title: The effect of spraying and rolling process factors on styrene emission during the application of unsaturated polyester resins.
abstract: In recent years the awareness of the problems caused by styrene emission during the processing of unsaturated polyester resins has enlarged. The spray-up application of gel coats is especially problematic, and it produces high styrene emission rates. The emission of styrene has been reduced through material changes, work practice controls, and add-on controls. However, the influence of the spray-up process factors on styrene emission has not been studied before. The aim of this study was to examine possibilities to reduce styrene emission by optimization of spray-up process factors. The following factors were studied under controlled laboratory conditions: orifice size and angle of the spray gun tip, spraying pressure, distance between spray gun and mold, and shape of the mold. The influence of the rolling pattern during lamination was also studied. Several significant factors were found. High pressure and long spraying distance increased both the unit styrene emission and the emission rate. The orifice size had two effects; a large orifice decreased the amount of styrene emitted per sprayed amount of resin but increased the emission rate of styrene. The shape of the mold did not affect the styrene emission. Styrene emission is greater if the entire mold area is rolled. To achieve lower emission is it necessary to roll an area as small as possible; this is especially important if a large mold is laminated. The results showed that emission of styrene can be reduced significantly by an optimal selection of the spray gun settings and the way of working. Optimal settings also increased the transfer efficiency resulting in decreased material loss.
authors.forename: Arto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Säämänen
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Skrifvars
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005782:Gels / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D011091:Polyesters / Q000737:chemistry*; D012117:Resins, Synthetic / Q000737:chemistry*; D020058:Styrene / Q000032:analysis*; D014835:Volatilization
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D005782:Gels; D011091:Polyesters; D012117:Resins, Synthetic; D020058:Styrene