title: Variable frequency trains enhance torque independent of stimulation amplitude.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Variable frequency trains have been reported to enhance force of fatigued human skeletal muscle. More rapid calcium turnover and/or enhanced stiffness may be responsible for the augmented torque-time integral during surface stimulation at moderate amplitude. In contrast, it has recently been suggested that variable frequency train enhancement occurs only at low forces as a result of preferential stimulation of fast fibres and/or altered motor unit recruitment. If correct, this would limit the practical benefit of variable frequency trains. Accordingly, we tested the hypothesis that torque augmentation by variable frequency trains in fatigued skeletal muscle was independent of stimulation amplitude.
  
  
  METHODS
  The m. quadriceps femoris of six males was stimulated with constant frequency trains (six 200-micros square waves separated by 70 ms) or variable frequency trains (first interpulse interval 5 ms) at an amplitude that initially evoked approximately 25 or approximately 50% of maximal voluntary isometric torque.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 180 constant frequency trains (50% duty cycle), isometric peak torque decreased approximately 63%. In fatigued muscle, variable frequency trains enhanced the torque-time integral by approximately 23% over that for constant frequency trains and this effect was independent of stimulation amplitude. This was due to greater peak torque and less slowing of rise time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These responses show that the torque-time integral can be enhanced at both moderate and high stimulation amplitudes. As such, it is suggested that neither recruitment nor preferential activation of fast muscle is responsible for the "catch-like" property that can be demonstrated in fatigued human skeletal muscle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Exercise Science, The University of Georgia, 300 River Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Slade
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Bickel
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Dudley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction; D007866:Leg / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D018763:Muscle Fatigue / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D019415:Torque