title: Application of Framingham risk estimates to ethnic minorities in United Kingdom and implications for primary prevention of heart disease in general practice: cross sectional population based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the 10 year risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and combined cardiovascular disease (CVD) estimated from the Framingham equations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population based cross sectional survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine general practices in south London.
  
  
  METHODS
  1386 men and women, age 40-59 years, with no history of CVD (475 white people, 447 south Asian people, and 464 people of African origin), and a subgroup of 1069 without known diabetes, left ventricular hypertrophy, peripheral vascular disease, renal impairment, or target organ damage.
  
  
  METHODS
  10 year risk estimates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  People of African origin had the lowest 10 year risk estimate of CHD adjusted for age and sex (7.0%, 95% confidence interval 6.5 to 7.5) compared with white people (8.8%, 8.2 to 9.5) and south Asians (9.2%, 8.6 to 9.9) and the highest estimated risk of stroke (1.7% (1.5 to 1.9), 1.4% (1.3 to 1.6), 1.6% (1.5 to 1.8), respectively). The estimate risk of combined CVD, however, was highest in south Asians (12.5%, 11.6 to 13.4) compared with white people (11.9%, 11.0 to 12.7) and people of African origin (10.5%, 9.7 to 11.2). In the subgroup of 1069, the probability that a risk of CHD >/=15% would identify risk of combined CVD >/=20% was 91% in white people and 81% in both south Asians and people of African origin. The use of thresholds for risk of CHD of 12% in south Asians and 10% in people of African origin would increase the probability of identifying those at risk to 100% and 97%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Primary care doctors should use a lower threshold of CHD risk when treating mild uncomplicated hypertension in people of African or south Asian origin.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice and Primary Care, St George's Hospital Medical School, London SW17 0RE, UK. f.cappuccio@sghms.ac.uk
authors.forename: Francesco P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Cappuccio
authors.forename: Pippa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Oakeshott
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Strazzullo
authors.forename: Sally M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kerry
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000349:Africa / Q000208:ethnology; D001208:Asia / Q000208:ethnology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005194:Family Practice; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008131:London / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control