title: Radio-frequency ablation of VX2 rabbit tumors: assessment of completeness of treatment by using contrast-enhanced harmonic power Doppler US.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess contrast material-enhanced harmonic power Doppler and fundamental color Doppler ultrasonography (US) in the detection of residual viable tumor tissue after radio-frequency (RF) ablation in tumors embedded in fat.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight VX2 tumors were implanted into the retroperitoneum of 14 rabbits. Tumors were examined with contrast-enhanced fundamental color Doppler US and harmonic power Doppler US before and 10 minutes after RF ablation. Saline-enhanced RF ablation (30 mL/h) was performed over 10 minutes with 28-W RF power. Follow-up included repeat US examinations. Necropsies and histopathologic assessment were performed after detection of residual untreated tumor at US or 3 weeks after ablation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VX2 tumors reached a mean size of 21 mm +/- 9 (SD) (size range, 6-43 mm) 25 days after implantation. All tumors larger than 31 mm showed signs of central necrosis at US. Before ablation, intense vascularity was detected in all tumors with both contrast-enhanced US modes. Histopathologic assessment at the end of the follow-up period revealed local relapses due to incomplete ablation in 14 (50%) of 28 cases. Detection of residual tumor was missed in all cases with contrast-enhanced color Doppler US. Contrast-enhanced harmonic power Doppler US depicted residual flow in 12 of the 14 cases (sensitivity, 86%) in which local relapses occurred. There was a significant (P <.005, McNemar test) improvement in detection of residual tumor when the harmonic power Doppler mode was used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Contrast-enhanced harmonic power Doppler US has greater sensitivity than contrast-enhanced color Doppler US for detecting residual VX2 tumor following ablation. Therefore, contrast-enhanced harmonic power Doppler US may be a useful additional method for the detection of residual tumors after RF ablation.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Diagnostic Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland. thomas_boehm@gmx.net
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Boehm
authors.forename: Ansgar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malich
authors.forename: S Nahum
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hauff
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reinhardt
authors.forename: Juergen R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Reichenbach
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Marlies
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fleck
authors.forename: Burkhardt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Seifert
authors.forename: Werner A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Kaiser
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D011817:Rabbits; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler