title: [Combined use of melatonin and low-dose flunitrazepam for treatment of sleep disturbance in a child with spastic quadriplegia: evaluation using polysomnography].
abstract: A 14-year-old boy born at 39 gestational weeks with the birth weight of 3,250 g, had severe mental retardation and spastic quadriplegia of unknown etiology from early childhood. At 7 years of age, disturbance of night sleep appeared with several awakenings. Combined treatment with melatonin (MLT; 0.04 mg/kg) and flunitrazepam (FNZ; 0.025 mg/kg) was more effective than monotherapy with FNZ for the sleep disturbance. Difference of the effects of the combined therapy and the monotherapy for the sleep disturbance were assessed by polysomnographies (PSGs), consisted of EEG (C3, C4), bipolar EOG and surface EMG on the mentalis muscle. The PSGs were performed twice at 13 years 6 months old, and at 14 years 1 month old. In both trials, the number of awakening was fewer, total sleep time was longer, percent (%) stage I and II were lower and %REM sleep was larger in combined MLT and FNZ therapy than in FNZ monotherapy. The present study suggests that the combined MLT and FNZ therapy not only reduces awakening during sleep but also normalizes sleep architecture. This therapy is valuable because normalization of sleep is important for the developing brain as it reflects the normal functioning of the aminergic neurons of the midbrain and the brainstem which have important roles for morphological and functional development of the brain in immature brain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Asahikawa Habilitation Center for Disabled Children, Asahikawa, Hokkaido.
authors.forename: Hajime
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Satomi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kakutani
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Araki
authors.forename: Ikue
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fukuda
authors.forename: Ryuji
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Oka
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cho
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005445:Flunitrazepam / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008550:Melatonin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D017286:Polysomnography; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000150:complications*; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D005445:Flunitrazepam; D008550:Melatonin