title: Stigma, racism or choice. Why do depressed ethnic elders avoid psychiatrists?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Knowledge of mental health service users views is important in service planning, to ensure access for everyone and in particular for those in minority groups. Depression is common in older people and it has been suggested that ethnic elders may be more vulnerable to mental illness. This study therefore explored and compared the views of White British (WB) and Black African-Caribbean (BC) older people on depression as an illness, avenues of help and the place of mental health services.
  
  
  METHODS
  A qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews using vignettes describing an older man with depression and a woman with psychosis. The purposive sample consisted of 40 WB and BC older people half of who had been depressed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  21 WB (10 depressed and 11 not depressed) and 19 BC (10 depressed and 9 not depressed) were interviewed. Most people irrespective of ethnicity or depression recognised that there was something wrong with the man with depression. Most did not consider it an illness. Ethnicity but not depression effected the interpretation of the aetiology of the symptoms. A minority thought that consulting the GP would help but some BC specified that it would be inappropriate. BC who had not been depressed thought that spiritual help was appropriate. Both ethnic groups suggested that mental health services were for care, incarceration or dealing with violence. None of those who had been depressed thought that the mental health services were for dealing with violence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We interviewed established BC immigrants and our results might not apply to new BC immigrants or other immigrant groups. Descriptions within the vignettes of depression and psychosis were defined by us.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most older people do not view depression as a mental illness. Older people, particularly BC therefore often do not see psychiatric services as appropriate and believe they are primarily for psychosis and violence. These views are amenable to change. Doctors should be explicit that services are for people with depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Holborn Union Building, Whittington Hospital, Highgate Hill, N19 5NF, London, UK. stevenmarwaha@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marwaha
authors.forename: Gill
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Livingston
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa / Q000208:ethnology; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D017691:Caribbean Region / Q000208:ethnology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008605:Mental Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011287:Prejudice; D011570:Psychiatry; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D014754:Violence / Q000523:psychology; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology