title: Cardiac output measurement during cardiac surgery: esophageal Doppler versus pulmonary artery catheter.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bolus thermodilution cardiac output (BCO) measurement has been considered as the "gold standard" for cardiac output (CO) measurement. However, it requires placement of a pulmonary artery (PA) catheter, and questions have been raised regarding the risk/benefit ratio of this invasive technique. Furthermore, great variations between measurements have been reported. Continuous thermodilution CO (CCO) measurement is reported to be a better alternative, but it still requires the placement of a PA catheter. Esophageal echo-Doppler ultrasonography (ED) provides non-invasive continuous measurement of CO (ED-CO). This study was thus designed to compare the agreement between ED-CO and both thermodilution techniques (BCO and CCO).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four patients undergoing primary coronary artery bypass graft surgery were randomized to have a PA catheter placed for measurement of either BCO or CCO. All patients also had an ED probe placed. In Group I patients (n = 12), BCO measurement was carried out every 15 minutes throughout the surgery except during cardiopulmonary bypass, with concurrent ED-CO reading recorded at the same time point. In Group II patients (n = 12), CCO and ED-CO measurements were recorded at the same designated points of time as in Group I. The agreement between methods (BCO vs. ED-CO or CCO vs. ED-CO) was assessed using Bland-Altman method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The range of measured CO of each method was 2.1 to 9.4 l/min for BCO, 2.4 to 9.2 l/min for CCO and 2.3 to 8.9 l/min for ED-CO. ED-CO and CCO had excellent agreement with a linear regression coefficient (r2 value) of 0.846, and a bias (mean difference) and SD of bias of 0.05 +/- 0.49 l/min. In contrast, the agreement between BCO and ED-CO was poorer; correlation was low (r2 value 0.406) and both the bias and SD of bias were high (0.11 +/- 1.12 l/min). Furthermore, BCO measurements had poor reproducibility, whereas both ED-CO and CCO measurements had good reproducibility.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Esophageal echo-Doppler ultrasonography is a satisfactory alternative for cardiac output measurement because it gives a value in good agreement with CCO measurement. With significant between-measurement variations, the accuracy and precision of BCO are uncertain, and it should not be considered as the "gold standard".
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, 92 Sec. 2 Chung San N. Road, Taipei 10449, Taiwan, R.O.C.
authors.forename: Nuan-Yen
authors.initials: NY
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Chun-Jen
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Peishan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Yung-Wei
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Yu-Chun
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.forename: Ching-Rong
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Cheng
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002302:Cardiac Output; D002407:Catheterization, Swan-Ganz; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results