title: tan and ebony genes regulate a novel pathway for transmitter metabolism at fly photoreceptor terminals.
abstract: In Drosophila melanogaster, ebony and tan, two cuticle melanizing mutants, regulate the conjugation (ebony) of beta-alanine to dopamine or hydrolysis (tan) of the beta-alanyl conjugate to liberate dopamine. beta-alanine biosynthesis is regulated by black. ebony and tan also exert unexplained reciprocal defects in the electroretinogram, at ON and OFF transients attributable to impaired transmission at photoreceptor synapses, which liberate histamine. Compatible with this impairment, we show that both mutants have reduced histamine contents in the head, as measured by HPLC, and have correspondingly reduced numbers of synaptic vesicles in their photoreceptor terminals. Thus, the histamine phenotype is associated with sites of synaptic transmission at photoreceptors. We demonstrate that when they receive microinjections into the head, wild-type Sarcophaga bullata (in whose larger head such injections are routinely possible) rapidly (<5 sec) convert exogenous [3H]histamine into its beta-alanine conjugate, carcinine, a novel metabolite. Drosophila tan has an increased quantity of [3H]carcinine, the hydrolysis of which is blocked; ebony lacks [3H]carcinine, which it cannot synthesize. Confirming these actions, carcinine rescues the histamine phenotype of ebony, whereas beta-alanine rescues the carcinine phenotype of black;tan double mutants. The equilibrium ratio between [3H]carcinine and [3H]histamine after microinjecting wild-type Sarcophaga favors carcinine hydrolysis, increasing to only 0.5 after 30 min. Our findings help resolve a longstanding conundrum of the involvement of tan and ebony in photoreceptor function. We suggest that reversible synthesis of carcinine occurs in surrounding glia, serving to trap histamine after its release at photoreceptor synapses; subsequent hydrolysis liberates histamine for reuptake.
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Institute, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4J1.
authors.forename: Janusz
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Borycz
authors.forename: Jolanta A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Borycz
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Loubani
authors.forename: Ian A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Meinertzhagen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002336:Carnosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D002868:Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D017344:Genes, Insect; D006632:Histamine / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008954:Models, Biological; D009154:Mutation; D010641:Phenotype; D017956:Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate / Q000378:metabolism*; D017729:Presynaptic Terminals / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013572:Synaptic Vesicles; D015091:beta-Alanine / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002868:Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; C116191:e protein, Drosophila; C431070:t protein, Drosophila; D015091:beta-Alanine; D006632:Histamine; D002336:Carnosine; D004298:Dopamine; C015055:carcinine