title: Acute bacterial meningitis in children admitted to a rural Kenyan hospital: increasing antibiotic resistance and outcome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) is an important cause of mortality in Africa, but most studies are based in urban referral hospitals. Poor laboratory facilities make diagnosis difficult, and treatment is limited to inexpensive antibiotics.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed data from children admitted with ABM to a Kenyan district hospital from 1994 through 2000. We calculated the minimum incidence in children admitted from a defined area. We also examined the antibiotic susceptibility patterns.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 390 cases (1.3% of all admissions) of whom 88% were <5 years old. The apparent minimum annual incidence in children younger than 5 years of age increased from 120 to 202 per 100,000 between 1995 and 2000 (P < 0.001). Increasing the lumbar punctures performed by including prostrated or convulsing children significantly increased the number of cases detected (P < 0.005). The most common organisms in infants <3 months were streptococci and Enterobacteriaceae. Streptococcus pneumoniae (43.1%) and Haemophilus influenzae (41.9%) were predominant in the postneonatal period. The overall mortality was 30.1%, and 23.5% of survivors developed neurologic sequelae. Chloramphenicol resistance of H. influenzae rose from 8% in 1994 to 80% in 2000 (P < 0.0001) accompanied by an apparent increase in mortality. A short history, impaired consciousness and hypoglycemia were associated with death. Prolonged coma and low cerebrospinal fluid glucose were associated with neurologic sequelae.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ABM in rural Kenya is a severe illness with substantial mortality and morbidity. Prognosis could be improved by broadening the criteria for lumbar puncture and use of appropriate antibiotics.
authors.affiliation: Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Isaiah
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mwangi
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Berkley
authors.forename: Brett
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lowe
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Peshu
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Marsh
authors.forename: Charles R J C
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Newton
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000367:Age Factors; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003128:Coma / Q000150:complications; D003244:Consciousness Disorders / Q000150:complications; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000150:complications; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D016920:Meningitis, Bacterial / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D009026:Mortality; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000150:complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012423:Rural Health
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents