title: Structural characterization of transglutaminase-catalyzed cross-linking between glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and polyglutamine repeats.
abstract: The accumulation of abnormal polyglutamine-containing protein aggregates within the cytosol and nuclei of affected neurons is a hallmark of the progressive neurodegenerative disorders caused by an elongated (CAG)(n) repeat in the genome. The polyglutamine domains are excellent substrates for the enzyme transglutaminase type 2 (tissue), resulting in the formation of cross-links with polypeptides containing lysyl groups. Enzymatic activity toward the Q(n) domains increases greatly upon lengthening of such Q(n) stretches (n > 40). Among the possible amine donors, the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase was shown to tightly bind several proteins involved in polyglutamine expansion diseases. Recently, the authors have shown that K191, K268, and K331, out of the 26 lysines present in glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase, are the reactive amine-donor sites forming cross-links with substance P, which bears the simplest Q(n) domain (n = 2). The present study reports that synthetic peptides of both pathological and nonpathological length (n = 43 and 17, respectively) form cross-links with the same K residues located in the C-terminal region of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase. In addition, it is shown that extra K residues present in the C termini of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase are susceptible to cross-linking in the presence of transglutaminase. The present results indicate a possible modulating effect of Q(n) stretches on tissue transglutaminase substrate specificity and mechanism of recognition.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Salerno, Italy.
authors.forename: Margherita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruoppolo
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Orrù
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Francese
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Caputo
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Esposito
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002384:Catalysis; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005987:Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology; D008239:Lysine / Q000737:chemistry; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics*; D000091345:Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2; D011817:Rabbits; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D011503:Transglutaminases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D018911:Trinucleotide Repeats / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D010455:Peptides; C097188:polyglutamine; D005987:Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases; D000091345:Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2; D011503:Transglutaminases; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins; D008239:Lysine