title: Impact of temperature and humidity of carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum on body temperature and peritoneal morphology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The insufflation of cold gas during laparoscopic surgery exposes patients to the risk for hypothermia. The objectives of this study were to investigate whether heating or humidification of insufflation gas could prevent peroperative hypothermia in a rat model, and to assess whether the peritoneum was affected by heating or humidification of the insufflation gas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were exposed to insufflation with either cold, dry carbon dioxide CO2 (group I); cold, humidified CO2 (group II); warm, dry CO2 (group III); or warm, humidified CO2 (group IV); another group underwent gasless laparoscopy (group V). Core temperature and intraperitoneal temperature were registered in all animals during 120 minutes. Specimens of the parietal peritoneum were taken directly after desufflation and 2 and 24 hours after the procedure. All specimens were analyzed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the 120-minute study period, core temperature and intraperitoneal temperature were significantly reduced in groups I, II, and III. In the animals that underwent warm, humidified insufflation (group IV) and the gasless controls (group V), intraoperative hypothermia did not develop. At SEM, retraction and bulging of mesothelial cells and exposure of the basal lamina were seen in the four insufflation groups (groups I-IV) and also in the gasless controls (group V).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Insufflation with cold, dry CO2 may lower the body temperature during laparoscopic surgery. Hypothermia can be prevented by both heating and humidifying the insufflation gas. Changes of the peritoneal surface occur after CO2 insufflation, despite heating or humidifying, and also after gasless surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Hazebroek
authors.forename: Michiel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Schreve
authors.forename: Pim
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Visser
authors.forename: Ron W F
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: De Bruin
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Marquet
authors.forename: H Jaap
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Bonjer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D006813:Humidity; D007035:Hypothermia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010537:Peritoneum / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D011031:Pneumothorax, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D011914:Rats, Inbred BN; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide