title: Groningen Manipulation Study. The effect of manipulation of the structures of the shoulder girdle as additional treatment for symptom relief and for prevention of chronicity or recurrence of shoulder symptoms. Design of a randomized controlled trial within a comprehensive prognostic cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We present the design of the Groningen Manipulation Study. This randomized controlled trial is part of the Dutch Shoulder Disability Study, a comprehensive prognostic cohort study on shoulder disorders, with randomized controlled interventions in subcohorts.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effectiveness of manipulative treatment of the structures of the shoulder girdle, in addition to standard treatment by the general practitioner for relief of shoulder symptoms and prevention of persistent or recurrent shoulder symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 250 patients with shoulder symptoms and a functional limitation of the shoulder girdle will be included from 30 general practices in Groningen, The Netherlands. All participating patients receive standard treatment by the general practitioner and will be randomly allocated to additional manipulative treatment. Evaluation measurements take place 6, 12, 26, and 52 weeks after randomization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The short-term primary outcome measure is the proportion of patients with relief of shoulder complaints and the long-term primary outcome is the proportion of patients without persistent or recurrent shoulder symptoms. Dependent and independent variables include a structured medical history, a physical examination of the shoulder and shoulder girdle, and a measure of the mobility of the cervico-thoracic spine with a 6-degree-of-freedom electromagnetic tracking device.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. g.j.d.bergman@med.rug.nl
authors.forename: Gert J D
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Bergman
authors.forename: Jan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Winters
authors.forename: Geert J M G
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: van der Heijden
authors.forename: Klaas
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Postema
authors.forename: Betty
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Meyboom-de Jong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D020968:Brachial Plexus Neuritis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008349:Manipulation, Orthopedic / Q000379:methods*; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D012107:Research Design; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome