title: Increases in mouse uterine heat shock protein levels are a sensitive and specific response to uterotrophic agents.
abstract: There is increasing consensus that the uterotrophic estrogenicity assay should be coupled with other morphometric or molecular end points that might enhance its sensitivity. We have previously shown that bisphenol A (BPA), similarly to 17ss-estradiol (E2), increases levels of uterine heat shock proteins (hsps), mainly hsp90alpha and glucose-regulated protein (grp) 94. In this study we investigated whether increases in uterine hsp levels are a specific response of estrogens or estrogen mimics. We therefore examined the ability of a) E2, diethylstilbestrol (DES), and tamoxifen (TAM); b) the xenoestrogens coumestrol (CM), methoxychlor (MXC), BPA, and dibutyl phthalate (DBP); c) the progestin medroxyprogesterone (MED); d) the glucocorticoid dexamethasone (DEX); and e) phytol (PHY), a precursor to a retinoid X and peroxisome proliferator-activating receptor agonist, to increase uterine weights and alter uterine morphology and hsp levels. We showed that DES, TAM, CM, MXC, and BPA significantly increased uterine weights and uterine hsp90alpha and grp94 levels. Even though the doses of CM, MXC, and BPA used were much higher than the E2 dose, those treatments resulted in lower increases in uterine weight. On the other hand, increases in grp94 levels were equal to those induced by E2 treatment. Treatments with MED, DEX, DBP, or PHY did not significantly alter uterine weight or morphology and had no significant effects on uterine hsp levels. The results of this study suggest that only the estrogens increase uterine hsp90alpha and grp94 levels, and that this hsp effect is a more sensitive uterotrophic response than uterine weight increase.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, DC 20052, USA.
authors.forename: Andriana D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Papaconstantinou
authors.forename: Benjamin R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Thomas H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Umbreit
authors.forename: Ken M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001681:Biological Assay; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045166:Estradiol Congeners / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D051379:Mice; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014599:Uterus / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D045166:Estradiol Congeners; D004967:Estrogens; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D013629:Tamoxifen