title: Essential role for TIRAP in activation of the signalling cascade shared by TLR2 and TLR4.
abstract: Signal transduction through Toll-like receptors (TLRs) originates from their intracellular Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain, which binds to MyD88, a common adaptor protein containing a TIR domain. Although cytokine production is completely abolished in MyD88-deficient mice, some responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), including the induction of interferon-inducible genes and the maturation of dendritic cells, are still observed. Another adaptor, TIRAP (also known as Mal), has been cloned as a molecule that specifically associates with TLR4 and thus may be responsible for the MyD88-independent response. Here we report that LPS-induced splenocyte proliferation and cytokine production are abolished in mice lacking TIRAP. As in MyD88-deficient mice, LPS activation of the nuclear factor NF-kappaB and mitogen-activated protein kinases is induced with delayed kinetics in TIRAP-deficient mice. Expression of interferon-inducible genes and the maturation of dendritic cells is observed in these mice; they also show defective response to TLR2 ligands, but not to stimuli that activate TLR3, TLR7 or TLR9. In contrast to previous suggestions, our results show that TIRAP is not specific to TLR4 signalling and does not participate in the MyD88-independent pathway. Instead, TIRAP has a crucial role in the MyD88-dependent signalling pathway shared by TLR2 and TLR4.
authors.affiliation: Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Shintaro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hemmi
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sanjo
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Uematsu
authors.forename: Tsuneyasu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kaisho
authors.forename: Katsuaki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hoshino
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.forename: Masaya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.forename: Shizuo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akira
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000818:Animals; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D017353:Gene Deletion; D008024:Ligands; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000378:metabolism; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051196:Toll-Like Receptor 3; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051199:Toll-Like Receptor 7; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation; D016207:Cytokines; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D008024:Ligands; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; C507780:Myd88 protein, mouse; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88; D016328:NF-kappa B; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1; C499045:TIRAP protein, mouse; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051196:Toll-Like Receptor 3; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051199:Toll-Like Receptor 7; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases