title: Access to health care in a system transition: the case of Bulgaria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Throughout the 1990s, the Soviet-style model in central and eastern Europe that provided free health services has been subject to radical reforms. Socio-economic inequalities have also increased but there is little information on inequalities in health care utilization. This paper examines the pattern of illness behaviour in Bulgaria, seeking evidence of inequalities in access to services and eliciting users' pathways to care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis drew on a representative population survey in Bulgaria (1997). The financial determinants of service use were tested in a multivariate model adjusted first for age, and then for age, marital status and self-reported health. In-depth interviews with users and providers addressed pathways to care, use of connections and other informal strategies to obtain care.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As expected, rates of illness vary with income, with highest rates among the poor. After adjustment for illness, consultation rates are relatively equal across income levels, with the exception of worse-off women who tend to consult more. For first contact, there are few differences according to income, with the better off preferring secondary level. Pathways slightly differ, with women more often treated in primary care. Private sector utilization is low. Qualitative research reveals well-established strategies to obtain more advanced care, including use of connections, informal payments and use of emergency services.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An apparent lack of inequalities in access to care conceals a more complex picture in which income and gender influence the pathways taken through the system.
authors.affiliation: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK. dina.balabanova@lshtm.ac.uk
authors.forename: Dina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Balabanova
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McKee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002031:Bulgaria / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000458:organization & administration*; D019456:Health Transition; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009936:Organizational Innovation; D011287:Prejudice; D017149:Private Sector; D012737:Sex Factors; D012935:Social Justice; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors