title: Affinity and sequence specificity of DNA binding and site selection for primer synthesis by Escherichia coli primase.
abstract: Primase is an essential DNA replication enzyme in Escherichia coli and responsible for primer synthesis during lagging strand DNA replication. Although the interaction of primase with single-stranded DNA plays an important role in primer RNA and Okazaki fragment synthesis, the mechanism of DNA binding and site selection for primer synthesis remains unknown. We have analyzed the energetics of DNA binding and the mechanism of site selection for the initiation of primer RNA synthesis on the lagging strand of the replication fork. Quantitative analysis of DNA binding by primase was carried out using a number of oligonucleotide sequences: oligo(dT)(25) and a 30 bp oligonucleotide derived from bacteriophage G4 origin (G4ori-wt). Primase bound both sequences with moderate affinity (K(d) = 1.2-1.4 x 10(-)(7) M); however, binding was stronger for G4ori-wt. G4ori-wt contained a CTG trinucleotide, which is a preferred site for initiation of primer synthesis. Analysis of DNA binding isotherms derived from primase binding to the oligonucleotide sequences by fluorescence anisotropy indicated that primase bound to DNA as a dimer, and this finding was further substantiated by electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) and UV cross-linking of the primase-DNA complex. Dissection of the energetics involved in the primase-DNA interaction revealed a higher affinity of primase for DNA sequences containing the CTG triplet. This sequence preference of primase may likely be responsible for the initiation of primer synthesis in the CTG triplet sites in the E. coli lagging strand as well as in the origin of replication of bacteriophage G4.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, School of Osteopathic Medicine, and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Stratford 08084, USA.
authors.forename: Sujata
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khopde
authors.forename: Esther E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Biswas
authors.forename: Subhasis B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Biswas
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D019915:DNA Primase / Q000737:chemistry*; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry*; D004277:DNA, Single-Stranded / Q000737:chemistry; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D019281:Dimerization; D004795:Enzyme Stability; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D015345:Oligonucleotide Probes / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D011485:Protein Binding; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012996:Solutions; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013696:Temperature; D013816:Thermodynamics
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004277:DNA, Single-Stranded; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D015345:Oligonucleotide Probes; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D012996:Solutions; D019915:DNA Primase