title: Detection of underlying characteristics of nuclear chromatin patterns of thyroid tumor cells using texture and factor analyses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aspiration biopsy cytology of thyroid tumors has been used more frequently in recent times to differentiate between malignant and benign lesions. Chromatin patterns of the tumor cell nuclei are one of most important factors for cytologic diagnosis. The interpretation of nuclear chromatin patterns is subjective and more difficult than that of nuclear size or shape. In the present report, we investigated how to detect underlying chromatin characteristics of benign and malignant thyroid tumor cells by means of texture and factor analyses.
  
  
  METHODS
  We employed a computer-aided system in which light microscopy was combined with an image processor and monochrome camera. Using this system, 100 randomly selected cells in a Papanicolaou stained, aspiration biopsy cytologic smear in each case of 39 benign and malignant thyroid tumor cases were digitized. We applied two-dimensional and higher texture analyses with the use of co-occurrence and run-length matrices to analyze the chromatin patterns. Factor analysis was used to determine whether a large number of independent variables actually measured one or more underlying common variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  According to parameters with high factor-loading values, the morphologic chromatin characters were classified into three categories according to heterogeneity, contrast, and homogeneity of chromatin patterns. On the basis of analyses with these morphologic categories, nuclei of papillary carcinoma showed higher contrast of chromatin patterns than did those of the benign group. Moreover, there was a variety of contrasting chromatin patterns among cells in each papillary carcinoma case in comparison with the benign group. In contrast, follicular carcinomas showed a significant difference in the standard deviation of factor 3, which indicated more monotonous chromatin patterns among cells in each follicular carcinoma case than in each benign case.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We believe that this technique, using texture and factor analyses, is useful in the detection of underlying characteristics of nuclear chromatin patterns in aspiration biopsy cytology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Yamanashi School of Medicine, Yamanashi, Japan. smurata@res.yamanashi-med.ac.jp
authors.forename: Shin-ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Murata
authors.forename: Kunio
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mochizuki
authors.forename: Tadao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakazawa
authors.forename: Tetsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.forename: Nobuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Hiroto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: Yoji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Urata
authors.forename: Tsukasa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ashihara
authors.forename: Ryohei
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Katoh
mesh_terms: D018263:Adenocarcinoma, Follicular / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D000231:Adenocarcinoma, Papillary / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D000236:Adenoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000473:pathology*; D002843:Chromatin / Q000473:pathology*; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D006042:Goiter / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007620:Karyometry; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm