title: Effects of diabetes, insulin and antioxidants on NO synthase abundance and NO interaction with reactive oxygen species.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Earlier studies have provided evidence for increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and altered nitric oxide (NO) metabolism in diabetes. This study was intended to explore the effect of type I diabetes and its treatment with insulin alone or insulin plus antioxidant-fortified diet on expression of NOS isoforms and ROS interactions with lipids, glucose and NO.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes were divided into once-daily insulin (ultralente)-treated, insulin plus antioxidant (vitamin E and vitamin C)-treated and untreated groups. After four weeks, plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and tissue endothelial (eNOS), neuronal (nNOS) NO synthases, carboxymethyllysine (CML) and nitrotyrosine were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The untreated diabetic animals exhibited severe hyperglycemia, elevated blood pressure, increased plasma MDA, high tissue CML and reduced tissue nitrotyrosine denoting enhanced lipid, glucose and protein oxidation but reduced NO oxidation by ROS. This was coupled with significant reduction of eNOS and nNOS expression in renal cortex and eNOS in the left ventricle. Insulin therapy partially lowered blood pressure, tissue CML, plasma glucose and MDA, but significantly raised eNOS expression and nitrotyrosine abundance to supranormal levels. Combined insulin and antioxidant therapies resulted in normalization of blood pressure, plasma MDA, tissue CML and nitrotyrosine without affecting glucose level or NOS expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oxidative stress in untreated diabetes is associated with down-regulation of NOS isoforms and increased ROS-mediated oxidation of lipid and glucose, but not NO. Amelioration of hyperglycemia with once-daily insulin administration alone results in up-regulation of NOS isoforms, reduction of lipid and glucose oxidation and increased NO oxidation. However, insulin plus antioxidant supplementation can normalize all three parameters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
authors.forename: Ja-Ryong
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Koo
authors.forename: Nosratola D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Vaziri
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000378:metabolism*; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D008239:Lysine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism*; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D007328:Insulin; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C002744:3-nitrotyrosine; D014443:Tyrosine; D008315:Malondialdehyde; C048496:N(6)-carboxymethyllysine; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; C496322:Nos1 protein, rat; C496316:Nos3 protein, rat; D008239:Lysine