title: Monocular estimate method retinoscopy: central tendency measures and relationship to refractive status and heterophoria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Monocular estimate (estimation) method (MEM) is a widely used clinical test of accommodative response. Normative data for MEM are available based on the central tendency measures from a population of schoolchildren but not a clinical population. Also, the relationship of accommodative response to refractive status and heterophoria has been researched, but not with MEM as the determinant of the manifestation of accommodative response.
  
  
  METHODS
  A group of 211 pre-presbyopic clinical subjects were tested with MEM for purposes of comparing the central tendency measures of a clinical population to established normative data and determining whether MEM varied with refractive status or near phoria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A lag of about one-third diopter was the mean MEM result for this clinical population. The median was +0.25 D. Myopia and near esophoria have a statistically significant relationship to MEM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The central tendency measures derived from MEM administered to this population replicate the central tendency measures found in a previous normative study. This study provides preliminary evidence that the difference between accommodative response and accommodative stimulus, as measured by MEM, may be influenced by myopia and esophoria.
authors.affiliation: Southern California College of Optometry, Fullerton, California, USA. jtod@sbcglobal.net
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Tassinari
mesh_terms: D000065:Accommodation, Ocular; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D004948:Esotropia / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009216:Myopia / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D012029:Refraction, Ocular; D012160:Retina / Q000473:pathology*; D013285:Strabismus / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015349:Vision, Monocular