title: Thrombolytic treatment of clot embolism in rat: comparison of intra-arterial and intravenous application of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to test the hypothesis that intra-arterial recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) treatment of thromboembolic stroke is more efficient than intravenous application.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were embolized by intracarotid injection of autologous fibrin-rich blood clots. One hour later rtPA (10 mg/kg) was infused either intravenously (n=8) or intra-arterially (n=8). Control rats (n=8) received intra-arterial infusion of saline. Treatment was monitored by MR perfusion-weighted imaging and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) imaging, and outcome was evaluated by comparing incidence of hemorrhages and lesion volumes of ATP and pH.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clot embolism led to a decline of perfusion-weighted imaging signal intensity in the middle cerebral artery territory to <40% of control. Both intra-arterial and intravenous treatment significantly improved blood flow in cerebral cortex but not in caudate putamen. In untreated animals, ATP and pH lesion volumes were 510.3+/-94.5 and 438.6+/-39.2 mm(3) at 7 hours after clot embolism, respectively. Both intravenous and intra-arterial rtPA treatment produced hemorrhagic complications but reduced ATP lesion size to 296.2+/-136.1 and 370.3+/-103.7 mm(3) and reduced pH lesion size to 263.3+/-114.6 and 303.3+/-103.0 mm(3), respectively (P<0.05 for untreated versus treated rats; no difference between intravenous and intra-arterial treatment). ADC imaging revealed that lesion reduction was due to inhibition of infarct growth but not to reversal of primary injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study documents reduction of injury by rtPA treatment but does not reveal a difference between intra-arterial and intravenous application. Our data do not support an advantage of intra-arterial thrombolysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Neurology, Max-Planck Institute for Neurological Research, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Niessen
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hilger
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoehn
authors.forename: Konstantin-A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Hossmann
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D002341:Carotid Artery Thrombosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018450:Disease Progression; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration / Q000187:drug effects; D007261:Infusions, Intra-Arterial; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator