title: Combustion sources of particles: 2. Emission factors and measurement methods.
abstract: Emissions from the combustion of biomass and fossil fuels are a significant source of particulate matter (PM) in ambient outdoor and/or indoor air. It is important to quantify PM emissions from combustion sources for regulatory and control purposes in relation to air quality. In this paper, we review emission factors for several types of important combustion sources: road transport, industrial facilities, small household combustion devices, environmental tobacco smoke, and vegetation burning. We also review current methods for measuring particle physical characteristics (mass and number concentrations) and principles of methodologies for measuring emission factors. The emission factors can be measured on a fuel-mass basis and/or a task basis. Fuel-mass based emission factors (e.g., g/kg of fuel) can be readily used for the development of emission inventories when the amount of fuels consumed are known. Task-based emission factors (g/mile driven, g/MJ generated) are more appropriate when used to conduct comparisons of air pollution potentials of different combustion devices. Finally, we discuss major shortcomings and limitations of current methods for measuring particle emissions and present recommendations for development of future measurement techniques.
authors.affiliation: Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Unirersity of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey and Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA. jjzhang@eohsi.rutgers.edu
authors.forename: Junfeng Jim
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Lidia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Morawska
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D001674:Bioelectric Energy Sources; D018533:Biomass; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005579:Fossil Fuels; D006801:Humans; D017745:Incineration; D010316:Particle Size; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D005579:Fossil Fuels