title: Towards integrating functional imaging in the treatment of prostate cancer with radiation: the registration of the MR spectroscopy imaging to ultrasound/CT images and its implementation in treatment planning.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dose-escalation to intraprostatic tumor deposits detected by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is an example of tumor-targeted radiation therapy. Because treatment planning for prostate brachytherapy is performed based on ultrasound (US)/computed tomography (CT) images, a sine qua non of this technique is the ability to map MRS-positive volumes (obtained in a gland deformed by the endorectal balloon coil) to the US/CT images. An empirical algorithm designed to perform this function, and its validation, are described.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mathematically, the problem of mapping points between the MR and US/CT domains comes to: (a) ascertaining that the position of any point in the interior of the prostate is uniquely determined by the shape of the gland, and (b) finding an algorithm that describes this relationship. The image registration algorithm described here is based on the assumption that points within the gland maintain the same relative position with respect to both the axial contours of the prostate and the center of the prostate along the superior-inferior direction. Relative positions of MRS-positive voxels are calculated with this method in both MR and US/CT space. For a particular voxel in the MR space, one obtains first the z coordinate in the US/CT space, that is, along the superior-inferior direction. This determines the axial slice in the US/CT frame of reference where the other two coordinates (x, y) will be calculated. The validity of this algorithm was examined with the aid of a pelvic phantom built to simulate realistically the prostate and its surrounding bony and tissue structures and with CT scans of implanted patients obtained, at several weeks' intervals, as part of an edema-resolution study. Seventy-five "dummy" seeds were placed in the phantom, within the simulated prostate gland, in a quasi-regular pattern. The coordinates of these seeds were determined and thus served as markers of prostate deformation when an inflated rectal probe was introduced in the phantom. CT images of this phantom were taken for different volumes of the MR rectal probe and in each case the prostate outlines were contoured and seed coordinates calculated. Using these data, the predictions of the mapping algorithm could be directly verified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Absolute values of the 3D-positional errors in this algorithm were 2.2 mm +/- 1.2 mm (average +/- SD). Only 6 of 75 seeds had positional displacement of 4 mm or more. Similar results were obtained in the patient analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In comparison to the MRS voxel size (6.25 x 6.25 x 3.0 mm3), the present algorithm achieves the desired clinical accuracy. As well, with this 3D algorithm seed positions are reconstructed with an uncertainty that, along the z direction, is less than half the thickness of the typical US slice (0.5 cm).
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mizowaki
authors.forename: Gil'ad N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Albert Y C
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Fung
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zaider
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014463:Ultrasonography