title: The effect of droplet size and powder particle size on the mechanisms of nucleation and growth in fluid bed melt agglomeration.
abstract: This study was performed in order to evaluate the effects of binder droplet size and powder particle size on agglomerate formation and growth in fluid bed spray agglomeration using a meltable binder. Three different lactose grades, 100, 125 or 350 mesh, were agglomerated using polyethylene glycol (PEG) 3000 at two different concentrations, 11.5 or 22% (volume/mass), and three spray droplet sizes, 30, 60 or 90 microm were applied. The ratio of droplet size/particle size was found to determine whether the mechanism of nucleation was distribution or immersion. Distribution was promoted by a low ratio, whereas immersion was promoted by a high ratio. Distribution as nucleation mechanism led to a more open agglomerate structure and immersion to a denser structure. When the nucleation phase was terminated, coalescence between rewetted nuclei or agglomerates was the growth mechanism with both preceding mechanisms of nucleation. A larger particle size of the lactose led to larger agglomerates. The difference in the effect on growth between the 30 and 60 microm droplets was generally low. The 90 microm droplets at 22% binder concentration offered a potential for uncontrollable growth giving rise to markedly larger agglomerates and a lower reproducibility than 30 and 60 microm droplets.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Abberger
authors.forename: Anette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.forename: Torben
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schaefer
mesh_terms: D010316:Particle Size; D011208:Powders / Q000737:chemistry*; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D011208:Powders