title: Role of advanced 2 and 3-dimensional ultrasound for detecting prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We explored the clinical usefulness of spectrum analysis and neural networks for classifying prostate tissue and identifying prostate cancer in patients undergoing transrectal ultrasound for diagnostic or therapeutic reasons.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on a cohort of 215 patients who underwent transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsies at Memorial-Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York were included in this study. Radio frequency data necessary for 2 and 3-dimensional (D) computer reconstruction of the prostate were digitally recorded at transrectal ultrasound and prostate biopsy. The data were spectrally processed and 2-D tissue typing images were generated based on a pre-trained neural network classification. We used manually masked 2-D tissue images as building blocks for generating 3-D tissue images and the images were tissue type color coded using custom software. Radio frequency data on the study cohort were analyzed for cancer probability using the data set pre-trained by neural network methods and compared with conventional B-mode imaging. ROC curves were generated for the 2 methods using biopsy results as the gold standard.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean area under the ROC curve plus or minus SEM for detecting prostate cancer for the conventional B-mode and neural network methods was 0.66 +/- 0.03 and 0.80 +/- 0.05, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity for detecting prostate cancer by the neural network method were significantly increased compared with conventional B-mode imaging. In addition, the 2 and 3-D prostate images provided excellent visual identification of areas with a higher likelihood of cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Spectrum analysis could significantly improve the detection and evaluation of prostate cancer. Routine real-time application of spectrum analysis may significantly decrease the number of false-negative biopsies and improve the detection of prostate cancer at transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy. It may also provide improved identification of prostate cancer foci during therapeutic intervention, such as brachytherapy, external beam radiotherapy or cryotherapy. In addition, 2 and 3-D images with prostate cancer foci specifically identified can help surgical planning and may in the distant future be an additional reliable noninvasive method of selecting patients for prostate biopsy.
authors.affiliation: University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA.
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Balaji
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Fair
authors.forename: Ernst J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Feleppa
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Porter
authors.forename: Harold
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Tian
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kalisz
authors.forename: Stella
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Urban
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gillespie
mesh_terms: D019540:Area Under Curve; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D012372:ROC Curve; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013057:Spectrum Analysis; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen