title: Neuroglobin and cytoglobin. Fresh blood for the vertebrate globin family.
abstract: Neuroglobin and cytoglobin are two recently discovered members of the vertebrate globin family. Both are intracellular proteins endowed with hexacoordinated heme-Fe atoms, in their ferrous and ferric forms, and display O2 affinities comparable with that of myoglobin. Neuroglobin, which is predominantly expressed in nerve cells, is thought to protect neurons from hypoxic-ischemic injury. It is of ancient evolutionary origin, and is homologous to nerve globins of invertebrates. Cytoglobin is expressed in many different tissues, although at varying levels. It shares common ancestry with myoglobin, and can be traced to early vertebrate evolution. The physiological roles of neuroglobin and cytoglobin are not completely understood. Although supplying cells with O2 is the likely function, it is also possible that both globins act as O2-consuming enzymes or as O2 sensors. Here, we review what is currently known about neuroglobin and cytoglobin in terms of their function, tissue distribution and relatedness to the well-known hemoglobin and myoglobin. Strikingly, the data reveal that O2 metabolism in cells is more complicated than was thought before, requiring unexpected O2-binding proteins with potentially novel functional features.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics-INFM and Center for Excellence in Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, I-16146 Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pesce
authors.forename: Martino
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bolognesi
authors.forename: Alessio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bocedi
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ascenzi
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dewilde
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Moens
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hankeln
authors.forename: Thorsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Burmester
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D000845:Annelida / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D000078842:Cytoglobin; D005914:Globins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D006418:Heme / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D000078787:Neuroglobin; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: C000627265:CYGB protein, human; C000627267:Cygb protein, mouse; D000078842:Cytoglobin; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D000078787:Neuroglobin; D006418:Heme; D005914:Globins; D010100:Oxygen