title: Learning directions of objects specified by vision, spatial audition, or auditory spatial language.
abstract: The modality by which object azimuths (directions) are presented affects learning of multiple locations. In Experiment 1, participants learned sets of three and five object azimuths specified by a visual virtual environment, spatial audition (3D sound), or auditory spatial language. Five azimuths were learned faster when specified by spatial modalities (vision, audition) than by language. Experiment 2 equated the modalities for proprioceptive cues and eliminated spatial cues unique to vision (optic flow) and audition (differential binaural signals). There remained a learning disadvantage for spatial language. We attribute this result to the cost of indirect processing from words to spatial representations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA. klatzky@cmu.edu
authors.forename: Roberta L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Klatzky
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lippa
authors.forename: Jack M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Loomis
authors.forename: Reginald G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Golledge
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009949:Orientation / Q000502:physiology*; D013017:Sound Localization / Q000502:physiology; D013028:Space Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D013067:Speech Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*