title: Effects of gender, apolipoprotein E phenotype and cholesterol-lowering by plant stanol esters in children: the STRIP study. Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of gender, apolipoprotein E phenotype and cholesterol absorption and synthesis (estimated as serum plant sterol and cholesterol precursor sterol concentrations) on the cholesterol-lowering effect of plant stanol esters in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-one healthy, normocholesterolaemic 6-y-old children (45 boys) were recruited from the Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project (STRIP), a randomized prospective trial aiming at atherosclerosis prevention in childhood. This placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over study comprised two 3-mo study periods and a 6-wk wash-out period. During the study periods, 20 g of the children's daily dietary fat intake was replaced with plant stanol ester margarine or control margarine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In boys, plant stanol esters reduced serum total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations by 6% (0.09 to 0.42 mmol/L) and 9% (0.09 to 0.36 mmol/L), respectively (p < 0.01 for both). In girls, the decreases in concentrations were 4% (0.03 to 0.38 mmol/L) and 6% (0.02 to 0.32 mmol/l) (p < 0.05 for both). The response rate did not differ between the genders. Serum total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations decreased by 6% and 8% (p < 0.01 for both), respectively, in both children with the apolipoprotein E 3/4 or 4/4 (apoE4+) phenotype and the apolipoprotein E 2/3 or 3/3 (apoE4-) phenotype. Cholesterol absorption decreased both in the apoE4+ children and in the apoE4- children, but cholesterol synthesis consistently increased in the apoE4+ children only.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Plant stanol esters reduce serum cholesterol concentration in healthy children irrespective of their gender or apoE4 phenotype.
authors.affiliation: Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. anne.tammi@utu.fi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tammi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rönnemaa
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Miettinen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gylling
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rask-Nissilä
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Viikari
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tuominen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marniemi
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Simell
mesh_terms: D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008383:Margarine; D012737:Sex Factors; D012855:Sitosterols / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D012855:Sitosterols; C407042:plant stanol ester; D008383:Margarine; D002784:Cholesterol