title: Improved methods for measurement of gaseous microbubbles during extracorporeal circulation.
abstract: The detection and quantification of gaseous microbubbles in the arterial line of the extracorporeal circuit (ECC) are very important aims for quality assurance of perfusion. A system that allows a continuous measurement of microbubble distribution in the range of 10 and 120 microm was tested. The two-channel ultrasonic bubble counter (UBC) was based on a 2-MHz ultrasound Doppler system with propriety ultrasound probes. The bubble size was determined using the backscattered Doppler signal and was corrected by means of a reference signal based on measurement conditions. Our studies have shown that the quality of this signal can be negatively affected in the clinical environment. Different influences are involved, such as electrocoagulation or electromagnetic disturbances. Various algorithms were tested and new ones were developed in order to minimize the effect of such interferences on the accuracy of the bubble detection. The on-line data were recorded during the entire surgical time to allow an off-line evaluation with different algorithms. This allowed us to obtain more exact results. Two clinical studies with 91 patients were performed with microbubbles measured in the arterial line during coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and valve replacement. The results confirmed the expected occurrence of microbubbles during various phases of surgery. The measurement itself proved to be resistant to different external disturbances.
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer-Oriented Statistics and Data Analysis, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany. simon.urbanek@math.uni-augsburg.de
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Urbanek
authors.forename: Hans-Jürgen
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Tiedtke
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D005112:Extracorporeal Circulation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005740:Gases / Q000097:blood*; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation; D006801:Humans; D008863:Microspheres; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler / Q000295:instrumentation
chemical_list: D005740:Gases