title: Effects of pharmacologic androgen treatment duration on glucocorticoid receptor alpha immunoreactivity of lumbosacral motor neurons in the male rat.
abstract: It has previously been suggested that anabolic-androgenic steroids may affect neuromuscular function through their potential action as glucocorticoid receptor antagonists. Alternatively, androgens may regulate the sensitivity of neuromuscular systems to glucocorticoids by modulating GR levels. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of chronic pharmacologic testosterone treatment of gonadally intact male rats on glucocorticoid receptor alpha immunoreactivity (GRalpha-IR) of motor neurons in the lumbosacral spinal cord. Circulating testosterone levels were chronically increased by subcutaneous Silastic capsules containing crystalline testosterone propionate (TP) for 7, 14, and 28 days. Age-matched sham-operated gonadally intact males served as controls. Relative cytoplasmic and nuclear GRalpha-IR of motor neurons located in the lateral motor column of spinal cord segments L(3) and L(4) (L(Lat); innervating rat hindlimb muscles) and the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB; innervating the external anal sphincter, bulbocavernosus and levator ani muscles) was measured densitometrically. TP treatment duration had a significant impact on the mean GRalpha levels of both cellular compartments regardless of motor column (two-way ANOVA, P<0.001). The mean nuclear GRalpha-IR of lumbar motor neurons was significantly reduced after 7 days (OD: 0.239+/-0.013 S.E.M.; P<0.016) and 14 days (OD: 0.196+/-0.013; P<0.001) from the GRalpha-IR levels observed among the control group (OD: 0.296+/-0.012) by 20 and 40%, respectively. Interestingly, nuclear GRalpha-IR levels were similar to control levels after 28 days of TP treatment (OD: 0.307+/-0.010). Treatment-dependent changes in cytoplasmic GRalpha-IR paralleled the observed changes in nuclear GRalpha-IR. These data suggest that pharmacologic testosterone treatment effects on motor neuron gene expression may be mediated by testosterone-induced temporal fluctuations of GRalpha-dependent gene regulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, 1540 E Alcazar Street, CHP Los Angeles, CA 155 90089, USA. cblanco@usc.edu
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Blanco
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Peltz
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Staley
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000728:Androgens / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000378:metabolism*; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae; D008297:Male; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology; D017773:Pelvic Floor / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid; C411470:glucocorticoid receptor alpha