title: A Systematic Review of the Congruence Between People's Needs and Nurses' Interventions for Supporting Hope.
abstract: PURPOSE: This systematic review of nursing research from 1987 to 1999 was conducted to explore the factors people identify as supportive of hope, the interventions nurses use to support hope, and the congruence between these two sets of studies. CONCLUSIONS: The factors supporting hope for patients and families found most frequently were social and professional support, cognitive strategies, spiritual or religious activities, relying on inner resources, and setting goals. Nurses used interventions to support families, assist with goal setting and distraction, affirm patient worth, and provide symptom relief. There was substantial congruence between people's needs and nursing actions. The main incongruence was the lack of interventions supporting spiritual practices. IMPLICATIONS: Nurses should continue current practices to nurture hope in their patients and clients. In addition, nurses need to provide spiritual care as an intervention that supports hope. There is a need for further research on nursing interventions to stimulate hope as well as research to understand the differences and relationships among hope, hopelessness, coping, courage, well-being, and spirituality. Research to understand hope in cultures outside of the mainstream United States culture is also needed.
authors.affiliation: 12 Farrar Road, Henniker, NH 03242, USA. d_holt@conknet.com
authors.forename: Jeanie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Holt