title: A pilot controlled trial of transdermal nicotine in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that transdermal nicotine would be efficacious for the treatment of children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, pilot trial that compared the effects of daily transdermal nicotine (5 mg/16 hrs) to placebo in children and adolescents with ADHD. There was a three-day washout period of all psychotropic medication followed by a one-week treatment period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 10 subjects enrolled (six males, four females; mean age = 10 years, SEM = 0.8) completed the study. As assessed by the 48-item Conners Parent Rating Scale at endpoint and during the trial, there was a significantly greater reduction in ADHD symptoms on "Learning Problems" and "Hyperactivity" subfactors. Nausea, stomach ache, itching under patch and dizziness were the most frequently reported adverse effects associated with transdermal nicotine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While the results of this study support previous research indicating that nicotinic receptor modulation may be a potentially useful strategy for the treatment of ADHD, therapeutic uses of nicotine are limited due to side effects. Thus, future research should investigate ways of improving the therapeutic index of nicotinic ligands in the treatment of ADHD, such as testing selective nicotinic antagonists alone or in combination with cholinergic agonists.
authors.affiliation: Center for Infant and Child Development, Center for Aging and Brain Repair, Departments of Psychiatry, Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA. dshytle@hsc.usf.edu
authors.forename: R Douglas
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Shytle
authors.forename: Archie A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Silver
authors.forename: Berney J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Sanberg
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010865:Pilot Projects
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine