anti-CagA-positive HHD patients received 1-week of triple H. pylori eradication therapy with omeprazole, clarithromycin, and amoxicillin orally. During a 2-year follow-up, none of these patients reported upper gastrointestinal bleeding. CONCLUSIONS: Although no statistically significant difference in H. pylori infection was found between HHD and controls, the CagA strain appeared more frequently in those HHD patients with a history of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Given our results and the limited data available in the literature, we would recommend anti-CagA screening and therapy to all patients with HHD. However, further studies with a longer follow-up and a greater number of patients are necessary.
authors.affiliation: Hemostatic Unit of The First Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Stl. Kiriakidi 1, PC 54636, Thessaloniki, Greece
authors.forename: Nikos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Eleftheriadis
authors.forename: Sofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Makri
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Aggouridaki
authors.forename: Eleftheria
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pithara
authors.forename: Pantelis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Makris