title: Conjoined twins in a monozygotic triplet pregnancy: prenatal diagnosis and X-inactivation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The etiology of monozygotic twinning is not known. Some investigators have implicated abnormal X-inactivation, which could also be related to the increased female:male ratio in higher order multiple gestations in general, and in monozygotic and conjoined twins (CTS) in particular. CTS are rare, and even more unusual when part of a triplet pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  DNA polymorphism analysis using 13 markers in the buccal cells of the triplets and the lymphocytes of the parents were used to evaluate zygosity. We investigated the X-inactivation pattern of the triplets by analyzing methylation at the androgen receptor gene.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found a female triplet gestation consisting of CTS and a normal singleton. The thoracopagus CTS were joined from the clavicles to the umbilicus. Congenital heart disease was suspected antenatally, but the precise delineation of the heart defects required extensive postnatal evaluation. There was a single placental mass with a thin dividing membrane. Cesarean section was carried out at 32 weeks after the onset of labor. Histologically, the placenta was diamniotic monochorionic. The normal singleton did well after delivery; the CTS died at 35 days from cardiopulmonary collapse. The babies were monozygotic (>99.99% probability). Each baby in this triplet set exhibited a random and symmetric X-inactivation pattern. The degree of X-inactivation skewing fell in the range of 50-65%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Genetic or environmental factors other than abnormal X-inactivation must be involved in causing monozygous multiple gestation or CTS. Despite prenatal diagnosis, shared myocardium or cardiac anomalies in CTS often determine the prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52240, USA.
authors.forename: She Min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Jerome
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yankowitz
authors.forename: Jeffrey C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Murray
mesh_terms: D004303:Dosage Compensation, Genetic; D005260:Female; D005819:Genetic Markers; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011247:Pregnancy; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis; D014310:Triplets; D014428:Twins, Conjoined
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers