[Traumatic brain injuries in adults: from coma to wakefulness. Neurophysiological data].
OBJECTIVE
To analyse relevant literature and to express an expert point of view concerning the interest of electroencephalography and evoked potentials recordings in the evaluation of severe head trauma in adults in the context of a consensus conference.


METHODS
Scientific databases have been checked on the Internet using key-words. The summaries of 340 papers have checked out. Consequently 94 papers have been thoroughly analysed. Fifty-nine of them are cited in the text of this paper.


RESULTS
Electroencephalography (EEG) and evoked potentials (Eps) evaluate the functional status of the brain. They augment the clinical examination. They are non invasive and easy to perform at patient's bedside. The EEG evaluate globally the functional status of the brain but it is very sensitive to sedative and anaesthetic drugs. It can disclose subclinical or electroclinical epileptic seizures. When reactivity to sensory stimulations can be elicited, this can be considered a prognostic indicator for a good outcome. Evoked potentials are less influenced by sedative drugs. There are several types of evoked potentials, each one with a different localizing value. Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (or short-latency Eps) evaluate the auditory nerve and brainstem. When normal they have no specificity. When abnormal they are an indicator of a poor or bad outcome. Somatosensory and auditory middle-latency Eps evaluate the primary cortex. In coma due to traumatic brain injury the presence of primary cortex components is an indicator of a good outcome and its absence is an indicator of a poor outcome at least when there is no focal brain lesion as to have the primary cortex component to be absent. Event-related potentials evaluate associative brain areas. When they are present in a comatose patient they favor the idea that some cognitive processes are active and they have a high positive predictive value for a return to consciousness. The electrophysiological evaluation can help to identify atypical situations and pathologies close to coma, disclose nonconvulsive seizures and localize certain complications or dysfunctions in atypical cases.
Fischer
C
C
Service de neurologie fonctionnelle et épileptologie, hôpital neurologique, 59, boulevard Pinel, 69003 cedex, Lyon, France. catherine.fischer@univ-lyon1.fr
Mutschler
V
V
D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003128:Coma; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D005072:Evoked Potentials, Auditory; D016057:Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem; D005073:Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D009482:Neurophysiology / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D011379:Prognosis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014851:Wakefulness