title: NSD1 mutations are the major cause of Sotos syndrome and occur in some cases of Weaver syndrome but are rare in other overgrowth phenotypes.
abstract: Sotos syndrome is a childhood overgrowth syndrome characterized by a distinctive facial appearance, height and head circumference >97th percentile, advanced bone age, and developmental delay. Weaver syndrome is characterized by the same criteria but has its own distinctive facial gestalt. Recently, a 2.2-Mb chromosome 5q35 microdeletion, encompassing NSD1, was reported as the major cause of Sotos syndrome, with intragenic NSD1 mutations identified in a minority of cases. We evaluated 75 patients with childhood overgrowth, for intragenic mutations and large deletions of NSD1. The series was phenotypically scored into four groups, prior to the molecular analyses: the phenotype in group 1 (n=37) was typical of Sotos syndrome; the phenotype in group 2 (n=13) was Sotos-like but with some atypical features; patients in group 3 (n=7) had Weaver syndrome, and patients in group 4 (n=18) had an overgrowth condition that was neither Sotos nor Weaver syndrome. We detected three deletions and 32 mutations (13 frameshift, 8 nonsense, 2 splice-site, and 9 missense) that are likely to impair NSD1 functions. The truncating mutations were spread throughout NSD1, but there was evidence of clustering of missense mutations in highly conserved functional domains between exons 13 and 23. There was a strong correlation between presence of an NSD1 alteration and clinical phenotype, in that 28 of 37 (76%) patients in group 1 had NSD1 mutations or deletions, whereas none of the patients in group 4 had abnormalities of NSD1. Three patients with Weaver syndrome had NSD1 mutations, all between amino acids 2142 and 2184. We conclude that intragenic mutations of NSD1 are the major cause of Sotos syndrome and account for some Weaver syndrome cases but rarely occur in other childhood overgrowth phenotypes.
authors.affiliation: Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Douglas
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hanks
authors.forename: I Karen
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Temple
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Meena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Upadhyaya
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tomkins
authors.forename: Helen E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Trevor R P
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: Nazneen
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rahman
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000235:genetics*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D002872:Chromosome Deletion; D002895:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5 / Q000235:genetics; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000235:genetics*; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000235:genetics; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006130:Growth Disorders / Q000235:genetics*; D000076983:Histone Methyltransferases; D011495:Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D007438:Introns / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D017384:Sequence Deletion / Q000235:genetics; D013577:Syndrome
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D000076983:Histone Methyltransferases; D011495:Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase; C113272:NSD1 protein, human