title: Protection against UV-induced suppression of contact hypersensitivity responses by sunscreens in humans.
abstract: Both in vivo skin immune responses and the skin's reaction to sun exposure integrate a complex interplay of biologic responses. The complexity and multiplicity of events that occur in the skin during an immune response make it a sensitive indication of both UVB and UVA-induced changes in the skin by sun damage, as well as those changes that are prevented by various sunscreens. Sunscreens are the most effective and widely available intervention for sun damage, other than sun avoidance or clothing. However, sunscreens vary widely in their relative ability to screen various UV waveband components, and their testing has been variably applied to outcomes other than for erythema to determine the sunburn protection factor (SPF), a measure primarily of UVB filtration only. Determination of an immune protection factor (IPF) has been proposed as an alternative or adjunctive measure to SPF, and recent studies show IPF can indeed detect added in vivo functionality of sunscreens, such as high levels of UVA protection, that SPF cannot. Clarification of the definition of IPF, however, is required. Excellent data are available on quantification of the IPF for restoring the afferent or induction arm of contact sensitivity, but other immune parameters have also been measured. Proposed here is nomenclature for whether the IPF is measured using contact sensitivity induction (IPF-CS-I), contact sensitivity elicitation (IPF-CS-E), delayed-type hypersensitivity elicitation (IPF-DTH-E), antigen-presenting cell function (IPF-APC-FXN) or numbers (IPF-APC-#), and cytokine modification such as IL-10 (i.e. IPF-cyto-IL-10). Similar nomenclatures could be used for other measures of skin function protection (i.e. DNA damage, p53 induction, oxidation products, etc.). A review of in vivo human studies, in which sunscreens are used to intervene in a UV-induced modulation of immune response, cells or cytokines, highlights the technical variables and statistical approaches which must also be standardized in the context of an IPF for regulatory or product claim purposes. Development of such IPF standards would allow the integration of both UVB and nonUVB (UVA, blue and possible IR) solar waveband effect-reversals, could be applied to integrate effects of other ingredients with protective function (i.e. antioxidants, retinoids, or other novel products), and would spur development of more advanced and complete protection products.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology and Skin Study Center, University Hospitals of Cleveland/Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Baron
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: LeVee
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Stevens
mesh_terms: D000938:Antigen-Presenting Cells / Q000502:physiology; D003877:Dermatitis, Contact / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D006968:Hypersensitivity, Delayed / Q000276:immunology; D007107:Immune System / Q000503:physiopathology; D012867:Skin / Q000276:immunology; D013473:Sunscreening Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D013473:Sunscreening Agents