title: Percutaneous stone implantation in the pig kidney: a new animal model for lithotripsy research.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This report describes a new animal model for research on the parameters of shockwave delivery and the mechanisms of shockwave action in SWL.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female pigs (approximately 45 kg) were anesthetized for creation of an upper pole peripheral caliceal access. The tract was dilated with a 30F Nephromax balloon and Amplatz sheath, and a 24F rigid nephroscope was used to guide a gypsum artificial stone into a lower pole calix. An internal ureteral stent was then placed. After a 2-hour recovery period, lithotripsy was performed using an unmodified Dornier HM3 lithotripter. Following SWL, en bloc excision of the urinary tract was performed, and the stone fragments were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As observed by nephroscopy, most stones were surrounded by urine that was free of clot or debris. Urine output was >1 mL/kg per minute by the time the animal was positioned for SWL after a 2-hour observation period. When the conditions of shockwave (SW) exposure were 400 SWs, 20 kV, and 120 SW/min, the efficiency of stone fragment recovery was 85% +/- 2% (N = 6 stones).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This procedure provides a minimally invasive method for placement of model stones of clinically relevant size within the pig kidney. Stone implantation is efficient and permits experiments to be conducted in 1 day. Stone fragmentation can be quantitated, and the animal can serve as its own control. Long-term experiments are also feasible. Overall, this new animal model is appropriate for experimentation on the parameters of SW delivery in SWL.
authors.affiliation: Methodist Hospital Institute for Kidney Stone Disease, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA. rpaterson@clarion.org
authors.forename: Ryan F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Paterson
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lingeman
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Evan
authors.forename: Bret A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Connors
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: McAteer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002133:Calcium Sulfate / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D007668:Kidney / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000601:surgery; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000601:surgery*; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000379:methods*; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous / Q000379:methods; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D002133:Calcium Sulfate