title: Association of Bax and Bak homo-oligomers in mitochondria. Bax requirement for Bak reorganization and cytochrome c release.
abstract: ATP depletion induced by hypoxia or mitochondrial inhibitors results in Bax translocation from cytosol to mitochondria and release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into cytosol in cultured rat proximal tubule cells. Translocated Bax undergoes further conformational changes to oligomerize into high molecular weight complexes (Mikhailov, V., Mikhailova, M., Pulkrabek, D. J., Dong, Z., Venkatachalam, M. A., and Saikumar, P. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276, 18361-18374). Here we report that following Bax translocation in ATP-depleted rat proximal tubule cells, Bak, a proapoptotic molecule that normally resides in mitochondria, also reorganizes to form homo-oligomers. Oligomerization of both Bax and Bak occurred independently of Bid cleavage and/or translocation. Western blots of chemically cross-linked membrane extracts showed nonoverlapping "ladders" of Bax and Bak complexes in multiples of approximately 21 and approximately 23 kDa, respectively, consistent with molecular homogeneity within each ladder. This indicated that Bax and Bak complexes were homo-oligomeric. Nevertheless, each oligomer could be co-immunoprecipitated with the other, suggesting a degree of affinity between Bax and Bak that permitted co-precipitation but not cross-linking. Furthermore, dissociation of cross-linked complexes by SDS and renaturation prior to immunoprecipitation did not prevent reassociation of the two oligomeric species. Notably, expression of Bcl-2 prevented not only the oligomerization of Bax and Bak, but also the association between these two proteins in energy-deprived cells. Using Bax-deficient HCT116 and BMK cells, we show that there is stringent Bax requirement for Bak homo-oligomerization and for cytochrome c release during energy deprivation. Using Bak-deficient BMK cells we further show that Bak deficiency is associated with delayed kinetics of Bax translocation but does not affect either the oligomerization of translocated Bax or the leakage of cytochrome c. These results suggest a degree of functional cooperation between Bax and Bak in this form of cell injury, but also demonstrate an absolute requirement of Bax for mitochondrial permeabilization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA.
authors.forename: Valery
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mikhailov
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mikhailova
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Degenhardt
authors.forename: Manjeri A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Venkatachalam
authors.forename: Eileen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Pothana
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Saikumar
mesh_terms: D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000502:physiology; D003574:Cytochrome c Group / Q000378:metabolism; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D011485:Protein Binding; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D050998:bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein
chemical_list: C494772:BAK1 protein, human; C494826:BAX protein, human; D003574:Cytochrome c Group; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D050998:bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein