title: Abnormalities of the APC/beta-catenin pathway in endometrial cancer.
abstract: The activation of the APC/beta-catenin signalling pathway due to beta-catenin mutations has been implicated in the development of a subset of endometrial carcinomas (ECs). However, up to 25% of ECs have beta-catenin nuclear accumulation without evidence of beta-catenin mutations, suggesting alterations of other molecules that can modulate the Wnt pathway, such as APC, gamma-catenin, AXIN1 and AXIN2. We investigated the expression pattern of beta- and gamma-catenin in a group of 128 endometrial carcinomas, including 95 endometrioid endometrial carcinomas (EECs) and 33 non-endometrioid endometrial carcinomas (NEECs). In addition, we evaluated the presence of loss of heterozygosity and promoter hypermethylation of the APC gene and mutations in the APC, beta- and gamma-catenin, AXIN1, AXIN2, and RAS genes, and phospho-Akt expression. No APC mutations were detected but LOH at the APC locus was found in 24.3% of informative cases. APC promoter 1A hypermethylation was observed in 46.6% of ECs, and was associated with the endometrioid phenotype (P=0.034) and microsatellite instability (P=0.008). Neither LOH nor promoter hypermethylation of APC was associated with nuclear catenin expression. Nuclear beta-catenin expression was found in 31.2% of EECs and 3% of NEECs (P=0.002), and was significantly associated with beta-catenin gene exon 3 mutations (P<0.0001). beta-catenin gene exon 3 mutations were associated with the endometrioid phenotype, and were detected in 14 (14.9%) EECs, but in none of the NEECs (P=0.02). gamma-catenin nuclear expression was found in 10 ECs; it was not associated with the histological type but was associated with more advanced stages (P=0.042). No mutations in gamma-catenin, AXIN1 and 2 genes were detected in this series. Neither RAS mutations nor phospho-Akt expression, which were found in 16 and 27.6% of the cases, respectively, were associated with beta-catenin nuclear expression. Our results demonstrated a high prevalence of alterations in molecules of the APC/beta-catenin pathway, but only mutations in beta-catenin gene are associated with aberrant nuclear localization of beta-catenin.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Breast and Gynaecological Cancer, Molecular Pathology Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Gema
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Moreno-Bueno
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hardisson
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sánchez
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sarrió
authors.forename: Raúl
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cassia
authors.forename: Ginesa
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: García-Rostán
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Prat
authors.forename: Mingzhou
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Herman
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Matías-Guiu
authors.forename: Manel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Esteller
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Palacios
mesh_terms: D025601:Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D060466:Axin Protein; D001483:Base Sequence; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019175:DNA Methylation; D017931:DNA Primers; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D011905:Genes, ras; D006801:Humans; D019656:Loss of Heterozygosity; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051176:beta Catenin
chemical_list: C555451:AXIN1 protein, human; C491761:AXIN2 protein, human; D025601:Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein; D060466:Axin Protein; C495270:CTNNB1 protein, human; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D017931:DNA Primers; D011506:Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; D051176:beta Catenin