title: Metabolic activation of 3-hydroxyanisole by isolated rat hepatocytes.
abstract: A tyrosinase-directed therapeutic approach for malignant melanoma therapy uses the depigmenting phenolic agents such as 4-hydroxyanisole (4-HA) to form cytotoxic o-quinones. However, renal and hepatic toxicity was reported as side effects in a recent 4-HA clinical trial. In search of novel therapeutics, the cytotoxicity of the isomers 4-HA, 3-HA and 2-HA were investigated. In the following, the order of the HAs induced hepatotoxicity in mice, as measured by increased in vivo plasma transaminase activity, or in isolated rat hepatocytes, as measured by trypan blue exclusion, was 3-HA > 2-HA > 4-HA. Hepatocyte GSH depletion preceded HA induced cytotoxicity and a 4-MC-SG conjugate was identified by LC/MS/MS mass spectrometry analysis when 3-HA was incubated with NADPH/microsomes/GSH. 3-HA induced hepatocyte GSH depletion or GSH depletion when 3-HA was incubated with NADPH/microsomes was prevented by CYP 2E1 inhibitors. Dicumarol (an NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase inhibitor) potentiated 3-HA- or 4-methoxycatechol (4-MC) induced toxicity whereas sorbitol (an NADH generating nutrient) greatly prevented cytotoxicity indicating a quinone-mediated cytotoxic mechanism. Ethylendiamine (an o-quinone trap) largely prevented 3-HA and 4-MC-induced cytotoxicity indicating that o-quinone was involved in cytotoxicity. Dithiothreitol (DTT) greatly reduced 3-HA and 4-MC induced toxicity. The ferric chelator deferoxamine slightly decreased 3-HA and 4-MC induced cytotoxicity whereas the antioxidants pyrogallol or TEMPOL greatly prevented the toxicity suggesting that oxidative stress contributed to 3-HA induced cytotoxicity. In summary, ring hydroxylation but not O-demethylation/epoxidation seems to be the bioactivation pathway for 3-HA in rat liver. The cytotoxic mechanism for 3-HA and its metabolite 4-MC likely consists cellular protein alkylation and oxidative stress. These results suggest that 3-HA is not suitable for treatment of melanoma.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 19 Russell Street, Toronto, Ont, Canada M5S 2S2.
authors.forename: Majid Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Moridani
authors.forename: Sophia S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Cheon
authors.forename: Sumsullah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: O'Brien
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000840:Anisoles / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000633:toxicity*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000633:toxicity; D001711:Biotransformation; D002396:Catechols / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000188:drug therapy; D051379:Mice; D008954:Models, Biological; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000840:Anisoles; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D002396:Catechols; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; D005557:Formaldehyde; C009760:mequinol; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D005978:Glutathione; C094702:3-hydroxyanisole