title: [Refractory epilepsy in adults].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Between 25 33% of epileptic patients continue to present epileptic seizures in spite of adequate treatment with antiepileptic drugs (AED). This fact has led to a gradual development of new AED, a progressive expansion of epilepsy surgery and a great amount of interest in the overall knowledge of patients with refractory or AED resistant epilepsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Refractory epilepsy (RE) can be defined as the persistence of correctly diagnosed epileptic seizures that recur so often that they interfere in patients daily lives, after having received treatment with two best choice AED and an association at maximum tolerable doses for two years, which can be less in very acute crises. There exist factors that allow us to forecast a bad prognosis and diagnostic or therapeutic mistakes that point to a pseudorefractory condition must always be excluded. In treating this disorder, we must confirm that there are seizures, as well as the existence or absence of lesions as a substratum, and guarantee suitable treatment with some basic guidelines. Surgery is currently an efficient, safe form of therapy in a group of patients with RE and must be proposed as early as possible when it is suitably indicated, since it eliminates a high percentage of the seizures. If surgery or other alternative treatment does not control the seizures, in the long run therapy should be optimised to try to eliminate the most aggressive seizures and the chronic intoxication by AED in order to provide a better quality of life.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  New therapeutic resources are needed to prevent the negative irreversible consequences of uncontrolled epileptic seizures
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Neurología. Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, España. jucasan@infonegocio.com
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Alvarez
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Serrano-Castro
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cañadillas-Hidalgo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D012008:Recurrence; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants