title: [Evaluation of pendulum testing of spasticity].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify valid measurements of spasticity derived from the pendulum test of the leg in a representative population of spastic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pendulum testing was performed in 15 spastic and 10 matched healthy subjects. The reflex-mediated torque evoked in quadriceps femoris, as well as muscle mechanical parameters (viscosity and elasticity), were calculated using mathematical modelling. Correlation with the two main measures derived from the pendulum test reported in the literature (the Relaxation Index and the area under the curve) was calculated in order to select the most valid.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among mechanical parameters, only viscosity was found to be significantly higher in the spastic group. As expected, the computed integral of the reflex-mediated torque was found to be larger in spastics than in healthy subjects. A significant non-linear (logarithmic) correlation was found between the clinically-assessed muscle spasticity (Ashworth grading) and the computed reflex-mediated torque, emphasising the non-linear behaviour of this scale. Among measurements derived from the pendulum test which are proposed in the literature for routine estimation of spasticity, the Relaxation Index exhibited an unsuitable U-shaped pattern of variation with increasing reflex-mediated torque. On the opposite, the area under the curve revealed a linear regression, which is more convenient for routine estimation of spasticity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pendulum test of the leg is a simple technique for the assessment of spastic hypertonia. However, the measurement generally used in the literature (the Relaxation Index) exhibits serious limitations, and would benefit to be replaced by more valid measures, such as the area under the goniometric curve, especially for the assessment of therapeutics.
authors.affiliation: Centre de réeducation fonctionnelle de Rennes-Beaulieu, 41, avenue des Buttes de Coesmes, France. philippe.lecavorzin@free.fr
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Le Cavorzin
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hernot
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bartier
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Carrault
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chagneau
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gallien
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Allain
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rochcongar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000145:classification* / Q000473:pathology; D010808:Physical Examination; D012720:Severity of Illness Index