title: Wetting characteristic of ceramic to water and adhesive resin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Maximum wetting of ceramic by adhesive resin is required to achieve optimal adhesion of the resin to ceramic. It is unknown whether the adhesion of the resin to the ceramic is affected by the surface topography and wetting by water or the adhesive resin.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to characterize the effect of surface topography on the wetting of ceramics by water and adhesive resin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three materials, a veneering ceramic, Eris (ERV), and 2 core ceramics, Empress 1 core ceramic (E1C) and an experimental core ceramic (EXC), were used. Four surface-roughening procedures were used. They included polishing through 1200-grit SiC paper (P), air abrasion with 50 microm Al(2)O(3) (A), etching with 5% hydrofluoric acid gel (E), and a combination of airborne particle abrasion and etching (A/E). Forty bar specimens (15 x 10 x 1.5 mm) were prepared from each material (N=120). Twelve groups of 10 specimens each were prepared for the 4 surface-roughening procedures. Advancing (theta(A)) and receding (theta(R)) contact angles were measured with a CAHN Dynamic Contact Analyzer, on the basis of the Wilhelmy plate technique, with water and adhesive resin. The work of adhesion (W(A)) by the probing media was calculated by use of advancing contact angle data. The data were analyzed by t testing, analysis of variance, and Duncan's tests (alpha=0.05) to determine the statistical significance of differences in the contact angles between ceramic and water or resin as a function of surface roughening.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In general, the mean theta(A) values were higher than the mean theta(R) values except for groups of E or A/E specimens with water used as a probing medium. E and A/E treatments yielded the lowest contact angle values, followed by A and P treatments (P<.001). The E1C exhibited the highest mean contact angles, whereas EXC exhibited the lowest mean contact angle except for the theta(R) with resin. The corresponding values for ERV were between those of E1C and EXC except for theta(R) values with resin. The resin medium yielded higher mean contact angles than the water medium for the same surfaces. W(A) ranged from 62.9 to 145.2 mJ/m(2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the limitations of this study, etching or a combination of air abrasion and etching were comparably effective in increasing the surface area for bonding. The most wettable surface as measured by the resin medium was EXC, followed by ERV and E1C.
authors.affiliation: College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
authors.forename: Won-Suck
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Chiayi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Brandon
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Alegre
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Anusavice
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental; D000268:Adhesiveness; D000269:Adhesives / Q000737:chemistry*; D000537:Aluminum Oxide / Q000737:chemistry; D000538:Aluminum Silicates / Q000737:chemistry; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001031:Apatites / Q000737:chemistry; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate / Q000737:chemistry; D017554:Carbon Compounds, Inorganic / Q000737:chemistry; D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry*; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry*; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003775:Dental Polishing; D003776:Dental Porcelain / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D006858:Hydrofluoric Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D018020:Lithium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D008422:Materials Testing; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D017640:Silicates / Q000737:chemistry; D017655:Silicon Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013499:Surface Properties; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D017155:Wettability
chemical_list: D000269:Adhesives; D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D001031:Apatites; D017554:Carbon Compounds, Inorganic; D003188:Composite Resins; C075815:IPS-Empress ceramic; D018020:Lithium Compounds; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids; D017640:Silicates; D017655:Silicon Compounds; D014867:Water; D003776:Dental Porcelain; C078519:leucite; C020946:triethylene glycol dimethacrylate; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate; D000537:Aluminum Oxide; C025105:fluorapatite; D006858:Hydrofluoric Acid; C022088:silicon carbide