title: Cholecystectomy in patients with previous spinal cord injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The number of people in the United States with spinal cord injury (SCI) is estimated at about 200,000. The prevalence of gallbladder disease in this population is about three times as high as in neurally intact people, but the results of surgical treatment have received little attention.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective, population-based study of patients with SCI who later received cholecystectomy for benign gallbladder disease was performed. National computer data sets of all patients receiving medical care in all Department of Veterans Affairs (DVA) medical centers for fiscal years 1994 to 1998 were used. Computer-based data were augmented with chart-based resources.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the period of interest, there were 21,849 patients with ICD-9-CM codes for SCI in the DVA computer system, among whom 367 had codes for cholecystectomy. After retrieval and review of data from individual charts, 118 were deemed evaluable. There were 68 who had successful laparoscopic cholecystectomy and 14 who required conversion to open cholecystectomy after laparoscopic efforts failed (conversion rate 14 of 82=17%). There were 36 who received planned open cholecystectomy. Patients under the age of 60 years were more likely to have a laparoscopic approach (P <0.05). Emergency cholecystectomies were more likely to be performed via the open route (P <0.01). The morbidity rate was 8 of 68 (12%) for successful laparoscopic cholecystectomy, 4 of 14 (29%) for failed laparoscopic surgery completed by conventional open technique, and 11 of 36 (31%) for planned open surgery. The mortality rate in the traditional surgery group was 1 of 36 (3%). There were no deaths in the other groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We believe this series is the largest so far reported. The mortality rate of cholecystectomy in SCI patients is comparable to that in neurally intact individuals, but the morbidity rate is high. Contractures, stomas, heterotopic ossification, and other sequelae of SCI do not generally cause technical difficulties with surgery. If complications of cholecystectomy are indeed SCI-related, attention to perioperative SCI care could improve outcomes of cholecystectomy. Future research should continue to explore this important research topic.
authors.affiliation: University of Oxford Medical School, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Hashim U
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Jared B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Dennis J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Rudderow
authors.forename: Walter E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Longo
authors.forename: Katherine S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Virgo
authors.forename: Frank E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002763:Cholecystectomy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity; D009026:Mortality; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D014728:Veterans