title: Whey liquid waste of the dairy industry as raw material for potable alcohol production by kefir granules.
abstract: Kefir granular biomass was used in the fermentation of sweet whey and proved to be more effective compared to single-cell biomass of kefir yeast. The operational stability of the biocatalyst was assessed by carrying out 20 repeated batch fermentations. Levels of ethanol productivity reached 2.57 g L(-1) h(-1)), whereas the yield was 0.45 g/g. The fermentation time was only 8 h. Mixtures of sweet whey with molasses were fermented at initial densities ranging from 4.2 to 10.2 degrees Be and resulted in ethanol yield factors between 0.36 and 0.48 g of ethanol/g of utilized sugar. Lower degrees Be values led to an increase of percentages of ethyl acetate on total volatiles determined and a reduction of amyl alcohols. The addition of 1% black raisin extract to whey appears to promote whey fermentation, whereas the same was not observed in the case of white sultana extract addition. It was finally established that it is preferable to ferment mixtures of whey-molasses by adding molasses in whey after the completion of whey fermentation.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54006 Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Athanasiadis
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Boskou
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kanellaki
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kiosseoglou
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Koutinas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003612:Dairying; D000431:Ethanol / Q000378:metabolism*; D005285:Fermentation; D007220:Industrial Waste; D007700:Kinetics; D008892:Milk / Q000378:metabolism*; D008894:Milk Proteins; D008965:Molasses; D000067816:Whey Proteins
chemical_list: D007220:Industrial Waste; D008894:Milk Proteins; D000067816:Whey Proteins; D000431:Ethanol