title: Differentiation between the complement modulating effects of an arabinogalactan-protein from Echinacea purpurea and heparin.
abstract: Due to the important physiological role of the complement system, complement modulation, either inhibition or stimulation, is an interesting target for drug development. Several plant polysaccharides are known to exhibit complement modulating activities. Sometimes these effects are described as complement inhibition, although the basic mechanism is a stimulation of the complement activation. This misinterpretation is due to the observed reduced haemolysis in the widely used haemolytic complement assay, which does not allow to differentiate between complement activators and inhibitors, when it is performed in the classical manner. The aim of the presented study was to demonstrate that by simple modifications of the classical procedure this assay becomes an efficient tool to distinguish between real complement inhibitors and complement activating compounds without performing expensive, molecular mechanistic investigations. As practical examples heparin with proven complement inhibiting activity and AGP, a new arabinogalacatan-protein type II isolated from pressed juice of the aerial parts of Echinacea purpurea, as a potential complement activating compound were included in the study. By means of varying the preincubation time of the test compound with complement, AGP was clearly identified as a stimulator of both the classical and alternative pathway of complement activation. These findings correspond to the results of molecular mechanistic investigations. Selective removal of the arabinose side chains of AGP resulted in considerably reduced activity. Therefore, the three-dimensional structure of the polysaccharide, i. e., a backbone branched by side chains, is supposed to be important for the interactions with the complement system. The complement activating effects of AGP may contribute to the well-established immunostimulating effects of the pressed juice from Echinacea purpurea. Abbreviations. AGP:arabinogalactan-protein AGP-hydr.:hydrolysed arabinogalactan-protein AP-CA:haemolytic complement assay for the alternative pathway CP-CA:haemolytic complement assay for the classical pathway EGTA-VB:veronal buffered saline containing EGTA and Mg 2+HPS:human pooled serum RT:room temperature LPS:lipopolysaccharide RaE:rabbit erythrocytes RT:room temperature ShE(A):(sensitised) sheep erythrocytes VB:veronal buffered saline containing Ca 2+ and Mg 2+
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany. Susanne.Alban@chemie.uni-regensburg.de
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alban
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Classen
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brunner
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Blaschek
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016525:Antigenic Modulation / Q000187:drug effects; D003166:Complement Activating Enzymes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D015941:Complement Hemolytic Activity Assay / Q000379:methods*; D003169:Complement Inactivator Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D020900:Echinacea; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006493:Heparin / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009088:Mucoproteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000276:immunology*; D010940:Plant Proteins
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D003169:Complement Inactivator Proteins; D006023:Glycoproteins; D009088:Mucoproteins; D010936:Plant Extracts; D010940:Plant Proteins; C006619:arabinogalactan proteins; D006493:Heparin; D003166:Complement Activating Enzymes