title: Cytoprotective features of selenazofurin in hematopoietic cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Antineoplastic activity of tiazofurin (Tz) and selenazofurin (Se) depends on their conversion to substances which are analogs of NAD. NAD performs pleiotropic and essential cellular functions, both as a cofactor in oxidation-reduction reactions and as a substrate for poly- and mono-ADP-ribosylation reactions. The therapeutic potential of modulating intracellular NAD levels and activity of NAD-dependent enzymes by concomitant administration of conventional anticancer agents merits further research. Our aim was to investigate the cytotoxic effects of Tz and Se in hematopoietic cells and to test their ability to potentiate the effects of DNA strand-disrupting agents.
  
  
  METHODS
  THP-1, a cell line, derived from human acute monoblastic leukemia, was used. CLL lymphocytes were obtained from 8 patients with CLL.
  
  
  METHODS
  The WST-l test was used to detect the function of NAD(P)-dependent dehydrogenases after exposure of THP-1 cells to Tz or Se. Cytotoxicity of Tz, Se, MNNG and chlorambucil was assessed using the membrane permeability assay (PI test).
  
  
  RESULTS
  THP-1 cells were sensitive to cytotoxic effects of Tz and Se, with IC50 values of 2.5 x 10(-5) M for Tz and 2 x 10(-6) M for Se, as determined with the WST-1 test; 10 microM Se induced cell membrane disruption in more than 20% of THP-1 cells 48 hours after commencement of treatment, whereas the same concentration of Tz failed to increase membrane permeability. Pretreatment of THP-1 cells with 0.5 - 1.5 microM Se had no effect on the time course of cell death, induced by treatment with the DNA-damaging agent 1-methyl-3-nitro-1 - nitrosoguanidinium (MNNG) for 36 hours. However, when incubation of THP-1 cells with MNNG was prolonged (72 hours) without changing the incubation medium, pretreatment with Se had the following effects: the relative number of cells that died spontaneously decreased, and the cytotoxicity of MNNG was diminished. This effect was also demonstrated ex vivo in 6 of 8 cases of CLL, treated with MNNG and chlorambucil.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Contrary to other investigations, we here demonstrate that preincubation with Se may partially protect cells from cell death induced by the alkylating agents MNNG and chlorambucil in the THP-1 cell line and in CLL lymphocytes presumably by affecting spontaneous cell death.
authors.affiliation: Medizinische Klinik III, Forschungslabor A, Klinikum Grosshadem, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pogrebniak
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hasmann
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Schemainda
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pelka-Fleischer
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nuessler
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002699:Chlorambucil / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D015451:Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell / Q000188:drug therapy; D007948:Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute / Q000188:drug therapy; D008769:Methylnitronitrosoguanidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D016566:Organoselenium Compounds / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012254:Ribavirin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012263:Ribonucleosides / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D016566:Organoselenium Compounds; D012263:Ribonucleosides; D008769:Methylnitronitrosoguanidine; D002699:Chlorambucil; D012254:Ribavirin; C039064:selenazofurin; C033706:tiazofurin