title: Glutathione in gingival crevicular fluid and its relation to local antioxidant capacity in periodontal health and disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine possible changes in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) antioxidant defence in chronic adult periodontal disease and to investigate the nature of the local radical scavenging mechanisms, with particular reference to glutathione.
  
  
  METHODS
  GCF and plasma were collected from patients with chronic periodontitis and age and sex matched control subjects (n = 10). Polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNLs) were prepared and gingival epithelial cells (GECs) were collected by conventional methods from periodontally healthy subjects. PMNL were stimulated with F-Met-Leu-Phe after cytochalasin B treatment. Enhanced chemiluminescence was used to determine the total antioxidant capacity and to investigate the activity of cell fractions and reducing agents. GCF concentrations of reduced (GSH) and oxidised (GSSG) glutathione were determined by high performance liquid chromatography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma and GCF from patients contained lower mean (SD) total antioxidant capacity (501.8 (123) micro M Teq/litre and 658.3 (392) micro M Teq/litre, respectively) compared with controls (577.9 (99.8) and 1351.5 (861) micro M Teq/litre, respectively). Antioxidant light recovery profiles for GCF demonstrated a stepped response, not seen in plasma, which was inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide. This response was also detected in the cytosolic fraction of GEC and anaerobically stimulated PMNL. Similar antioxidant profiles, inhibitable by N-ethylmaleimide, were obtained with cysteamine, cysteine, and GSH. Control GCF contained high mean (SD) concentrations of glutathione (GSH, 1899.8 (494.4) micro M; GSSG, 256.8 (152.4) micro M). GCF from patients with periodontitis contained significantly lower amounts of GSH (mean, 1183.1; SD, 580.3 micro M) and GSSG (mean, 150.1; SD, 44.9 micro M).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GSH values and total antioxidant capacity are reduced in chronic periodontal disease. The high concentrations of GSH present in GCF in health are similar to those found extracellularly in the lung and may represent an important antioxidant and anti-inflammatory defence strategy common to exposed epithelial surfaces.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, The University of Birmingham, St Chads Queensway, Birmingham B4 6NN, UK. I.L.C.Chapple@bham.ac.uk
authors.forename: I L C
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Chapple
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brock
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Eftimiadi
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Matthews
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000032:analysis* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018375:Neutrophil Activation; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005978:Glutathione