title: Effects of subclinical thyroid dysfunction on the heart.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mounting evidence indicates that subclinical thyroid dysfunction has important clinical effects and prognostic implications, supporting the view that it is not a compensated biochemical change sensu strictu.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review clinical information on the effects of subclinical thyroid dysfunction on the heart.
  
  
  METHODS
  English-language articles identified from files and a MEDLINE search (1970-September 2001), references of relevant articles, textbooks, and meeting abstracts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reports on the effects of subclinical hypothyroidism and subclinical hyperthyroidism on the cardiovascular system in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on cardiac structure and performance, arrhythmias, and risk for coronary artery disease were independently assessed by all authors and summarized.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subclinical hypothyroidism is associated with impaired left ventricular diastolic function at rest, systolic dysfunction on effort, and enhanced risk for atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction. Subclinical hyperthyroidism is associated with increased heart rate, atrial arrhythmias, increased left ventricular mass with marginal concentric remodeling, impaired ventricular relaxation, reduced exercise performance, and increased risk for cardiovascular death. All abnormalities were reversed by restoration of euthyroidism (subclinical hypothyroidism) or were blunted by beta-blockade and tailoring of the l -thyroxine dose (subclinical hyperthyroidism).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The heart responds to the minimal but persistent changes in circulating thyroid hormone levels typical of subclinical thyroid dysfunction. Thus, the condition is not a compensated biochemical change sensu strictu, and timely treatment should be considered in an attempt to avoid adverse cardiovascular effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology, University of Naples Federico II School of Medicine, 80131 Naples, Italy. bebiondi@libero.it
authors.forename: Bernadette
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Biondi
authors.forename: Emiliano A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Palmieri
authors.forename: Gaetano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lombardi
authors.forename: Serafino
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fazio
mesh_terms: D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000150:complications; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D006980:Hyperthyroidism / Q000150:complications; D007037:Hypothyroidism / Q000150:complications; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D013959:Thyroid Diseases / Q000150:complications*