title: Dual Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans fungaemia in an AIDS presenter: a unique disease association in the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era.
abstract: A case report of a patient who discovered his HIV infection concurrently with an advanced immunodeficiency and a dual Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans fungaemia is discussed with reference to the changing epidemiology and clinical features of HIV infection and AIDS in the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era. The tendency to develop multiple concomitant AIDS-defining illnesses at the time of first hospitalisation seems to be an increasing feature in patients who remain unaware of or neglect their HIV disease and who are still at risk of opportunist infections even with the availability of HAART.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Bologna ''Alma Mater Studiorum'', S. Orsola Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Manfredi
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Bologna ''Alma Mater Studiorum'', S. Orsola Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Calza
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Bologna ''Alma Mater Studiorum'', S. Orsola Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chiodo
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D002176:Candida albicans; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D003453:Cryptococcosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D003455:Cryptococcus neoformans; D016469:Fungemia / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged