title: Depression markers in young children's play: a comparison between depressed and nondepressed 3- to 6-year-olds in various play situations.
abstract: METHODS
  The behaviour of 30 depressed 3- to 6-year-olds was observed in three play situations (solitary free play, interactive free play, and play narratives) and compared to the behaviour of 30 nondepressed clinical and 30 nondepressed nonclinical peers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Depressed children showed significantly less play, particularly less symbolic play, than nondepressed children. Instead, they exhibited more nonplay behaviours, such as exploration and undirected behaviours, than the control children. Moreover, the behaviour of the depressed children was less coherent than that of the nondepressed children, as evident from a greater number of shifts from one type of behaviour to another.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differences between depressed and nondepressed children were most prominent during the play narratives and were particularly striking when a sad mood was presented.
authors.affiliation: University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Annemieke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mol Lous
authors.forename: Cees A M
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: de Wit
authors.forename: Eric E J
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: De Bruyn
authors.forename: J Marianne
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Riksen-Walraven
mesh_terms: D000339:Affect; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D010379:Peer Group; D010988:Play and Playthings / Q000523:psychology*; D011581:Psychological Tests; D012919:Social Behavior; D013997:Time Factors