title: Laparoscopic harvest of the jejunal free flap for reconstruction of hypopharyngeal and cervical esophageal defects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reconstruction of hypopharyngeal and cervical esophageal defects remains one of the greatest challenges to head and neck and reconstructive surgeons. Although the jejunal free flap is a well-known reconstructive choice, many authors prefer alternative methods because of the complication rates and donor site morbidity associated with traditional jejunal flap harvest. Laparoscopic resection of the small intestine is a well-documented surgical technique. However, laparoscopic harvest of a jejunal segment for use in free tissue transfer reconstruction of defects of the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus has primarily been described in animal models, with only a few clinical studies existent in the recent literature.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the use of a laparoscopic technique for harvesting jejunal segments for use in free tissue transfer reconstruction of pharyngoesophageal defects.
  
  
  METHODS
  The records of 12 patients who underwent laparoscopic jejunal flap harvest for reconstruction of large hypopharyngeal or cervical esophageal defects at the University of Washington, Seattle, from January 1998 through April 2001 were retrospectively reviewed. Time of harvest, need to convert to "open" technique, failure rate, complications, and length of hospital stay were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All harvests were completed laparoscopically. The average operative time for the abdominal portion of the procedure was 2.4 hours. Warm ischemia time required for flap removal from the peritoneal cavity was less than 4 minutes. Each patient received a completely endoscopic jejunum harvest, bowel reanastomosis, and placement of a feeding jejunostomy tube. Enteral feedings began on the first postoperative day. No major complications were seen resulting from this technique, and no donor site morbidity was identified. All flaps were viable, with no revisions required. Activity in hospital and time to discharge were independent of the abdominal procedure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the low complication rate and relative ease of harvest, we conclude that this new technique is currently the best way to harvest jejunal flaps for reconstructing these challenging defects and should renew enthusiasm for this versatile flap.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 825 Fairfax Ave, Suite 510, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA. wadswojt@evmsmail.evms.edu
authors.forename: J Trad
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Wadsworth
authors.forename: Neal
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Futran
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Eubanks
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000601:surgery*; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007012:Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D020858:Tissue and Organ Harvesting / Q000379:methods*