title: Flow cytometric detection of intracellular IL-12 release: in vitro effect of widely used immunosuppressants.
abstract: Interleukin 12 (IL-12) is a potent regulator of the Th1/Th2 pathway, enhancing alloantigen-specific immune functions. In the present study, we developed a flow cytometric assay detecting intracellular IL-12 production by human CD14+ monocytes in order to assess the in vitro effects of widely used immunosuppressants, such as cyclosporine (CsA), sirolimus (SRL) and dexamethasone (DXM). For the purpose of the study, a two-step activation procedure was developed involving the preactivation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and reactivation with IFN-gamma and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). All immunosuppressive agents were added at the initiation of the preactivation or the reactivation step. Following this activation protocol, a fourfold to fivefold up-regulation of the percentage of CD14+/IL-12+ cells and of the mean fluorescence intensity was observed. CsA did not significantly affect the intracellular IL-12 release by CD14+ cells, independent of the time point of the addition. SRL exerted an up-regulatory effect when added at the initiation of the IFN-gamma pre-incubation, and this was manifested as a significant increase in the percentage of CD14+/IL-12+ cells. In contrast, DXM effectively repressed both the percentage and the fluorescence intensity of IL-12-producing CD14+ cells when added at the initiation of the reactivation step. Since only the steroid preparation was shown to down-regulate the intracellular release of IL-12, it is tempting to assume that steroid addition in immunosuppressive schemes is beneficial for the suppression of Th1-inducing cytokine production, as well as for the compensation of possible up-regulation induced by other immunosuppressive agents administered concurrently.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Immunopathology and Histocompatibility Laboratory, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, 356 Sygrou Avenue, Athens 17674, Greece.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsiavou
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Degiannis
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hatziagelaki
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Koniavitou
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Raptis
mesh_terms: D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D019409:Interleukin-15 / Q000494:pharmacology; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D019409:Interleukin-15; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D018664:Interleukin-12; D003907:Dexamethasone; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D016572:Cyclosporine; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; D020123:Sirolimus