title: An evaluation of the efficacy of Aqualox for microbiological control of industrial cooling tower systems.
abstract: A comprehensive sampling protocol was employed to evaluate the efficacy of Aqualox, a biocide based on electrochemically activated water, against legionellae and heterotrophic bacteria in two industrial cooling tower systems. Both of the towers in the study remained free from evidence of Legionella spp. contamination throughout a five-month evaluation period, despite the previously demonstrated presence of legionellae in one of the test towers, and in two other towers on the same site, at levels well in excess of UK Health and Safety Commission (HSC) Approved Code of Practice and Guidance (ACOP) upper action limits. Levels of heterotrophic bacteria were controlled below 10(4) cfu/mL in both towers throughout most of the trial. Results also provided indirect evidence of significant activity against biofilm bacteria, with biofilm removal beginning almost immediately after commissioning of the Aqualox treatment systems. The results were particularly encouraging as the two towers studied had a long history of poor microbiological control using conventional bromine-based biocide products. Significant differences were observed between laboratory measurements of total viable counts on frequent liquid samples and those obtained from dip slides following HSC recommendations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK.
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Prince
authors.forename: A V G
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Muir
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Stollard
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sampson
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lewis
mesh_terms: D000389:Air Conditioning; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004197:Disease Reservoirs; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000592:standards*; D004572:Electrolysis; D006801:Humans; D007221:Industry; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D007875:Legionella / Q000254:growth & development*; D016877:Oxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000592:standards*; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry / Q000592:standards*; D006113:United Kingdom; D014871:Water Microbiology; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D016877:Oxidants; D012965:Sodium Chloride