title: Prevalence and risk factors associated with dry eye symptoms: a population based study in Indonesia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence and identify associated risk factors for dry eye syndrome in a population in Sumatra, Indonesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A one stage cluster sampling procedure was conducted to randomly select 100 households in each of the five rural villages and one provincial town of the Riau province, Indonesia, from April to June 2001. Interviewers collected demographic, lifestyle, and medical data from 1058 participants aged 21 years or over. Symptoms of dry eye were assessed using a six item validated questionnaire. Presence of one or more of the six dry eye symptoms often or all the time was analysed. Presence of pterygium was documented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence of one or more of the six dry eye symptoms often or all the time adjusted for age was 27.5% (95% confidence interval (CI) 24.8 to 30.2). After adjusting for all significant variables, independent risk factors for dry eye were pterygium (p<0.001, multivariate odds ratio (OR) 1.8; 95% CI 1.4 to 2.5) and a history of current cigarette smoking (p=0.05, multivariate OR 1.5; 95% CI 1.0 to 2.2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This population based study provides prevalence rates of dry eye symptoms in a tropical developing nation. From our findings, pterygium is a possible independent risk factor for dry eye symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community, Occupational and Family Medicine, National University of Singapore, 16 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: S-M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Saw
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gazzard
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Widjaja
authors.forename: D T H
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Tan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D015352:Dry Eye Syndromes / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D011625:Pterygium / Q000150:complications; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors