title: Conditional virus replication as an approach to a safe live attenuated human immunodeficiency virus vaccine.
abstract: Despite intensive efforts, no safe and effective vaccine has been developed for the prophylaxis of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). Studies with the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/macaque model demonstrated that live attenuated viruses are the most effective vaccines tested thus far. However, due to ongoing low-level replication of the attenuated virus and the error-prone replication machinery, the attenuated virus may regain replication capacity and become pathogenic. We therefore designed a novel vaccine strategy with an HIV-1 virus that replicates exclusively in the presence of the nontoxic effector doxycycline (dox). This was achieved by replacement of the viral TAR-Tat system for transcriptional activation by the Escherichia coli-derived Tet system for inducible gene expression. This designer HIV-rtTA virus replicates in a strictly dox-dependent manner and may represent an improved vaccine strain because its replication can be turned on and off at will. Spontaneous virus evolution resulted in optimization of the components of the Tet system for their new function to support virus replication in human cells. The optimised Tet system may be of particular use in other applications such as inducible expression of gene therapy vectors in the brain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Retrovirology, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. b.berkhout@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Berkhout
authors.forename: Koen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Verhoef
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marzio
authors.forename: Bep
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Klaver
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vink
authors.forename: Xue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Atze T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Das
mesh_terms: D016915:AIDS Vaccines; D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology*; D006678:HIV / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D006801:Humans; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D016915:AIDS Vaccines; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated