title: Double-blind antiglucocorticoid treatment in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antiglucocorticoids, such as ketoconazole, have been investigated as antidepressant agents in major depression and other conditions. Despite evidence that a significant number of patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder are both hypercortisolemic and depressed, the antidepressant effects of antiglucocorticoids have never been assessed in these populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen symptomatic patients with diagnoses of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, who were at least partially treatment-resistant, were treated with ketoconazole, up to 800 mg/day, (n = 8) or placebo (n = 7) for four weeks in a double-blind manner. The study medication was added to a pre-stabilized antipsychotic and/or antidepressant medication regimen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ketoconazole treatment, compared to placebo, was associated with significant improvements in observer-rated depression, but not in subjectively rated depression, positive or negative psychotic symptom ratings, or cognitive performance scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These pilot data partially support the hypothesis that antiglucocorticoids reduce depressive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder, although objective and subjective ratings may not be similarly affected during a four-week course of treatment. Further studies with larger sample sizes, more extensive endocrine assessments and longer duration of drug administration seem warranted.
authors.affiliation: University of California, Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute, San Francisco, USA.
authors.forename: Elysa J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Marco
authors.forename: Owen M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Wolkowitz
authors.forename: Sophia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vinogradov
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Poole
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lichtmacher
authors.forename: Victor I
authors.initials: VI
authors.lastname: Reus
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007654:Ketoconazole / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D007654:Ketoconazole; D006854:Hydrocortisone