title: Diabetes, plasma insulin, and cardiovascular disease: subgroup analysis from the Department of Veterans Affairs high-density lipoprotein intervention trial (VA-HIT).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glucose level, or insulin resistance are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the efficacy of gemfibrozil in subjects with varying levels of glucose tolerance or hyperinsulinemia and to examine the association between diabetes status and glucose and insulin levels and risk of cardiovascular outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subgroup analyses from the Department of Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Intervention Trial, a randomized controlled trial that enrolled 2531 men with coronary heart disease (CHD), a high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level of 40 mg/dL or less (</=1.04 mmol/L), and a low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level of 140 mg/dL or less (</=3.63 mmol/L). Subjects received either gemfibrozil (1200 mg/d) or matching placebo and were followed up for an average of 5.1 years. In this article, we report the composite end point (CHD death, stroke, or myocardial infarction).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with those with a normal fasting glucose level, risk was increased in subjects with known diabetes (hazard ratio [HR], 1.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.44-2.43; P =.001) and those with newly diagnosed diabetes (HR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.10-2.68; P =.02). In persons without diabetes, a fasting plasma insulin level of 39 micro U/mL or greater (>/=271 pmol/L) was associated with a 31% increased risk of events (P =.03). Gemfibrozil was effective in persons with diabetes (risk reduction for composite end point, 32%; P =.004). The reduction in CHD death was 41% (HR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.39-0.91; P =.02). Among individuals without diabetes, gemfibrozil was most efficacious for those in the highest fasting plasma insulin level quartile (risk reduction, 35%; P =.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In men with CHD and a low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, gemfibrozil use was associated with a reduction in major cardiovascular events in persons with diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with a high fasting plasma insulin level.
authors.affiliation: Section of General Internal Medicine (111O), Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1 Veterans Dr, Minneapolis, MN 55417. bloom013@umn.edu
authors.forename: Hanna Bloomfield
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Rubins
authors.forename: Sander J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Robins
authors.forename: Dorothea
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Marshall B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Elam
authors.forename: Ernst J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Schaefer
authors.forename: Fred H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Faas
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000032:analysis; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000032:analysis; D015897:Comorbidity; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015248:Gemfibrozil / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006787:Hospitals, Veterans; D006801:Humans; D006946:Hyperinsulinism / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015994:Incidence; D007328:Insulin / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011336:Probability; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D007328:Insulin; D015248:Gemfibrozil