title: Insulin injection regimens and metabolic control in an international survey of adolescents with type 1 diabetes over 3 years: results from the Hvidore study group.
abstract: The optimal insulin regimen for paediatric patients with type 1 diabetes remains controversial. Therefore this multicentre study was performed in adolescents over a 3-year period to assess metabolic control, severe hypoglycaemia, and weight gain in relation to insulin injection regimens. Out of 2873 children and adolescents in an international survey in 1995, 872 adolescents (433 boys, 439 girls, mean age in 1995 11.3+/-2.2 years) were restudied in 1998, relating insulin regimens to HbA(1c) measured in a central laboratory. In addition, the daily dose of insulin, changes in body mass index (BMI), and events of severe hypoglycaemia were evaluated. Over 3 years, the use of multiple injection regimens increased from 42% to 71%: 251 patients remained on twice daily insulin, 365 remained on multiple injections and 256 shifted from twice daily insulin to multiple injections. In all three subgroups an increase in insulin dose, a deterioration of metabolic control, and an increase in BMI were observed. Metabolic control deteriorated less than expected over 3 years during adolescence (HbA(1c) 1995: 8.7+/-1.6%; 1998 observed: 8.9+/-1.6%, HbA(1c) expected for 1998: 9.0%). BMI increased more than expected, the increase was greatest in patients switching from twice daily to multiple injections, and higher in females compared to males.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  in this international study, metabolic control was unsatisfactory in many adolescents with type 1 diabetes irrespective of the insulin regimen. No improvement in metabolic control was observed in this cross-sectional survey, over 3 years in any of the subgroups. Even the group switching from twice to multiple injections did not improve blood glucose control and the increase in body mass index was most pronounced in this group. Conclusive evidence, however, should be based on prospectively planned, randomised therapeutic trials in paediatric patients.
authors.affiliation: University of Ulm, ZIBMT, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081 Ulm, Germany. reinhard.holl@zibmt.uni-ulm.de
authors.forename: Reinhard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Holl
authors.forename: Peter G F
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Swift
authors.forename: Henrik B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Mortensen
authors.forename: Helle
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lynggaard
authors.forename: Phillip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hougaard
authors.forename: Henk-Jan
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Aanstoot
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chiarelli
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Daneman
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Danne
authors.forename: Harry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dorchy
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Garandeau
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Greene
authors.forename: Hilary M C V
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Hoey
authors.forename: Eero A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Kaprio
authors.forename: Mirjana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kocova
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Martul
authors.forename: Nobuo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Matsuura
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: Eugen J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Schoenle
authors.forename: Oddmund
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sovik
authors.forename: Rosa-Maria
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Tsou
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vanelli
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aman
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006441:Hemoglobin A / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000209:etiology; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D006441:Hemoglobin A