title: Identifying living and sentient kinds from dynamic information: the case of goal-directed versus aimless autonomous movement in conceptual change.
abstract: To reason competently about novel entities, people must discover whether the entity is alive and/or sentient. Exactly how people make this discovery is unknown, although past researchers have proposed that young children--unlike adults--rely chiefly on whether the object can move itself. This study examined the effect of goal-directed versus aimless autonomous movement on children's and adults' attributions of biological and psychological capacities in an effort to test whether goal-directedness affects inferences across documented periods of change in biological reasoning. Half of the participants (adults, and 4-, 5-, 7-, and 10-year-olds; Ns=32) were shown videos of unfamiliar blobs moving independently and aimlessly, and the other half were shown videos of identical blobs moving identically but toward a goal. No age group was likely to attribute biological or psychological capacities to the aimless self-moving blobs. However, for 5-year-olds through adults, goal-directed movement reliably elicited life judgments, and it elicited more biological and psychological attributions overall. Adults differed from children in that goal-directed movement affected their attributions of biological properties more than their attributions of psychological properties. The results suggest that both young children and adults consider the capacity for goal-directed movement to be a decisive factor in determining whether something unfamiliar is alive, though other factors may be important in deciding whether the thing is sentient.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Baker Hall 331B, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. jopfer@andrew.cmu.edu
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Opfer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001290:Attitude; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition; D003210:Concept Formation; D006040:Goals; D006801:Humans; D009039:Motion Perception; D011897:Random Allocation; D014796:Visual Perception