title: Glia pathology in the prefrontal cortex in alcohol dependence with and without depressive symptoms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reductions in glial density and enlargement of glial nuclei have been reported in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) in mood disorders. In alcohol dependence, often comorbid with depression, it is unclear whether there are changes in the density and size of glial cells in the dlPFC.
  
  
  METHODS
  The packing density and size of Nissl-stained glial cell nuclei were analyzed postmortem in the cortical layers of the dlPFC from 21 control and 17 alcohol-dependent (Alc) subjects without Wernicke or Korsakoff syndromes. Eight Alc subjects had depressive symptoms. The density of glial cells was measured with a three-dimensional cell counting method, and the areal fraction of glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity (GFAP) was also determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Glial density was reduced by 11-14% in layers V and VI and in all layers combined in the Alc group. The size of glial nuclei was decreased by 3.2% in Alc subjects. The Alc subjects with depressive symptoms showed the lowest values of density and size. There was no difference in GFAP immunoreactivity, although the lowest values were in the Alc group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alcohol dependence is characterized by decreases in both density and size of glia in the dlPFC. Glial pathology may be more severe in Alc subjects with depressive symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA.
authors.forename: José Javier
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Miguel-Hidalgo
authors.forename: Jinrong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Andrew
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Overholser
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jurjus
authors.forename: Craig A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Stockmeier
authors.forename: Grazyna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rajkowska
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D002452:Cell Count; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000473:pathology*; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein