title: Increased expression of alpha-1-antitrypsin, glutathione S-transferase pi and vascular endothelial growth factor in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study was designed to investigate abnormalities in gene expression in ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas using cDNA arrays.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gene expression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma was compared with normal pancreatic tissue controls. Specimens from 5 patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma were taken fresh at operation and analyzed using commercially prepared cDNA arrays evaluating approximately 2,000 genes. Immunohistochemical staining was used to confirm protein expression of selected genes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT) and glutathione S-transferase pi (GSTP) were significantly up-regulated in all 5 tumors. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was up-regulated in 4 of the 5 patients. Immunohistochemical staining verified the overexpression of each of these genes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A1AT, GSTP, and VEGF are overexpressed in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma specimens taken fresh at operation. To our knowledge, this is the first study of human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma demonstrating the up-regulation of these genes using gene expression arrays.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, P.O. Box 26901, Oklahoma City 73104, USA.
authors.forename: Aaron L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Trachte
authors.forename: Sara E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Suthers
authors.forename: Megan R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Lerner
authors.forename: Jay S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Hanas
authors.forename: Eldon R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Jupe
authors.forename: Anna E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Sienko
authors.forename: Adekunle M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Adesina
authors.forename: Stan A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Lightfoot
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Brackett
authors.forename: Russell G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Postier
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D000368:Aged; D021441:Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D051549:Glutathione S-Transferase pi; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics*; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000379:methods; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000235:genetics; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D000515:alpha 1-Antitrypsin / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008222:Lymphokines; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D000515:alpha 1-Antitrypsin; C496556:GSTP1 protein, human; D051549:Glutathione S-Transferase pi; D005982:Glutathione Transferase