title: The consequences of beer consumption in rats: acute anxiolytic and ataxic effects and withdrawal-induced anxiety.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rats avidly consume standard off-the-shelf beer; however, the behavioural consequences of beer consumption in rodents have hardly been studied.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study examined the acute anxiolytic and ataxic effects of beer consumption in rats and the anxiogenic effects of withdrawal from free access to beer.
  
  
  METHODS
  In experiment 1, male Wistar rats received 30 min access to "near-beer" each day (a malt beverage that looks and tastes like beer but which contains <0.5% ethanol). On the test day, for some rats, ethanol (either 2% or 4% v/v) was added to the near-beer to make it resemble standard (ethanol-containing) beer of "light" (2.5% beer) or full strength (4.5% beer). Immediately after this, rats were tested on their response to a predatory cue (a fabric collar that had been worn by a cat) and on an accelerating rotarod. In experiment 2, rats were trained in the same drinking paradigm as above and then tested on a further battery of anxiety tests. In experiment 3, rats were given continuous home cage access to either 4.5% beer or near-beer for 35 days. Half of the rats were then denied access to beer or near-beer for 24 h and then tested on the same anxiety test battery as in experiment 2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rats drinking 4.5% beer approached a predatory cue significantly more than those given near-beer, indicating an anxiolytic effect. In experiment 2, rats drinking 4.5% beer displayed less anxiety-like behaviour in the elevated plus maze and emergence tests but not in the social interaction test. Rats given 4.5% beer fell off the rotarod significantly faster than rats given near-beer, indicating an ataxic effect. Rats previously given 4.5% beer drank significantly less near-beer the following day, suggesting a moderate aversion the day after beer consumption. In experiment 3, rats denied access to 4.5% beer showed significantly less social interaction and took longer to emerge into an open field than controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results are the first to our knowledge to show that rats will consume beer at levels that produce clear effects on anxiety and on motor co-ordination, and that will eventually produce behavioural signs of withdrawal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia.
authors.forename: Jason E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Gallate
authors.forename: Kirsten C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Morley
authors.forename: Polly
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ambermoon
authors.forename: Iain S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: McGregor
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D017849:Animals, Inbred Strains; D001007:Anxiety / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D001259:Ataxia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D001515:Beer / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D000431:Ethanol / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011930:Reaction Time; D012646:Self Administration; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol