title: Pediatricians' attitudes toward randomized controlled trials involving children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine pediatricians' attitudes toward children's participation in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and identify possible barriers to participation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Qualitative analysis of focus group discussions involving 16 pediatricians and 5 trainees from a pediatric teaching hospital in Australia. Doctors varied in occupation, experience, research activity, age, sex, ethnicity, and parenthood experience. A professional facilitator conducted the semistructured group discussions. The transcribed audiotapes were analyzed by theme linkage by using the constant comparative method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pediatricians believed parents balanced perceived gains and risks when deciding about trial participation. They thought the child's condition, parents' health beliefs and personal attributes, and the doctors' beliefs and relationship with the investigators influenced parents' attitudes. Perceived gains included professional benefits for pediatricians, improved patient care, convenience for the families and themselves, and scientific advancement. Perceived risks included inconvenience, inadequate resources, and potential harms to the patient and doctor-patient relationship. Pediatricians with previous research experience were most knowledgeable about RCTs and perceived greatest gains from trial participation. Pediatricians' personal treatment preferences hindered trial support.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that children's participation in trials will be enhanced by increasing pediatricians' awareness of RCTs through education and involvement in trials and by improving the gains-risk balance.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Kidney Research, the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Patrina H Y
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Caldwell
authors.forename: Phyllis N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Butow
authors.forename: Jonathan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Craig
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D018579:Patient Selection; D010372:Pediatrics; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic