title: [Perforation of hypopharynx -- a uncommon complication of transesophageal endosonography].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Today the endoscopical sonography of the oesophagus and heart is a useful diagnostic procedure. Perforations of the oesophagus or hypopharynx after this procedure are grave and life-threatening complications of this invasive diagnostic procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the past 8 years we observed 3 cases of hypopharyngeal perforation as complication of endosonographic procedure. These cases were evaluated retrospectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all 3 cases an increased resistance against insertion of the probe had been observed. In two cases the perforation was found in the right sinus piriformis. The third patient had a perforation of the posterior hypopharyngeal wall adjacent to the upper oesophageal sphincter. The former patients underwent an open transcervical revision, in the latter patient the perforation was clipped endoluminally to his impaired general condition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Perforations of the hypopharynx represent a rare but potentially life threatening complication of transoesophageal sonography. The endoscopically working physician should know and recognize the clinical signs for surgical treatment before further complications (e. g. mediastinitis) may occur.
authors.affiliation: HNO-Klinik der Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena. Sven.Koscielny@med.uni-jena.de
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koscielny
mesh_terms: D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000295:instrumentation*; D019160:Endosonography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D004945:Esophagoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007013:Hypopharynx / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008480:Mediastinitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014950:Wounds, Penetrating / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery