title: Evaluation of the polymerase chain reaction method for detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae DNA in pleural fluid samples.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most frequent causative agent of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP); however, an etiologic diagnosis by traditional techniques can be accomplished in only a small percentage of patients with CAP. Pleural fluid is present in approximately 40% of patients with CAP; therefore, we hypothesized that detection of S pneumoniae DNA in pleural fluid by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) may help to increase the rate of diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study of cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  A university hospital in Lleida, Spain.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred two samples of pleural fluid (51 samples from consecutive adult patients with pneumonia and 51 samples from unselected control subjects) were tested by the nested-PCR method to detect selected pneumolysin gene of S pneumoniae, and the results were compared with those provided by alternative diagnostic methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PCR in pleural fluid had a diagnostic sensitivity of 78% in patients with pneumococcal pneumonia, with positive results in 2 of 2 patients (100%) and 5 of 7 patients (71%) who had positive or negative pleural fluid culture findings, respectively. PCR results were also positive in 3 of 24 patients (12%) with pneumonia of unknown etiology and negative in all patients with pneumonia due to microorganisms other than S pneumoniae. Thus, the calculated specificity was 93%. Among control subjects, PCR gave positive results in two cases (4%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The nested-PCR test, applied to pleural fluid samples from patients with CAP, showed a sensitivity of 78% and a specificity of 93% in the diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Rovira Roure 80, 25198 Lleida, Spain. mfalguera@comll.es
authors.forename: Miquel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Falguera
authors.forename: Aurora
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: López
authors.forename: Antoni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nogués
authors.forename: José Manuel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Porcel
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rubio-Caballero
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010996:Pleural Effusion / Q000737:chemistry*; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000382:microbiology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial