title: Cultures, genes, and neurons in the development of song and singing in brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater).
abstract: In brown-headed cowbirds, Molothrus ater, as in many songbird species, vocalizations are fundamental to reproduction. In our studies, experiments utilizing different social housing regimes and geographic comparisons have indicated the social learning of males' vocalizations and associated abilities to use vocalizations effectively during the breeding season. Here, we describe studies indicating roles of cultural and genetic background, and of social influences from females, on male vocal development. These influences can interact with neural regions, including song learning and song control nuclei, but also visual-processing nuclei, in the development of signaling. We argue that a developmental systems approach to the study of vocal behavior provides a structure to organize these different influences and how they may interact with one another over development. A systems approach requires that researchers study the social context in which signals and signalers develop - both the ontogenetic arena in which young animals learn their signals from older animals, and the functional arena in which young and older animals socially interact with one another.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington 47405, USA. tfreeber@utk.edu
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Freeberg
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Sengelaub
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003307:Copulation; D003469:Culture; D004193:Discrimination Learning; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005843:Geography; D007196:Indiana; D020647:Lateral Thalamic Nuclei / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D017072:Neostriatum / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D012621:Seasons; D012737:Sex Factors; D012931:Social Environment; D020308:Songbirds; D013018:Sound Spectrography; D013023:South Dakota; D013045:Species Specificity; D014828:Vocalization, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D014831:Voice / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology