title: Nephrotoxicity and nephrocarcinogenicity of dinitrotoluene: new aspects to be considered.
abstract: Technical dinitrotoluene (DNT) is a mixture of 2,4- and 2,6-DNT. In humans, industrial or environmental exposure can occur orally, by inhalation, or by skin contact. The classification of DNT as an 'animal carcinogen' is based on the formation of malignant tumors in kidneys, liver, and mammary glands of rats and mice. Clear signs of toxic nephropathy were found in rats dosed with DNT, and the concept was derived of an interrelation between renal toxicity and carcinogenicity. Recent data point to the carcinogenicity of DNT on the urinary tract of exposed humans. Between 1984 and 1997, 6 cases of urothelial cancer and 14 cases of renal cell cancer were diagnosed in a group of 500 underground mining workers in the copper mining industry of the former GDR and having high exposures to explosives containing technical DNT. The incidences of both urothelial and renal cell tumors in this group were 4.5 and 14.3 times higher, respectively, than anticipated on the basis of the cancer registers of the GDR. The genotyping of all identified tumor patients for the polymorphic enzymes NAT2, GSTM1, and GSTT1 identified the urothelial tumor cases as exclusively 'slow acetylates'. A group of 161 miners highly exposed to DNT was investigated for signs of subclinical renal damage. The exposures were categorized semi-quantitatively into 'low', 'medium', 'high', and 'very high'. A straight dose-dependence of the excretion of urinary biomarker proteins with the ranking of exposure was seen. Biomarker excretion (alpha1-microglobulin, glutathione S-transferases alpha and pi) indicated that DNT-induced damage was directed toward the tubular system. New data on DNT-exposed humans appear consistent with the concept of cancer initiation by DNT isomers and the subsequent promotion of renal carcinogenesis by selective damage to the proximal tubule. The differential pathways of metabolic activation of DNT appear to apply to the proximal tubule of the kidney and to the urothelium of the renal pelvis and lower urinary tract as target tissues of carcinogenicity.
authors.affiliation: Berufsgenossenschaftliches Forschungsinstitut für Arbeitsmedizin der Ruhr-Universität, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, D-44789 Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Brüning
authors.forename: Ricarda
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thier
authors.forename: Hermann M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Bolt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004136:Dinitrobenzenes / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D051379:Mice; D008906:Mining; D009153:Mutagens / Q000009:adverse effects; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D004136:Dinitrobenzenes; D009153:Mutagens; C016403:2,4-dinitrotoluene; C023514:2,6-dinitrotoluene