title: Decreasing stress among nurse managers: a long-term solution.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A self-paced learning module was developed and tested to determine whether knowledge relative to stress and hardiness could be increased among nurse managers.
  
  
  METHODS
  The module was administered to 31 nurse managers in rural hospitals in east Texas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using pretest and posttest module questionnaires and the Hardiness Scale, changes in mean scores were significant at the .001 level for both instruments. These findings indicate the self-paced learning module had a significant effect on participants' understanding of stress and coping, with a subsequent increase in hardiness levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of an educational module can be effective in increasing knowledge of stress and hardiness, and increasing hardiness levels. Through increased hardiness among managers and staff, organizations can expect higher levels of commitment, more involvement of staff in workplace issues, and greater receptivity to changes in the work environment.
authors.affiliation: Nursing Administration Program, University of Texas at Arlington, School of Nursing, 76019, USA.
authors.forename: Sharon K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Judkins
authors.forename: Melba
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ingram
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006780:Hospitals, Rural; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009718:Nurse Administrators / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology*; D011380:Programmed Instructions as Topic; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013781:Texas