title: Efficacy of recombinant human erythropoietin in critically ill patients: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anemia is common in critically ill patients and results in a large number of red blood cell (RBC) transfusions. Recent data have raised the concern that RBC transfusions may be associated with worse clinical outcomes in some patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the efficacy in critically ill patients of a weekly dosing schedule of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) to decrease the occurrence of RBC transfusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial conducted between December 1998 and June 2001.
  
  
  METHODS
  A medical, surgical, or a medical/surgical intensive care unit (ICU) in each of 65 participating institutions in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1302 patients who had been in the ICU for 2 days and were expected to be in the ICU at least 2 more days and who met eligibility criteria were enrolled in the study; 650 patients were randomized to rHuEPO and 652 to placebo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study drug (40 000 units of rHuEPO) or placebo was administered by subcutaneous injection on ICU day 3 and continued weekly for patients who remained in the hospital, for a total of 3 doses. Patients in the ICU on study day 21 received a fourth dose.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary efficacy end point was transfusion independence, assessed by comparing the percentage of patients in each treatment group who received any RBC transfusion between study days 1 and 28. Secondary efficacy end points identified prospectively included cumulative RBC units transfused per patient through study day 28; cumulative mortality through study day 28; change in hemoglobin from baseline; and time to first transfusion or death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients receiving rHuEPO were less likely to undergo transfusion (60.4% placebo vs 50.5% rHuEPO; P<.001; odds ratio, 0.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.54-0.83). There was a 19% reduction in the total units of RBCs transfused in the rHuEPO group (1963 units for placebo vs 1590 units for rHuEPO) and reduction in RBC units transfused per day alive (ratio of transfusion rates, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.79-0.83; P =.04). Increase in hemoglobin from baseline to study end was greater in the rHuEPO group (mean [SD], 1.32 [2] g/dL vs 0.94 [1.9] g/dL; P<.001). Mortality (14% for rHuEPO and 15% for placebo) and adverse clinical events were not significantly different.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In critically ill patients, weekly administration of 40 000 units of rHuEPO reduces allogeneic RBC transfusion and increases hemoglobin. Further study is needed to determine whether this reduction in RBC transfusion results in improved clinical outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Critical Care Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA. howard.l.corwin@hitchcock.org
authors.forename: Howard L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Corwin
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gettinger
authors.forename: Ronald G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Pearl
authors.forename: Mitchell P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Fink
authors.forename: Mitchell M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: Marc J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Corwin
authors.forename: Theodore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Colton
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D000740:Anemia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016638:Critical Illness; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D017707:Erythrocyte Transfusion; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006397:Hematinics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D006397:Hematinics; D006454:Hemoglobins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D004921:Erythropoietin