title: Caenorhabditis elegans HUS-1 is a DNA damage checkpoint protein required for genome stability and EGL-1-mediated apoptosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The inability to efficiently repair DNA damage or remove cells with severely damaged genomes has been linked to several human cancers. Studies in yeasts and mammals have identified several genes that are required for proper activation of cell cycle checkpoints following various types of DNA damage. However, in metazoans, DNA damage can induce apoptosis as well. How DNA damage activates the apoptotic machinery is not fully understood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrate here that the Caenorhabditis elegans gene hus-1 is required for DNA damage-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Following DNA damage, HUS-1 relocalizes and forms distinct foci that overlap with chromatin. Relocalization does not require the novel checkpoint protein RAD-5; rather, relocalization appears more frequently in rad-5 mutants, suggesting that RAD-5 plays a role in repair. HUS-1 is required for genome stability, as demonstrated by increased frequency of spontaneous mutations, chromosome nondisjunction, and telomere shortening. Finally, we show that DNA damage increases expression of the proapoptotic gene egl-1, a response that requires hus-1 and the p53 homolog cep-1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that the RAD-5 checkpoint protein is not required for HUS-1 to relocalize following DNA damage. Furthermore, our studies reveal a new function of HUS-1 in the prevention of telomere shortening and mortalization of germ cells. DNA damage-induced germ cell death is abrogated in hus-1 mutants, in part, due to the inability of these mutants to activate egl-1 transcription in a cep-1/p53-dependent manner. Thus, HUS-1 is required for p53-dependent activation of a BH3 domain protein in C. elegans.
authors.affiliation: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
authors.forename: E Randal
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Milstein
authors.forename: Simon J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Boulton
authors.forename: Mianjia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Jen J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.forename: Lilli
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stergiou
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gartner
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vidal
authors.forename: Michael O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Hengartner
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics*; D001483:Base Sequence; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000235:genetics*; D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D004249:DNA Damage; D017931:DNA Primers; D016678:Genome; D005838:Genotype; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D006801:Humans; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D009154:Mutation; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D029702:Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
chemical_list: D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D017931:DNA Primers; C112486:EGL-1 protein, C elegans; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D029702:Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins; C106332:hus1 protein, S pombe; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins