title: Limitations of current validation protocols for home blood pressure monitors for individual patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Automatic blood pressure monitoring conducted at home is increasingly used in the diagnosis and management of hypertension. We assessed the adequacy of existing British Hypertension Society (BHS) and Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) validation standards for automatic blood pressure monitoring devices.
  
  
  METHODS
  A theoretical study and an empirical test are presented to estimate the proportion of persons for whom a blood pressure monitor validated according to existing BHS and AAMI standards would be inaccurate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results suggest that a major limitation of both protocols is the lack of attention given to the number of individual patients for whom a monitor may be inaccurate. A blood pressure monitor that meets the AAMI and BHS validation criteria may report blood pressures in error by more than 5 mmHg for more than half of the people.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A validation standard that does not take account of the person-effects on error will lead to a substantial proportion of persons using self-monitors that are systematically inaccurate for that person.
authors.affiliation: The Zena and Michael A Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA. william.gerin@msnyuhealth.org
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gerin
authors.forename: Amy R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Joseph E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Thomas G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Pickering
authors.forename: Karina W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bress
authors.forename: Eoin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Atkins
mesh_terms: D001795:Blood Pressure Determination / Q000295:instrumentation; D015924:Blood Pressure Monitors / Q000592:standards*; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006699:Home Care Services; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D015203:Reproducibility of Results