title: A stereo-photogrammetric method to measure the facial dysmorphology of children in the diagnosis of fetal alcohol syndrome.
abstract: In diagnosing a child with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), anthropometric measurements of the face are conventionally performed by highly trained dysmorphologists using a hand-held ruler. This renders the screening of large populations of children for the facial features characteristic of FAS very time-consuming and costly. This study proposes a new, cost-effective, and non-intrusive method to measure in three dimensions the facial dysmorphology of children using stereo-photogrammetry. The face of each child is photographed in a control frame simultaneously by a pair of high-resolution digital cameras mounted 1.04 m from the child and 0.26 m apart. Software has been developed to calibrate the images and to compute the three-dimensional object-space coordinates of any point on the face from a measurement of the point on each of the images. The palpebral fissure lengths, inner canthal-, and interpupillary distances of 44 subjects were measured in this manner independently by two investigators and compared with measurements obtained by clinical specialists in the conventional manner. There was found to be no statistically significant difference between palpebral fissure lengths determined using the two techniques (paired Student's t-test p-values are 0.29 and 0.18, respectively). It has also been demonstrated that facial measurements can be performed with greater consistency from a pair of stereo photographs than direct measurements from live subjects.
authors.affiliation: MRC/UCT Medical Imaging Research Unit, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, 7925, Observatory, South Africa. ernesta@cormack.uct.ac.za
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Meintjes
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Douglas
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Vaughan
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stekhoven
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Viljoen
mesh_terms: D000886:Anthropometry / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D005124:Eye Abnormalities / Q000175:diagnosis; D005145:Face / Q000002:abnormalities*; D019066:Facies; D005260:Female; D063647:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D015588:Observer Variation; D010780:Photogrammetry / Q000379:methods*; D011247:Pregnancy; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity