title: Magnetic resonance imaging and deep brain stimulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is associated with deep brain stimulation (DBS) lead displacement or program interference.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro and in vivo studies were performed with the Itrel II implantable pulse generator (IPG) (Model 7424; Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN), Medtronic 3387 and 3389 leads, and a 1.5-T GE Horizon LX scanner (General Electric, Milwaukee, WI). In the in vivo study, two MRI volumetric data sets were compared for each of five patients undergoing staged, bilateral, DBS electrode placement in the thalamic or subthalamic nucleus. The data sets were acquired shortly after the initial implantation and during stereotactic planning for the second implantation (1-8 mo between acquisitions). An additional thalamotomy-treated patient was included as a control patient. Volumetric data were analyzed in a blinded manner, using AnalyzeAVW 3.0 software (Biomedical Imaging Resource, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN), to determine lead movement. In the in vitro study, the IPG and leads were positioned in the magnetic field in various configurations and were systematically assessed for movement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vivo, the majority of measured deviations (88%) were within the standard error of measurement (1.4 mm). The maximal measured deviation was 3 mm (2% occurrence). Excellent tremor control with stimulation was demonstrated, which did not change after MRI. In vitro, the DBS leads demonstrated no deflection when introduced into the magnetic field. Similarly, no changes in IPG battery strength, lead impedance, or program settings were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MRI was not associated with significant DBS electrode movement or changes in clinical responses. Other IPG models and components and MRI scanners should be evaluated, to develop specific guidelines for MRI among individuals with implanted DBS systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, FL 32224, USA.
authors.forename: Ryan J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Uitti
authors.forename: Yoshio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tsuboi
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Pooley
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Putzke
authors.forename: Margaret F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Turk
authors.forename: Zbigniew K
authors.initials: ZK
authors.lastname: Wszolek
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Witte
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Wharen
mesh_terms: D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005548:Foreign-Body Migration / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D014202:Tremor / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*