title: Sumoylation of Pdx1 is associated with its nuclear localization and insulin gene activation.
abstract: Pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1 (Pdx1) is a transcription factor, and its phosphorylation is thought to be essential for activation of insulin gene expression. This phosphorylation is related to a concomitant shift in molecular mass from 31 to 46 kDa. However, we found that Pdx1 was modified by SUMO-1 (small ubiquitin-related modifier 1) in beta-TC-6 and COS-7 cells, which were transfected with Pdx1 cDNA. This modification contributed to the increase in molecular mass of Pdx1 from 31 to 46 kDa. Additionally, sumoylated Pdx1 localized in the nucleus. The reduction of SUMO-1 protein by use of RNA interference (SUMO-iRNAs) resulted in a significant decrease in Pdx1 protein in the nucleus. A 34-kDa form of Pdx1 was detected by the cells exposed to SUMO-iRNAs in the presence of lactacystin, a proteasome inhibitor. Furthermore, the reduced nuclear sumoylated Pdx1 content was associated with significant lower transcriptional activity of the insulin gene. These findings indicate that SUMO-1 modification is associated with both the localization and stability of Pdx1 as well as its effect on insulin gene activation.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine and Anatomy, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192 Japan.
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kishi
authors.forename: Takaaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Yoshihiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nishio
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Maegawa
authors.forename: Atsunori
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kashiwagi
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D019556:COS Cells; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000502:physiology; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000235:genetics*; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational / Q000502:physiology; D012330:RNA, Double-Stranded / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D025842:SUMO-1 Protein / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D007328:Insulin; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D012330:RNA, Double-Stranded; D025842:SUMO-1 Protein; D015534:Trans-Activators; C084010:pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 protein; C067713:lactacystin; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; D000111:Acetylcysteine