Reasoning counterfactually: making inferences about things that didn't happen.
The authors investigated the relationship between reasoners' understanding of subjunctive conditionals (e.g., if p had happened, then q would have happened) and the inferences they were prepared to endorse. Reasoners who made a counterfactual interpretation of subjunctive statements (i.e., they judged the statement to imply that p and q did not happen) endorsed different inferences than those who did not. Those who made a counterfactual interpretation were more likely to (a) judge the situation in which p and q occurred to be inconsistent with the conditional statement and (b) make negative inferences such as modus tollens (i.e., approximately q therefore approximately p). These findings occurred with familiar and unfamiliar content, affirmative and negative conditionals, and conditional and biconditional relations.
Thompson
Valerie A
VA
Department of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada. valerie.thompson@usask.ca
Byrne
Ruth M J
RM
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention; D003210:Concept Formation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008128:Logic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011340:Problem Solving; D011578:Psycholinguistics; D011932:Reading; D012660:Semantics