title: Capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers: next-generation arrays for acoustic imaging?
abstract: Piezoelectric materials have dominated the ultrasonic transducer technology. Recently, capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) have emerged as an alternative technology offering advantages such as wide bandwidth, ease of fabricating large arrays, and potential for integration with electronics. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the viability of CMUTs for ultrasound imaging. We present the first pulse-echo phased array B-scan sector images using a 128-element, one-dimensional (1-D) linear CMUT array. We fabricated 64- and 128-element 1-D CMUT arrays with 100% yield and uniform element response across the arrays. These arrays have been operated in immersion with no failure or degradation in performance over the time. For imaging experiments, we built a resolution test phantom roughly mimicking the attenuation properties of soft tissue. We used a PC-based experimental system, including custom-designed electronic circuits to acquire the complete set of 128 x 128 RF A-scans from all transmit-receive element combinations. We obtained the pulse-echo frequency response by analyzing the echo signals from wire targets. These echo signals presented an 80% fractional bandwidth around 3 MHz, including the effect of attenuation in the propagating medium. We reconstructed the B-scan images with a sector angle of 90 degrees and an image depth of 210 mm through offline processing by using RF beamforming and synthetic phased array approaches. The measured 6-dB lateral and axial resolutions at 135 mm depth were 0.0144 radians and 0.3 mm, respectively. The electronic noise floor of the image was more than 50 dB below the maximum mainlobe magnitude. We also performed preliminary investigations on the effects of crosstalk among array elements on the image quality. In the near field, some artifacts were observable extending out from the array to a depth of 2 cm. A tail also was observed in the point spread function (PSF) in the axial direction, indicating the existence of crosstalk. The relative amplitude of this tail with respect to the mainlobe was less than -20 dB.
authors.affiliation: Edward L. Ginzton Laboratory, and Center for Integrated Systems, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4070, USA. ooralkan@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Omer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Oralkan
authors.forename: A Sanli
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Ergun
authors.forename: Jeremy A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karaman
authors.forename: Utkan
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Demirci
authors.forename: Kambiz
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kaviani
authors.forename: Thomas H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Butrus T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Khuri-Yakub
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D000465:Algorithms; D016477:Artifacts; D003198:Computer Simulation; D025802:Electric Capacitance; D004566:Electrodes; D004867:Equipment Design; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D008099:Liver / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008904:Miniaturization; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011786:Quality Control; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013269:Stochastic Processes; D014159:Transducers; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000295:instrumentation*