title: Nitric oxide alone is an insufficient biomarker of exposure to microbes in a moisture-damaged building.
abstract: Several epidemiological studies have revealed a large variety of adverse health effects related to exposure to microbes in moisture damaged buildings. Recently some evidence has been reported for a biochemical linkage between microbial exposure and the respiratory symptoms suffered by the occupants. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the value of nitric oxide (NO) measurements in determining the inflammatory status of airways in inhabitants of problem buildings. NO was measured by a chemiluminescence analyzer from the exhaled air. In addition, NO was determined as its metabolite nitrite from nasal lavage (NL) and induced sputum (IS) samples and also via the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the cells. Occupants of moisture-damaged and reference schools were studied. The sampling was performed at the end of the spring term, at the end of the summer vacation, during the winter term, and after a 1-wk winter holiday. No statistically significant differences in NO levels were detected between the studied groups or between exposure and vacation periods. iNOS was not detected from IS or NL samples of the exposed occupants. These results suggest that NO measurements alone are not sufficient to quantify airway inflammation when evaluating subjects exposed to microbes present in moisture-damaged buildings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, PO Box 1777, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland. Minna.Purokivi@kuh.fi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Purokivi
authors.forename: M-R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Hirvonen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Randell
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roponen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tukiainen
mesh_terms: D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000009:adverse effects; D015415:Biomarkers; D005658:Fungi / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D017817:Nasal Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000032:analysis* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology; D012574:Schools; D012882:Skin Tests; D013183:Sputum / Q000737:chemistry; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014867:Water; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C496319:NOS2 protein, human; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II