title: In vivo antitumor activity of Sindbis viral vectors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sindbis virus, a blood-borne virus transmitted by mosquitoes, has been used as a vector to efficiently express exogenous genes in vitro and in vivo and to induce apoptosis. Because Sindbis virus infects mammalian cells by interacting with the high-affinity laminin receptors, which are expressed at higher levels in several human cancers than in normal cells, we determined whether a Sindbis viral vector could be used to target cancers in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  C.B-17-SCID mice with established xenografts were given daily intraperitoneal injections of the Sindbis viral vector SinRep/LacZ containing the bacterial beta-galactosidase gene. Control mice were untreated or received injections with phosphate-buffered saline. Tumor size was measured daily. Expression of beta-galactosidase and Factor VIII (a marker for endothelial cells) was determined by immunohistochemical staining of tumor sections. Apoptosis was analyzed by TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase [TdT]-mediated dUTP nick end labeling) staining. C.B-17-SCID beige mice, which lack natural killer (NK) cells, were used to assess the importance of NK cells in antitumor efficacy of Sindbis viral vectors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tumors from mice treated with SinRep/LacZ were statistically significantly smaller than tumors from control mice. This effect was observed for tumor xenografts derived from BHK (kidney, hamster), LS174T (colon, human), HT29 (colon, human), and CFPAC (pancreas, human) cells. Expression of beta-galactosidase co-localized with that of Factor VIII in tumor sections. Tumors from SinRep/LacZ-treated mice contained more apoptotic cells than tumors from control mice. Complete tumor regression was observed in three of five C.B-17-SCID mice but in none of five C.B-17-SCID beige mice treated with SinRep/LacZ.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sindbis viral vectors efficiently targeted tumors in vivo, were apparently delivered through the circulation, and were more effective in the presence of NK cells.
authors.affiliation: NYU Cancer Institute, Rita J. and Stanley H. Kaplan Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
authors.forename: Jen-Chieh
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Tseng
authors.forename: Brandi
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: Tadamichi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hirano
authors.forename: Herman
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yee
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pampeno
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Meruelo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D006224:Cricetinae; D005169:Factor VIII / Q000032:analysis; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology; D007763:Lac Operon; D051379:Mice; D016513:Mice, SCID; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D012093:Replicon; D012845:Sindbis Virus / Q000235:genetics; D014162:Transfection; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D001616:beta-Galactosidase / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D005169:Factor VIII; D001616:beta-Galactosidase