title: Chapter one: exposure measurements.
abstract: Determining human exposure to suspended particulate concentrations requires measurements that quantify different particle properties in microenvironments where people live, work, and play. Particle mass, size, and chemical composition are important exposure variables, and these are typically measured with time-integrated samples on filters that are later submitted to laboratory analyses. This requires substantial sample handling, quality assurance, and data reduction. Newer technologies are being developed that allow in-situ, time-resolved measurements for mass, carbon, sulfate, nitrate, particle size, and other variables. These are large measurement systems that are more suitable for fixed monitoring sites than for personal applications. Human exposure studies need to be designed to accomplish specific objectives rather than to serve too many purposes. Resources need to be divided among study design, field sampling, laboratory analysis, quality assurance, data management, and data analysis phases. Many exposure projects allocated too little to the non-measurement activities.
authors.affiliation: Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, 2215 Reggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512-1095, USA. judyc@dri.edu
authors.forename: Judith C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.forename: Johann P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Engelbrecht
authors.forename: Natalie C G
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: Jamal Hisham
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Hashim
authors.forename: Matti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jantunen
authors.forename: Jon-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Michaud
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saenz de Tejada
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: Fusheng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Mayayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yasuno
authors.forename: Tan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhu
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D010316:Particle Size; D011786:Quality Control; D012107:Research Design
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants