title: Maternal recall bias, obstetric history and schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study sought to clarify the role of obstetric complications (OCs) and maternal recall bias for patients with first episodes of schizophrenia and those at increased risk of the disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects at high risk of schizophrenia were compared with people with first-episode schizophrenia and with healthy volunteers. Consenting mothers of subjects were interviewed using a standardised questionnaire for the recall of OCs, and OCs were also measured from records collected at the time of pregnancy and delivery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High-risk subjects and first-episode patients had higher rates of OCs recalled by their mother than controls, but hospital records showed no differences in OCs between groups. The number of OCs recalled by mothers of the high-risk group was not related to whether the mother had schizophrenia or not, but was related to the maternally rated abnormal childhood behaviour as measured by the Child Behaviour Checklist.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that studies that rely on maternal recall alone are susceptible to bias. The excess of OCs recalled by the mother could be related to abnormal behaviour in their child rather than maternal illness, family history or psychotic symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Royal Edinburgh Hospital, UK. andrew.mcintosh@ed.ac.uk
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: McIntosh
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gleeson
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Hodges
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Byrne
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dobbie
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lawrie
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Johnstone
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015982:Bias; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011939:Mental Recall; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000523:psychology*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000209:etiology*