title: Comparison of laparoscopic aortic clamps in a pulsatile circulation model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to evaluate the fatigue characteristics and the safety and effectiveness of laparoscopic aortic clamps in a pulsatile circulation model.
  
  
  METHODS
  A heart-lung machine was used to create a pulsatile circulation model with bovine aortas resembling the vessels being cross-clamped. Four different models (A-D) of laparoscopic aortic clamps were investigated, and three identical probes of each model underwent testing. Preliminary examinations were conducted to define the size and thickness of the bovine aortas that would allow effective cross-clamping and to detect gross material or functional deficits of the clamps. Then, the instruments were placed in the circulation model, which was set at a frequency of 82/min and a pressure of 200/120 mm Hg. Each clamp was subjected to these conditions for 120 hours and was opened and closed 40 times to stimulate real-life conditions. Clamping failures and mechanical defects were recorded, and the clamp parts were afterward examined with an electron microscope.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two clamp models had to be eliminated from the study after the preliminary examinations. All three probes of model B displayed mechanical defects after a few applications. All probes of model D were excluded because none effectively occluded the aortas. All probes of model A and one probe of model C provided effective cross-clamping during the 120-hour test phase and showed no signs of mechanical failure. Two probes of model C broke after 51 and 57 hours of testing, respectively. Both times, the defect occurred during application of the clamps. The detailed analysis of all instruments after the testing, including electron microscope imaging, revealed that several construction deficits and weak points were responsible for the mechanical failures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A surprisingly high incidence of clamping failures and mechanical deficits were encountered during the testing. Of the four clamps tested, only one (model A) seemed to be safe and effective enough for routine clinical use. These disappointing results demonstrate the need for further cooperation between vascular surgeons and instrument manufacturers to develop safe and effective laparoscopic vascular clamps.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany. Bruno.Geier@ruhr-uni-bochum.de
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Geier
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Neuking
authors.forename: Achim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mumme
authors.forename: Gunther
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Eggeler
authors.forename: Letterio
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Barbera
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D003250:Constriction; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006355:Heart-Lung Machine; D010535:Laparoscopy; D011673:Pulsatile Flow; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation*