title: Comparison of two different approaches in the detection of intermittent cardiorespiratory coordination during night sleep.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective was to evaluate and to compare two completely different detection algorithms of intermittent (short-term) cardiorespiratory coordination during night sleep. The first method is based on a combination of respiratory flow and electrocardiogram recordings and determines the relative phases of R waves between successive onsets of inspiration. Intermittent phase coordination is defined as phase recurrence with accuracy alpha over at least k heartbeats. The second, recently introduced method utilizes only binary coded variations of heart rate (acceleration = 1, deceleration = 0) and identifies binary pattern classes which can be assigned to respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). It is hypothesized that RSA pattern class recurrence over at least k heartbeats is strongly related with the intermittent phase coordination defined above.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both methods were applied to night time recordings of 20 healthy subjects. In subjects <45 yrs and setting k = 3 and alpha = 0.03, the phase and RSA pattern recurrence were highly correlated. Furthermore, in most subjects the pattern predominance (PP) showed a pronounced oscillation which is most likely linked with the dynamics of sleep stages. However, the analysis of bivariate variation and the use of surrogate data suggest that short-term phase coordination mainly resulted from central adjustment of heart rate and respiratory rate rather than from real phase synchronization due to physiological interaction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Binary pattern analysis provides essential information on short-term phase recurrence and reflects nighttime sleep architecture, but is only weakly linked with true phase synchronization which is rare in physiological processes of man.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Research, Gemeinschaftskrankenhaus, 58313 Herdecke, Germany. bettermann@scientific-african.de
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bettermann
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cysarz
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Van Leeuwen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012143:Respiratory Physiological Phenomena; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology*; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000502:physiology