title: In vitro effect of laser irradiation on cementum-bound endotoxin isolated from periodontally diseased roots.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In a previous study, we evaluated the in vivo effects of an Nd:YAG laser on periodontal disease by measuring crevicular interleukin (IL)-1beta levels before and after laser application. It was found that laser therapy was less effective than traditional scaling and root planing. These results might be due to incomplete removal of microbial residues and cementum-bound endotoxin on root surfaces by the laser. In this study, we explored the in vitro effectiveness of an Nd:YAG laser for the elimination of cementum-bound endotoxin by measuring IL-1beta changes in stimulated monocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fresh human monocytes were harvested from adults without periodontitis and grown in RPMI 1640 medium. Diseased cementum particles were collected and prepared from teeth with untreated periodontitis and were irradiated with 5 levels of laser energy. Cementum particles were subjected to endotoxin testing by a limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay and then were incubated with cultured monocytes. Production of IL-1beta in stimulated monocytes was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and quantified by spectrophotometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The endotoxin unit (EU) of diseased cementum was 18.4 EU/mg, which seemed to be remarkably lower than that of common periodontal pathogens including Porphyromonas gingivalis (381) at 15,300 EU/mg/ml, Prevotella intermedia (ATCC 25611) at 227 EU/mg/ml, and Fusobacterium nucleatum (ATCC 25586) at 1,987 EU/mg/ml. Monocytes subjected to stimulation by diseased cementum particles without laser irradiation produced 124 to 145 pg/ml IL-1beta, 9- to 18-fold higher than that of unstimulated monocytes (7.07 to 15.95 pg/ml). Diseased cementum particles after irradiation with various energy levels of the Nd:YAG laser could still stimulate monocytes to secrete 89 to 129 pg/ml IL-1beta. No statistically significant difference was found in the production of IL-1beta induced by diseased-bound cementum with or without laser irradiation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Nd:YAG laser varying from 50 mJ, 10 pps to 150 mJ, 20 pps, for 2 minutes, did not seem to be effective in destroying diseased cementum endotoxin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Cheing-Meei
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yow-Chyun
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Shyu
authors.forename: Shao-Chi
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Pei
authors.forename: Wan-Hong
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Lan
authors.forename: Lein-Tuan
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Hou
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016976:Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans / Q000737:chemistry; D001439:Bacteroides / Q000737:chemistry; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003739:Dental Cementum / Q000382:microbiology*; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000528:radiation effects*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D053685:Laser Therapy; D008033:Limulus Test; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D009354:Neodymium; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000737:chemistry; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D004731:Endotoxins; D007375:Interleukin-1; D009354:Neodymium