title: Comparison of total versus partial revision of initial ventriculoperitoneal shunt failures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Optimal surgical management of patients presenting with shunt failure in the age of neuroendoscopy remains complex. The value of replacing the entire shunt system as opposed to a single shunt component has not been assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the records of all pediatric patients who underwent their first shunt revision between January 1992 and December 1998. Patients with primary shunt failure attributed solely to proximal catheter obstruction or distal catheter obstruction were included for analysis. Shunt revisions were classified as total (entire shunt replaced) or partial (only malfunctioning component replaced). Kaplan-Meier (shunt survival curves) and log rank analysis were used to compare failure rates between partially and totally revised shunts according to the underlying diagnosis and failed shunt part. Significant differences in univariate analysis were confirmed with a multivariate proportional hazards regression model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  301 pediatric patients underwent primary shunt revision (183 total, 118 partial revisions). All shunts utilized distal slit peritoneal catheters. In shunt failures attributed to proximal obstruction, reutilization of the distal catheter was associated with a 57% increased risk of subsequent shunt failure (hazard ratio 1.57, 95% confidence interval 1.19-3.49). In shunt failures attributed to distal obstruction, subsequent shunt survival was not affected by reutilization of the proximal catheter (p = 0.581). When stratified according to the etiology of hydrocephalus, only patients with intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) failed to demonstrate greater survival of totally revised shunts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this series, in the setting of proximal shunt catheter obstruction, reutilizing the functional distal catheter was associated with an increase in subsequent shunt failure rates compared to revising the entire shunt system. Total revision was not associated with improved shunt survival in patients with IVH.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Neurosurgery Service, Division of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C. 27710, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: McGirt
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Wellons
authors.forename: Shahid M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Nimjee
authors.forename: Ketan R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Bulsara
authors.forename: Herbert E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Fuchs
authors.forename: Timothy M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: George
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000601:surgery*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D017287:Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt / Q000009:adverse effects*