title: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Bacteroides forsythus and other putative periodontal pathogens in subjects with and without periodontal destruction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bacteria play an essential role in the pathogenesis of destructive periodontal disease. It has been suggested that not all bacteria associated with periodontitis may be normal inhabitants of a periodontally healthy dentition. In particular, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans have been isolated infrequently from subjects without periodontitis. The aim of the present study was to compare prevalence and proportions of a number of periodontal bacteria in periodontitis patients and control subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  In all, 116 consecutive subjects diagnosed with moderate to severe periodontitis (mean age 42.4) and 94 subjects without radiographic evidence of alveolar bone loss (mean age 40.4) were recruited for the study. The gingival condition in the control group varied between gingival health and various degrees of gingivitis. In patients, the deepest pocket in each quadrant was selected for microbiological sampling. In control subjects all mesial and distal sites of all first molars were selected for sampling. All paper points from a patient were pooled and processed for anaerobic cultivation within 6 h after sampling. Clinical variables of sampled sites included bleeding index, probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Bacteroides forsythus, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Peptostreptococcus micros were significantly more often prevalent in patients than in controls. The highest odds ratios were found for P. gingivalis and B. forsythus (12.3 and 10.4 resp.). Other odds ratios varied from 3.1 to 7.7 for A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. micros, respectively. Absolute numbers of target bacteria were all higher in patients, but only the mean percentage of B. forsythus was significantly higher in patients in comparison to controls (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, B. forsythus, F. nucleatum and P. micros are all significant markers for destructive periodontal disease in adult subjects. Based on calculated odds ratios, B. forsythus and P. gingivalis are the strongest bacterial markers for this disease and are infrequently cultured from subjects without periodontal bone loss.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Basic Sciences, section Oral Microbiology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: van Winkelhoff
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Loos
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: van der Reijden
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: van der Velden
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016976:Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001439:Bacteroides / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015415:Biomarkers; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D005260:Female; D016967:Fusobacterium nucleatum / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000382:microbiology; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008963:Molar / Q000382:microbiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010462:Peptostreptococcus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000382:microbiology; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000382:microbiology; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000382:microbiology*; D010519:Periodontium / Q000382:microbiology*; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D018713:Prevotella intermedia / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers