title: Lipoxygenase inhibitors attenuate growth of human pancreatic cancer xenografts and induce apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway.
abstract: Several studies have suggested that high dietary fat intake, particularly essential fatty acids, is associated with pancreatic cancer development and growth. Our previous studies have demonstrated that blockade of either the 5-lipoxygenase (LOX) or 12-LOX pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism inhibited pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. This study investigated the underlying mechanisms for LOX inhibitor-induced apoptosis and the potential of LOX inhibitors as antipancreatic cancer agents using the athymic mice xenograft model. Apoptosis of pancreatic cancer cells induced by LOX inhibitors (including the nonselective LOX inhibitor nordihydroguaiaretic acid, the 5-LOX inhibitor Rev-5901, and the 12-LOX inhibitor baicalein) was confirmed by growth inhibition, annexin V binding, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling assay in MiaPaCa-2 and AsPC-1 human pancreatic cancer cells. Expression of the antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 was significantly decreased after LOX inhibitor treatment while that of the proapoptotic protein bax was increased. LOX inhibitors also markedly induced the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytosol. Caspase-9, caspase-7, and caspase-3 but not caspase-8 were activated after treatment, concomitant with cleavage of the capase-3 substrate poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. In vivo studies in the athymic mice xenograft model also confirmed the growth inhibitory effect and induction of apoptosis by these LOX inhibitors in pancreatic cancer. In conclusion, LOX inhibitors block pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and induce apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway both in vivo and in vitro. LOX inhibitors are likely to be valuable for the treatment of human pancreatic cancer.
authors.affiliation: Gastrointestinal Oncology Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Medical School, Tarry 4-711, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
authors.forename: Wei-Gang
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.forename: Xian-Zhong
authors.initials: XZ
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Richard C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Witt
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Adrian
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017304:Annexin A5 / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis; D001092:Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase / Q000378:metabolism; D001094:Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase / Q000378:metabolism; D016718:Arachidonic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D015153:Blotting, Western; D053148:Caspase 3; D053179:Caspase 7; D053181:Caspase 8; D053453:Caspase 9; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002455:Cell Division; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D003574:Cytochrome c Group / Q000378:metabolism; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D008084:Lipoxygenase / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016859:Lipoxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D064549:Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology*; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000378:metabolism; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D011804:Quinolines / Q000494:pharmacology; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D013997:Time Factors; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D017304:Annexin A5; D004396:Coloring Agents; D003574:Cytochrome c Group; D016859:Lipoxygenase Inhibitors; C579094:Mcl1 protein, mouse; D064549:Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D011804:Quinolines; C049740:alpha-pentyl-3-(2-quinolinylmethoxy)benzenemethanol; D016718:Arachidonic Acid; D004247:DNA; D008084:Lipoxygenase; D001092:Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase; D001094:Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; C505520:CASP7 protein, human; C505530:CASP8 protein, human; C506433:CASP9 protein, human; C505409:Casp3 protein, mouse; C505524:Casp7 protein, mouse; C505526:Casp8 protein, mouse; C506434:Casp9 protein, mouse; D053148:Caspase 3; D053179:Caspase 7; D053181:Caspase 8; D053453:Caspase 9; D020169:Caspases