title: Perceptions of the family, personality characteristics, and adolescent internalizing symptoms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the influences of adolescent self-reported and interviewer-rated perceptions of family functioning, parent perceptions of the family, and adolescent personality on internalizing symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred one adolescent twins (mean age = 16.2 +/- 2.0 years; 90% white) completed the Family Assessment Device (FAD), Eysenck Personality Inventory, Children's Depression Inventory, and Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children and participated in an interview about their relationships with parents. Parents completed the FAD. Twins were divided into two samples for analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multiple regression analyses in sample A showed that adolescent perceptions of family function accounted for 35% of the variance in depressive symptoms, but did not significantly predict anxiety. Self-reported perceptions were more strongly associated with symptoms than were interviewer-rated perceptions. Parent FAD and adolescent neuroticism accounted for 24% of the variance in adolescent self-reported perceptions. Results were similar in sample B.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adolescent perceptions of the family are linked to their depressive symptoms and associated with neuroticism. Adolescents who are high in neuroticism may perceive their families more negatively. Clinicians need to carefully discern components of family function that lead to teen depression versus biased cognitions that lead teenagers to perceive family relationships as negative.
authors.affiliation: National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA. emilika@nova.psy.du.edu
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Millikan
authors.forename: Marianne Z
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Wamboldt
authors.forename: Joan T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Bihun
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001290:Attitude; D003863:Depression / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology*; D004200:Diseases in Twins; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D009497:Neurotic Disorders / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology*; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic / Q000523:psychology; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic / Q000523:psychology