title: Brain structures in pediatric maltreatment-related posttraumatic stress disorder: a sociodemographically matched study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous investigations suggest that maltreated children evidence alterations of chemical mediators of stress and adverse brain development. Previous anatomical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain studies have not controlled for socioeconomic status.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, 28 psychotropic naïve children and adolescents with maltreatment-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and 66 sociodemographically similar healthy control subjects underwent comprehensive clinical assessments and anatomical MRI brain scans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with control subjects, subjects with PTSD had smaller intracranial, cerebral, and prefrontal cortex, prefrontal cortical white matter, and right temporal lobe volumes and areas of the corpus callosum and its subregions (2, 4, 5, 6, and 7), and larger frontal lobe cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volumes than control subjects. The total midsagittal area of corpus callosum and middle and posterior regions remained smaller in subjects with PTSD, whereas right, left, and total lateral ventricles and frontal lobe CSF were proportionally larger than in control subjects, after adjustment for cerebral volume. Brain volumes positively correlated with age of onset of PTSD trauma and negatively correlated with duration of abuse. Significant gender x group effect demonstrated greater lateral ventricular volume increases in maltreated male subjects with PTSD than maltreated female subjects with PTSD. No hippocampal differences were seen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data provide further evidence to suggest that maltreatment-related PTSD is associated with adverse brain development. These data also suggest that male children may be more vulnerable to these effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: De Bellis
authors.forename: Matcheri S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Keshavan
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shifflett
authors.forename: Satish
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iyengar
authors.forename: Sue R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Beers
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Grace
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Moritz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D012737:Sex Factors; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology