title: Delta 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol regulates Th1/Th2 cytokine balance in activated human T cells.
abstract: Human leukocytes express cannabinoid (CB) receptors, suggesting a role for both endogenous ligands and Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) as immune modulators. To evaluate this, human T cells were stimulated with allogeneic dendritic cells (DC) in the presence or absence of THC (0.625-5 microg/ml). THC suppressed T cell proliferation, inhibited the production of interferon-gamma and shifted the balance of T helper 1 (Th1)/T helper 2 (Th2) cytokines. Intracellular cytokine staining demonstrated that THC reduced both the percentage and mean fluorescence intensity of activated T cells capable of producing interferon-gamma, with variable effects on the number of T cells capable of producing interleukin-4. Exposure to THC also decreased steady-state levels of mRNA encoding for Th1 cytokines, while increasing mRNA levels for Th2 cytokines. The CB2 receptor antagonist, SR144528, abrogated the majority of these effects. We conclude that cannabinoids have the potential to regulate the activation and balance of human Th1/Th2 cells by a CB2 receptor-dependent pathway.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1690, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Sylvia M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kiertscher
authors.forename: Qingwen
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zoumalan
authors.forename: Donald P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Tashkin
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Roth
mesh_terms: D002186:Cannabinoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D013759:Dronabinol / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D043882:Receptors, Cannabinoid; D011955:Receptors, Drug / Q000819:agonists* / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000276:immunology; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002186:Cannabinoids; D016207:Cytokines; D007376:Interleukin-2; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D043882:Receptors, Cannabinoid; D011955:Receptors, Drug; D015847:Interleukin-4; D013759:Dronabinol; D007371:Interferon-gamma