title: Persistent abnormality detected in the non-ictal electroencephalogram in primary generalised epilepsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gamma oscillations (30-100 Hz gamma electroencephalographic (EEG) activity) correlate with high frequency synchronous rhythmic bursting in assemblies of cerebral neurons participating in aspects of consciousness. Previous studies in a kainic acid animal model of epilepsy revealed increased intensity of gamma rhythms in background EEG preceding epileptiform discharges, leading the authors to test for intensified gamma EEG in humans with epilepsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  64 channel cortical EEG were recorded from 10 people with primary generalised epilepsy, 11 with partial epilepsy, and 20 controls during a quiescent mental state. Using standard methods of EEG analysis the strength of EEG rhythms (fast Fourier transformation) was quantified and the strengths of rhythms in the patient groups compared with with controls by unpaired t test at 1 Hz intervals from 1 Hz to 100 Hz.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In patients with generalised epilepsy, there was a threefold to sevenfold increase in power of gamma EEG between 30 Hz and 100 Hz (p<0.01). Analysis of three unmedicated patients with primary generalised epilepsies revealed an additional 10-fold narrow band increase of power around 35 Hz-40 Hz (p<0.0001). There were no corresponding changes in patients with partial epilepsy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased gamma EEG is probably a marker of the underlying ion channel or neurotransmitter receptor dysfunction in primary generalised epilepsies and may also be a pathophysiological prerequisite for the development of seizures. The finding provides a new diagnostic approach and also links the pathophysiology of generalised epilepsies to emerging concepts of neuronal correlates of consciousness.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Neuroscience and Department of Medicine (Neurology), Flinders University, PO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia 5001. John.Willoughby@flinders.edu.au
authors.forename: J O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Willoughby
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Fitzgibbon
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Pope
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mackenzie
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Medvedev
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Davey
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Wilcox
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001683:Biological Clocks; D001931:Brain Mapping; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D004828:Epilepsies, Partial / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004829:Epilepsy, Generalized / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012016:Reference Values; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted