title: Degradation of chlorpyrifos, fenamiphos, and chlorothalonil alone and in combination and their effects on soil microbial activity.
abstract: The effects of repeated application and of combinations of pesticides on their degradation rates in soil and on some soil microbial properties were studied. Repeated application of chlorpyrifos did not modify its degradation rate, whereas repeated applications of fenamiphos and chlorothalonil suppressed their own rates of degradation. When applied in combination, the presence of chlorothalonil reduced the degradation rate of both chlorpyrifos and fenamiphos, and the half-life of chlorothalonil was extended in the presence of chlorpyrifos. The dynamics of residues of the major metabolites of the different compounds were also affected by the pesticide combinations and, particularly, by the presence of chlorothalonil. The measured soil microbial parameters (enzyme activities and total microbial biomass) were stable in the pesticide-free control soils throughout the 90-d incubation period, but they were all adversely affected by the presence of chlorothalonil in the soil. The effects from fenamiphos or chlorpyrifos on the soil microbial characteristics were either very small or insignificant.
authors.affiliation: Soil and Environmental Sciences Department, Horticulture Research International, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Brajesh Kumar
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Denis J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Wright
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000378:metabolism*; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000378:metabolism*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000378:metabolism*; D009570:Nitriles / Q000378:metabolism*; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D007306:Insecticides; D009570:Nitriles; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C002698:fenamiphos; C005806:tetrachloroisophthalonitrile; D004390:Chlorpyrifos