title: The effects of stereo shift angle, geometric magnification and display zoom on depth measurements in digital stereomammography.
abstract: We are developing virtual three-dimensional (3-D) cursors for measuring depths in digital stereomammograms. We performed a study to investigate the effects of stereo shift angle, geometric magnification, and display zoom on the accuracy of depth measurements made with a virtual 3-D cursor. A phantom containing 50 low contrast fibrils at depths ranging from 1 to 11 mm was imaged with a full-field digital mammography system. Left- and right-eye images were generated at stereo shift angles of +/-3 degrees and +/-6 degrees, using either contact or 1.8x geometric magnification geometry. The images were viewed on a high-resolution stereoscopic display system in normal and 2x zoom mode. Observers viewed the images with stereo glasses and adjusted the depth of a cross-shaped virtual cursor to best match the perceived depth of each fibril. The results for two trained observers with excellent stereo acuity were nearly identical when viewing the same images. The average root mean square errors for the two observers were 1.2 mm (+/-3 degrees contact, no zoom), 1.3 mm (+/-3 degrees contact zoom), 0.8 mm (+/-6 degrees contact, no zoom), 0.6 mm (+/-6 degrees contact, zoom), 0.8 mm (+/-3 magnification, no zoom), 0.7 mm (+/-3 degrees magnification, zoom), and 0.2 mm (+/-6 degrees magnification, no zoom). One observer repeated the entire study for two additional fibril phantom configurations. Combining all the results, we found that for the contact geometry increasing the stereo shift angle from +/-3 degrees to +/-6 degrees improved the depth measurement accuracy by factors of about 1.2-4.0. Zooming did not provide observable improvement in the depth measurement accuracy; sometimes having no effect, sometimes improving the accuracy, and other times reducing the accuracy, with no general trends. Its effect is likely within experimental errors. However, the stereo effect was more readily visualized in the zoom mode. Geometric magnification improved the depth measurement accuracy. The best accuracy among all cases was about 0.2 mm, obtained with geometric magnification using a stereo angle of +/-6 degrees. This is the mode we recommend for obtaining accurate depth measurements with virtual cursors in stereomammograms.
authors.affiliation: goodsitt@umich.edu
authors.forename: Mitchell M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Goodsitt
authors.forename: Heang-Ping
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Katie L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Darner
authors.forename: Lubomir M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Hadjiiski
mesh_terms: D003196:Computer Graphics; D003867:Depth Perception; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008327:Mammography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D015588:Observer Variation; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D010780:Photogrammetry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D011858:Radiographic Magnification / Q000379:methods; D014584:User-Computer Interface