title: Change of carpal alignment under anaesthesia: role of physiological axial loading on carpus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  to study the effect of physiological axial loading on the carpal alignment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with distal radial fracture undergoing general anaesthesia for management of their injury were employed for the present study. The contralateral normal wrist was assessed for any change in carpal alignment following the elimination of the physiological axial load under anaesthesia with complete muscle relaxation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Axial load across the wrist is known to affect carpal alignment. Axial compression is known to dorsiflex the lunate due to its dorsally thinned wedge shape. However, cadaveric experiments have also shown the axial compression to flex the whole proximal carpal row.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lateral radiographs of the uninjured wrist joint were performed in twenty patients with distal radial fracture. Radiographs were taken before and after giving general anaesthesia along with muscle relaxants and were repeated after applying the traction in line with the long axis of the radius.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anaesthesia caused scaphoid and lunate to dorsiflex with no change in scapholunate angle while, traction caused scaphoid to rotate further dorsally.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physiological axial loading due to the normal tone of the forearm muscles tends to flex the scaphoid and the lunate. This is contrary to the lunate's classical description of its tendency to dorsiflex under axial loading. Our results also failed to support the view that scapholunate interosseous ligament is in continuous tension due to the tendency of the scaphoid and lunate to move in the opposite directions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A dorsiflexed lunate need not be considered the hallmark for diagnosing the scapholunate dissociation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Maulana Azad Medical College & Associated L. N. Hospital, New Delhi 110002, India. drajaygupta@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Ajay
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gupta
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia; D002348:Carpal Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009126:Muscle Relaxation / Q000187:drug effects; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D011859:Radiography; D011884:Radius / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012399:Rotation; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014143:Traction; D016474:Weight-Bearing; D014953:Wrist / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D014955:Wrist Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents