title: Targeting the tumor microenvironment with chemically modified tetracyclines: inhibition of laminin 5 gamma2 chain promigratory fragments and vasculogenic mimicry.
abstract: The laminin 5 (Ln-5) gamma2 chain and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) MMP-2 and membrane type 1 (MT1)-MMP act cooperatively and are required for highly aggressive melanoma cells to engage in vasculogenic mimicry when cultured on a three-dimensional matrix. Furthermore, generation of Ln-5 gamma2 chain promigratory fragments by MMP-2 and MT1-MMP proteolysis is necessary for an aggressive tumor cell-preconditioned matrix to induce vasculogenic mimicry in poorly aggressive tumor cells. These observations suggest that treatment regimes that specifically target aggressive tumor cells may fail to take into account changes in the extracellular microenvironment that persist after removal or destruction of an aggressive tumor and could result in a recurrence or continuance of the tumor. As a potential therapeutic approach to address this concern, the work presented here measured the molecular consequences of adding a chemically modified tetracycline (CMT-3; COL-3) that inhibits MMP activity to aggressive metastatic melanoma cells in three-dimensional culture. COL-3 inhibited vasculogenic mimicry and the expression of vasculogenic mimicry-associated genes in aggressive cells, as well as the induction of vasculogenic mimicry in poorly aggressive cells seeded onto an aggressive cell-preconditioned matrix. Furthermore, molecular analysis revealed that COL-3 not only inhibited the generation of Ln-5 gamma2 chain promigratory fragments in the aggressive cell-preconditioned matrix but also inhibited the induction of Ln-5 gamma2 chain gene expression in poorly aggressive cells by the aggressive cell-preconditioned matrix. These results suggest that COL-3 (and related chemically modified tetracyclines) may be useful in targeting molecular cues in the microenvironment of aggressive tumors and could potentially be used in a combinatorial manner with other therapies that specifically target and kill aggressive tumor cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1109, USA.
authors.forename: Richard E B
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Seftor
authors.forename: Elisabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Seftor
authors.forename: Dawn A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Kirschmann
authors.forename: Mary J C
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hendrix
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000737:chemistry; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D053504:Matrix Metalloproteinases, Membrane-Associated; D008545:Melanoma / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D008858:Microscopy, Phase-Contrast; D018716:Molecular Mimicry; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000378:metabolism*; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000378:metabolism; D042764:Receptors, TIE; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D013752:Tetracycline / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013754:Tetracyclines; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014604:Uveal Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C; D000097794:Kalinin
chemical_list: D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D017931:DNA Primers; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D053504:Matrix Metalloproteinases, Membrane-Associated; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D042764:Receptors, TIE; D013752:Tetracycline; D013754:Tetracyclines; D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C; D000097794:Kalinin; C117155:tetracycline CMT-3