title: Calciphylaxis, proteases, and purpura: an alternative hypothesis for the severe shock, rash, and hypocalcemia associated with meningococcal septicemia.
abstract: The hallmarks of severe meningococcal sepsis include the rapid onset of shock, purpuric rash, and metabolic derangement, in particular, hypocalcemia. The severe ecchymoses and purpura associated with meningococcal sepsis are usually attributed to acute thrombotic episodes, attributable to the associated procoagulation disorder. An alternative explanation for the rash is a sudden extravasation of calcium from the intravascular space into the tissues. We will argue that in meningococcal sepsis, cleavage of albumin into fragments by protease(s) occurs and these fragments, along with calcium, cross the endothelium into the interstitium. The fragmentation of albumin and its loss through the endothelium would also provide a more rational explanation for the rapidity of the shock and the hypocalcemia that is so characteristic of the disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, General Infirmary at Leeds, Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: Philip C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hancock
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hodge
mesh_terms: D016470:Bacteremia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002115:Calciphylaxis / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010450:Endopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008589:Meningococcal Infections / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008833:Microcirculation; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D011693:Purpura / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D012709:Serum Albumin; D010450:Endopeptidases