title: Safety and efficacy of the seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: evidence from Northern California.
abstract: Pneumococcal disease remains a significant cause of morbidity among young children. A large-scale efficacy trial in the Northern California Kaiser Permanente system (the KP trial) demonstrated that a seven-valent conjugate vaccine (PCV) is safe and immunogenic in young children and effective in preventing both invasive pneumococcal disease caused by vaccine serotypes (97.4% efficacy) and episodes of otitis media (7.0% efficacy). Since the publication of the results of the KP trial in 2000, we have performed an additional analysis on the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of the vaccine in low birth weight (LBW) and preterm (PT) infants, and have examined the efficacy of the vaccine during 1 year of wide-scale post-licensure use. The vaccine was at least as immunogenic in LBW and PT infants as in normal-weight, full-term infants and was 100% effective, although the LBW and PT infants had higher rates of adverse events such as redness and swelling. LBW and PT infants receiving pneumococcal vaccine also had higher rates of adverse events, such as hives, than those receiving control meningococcal vaccine, but these reactions were not severe. When the PCV was used in the general population, the efficacy remained high and there was no corresponding increase in disease caused by nonvaccine serotypes. There was also evidence that vaccine administration led to herd immunity. Febrile illness was the only adverse event seen more frequently after vaccine administration than during a control period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  the seven-valent conjugate vaccine is safe and effective for use in the general population.
authors.affiliation: Kaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center, 1 Kaiser Plaza, 1607 Bayside, Oakland, CA 94612, USA. steve.black@kp.org
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shinefield
mesh_terms: D001724:Birth Weight; D002669:Child Welfare; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005865:Gestational Age; D000069443:Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine; D006801:Humans; D007125:Immunogenetics; D007223:Infant; D007229:Infant Welfare; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D022401:Meningococcal Vaccines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009657:North Carolina; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D010343:Patient Admission; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011018:Pneumonia, Pneumococcal / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D012703:Serotyping; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000145:classification; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000069443:Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine; D022401:Meningococcal Vaccines; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines