title: Mycosporine-like amino acid content in four species of sea anemones in the genus Anthopleura reflects phylogenetic but not environmental or symbiotic relationships.
abstract: We examine the occurrence of UV-absorbing, mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) in four sympatric species of sea anemones in the genus Anthopleura, all collected from intertidal habitats on the Pacific Coast of temperate North America. We compare patterns of MAAs in A. elegantissima of several types: specimens having predominately zooxanthellae (dinoflagellates comprising at least two species) or zoochlorellae as symbionts; those containing algal endosymbionts of both kinds, and naturally occurring aposymbiotic specimens that lack the endosymbionts typically found in most specimens. We also compare MAAs in zooxanthellate specimens of A. sola and A. xanthogrammica, and specimens from the asymbiotic species A. artemisia. Our findings indicate that the complements of the four major MAAs in these species of Anthopleura (mycosporine-taurine, shinorine, porphyra-334, and mycosporine-2 glycine) broadly reflect phylogenetic differences among the anemones rather than the taxon of endosymbionts, presence or absence of symbionts, or environmental factors. An exception, however, occurs in A. elegantissima, where mycosporine-2 glycine increases in concentration with the density of zooxanthellae. Our evidence also shows that A. elegantissima can accumulate MAAs from its food, which may explain the occasional occurrence of minor MAAs in some individuals.
authors.affiliation: School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, 5751 Murray Hall, Orono, Maine 04469-5751, USA. shick@maine.edu
authors.forename: J Malcolm
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Shick
authors.forename: Walter C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Dunlap
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Pearse
authors.forename: Vicki B
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: Pearse
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D004777:Environment; D056890:Eukaryota / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology; D008027:Light; D010802:Phylogeny; D012615:Sea Anemones / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification* / Q000502:physiology; D013045:Species Specificity; D013559:Symbiosis; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids