title: Cost-reduction analysis of propofol versus sevoflurane: maintenance of anaesthesia for gynaecological surgery using the bispectral index.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study was designed to compare the costs of propofol versus sevoflurane for the maintenance of the hypnotic component of anaesthesia during general anaesthesia, guided by the bispectral index, for gynaecological laparoscopic surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty ASA Grade I-II female patients scheduled for gynaecological laparoscopy were randomly allocated to two groups. All patients received a continuous infusion of remifentanil (0.25 microg kg(-1) min(-1)) for 2 min. Then anaesthesia was induced with propofol 1% at 300 mL h(-1) until loss of consciousness. To guide the bispectral index between 40 and 60, Group 1 patients received propofol 10 mg kg(-1) h(-1) initially, which was increased or decreased by 2 mg kg(-1) h(-1) steps; Group 2 patients received sevoflurane, initially set at 2 vol.% and adjusted with steps of 0.2-0.4%. The time and quality of anaesthesia and recovery were assessed in two postoperative standardized interviews.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patient characteristics, the propofol induction dose, the bispectral index and the haemodynamic profiles during induction of anaesthesia, and its duration, were similar between the groups. In Group 1, 7.55 +/- 1.75 mg kg(-1) h(-1) propofol and in Group 2, 0.20 +/- 0.09 mL kg(-1) h(-1) liquid sevoflurane were used for maintenance. The cost for maintenance, including wasted drugs, was higher when using propofol (Euro 25.14 +/- 10.69) than sevoflurane (Euro 12.80 +/- 2.67). Postoperatively, recovery profiles tended to be better with propofol; however, the day after discharge no differences were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When applying the bispectral index to guide the administration of hypnotic anaesthetic drugs, propofol-based maintenance of anaesthesia was associated with the highest cost. A trend towards a better recovery profile was obtained with propofol. However, on the day after discharge, no differences in quality were observed.
authors.affiliation: Ghent University Hospital, Department of Anaesthesia, Ghent, Belgium. michel.struys@rug.ac.be
authors.forename: M M R F
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Struys
authors.forename: A A L
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Somers
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Van Den Eynde
authors.forename: L L G
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Herregods
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dyzers
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Robays
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Mortier
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000191:economics*; D000773:Anesthesia, Obstetrical / Q000191:economics*; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000191:economics*; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000191:economics*; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D013509:Gynecologic Surgical Procedures; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000191:economics*; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D015742:Propofol / Q000191:economics*; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D015742:Propofol