title: Returns on research and development for 1990s new drug introductions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previously published research by the authors found that returns on research and development (R&D) for drugs introduced into the US market in the 1970s and 1980s were highly skewed and that the top decile of new drugs accounted for close to half the overall market value. In the 1990s, however, the R&D environment for new medicines underwent a number of changes including the following: the rapid growth of managed-care organisations; indications that R&D costs were rising at a rate faster than that of overall inflation; new market strategies of major firms aimed at simultaneous launches across world markets; and the increased attention focused on the pharmaceutical industry in the political arena.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to examine the worldwide returns on R&D for drugs introduced into the US market in the first half of the 1990s, given that there have been significant changes to the R&D environment for new medicines over the past decade or so.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of new drugs entering the market from 1990 to 1994 resulted in findings similar to those of the earlier research - pharmaceutical R&D is characterised by a highly skewed distribution of returns and a mean industry internal rate of return modestly in excess of the cost of capital.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the distribution of returns on R&D for new drugs continues to be highly skewed, the analysis reveals that a number of dynamic forces are currently at work in the industry. In particular, R&D costs as well as new drug introductions, sales and contribution margins increased significantly compared with their 1980s values.
authors.affiliation: Department of Economics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Grabowski
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vernon
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: DiMasi
mesh_terms: D003132:Commerce / Q000191:economics; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D017277:Drug Approval / Q000191:economics; D004345:Drug Industry / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004465:Economic Competition; D006801:Humans; D012106:Research / Q000191:economics*; D014481:United States