title: Prevalence and antimicrobial patterns of Acinetobacter baumannii on hands and nares of hospital personnel and patients: the iceberg phenomenon again.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Acinetobacter baumannii on the hands and nares of health care workers and patients from intensive care and rehabilitation units at two hospitals in northern Manhattan, New York.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prevalence survey of Acinetobacter on the hands and anterior nares of staff (n = 184) and patients (n = 98) in rehabilitation and intensive care units of two hospitals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty subjects (7.1%) had positive test results for A baumannii (6 staff [3.3%] and 14 patients [14.3%]). Five patients had positive test results at both sites, four in the nares only, and 11 on hands only. Among patients, four significant predictors of A baumannii were days on unit (P = .003), location (hospital A or B) (P = .01), surgery (P = .04), and receiving an antifungal agent (P = .02; OR, 5.6; 95% CI, 1.25-24.52). Among staff, predictors were skin damage (P = .02) and employment in hospital B (P = .03). Nine of the 20 subjects (45%) had positive test results for multiresistant strains, one from a staff member and eight from patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients whose conditions are not clinically symptomatic for A baumannii, as well as staff, are often colonized. Staff with damaged skin are more likely to be colonized. Control of this organism will only be possible when the principle of the iceberg phenomenon--all patients (and staff) treated with standard, Universal Precautions--is strictly followed. Further, the endemic prevalence of multiresistant strains may be higher than previously appreciated.
authors.affiliation: Joseph L. Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bayuga
authors.forename: Cosmina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zeana
authors.forename: Jyoti
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sahni
authors.forename: Phyllis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Della-Latta
authors.forename: Wafaa
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: el-Sadr
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Larson
mesh_terms: D000151:Acinetobacter Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D040981:Acinetobacter baumannii / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology*; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D009518:New York / Q000453:epidemiology; D009666:Nose / Q000382:microbiology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010564:Personnel, Hospital; D015995:Prevalence; D012047:Rehabilitation Centers
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents