title: Highly reproducible rat model of reversible forebrain ischemia--modified four-vessel occlusion model and its metabolic feature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The four-vessel occlusion method introduced by Pulsinelli et al. is widely used as an experimental model for reversible forebrain ischemia in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, we further developed highly reproducible model of reversible forebrain ischemia. Under the microscope the visible vertebral arteries at the second vertebra could be easily electrocauterized and completely cut to yield complete cessation of circulation of both vertebral arteries. After 24 hours, male Wistar rats were subjected to 15, 30 and 45 minutes of forebrain ischemia by occluding both common carotid arteries with Sugita's temporary clips. (31)P-magnetic resonance spectra ((31)P-MRS) and (1)H-magnetic resonance images ((1)H-MRI) were obtained with a 6.3-T spectrometer to investigate sequential change of the in vivo brain metabolism. Electroencephalogram and the cortical blood flow by laser Doppler flowmetry were measured during ischemia and recirculation. Determination of endogenous superoxide scavenging activity in the brain cortex was performed by electron spin resonance spectrometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Brain water contents evaluated by the dry-wet weight method were increased at 1 hour and 48 hours after recirculation, which were demonstrated by (1)H-MRI. The superoxide scavenging activity showed a significant decrease at 45 minutes of recirculation and a significant increase at 12 hours of recirculation. The present modified model demonstrated that the mortality rates by 72 hours were 8.3% (15 minutes ischemia), 15.0% (30 minutes ischemia), and 42.9% (45 minutes ischemia), all of which were higher than that of the original method described by Pulsinelli et al.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, this modified four-vessel occlusion method gives a high level of success in producing reversible forebrain ischemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Toda
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Teramoto
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hirakawa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uekusa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000601:surgery; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000601:surgery; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000601:surgery; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004564:Electrocoagulation; D008297:Male; D016548:Prosencephalon / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000601:surgery; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013997:Time Factors; D014711:Vertebral Artery / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000601:surgery