title: Screening for HIV infection in high-risk communities by urine antibody testing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effectiveness of urine screening to detect HIV-infected individuals in high-prevalence communities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urine HIV testing was performed at 16 discrete events and four ongoing testing sites in Baltimore communities with a high incidence of HIV infection. When possible, positive urine test results were confirmed by blood testing. In addition, we attempted to obtain blood samples from subjects who reported a possible exposure to HIV but did not have a positive urine test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From February 1998 to August 2001, we screened 1718 persons. Overall, 210 persons (12%) were HIV-positive, of whom 169 (80%) had never previously tested positive; 87% of those who tested positive received their results, and most were referred for medical care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Urine-based screening for HIV infection in high-prevalence inner city communities can be an effective tool for identifying and treating infected persons who are unaware of their infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205-2103, USA.
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hilton
authors.forename: Beulah P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Sabundayo
authors.forename: Susan J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Langan
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hilton
authors.forename: Charlamaine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Henson
authors.forename: Thomas C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.forename: Joseph B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Margolick
authors.forename: Kenrad E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Nelson
mesh_terms: D015142:Baltimore / Q000453:epidemiology; D015483:HIV Antibodies / Q000652:urine*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods* / Q000458:organization & administration; D015995:Prevalence; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D015483:HIV Antibodies