title: Superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and NADPH oxidase in lead-induced hypertension.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Earlier studies from this laboratory have revealed the presence of oxidative stress and its role in the pathogenesis of lead-induced hypertension (HTN). We have further shown evidence of increased hydroxyl radical (.OH) and superoxide production in lead-treated rats and cultured endothelial cells. This study was designed to determine whether oxidative stress in animals with lead-induced HTN is associated with dysregulation of the main antioxidant enzymes namely superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) or increased superoxide producing enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) oxidase [NAD(P)H].
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to lead-exposed and control groups. Animals in the lead-exposed group were provided with drinking water containing 100 ppm lead acetate for 12 weeks. The control group was provided with regular drinking water. At the conclusion of the experiment, immunodetectable Cu Zn SOD, Mn SOD, CAT, GPX and gp91 phox subunit of NAD(P)H oxidase were determined by Western analysis in the kidney, brain and left ventricle of control and lead-exposed rats. Subgroups of the study animals were treated with IV infusion (180 micromol/kg/h) of the superoxide trapping agent, tempol, and arterial pressure and urinary nitric oxide (NO) metabolite (NOx) excretion were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lead exposure for 12 weeks resulted in a marked rise in systolic blood pressure, a significant reduction in urinary NOx excretion, a significant increase in kidney and brain Cu, Zn SOD, a significant increase in brain and insignificant increase in kidney and heart gp91 phox. In contrast, Mn SOD, CAT and GPX in the kidney, brain and left ventricle were unchanged. Incubation with lead acetate did not alter SOD activity in vitro. Infusion of tempol significantly lowered arterial pressure and raised urinary NOx excretion in the lead-exposed group (but had no effect in the control group) pointing to increased superoxide production in the lead-exposed animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Animals with lead-induced hypertension exhibited oxidative stress which was associated with mild up-regulation of superoxide-generating enzyme, NAD(P)H oxidase, with no evidence of quantitative SOD, CAT or GPX deficiencies.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA. ndvaziri@uci.edu
authors.forename: Nosratola D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Vaziri
authors.forename: Ching-Yi
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Farbod
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Farmand
authors.forename: Ram K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Sindhu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000201:enzymology; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism*; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism*; D006977:Hypertension, Renal / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007668:Kidney / Q000201:enzymology; D007855:Lead Poisoning / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009206:Myocardium / Q000201:enzymology; D000074662:NADPH Oxidase 2; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism*; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D013481:Superoxides; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; C056558:CYBB protein, human; D000074662:NADPH Oxidase 2; D019255:NADPH Oxidases