title: Intradiscal electrothermal therapy used to manage chronic discogenic low back pain: new directions and interventions.
abstract: METHODS
  Retrospective literature review.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review the data on the clinical efficacy of intradiscal electrothermal annuloplasty found at this writing in the peer-reviewed literature to date, to discuss the methodologic strengths and flaws of the studies, to discuss the pitfalls of clinical study designs, to emphasize the need for prospective randomized studies and for increased basic science investigation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Studies published or presented at peer-reviewed societies concerning the clinical efficacy of intradiscal electrothermal annuloplasty are reviewed, including background studies on deafferentation and application of thermal energy to alter biomechanical and structural properties. A proposal for future investigations is presented.
  
  
  METHODS
  Background data from intracapsular annuloplasty highlighting the safety and efficacy of intradiscal electrothermal annuloplasty are presented. Current studies on this procedure, including those in the National Registry are reviewed. All the studies share a common study design: prospective cohort with historical or noninterventional groups used as controls. The patients reviewed are similar. All have nonradicular low back pain of at least 3 months duration, failed conservative care, normal neurologic examination, and MRI showing only nondegenerative disc disease and positive concordant discography. All the patients underwent intradiscal electrothermal annuloplasty lesion at one or two levels according to standard protocols. Follow-up evaluation was performed at various intervals up to 2 years. All the studies used data from a visual analog scale, with most using the Short Form 36 (SF-36) as outcome instruments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The reported follow-up periods for the studies ranged from 6 months to 2 years. Three published studies, one with a 6-month follow-up period and two with a 1-year follow-up period, were published in the peer-reviewed literature. Two recent reports presented to the North American Spine Society were reviewed: a study of patients on a manufacturer-sponsored registry with a 1-year follow-up period and a multicenter prospective cohort study of 75 patients in an intent-to-treat group, with a 1-year follow-up period. Using the 7-point criteria of Deyo et al, all the studies suggested a positive effect of treatment, with a decrease in visual analog scale ratings and improvement in SF-36 scales, particularly those for physical function and bodily pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The studies published so far suggest that the pain resulting from lumbar disc disease may be diminished by intradiscal electrothermal annuloplasty. All these studies project a positive therapeutic effect. However, all the studies suffer from the same methodologic flaws. A prospective cohort design or a nonrandomized prospective design is used with a biased control. The scientific validity of various study designs is discussed, and a randomized prospective study is recommended. Additionally, more investigation into the basic science of the action of intradiscal electrothermal annuloplasty is required.
authors.affiliation: Section of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation and Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago Spine Center, Chicago, Illinois 60640, USA. twetzel@mcis.bsd.uchicago.edu
authors.forename: F Todd
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Wetzel
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: McNally
authors.forename: Frank M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Phillips
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004564:Electrocoagulation / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D004598:Electrosurgery / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000601:surgery*; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome