title: Recent trends in disability and functioning among older adults in the United States: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several well-publicized recent studies have suggested that disability among older Americans has declined in the last decade.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the quality, quantity, and consistency of recent evidence on US trends in the prevalence of self-rated old age disability and physical, cognitive, and sensory limitations during the late 1980s and 1990s and to evaluate the evidence on trends in disparities by major demographic groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched MEDLINE and AGELINE for relevant articles published from January 1990 through May 2002 and reviewed reference lists in published articles.
  
  
  METHODS
  From more than 800 titles reviewed, we selected 16 articles based on 8 unique repeat cross-sectional and cohort surveys of US prevalence trends in disability or functioning among persons generally aged 65 or 70 years or older.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated survey quality according to 10 criteria, ranked the surveys as good, fair, or poor, and calculated for each outcome the average annual percent change.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 8 surveys, 2 were rated as good, 4 as fair, 1 as poor, and 1 as mixed (fair or poor, depending on the outcome) for assessing trends. Analyses of surveys rated fair or good showed consistency of declines in any disability (-1.55% to -0.92% per year), instrumental activities of daily living disability (-2.74% to -0.40% per year), and functional limitations. Surveys provided limited evidence on cognition and conflicting evidence on self-reported ADL (changes ranged from -1.38% to 1.53% per year) and vision trends. Evidence on trends in disparities by age, sex, race, and education was limited and mixed, with no consensus yet emerging.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several measures of old age disability and limitations have shown improvements in the last decade. Research into the causes of these improvements is needed to understand the implications for the future demand for medical care.
authors.affiliation: Polisher Research Institute, Madlyn and Leonard Abramson Center for Jewish Life, 1425 Horsham Rd, North Wales, PA 19454, USA. vfreedman@abramsoncenter.org
authors.forename: Vicki A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Freedman
authors.forename: Linda G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Schoeni
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016330:Frail Elderly / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005853:Geriatrics; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D019989:Persons with Intellectual Disabilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015995:Prevalence; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D019987:Persons with Visual Disabilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data