title: Enhanced econazole penetration into human nail by 2-n-nonyl-1,3-dioxolane.
abstract: This study determines the enhancing effects of 2-n-nonyl-1,3-dioxolane on the penetration of econazole, an antifungal drug, into the deeper layers of the human nail where fungal infection resides. Aliquots (10 microL) of Econail lacquer formulation containing 0.45 mg of [(14)C]-econazole with 18% 2-n-nonyl-1,3-dioxolane (test group) or without 2-n-nonyl-1,3-dioxolane (control group) were applied twice daily for 14 days to human nails that had been washed with ethanol before each morning's application. The hydration of the nail sample was well controlled to simulate normal physiological conditions. After 14 days of dosing, the inner ventral section of the nail plate was assayed for absorbed drug content, using a micrometer-controlled drilling and nail powder removal system. The mass balance values of [(14)C]-econazole in this study were 90.8 and 96.4% for the test and control groups, respectively. The weight-normalized econazole content in the ventral/intermediate nail plate center in the test group was 6-fold greater than that in the control (p = 0.008). The total econazole absorbed into the supporting bed cotton ball in the test group was nearly 200-fold greater than that in the control group (p = 0.008) over the 14-day period. The amount of econazole after dosing in the inner part of the human nail (potential diseased area) was 11.1 +/- 2.6 (SD) microg/mg of nail powder with 2-n-nonyl-1,3-dioxolane in the lacquer and 1.78 +/- 0.32 microg/mg without 2-n-nonyl-1,3-dioxolane (p = 0.008). The surface nail contained more econazole (p = 0.004), that is, nonabsorbed drug, where 2-n-nonyl-1,3-dioxolane was not part of the dosing solution. Econazole in the support bed under the nail (the total absorbed dose) was 47.5 +/- 22.0 mg in the lacquer with 2-n-nonyl-1,3-dioxolane and 0.2 +/- 0.1 mg in the lacquer without 2-n-nonyl-1,3-dioxolane (p = 0.008). Moreover the concentration in the deep nail layer in the test group is 14,000 times higher than minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) believed necessary to inhibit the growth of infecting fungi (Dermatophytes species). In a subsequent study, [(14)C]-dioxolane did not penetrate the nail well. Therefore, the mechanism of enhancement of econazole penetration is at the formulation/nail interface.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, Surge pound 110, Box 0989, 90 Medical Center Way, San Francisco, California 94143-0989, USA. xhui@itsa.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Xiaoying
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hui
authors.forename: Thomas C K
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Sherry
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barbadillo
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Howard I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Maibach
authors.forename: Ronald C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Wester
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D004148:Dioxolanes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004464:Econazole / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D009262:Nails / Q000378:metabolism*; D010539:Permeability / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D004148:Dioxolanes; C111109:2-n-nonyl-1,3-dioxolane; D004464:Econazole