title: Isolation and identification of Clostridium spp. from infections associated with the injection of drugs: experiences of a microbiological investigation team.
abstract: Pathogenic species of the genus Clostridium may contaminate the materials used in the injection of drugs and under the right conditions may cause serious or life-threatening disease. C. novyi type A was implicated in an outbreak of severe infection with high mortality in injecting drug users who injected heroin extravascularly. The isolation of such highly oxygen-sensitive clostridia from clinical material may require adherence to enhanced methods and, once isolated, commercially available anaerobe identification kits alone may not give an accurate identification. Additional phenotypic tests that are useful in recognising the main pathogenic species are described. Differentiation of C. novyi type A from C. botulinum type C in reference laboratories was based on 16S rDNA sequence data and specific neutralisation of cytopathic effects in tissue culture.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Brazier
authors.forename: B I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Duerden
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Salmon
authors.affiliation: PHLS Anaerobe Reference Unit, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XW, *Department of Microbiology, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow G4 0SF, †Food Safety Microbiology Laboratory and ‡Respiratory and Systemic Infection Laboratory, Central Public Health Laboratory, 61 Colindale Avenue London NW9 5DF.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hood
authors.affiliation: PHLS Anaerobe Reference Unit, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XW, *Department of Microbiology, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow G4 0SF, †Food Safety Microbiology Laboratory and ‡Respiratory and Systemic Infection Laboratory, Central Public Health Laboratory, 61 Colindale Avenue London NW9 5DF.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Brett
authors.affiliation: PHLS Anaerobe Reference Unit, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XW, *Department of Microbiology, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow G4 0SF, †Food Safety Microbiology Laboratory and ‡Respiratory and Systemic Infection Laboratory, Central Public Health Laboratory, 61 Colindale Avenue London NW9 5DF.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McLAUCHLIN
authors.affiliation: PHLS Anaerobe Reference Unit, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XW, *Department of Microbiology, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow G4 0SF, †Food Safety Microbiology Laboratory and ‡Respiratory and Systemic Infection Laboratory, Central Public Health Laboratory, 61 Colindale Avenue London NW9 5DF.
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: George
mesh_terms: D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D003013:Clostridium / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D003015:Clostridium Infections / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D003932:Heroin; D006801:Humans; D012329:RNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000032:analysis; D013045:Species Specificity; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D014946:Wound Infection / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D012329:RNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D003932:Heroin