title: Novel adjuvant systems.
abstract: Vaccination remains the single most valuable tool in the prevention of infectious disease. Nevertheless, there exists a need to improve the performance of existing vaccines such that fewer boosts are needed or to develop novel vaccines. For the development of effective vaccines for humans, a great need exists for safe and effective adjuvants. A number of novel adjuvants have been reported in recent years including: i) bacterial toxins such as cholera toxin, CT, and the Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin, LT; ii) less toxic derivatives of CT and LT; iii) endogenous human immunomodulators, such as IL-2, IL-12, GM-CSF; iv) hormones; v) lipopeptides; vi) saponins, such as QS-21; vii) synthetic oligonucleotides containing CpG motifs (CpG ODN); viii) lipid 'A derivatives, such as monophosphoryl lipid A, MPL, and ix) muramyl dipeptide (MDP) derivatives. Herein, we will review recent findings using these novel adjuvant systems.
authors.affiliation: Coley Pharmaceutical Canada, 725 Parkdale Avenue, Ottawa, K1Y 4E9, Canada. mmccluskie@coleypharma.com
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: McCluskie
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Weeratna
mesh_terms: D000119:Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002117:Calcitriol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016207:Cytokines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006801:Humans; D008050:Lipid A / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012503:Saponins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014612:Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; C408982:CPG-oligonucleotide; D016207:Cytokines; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D004338:Drug Combinations; D008050:Lipid A; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D012503:Saponins; D014612:Vaccines; C112124:detox adjuvant; D000119:Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine; D002117:Calcitriol