title: Isoflurane-induced cerebral hyperemia is partially mediated by nitric oxide and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids in mice in vivo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite intense investigation, the mechanism of isoflurane-induced cerebral hyperemia is unclear. The current study was designed to determine the contributions of neuronal nitric oxide synthase, prostaglandins, and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids to isoflurane-induced cerebral hyperemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Regional cerebral cortical blood flow was measured with laser Doppler flowmetry during stepwise increases of isoflurane from 0.0 to 1.2, 1.8, and 2.4 vol% end-tidal concentration in alpha-chloralose-urethane-anesthetized, C57BL/6 mice before and 45 min after administration of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor 7-nitroindazole (7-NI, 40 mg/kg, intraperitoneal), the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin (INDO, 10 mg/kg, intravenous), and the cytochrome P450 epoxygenase inhibitor N-methylsulfonyl-6-(2-proparglyoxyphenyl)hexanoic acid (PPOH, 20 mg/kg, intravenous).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Isoflurane increased regional cerebral cortical blood flow by 9 +/- 3, 46 +/- 21, and 101 +/- 26% (SD) at 1.2, 1.8, and 2.4 vol%, respectively. The increases in regional cerebral cortical blood flow were significantly (*P < 0.05) smaller after 7-NI (5 +/- 6, 29 +/- 19*, 68 +/- 15%*) or PPOH (4 +/- 8, 27 +/- 17*, 67 +/- 30%*), but not after administration of INDO (4 +/- 4, 33 +/- 18 [NS], 107 +/- 35% [NS]). The effect of combined treatment with 7-NI, PPOH, and INDO was not additive and was equal to that of either 7-NI or PPOH alone (5 +/- 5, 30 +/- 12*, 76 +/- 24%*). Chronic treatment of mice for 5 days with 7-NI (2 x 40 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) produced similar decreases in regional cerebral cortical blood flow as those seen with acute administration. Neither PPOH nor INDO conferred a significant additional block of the hyperemia in these animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nitric oxide and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids contribute to isoflurane-induced hyperemia. However, only approximately one third of the cerebral hyperemic response to isoflurane is mediated by autacoids. The remaining part of this response appears to be mediated by a direct action of isoflurane on smooth muscle by some yet-unknown mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
authors.forename: Franz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kehl
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.forename: Neil E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Farber
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Roman
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Kampine
authors.forename: Anthony G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Hudetz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001095:Arachidonic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D004347:Drug Interactions; D006940:Hyperemia / Q000139:chemically induced*; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000633:toxicity*; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001095:Arachidonic Acids; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D007530:Isoflurane; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase