title: Outcome after mild traumatic brain injury: an examination of recruitment bias.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Research concerning the natural history after mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) faces a number of methodological challenges, including those related to subject recruitment. The aim of this study was to determine whether subjects who agree to participate in longitudinal research differ from those who do not. The presence of identifiable, selective factors operating during recruitment may be an important source of systematic bias. In Canada, given the presence of universal healthcare coverage, this issue can be examined using population based, administrative databases to obtain information about a cohort that was approached for study enrollment, regardless of whether they ultimately agreed to participate.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 626 consecutive patients with mild TBI was invited to enroll in TBI outcome research. Those who agreed to participate (n=272) were compared with those who refused (n=354) on demographic, past health, and injury related variables. Thereafter, using encrypted health card data, the two groups were contrasted with respect to pre-injury and post-injury healthcare utilisation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No premorbid differences between the groups emerged. However, all early indices of TBI severity were significantly worse for the participants group (p<0.001). Consistent with these findings, healthcare utilisation rates were no different before injury, but were significantly increased after injury for the participants (p<0.001), even beyond the period of study enrollment (p<0.001). Differences remained even after controlling for those with significant non-TBI injuries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Premorbid factors did not predict whether patients comply with, or refuse study participation. However, the participants group was biased toward those with more significant injuries, which translated into higher rates of healthcare utilisation after injury. These results strike a cautionary note, given the apparent systematic bias influencing enrollment in longitudinal studies of mild TBI.
authors.affiliation: Neuropsychiatry Program, Sunnybrook and Women's College Hospital, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4N 3M5. scott.mccullagh@swchsc.on.ca
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McCullagh
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Feinstein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000647:Amnesia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D015983:Selection Bias; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014193:Trauma Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data