title: Mucoceles of the frontal sinus. Clinical and therapeutical considerations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mucocele is an epithelial lined mucus-containing sac completely filling a paranasal sinus and capable of expansion by virtue of a dynamic process of bone resorption and new bone formation. It is the most common lesion causing expansion of the paranasal sinuses. Even though mucoceles of paranasal sinuses are increasingly treated by endoscopic surgery, the external approach with or without the obliteration of the sinus still remains a useful and sometimes the only tool in the treatment of this disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  The results obtained in seven patients observed at the ENT Department of the University of Ferrara (Italy) in the period ranging from 1989 to 1999 are presented; they were affected by massive fronto-ethmoidal mucoceles and treated with the external approach alone or combined with an endonasal approach and osteoplastic flap. They were five males and two females, with a mean age of 56.5 years. Locations were bilateral in one mucocele, while in six patients only one side was involved, with a prevalence of the left frontal sinus (4:2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  No patient showed any local or general complication in the postoperative period. The follow-up showed no recurrence of the disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Since the osteoplastic flap was introduced one hundred years ago, it still remains the optimal surgical treatment for fronto-ethmoidal mucoceles. Even though, today, endoscopic surgery represents the new horizon in the management of the sinonasal disease, mucoceles need a surgical treatment which allows the total vision of the cavity to obtain radical treatment and any recurrence of disease.
authors.affiliation: ENT Department, University of Ferrara, Ferrara.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gavioli
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Grasso
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Carinci
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Amoroso
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pastore
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000150:complications; D004172:Diplopia / Q000209:etiology; D004724:Endoscopy; D005005:Ethmoid Sinus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D005094:Exophthalmos / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005626:Frontal Sinus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009078:Mucocele / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D015508:Nasal Obstruction / Q000209:etiology; D009298:Nasal Polyps / Q000150:complications; D010016:Osteoma / Q000150:complications; D010254:Paranasal Sinus Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D015995:Prevalence; D012888:Skull Neoplasms / Q000150:complications; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed