title: Flavopiridol and trastuzumab synergistically inhibit proliferation of breast cancer cells: association with selective cooperative inhibition of cyclin D1-dependent kinase and Akt signaling pathways.
abstract: Cyclin D1 is essential for Neu-induced cell growth and is induced by growth factors through Ras-dependent and Ras-independent signaling pathways (1). Because flavopiridol, a novel flavanoid cyclin-cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, may function through Ras-dependent and/or -independent pathways, we hypothesized that treatment of breast cancer cells with inhibitors of Neu signaling and flavopiridol might synergize to inhibit proliferation. Human breast cancer cell lines, which express high levels of endogenous Neu receptor, were treated with the anti-Neu antibody, trastuzumab, together with flavopiridol and subject to MTT assay. Cell lines were assayed for alterations in cell cycle by fluorescence-activated cell sorter and signaling proteins by Western blot. Flavopiridol and trastuzumab synergistically inhibited DNA synthesis, cellular proliferation, and contact-dependent growth. Cytotoxic synergy was observed independent of the sequence of addition of the two drugs to cultured cells. In SKBR3 cells, a combination of trastuzumab and flavopiridol inhibited the Ras-MAPK-Akt pathway, decreased cyclin D1 abundance, and kinase activity to a greater extent than either drug alone. Compared with single-agent treatment, combination treatment selectively inhibited Akt and pRB phosphorylation. Cytotoxic synergy was observed with flavopiridol plus LY294002 (selective phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor) but not with PD98059 (selective mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 inhibitor) suggesting that Akt inhibition may be important in synergy. Zinc-induced overexpression of cyclin D1 in T-47D deltaMTcycD1 cells were more resistant to drug-induced cell death when compared with vector-transfected T-47D deltaMT cells. Cyclin D1 overexpression reverses drug treatment induced cell cycle arrest in SKBR3 cells. Flavopiridol and trastuzumab yield cytotoxic synergy in human breast cancer cells overexpressing Neu. Cyclin D1 overexpression results in combination drug resistance. In addition, inhibition of Akt may prove to be a useful therapeutic strategy in combination with flavopiridol.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hormone-dependent Tumor Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
authors.forename: Kongming
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Chenguang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: D'Amico
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Albanese
authors.forename: Richard G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Pestell
authors.forename: Sridhar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mani
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002453:Cell Cycle; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002469:Cell Separation; D002867:Chromones / Q000494:pharmacology; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D016196:S Phase; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013997:Time Factors; D014162:Transfection; D000068878:Trastuzumab; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D002867:Chromones; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005419:Flavonoids; D009025:Morpholines; D010880:Piperidines; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019938:Cyclin D1; C085911:2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one; C077990:alvocidib; C494918:AKT1 protein, human; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D000068878:Trastuzumab; C093973:2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one