title: Phosphodiesterase expression targeted to gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons inhibits luteinizing hormone pulses in transgenic rats.
abstract: Experiments in the GT1 gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) cell line have shown that the cAMP signaling pathway plays a central role in regulating the excitability of the cells. Lowering cAMP levels by expressing the constitutively active cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase PDE4D1 in GT1 cells inhibited spontaneous Ca2+ oscillations and intrinsic pulsatile GnRH secretion. To address the role of cAMP levels in endogenous GnRH neurons, we genetically targeted expression of PDE4D1 (P) to GnRH neurons in transgenic rats (R) by using the GnRH gene promoterenhancer regions (G). Three lines of transgenic rats, GPR-2, -4, and -5, were established. In situ hybridization and RT-PCR studies demonstrated that transgene expression was specifically targeted to GnRH neurons. Decreased fertility was observed in female but not in male rats from all three lines. The mean luteinizing hormone (LH) levels in ovariectomized rats were significantly reduced in the GPR-4 and -5 lines but not in the GPR-2 line. In castrated male and female GPR-4 rats, the LH pulse frequency was dramatically reduced. Six of twelve GPR-4 females studied did not ovulate and had polycystic ovaries. The remaining six females ovulated, but the magnitude of the preovulatory LH surge was inhibited by 63%. These findings support the hypothesis that cAMP signaling may play a central role in regulating excitability of GnRH neurons in vivo. The GPR-4 line of transgenic rats provides a genetic model for the understanding of the role of pulsatile gonadotropin release in follicular development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
authors.forename: Sreenivasan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paruthiyil
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: eL Majdoubi
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Conti
authors.forename: Richard I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Weiner
mesh_terms: D015105:3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D054703:Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000737:chemistry; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D011085:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome / Q000209:etiology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D019076:Transgenes
chemical_list: D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone; D015105:3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases; D054703:Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4