Pertussis toxin-induced reversible encephalopathy dependent on monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 overexpression in mice.
In this report we describe pertussis toxin-induced reversible encephalopathy dependent on monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) overexpression (PREMO), a novel animal model that exhibits features of human encephalopathic complications of inflammatory disorders such as viral meningoencephalitis and Lyme neuroborreliosis as well as the mild toxic encephalopathy that commonly precedes relapses of multiple sclerosis (MS). Overexpression of the mouse MCP-1 gene product (classically termed JE) in astrocytes, the major physiological CNS cellular source of MCP-1, failed to induce neurological impairment. Unexpectedly, transgenic (tg) mice overexpressing MCP-1 at a high level (MCP-1(hi)) manifested transient, severe encephalopathy with high mortality after injections of pertussis toxin (PTx) plus complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Surviving mice showed markedly improved function and did not relapse during a prolonged period of observation. Tg mice that expressed lower levels of MCP-1 were affected minimally after CFA/PTx injections, and tg expression of other chemokines failed to elicit this disorder. The disorder was significantly milder in mice lacking T-cells, which therefore play a deleterious role in this encephalopathic process. Disruption of CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) abolished both CNS inflammation and encephalopathy, identifying CCR2 as a relevant receptor for this disorder. Proinflammatory and type 1 cytokines including TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IFN-gamma, IL-2, RANTES, and IP-10 were elevated in CNS tissues from mice with PREMO. These studies characterize a novel model of reversible inflammatory encephalopathy that is dependent on both genetic and environmental factors.
Huang
DeRen
D
Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
Tani
Marie
M
Wang
Jintang
J
Han
Yulong
Y
He
Toby T
TT
Weaver
Jennifer
J
Charo
Israel F
IF
Tuohy
Vincent K
VK
Rollins
Barrett J
BJ
Ransohoff
Richard M
RM
D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D002465:Cell Movement; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D018925:Chemokines / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D004660:Encephalitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology*; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D037342:Pertussis Toxin; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D054390:Receptors, CCR2; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology
C515334:CCR2 protein, human; C515335:Ccr2 protein, mouse; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D054390:Receptors, CCR2; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine; D037342:Pertussis Toxin