title: [The mechanism of HIV replication at the site of inflammation coinfected with HIV and M. tuberculosis].
abstract: HIV-1 replication is remarkably augmented in macrophages at the site of inflammation due to tuberculosis. Reduction of expression of an inhibitory C/EBP beta transcription factor and activation of NF-kappa B are observed at the site of inflammation. Of 18 paraffin embedded tissue sections of HIV-tuberculosis coinfected autopsy or biopsy samples, 9 samples were positive for HIV-p24 staining, which were all derived from patients with blood CD4 cell counts more than 50/mm3. Moreover, the P24 positive cells were morphologically macrophages or epithelioid cells. CD4 positive lymphocytes consistently located near the P24 positive macrophages. Therefore, we hypothesized that lymphocyte-macrophage contact is important for maximal HIV production from macrophages. In vitro experiments showed that contact between lymphocytes and macrophages reduced inhibitory C/EBP beta, activated NF-kappa B and enhanced HIV-1 replication. If contact between lymphocytes and macrophages was prevented, inhibitory C/EBP beta expression was maintained and the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) was not maximally stimulated although NF-kappa B was activated. Antibodies which cross-linked macrophage expressed B-7, VCAM and CD40 were used mimic lymphocyte contact. Cross-linking antibodies abolished inhibitory C/EBP beta expression; however, the HIV-1 LTR was not maximally stimulated and NF-kappa B was not activated. Maximal HIV-1 LTR stimulation required both lymphocyte derived soluble factors and cross-linking of macrophage expressed costimulatory molecules. These results demonstrate that neither contact nor soluble factor(s) are sufficient to maximally enhance HIV-1 LTR activity in macrophages. Contact between activated lymphocytes and macrophages is necessary to down-regulate inhibitory C/EBP beta, thereby derepressing the HIV-1 LTR. Lymphocyte derived soluble factor(s) activate NF-kappa B, further enhancing the HIV-LTR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Diseases, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, 1-21-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan. knak@ri.imcj.go.jp
authors.forename: Koh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakata
authors.forename: Naoto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Keicho
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Honda
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nagai
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hebisawa
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fujita
mesh_terms: D022782:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-beta / Q000378:metabolism; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008262:Macrophage Activation; D016676:Macrophages, Alveolar / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D015682:Retroviridae Proteins, Oncogenic / Q000378:metabolism; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D022782:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-beta; D016328:NF-kappa B; D015682:Retroviridae Proteins, Oncogenic; C060954:p24 protein, Human T-lymphotropic virus 1