title: Dietary intake analysis in institutionalized elderly: a focus on nutrient density.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inadequate food intake in old age can lead to marginal or suboptimal nutrient intakes causing the deterioration of physiological and health states.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe, by intake assessment, nutritional status of institutionalized elderly and to compare the data to other studies findings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dietary intake was assessed in 50 (18 males, 32 females, average age 84 6 years) institutionalized elderly according to data collected by using structured food frequency questionnaires based on the institutional kitchen recipes, weekly menu and portion size.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Daily energy intake was 1.91 0.48 Mcal and energy density was 4.97 kcal/g dry matter. Energy derived from protein and fat was 15.1% and 35.4%, respectively. Dietary fiber consumption was very low, 3.92 g/Mcal. Calcium intake of all of the subjects, and magnesium, zinc and copper intakes of most of them, were low. Iron intake of almost all of the subjects was sufficient or above RDA. Intake of vitamins D, E, B6, thiamin (vitamin B1) and folic acid in all or most of the subjects was low. In almost all of the 39 studies and reviews, including ours, densities of at least two nutrients did not meet the calculated RDA density. Particularly low were the nutrient densities of vitamins C and E, thiamin, vitamin B6, folic acid and vitamin D, as well as of calcium, magnesium, zinc and copper.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Supplementation with half the RDA of micronutrients (except for vitamin A and iron) may result in micronutrient intakes that are higher than two-thirds of the RDA.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, Rehovot 76100, Israel. dror@agri.huji.ac.il
authors.forename: Y N
authors.initials: YN
authors.lastname: Berner
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Polyak
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dror
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007326:Institutionalization; D007557:Israel; D008297:Male; D008903:Minerals / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D009752:Nutritional Status; D009753:Nutritive Value; D017419:Potassium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D008903:Minerals; D017419:Potassium, Dietary; D014815:Vitamins