title: Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: experience with endovascular and surgical therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although the pathophysiology of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) has recently been elucidated, the optimal treatment strategy for these lesions has yet to be defined. Current management techniques include endovascular embolization or microsurgical obliteration.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors reviewed the records and angiograms of all patients with spinal dural AVFs treated at Massachusetts General Hospital over a 6-year period (1992-1998). During this period, it was intended initially to treat all patients with embolization and to reserve surgery for those in whom endovascular treatment failed or in cases in which pretreatment evaluation suggested that endovascular therapy would be ineffective or unsafe. A total of 26 patients with spinal dural AVFs were treated: there were 22 men and 4 women with a mean age of 65 years (range 39-79 years). Lesions were located in the following areas: five in foramen magnum/cervical, 13 in thoracic, five in lumbar, and three in sacral. Twenty-three (88%) of 26 patients underwent embolization and three (12%) of 23 patients underwent surgery as the primary mode of treatment. Of the 23 patients in whom embolization was performed or attempted, nine (39%) ultimately required surgery. All patients were stabilized or improved following definitive treatment, as assessed by the Aminoff-Logue scores. There was one death secondary to a myocardial infarction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate that endovascular therapy can be successful as an initial treatment for the majority of patients; however, there is a 39% failure rate, which is not observed following surgical therapy. Once a definitive therapy has been achieved using either technique virtually all patients are either stabilized or improved.
authors.affiliation: Neurosurgical Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Emad N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Eskandar
authors.forename: Lawrence F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Borges
authors.forename: Ronald F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Budzik
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Putman
authors.forename: Christopher S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Ogilvy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D020785:Central Nervous System Vascular Malformations / Q000628:therapy*; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects; D019233:Retreatment; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000098:blood supply*; D017211:Treatment Failure; D016896:Treatment Outcome