title: Financial returns on specialty training for surgeons.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Because of recent changes in physician reimbursement and managed care penetration, we wanted to examine the financial returns that medical students might anticipate when considering different careers. METHODS. We used standard financial techniques to calculate the return on educational investment for 5 surgical specialties (general surgery, otolaryngology, ophthalmology, orthopedic surgery, and urology) and primary care medicine between 1992 and 1998.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The annual yield on specialty training fell for all specialties examined, from an average of 15% to 3% for primary care specialties, and from an average of 36% to 19% for surgical specialties. The difference in the average future hourly income between a given specialty and general practice decreased for all surgical specialties (for general surgery, from $12.03 in 1992 to $9.89 in 1998; otolaryngology, from $21.37 to $5.56; ophthalmology, from $14.12 to $7.15; orthopedic surgery, from $21.16 to $18.91), except urology (from $13.81 in 1992 to $14.84 in 1998). Returns became negative for primary care medicine, dropping from $1.72 to -$1.21.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Efforts to create a "level playing field" within medicine have resulted in decreased returns on educational investment across all specialties. Financial returns and the incentives they create should be carefully considered as part of health care reform.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychiatry, Community and Family Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH, USA.
authors.forename: William B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Weeks
authors.forename: Amy E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Wallace
mesh_terms: D007182:Income / Q000639:trends*; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000191:economics; D013043:Specialties, Surgical / Q000191:economics* / Q000193:education; D014481:United States