title: Invertebrate models of drug abuse.
abstract: Susceptibility to drug addiction depends on genetic and environmental factors and their complex interactions. Studies with mammalian models have identified molecular targets, neurochemical systems, and brain regions that mediate some of the addictive properties of abused drugs. Yet, our understanding of how the primary effects of drugs lead to addiction remains incomplete. Recently, researchers have turned to the invertebrate model systems Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans to dissect the mechanisms by which abused drugs modulate behavior. Due to their sophisticated genetics, relatively simple anatomy, and their remarkable molecular similarity to mammals, these invertebrate models should provide useful insights into the mechanisms of drug action. Here we review recent behavioral and genetic studies in flies and worms on the effects of ethanol, cocaine, and nicotine, three of the most widely abused drugs in the world.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Program in Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California 94143-0452, USA. fwolf@itsa.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Fred W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Heberlein
mesh_terms: D000435:Alcoholic Intoxication / Q000523:psychology; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D003042:Cocaine / Q000009:adverse effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D000431:Ethanol / Q000009:adverse effects; D007858:Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol; D009538:Nicotine; D003042:Cocaine; D004298:Dopamine