title: The relationship between insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight/obese non-diabetic Asian adults: the 1992 Singapore National Health Survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Insulin resistance (IR) is associated with cardiovascular risk factors including hypertension, dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance and hyperuricemia. The relationship between IR and these cardiovascular risk factors in obese non-diabetic individuals is not well studied. We explore this relationship by comparing the cardiovascular risk factors among insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant overweight/obese non-diabetic Asian adults in the 1992 National Health Survey of Singapore.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 3568 subjects were examined in the survey, which involved a combination of disproportionate stratified sampling and systematic sampling. Anthropometric measurements, level of physical activity, blood pressure, insulin, lipid profile, uric acid and standard 75 g oral glucose tolerance test were performed after a 10 h overnight fast. Subjects with diabetes were excluded from the analysis. Homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) was used to assess insulin sensitivity. Relative LDL size was derived from the formula LDL/ApoB. We defined insulin-sensitive individuals as having a HOMA value <1.479 (below median in individuals without diabetes; n=3226) and overweight/obesity as body mass index (BMI) >or=25.0 kg/m(2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 156 insulin-sensitive (S) and 679 insulin-resistant (R) overweight/obese individuals, respectively. The groups did not differ in terms of gender and ethnic distribution and level of physical activity. However, subjects in group S were younger than those in group R (mean+/-s.d.; 40.1+/-12.1 vs 42.4+/-12.7 y; P<0.05). Group R individuals were also slightly more obese globally and centrally than group S (BMI=28.2+/-3.2 vs 27.1+/-2.8 kg/m(2); waist circumference (WC)=86.7+/-9.3 vs 82.5+/-8.3 cm; P<0.01). There were more subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in group R than in group S (29.7 vs 16.0%; P<0.01). After adjustment for age and indices of global and regional obesity (ie BMI and WC), insulin-resistant individuals showed higher apolipoprotein B, triglyceride, fasting (FPG) and 2 h post-load plasma glucose (2hPG) but lower HDL and LDL size. Further adjustment for FPG, 2hPG and level of physical activity had minimal impact on the results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Insulin-resistant overweight/obese non-diabetic Asian adults had greater burden of the cardiovascular dysmetabolic syndrome than insulin-sensitive overweight/obese individuals. This could not be fully explained by differences in global and regional obesity, glucose tolerance and level of physical activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore. su_chi_lim@alexhosp.com.sg
authors.forename: S-C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: B-Y
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: S-K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Chew
authors.forename: C-E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Tan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001208:Asia / Q000208:ethnology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications* / Q000208:ethnology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology