title: Chemiluminescence response of granulocytes from elite athletes during recovery from one or two intense bouts of exercise.
abstract: In this study nine elite athletes each participated in three different 24- h trials, as follows: (1) complete bed rest (REST), (2) one bout of exercise at 1515 hours (ONE-EX), (3) two exercise bouts, one at 1100 hours and one at 1515 hours (TWO-EX-3 h), and (4) two exercise bouts, one at 0800 hours and one at 1515 hours (TWO-EX-6 h). Exercise was performed on a cycle ergometer with 10 min of warm-up and then 65 min at an exercise intensity of 75% of maximum oxygen uptake (VO(2max)). The polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) counts increased consistently in response to exercise, and more in trial TWO-EX-3 h than in the two other exercise trials (P < 0.01). The respiratory burst of PMN was measured as chemiluminescence (CL), obtained with phorbol myristate (PMA) and serum-opsonised zymosan (SOZ) as stimulators. Exercise triggered the CL response for a defined number of PMN, significantly above baseline (REST) values (P < 0.05) for ONE-EX and TWO-EX-3 h, but not for TWO-EX-6 h. The strongest response was observed for TWO-EX-3 h, but the difference between exercise procedures was not significant. However, as a novel approach, a comparison was made using total oxidative potentials per litre of blood, as obtained by combining CL values and PMN numbers. TWO-EX-3 h yielded significantly higher values than the other experimental treatments. Thus, by this measure the total oxidative potential of PMN x l(-1) blood remains at a higher level with short intervals between exercise bouts (i.e. 3 h instead of 6 h), possibly due to a combined effect of cell number increase and the priming state of PMN. This may suggest that for intensive training twice a day, a recovery phase of 5-6 h is preferable. The elevation in cell number is best explained by a combined effect of catecholamines and cortisol. Growth hormone is one probable candidate as a stimulator of CL, but other molecular participants that respond to exercise may exert roles as either stimulators or inhibitors of CL.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Oslo, Norway. arneboy@basalmed.uio.no
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bøyum
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rønsen
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Tennfjord
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tollefsen
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Haugen
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Opstad
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bahr
mesh_terms: D000243:Adenosine Deaminase / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D003564:Cytidine Deaminase / Q000378:metabolism; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006728:Hormones / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D008297:Male; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000502:physiology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D010809:Physical Fitness; D013177:Sports; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D015054:Zymosan / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D006728:Hormones; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D015054:Zymosan; D000243:Adenosine Deaminase; D003564:Cytidine Deaminase; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate