title: Helmet design to facilitate thermoneutrality during forest harvesting.
abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the ventilatory characteristics of vented and non-vented helmets for use in forestry harvesting operations. A ventilation index developed by Birnbaum and Crockford (1978) was used to determine the ventilation capacity of twelve helmets varying in design and presence, location, and dimension of vents. Helmets with top vents had higher ventilation indices than non-vented, side and side/top-vented helmets. Ten physically fit men participated in a maximal oxygen consumption test and four trials wearing a non-vented, round-side-vented, round-top-vented or rectangulartop-vented helmet. Trials simulated typical summer environmental conditions (28 degrees C, 80% rh) and physiological work loads (40% VO(2)max) experienced during forest harvesting in New Zealand. The temperature and humidity under the helmet was typically lowest when the helmet with the largest vented area (288 mm(2)) in the crown was worn, although physiological responses (temperatures at the tympanum, ear and scalp; humidity at the centre of the helmet) of the participants to wearing the helmets differed significantly during some rest periods only. Top-vented helmets (in this experiment measured 288 mm(2)) should be worn to minimize temperature and humidity of the head during forest harvesting operations.
authors.affiliation: Clothing and Textiles Centre and Centre for Application of Statistics and Mathematics, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Laing
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Lemmon
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Niven
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation; D004867:Equipment Design; D016468:Forestry / Q000295:instrumentation; D006257:Head; D006260:Head Protective Devices; D006801:Humans; D009520:New Zealand; D012621:Seasons; D014691:Ventilation