title: Stochastic processes in the causation of rheumatic disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Rheumatic disorders arise in certain individuals depending on the interaction of genetic and environmental factors, the contribution for each varying with the specific rheumatic disorder. However, a third variable, i.e., random or stochastic processes, may be important, but this has been poorly studied. We examined 3 rheumatic disorders to determine whether a simple stochastic process might be consistent with the incidence data.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire and clinical survey of patients with ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic sclerosis was performed to determine age at onset of first symptom. Population data were obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics. Computer modeling of the equation dN/dt = kP0 tr-1exp(-ktr/r) was performed, where dN/dt is the age-specific incidence rate, P0 is the proportion of population at risk, t is the age at onset, k is a constant, and r is the number of random events that must occur before the disease manifests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of the age-specific incidence for each of these 3 rheumatic disorders was consistent with the stochastic model, where r varied from 4 to 9.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An examination of the age-specific incidence suggests that only a small number of random events need to occur in a predisposed population to allow the emergence of the rheumatic disorder. These random events might be environmental (e.g., infections or exposure to toxins) or due to acquired genetic changes (e.g., somatic mutations involving pivotal immune or growth/repair genes).
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Flinders Medical School, Bedford Park, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Roberts-Thomson
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Jennifer G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Macfarlane
authors.forename: Malcolm D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ahern
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D012216:Rheumatic Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D013021:South Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D013269:Stochastic Processes; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires