title: Cerebral blood perfusion after treatment with zolpidem and flumazenil in the baboon.
abstract: Previous studies have shown that zolpidem (CAS 82626-48-0) can lead to improved perfusion in damaged brain tissue. Zolpidem belongs to the imidazopyridine chemical class and it illicits its pharmacological action via the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor system through stimulation of particularly the omega 1 receptors and to a lesser extent omega 2 receptors. Previously it was reported that no cerebral blood flow effects were observed in normal baboons after treatment with zolpidem, whereas an asymmetric regional increase in cerebral blood flow was observed in a neurologically abnormal baboon. In this study, the effect of a combination of the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist flumazenil (CAS 78755-81-4) and zolpidem on brain perfusion was examined by the 99mTc-hexamethyl-propylene amine oxime (99mTc-HMPAO) split dose brain single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Four normal baboons and the neurologically abnormal baboon from the previous zolpidem study were examined. In the current study the asymmetric changes observed after zolpidem--only treatment in the abnormal baboon was attenuated by flumazenil intervention. A decreased brain blood flow was observed after combination treatment of zolpidem and flumazenil in the normal baboons. The involvement of the omega receptors is suggested by these results. Up- or down-regulation of omega receptors may also contribute to the observed responses in the abnormal baboon and a brain injured patient.
authors.affiliation: Nuclear Medicine Department, Medical University of Southern Africa, Medunsa, South Africa.
authors.forename: Ralf P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Clauss
authors.forename: Irene C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Dormehl
authors.forename: Elmaré
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kilian
authors.forename: Werner K A
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Louw
authors.forename: Wally H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Nel
authors.forename: Douglas W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Oliver
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D005442:Flumazenil / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018757:GABA Modulators / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D010215:Papio / Q000502:physiology*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019690:Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime; D000077334:Zolpidem
chemical_list: D018757:GABA Modulators; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D011725:Pyridines; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019690:Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime; D005442:Flumazenil; D000077334:Zolpidem