title: Studies on hydrolytic and oxidative metabolic pathways of anhydroecgonine methyl ester (methylecgonidine) using microsomal preparations from rat organs.
abstract: During smoking of cocaine-base (crack), anhydroecgonine methyl ester (AEME, methylecgonidine) is formed in large amounts as a pyrolysis product of cocaine and is absorbed in the lungs. The metabolism of AEME was studied in the present investigation using microsome preparations from rat liver, lung, kidney, and brain. Potential metabolites of AEME were synthesized and used as substrate to complement the experiments. Analysis of the incubation mixtures was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and nanoelectrospray multiple-stage mass spectrometry. Screening for metabolites was focused on postulated oxidative pathways, chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis, and ethanol dependent transesterification as known from cocaine metabolism. Enzymatic hydrolysis of AEME to anhydroecgonine (AE), which was inhibited by sodium fluoride, was found in all microsomal preparations. Liver microsomes exhibited the highest activity, brain microsomes the lowest. Anhydronorecgonine methyl ester (ANEME) and anhydroecgonine methyl ester N-oxide were identified as AEME metabolites of liver and lung microsomes only. In the presence of ethanol AEME was metabolized to anhydroecgonine ethyl ester and anhydronorecgonine ethyl ester. Further metabolism of AE or ANEME was not observed. No N-hydroxy-anhydronorecgonine derivatives were found which could represent precursors of cytotoxic metabolites as known to be formed from cocaine.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forensic Toxicology, Center of Legal Medicine, J.W.Goethe University, Kennedyallee 104, D-60596 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Anabel S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Fandiño
authors.forename: Stefan W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Toennes
authors.forename: Gerold F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Kauert
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D002384:Catalysis; D003042:Cocaine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006868:Hydrolysis; D007521:Isocitrate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008861:Microsomes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000379:methods; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: C463339:anhydroecgonine methyl ester N-oxide; C068464:anhydroecgonine methyl ester; D007521:Isocitrate Dehydrogenase; D003042:Cocaine