title: Mitogen-activated protein kinases contribute to reactive oxygen species-induced cell death in renal proximal tubule epithelial cells.
abstract: Extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK/SAPK), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) were all rapidly activated in a ROS-dependent manner during 2,3,5-tris-(glutathion-S-yl)hydroquinone (TGHQ)-mediated oxidative stress and oncotic cell death in renal proximal tubule epithelial cells (LLC-PK1). TGHQ-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and JNK MAPKs required epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation, whereas p38 MAPK activation was EGFR independent. In contrast to their established roles in cell survival, TGHQ-activated ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK (but not JNK) appear to contribute to cell death, since inhibition of ERK1/2 or p38 MAPKs with PD098059 or SB202190 respectively, attenuated TGHQ-mediated cell death. TGHQ increased AP-1 and NFkappaB DNA-binding activity, but whereas pharmacological inhibition of ERK1/2 or p38 MAPKs attenuated AP-1 DNA binding activity, it potentiated TGHQ-mediated NFkappaB activation. Consistent with a role for NFkappaB activation in the cytoprotective response to ROS in renal epithelial cells, an anti-NFkappaB peptide SN50 suppressed the protective effects of ERK inhibition (PD098059 treatment). The data provide evidence that the activation of MAPKs by ROS in renal epithelial cells plays an important role in oncotic cell death, and NF-kB is involved in the cytoprotective effects of PD098059.
authors.affiliation: Center for Molecular & Cellular Toxicology, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.
authors.forename: Sampath
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramachandiran
authors.forename: Qihong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Serrine S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: Terrence J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Monks
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D004247:DNA / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D005978:Glutathione / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D006873:Hydroquinones / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D007687:Kidney Tubules, Proximal / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D018374:LLC-PK1 Cells; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D013552:Swine; D013556:Swine, Miniature; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005419:Flavonoids; D006873:Hydroquinones; D016328:NF-kappa B; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; C078765:2,3,5-(triglutathion-S-yl)hydroquinone; D004247:DNA; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D005978:Glutathione; C093973:2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one