title: The measurement of whole-word productions.
abstract: Attempts to measure phonological acquisition have largely focused on segments, with less effort made to examine whole-word productions. This article proposes four measures designed to estimate a child's whole-word abilities: 1. the phonological mean length of utterance, a measure of whole-word complexity for both child and target words, 2. the proportion of whole-word proximity, a measure of the proximity between the child's word and its target form, 3. The Proportion of whole-word correctness, a measure of the number of words produced correctly relative to the sample size, and 4. the proportion of whole-word variability, a measure of how often a child produces words in distinct phonological shapes. The central measure is the Phonological Mean Length of Utterance, which can be used to identify a child's stage of acquisition, to assess proximity to target words, and to evaluate the complexity of words. The value of the new measures will be demonstrated through preliminary applications to a range of contexts; i.e. monolingual children acquiring English (five children, 0;11 to 1;5), Cantonese (one child, 1;7), and Spanish (5 children, 2;2 to 2;11), bilingual children acquiring Hungarian-English (one child, 2;0) and Spanish-English (3 children, 2;4 to 2;11), children with phonological impairment (eighteen children, 2;11 to 5;3), and children with cochlear implants (six children, 4;5 to 7;11).
authors.affiliation: Department of Speech and Hearing Science, P.O. Box 870102, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85257-8516, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ingram
mesh_terms: D001184:Articulation Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003054:Cochlear Implants; D003638:Deafness / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010700:Phonetics; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013060:Speech; D013068:Speech Production Measurement; D014825:Vocabulary