title: Comparison of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd generation Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Torso phantoms.
abstract: The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) Torso phantom, which is the de facto standard for lung counter calibration for low energy photon emitters, has undergone a number of revisions since its development. The first generation used real human bone: the second generation used synthetic bone and had a major design change; the third generation had more subtle material and mould changes. This work has compared a first generation, two second generation, and two third generation LLNL phantoms to see if there are any differences between the phantoms. The comparison of five LLNL phantoms using the same counting regions has shown that the second and third generation phantoms are essentially equivalent at low photon energies, but the first generation phantom shows an increased counting efficiency at low photon energies due to a design flaw. It is also apparent that these phantoms have maintained their performance characteristics over an extended period of time.
authors.affiliation: Human Monitoring Laboratory, Radiation Protection Bureau, 775 Brookfield Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 1C1, Canada. Gary_H_Kramer@hc-sc.gc.ca
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Hauck
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D002138:Calibration; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005857:Germanium; D006801:Humans; D007753:Laboratories; D009132:Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging / Q000592:standards*; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D013909:Thorax / Q000033:anatomy & histology
chemical_list: D005857:Germanium