title: Extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis C among United States male veterans.
abstract: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been associated with several extrahepatic conditions. To date, most studies assessing these associations involved small numbers of patients and lacked a control group. Using the computerized databases of the Department of Veterans Affairs, we carried out a hospital-based case-control study that examined all cases of HCV-infected patients hospitalized during 1992 to 1999 (n = 34,204) and randomly chosen control subjects without HCV (n = 136,816) matched with cases on the year of admission. The inpatient and outpatient files were searched for several disorders involving the skin (porphyria cutanea tarda [PCT], vitiligo, and lichen planus); renal (membranous glomerulonephritis [GN] and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis); hematologic (cryoglobulin, Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma [NHL]); endocrine (diabetes, thyroiditis); and rheumatologic (Sjögren's syndrome). The association between HCV and these disorders was examined in multivariate analyses that controlled for age, gender, ethnicity, and period of military service. Patients in the case group were younger in age (45 vs. 57 years), were more frequently nonwhite (39.6% vs. 26.3%), and were more frequently male (98.1% vs. 97.0%). A significantly greater proportion of HCV-infected patients had PCT, vitiligo, lichen planus, and cryoglobulinemia. There was a greater prevalence of membranoproliferative GN among patients with HCV but not membranous GN. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of thyroiditis, Sjögren's syndrome, or Hodgkin's or NHL. However, NHL became significant after age adjustment. Diabetes was more prevalent in controls than cases, but no statistically significant association was found after adjustment for age. In conclusion, we found a significant association between HCV infection and PCT, lichen planus, vitiligo, cryoglobulinemia, membranoproliferative GN, and NHL. Patients presenting with these disorders should be tested for HCV infection.
authors.affiliation: Section of Gastroenterology and Section of Health Services Research at The Houston Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA. hasheme@bcm.tmc.edu
authors.forename: Hashem B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: El-Serag
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hampel
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rabeneck
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015432:Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative / Q000453:epidemiology; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008223:Lymphoma / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014728:Veterans / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*