title: Delisting of infants and children from the heart transplantation waiting list after carvedilol treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We performed a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of carvedilol effects in children with severe, chronic heart failure (HF), despite the use of conventional therapy.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Little is known about the effects of carvedilol in youngsters with chronic HF and severe left ventricular (LV) dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 22 consecutive children with severe LV dysfunction. The children had chronic HF and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) <30%. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either placebo (8 patients) or the beta-blocker carvedilol (14 patients) at 0.01 mg/kg/day titrated up to 0.2 mg/kg/day, followed-up for six months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the follow-up and the up-titration period in the carvedilol group, four patients died and one underwent heart transplantation. In patients receiving carvedilol evaluated after six months, a significant increase occurred in LVEF, from 17.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 14.1 to 21.4%) to 34.6% (95% CI, 25.2 to 44.0%); p = 0.001. Modified New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class improved in nine patients taken off the transplant waiting list. All nine patients were alive at follow-up. In the placebo group, during the six-month follow-up, two patients died, and two underwent heart transplantation. Four patients persisted with HF symptoms (NYHA functional class IV). No significant change occurred in LVEF or fractional shortening.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Carvedilol added to standard therapy may reduce HF progression and improve cardiac function, allowing some youngsters to be removed from the heart transplantation waiting list.
authors.affiliation: Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.estela_azeka9@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Estela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Azeka
authors.forename: José Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Franchini Ramires
authors.forename: Constante
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Valler
authors.forename: Edimar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Alcides Bocchi
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001938:Brazil; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077261:Carvedilol; D002648:Child; D002669:Child Welfare; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003971:Diastole / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007229:Infant Welfare; D008297:Male; D011412:Propanolamines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015635:Radionuclide Ventriculography; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000187:drug effects; D013599:Systole / Q000187:drug effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D014850:Waiting Lists
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000975:Antioxidants; D002227:Carbazoles; D011412:Propanolamines; D000077261:Carvedilol