title: Management of invasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix associated with pregnancy: outcome of intentional delay in treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate patients with invasive cervical carcinoma associated with pregnancy, with special reference to the maternal and neonatal outcomes after planned treatment delay to improve fetal maturity.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical records of 28 patients with invasive cervical carcinoma diagnosed during pregnancy or within 1 month after pregnancy were retrospectively reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-two patients (79%) had Stage I disease and 6 (21%) had Stage II or III disease. Tumor histology revealed squamous cell carcinoma in 27 cases and adenocarcinoma in 1. Twenty cases were diagnosed before 22 weeks gestation, 4 between 22 and 36 weeks, 1 after 36 weeks gestation, and 3 were diagnosed postpartum. In the immediate treatment group (n = 16), the diseases were Stage IA in 3 cases, IB in 7, and II or III in 6. In 11 patients, hysterectomy was performed after therapeutic abortion or with fetus in situ. In 2 patients, cesarean section was followed by hysterectomy or radiotherapy. Three patients diagnosed postpartum were treated with either hysterectomy or radiotherapy. Fifteen patients were free of disease during the follow-up of 27 to 114 months. In the delayed treatment group (n = 12), the diseases were Stage IA1 in 8 cases, IA2 in 1, IB1 in 2, and IB2 in 1 case. In 8 patients with Stage IA1 tumor, the treatment was deferred until term with a delay of 6 to 25 weeks, and hysterectomy or therapeutic conization was performed after delivery. In 4 patients with Stage IA2, IB1 or IB2 tumor, the treatment was postponed until after 30 weeks gestation with a delay of 6 to 15 weeks. No disease progression was documented. Cesarean delivery was followed by hysterectomy in these patients. All patients were free from disease during the follow-up of 70 to 156 months and their babies were well with no sequelae.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Delay in treatment to allow for fetal maturity is safe in patients with early Stage I cervical carcinoma associated with pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Minako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takushi
authors.forename: Hidehiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Moromizato
authors.forename: Kaoru
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sakumoto
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kanazawa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011247:Pregnancy; D011252:Pregnancy Complications, Neoplastic / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D002578:Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery