title: Characteristic promoter hypermethylation signatures in male germ cell tumors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human male germ cell tumors (GCTs) arise from undifferentiated primordial germ cells (PGCs), a stage in which extensive methylation reprogramming occurs. GCTs exhibit pluripotentiality and are highly sensitive to cisplatin therapy. The molecular basis of germ cell (GC) transformation, differentiation, and exquisite treatment response is poorly understood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To assess the role and mechanism of promoter hypermethylation, we analyzed CpG islands of 21 gene promoters by methylation-specific PCR in seminomatous (SGCT) and nonseminomatous (NSGCT) GCTs. We found 60% of the NSGCTs demonstrating methylation in one or more gene promoters whereas SGCTs showed a near-absence of methylation, therefore identifying distinct methylation patterns in the two major histologies of GCT. DNA repair genes MGMT, RASSF1A, and BRCA1, and a transcriptional repressor gene HIC1, were frequently methylated in the NSGCTs. The promoter hypermethylation was associated with gene silencing in most methylated genes, and reactivation of gene expression occurred upon treatment with 5-Aza-2' deoxycytidine in GCT cell lines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results, therefore, suggest a potential role for epigenetic modification of critical tumor suppressor genes in pathways relevant to GC transformation, differentiation, and treatment response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, College of Physicians & Surgeons of Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA. sk1276@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koul
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Houldsworth
authors.forename: Mahesh M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Mansukhani
authors.forename: Alessia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Donadio
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: McKiernan
authors.forename: Victor E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Reuter
authors.forename: George J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Bosl
authors.forename: Raju S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Chaganti
authors.forename: Vundavalli V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Murty
mesh_terms: D001374:Azacitidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D018899:CpG Islands / Q000235:genetics; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000235:genetics; D000077209:Decitabine; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D020868:Gene Silencing / Q000187:drug effects; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009373:Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D000077209:Decitabine; D001374:Azacitidine