title: A phase I trial of a potent P-glycoprotein inhibitor, Zosuquidar.3HCl trihydrochloride (LY335979), administered orally in combination with doxorubicin in patients with advanced malignancies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the safety and tolerability of Zosuquidar.3HCl, a potent inhibitor of P-glycoprotein (Pgp), when administered p.o. alone and in combination with doxorubicin and to determine whether Zosuquidar.3HCl affects doxorubicin pharmacokinetics and inhibits Pgp function in peripheral blood natural killer lymphocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with advanced nonhematological malignancies were eligible for this Phase I trial. Zosuquidar.3HCl and doxorubicin were administered separately during the first cycle of therapy and then administered concurrently. Zosuquidar.3HCl was administered over 4 days, with doses escalated until the occurrence of dose-limiting toxicity. Subsequently, doxorubicin doses were increased from 45 to 75 mg/m(2). Zosuquidar.3HCl, doxorubicin, and doxorubicinol pharmacokinetics were analyzed, and dual fluorescence cytometry was used to determine the effects of Zosuquidar.3HCl on Pgp function in natural killer cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 38 patients were treated at nine dose levels. Neurotoxicity was dose-limiting for oral Zosuquidar.3HCl, characterized by cerebellar dysfunction, hallucinations, and palinopsia. The maximum-tolerated dose for oral Zosuquidar.3HCl administered every 12 h for 4 days is 300 mg/m(2). Zosuquidar.3HCl did not affect doxorubicin myelosuppression or pharmacokinetics, and Zosuquidar.3HCl pharmacokinetics were similar in the absence and presence of doxorubicin. Higher plasma concentrations of Zosuquidar.3HCl were associated with greater Pgp inhibition in natural killer cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Zosuquidar.3HCl can be coadministered with doxorubicin using a 4-day oral dosing schedule, with little effect on doxorubicin toxicity or pharmacokinetics. Further refinement in Zosuquidar.3HCl dosing and scheduling should be explored to optimize Pgp inhibition while minimizing cerebellar toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Robert-Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA. ehrubin@umdnj.edu
authors.forename: Eric H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.forename: Dinesh P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: de Alwis
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pouliquen
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Phil
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marder
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Musanti
authors.forename: Stephanie L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Grospe
authors.forename: Sharon L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Deborah L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Toppmeyer
authors.forename: Judy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Much
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kane
authors.forename: Ajai
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chaudhary
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jordan
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Burgess
authors.forename: Christopher A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Slapak
mesh_terms: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002526:Cerebellar Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D003986:Dibenzocycloheptenes / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020714:Maximum Tolerated Dose; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011804:Quinolines / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D003986:Dibenzocycloheptenes; D011804:Quinolines; D004317:Doxorubicin; C095179:zosuquidar trihydrochloride