title: Reappearance and global spread of variants of influenza B/Victoria/2/87 lineage viruses in the 2000-2001 and 2001-2002 seasons.
abstract: Two antigenically and genetically distinct lineages of influenza B viruses, represented by the reference strains B/Victoria/2/1987 and B/Yamagata/16/1988, have cocirculated in humans since at least 1983. Between 1992 and 2000, Victoria lineage viruses were detected only in eastern Asia. From March to September of 2001 and during the 2001-2002 influenza season, Victoria lineage viruses were detected for the first time in a decade in several countries including Canada, USA, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Philippines, India, and Oman. Phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of these viruses revealed that the viruses fell into two distinct clades: one group, represented by the reference strain B/Hong Kong/330/2001, contained viruses sharing three signature amino acids, Arg116, Asn121, and Glu164, while the other group of viruses, represented by B/Oman/16296/2001, shared Thr121 compared to the previous reference strain, B/Shandong/7/97. A number of the viruses in the latter group have been found to be reassortants having a Victoria lineage HA and a Yamagata lineage NA. In the current 2001-2002 season, Victoria-like viruses have now been associated with outbreaks in Asia, Europe, and North America. The reemergence of these Victoria lineage viruses worldwide, the fact that the majority of the B/Victoria-like isolates have poor cross-reactivity to B/Sichuan/379/99-like viruses in current vaccines, and the lack of exposure of young children in many areas of the world to these viruses has resulted in a World Health Organization Northern Hemisphere recommendation for the inclusion of a B/Victoria-like strain in vaccines for the 2002-2003 influenza season.
authors.affiliation: National Microbiology Laboratory, Canadian Science Center for Human and Animal Health, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 3R2, Canada. mws2@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: Xiyan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Normand
authors.forename: Robert T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Ueki
authors.forename: Gail Y
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Kunimoto
authors.forename: Henrietta
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Klimov
authors.forename: Nancy J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: Kanta
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Subbarao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001208:Asia / Q000453:epidemiology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005289:Ferrets; D014644:Genetic Variation; D014943:Global Health; D006385:Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D009981:Influenza B virus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D009439:Neuraminidase / Q000235:genetics; D009656:North America / Q000453:epidemiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D016865:Reassortant Viruses; D012621:Seasons; D014765:Viral Vaccines
chemical_list: D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus; D012367:RNA, Viral; D014765:Viral Vaccines; D009439:Neuraminidase