title: The lipoamide dehydrogenase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis permits the direct observation of flavin intermediates in catalysis.
abstract: Lipoamide dehydrogenase catalyses the NAD(+)-dependent oxidation of the dihydrolipoyl cofactors that are covalently attached to the acyltransferase components of the pyruvate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and glycine reductase multienzyme complexes. It contains a tightly, but noncovalently, bound FAD and a redox-active disulfide, which cycle between the oxidized and reduced forms during catalysis. The mechanism of reduction of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis lipoamide dehydrogenase by NADH and [4S-(2)H]-NADH was studied anaerobically at 4 degrees C and pH 7.5 by stopped-flow spectrophotometry. Three phases of enzyme reduction were observed. The first phase, characterized by a decrease in absorbance at 400-500 nm and an increase in absorbance at 550-700 nm, was fast (k(for) = 1260 s(-)(1), k(rev) = 590 s(-)(1)) and represents the formation of FADH(2).NAD(+), an intermediate that has never been observed before in any wild-type lipoamide dehydrogenase. A primary deuterium kinetic isotope effect [(D)(k(for) + k(rev)) approximately 4.2] was observed on this phase. The second phase, characterized by regain of the absorbance at 400-500 nm, loss of the 550-700 nm absorbance, and gain of 500-550 nm absorbance, was slower (k(obs) = 200 s(-)(1)). This phase represents the intramolecular transfer of electrons from FADH(2) to the redox-active disulfide to generate the anaerobically stable two-electron reduced enzyme, EH(2). The third phase, characterized by a decrease in absorbance at 400-550 nm, represents the formation of the four-electron reduced form of the enzyme, EH(4). The observed rate constant for this phase showed a decreasing NADH concentration dependence, and results from the slow (k(for) = 57 s(-)(1), k(rev) = 128 s(-)(1)) isomerization of EH(2) or slow release of NAD(+) before rapid NADH binding and reaction to form EH(4). The mechanism of oxidation of EH(2) by NAD(+) was also investigated under the same conditions. The 530 nm charge-transfer absorbance of EH(2) shifted to 600 nm upon NAD(+) binding in the dead time of mixing of the stopped-flow instrument and represents formation of the EH(2).NAD(+) complex. This was followed by two phases. The first phase (k(obs) = 750 s(-)(1)), characterized by a small decrease in absorbance at 435 and 458 nm, probably represents limited accumulation of FADH(2).NAD(+). The second phase was characterized by an increase in absorbance at 435 and 458 nm and a decrease in absorbance at 530 and 670 nm. The observed rate constant that describes this phase of approximately 115 s(-)(1) probably represents the overall rate of formation of E(ox) and NADH from EH(2) and NAD(+), and is largely determined by the slower rates of the coupled sequence of reactions preceding flavin oxidation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
authors.forename: Argyrides
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Argyrou
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Blanchard
authors.forename: Bruce A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Palfey
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D002384:Catalysis; D008058:Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase / Q000737:chemistry*; D004579:Electron Transport; D005182:Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide / Q000737:chemistry*; D008956:Models, Chemical; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000201:enzymology*; D009243:NAD / Q000737:chemistry*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D013053:Spectrophotometry; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D013816:Thermodynamics; D008063:Thioctic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D009243:NAD; D005182:Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide; D008063:Thioctic Acid; C013091:lipoamide; D008058:Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase