title: Casein kinase II phosphorylates the fragile X mental retardation protein and modulates its biological properties.
abstract: Fragile X syndrome is caused by loss of FMR1 protein expression. FMR1 binds RNA and associates with polysomes in the cytoplasm; thus, it has been proposed to function as a regulator of gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. Posttranslational modification of FMR1 had previously been suggested to regulate its activity, but no experimental support for this model has been reported to date. Here we report that FMR1 in Drosophila melanogaster (dFMR1) is phosphorylated in vivo and that the homomer formation and the RNA-binding activities of dFMR1 are modulated by phosphorylation in vitro. Identification of a protein phosphorylating dFMR1 showed it to be Drosophila casein kinase II (dCKII). dCKII directly interacts with and phosphorylates dFMR1 in vitro. The phosphorylation site in dFMR1 was identified as Ser406, which is highly conserved among FMR1 family members from several species. Using mass spectrometry, we established that Ser406 of dFMR1 is indeed phosphorylated in vivo. Furthermore, human FMR1 (hFMR1) is also phosphorylated in vivo, and alteration of the conserved Ser500 in hFMR1 abolishes phosphorylation by CKII in vitro. These studies support the model that the biological functions of FMR1, such as regulation of gene expression, are likely regulated by its phosphorylation.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Genome Research, University of Tokushima, Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan. siomim@genome.tokushima-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Mikiko C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Siomi
authors.forename: Kyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Higashijima
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ishizuka
authors.forename: Haruhiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Siomi
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D047390:Casein Kinase II; D002458:Cell Fractionation; D002460:Cell Line; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000502:physiology; D051860:Fragile X Messenger Ribonucleoprotein 1; D005600:Fragile X Syndrome / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D021122:Protein Subunits; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D012694:Serine / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D047390:Casein Kinase II; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D051860:Fragile X Messenger Ribonucleoprotein 1; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D021122:Protein Subunits; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D012694:Serine; C497683:FMR1 protein, human