title: New insights into the clinical pharmacokinetics of trofosfamide.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study focuses on the pharmacokinetics of trofosfamide (TRO) and metabolites after oral administration of TRO.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve patients with solid tumors and non-Hodgkin lymphomas were treated with 450 mg TRO orally for 7 days. TRO and the stable metabolites ifosfamide (IFO), cyclophosphamide (CYC), 2- and 3-dechloroethylifosfamide (2-DCE, 3-DCE) were determined by GC and the sum of the 4-OH-metabolites was measured by HPLC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A fast metabolism of TRO with a half-life of about 1 h was observed. IFO was the main stable metabolite, whereas CYC was only detected in minor quantities. The peak levels and the AUC of the 4-OH-metabolites were 9.5 and 4.3 times higher than observed after an equimolar IFO dose. Only 6% of the administered dose was recovered in urine within 24 hours as stable metabolites. TRO was under limit of detection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results confirm that dechloroethylation of TRO to IFO is a major metabolic pathway. Additionally, we found considerable 4-hydroxylation not shown previously. With respect to the low levels of IFO and CYC observed, the sum of 4-OH-metabolites cannot be explained by hydroxylation of these metabolites only. Hence, we assume a direct 4-hydroxylation of TRO occurring to a high extent. Bioavailability of TRO could not be calculated directly, because TRO is only available as an oral formulation. The bioavailability of oral IFO, however, is reported to be almost 100%. Therefore, after normalization of the dose, a bioavailability of 32% for IFO after oral TRO could be calculated. Thus, in contrast to previous reports, direct 4-hydroxylation of TRO seems to be the main metabolic pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology/Oncology, Medical University of Lübeck, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brinker
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kisro
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Letsch
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Brüggemann
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wagner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007069:Ifosfamide / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015394:Molecular Structure
chemical_list: D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; C003726:trofosfamide; D007069:Ifosfamide