title: Interplay of light antenna and excitation "energy reservoir" effects in a bichromophoric system based on ruthenium-polypyridine and pyrene units linked by a long and flexible poly(ethylene glycol) chain.
abstract: Steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic properties of bichromophoric species containing [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+) and pyrene (pyr) units linked together by flexible poly(ethylene glycol) chains of variable length, [Ru(bpy)(2)(bpy-pyr)](PF(6))(2) (1) and [Ru(bpy)(2)(bpy-O6-pyr)](PF(6))(2) (2), have been investigated in acetonitrile solvent. The complexes were designed with the aim of examining the intercomponent energy-transfer processes taking place after light absorption at the two chromophores and the influence of the distance separation between them; in the case of complex 2, the linking chain in the extended conformation is as long as 21 A. Direct excitation of the pyrene unit (lambda(exc) = 410 nm) results in singlet-to-singlet energy transfer (an antenna effect) to the Ru-based component, (1)pyr --> (1)MLCT, which we analyze in terms of the Förster mechanism taking place with unit efficiency. Analysis of the time-resolved pyrene fluorescence reveals that the actual center-to-center distance separation (d(cc)) between the photoactive centers changes according to a Gaussian distribution, with an average d(cc) = 13.6 A (distribution width, a = 2.8 A) and 12 A (a = 10.2 A), for 1 and 2, respectively; this is ascribed to folding of the poly(ethylene glycol) linking chain. In O(2)-free solvent at room temperature, after population of the (1)MLCT level (which takes place either because of direct excitation by using lambda(exc) > 355 nm or via the "antenna" effect) and subsequent intersystem crossing localized at the Ru center, (1)MLCT --> (3)MLCT, a triplet-triplet thermal equilibration is established which involves the physically separated centers, (3)MLCT <--> (3)pyr, with K(eq) = 11 (the energy gap between the two levels is 480 cm(-1), as determined from luminescence data obtained at 77 K). As a consequence of this equilibrium, the (3)MLCT luminescence lifetime becomes tau(Ru) approximately 9 micros both in 1 and 2, i.e., 1 order of magnitude longer than for the unsubstituted [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+) luminophore. In air-equilibrated solvent, diffusional quenching by O(2) effectively depletes the (3)pyr level and only the forward (3)MLCT --> (3)pyr energy transfer step is observed with k(en) = 4 x 10(8) and 2 x 10(8) s(-1) for 1 and 2, respectively. As briefly discussed, reasons for the high rate constants observed for the various triplet-triplet steps may be traced back to the folding properties of the linking chains.
authors.affiliation: Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e Fotoreattività (ISOF-CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Angeles Farrán
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Morales
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Accorsi
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Armaroli
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Barigelletti
authors.forename: Simon J A
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Pope
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Ward