title: Malignant germ cell tumors: clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcome. A report from the study group for Pediatric Solid Malignant Tumors in the Kyushu Area, Japan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aims to assess the prognostic factors and optimal treatments for malignant germ cell tumors (MGCT) in childhood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Among 117 MGCT, the clinical features were analyzed. Regarding the histology, there were 89 embryonal carcinomas, 13 dysgerminomas, 4 choriocarcinomas, and 11 others. The prognostic factors and treatments were assessed based on the 5-year survival rate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (1) Stage: 100% for stage I (n = 54), 75.0% for stage II (n = 4), 67.3% for stage III (n = 14), and 54.8% for stage IV (n = 33); Unknown: n = 12. (2) Primary site: 93.4% for the testis (n = 52), 86.7% for the ovary (n = 31), 56.9% for the sacrococcygeal (n = 21), and 60.6% for others (n = 12); unknown: n = 1. (3) Surgical intervention for primary tumor: 100% for stage I with a complete resection (n = 53), 78.4% for stage III, IV with a complete resection (n = 26), and 33.3% for stage III, IV with an incomplete resection (n = 21). (4) Type of chemotherapy for the stage III and IV: 83.9% for the PVB (cisplatin, vinblastin, bleomycin; n = 13), 66.7% for the VAC (vincristine, actinomycin D, cyclophosphamide; n = 6), and 47.1% for other regimens (n = 25).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An early stage, a diagnosis under 1 year of age and a primary site in the gonads were favorable prognosis factors, whereas histologic findings of choriocarcinoma and liver or lung metastasis were unfavorable. Radical complete resection alone is a sufficient treatment for localized MGCT. The PVB regimen is optimal chemotherapy for advanced MGCT; however, high-risk cases still may require more aggressive treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Reproductive and Developmental Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka city, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suita
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shono
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tajiri
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takamatsu
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mizote
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nagasaki
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Inomata
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Okamura
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miyazaki
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawakami
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Eguchi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsuneyoshi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D018237:Germinoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary; D008297:Male; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome