title: Catastrophic injuries in wrestlers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a paucity of comprehensive information on catastrophic wrestling injuries.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to develop a profile of catastrophic injuries in wrestling and a list of relevant risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed 35 incidents that were reported to the National Center for Catastrophic Sports Injury Research over an 18-year period from 1981 until 1999.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Except in the case of one male college athlete, all injuries occurred in male high school wrestlers. There were 2.11 direct catastrophic injuries per year or 1 per 100000 participants. The majority of injuries occurred in match competitions (80%), with a trend toward more injuries in the low- and middle-weight classes. The position most frequently associated with injury was the defensive position during the takedown maneuver (74%), followed by the down position (23%), and the lying position (3%). Catastrophic injuries included 27 cervical fractures or major cervical ligament injuries, 4 spinal cord contusions with transient quadriparesis, 3 severe head injuries, and an acutely herniated lumbar disc. The injuries resulted in quadriplegia in 11, residual neurologic deficits in 6, paraplegia in 1, and death in 1 head-injured athlete.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although catastrophic injuries in wrestling are rare, they do occur. Referees can help prevent such injuries by strictly enforcing penalties for slams and by gaining more awareness of dangerous holds. Coaches may also prevent serious injuries by emphasizing proper wrestling techniques.
authors.affiliation: Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, The Orthopaedic Center, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA.
authors.forename: Barry P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Boden
authors.forename: Willie
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Frederick O
authors.initials: FO
authors.lastname: Mueller
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology; D014952:Wrestling / Q000293:injuries*