title: Microbicide efficacy and toxicity tests in a mouse model for vaginal transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Microbicides are being developed for woman-controlled protection against sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goal of the study was to test candidate microbicides in a mouse model for preventing vaginal transmission of and for acute toxicity to columnar epithelium.
  
  
  METHODS
  Progestin-sensitized CF-1 mice were treated vaginally with 50 microl of microbicide, followed either by vaginal inoculation with 10 ID(50) of serovar D or by examination of the epithelial surface for acute toxicity with a viability stain (ethidium homodimer-1).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nonoxynol-9 (N9), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), chlorhexidine digluconate, and BufferGel all provided significant though incomplete protection against vaginal transmission. Other candidates, all of which were effective in vitro, provided no vaginal protection: kappa-carrageenan, dextran sulfate, polystyrene sulfonate, Concanavalin A, wheat germ agglutinin, and agglutinin. The surface-active agents (N9, SDS, and chlorhexidine) caused significant acute epithelial toxicity: 3 days after chlorhexidine exposure, mice also had vaginal friability and markedly increased susceptibility to. BufferGel was the only candidate tested that was both protective and relatively nontoxic.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Microbicides can provide vaginal protection against in highly susceptible progestin-sensitized mice. Since N9 does not inactivate, it likely protects by killing target cells in the vagina. Despite the ability to both potently inactivate and kill target cells, two surface-active agents, SDS and chlorhexidine, failed to provide complete protection, a circumstance which emphasizes the importance of distributing microbicides to all susceptible surfaces.
authors.affiliation: The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Sharon L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Achilles
authors.forename: Priya B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Shete
authors.forename: Kevin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Whaley
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Moench
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Cone
mesh_terms: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D000282:Administration, Intravaginal; D000818:Animals; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission*; D002692:Chlamydia trachomatis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D051379:Mice; D017137:Nonoxynol / Q000494:pharmacology; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate / Q000494:pharmacology; D013089:Spermatocidal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; C420918:BufferGel; D013089:Spermatocidal Agents; D017137:Nonoxynol; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; C010882:chlorhexidine gluconate; D002710:Chlorhexidine