title: Cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway inhibition of tumor necrosis factor during ischemia reperfusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ischemia-reperfusion injury is a pathologic event characterized by tissue damage. It is mediated by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and other cytokines that activate complement and proteases and stimulate fibrinolysis, degranulation of white blood cells, and free radical production. We recently reported that vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) suppresses endotoxin-induced cytokine synthesis through alpha bungarotoxin-sensitive cholinergic receptors. VNS protects against endotoxin-induced shock by inhibiting hepatic and cardiac synthesis of TNF. Here, the effects of VNS on suppression of ischemia-reperfusion injury and cytokine release were studied in a rat model of aortic occlusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult male Lewis rats were subjected to laparotomy and suprarenal aortic clamping for 15 minutes followed by reperfusion. Blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate were recorded every 3 minutes for 90 minutes. Exposed cervical vagus nerves in the experimental group were stimulated for 5 minutes before and after aortic occlusion, with constant voltage (1 V, 2 ms, 5 Hz); sham-operated animals received no stimulation. TNF levels in serum and organs were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA (BioSource International, Camarillo, Calif). Data analysis was performed with the Student t test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Control animals had shock develop (mean, 59% decrease in blood pressure) whereas blood pressure in the stimulated animals did not decrease (control versus stimulated animals, P <.05). VNS significantly inhibited TNF levels in serum (7 +/- 1 ng/mL versus 45 +/- 6 ng/mL; P =.0008), heart (21 +/- 11 ng/g protein versus 85 +/- 15 ng/g protein; P =.01), and liver (16 +/- 2 ng/g protein versus 42 +/- 12 ng/g protein; P =.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VNS significantly attenuates TNF synthesis and shock during reperfusion injury in a standard model of aortic occlusion. Clinical evaluation of VNS for this condition may be warranted.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery, North Shore University, 300 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Bernik
authors.forename: Steven G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: Mahendar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ochani
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: DiRaimo
authors.forename: Seenu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Susarla
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Czura
authors.forename: Kevin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Tracey
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002799:Cholinergic Fibers / Q000502:physiology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051381:Rats; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis*; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha