title: Does the implementation of responsibility centers, total quality management, and physician fee programs improve hospital efficiency? Evidence from Taiwan hospitals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluates whether the implementation of various types of hospital-physician integration strategies, such as the responsibility centers system, total quality management, and physician fee programs, enhance efficiency for Taiwan hospitals. Because hospitals in Taiwan are structurally similar to staff-model HMOs, the study has implications beyond Taiwan.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Data Envelopment Analysis model is applied to measure hospital efficiency. Hospital efficiency refers to the ability to produce more outputs (eg, ambulatory and emergency visits, inpatient days, and inpatient visits) with the same inputs (eg, physicians, nurses, ancillary labor, and hospital beds). The sample consists of 90 general hospitals in Taiwan from 1994 to 1996. In addition, multitobit regression analysis is used to simultaneously estimate the effects of the hospital-physician integration strategies and provide better control for the effect of other factors (eg, size, degree of competition, ownership structure, teaching status, and the change in regulatory regime) that may also affect hospital efficiency.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When evaluating the hospital-physician integration strategies individually, hospitals that implemented the responsibility centers system, total quality management, and physician fee programs were more efficient than hospitals that did not. Controlling for other factors using the multitobit model, hospitals that implemented physician fee programs remained significantly more efficient than others. In addition, hospitals that implemented total quality management were more efficient when they had implemented the strategy for at least 2 years. Hospitals that implemented the responsibility centers system were more efficient but only when integrating the system with formal incentive schemes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physician fee programs seem to provide the most direct and robust incentives to enhance hospital efficiency under a fee-for-service regime like that in Taiwan. Because of time-lagged effects, hospitals that implemented the total quality management programs were more efficient but only when the programs had been implemented for at least 2 years. The responsibility centers system can also be effective when the system was associated with formal incentive schemes. The results indicate the importance of having both the individual-based and team-based incentives in place. Finally, the hospital-physician integration strategies appear to be effective individually, but the results change significantly when they are evaluated simultaneously, together with other control variables, in the tobit model. This indicates the importance of investigating hospital-physician integration strategies as a portfolio instead of a single tool.
authors.affiliation: Department of Accounting, College of Commerce, National Taipei University, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hsuan-Lien
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Shuen-Zen
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Romeis
mesh_terms: D003659:Decision Making, Organizational; D017598:Efficiency, Organizational; D005251:Fees, Medical; D006761:Hospitals / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D007325:Institutional Practice / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D010816:Physician Incentive Plans; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013624:Taiwan; D017749:Total Quality Management