title: Effect of fenfluramine-derivative diet pills on cardiac valves: a meta-analysis of observational studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fenfluramine-derivative diet pills were withdrawn from the market in 1997 because of an association with valvular regurgitation, but subsequent estimates of the prevalence of this condition have varied widely. We systematically reviewed evidence regarding the prevalence of valvular disease after fenfluramine exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched multiple databases with multiple search terms. Conference proceedings from 1997 onward were searched by index. Authors of eligible studies were contacted to identify unpublished works. Selection criteria were liberally determined. Ten of the identified 11 articles met these criteria. Reviewers assessed the studies' methodologic quality by use of a standard form to evaluate selection, attrition, performance, and detection bias. The studies were analyzed in 2 groups on the basis of length of exposure (<90 days or >90 days). The Mantel-Haenszel method was used to summarize data. Quantitative and qualitative tests for heterogeneity were performed. Tests for publication bias were also done.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tests for heterogeneity were nonsignificant after removing 1 outlier trial. The pooled prevalence of valvular regurgitation meeting Food and Drug Administration criteria (at least mild aortic regurgitation or at least moderate mitral regurgitation) among patients treated for >90 days was 12.0% compared with 5.9% for the unexposed group (prevalence odds ratio 2.2, 95% CI 1.7-2.7). The combined analyses also identified a small but statistically significant increase in mitral regurgitation not previously identified by individual studies (exposed 3.5%, unexposed 1.8%, prevalence odds ratio 1.6, 95% CI 1.05-2.3). Among patients exposed for <90 days, a trend toward more regurgitation was not statistically significant by either combined Food and Drug Administration criteria (exposed 6.8%, unexposed 5.8%, prevalence odds ratio 1.4, 95% CI 0.8-2.4) or by individual valve.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that fenfluramine-associated valvular regurgitation is less common than initially reported, but still present in 1 of 8 patients treated for >90 days.
authors.affiliation: Duke Clinical Research Institute and the School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. ms3@duke.edu
authors.forename: Molly
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sachdev
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Jollis
mesh_terms: D001022:Aortic Valve Insufficiency / Q000139:chemically induced; D001067:Appetite Depressants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D020372:Dexfenfluramine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005277:Fenfluramine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D006351:Heart Valves / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000139:chemically induced; D010645:Phentermine / Q000009:adverse effects; D018490:Serotonin Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D001067:Appetite Depressants; D018490:Serotonin Agents; D005277:Fenfluramine; D010645:Phentermine; D020372:Dexfenfluramine