title: Effect of exercise, heat stress, and hydration on immune cell number and function.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of thermal stress and hydration status on immune function during exercise.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten trained men completed four cycle ergometer rides at 55% VO2peak under the following conditions: EN (euhydrated neutral; 22 degrees C, 30% RH), DN (dehydrated neutral), EH (euhydrated hot; 38 degrees C, 45% RH), and DH (dehydrated hot). During EN and EH, a carbohydrate/electrolyte beverage was consumed at a rate matching sweat loss, and during DN and DH, no fluid was ingested. Blood samples were drawn pre- and postexercise, and at 2 and 24 h of recovery. Cell counts were determined by automated counting and flow cytometry. Neutrophil activity was assessed as superoxide production, lymphocyte function was determined via PHA-stimulated mitogenesis, and natural killer (NK) cell activity was measured with a 51Cr-release assay. Cortisol was assayed via RIA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lymphocytes proliferation was depressed 2 h after exercise in all conditions (P < 0.05); however, when expressed on a per cell basis, function was greater in the DH and EH conditions. NK activity (max x 10(3) cells) was greater post compared with preexercise in all conditions (EH = 25.5 +/- 16.8, DH = 26.2 +/- 10.5, EN = 19.3 +/- 11.0, and DN = 16.5 +/- 8.7) but was not different between conditions. Leukocyte, neutrophil, lymphocyte, and NK cell counts were also elevated postexercise with the former two remaining elevated 2 h postexercise in the EH and DH conditions. Cortisol was greater postexercise in EH (22.1 +/- 1.3) and DH (27.7 +/- 1.3) compared with EN (17.8 +/- 2.1) and DN (18.9 +/- 1.6 microg x dL(-1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Euhydration did not affect cell number or function when compared with a dehydrated state; however, the hot environment caused more severe disturbances in these measures compared with a neutral environment.
authors.affiliation: Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA. j.mitchell@tcu.edu
authors.forename: Joel B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Jonathan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Dugas
authors.forename: Brian K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: McFarlin
authors.forename: Mathew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Nelson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002452:Cell Count; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D003681:Dehydration / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005080:Exercise Test; D018882:Heat Stress Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000502:physiology*; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D006854:Hydrocortisone