title: Expression of hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis related genes in the human skin.
abstract: The skin is commonly affected in thyroid diseases, but the mechanism for this association is still unclear. As the skin expresses numerous neuroendocrine elements, we tested the additional cutaneous expression of mediators operating in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. We found significant expression of the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor mRNA in cultured keratinocytes, epidermal melanocytes, and melanoma cells. The presence of thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor was confirmed by northern analyses and the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor was found to be functionally active in cyclic adenosine monophosphate signal assays. Thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor expressing cells also expressed the sodium iodide symporter and thyroglobulin genes. We also found expression of deiodinases 2 and 3 (mainly deiodinase 2) in whole skin biopsy specimens, and in the majority of epidermal and dermal cells by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction followed by sequencing of the amplified gene segments. There was selective expression of the gene for thyroid-stimulating hormone beta; detection of the thyroid-releasing hormone gene was minimal and thyroid-releasing hormone receptor mRNA was not detected in most of the samples. Expression of functional thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor in the skin may have significant physiologic and pathologic consequences, particularly in autoimmune conditions associated with production of stimulating antibodies against the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor. We conclude that the expanding list of neuroendocrine elements expressed in the skin supports a strong role for this system in cutaneous biology.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pathology, and Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA. aslominski@utmem.edu
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Slominski
authors.forename: Jacobo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wortsman
authors.forename: Leonard
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kohn
authors.forename: Kenneth B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Ain
authors.forename: Gopalakrishnan M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Venkataraman
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pisarchik
authors.forename: Jae Hoon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Cesidio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Giuliani
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thornton
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Slugocki
authors.forename: Desmond J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Tobin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002280:Basal Cell Carcinoma; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D006224:Cricetinae; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000502:physiology*; D007453:Iodide Peroxidase / Q000235:genetics; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D008545:Melanoma; D010902:Pituitary Gland / Q000502:physiology*; D011989:Receptors, Thyrotropin / Q000235:genetics; D018025:Receptors, Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012867:Skin / Q000166:cytology; D012878:Skin Neoplasms; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena; D027981:Symporters / Q000235:genetics; D013954:Thyroglobulin / Q000235:genetics; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000502:physiology*; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000235:genetics; D037322:Thyrotropin, beta Subunit / Q000235:genetics; D013973:Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000235:genetics; D000099209:Sodium-Iodide Symporters
chemical_list: D007453:Iodide Peroxidase; D011989:Receptors, Thyrotropin; D018025:Receptors, Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone; D027981:Symporters; D013954:Thyroglobulin; D013972:Thyrotropin; D037322:Thyrotropin, beta Subunit; D013973:Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone; D000099209:Sodium-Iodide Symporters