title: Metal-dependent inhibition of HIV-1 integrase.
abstract: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase (HIV-1 IN) is an essential enzyme for effective viral replication. Therefore, IN inhibitors are being sought for chemotherapy against AIDS. We had previously identified a series of salicylhydrazides as potent inhibitors of IN in vitro (Neamati, N.; et al. J. Med. Chem. 1998, 41, 3202-3209.). Herein, we report the design, synthesis, and antiviral activity of three novel mercaptosalicylhydrazide (MSH) derivatives. MSHs were effective against the IN catalytic core domain and inhibited IN binding to HIV LTR DNA. They also inhibited catalytic activities of IN in IN-DNA preassembled complexes. Site-directed mutagenesis and molecular modeling studies suggest that MSHs bind to cysteine 65 and chelate Mg(2+) at the active site of HIV-1 IN. Contrary to salicylhydrazides, the MSHs are 300-fold less cytotoxic and exhibit antiviral activity. They are also active in Mg(2+)-based assays, while IN inhibition by salicylhydrazides is strictly Mn(2+)-dependent. Additionally, in target and cell-based assays, the MSHs have no detectable effect on other retroviral targets, including reverse transcriptase, protease, and virus attachment, and exhibit no detectable activity against human topoisomerases I and II at concentrations that effectively inhibit IN. These data suggest that MSHs are selective inhibitors of HIV-1 IN and may serve as leads for antiviral therapeutics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, School of Pharmacy, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA. neamati@usc.edu
authors.forename: Nouri
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Neamati
authors.forename: Zhaiwei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Rajeshri G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Karki
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Orr
authors.forename: Kiriana
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cowansage
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Strumberg
authors.forename: Godwin C G
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Pais
authors.forename: Johannes H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Voigt
authors.forename: Marc C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Nicklaus
authors.forename: Heather E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Winslow
authors.forename: He
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Jim A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Turpin
authors.forename: Jizu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.forename: Anna Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Skalka
authors.forename: Terrence R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pommier
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D001665:Binding Sites; D020134:Catalytic Domain; D002413:Cations, Divalent; D002460:Cell Line; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D003545:Cysteine / Q000737:chemistry; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry; D019428:HIV Integrase Inhibitors / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D006834:Hydrazines / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D008274:Magnesium; D008345:Manganese; D008958:Models, Molecular; D012459:Salicylates / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D059004:Topoisomerase I Inhibitors; D059005:Topoisomerase II Inhibitors
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D002413:Cations, Divalent; D002614:Chelating Agents; D019428:HIV Integrase Inhibitors; D006834:Hydrazines; D012459:Salicylates; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; D059004:Topoisomerase I Inhibitors; D059005:Topoisomerase II Inhibitors; D008345:Manganese; D004247:DNA; D008274:Magnesium; D003545:Cysteine