title: Noninvasive real-time imaging of apoptosis.
abstract: Strict coordination of proliferation and programmed cell death (apoptosis) is essential for normal physiology. An imbalance in these two opposing processes results in various diseases including AIDS, neurodegenerative disorders, myelodysplastic syndromes, ischemiareperfusion injury, cancer, autoimmune disease, among others. Objective and quantitative noninvasive imaging of apoptosis would be a significant advance for rapid and dynamic screening as well as validation of experimental therapeutic agents. Here, we report the development of a recombinant luciferase reporter molecule that when expressed in mammalian cells has attenuated levels of reporter activity. In cells undergoing apoptosis, a caspase-3-specific cleavage of the recombinant product occurs, resulting in the restoration of luciferase activity that can be detected in living animals with bioluminescence imaging. The ability to image apoptosis noninvasively and dynamically over time provides an opportunity for high-throughput screening of proapoptotic and antiapoptotic compounds and for target validation in vivo in both cell lines and transgenic animals.
authors.affiliation: Center for Molecular Imaging, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Medical Sciences Research Building III, Room 9303, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0648, USA.
authors.forename: Bharathi
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Laxman
authors.forename: Daniel E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Mahaveer Swaroop
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Bhojani
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hamstra
authors.forename: Thomas L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Chenevert
authors.forename: Brian D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Alnawaz
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rehemtulla
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism*; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005910:Glioma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008156:Luciferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051379:Mice; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; C505653:TNFSF10 protein, human; C505654:Tnfsf10 protein, mouse; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D008156:Luciferases; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; C505409:Casp3 protein, mouse; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases