title: Postenucleation orbits in retinoblastoma: treatment with 125I brachytherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Children with retinoblastoma that extends into or through the choroid, sclera, or optic nerve are at risk of developing orbital disease, as well as metastases. Previously, these enucleated orbits were treated with external beam radiotherapy in addition to chemotherapy. 125I brachytherapy for tumors in and around the eye was pioneered by Sealy in Cape Town, South Africa, in 1974. In 1983, he developed a technique to irradiate the contents of the orbit while limiting the dose to the bony orbit and eyelids.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six nylon tubes containing 125I seeds were implanted through the eyelids around the periphery of the orbit. Each contained a metal gutter that screens the outer part of the seeds from the bony orbit. A seventh unscreened tube was placed in the center, and a metal disc with 125I seeds on its posterior surface was secured beneath the eyelids. Between 1983 and 2000, 57 orbits were treated in 56 children with retinoblastoma. Thirty-six were treated prophylactically and 21, with tumor at the resection line of the nerve, extrascleral tumor, or metastases, were treated therapeutically. They received a median dose of 34 Gy in 70 h; 30 also received chemotherapy. Children with tumor at the resection line of the nerve also received treatment to the craniospinal axis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median follow-up of the 35 patients treated prophylactically was 35 months (range 0-187). Seven patients died, 6 of metastases, at a median of 10 months (range 4-29) after the implant. Eight of the 13 patients with microscopic extraocular tumor survived a median of 29 months (range 5-156). None of the 8 patients presenting with orbital tumor or metastases survived. No orbital recurrences developed in any of the patients. Cosmesis was considerably improved compared with previous forms of irradiation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Orbital brachytherapy is an effective method of irradiating the orbit to prevent recurrent tumor, the treatment time is short, and the cosmesis is much more acceptable than with other forms of irradiation. No facial atrophy or second nonocular tumors have occurred.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. clare@curie.uct.ac.za
authors.forename: Clare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stannard
authors.forename: Ross
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sealy
authors.forename: Egbert
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hering
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hough
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Knowles
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lecuona
authors.forename: V Bala
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: Reddi
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005134:Eye Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D011874:Radiometry; D012175:Retinoblastoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes