title: Is whole-brain irradiation necessary for primary central nervous system lymphoma? Patterns of recurrence after partial-brain irradiation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neurotoxicity after whole-brain irradiation remains a major problem in the treatment of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). To clarify whether whole-brain radiation is necessary for PCNSL, the authors retrospectively analyzed the outcome of patients treated with partial-brain irradiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A nationwide survey was performed regarding the treatment of PCNSL. Among 62 institutions surveyed, 7 were identified in which whole-brain irradiation was not necessarily employed. Questionnaires were sent to these institutions and 43 patients who had been treated using partial-brain fields since 1985 were collected. Thirty-two patients had solitary lesions and 11 had multiple lesions. Patterns of recurrence could be identified in 38 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cumulative in-field and out-field recurrence rates at 5 years were 57% and 49%, respectively. Of 14 out-field recurrences, 2 occurred at the safety margin of the previous radiation field. The out-field recurrence rate was 45% in patients with a single lesion and 67% in those with multiple tumors (P = 0.79). The out-field recurrence rate was 22% for patients treated with safety margins of > or = 4 cm and 83% for those treated with safety margins of < 4 cm (P = 0.0079). The median survival time and the 5-year survival rate were 28.5 months and 20%, respectively, in the former group of patients and 15 months and 11%, respectively, in the latter group (P = 0.057).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Focal radiotherapy with safety margins of < 4 cm appears to be associated with a very high rate of out-field recurrence, but the use of a radiation field with generous safety margins (> or = 4 cm) appears to be worth further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan. yshiba@med.nagoya-cu.ac.jp
authors.forename: Yuta
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shibamoto
authors.forename: Naofumi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hayabuchi
authors.forename: Jun-ichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hiratsuka
authors.forename: Sunao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tokumaru
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shirato
authors.forename: Mitsuharu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sougawa
authors.forename: Natsuo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Oya
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Uematsu
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hiraoka
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D016371:Cranial Irradiation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008223:Lymphoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome