title: Increased serum albumin, gamma globulin, immunoglobulin IgG, and IgG2 and IgG4 in autism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research on the biological pathophysiology of autism has found some evidence that immune alterations may play a role in the pathophysiology of that illness. As a consequence we expected to find that autism is accompanied by abnormalities in the pattern obtained in serum protein electrophoresis and in the serum immunoglobulin (Ig) and IgG subclass profile.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined whether subjects with autism showed changes in total serum protein (TSP) and the serum concentrations of albumin, alpha1 globulin, alpha2 globulin, beta globulin and gamma globulins, IgA, IgM and IgG and the IgG subclasses IgG 1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4, compared with normal controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found significantly increased concentrations of TSP in autistic subjects, which were attributable to increased serum concentrations of albumin and gamma globulin. Serum IgG, IgG2 and IgG4 were also significantly raised. In autism there were significant and positive correlations between social problems and TSP and serum gamma globulin and between withdrawal symptoms and TSP and serum albumin and IgG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that autism is characterized by increased TSP, a unique pattern obtained in serum protein electrophoresis, i.e. increased serum albumin and IgG, and by a specific IgG subclass profile, i.e. increased serum IgG2 and IgG4. The increased serum concentrations of IgGs in autism may point towards an underlying autoimmune disorder and/or an enhanced susceptibility to infections resulting in chronic viral infections, whereas the IgG subclass skewing may reflect different cytokine-dependent influences on autoimmune B cells and their products.
authors.affiliation: University Center of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, A. Z. M. and Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Clinical Laboratory A. Z. Middelheim, Antwerp, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Croonenberghs
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wauters
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Devreese
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Verkerk
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Scharpe
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bosmans
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Egyed
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Deboutte
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000032:analysis*; D005719:gamma-Globulins / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D012709:Serum Albumin; D005719:gamma-Globulins