title: Empathic communication and gender in the physician-patient encounter.
abstract: Although empathy in the physician-patient relationship is often advocated, a theoretically based and empirically derived measure of a physician's empathic communication to a patient has been missing. This paper describes the development and initial validation of such a measure, the Empathic Communication Coding System (ECCS), which includes a method for identifying patient-created empathic opportunities. To determine the extent to which empathic communication varies with physician and patient gender, we used the ECCS to code 100 videotaped office visits between patients and general internists. While male and female patients created a comparable number of empathic opportunities, those created by females tended to exhibit more emotional intensity than those created by males. However, female patients were no more likely than male patients to name an emotion in their empathic opportunities. Physician communication behavior was consistent with the literature on gender differences: female physicians tended to communicate higher degrees of empathy in response to the empathic opportunities created by patients. The ECCS appears to be a viable and sensitive tool for better understanding empathy in medical encounters, and for detecting modest gender differences in patients' creation of empathic opportunities and in physicians' empathic communication.
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication Studies 121 BCSB, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. carna-bylund@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Carma L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Bylund
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Makoul
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003142:Communication; D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D004644:Emotions; D004645:Empathy; D005260:Female; D005568:Forms and Records Control / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D007388:Internal Medicine; D008297:Male; D008571:Men / Q000523:psychology*; D009819:Office Visits; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D010822:Physicians, Women / Q000523:psychology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012723:Sex; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014743:Videotape Recording; D014930:Women / Q000523:psychology*