title: Non-anemic iron depletion, oral iron supplementation and indices of copper status in college-aged females.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Indices of copper status, specifically serum copper and ceruloplasmin concentrations and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity, and iron status, including serum ferritin, transferrin receptors, hemoglobin and hematocrit, were studied in 27 college-aged females with adequate iron versus low iron stores.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum copper and ceruloplasmin concentrations, erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity, serum ferritin, transferrin receptors, hemoglobin and hematocrit were studied in 15 females with non-anemic iron depletion before and after five weeks of iron supplementation and in 12 healthy iron-adequate females aged 19 to 28 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean hemoglobin, hematocrit and ferritin concentrations of the control group (144 +/- 11 g/L, 43 +/- 3% and 38 +/- 15 micro g/L, respectively) were significantly higher than those of the iron depleted group prior to supplementation (134 +/- 9 g/L, 39 +/- 2% and 11 +/- 6 micro g/L, respectively). The serum transferrin receptor to serum ferritin ratio was significantly greater for the iron depleted group prior to supplementation (890 +/- 753) versus the control group (151 +/- 61). Mean serum copper and ceruloplasmin concentrations and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity of the iron-adequate control group (20.0 +/- 5.7 micro mol/L, 463 +/- 142 mg/L and 527 +/- 124 U/mL, respectively) were significantly higher than those of the iron depleted group (12.4 +/- 3.8 micro mol/L, 350 +/- 108 mg/L and 353 +/- 186 U/mL, respectively) prior to supplementation. Following iron supplementation, hematocrit and ferritin concentrations of the iron depleted group significantly increased to 42 +/- 3% and 26 +/- 8 micro g/L, respectively. Mean serum transferrin receptor concentrations and the serum transferrin receptor to ferritin ratios significantly decreased in the iron depleted group following supplementation (6.1 +/- 1.6 mg/L to 4.6 +/- 1.5 mg/L and 890 +/- 753 to 198 +/- 114, respectively). Iron supplementation also significantly increased the mean serum copper concentration to 14.2 +/- 5.4 micro mol/L and, in subjects with serum ferritin concentrations </=12 micro g/L, the mean serum ceruloplasmin concentration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Non-anemic iron depletion characterized by low iron stores is associated with negative impacts on copper status. Iron supplements improved indices of iron status and serum copper and ceruloplasmin concentrations. Whether the diminished serum copper and ceruloplasmin concentrations and superoxide dismutase activity are associated with free radical damage to iron depleted cells requires further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Auburn University, Alabama 36849, USA. sgropper@auburn.edu
authors.forename: Sareen S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Gropper
authors.forename: D Michele
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Bader-Crowe
authors.forename: Lisa S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: McAnulty
authors.forename: B Douglas
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Keith
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002570:Ceruloplasmin / Q000378:metabolism; D003300:Copper / Q000097:blood*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D006400:Hematocrit; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000097:blood*; D000090463:Iron Deficiencies; D019266:Iron, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011990:Receptors, Transferrin / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D019266:Iron, Dietary; D011990:Receptors, Transferrin; D003300:Copper; D005293:Ferritins; D007501:Iron; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D002570:Ceruloplasmin