title: Long-term exercise training in persons with spinal cord injury: effects on strength, arm ergometry performance and psychological well-being.
abstract: METHODS
  Randomized controlled trial of exercise training in persons with spinal cord injury.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 9 months of twice-weekly exercise training on strength, arm ergometry performance, and indices of psychological well-being and quality of life.
  
  
  METHODS
  Centre for Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-four men and women (aged 19-65 years) with traumatic spinal cord injury (C4-L1; ASIA A-D) of 1-24 years duration volunteered to participate, and were randomized into exercise (EX; n=21) and control (CON; n=13) groups. Twenty-three subjects (11 EX; 12 CON) successfully completed the 9-month study. Subjects were assessed for one repetition maximum (1RM) strength, arm ergometry performance, and several indices of quality of life and psychological well-being at baseline, 3, 6, and 9 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, there were no significant differences between groups in age, submaximal arm ergometry performance, muscle strength, or psychological well-being. Following training, the EX group had significant increases in submaximal arm ergometry power output (81%; P<0.05), and significant increases in upper body muscle strength (19-34%; P<0.05); no significant changes occurred in CON. Participants in EX reported significantly less pain, stress and depression after training, and scored higher than CON in indices of satisfaction with physical function, level of perceived health and overall quality of life (P<0.05). Exercise adherence (per cent of prescribed sessions attended) in those subjects who completed the 9 months of training was 82.5%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that long-term twice-weekly exercise training in this population is feasible, and results in significant gains in both physical and psychological well-being.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Hicks
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Ditor
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Latimer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Craven
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bugaresti
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: McCartney
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010807:Physical Endurance; D011788:Quality of Life; D012649:Self Concept; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D016896:Treatment Outcome