title: Mycophenolate mofetil prevents the development of glomerular injury in experimental diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Experimental and clinical evidence suggests that inflammation plays a role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy, in addition to, or in concert with, the associated hemodynamic and metabolic changes. The present study assessed the effects of chronic anti-inflammatory therapy in experimental diabetic nephropathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult male Munich-Wistar rats were made diabetic with streptozotocin after uninephrectomy, kept moderately hyperglycemic by daily injections of NPH insulin and distributed among three groups: C, non-diabetic rats; DM, rats made diabetic and treated with insulin as described earlier; and DM+MMF, diabetic rats receiving insulin and treated with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), 10 mg/kg once daily by gavage. Renal hemodynamic studies were performed 6 to 8 weeks after induction of diabetes. Additional rats were followed during 8 months, at the end of which renal morphological studies were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 6 to 8 weeks, diabetic rats exhibited marked glomerular hyperfiltration and hypertension. Diabetic rats developed progressive albuminuria and exhibited widespread glomerulosclerotic lesions associated with macrophage infiltration at 8 months. Treatment with MMF had no effect on blood pressure, glomerular dynamics or blood glucose levels, but did prevent albuminuria, glomerular macrophage infiltration and glomerulosclerosis. Thus, the renoprotective effect of MMF was not associated with a metabolic or renal hemodynamic effect, and must have derived from its well-known anti-inflammatory properties, which include restriction of lymphocyte and macrophage proliferation and limitation of the expression of adhesion molecules.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings are consistent with the notion that inflammatory events are central to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy and suggest that MMF may help prevent the progression of diabetic nephropathy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Utimura
authors.forename: Clarice Kazue
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Fujihara
authors.forename: Ana Lúcia
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Mattar
authors.forename: Denise Maria Avancini Costa
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Malheiros
authors.forename: Irene Lourdes
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Noronha
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zatz
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: De Lourdes Noronha
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000150:complications; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005921:Glomerulonephritis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007678:Kidney Glomerulus / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012079:Renal Circulation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid