title: Electromyographic detection of purinergic activity in Guinea pig detrusor smooth muscle.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We recorded nerve mediated extracellular electrical activity from guinea pig detrusor smooth muscle strips using suction electrodes and determined the electrophysiological origins of this signal and its relationship to contractile activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mucosa-free detrusor strips were prepared from male guinea pigs sacrificed under Home Office license, physiologically superfused, attached to a pressure transducer and electrically stimulated (0.1 millisecond pulses). Electrical signals recorded using a bipolar reversible suction electrode were processed and recorded simultaneously with changes in strip tension. The effect of superfusion with alpha, beta-methylene adenosine triphosphate (ATP), atropine, extracellular [CaCl(2)] depletion and pharmacological Ca2+ channel blockade on the electrical and mechanical signals was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A biphasic electrical signal was consistently recorded from 37 detrusor strips. The signal was sensitive to graded reduction in [CaCl(2)] of the superfusate and abolished by tetrodotoxin in 7 preparations. The signal was also abolished in 12 preparations by alpha, beta-methylene ATP in association with an attenuated contraction but not significantly reduced in amplitude (p = 0.77) despite a significant reduction in tension with atropine (mean plus or minus SD 74% +/- 14% of control, p <0.001). The signal was attenuated to a mean maximum of 9% +/- 3% of control by pharmacological Ca2+ channel blockade and the remaining signal was abolished by alpha, beta-methylene ATP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The extracellular electrical signal recorded from guinea pig detrusor strips using suction electrodes originates from a purinergic mechanism. Although an atropine sensitive component may be present, the signal does not depend on cholinergic neuromuscular transmission and would not be expected to be generated by normal human detrusor. Provided that the electrophysiological basis of purinergic neurotransmission in guinea pig and human bladders is similar suction electrodes may be a valuable tool with which to evaluate in vitro and clinically by electromyography the pathological purinergic neuromuscular transmission that can be expressed in addition to normal cholinergic mechanisms in detrusor from dysfunctional human bladders.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Urology and Nephrology, London, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ballaro
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Mundy
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Fry
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Craggs
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001285:Atropine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D002122:Calcium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004576:Electromyography; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000502:physiology*; D009466:Neuromuscular Blocking Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D009469:Neuromuscular Junction / Q000502:physiology; D009543:Nifedipine / Q000494:pharmacology; D011983:Receptors, Purinergic / Q000502:physiology*; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D009466:Neuromuscular Blocking Agents; D011983:Receptors, Purinergic; D001285:Atropine; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D009543:Nifedipine; D002122:Calcium Chloride; C002630:alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate