title: Performance of elbow tracking under constant torque disturbance in normotonic stroke patients and normal subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study, the influences of externally imposed constant torque on the voluntary elbow movements of stroke and normal subjects were investigated quantitatively.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Muscle weakness, spasticity and incoordination are the major factors that interfere with stroke patient's limb functions. Imposing external torque disturbance may worsen the motor performance. This experiment was designed to investigate the effects of small constant external torque on the performance of voluntary elbow movements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tracking of a ramp-and-hold angle trajectory in the direction of extension was used as the main task for performance assessment. Each subject repeated the same tracking movement six times in each of three loading conditions: no, assistive or resistive loading. Five normal and six stroke subjects were recruited for this study. We used parameters extracted from movement trajectory and processed electromyograms as the performance indicators.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For normal subjects, there was no difference in the tracking performance in the three loading conditions. For stroke patients, the affected side had inferior performance to the healthy side in the free loading condition and the difference diminished in assistive and resistive loading conditions as the performance of the affected side improved. Integrated electromyograms of biceps or triceps did not show significant changes in different loading conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Small externally imposed constant torque, either resistive or assistive, may improve motor performance of affected elbows in stroke patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most of the currently available prostheses are passive devices, aiming at providing better support and improving stability. The results of the current study imply that an active prosthetic device that applies a small constant torque to the hemiparetic elbow can improve its motor performance in stroke patients. The direction of external torque is to assist the weaker side of the antagonistic muscle pair.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, ROC. msju@mail.ncku.edu.tw
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Ju
authors.forename: C C K
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D004550:Elbow / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005246:Feedback; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D009129:Muscle Tonus; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009135:Muscular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D019415:Torque; D014836:Volition; D016474:Weight-Bearing