title: Influence of the urine flow rate on some caffeine metabolite ratios used to assess CYP1A2 activity.
abstract: Five established metabolite ratios (MRs) to measure P450 CYP1A2 activity--MR1 (17X + 17U)/137X, MR2 (AFMU + 1X + 1U)/17U, MR3 (17X/137X), MR4 (AFMU + 1X + 1U + 17X + 17U)/137X, and MR5 (AFMU + 1X + 1U)/17X--were calculated in urine 4-5 hours after caffeine intake. First, to assess the potential of omeprazole to induce CYP1A2 activity, a caffeine test was performed in 27 subjects on two occasions: before and after 14 days on omeprazole (20 mg/day). Samples of urine were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to quantify caffeine and metabolites used to calculate the different caffeine MRs. MR1, MR3, and MR4 were enhanced after treatment; the percentage of change was inversely associated with that of the urine flow, with r values of -0.48, -0.49, and -0.47, respectively. However, MR2 or MR5 were not modified. To determine the reason for these contradictory results, the authors analyzed data of metabolites, ratios, and their components (numerators and denominators) from 152 subjects (who underwent one caffeine test) and their relationship with the urinary flow. Caffeine concentration in urine was the only compound nondependent on the urine flow. Consistently, ratios containing caffeine (MR1, MR3, and MR4) were highly influenced by the rate of urine excretion, since the flow dependence of their numerators is not canceled out by that of caffeine in their denominators. The dependency of the caffeine excretion on renal factors may explain the opposite results found with the different ratios in the aforementioned prospective study of drug interaction, the absence of closer correlations of the five MRs to each other, the discrepancies about the type of frequency distribution of the different MRs (either normal or multimodal), and the higher sensitivity of MR2 to detect gender differences in CYP1A2 activity found in this study. In summary, the data clearly emphasize the need for a strict control of the liquid intake to avoid high urine flows when MRs containing caffeine are used to assess CYP1A2 activity, especially in studies of drug interactions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain. bsinues@posta.unizar.es
authors.forename: Blanca
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sinués
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fanlo
authors.forename: María Luisa
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bernal
authors.forename: Esteban
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mayayo
authors.forename: María Antonia
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Soriano
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Martínez-Ballarin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001711:Biotransformation; D002110:Caffeine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D019388:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009853:Omeprazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014563:Urodynamics / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D002110:Caffeine; D019388:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2; D009853:Omeprazole