title: Serum anti-Müllerian hormone levels: a novel measure of ovarian reserve.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is produced by the granulosa cells of preantral and small antral follicles and its levels can be assessed in serum. Since the number of ovarian follicles declines with increasing age, AMH levels might be used as a marker for ovarian ageing. Therefore, we studied the relationship between AMH levels and ovarian response during ovarian stimulation for IVF.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 130 patients undergoing their first IVF treatment cycle using a long protocol with GnRH agonist was prospectively included. Blood withdrawal was performed and the number of antral follicles was assessed by ultrasound on day 3 of a spontaneous cycle. Poor response and the number of oocytes were used as primary outcome measures. In a random subset of 23 patients a GnRH agonist stimulation test was performed to investigate whether a rise in FSH and LH would affect AMH levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The data of 119 patients were analysed. Serum AMH levels were highly correlated with the number of antral follicles (r = 0.77; P < 0.01) and the number of oocytes retrieved (r = 0.57, P < 0.01). A negative association was found between AMH levels and poor ovarian response (fewer than 4 oocytes or cycle cancellation; OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.75-0.90, P < 0.01). Inclusion of inhibin B and FSH concentrations to AMH in a multivariate model improved the prediction of ovarian response. The post GnRH agonist rise in FSH and LH levels did not influence AMH values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Poor response in IVF, indicative of a diminished ovarian reserve, is associated with reduced baseline serum AMH concentrations. In line with recent observations it appears that AMH can be used as a marker for ovarian ageing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Reproductive Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands. i.vanrooij@azu.nl
authors.forename: I A J
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: van Rooij
authors.forename: F J M
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Broekmans
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: te Velde
authors.forename: B C J M
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Fauser
authors.forename: L F J M M
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Bancsi
authors.forename: F H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: de Jong
authors.forename: A P N
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Themmen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D054304:Anti-Mullerian Hormone; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002452:Cell Count; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000097:blood; D006023:Glycoproteins; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000819:agonists; D006131:Growth Inhibitors / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007265:Inhibins / Q000097:blood; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000097:blood; D009865:Oocytes; D006080:Ovarian Follicle / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D010053:Ovary / Q000502:physiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013735:Testicular Hormones / Q000097:blood*; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006023:Glycoproteins; D006131:Growth Inhibitors; D013735:Testicular Hormones; C422364:inhibin B; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; D007265:Inhibins; D054304:Anti-Mullerian Hormone; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone