title: Activated protein C-dependent and -independent anticoagulant activities of protein S have different structural requirements.
abstract: Plasma protein S exhibits multiple anticoagulant activities. About 20% of protein S normally circulates in a form that is cleaved in its thrombin-sensitive region (TSR, residues 47-72) and this cleaved protein S is inactive as a cofactor for activated protein C (APC). To clarify whether the same cleavage(s) in the TSR neutralizes both APC-cofactor and APC-independent direct anticoagulant activities, protein S was treated with several proteases, and activities and cleavages were monitored. Thrombin cleaved protein S first at Arg49, which abolished protein S APC-cofactor activity, but not APC-independent activity. A slower second thrombin cleavage at Arg70 abolished the direct prothrombinase inhibitory activity of protein S and its ability to bind phospholipids. Factor Xa cleaved protein S only at Arg60 and abolished APC-cofactor activity but not APC-independent anticoagulant activity. The snake venom enzyme Protac C efficiently cleaved protein S at two sites in the TSR, which impaired both types of protein S anticoagulant activity in the presence of phospholipids. Protac C-cleaved protein S did not compete with Factor Xa for limiting phospholipid surfaces but could still inhibit prothrombinase activity in the absence of phospholipids. Thus, the APC-cofactor activity protein S is significantly more sensitive to structural changes in the TSR than is the APC-independent activity of protein S.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA. heeb@scripps.edu
authors.forename: Mary J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Heeb
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Griffin
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D001665:Binding Sites; D010450:Endopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism; D015951:Factor Xa / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006868:Hydrolysis; D010449:Peptide Mapping; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000494:pharmacology; D011486:Protein C; D017293:Protein S / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012910:Snake Venoms / Q000378:metabolism; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013917:Thrombin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D010743:Phospholipids; D011486:Protein C; D017293:Protein S; D012910:Snake Venoms; D010450:Endopeptidases; D013917:Thrombin; D015951:Factor Xa