title: The natural history and risk factors of musculoskeletal conditions resulting in disability among US Army personnel.
abstract: We describe the natural history of 13 musculoskeletal conditions requiring hospitalization and identify demographic, behavioral, psychosocial, occupational, and clinical characteristics most strongly associated with disability discharge from the Army. Subjects included 15,268 active-duty personnel hospitalized for a common musculoskeletal condition between the years 1989-1996 who were retrospectively followed through 1997. Back conditions had the greatest 5-year cumulative risk of disability (21%, 19%, and 17% for intervertebral disc displacement, intervertebral disc degeneration, and nonspecific low back pain, respectively). Cox proportional hazards models identified the following risk factors for disability among males: lower pay grade, musculoskeletal diagnosis, shorter length of service, older age, occupational category, lower job satisfaction, recurrent musculoskeletal hospitalizations, more cigarette smoking, greater work stress, and heavier physical demands. Among females, fewer covariates reached statistical significance, although lower education level was significant in more than one model. Modifiable risk factors related to work (job satisfaction, work stress, physical demands, occupation) and health behaviors (smoking) suggest possible targets for intervention.
authors.affiliation: Center for Injury Research and Policy, Department of Health Policy and Management, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. alincoln@jhsph.edu
authors.forename: Andrew E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Lincoln
authors.forename: Gordon S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Amoroso
authors.forename: Nicole S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Bell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D008297:Male; D008887:Military Medicine / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009141:Musculoskeletal System / Q000293:injuries*; D009790:Occupations; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*