title: Monoclonal antibody therapy for genitourinary oncology: promise for the future.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Metastatic or recurrent cancer continues to be the bane of the urological oncologist. Despite recent improvements in therapeutic strategies and outcomes for clinically localized disease overall survival in patients with the majority of metastatic and recurrent genitourinary malignancies remains relatively unchanged. Modern advances in the field of immunotherapy hold the promise of providing the clinical urologist/oncologist with new tools to fight urological cancer. In this review we discuss the various mAb based strategies currently under investigation for urological oncology as well as the lessons learned from similar approaches in other fields.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the literature on mAb based immunotherapy with a particular emphasis on target antigens, mAb design and potential applications in the field of urology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Early trials with mAb therapy for solid tumor oncology met with limited success due to difficulty with mAb design and production, the development of host immunological responses against murine monoclonal antibodies (that is human anti-mouse antibodies), suboptimal target antigen selection, and poor monoclonal antibody pharmacokinetics and tumor tissue penetration. Recent advances in the fields of immunology and oncology have sought to circumvent these obstacles. Today several preliminary studies have shown the effectiveness and usefulness of mAb based strategies for urological oncology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The field of mAb based immunotherapy continues to evolve. New discoveries in this burgeoning area of cancer therapy show promise for the future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of California at Los Angeles, USA.
authors.forename: Ganesh S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Palapattu
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Reiter
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D014565:Urogenital Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm