title: Carboxylase overexpression effects full carboxylation but poor release and secretion of factor IX: implications for the release of vitamin K-dependent proteins.
abstract: Vitamin K-dependent (VKD) proteins are modified by the VKD carboxylase as they transit through the endoplasmic reticulum. In a reaction required for their activity, clusters of Glu's are converted to Gla's, and fully carboxylated VKD proteins are normally secreted. In mammalian cell lines expressing high levels of r-VKD proteins, however, under- and uncarboxylated VKD forms are observed. Overexpression of r-carboxylase does not improve carboxylation, but the lack of effect is not understood, and the intracellular events that occur during VKD protein carboxylation have not been investigated. We analyzed carboxylation in 293- and BHK cell lines expressing r-factor IX (fIX) and endogenous carboxylase or overexpressed r-carboxylase. The fIX secreted from the four cell lines was highly carboxylated, indicating fIX-carboxylase engagement during intracellular trafficking. The r-carboxylase was functional for carboxylation: overexpression resulted in a proportional increase in fIX-carboxylase complexes that yielded full fIX carboxylation. Interestingly, the carboxylated fIX product was not efficiently released from the carboxylase in r-fIX/r-carboxylase cells, resulting in decreased fIX secretion. r-Carboxylase overexpression changed the ratios of intracellular fIX to carboxylase, and we therefore developed an in vitro assay to test whether fIX levels affect release. FIX-carboxylase complexes were in vitro carboxylated with or without excess VKD substrate or propeptide. These analyses are the first to dissect the rates of release versus carboxylation and showed that release was much slower than carboxylation. In the absence of excess VKD substrate/propeptide, fIX in the fIX-carboxylase complex was fully carboxylated by 10 min, but 95% was still complexed with carboxylase after 30 min. The presence of excess VKD substrate/propeptide, however, led to a significant increase in VKD product release, possibly through a second propeptide binding site in the carboxylase. The intracellular analyses also showed that the fIX carboxylation rate was slow in vivo and was similar in r-fIX versus r-fIX/r-carboxylase cells, despite the large differences in carboxylase levels. The results suggest that the vitamin K cofactor may be limiting for carboxylation in the cell lines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Hallgren
authors.forename: Eric L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Hommema
authors.forename: Beth A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: McNally
authors.forename: Kathleen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Berkner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019735:Carbon-Carbon Ligases / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D002460:Cell Line; D006224:Cricetinae; D005164:Factor IX / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007424:Intracellular Fluid / Q000378:metabolism; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000235:genetics; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational / Q000235:genetics; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D013379:Substrate Specificity / Q000235:genetics; D014162:Transfection; D014812:Vitamin K / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014812:Vitamin K; D005164:Factor IX; D019735:Carbon-Carbon Ligases; C020660:glutamyl carboxylase