title: The effect of education and income on need and willingness to undergo total joint arthroplasty.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Individuals with lower socioeconomic status (SES) receive less arthritis care, including joint arthroplasty. However, no studies have considered the expectations or needs of the patients. Our objective was to assess the effect of education and income on the potential need for, and the willingness to consider hip and knee arthroplasty.
  
  
  METHODS
  Through a mail/telephone survey of 48,218 persons ages 55 years or older residing in 2 areas of Ontario, Canada, 3,307 individuals with moderate-to-severe hip/knee problems were identified. These individuals received a questionnaire to assess education, income, arthritis severity, and comorbidity. In a subset of these subjects, we conducted interviews to evaluate the willingness to consider arthroplasty, and we also performed clinical and radiographic examinations of the joints to validate self-reports of arthritis. The potential need for arthroplasty was defined as the presence of severe arthritis (as scored by the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index), with no absolute contraindications to surgery. Separate logistic regression models examined the independent effects of education and income on the potential need for, and definite willingness to consider arthroplasty, after controlling for age, sex, and region of residence. Potential unmet need was estimated as the proportion of subjects with the need for arthroplasty who were not already on a surgery waiting list, who were definitely willing to consider arthroplasty, and who had evidence of arthritis by examination and radiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Response rates were at least 72% for all questionnaires and interviews. Less education (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.57 for less than high school versus postsecondary education, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.17-2.11) and lower income (adjusted OR 1.83 for </=$20,000 versus >$40,000, 95% CI 1.24-2.70) were independently associated with a greater likelihood of having the potential need for arthroplasty. Among the subjects with potential need, neither education nor income was independently associated with a definite willingness to consider arthroplasty. Thus, taking willingness into consideration, individuals with less education and/or lower income were more likely to have potential unmet need for arthroplasty.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Persons with lower SES had a greater need for, and were equally willing to consider arthroplasty, compared with those with higher SES. Thus, observed SES disparities in the rates of performed arthroplasties cannot be explained by a lower need or less willingness to undergo arthroplasty in those with lower SES.
authors.affiliation: Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Centre, Arthritis Community Research and Evaluation Unit, and Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. g.hawker@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: Gillian A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Hawker
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Richard H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Glazier
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Coyte
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.forename: J Ivan
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Elizabeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Badley
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001168:Arthritis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D019644:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip; D019645:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D008297:Male; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D012720:Severity of Illness Index