title: Recurrent aphthous stomatitis and gene polymorphisms for the inflammatory markers TNF-alpha, TNF-beta and the vitamin D receptor: no association detected.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the possibility that minor recurrent aphthous stomatitis (MiRAS) is associated with the inheritance of specific gene polymorphisms for markers associated with macrophage driven inflammation, i.e. tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), TNF-beta or the vitamin D receptor (VDR).
  
  
  METHODS
  MiRAS is a common, painful, ulcerative condition of the mouth. Its etiology is unknown although mononuclear inflammatory cells are thought to play an important role. There is no clear genetic mode of inheritance, however, many patients report a positive family history and disease concordance is significantly higher in monozygotic than dizygotic twins, suggesting a polygenic mode of inheritance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-five MiRAS patients and an ethnically matched control population were genotyped for TNFA-308, TNFB Ncol and VDR (intron 8 and exon 9) polymorphisms. Chi-square analysis was used to compare the allele frequencies and genotypes of cases and controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant association was identified between inheritance of specific alleles or genotypes of the TNFA-308, TNFB Ncol and VDR (intron 8 and exon 9) polymorphisms and susceptibility to MiRAS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inheritance of specific gene polymorphisms for TNF-alpha, TNF-beta or VDR does not appear to be a significant factor in determining susceptibility to MiRAS.
authors.affiliation: ARC Epidemiology Research Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Bazrafshani
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Hajeer
authors.forename: W E R
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Ollier
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Thornhill
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency / Q000235:genetics; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D007438:Introns / Q000235:genetics; D008233:Lymphotoxin-alpha / Q000235:genetics*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol / Q000235:genetics*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013281:Stomatitis, Aphthous / Q000235:genetics*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D008233:Lymphotoxin-alpha; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha