title: Expressed emotion in relatives of first-episode and chronic patients with schizophrenia and major depressive disorder-a comparison.
abstract: Relatives of first-episode and chronic schizophrenic and depressed patients were examined with respect to their expressed emotion (EE) status. The two aims of the study were to (1) investigate whether relatives of first-episode patients differed from family members of chronic patients, and (2) whether EE indices of relatives of schizophrenic patients were comparable to those of depressed subjects. Twenty patients of each diagnostic group (DSM-III-R and DSM-IV) were included, i.e. a total of 80 patients. The EE status of key relatives was assessed with the Five-Minute Speech Sample on the basis of critical comments and emotional overinvolvement. Additionally, the new criterion 'covert criticism' was applied to detect indirect expressions of critique. Relatives of first-episode and chronic patients of both diagnostic groups did not differ significantly regarding their EE status; in first-episode patients, 52.5% of relatives were classified high EE; in chronic patients, 45%. Moreover, EE indices of relatives of schizophrenic and depressed patients were comparable. Analysis revealed 52.5 and 45% high-EE relatives in the depression and the schizophrenia subsamples, respectively. Thus, the overall incidence of high-EE relatives was comparable to numbers reported in the literature. In our study EE status of relatives was not disease-specific, and it was independent of chronicity of illness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. silke_bachmann@med.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bachmann
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bottmer
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jacob
authors.forename: Klaus Thomas
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Kronmüller
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Backenstrass
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mundt
authors.forename: Babette
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Renneberg
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fiedler
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schröder
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D019260:Expressed Emotion; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010552:Personality Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D014705:Verbal Behavior