title: The effect of patient and tumour characteristics on visualization of sentinel nodes after a single intratumoural injection of Tc 99m labelled human albumin colloid in breast cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to study the influence of patient- or tumour-related factors on the lymphatic drainage patterns in breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 290 consecutive breast cancer patients with lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy. Lymphoscintigraphy was performed a median of four hours after a single intratumoral injection of (99m)Tc labelled human albumin colloid with two different particle sizes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lymphoscintigraphy showed axillary sentinel nodes in 253 (87%) and parasternal sentinel nodes in 49 (17%) patients. The median number of nodes seen in the axilla was one (range 0-5). No sentinel nodes were visualized in 27 (9%) patients. The number of the visualized axillary nodes was influenced by the particle size of the radiocolloid, and by metastatic involvement of the axillary nodes and the age and body mass index (BMI) of the patient. Patients with parasternal sentinel nodes were younger, had a lower BMI and had more often a non-palpable tumour.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The age and BMI of the patient and the palpability of the tumour influence lymphatic drainage patterns in breast cancer. The metastatic involvement of axillary nodes seems to modify lymphatic drainage to the axilla.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. marjut.leidenius@hus.fi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Leppänen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leidenius
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Krogerus
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: von Smitten
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015552:Injections, Intralesional; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011336:Probability; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy / Q000379:methods*; D013671:Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D013671:Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid