title: Infection and urinary stones.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite modern antibiotic therapy and technological advances in lithotripsy, the presence of infection in urinary stone patients as well as infectious stones are still a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Many new investigations are focusing on the pathogenesis and treatment of these difficult cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most of the current literature on the subject focuses on pathogenesis of infectious urinary stones. The remaining literature highlights difficult cases, outcomes of treatments, and overall reviews of the subject.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recent findings lend more theories as to how infection leads to stone formation. Further investigation is critically needed to improve the outcomes of patients suffering from infections with urinary stones and infectious stones.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, 400 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
authors.forename: Harrison M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Abrahams
authors.forename: Marshall L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Stoller
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents