title: Effect of electronic apex locators on cardiac pacemaker function.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of five electronic apex locators on pacemaker function in vitro. A Biotronik Actros DR+ pacemaker was evaluated at maximum sensitivity on a flat bench top. The pacemaker lead, electronic apex locator, and oscilloscope were connected across a 150-ohm resistor. Pace monitoring was carried out with a Biotronik EPR 1000 programmer and a Tektronix TDS 220 2-channel digital real-time oscilloscope. Four of five electronic apex locators tested did not cause inhibition or interfere with normal pacemaker function. It seems that electronic apex locators can be used safely in patients with pacemakers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Nova Southeastern University, College of Dental Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33316, USA.
authors.forename: Raphael R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Garofalo
authors.forename: Elias N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Ede
authors.forename: Samuel O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Dorn
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kuttler
mesh_terms: D003762:Dental Instruments / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields / Q000009:adverse effects; D004869:Equipment Safety; D009811:Odontometry / Q000295:instrumentation; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D019227:Tooth Apex / Q000033:anatomy & histology