title: Regional variability in anaemia management and haemoglobin in the US.
abstract: Regional differences in haemoglobin values and process care measures were examined using data from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services' End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Clinical Performance Measures Project. It was posited that regional differences in haemoglobin values are consequent upon differences in components of clinical practice.
  
  
  
  A national random sample of 8336 adult, in-centre haemodialysis patients, stratified by the 18 regional ESRD Networks, was drawn. Information was collected for October-December 1998. Multivariable stepwise linear and logistic regression analyses were performed to identify variables associated with haemoglobin. Linear regression analysis was used to identify variables associated with Epo/Hb index (mean weight-adjusted treatment level erythropoietin (Epo) dose divided by mean haemoglobin).
  
  
  
  The percentage of patients with haemoglobin concentration < 11 g/dl ranged from 34 to 52% across ESRD Networks. In addition to haemoglobin there was significant, non-random variation among ESRD Networks with regard to prescribed Epo dose and administration route, intravenous (IV) iron prescription and dialyser flux (high flux = KUf > or = 20 ml/mmHg/h) (all P-values < 0.001). Higher haemoglobin was associated with older age, male gender, higher serum albumin, higher transferrin saturation, higher Kt/V, lower serum ferritin and lower prescribed Epo dose (all P-values < 0.01). Diabetes mellitus as cause of ESRD, high-flux dialyser use, IV iron prescription or subcutaneous Epo prescription were not associated with haemoglobin. Male gender, diabetes as cause of ESRD, older age, higher transferrin saturation and higher albumin concentrations were associated with lower Epo/Hb index. Prescription of IV iron and IV Epo were associated with higher Epo/Hb index.
  
  
  
  Regional mean haemoglobin levels vary considerably across the US and the variation in haemoglobin is explained by both non-modifiable factors and modifiable clinical practice-derived variables.
authors.affiliation: Duke Institute of Renal Outcomes Research and Health Policy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. redda001@mc.duke.edu
authors.forename: Donal N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Reddan
authors.forename: Diane L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Frankenfield
authors.forename: Preston S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Klassen
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Coladonato
authors.forename: Lynda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Szczech
authors.forename: Curtis A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Anatole
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Besarab
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rocco
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: McClellan
authors.forename: Jay
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wish
authors.forename: William F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Owen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000740:Anemia / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005843:Geography; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008484:Medicaid; D006278:Medicare; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D004921:Erythropoietin