title: Detection of fungal DNA in effusion associated with acute and serous otitis media.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Routine bacterial and viral cultures of middle ear fluid are often negative, suggesting that other infectious agents may be involved. Because of the similarities between the paranasal sinuses and middle ear space and the recent recognition of fungi as important pathogens in inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, we investigated the potential role of fungi in acute otitis media and serous otitis media using culture and polymerase chain reaction techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Middle ear effusions of 29 patients who underwent myringotomy and pressure equalization tube placement for persistent serous otitis media or recurrent acute otitis media were collected. Fungal culture of the effusion samples was performed on potato flake agar. DNA from the effusion was isolated using standard techniques. Polymerase chain reaction, using radiolabeled universal fungus primer for internal transcribed spacer of 5.8s ribosomal DNA, was performed to detect the presence of any fungal DNA in the samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Culture of middle ear effusions showed no evidence of fungal growth. Polymerase chain reaction analysis was able to detect the constituent ribosomal DNA of a single fungal genome. Fungal DNA was present in 34% of middle ear effusion samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fungal DNA is present in recurrent acute otitis media and serous otitis media suggesting that it may play an etiological role in serous otitis media and acute otitis media. However, additional studies are necessary to delineate the role of fungi in the pathogenesis of otitis media.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, 94143-0342, USA.
authors.forename: Eugene J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Catten
authors.forename: Anil K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Lalwani
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010034:Otitis Media with Effusion / Q000382:microbiology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D004271:DNA, Fungal