title: The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The metabolic syndrome, a concurrence of disturbed glucose and insulin metabolism, overweight and abdominal fat distribution, mild dyslipidemia, and hypertension, is associated with subsequent development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Despite its high prevalence, little is known of the prospective association of the metabolic syndrome with cardiovascular and overall mortality.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the association of the metabolic syndrome with cardiovascular and overall mortality using recently proposed definitions and factor analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study, a population-based, prospective cohort study of 1209 Finnish men aged 42 to 60 years at baseline (1984-1989) who were initially without CVD, cancer, or diabetes. Follow-up continued through December 1998.
  
  
  METHODS
  Death due to coronary heart disease (CHD), CVD, and any cause among men with vs without the metabolic syndrome, using 4 definitions based on the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) and the World Health Organization (WHO).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome ranged from 8.8% to 14.3%, depending on the definition. There were 109 deaths during the approximately 11.4-year follow-up, of which 46 and 27 were due to CVD and CHD, respectively. Men with the metabolic syndrome as defined by the NCEP were 2.9 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-7.2) to 4.2 (95% CI, 1.6-10.8) times more likely and, as defined by the WHO, 2.9 (95% CI, 1.2-6.8) to 3.3 (95% CI, 1.4-7.7) times more likely to die of CHD after adjustment for conventional cardiovascular risk factors. The metabolic syndrome as defined by the WHO was associated with 2.6 (95% CI, 1.4-5.1) to 3.0 (95% CI, 1.5-5.7) times higher CVD mortality and 1.9 (95% CI, 1.2-3.0) to 2.1 (95% CI, 1.3-3.3) times higher all-cause mortality. The NCEP definition less consistently predicted CVD and all-cause mortality. Factor analysis using 13 variables associated with metabolic or cardiovascular risk yielded a metabolic syndrome factor that explained 18% of total variance. Men with loadings on the metabolic factor in the highest quarter were 3.6 (95% CI, 1.7-7.9), 3.2 (95% CI, 1.7-5.8), and 2.3 (95% CI, 1.5-3.4) times more likely to die of CHD, CVD, and any cause, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality are increased in men with the metabolic syndrome, even in the absence of baseline CVD and diabetes. Early identification, treatment, and prevention of the metabolic syndrome present a major challenge for health care professionals facing an epidemic of overweight and sedentary lifestyle.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Public Health, University of Kuopio, Finland. lakkah@pbrc.edu
authors.forename: Hanna-Maaria
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Lakka
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Laaksonen
authors.forename: Timo A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Lakka
authors.forename: Leo K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Niskanen
authors.forename: Esko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kumpusalo
authors.forename: Jaakko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tuomilehto
authors.forename: Jukka T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Salonen
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality*; D002423:Cause of Death; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis