title: Inhibition of glutathione-related enzymes augments LPS-mediated cytokine biosynthesis: involvement of an IkappaB/NF-kappaB-sensitive pathway in the alveolar epithelium.
abstract: The regulation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated pro-inflammatory cytokine biosynthesis by reduction-oxidation (redox)-sensitive enzymes involved in maintaining intracellular glutathione homeostasis was investigated in fetal alveolar type II epithelial cells (fATII). Inhibition of glutathione-oxidized disulfide reductase, which recycles GSSG --> 2GSH, by the action of 1,3-bis-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) augmented LPS-dependent secretion of interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. BCNU increased [GSSG] concentration at the expense of [GSH], thereby favoring oxidation equilibrium. Inhibition of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of GSH, by the action of L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO), potentiated LPS-induced IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha production. Similar to BCNU, BSO depleted [GSH] and induced the accumulation of [GSSG]. BCNU and BSO reduced LPS-mediated phosphorylation of inhibitory-kappaB (IkappaB-alpha), allowing its cytosolic accumulation. This effect was associated with the inhibition of the nuclear translocation of selective nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB subunits: NF-kappaB1 (p50), RelA (p65), RelB (p68) and c-Rel (p75), but not NF-kappaB2 (p52). BCNU and BSO reduced LPS-induced NF-kappaB activation as determined by the electrophoretic mobility shift DNA-binding assay. Analytical analysis of the effect of modulating the dynamic redox ratio ([GSH]+[GSSG])/[GSSG] revealed a novel role for GSSG as a disulfhydryl compound which mediates an inhibitory effect on NF-kappaB activation. It is concluded that selective modulation of redox-sensitive enzymes has an immunopharmacological potential in regulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and that the TkappaB-alpha/NF-kappaB pathway is redox-sensitive and differentially involved in mediating redox-dependent regulation of cytokine signaling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California at San Francisco, School of Medicine, 94143-0542, USA. haddadj@anesthesia.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Haddad
authors.forename: Bared
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Safieh-Garabedian
authors.forename: Nayef E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Saadé
authors.forename: Ryszard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lauterbach
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000963:Antimetabolites / Q000494:pharmacology; D015153:Blotting, Western; D019328:Buthionine Sulfoximine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002330:Carmustine / Q000494:pharmacology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D024202:Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D005260:Female; D005721:Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase / Q000378:metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism*; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000187:drug effects; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000502:physiology*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011247:Pregnancy; D011490:Protein Disulfide Reductase (Glutathione) / Q000378:metabolism; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000502:physiology; D014178:Translocation, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000963:Antimetabolites; D016207:Cytokines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; D019328:Buthionine Sulfoximine; D011490:Protein Disulfide Reductase (Glutathione); D005721:Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase; D005978:Glutathione; D002330:Carmustine