title: Leptin--a growth factor in normal and malignant breast cells and for normal mammary gland development.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obesity is a risk factor for breast cancer in postmenopausal women. As body weight and fat mass increase, circulating leptin increases. Leptin is an adipocyte-derived cytokine that acts through the long form of its receptor, termed OB-Rb. To investigate whether leptin is associated with breast cancer, we determined the expression of OB-Rb in human breast epithelial HBL100 cells and human breast carcinoma-derived T-47D cells, determined whether leptin influenced the proliferation of these cells, and evaluated the structure of mammary tissue in genetically obese leptin-deficient Lep(ob)Lep(ob) and leptin receptor-deficient Lepr(db)Lepr(db) mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cell numbers and cell colony formation by HBL100 and T-47D cells were determined by anchorage-dependent and anchorage-independent growth assays. OB-Rb expression was examined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunoblot analyses. Expression of leptin signaling pathway components was evaluated with immunoblot and electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Mammary gland development in lean and obese mice was investigated in whole-mount studies. All statistical tests were two-sided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Leptin enhanced anchorage-dependent proliferation by 138% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 108% to 169%) in T-47D cells and 50% (95% CI = 38% to 60%) in HBL100 cells. In both cell lines, OB-Rb was expressed, and leptin increased the expression of phosphorylated signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3), phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and transcript activator protein 1 (AP-1). However, leptin increased anchorage-independent cell growth only in the breast cancer cell line (by 81% [95% CI = 62% to 101%] compared with untreated cells). Obese Lep(ob)Lep(ob) and Lepr(db)Lepr(db) mice had minimal epithelial development in the mature mammary gland compared with their lean counterparts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Leptin appears to be able to control the proliferation of both normal and malignant breast epithelial cells. Consequently, the leptin pathway should be further studied as a target for interventions to treat or prevent breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin 55912, USA.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Subhash C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Juneja
authors.forename: Nita J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Maihle
authors.forename: Margot P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Cleary
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001940:Breast / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000166:cytology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000737:chemistry; D002455:Cell Division; D002460:Cell Line; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D020738:Leptin / Q000032:analysis* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051379:Mice; D008820:Mice, Obese; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases / Q000378:metabolism; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000032:analysis*; D054411:Receptors, Leptin; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; D015398:Signal Transduction; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C515448:LEPR protein, human; D020738:Leptin; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D054411:Receptors, Leptin; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; C494086:STAT3 protein, human; C494087:Stat3 protein, mouse; D015534:Trans-Activators; C515447:leptin receptor, mouse; C096335:B59 protein, human; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases