title: Anaesthesia for advanced rectal cancer patients treated with combined major resections and intraoperative radiotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Multimodality treatment for patients with locally advanced primary or locally recurrent rectal cancer, including high-dose preoperative external beam radiotherapy, extensive surgery and intraoperative radiation therapy, decreases the local recurrence rates and improves survival. During this aggressive operation, the anaesthesiologist is faced with potential problems such as major transfusion requirements, hypothermia, intraoperative position changes, the need to transport the patient to the intraoperative radiation therapy applicator, and the risks associated with remote monitoring of the patient during the 10 min intraoperative radiation therapy application. The anaesthetic management and perioperative results were evaluated for the anaesthetic results and the complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  One-hundred-and-six patients undergoing the multimodality treatment between February 1994 and March 2000 for locally advanced primary (n = 50) and locally recurrent rectal cancer (n = 56) were retrospectively evaluated for their anaesthetic results and complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients were operated upon using a combination of general and epidural anaesthesia. The average duration of anaesthesia was 6 (range 3-10.5) h and the mean blood loss 3.6 (range 0.4-14) L. All patients recovered well from anaesthesia. Two patients (2%) died in the intensive care unit (34 and 48 days postoperatively) because of adult respiratory distress syndrome following postoperative haemorrhage. Severe haemorrhage during or after the operation was significantly related with the development of adult respiratory distress syndrome (P < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With adequate preoperative assessment and optimalization of the patient's condition, maintaining peroperative haemodynamic stability with the help of adequate remote monitoring, early and fast transfusion, and multidisciplinary communication, anaesthetic complications can be minimized.
authors.affiliation: Catharina Hospital, Department of Surgery, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: G H H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Mannaerts
authors.forename: A A J
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Van Zundert
authors.forename: V C H
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Meeusen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Martijn
authors.forename: H J T
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Rutten
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies