title: Changes in sputum counts and airway hyperresponsiveness after budesonide: monitoring anti-inflammatory response on the basis of surrogate markers of airway inflammation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to pharmacologic stimuli and sputum eosinophils might be useful in the individual adjustment of long-term asthma management. However, it is not clear whether inhaled glucocorticosteroids (GCSs) provide greater protection against specific surrogate markers of airways inflammation than other means. In addition, detailed longitudinal assessment of changes in airway response with inhaled GCSs has never been carried out.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We compared changes in AHR to inhaled methacholine and adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) after budesonide treatment in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study of patients with mild-to-moderate asthma. Subsequently, we undertook a separate study to examine the time course of the changes in AHR in more detail and the changes in sputum cell counts in relation to budesonide treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the phase 1 of the study, patients undertook bronchial provocation studies with increasing doubling concentrations of methacholine (0.06 to 16 mg/mL) and AMP (3.125 to 800 mg/mL) before and after budesonide 0.8 mg/daily for 3 weeks. The bronchial responses to the inhaled agonists were expressed as the provocative concentration causing a 20% decline in FEV(1) (PC(20)). In phase 2 of the study, patients attended the laboratory on 12 separate occasions to investigate changes in PC(20) methacholine, PC(20) AMP, and sputum cell counts before, during, and after withdrawal of therapy with inhaled budesonide 0.8 mg/daily for 6 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Budesonide treatment for 3 weeks significantly attenuated the constrictor response by 0.8 +/- 0.3 doubling doses for methacholine and by 2.6 +/- 0.5 doubling doses for AMP. These changes were significantly different from each other (P =.003). Significant variation in PC(20) methacholine (P <.05) value, PC(20) AMP (P <.001) value, percentage of sputum eosinophils (P <.001), and percentage of sputum epithelial cells (P <.001) were observed throughout the longitudinal assessment of changes in airway response to budesonide. Compared with the other surrogate markers, PC(20) AMP appears to be useful in promptly detecting early inflammatory changes of the asthmatic airways; a significant change of 1.6 +/- 0.3, 2.2 +/- 0.3, and 2.8 +/- 0.3 doubling doses of PC(20) AMP was observed at 1, 4, and 6 weeks, respectively, in the course of budesonide treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings underline the exquisite selectivity of diverse surrogate markers of airway inflammation in response to inhaled budesonide. When compared with that to the other markers, AHR to inhaled AMP is an early and sensitive indicator of the beneficial anti-inflammatory effects of topical GCSs.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialistica, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Gaetano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Prosperini
authors.forename: Kajakulasingam
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rajakulasingam
authors.forename: Rossella R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Cacciola
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Spicuzza
authors.forename: Steuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rorke
authors.forename: Stephen T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Holgate
authors.forename: Giuseppe U
authors.initials: GU
authors.lastname: Di Maria
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Polosa
mesh_terms: D000249:Adenosine Monophosphate / Q000494:pharmacology; D000328:Adult; D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016535:Bronchial Hyperreactivity / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019819:Budesonide / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016210:Methacholine Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D008875:Middle Aged; D013183:Sputum / Q000166:cytology*
chemical_list: D016210:Methacholine Chloride; D000249:Adenosine Monophosphate; D019819:Budesonide