title: Stopping boundaries adjusted for sample size reestimation and negative stop.
abstract: We propose an approach to specify group sequential stopping boundaries adjusted for sample size reestimation and negative stop in interim analyses of a clinical trial. Sample size can be adjusted based on the observed delta at each interim to maintain the targeted power. The calculation of stopping boundaries incorporates possible changes in the type-I error due to sample size reestimation and/or negative stops; hence the overall type-I error is well controlled. This approach combines the advantages of the group sequential and sample size reestimation methods and is more efficient than either one alone. It provides flexibility in clinical trials and still maintains the integrity of these trials. When no early stop is planned, the stopping boundaries will be adjusted only for sample size reestimation. All calculations are given in closed mathematical forms and adjustments in stopping boundaries are based on the exact type-I error change. Therefore, the penalty for the type-I error inflation due to such interim conductions is kept to a minimum.
authors.affiliation: Aventis Pharmaceuticals Inc., BX2-400C, 200 Crossing Blvd., Bridgewater, NJ 08807, USA. zhenming.shun@aventis.com
authors.forename: Zhenming
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Shun
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011338:Probability Theory; D012107:Research Design; D018401:Sample Size