title: What is the rationale for the use of granulocyte and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors in the neonatal intensive care unit?
abstract: Neonatal sepsis remains an unsolved major contributor to morbidity and mortality. In the 1980s the promise of augmenting immune function using pooled intravenous gammaglobulin to supplement the exceedingly low levels of immunoglobulin G in premature infants failed to demonstrate a clear advantage. Similarly, cytokine augmentation of cellular function in the 1990s largely appeared to be suffering the same fate. However, both results may arise from a problem in experimental design where the combination of both treatments may be necessary along with specific antibody. For example, in vitro, independently of an array of other humoral and cellular immature immune system issues, opsonization of bacteria is improved in the presence of antibody. The question is whether the same result can be achieved in vivo. No experiments have been reported that directly test this hypothesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More investigation is needed in this challenging area of neonatal research.
authors.affiliation: Regional Neonatal Center, Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA. edmund_lagamma@NYMC.edu
authors.forename: E F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: La Gamma
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: De Castro
mesh_terms: D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D005260:Female; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000502:physiology*; D015994:Incidence; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D008297:Male; D009503:Neutropenia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000401:mortality; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D018805:Sepsis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000401:mortality; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor