title: The global re-cycling of persistent organic pollutants is strongly retarded by soils.
abstract: 'Persistent organic pollutants' (POPs) are semi-volatile, mobile in the environment and bioaccumulate. Their toxicity and propensity for long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) has led to international bans/restrictions on their use/release. LRAT of POPs may occur by a 'single hop' or repeated temperature-driven air-surface exchange. It has been hypothesised that this will result in global fractionation and distillation-with condensation and accumulation in polar regions. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)--industrial chemicals banned/restricted in the 1970s--provide a classic illustration of POP behaviour. A latitudinally-segmented global PCB inventory has been produced, which shows that approximately 86% of the 1.3 x 10(6) tonnes produced was used in the temperate industrial zone of the northern hemisphere. A global survey of background surface soils gives evidence for 'fractionation' of PCBs. More significantly, however, very little of the total inventory has 'made the journey' via primary emission and/or air-surface exchange and LRAT out of the heavily populated source regions, in the 70 years since PCBs were first produced. Soils generally occlude PCBs, especially soils with dynamic turnover of C/bioturbation/burial mechanisms. This limits the fraction of PCBs available for repeated air-soil exchange. The forested soils of the northern hemisphere, and other C-rich soils, appear to be playing an important role in 'protecting' the Arctic from the advective supply of POPs. Whilst investigations on POPs in remote environments are important, it is imperative that researchers also seek to better understand their release from sources, persistence in source regions, and the significant loss mechanisms/global sinks of these compounds, if they wish to predict future trends.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Science Department, Institute of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Lancaster University, UK.
authors.forename: Wendy A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Ockende
authors.forename: Knut
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Breivik
authors.forename: Sandra N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Meijer
authors.forename: Eiliv
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Steinnes
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Sweetman
authors.forename: Kevin C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D001110:Arctic Regions; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002244:Carbon; D005591:Chemical Fractionation; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000633:toxicity*; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000633:toxicity; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D013997:Time Factors; D014197:Trees
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002244:Carbon; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls