title: Episiotomy use in the United States, 1979-1997.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe episiotomy usage at vaginal delivery in the United States from 1979-1997.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the National Hospital Discharge Survey, a federal database of a national sample of inpatient hospitals. Data from 1979 to 1997 were analyzed using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes for diagnoses and procedures. Rates per 1000 women were calculated using the 1990 census population for women aged 15-44 years. We calculated the number of episiotomies per 100 vaginal deliveries. Rates and percentages were compared using the score test for linear trend.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of episiotomies ranged from a high of 2,015,000 in 1981 to a low of 1,128,000 in 1997. The age-adjusted annual rate for episiotomy with vaginal deliveries varied from 32.7 in 1979 to 18.7 in 1997 per 1000 women aged 15-44 years. The percentage of episiotomy with vaginal deliveries ranged from 65.3% in 1979 to 38.6% in 1997 (P <.001). Episiotomy with operative deliveries decreased over time (87.0% to 70.8%, P <.001), as did episiotomy with spontaneous deliveries (60.1% to 32.8%, P <.001). Women undergoing episiotomy were slightly younger (mean +/- standard deviation, 25.7 +/- 5.5 years) than women without episiotomy (26.2 +/- 5.7 years, P <.001). Black women (39%) were less likely to receive episiotomy than white women (60%, P <.001). More women with private insurance (62%) had episiotomy performed than women with government insurance (43%, P <.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although episiotomy use has decreased over time, the most recent rate of 39 per 100 vaginal deliveries remains higher than evidence-based recommendations for optimal patient care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Hospital, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Meyn
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000379:methods; D004841:Episiotomy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D022125:Lacerations / Q000517:prevention & control; D011247:Pregnancy; D015995:Prevalence; D011336:Probability; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology