The core domain of chemokines binds CCR5 extracellular domains while their amino terminus interacts with the transmembrane helix bundle.
CCR5 is a functional receptor for various inflammatory CC-chemokines, including macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha and RANTES (regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted), and is the main coreceptor of human immunodeficiency viruses. The second extracellular loop and amino-terminal domain of CCR5 are critical for chemokine binding, whereas the transmembrane helix bundle is involved in receptor activation. Chemokine domains and residues important for CCR5 binding and/or activation have also been identified. However, the precise way by which chemokines interact with and activate CCR5 is presently unknown. In this study, we have compared the binding and functional properties of chemokine variants onto wild-type CCR5 and CCR5 point mutants. Several mutations in CCR5 extracellular domains (E172A, R168A, K191A, and D276A) strongly affected MIP-1alpha binding but had little effect on RANTES binding. However, a MIP/RANTES chimera, containing the MIP-1alpha N terminus and the RANTES core, bound to these mutants with an affinity similar to that of RANTES. Several CCR5 mutants affecting transmembrane helices 2 and 3 (L104F, L104F/F109H/F112Y, F85L/L104F) reduced the potency of MIP-1alpha by 10-100 fold with little effect on activation by RANTES. However, the MIP/RANTES chimera activated these mutants with a potency similar to that of MIP-1alpha. In contrast, LD78beta, a natural MIP-1alpha variant, which, like RANTES, contains a proline at position 2, activated these mutants as well as RANTES. Altogether, these results suggest that the core domains of MIP-1alpha and RANTES bind distinct residues in CCR5 extracellular domains, whereas the N terminus of chemokines mediates receptor activation by interacting with the transmembrane helix bundle.
Blanpain
Cédric
C
Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, 808 route de Lennik, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium.
Doranz
Benjamin J
BJ
Bondue
Antoine
A
Govaerts
Cédric
C
De Leener
Anne
A
Vassart
Gilbert
G
Doms
Robert W
RW
Proudfoot
Amanda
A
Parmentier
Marc
M
D020816:Amino Acid Motifs; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D016466:CHO Cells; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D054405:Chemokine CCL3; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D018946:Chemokine CCL5 / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D006224:Cricetinae; D006801:Humans; D019402:Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D011485:Protein Binding; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary / Q000235:genetics; D019713:Receptors, CCR5 / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction
D054405:Chemokine CCL3; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D018946:Chemokine CCL5; D019402:Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins; D019713:Receptors, CCR5