title: Nitric oxide-donating nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit the growth of various cultured human cancer cells: evidence of a tissue type-independent effect.
abstract: The novel nitric oxide (NO)-donating nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NO-NSAIDs), which are safer than their NSAID counterparts, inhibit the growth of colon cancer cells with far greater potency than traditional NSAIDs. We examined whether NO-NSAIDs inhibit the growth of cancer cells arising from other human tissues. Human pancreatic, colon, prostate, lung, and tongue cancer cell lines were treated with NO-aspirin, -sulindac, -ibuprofen, and -indomethacin or their traditional counterparts. We determined IC(50) values, cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, cyclooxygenase (COX) protein levels, and morphological changes (light and electron microscopy). All NO-NSAIDs inhibited the growth of all cancer cell lines studied. The potency of NO-NSAIDs was 11- to 6000-fold greater than that of their counterparts (except for the effect of sulindac on lung cancer cells). NO-aspirin was consistently the most potent NO-NSAID in all cell lines tested (except for the lung cancer cell line), sometimes in excess of 100-fold over the other three NO-NSAIDs. NO-NSAIDs inhibited cell proliferation, induced apoptosis, and altered cell cycle phase distribution (G2/M to G0/G1 block). All altered cellular morphology, whereas NO-aspirin induced nuclear disintegration ("atypical" cells) established by electron microscopy. NO-aspirin showed similar effects on two pancreatic cancer cell lines, BxPC-3 (expresses COX) and MIA PaCa-2 (no COX expression), suggesting a COX-independent effect. NO-NSAIDs showed a tissue-type-independent effect. Their pleiotropic effects involve cell renewal, cell death, and cell cycle phase transitions. These results raise the possibility that NO-NSAIDs possess chemopreventive and/or chemotherapeutic activity against a wide variety of human cancers.
authors.affiliation: American Health Foundation, Valhalla, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Khosrow
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kashfi
authors.forename: Yassir
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Rayyan
authors.forename: Leon L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Qiao
authors.forename: Jennie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Piero
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Del Soldato
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Traganos
authors.forename: Basil
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rigas
authors.forename: Yassir
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ryann
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001241:Aspirin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006131:Growth Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D006131:Growth Inhibitors; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; C098312:nitroxy-butyl-acetylsalicylic acid; D001241:Aspirin