title: Intraoperative analysis of sentinel lymph nodes by imprint cytology for cancer of the breast.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The utilization of lymphatic mapping techniques for breast carcinoma has made intraoperative evaluation of sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) attractive, because axillary lymph node dissection can be performed during the initial surgery if the SLN is positive. The optimal technique for rapid SLN assessment has not been determined. Both frozen sectioning and imprint cytology are used for rapid intraoperative SLN evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of the intraoperative imprint cytology results of 133 SLN mapping procedures from 132 breast carcinoma patients was performed. SLN were evaluated intraoperatively by bisecting the lymph node and making imprints of each cut surface. Imprints were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Diff-Quik. Permanent sections were evaluated with up to four H&E stained levels and cytokeratin immunohistochemistry. Imprint cytology results were compared with final histologic results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sensitivity and specificity of imprint cytology were 56% and 100%, respectively, producing a 100% positive predictive value and 88% negative predictive value. Imprint cytology was significantly more sensitive for macrometastasis than micrometastasis 87% versus 22% (P = 0.00007). Of 13 total false negatives, 11 were found to be due to sampling error and 2 due to errors in intraoperative interpretation. Both intraoperative interpretation errors involved a diagnosis of lobular breast carcinoma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The sensitivity and specificity of imprint cytology are similar to that of frozen section evaluation. Imprint cytology is therefore a viable alternative to frozen sectioning when intraoperative evaluation is required. If SLN micrometastasis is used to determine the need for further lymphadenectomy, more sensitive intraoperative methods will be needed to avoid a second operation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Surgical Oncology Service, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Shiver
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Creager
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Geisinger
authors.forename: Nancy D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Perrier
authors.forename: Perry
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Edward A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Levine
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001365:Axilla; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D003585:Cell Biology; D015925:Cryopreservation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy / Q000379:methods*; D013048:Specimen Handling