title: Development and progression of nephropathy in type 2 diabetes: the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS 64).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The progression of nephropathy from diagnosis of type 2 diabetes has not been well described from a single population. This study sought to describe the development and progression through the stages of microalbuminuria, macroalbuminuria, persistently elevated plasma creatinine or renal replacement therapy (RRT), and death.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using observed and modeled data from 5097 subjects in the UK Prospective Diabetes Study, we measured the annual probability of transition from stage to stage (incidence), prevalence, cumulative incidence, ten-year survival, median duration per stage, and risk of death from all-causes or cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From diagnosis of diabetes, progression to microalbuminuria occurred at 2.0% per year, from microalbuminuria to macroalbuminuria at 2.8% per year, and from macroalbuminuria to elevated plasma creatinine (>or=175 micromol/L) or renal replacement therapy at 2.3% per year. Ten years following diagnosis of diabetes, the prevalence of microalbuminuria was 24.9%, of macroalbuminuria was 5.3%, and of elevated plasma creatinine or RRT was 0.8%. Patients with elevated plasma creatinine or RRT had an annual death rate of 19.2% (95% confidence interval, CI, 14.0 to 24.4%). There was a trend for increasing risk of cardiovascular death with increasing nephropathy (P < 0.0001), with an annual rate of 0.7% for subjects in the stage of no nephropathy, 2.0% for those with microalbuminuria, 3.5% for those with macroalbuminuria, and 12.1% with elevated plasma creatinine or RRT. Individuals with macroalbuminuria were more likely to die in any year than to develop renal failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proportion of patients with type 2 diabetes who develop microalbuminuria is substantial with one quarter affected by 10 years from diagnosis. Relatively fewer patients develop macroalbuminuria, but in those who do, the death rate exceeds the rate of progression to worse nephropathy.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Trials Unit, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford,and South Cleveland Hospital, Cleveland, United Kingdom. amanda.adler@dtu.ox.ac.uk
authors.forename: Amanda I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Adler
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: Sue E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Manley
authors.forename: Rudy W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Bilous
authors.forename: Carole A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Cull
authors.forename: Rury R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Holman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006977:Hypertension, Renal / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents