title: Ehrenfest-time-dependent excitation gap in a chaotic Andreev billiard.
abstract: A semiclassical theory is developed for the appearance of an excitation gap in a ballistic chaotic cavity connected by a point contact to a superconductor. Diffraction at the point contact is a singular perturbation in the limit variant Planck's over 2pi -->0, which opens up a gap E(gap) in the excitation spectrum. The time scale variant Planck's over 2pi /E(gap) proportional, variant alpha(-1)ln( variant Planck's over 2pi (with alpha the Lyapunov exponent) is the Ehrenfest time, the characteristic time scale of quantum chaos.
authors.affiliation: Instituut-Lorentz, Universiteit Leiden, P.O. Box 9506, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Adagideli
authors.forename: C W J
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Beenakker