title: Modulatory effect of adenosine receptors on the ascending and descending neural reflex responses of rat ileum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adenosine is known to act as a neuromodulator by suppressing synaptic transmission in the central and peripheral nervous system. Both the release of adenosine within the small intestine and the presence of adenosine receptors on enteric neurons have been demonstrated. The aim of the present study was to characterize a possible involvement of adenosine receptors in the modulation of the myenteric reflex. The experiments were carried out on ileum segments 10 cm in length incubated in an single chambered organ bath, and the reflex response was initiated by electrical stimulation (ES).
  
  
  RESULTS
  ES caused an ascending contraction and a descending relaxation followed by a contraction. All motility responses to ES were completely blocked by tetrodotoxin, indicating that they are mediated by neural mechanisms. Atropine blocked the contractile effects, whereas the descending relaxation was significantly increased. The A1 receptor agonist N6-cyclopentyladenosine increased the ascending contraction, whereas the ascending contraction was reduced by the A1 receptor antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine. Activation of the A1 receptor further reduced the descending relaxation and the latency of the peristaltic reflex. The A2B receptor antagonist alloxazine increased ascending contraction, whereas descending relaxation remained unchanged. For A2A and A3 receptors, we found contradictory effects of the agonists and antagonists, thus there is no clear physiological role for these receptors at this time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that the myenteric ascending and descending reflex response of the rat small intestine is modulated by release of endogenous adenosine via A1 receptors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine II, Technical University of Munich, Ismaningerstrasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany. martin.storr@lrz.tum.de
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Storr
authors.forename: Jutta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thammer
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dunkel
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Schusdziarra
authors.forename: Hans-Dieter
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Allescher
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005415:Flavins / Q000494:pharmacology; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D007082:Ileum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D058906:Purinergic P1 Receptor Agonists; D058915:Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D018047:Receptors, Purinergic P1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D012018:Reflex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D013779:Tetrodotoxin / Q000494:pharmacology; D014970:Xanthines / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D005415:Flavins; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; D058906:Purinergic P1 Receptor Agonists; D058915:Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; D018047:Receptors, Purinergic P1; D014970:Xanthines; C048599:N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine; D013779:Tetrodotoxin; C008173:isoalloxazine; C051360:1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; D000241:Adenosine