title: Rapid structural phenotyping of plant cell wall mutants by enzymatic oligosaccharide fingerprinting.
abstract: Various biochemical, chemical, and microspectroscopic methods have been developed throughout the years for the screening and identification of mutants with altered cell wall structure. However, these procedures fail to provide the insight into structural aspects of the cell wall polymers. In this paper, we present various methods for rapidly screening Arabidopsis cell wall mutants. The enzymatic fingerprinting procedures using high-performance anion-exchange-pulsed-amperometric detection liquid chromatography, fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis, and matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) were exemplified by the structural analysis of the hemicellulose xyloglucan. All three techniques are able to identify structural alterations of wall xyloglucans in mur1, mur2, and mur3, which in comparison with the wild type have side chain defects in their xyloglucan structure. The quickest analysis was provided by MALDI-TOF MS. Although MALDI-TOF MS per se is not quantitative, it is possible to reproducibly obtain relative abundance information of the various oligosaccharides present in the extract. The lack of absolute quantitation by MALDI-TOF MS was compensated for with a xyloglucan-specific endoglucanase and simple colorimetric assay. In view of the potential for mass screening using MALDI-TOF MS, a PERL-based program was developed to process the spectra obtained from MALDI-TOF MS automatically. Outliers can be identified very rapidly according to a set of defined parameters based on data collected from the wild-type plants. The methods presented here can easily be adopted for the analysis of other wall polysaccharides. MALDI-TOF MS offers a powerful tool to screen and identify cell wall mutants rapidly and efficiently and, more importantly, is able to give initial insights into the structural composition and/or modification that occurs in these mutants.
authors.affiliation: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 6037, Institute Federative de Recherche Multidisciplinaire sur les Peptides 23, University of Rouen, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Lerouxel
authors.forename: Tze Siang
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Choo
authors.forename: Martial
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Séveno
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Usadel
authors.forename: Loïc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Faye
authors.forename: Patrice
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lerouge
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pauly
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D002480:Cellulase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods; D004586:Electrophoresis / Q000379:methods; D004798:Enzymes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D005936:Glucans; D009154:Mutation; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D010641:Phenotype; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization / Q000379:methods; D014990:Xylans
chemical_list: D004798:Enzymes; D005936:Glucans; D009844:Oligosaccharides; D011134:Polysaccharides; D014990:Xylans; C029353:xyloglucan; C007916:hemicellulose; D002480:Cellulase