title: Pitfalls and limitations of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in bucket-handle tears of knee menisci.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to assess the accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis of bucket-handle tears of the knee menisci, determining the sensitivity and specificity of the imaging for each of the signs typical of these tears.
  
  
  METHODS
  MR examinations of 495 patients suffering from knee traumas were assessed retrospectively. Forty-eight patients had arthroscopically-proven bucket-handle tears of the meniscus. MR examinations were performed using a 0.5-T superconducting magnet, with T1-weighted spin-echo (SE) and gradient-echo (GE) T2*-weighted sequences. Imaging findings used for the diagnosis were: a) double posterior cruciate ligament sign; b) flipped meniscus sign; c) presence of a displaced fragment of the meniscus in the intercondylar notch, visible in coronal and axial images; d) truncated triangular shape of the peripheral non-displaced portion of the meniscus, visible in coronal images.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 43 out of 48 bucket-handle tears of the meniscus were correctly diagnosed at MR, thus overall MR accuracy was 98%. In 12 (28%) cases three signs were present simultaneously the double posterior cruciate ligament (sensitivity 28%, specificity 99%, accuracy 93%) + the displaced fragment in the intercondylar notch (sensitivity 69.8%, specificity 98.7%, accuracy 96.2%) + the truncated triangular shape of the peripheral portion of the meniscus (sensitivity 74.4%, specificity 98%, accuracy 96%). In 18 (42%) cases two signs were present together the displaced fragment of the meniscus + the truncated triangular shape of the peripheral portion of the meniscus. In 13 (30%) cases only one sign was presenting two cases the truncated triangular shape of the peripheral portion of the meniscus and in 11 cases the flipped meniscus sign (sensitivity 25.6%, specificity 93.4%, accuracy 87.5%). No statistically significant differences were found comparing the results for tears of the medial meniscus with those for the lateral meniscus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MR imaging is highly accurate in diagnosing bucket-handle tears of the menisci due to its ability to identify a displaced fragment of the meniscus in the intercondylar notch or flipped over the anterior horn of the meniscus of origin. We speculate that bucket-handle tears not found by MR imaging are cases where the meniscus was displaced after MR examination.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Legale, DIBIMEL, Sezione di Scienze Radiologiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy. sparacia@unipa.it
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sparacia
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Barbiera
authors.forename: T V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Bartolotta
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Midiri
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Maria
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lagalla
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D000070600:Tibial Meniscus Injuries