title: Child-rearing attitudes and cardiovascular risk among children: moderating influence of parental socioeconomic status.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We examined associations of parental socioeconomic status (SES) and hostile maternal child-rearing attitudes with the insulin resistance syndrome (IRS) precursors in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participants were 210 randomly selected healthy boys and girls who participated in the epidemiological Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns study and who were 3, 6, and 9 years of age at the three study phases. Hostile maternal child-rearing attitudes were self-rated by the mothers. SES consisted of the years of education of the parents and family income. The IRS comprised serum insulin, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic blood pressure, and body mass index.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among boys, low parental SES and strict maternal discipline were associated with heightened somatic risk. Among girls, parental SES moderated the association between maternal child-rearing attitudes and somatic risk so that belonging to a high-SES family seemed to protect the girls against the adverse health effects of hostile mothering.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings indicate that the psychosocial environment is differentially related to girls' and boys' somatic risk. It is concluded that belonging to high social class may buffer against childhood stress, while belonging to low social class may enhance vulnerability to stressors in childhood.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 9, Finland.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pulkki
authors.forename: Liisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Keltikangas-Järvinen
authors.forename: Niklas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ravaja
authors.forename: Jorma
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Viikari
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002668:Child Rearing; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006791:Hostility; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000523:psychology*; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D010290:Parents; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids