title: Developmental and contextual influences on autonomic reactivity in young children.
abstract: Studies of cardiovascular reactivity in young children have generally employed integrated, physiologically complex measures, such as heart rate and blood pressure, which are subject to the multiple influences of factors such as blood volume, hematologic status, thermoregulation, and autonomic nervous system (ANS) tone. Reactivity studies in children have rarely employed more differentiated, proximal measures of autonomic function capable of discerning the independent effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic responses. We describe 1) the development, validity, and reliability of a psychobiology protocol assessing autonomic reactivity to challenge in 3- to 8-year-old children; 2) the influences of age, gender, and study context on autonomic measures; and 3) the distributions of reactivity measures in a normative sample of children and the prevalences of discrete autonomic profiles. Preejection period (PEP) and respiratory sinus arrythmia (RSA) were measured as indices of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system reactivity, respectively, and autonomic profiles were created to offer summative indices of PEP and RSA response. Results confirmed the protocol's validity and reliability, and showed differences in autonomic reactivity by age and study context, but not by gender. The studies' findings offer guidelines for future research on autonomic reactivity in middle childhood and support the feasibility of examining sympathetic and parasympathetic responses to challenge in 3- to 8-year-old children.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0606, USA. abbey.alkon@nursing.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Abbey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alkon
authors.forename: Lauren H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Smider
authors.forename: Marilyn J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Essex
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kupfer
authors.forename: W Thomas
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Boyce
mesh_terms: D001146:Arrhythmia, Sinus / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012119:Respiration