title: Adverse drug reactions as cause of hospital admissions: results from the Italian Group of Pharmacoepidemiology in the Elderly (GIFA).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of adverse drug reaction (ADR)-related hospital admissions in an older population, to describe the most common clinical manifestations and drugs most frequently responsible for ADR-related hospital admissions, and to identify independent factors predictive of these ADRs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multicenter pharmacoepidemiology survey conducted between 1988 and 1997.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-one academic hospitals throughout Italy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight thousand four hundred eleven patients consecutively admitted to participating centers during the survey periods.
  
  
  METHODS
  For each suspected ADR at admission, a physician, who coded description, severity, and potentially responsible drugs, completed a questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean age +/- standard deviation of the patients was 70 +/- 16. One thousand seven hundred four ADRs were identified upon hospital admission. In 964 cases (3.4% of all admissions), ADRs were considered to be the cause of these hospital admissions. Of these, 187 ADRs were coded as severe. Gastrointestinal complaints (19%) represented the most common events, followed by metabolic and hemorrhagic complications (9%). The drugs most frequently responsible for these ADRs were diuretics, calcium channel blockers, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, and digoxin. Female sex (odds ratio (OR) = 1.30, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.10-1.54), alcohol use (OR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.20-1.60), and number of drugs (OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.20-1.27 for each drug increase) were independent predictors of ADR-related hospital admissions. For severe ADRs, age (OR = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.01-2.23 for age 65-79 and OR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.00-2.33 for age > or =80, respectively), comorbidity (OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.05-1.20 for each point in the Charlson Comorbidity Index), and number of drugs (OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.11-1.25 for each drug increase) were the only predisposing factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The most important determinant of risk for ADR-related hospital admissions in older patients is number of drugs being taken. When considering only severe ADRs, risk is also related to age and frailty.
authors.affiliation: Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Sticht Center on Aging, Wake Forest University-Baptist Medical Center, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA. graziano_onder@rm.unicatt.it
authors.forename: Graziano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Onder
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pedone
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Landi
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cesari
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Della Vedova
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bernabei
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gambassi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000009:adverse effects; D015897:Comorbidity; D004077:Digoxin / Q000009:adverse effects; D004232:Diuretics / Q000009:adverse effects; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D010343:Patient Admission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D004232:Diuretics; D004077:Digoxin