title: Pro- and antiinflammatory cytokine production after radiofrequency ablation of unresectable hepatic tumors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Experience using radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for treating unresectable hepatic malignancies is expanding, with promising outcomes and fewer complications compared with cryotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study examined systemic inflammatory responses after RFA as measured by the appearance of postoperative symptoms and cytokine production. Seventeen patients (11 men, 6 women) aged 40 to 85 years (mean 64.2 years) with unresectable primary and metastatic hepatic tumors underwent RFA. Mean liver volume treated with RFA was 35.3% +/- 3.6% (SEM) (median 36.8%). Plasma cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin [IL]-1beta, IL-1ra, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, p55, and p75) were measured from anesthesia induction through 48 hours after RFA. Ex vivo whole-blood cytokine production was measured at baseline, 24 hours, and 48 hours after RFA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cytokine and cytokine-receptor production were not notably altered by RFA. Ex vivo whole-blood endotoxin stimulation indicated that intrinsic cellular immune function remained intact after treatment, although modest decreases in stimulated tumor necrosis factor alpha production were observed 24 to 48 hours after RFA. Variceal bleeding, hepatic failure, and death occurred in one patient 30 days after RFA. None of the remaining patients exhibited tachycardia or hypotension. Fevers (> or = 38.5 degrees C) developed in three patients during the first 48 hours postoperatively. There was no association between plasma cytokines and postoperative complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In contrast to previous reports using cryotherapy, systemic inflammatory responses as measured by increased cytokines were not observed after RFA. The cryotherapy-induced "cryoshock" phenomenon was not observed in patients undergoing RFA in our study. We conclude that RFA ablation is fundamentally different than cryotherapy and apparently does not stimulate Kupffer and other hepatic macrophages to produce proinflammatory cytokines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610-0286, USA.
authors.forename: Scott R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Schell
authors.forename: Frank J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Wessels
authors.forename: Amer
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abouhamze
authors.forename: Lyle L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Moldawer
authors.forename: Edward M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Copeland
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines