title: Non-connected versus interconnected macroporosity in poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) polymers. An X-ray microtomographic and histomorphometric study.
abstract: Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA) has potentially broad biomedical applications: it is biocompatible and has a hardness comparable to bone when bulk polymerized. Porous biomaterials allow bone integration to be increased, especially when the pores are interconnected. In this study, three types of porogens (sugar fibers, sucrose crystals, and urea beads) have been used to prepare macroporous pHEMA. The pore volume and interconnectivity parameters of the porosity were measured by X-ray microtomography and image analysis. Sucrose crystals, having a high volumetric mass, gave large pores that were located on the block sides. Urea beads and sugar fibers provided pores with the same star volume (2.65 +/- 0.46 mm3 and 2.48 +/- 0.52 mm3, respectively) but which differed in interconnectivity index, fractal dimension, and Euler-Poincarés number. Urea beads caused non-connected porosity, while sugar fibers created a dense labyrinth within the polymer. Interconnectivity was proved by carrying out surface treatment of the pHEMA (carboxymethylation in water), followed by von Kossà staining, which detected the carboxylic groups. Carboxymethylated surfaces were observed on the sides of the blocks and on the opened or interconnected pores. The disconnected pores were unstained. Macroporous polymers can be prepared with water-soluble porogens. X-ray microtomography appears a useful tool to measure porosity and interconnectedness.
authors.affiliation: GEROM-LHEA Laboratoire d'Histologie-Embryologie, Faculté de Médecine & CHU d'Angers, 49045 Angers, France.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Filmon
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Retailleau-Gaborit
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Grizon
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Galloyer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cincu
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Basle
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chappard
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000592:standards*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008867:Microtomy; D011102:Polyhydroxyethyl Methacrylate; D016062:Porosity; D013395:Sucrose; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014508:Urea
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D011102:Polyhydroxyethyl Methacrylate; D013395:Sucrose; D014508:Urea