title: Low-density lipoprotein upregulates low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein expression in vascular smooth muscle cells: possible involvement of sterol regulatory element binding protein-2-dependent mechanism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related protein (LRP) is highly expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) of both normal and atherosclerotic lesions. However, little is known about LRP regulation in the vascular wall.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We analyzed the regulation of LRP expression in vitro in human VSMCs cultured with native LDL (nLDL) or aggregated LDL (agLDL) by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot and in vivo during diet-induced hypercholesterolemia by in situ hybridization. LRP expression in human VSMCs is increased by nLDL and agLDL in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Maximal induction of LRP mRNA expression was observed after 24 hours of exposure to LDL. However, agLDL induced higher LRP mRNA expression (3.0-fold) than nLDL (1.76-fold). LRP mRNA upregulation was associated with an increase on LRP protein expression with the greatest induction by agLDL. VSMC-LRP upregulation induced by nLDL or agLDL was reduced by an inhibitor of sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) catabolism (N-acetyl-leucyl-leucyl-norleucinal). In situ hybridization analysis indicates that there is a higher VSMC-LRP expression in hypercholesterolemic than in normocholesterolemic pig aortas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that LRP expression in VSMCs is upregulated by intravascular and systemic LDL.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Center, IICB (CSIC)-ICCC, Barcelona. Spain.
authors.forename: Vicenta
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Llorente-Cortés
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Otero-Viñas
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sánchez
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.forename: Lina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Badimon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001012:Aorta, Abdominal / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary; D002855:Chromatography, Thin Layer; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D007976:Leupeptins / Q000494:pharmacology; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D026503:Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D011108:Polymers; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D011973:Receptors, LDL / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051782:Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 2; D013552:Swine; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D007976:Leupeptins; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D026503:Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-1; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D011108:Polymers; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011973:Receptors, LDL; C497390:SREBF2 protein, human; D051782:Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 2; D014157:Transcription Factors; C045869:polybis(carbophenoxypropane); C063261:acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal