title: Effect of cage vs. floor litter environments on the pulmonary hypertensive response to intravenous endotoxin and on blood-gas values in broilers.
abstract: Intravenous endotoxin has been shown to trigger a delayed pulmonary hypertensive response that varies widely in magnitude and duration among individual broilers. It was proposed that this individual variability may reflect immunological differences acquired during previous respiratory challenges that might have subsequently altered the endotoxin-initiated biochemical cascade. In Experiment 1, we tested the hypothesis that, when compared with broilers reared in clean stainless steel cages (Cage group), broilers reared on floor litter (Floor group) should experience a greater respiratory challenge and therefore may consistently exhibit a more enhanced pulmonary hypertensive response to intravenous endotoxin. Birds in the Cage group were grown in stainless steel cages at a low density (72 birds/8 m2 chamber), and fecal and dander materials were removed daily. Birds in the Floor group were reared on wood-shavings litter at a higher density (110 birds/8 m2 chamber). Pulmonary and systemic mean arterial pressures and blood-gas values were evaluated prior to and following the intravenous administration of 1 mg Salmonella typhimurium endotoxin. Broilers in the Floor and Cage groups exhibited pulmonary hypertensive responses to endotoxin that were very similar in terms of time of onset, duration, and magnitude, as well as variability in the response among individuals. Systemic hypotension also developed similarly in both groups following endotoxin injection. Blood-gas values indicated that the partial pressure of CO2 and the HCO3- concentration in arterial blood were higher (P < 0.05) in the Floor group than in the Cage group prior to and subsequent to the endotoxin injection. In Experiment 2, we reevaluated the effect of a dirty vs. a clean environment on blood-gas values using a different strain of broilers, and confirmed the negative impact of floor rearing on blood-gas values. We conclude that broilers reared on the floor inhaled litter dust and noxious fumes, which impaired pulmonary gas exchange and increased the arterial partial pressure of CO2 when compared with broilers reared in clean stainless steel cages. Nevertheless, the pulmonary hypertensive response to endotoxin did not differ between broilers reared on the floor and those in cages.
authors.affiliation: Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA. wxw03@mail.uark.edu
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Erf
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Wideman
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis / Q000662:veterinary; D002645:Chickens / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*; D004731:Endotoxins; D005430:Floors and Floorcoverings; D006799:Housing, Animal / Q000592:standards*; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D010313:Partial Pressure; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium
chemical_list: D004731:Endotoxins