title: Inhibition of benzo(a)pyrene diol-epoxide-induced transactivation of activated protein 1 and nuclear factor kappaB by black raspberry extracts.
abstract: Freeze-dried black raspberries have been shown to inhibit the development of chemically induced esophageal and colon cancer in rodents. In addition, organic extracts of black raspberries inhibit benzo(a)pyrene (BaP)-induced cell transformation in vitro. The molecular mechanisms through which black raspberries inhibit carcinogenesis remain unclear. We investigated the effects of black raspberry extracts on transactivation of activated protein 1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) induced by BaP diol-epoxide (BPDE), the ultimate carcinogen of BaP, in mouse epidermal JB6 Cl 41 (Cl 41) cells. Black raspberries were extracted with methanol, and the methanol extract was partitioned and chromatographed into several fractions designated RU-F003, RU-F004, RU-DM, and RU-ME. Pretreatment of Cl 41 cells with RU-F003, RU-DM, or RU-ME resulted in an inhibition of BPDE-induced AP-1 and NFkappaB activities. The RU-ME fraction was the most potent inhibitor among the fractions tested. In contrast, fraction RU-F004 did not inhibit BPDE-induced AP-1 or NFkappaB activities in Cl 41 cells. The inhibitory effects of RU-ME on BPDE-induced activation of AP-1 and NFkappaB appear to be mediated via inhibition of mitogen activated protein kinase activation and inhibitory subunit kappaB phosphorylation, respectively. Pretreatment of cells with berry fractions did not result in an inhibition of BPDE binding to DNA; thus, this was not a mechanism of reduced AP-1 and NFkappaB activities. None of the fractions was found to affect p53-dependent transcription activity. In view of the important roles of AP-1 and NFkappaB in tumor promotion/progression, these results suggest that the ability of black raspberries to inhibit tumor development may be mediated by impairing signal transduction pathways leading to activation of AP-1 and NFkappaB. The RU-ME fraction appears to be the major fraction responsible for the inhibitory activity of black raspberries.
authors.affiliation: Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York 10987, USA. chuanshu@env.med.nyu.edu
authors.forename: Chuanshu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Jingxia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Wenwei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Robeena
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aziz
authors.forename: Moon-shong
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Nanjun
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cassady
authors.forename: Gary D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Stoner
mesh_terms: D015123:7,8-Dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000633:toxicity; D002460:Cell Line; D018736:DNA Adducts / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D000078404:Epidermal Cells; D004817:Epidermis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D000432:Methanol / Q000737:chemistry; D051379:Mice; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D027824:Rosaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000502:physiology; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D018736:DNA Adducts; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; C000606205:Nfkbia protein, mouse; D010936:Plant Extracts; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; C043931:benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide-DNA; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D015123:7,8-Dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D000432:Methanol