title: Drug recognition expert evaluations made using limited data.
abstract: The Drug Evaluation Classification (DEC) Program is used by Drug Recognition Expert (DRE) officers to determine whether a suspect is under the influence of a drug or drugs at the time of arrest, and, if so, what category of drug(s). The goal of this project was to investigate the relative importance of face-to-face interactions with the suspect, physical evidence (drugs or paraphernalia found), and confessions/statements made by the suspect (or others) in making these determinations. Seventy records of DRE evaluations were selected from a database containing information from all evaluations conducted in Oregon between 1996 and 1998. Each of the 70 records represented a suspect who had either taken a drug from one of four categories (CNS depressant, CNS stimulant, narcotic analgesic, or cannabis) or who had not taken a drug. To be included, the original DRE evaluation and the subsequent toxicology analysis had to agree that the suspect was under the influence of a drug from one of the four categories or not under the influence of a drug. Records from the 70 cases were submitted in written form to 18 Oregon DREs with statements made by suspects or arresting officers, confessions, toxicology results, and descriptions of drugs or paraphernalia found on the suspect omitted. Based only on the written reports of direct observations, and with physiological and psychophysical test results, the DREs attempted to determine whether each of the 70 suspects was under the influence of a drug or drugs, and, if so, what category of drug(s). If the officers determined that a suspect was under the influence of a drug, their accuracy in specifying the drug category was 81% for cannabis, 94% for narcotic analgesics, 78% for CNS stimulants, and 69% for CNS depressants. Overall accuracy in recognizing drug intoxication was 95%. These percentages indicate that although face-to-face interactions, physical evidence, and confessions/statements can be useful adjuncts to DRE decision-making, the majority of drug category decisions can be made solely on the basis of recorded suspect observations and DRE evaluation results.
authors.affiliation: Pacific University College of Optometry, 2043 College Way, Forest Grove, OR 97116, USA.
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Charles E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Yolton
authors.forename: Dale A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Rutledge
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Citek
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009294:Narcotics / Q000145:classification; D016495:Police; D011603:Psychophysiology / Q000379:methods; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics