title: Bactericidal effect of the Er:YAG laser on dental implant surfaces: an in vitro study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the in vitro study was to examine the bactericidal effect of an Er:YAG laser on common dental implant surfaces.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-two titanium platelets with 3 different surfaces--sandblasted and acid-etched (SA), titanium plasma-sprayed (TPS), and hydroxyapatite-coated (HA)--were incubated with a suspension of Streptococcus sanguinis (ATCC 10556). Irradiation at pulse energies of 60 and 120 mJ and a frequency of 10 pps was performed on a computer-controlled XY translation stage. After laser treatment the specimens were sonicated and the bacterial growth examined by counting colony forming units on blood agar plates. Temperature elevations during irradiation were investigated using K-type thermocouples. Laser treated implant surfaces were analyzed by means of electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to non-irradiated specimens, mean bacterial reductions of 99.51% (SA), 98.39% (HA), and 99.6% (TPS) at a pulse energy of 60 mJ and 99.92% (SA), 99.85% (HA), and 99.94% (TPS) at 120 mJ were calculated. At these laser parameters, no excessive temperature elevations or morphological implant surface alterations were detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even at low energy densities, the Er:YAG laser has a high bactericidal potential on common implant surfaces. Clinical studies are justified to evaluate the applicability and efficacy of the Er:YAG laser in the treatment of peri-implantitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Surgery, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany. matthiaskreisler@web.de
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kreisler
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kohnen
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marinello
authors.forename: Hermann
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Götz
authors.forename: Heinz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Duschner
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: d'Hoedt
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D015921:Dental Implants / Q000382:microbiology*; D017886:Durapatite; D004871:Erbium; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007834:Lasers; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013298:Streptococcus sanguis / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D015921:Dental Implants; D004871:Erbium; D017886:Durapatite; D014025:Titanium