title: Oxidative stress and disturbed glutamate transport in spinal muscular atrophy.
abstract: Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a hereditary motor neuron disease, and three clinical subtypes of autosomal recessive SMA, including Werdnig Hoffmann disease (type 1), have been shown to be induced by deletion within the same genes. In order to clarify the pathogenesis of motor neuron degeneration in SMA, we immunohistochemically examine the expressions of oxidative stress-related materials (oxidative products) and glutamate transporters, which can prevent glutamate neurotoxicity, in five autopsy cases of SMA type 1. Age-matched controls did not show any deposition of oxidative products in the brain. In contrast, the abnormal deposition of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-modified protein, a product of membrane lipid oxidation, was observed in the spinal motor neurons in three cases, although the motor neurons did not show an increase of nitrotyrosine, which was observed in adult-onset amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In addition, the nuclei of neurons and glial cells in the precentral gyrus, thalamus or cerebellar cortex were immunoreactive for 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in two cases, which was one of the most commonly used markers for oxidative DNA damage. Regarding glial glutamate transporters, three of five cases of SMA type 1 showed a reduction in immunoreactivity for excitatory amino acid transporter-1 (GLAST) in the ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus, in which there was neither neuronal loss nor gliosis in routine histochemistry. One case, having mechanical ventilation, demonstrated a reduced expression of another glial glutamate transporter (GLT-1) throughout the central nervous system. These data suggest that oxidative stress and disturbed glutamate transport can partly be involved in the motor neuron devastation and/or latent thalamic degeneration in SMA type 1.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, 2-6 Musashi-dai, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8526, Japan. mahayasi@tmin.ac.jp
authors.forename: Masaharu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Araki
authors.forename: Nobutaka
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Arai
authors.forename: Satoko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumada
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Itoh
authors.forename: Kimiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tamagawa
authors.forename: Masaya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oda
authors.forename: Yoshio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Morimatsu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D027322:Amino Acid Transport System X-AG / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016923:Cell Death / Q000235:genetics; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D027342:Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 2 / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009134:Muscular Atrophy, Spinal / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000235:genetics*; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D027322:Amino Acid Transport System X-AG; D027342:Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 2; D018698:Glutamic Acid