title: When do developing countries adopt managed care policies and technologies? Part I: Policies, experience, and a framework of preconditions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  For developing countries with constrained economic resources, managed care holds out the promise of being able to control healthcare costs and reduce unnecessary utilization. However, little empirical evidence has been gathered about when managed care techniques can be applied to these countries and no framework considers the macroeconomic context. We propose a straightforward method to evaluate the economic and policy environment of a developing country to assess when managed care might be introduced.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of available developing country health system and healthcare spending data, review of the available literature, and authors' experience evaluating healthcare reforms in developing countries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Many countries have implemented managed care techniques, which are driven by policy efforts to increase quality or to control costs. Successful implementation of managed care, however, appears to depend on five major preconditions. One precondition is an adequately developed formal wage sector in which patients have a sufficient ability to pay for healthcare services. Another is an adequate labor supply of trained professionals to support managed care administration, foster competition, and use available information technology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although managed care encompasses a range of incentives and arrangements, implementation in developing countries appears to depend on attaining macroeconomic preconditions.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Global Health, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, UCSF School of Medicine, Calif 94105, USA. peabody@psg.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Peabody
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Luck
mesh_terms: D003906:Developing Countries / Q000191:economics*; D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D018588:Fee-for-Service Plans; D006078:Government Programs; D018166:Health Care Reform / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations; D006284:Health Plan Implementation; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D008329:Managed Care Programs / Q000145:classification / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D018803:Models, Economic; D011243:Preferred Provider Organizations; D017149:Private Sector / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration; D017150:Public Sector / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration; D019472:Universal Health Insurance / Q000191:economics