title: 3D imaging of intraductal spread of breast cancer and its clinical application for navigation surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To perform optimal tumor resection of breast cancer, preoperative information concerning intraductal spread of cancer (ISC) is very important.
  
  
  METHODS
  To detect ISC, three-dimensional (3D) imaging methods including helical CT, MRI, and ultrasound were examined in patients with primary breast cancer by comparison with multi-sliced pathological specimens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sensitivity of each modality for detecting ISC was 64.7%, 90.2% and 78.6%, and the specificity was 97.1%, 62.9% and 100%, respectively. Subsequently, the potential of each modality for navigation in breast conserving surgery was assessed. Three-dimensional helical CT navigation could reduce the positive rate of the specimen margins, and 3D MRI navigation using a special mapping sheet enabled removal of non-palpable breast cancer without positive margins in 66.7% of patients preliminarily. Real-time 3D ultrasound images correlated with the resected tumor size, with the difference between the two less than 2 cm in 72.7 % of the patients with ISC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three-dimensional images from each modality were reliable enough for diagnosis of tumor spread, and surgical navigation using these images seemed to have potential clinical application for breast conserving surgery. Prospective studies for navigation surgery with more patients are needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2-E10 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. tamaki@onsurg.med.osaka-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tamaki
authors.forename: Sadako
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akashi-Tanaka
authors.forename: Takanori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishida
authors.forename: Takayoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Uematsu
authors.forename: Yuka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sawai
authors.forename: Mikihiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kusama
authors.forename: Seigo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Kazufumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hisamatsu
authors.forename: Yoshiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tanji
authors.forename: Yoshinobu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Nariaki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Matsuura
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D036542:Tomography, Spiral Computed; D016217:Ultrasonography, Mammary