title: A gain-of-function mutation in an Arabidopsis Toll Interleukin1 receptor-nucleotide binding site-leucine-rich repeat type R gene triggers defense responses and results in enhanced disease resistance.
abstract: In a screen for suppressors of npr1-5-based salicylic acid (SA) insensitivity, we isolated a semidominant gain-of-function mutation, designated ssi4, that confers constitutive expression of several PR (pathogenesis-related) genes, induces SA accumulation, triggers programmed cell death, and enhances resistance to bacterial and oomycete pathogens. Through map-based cloning, ssi4 was identified and found to encode a putative protein belonging to the TIR-NBS-LRR (Toll Interleukin1 Receptor-Nucleotide Binding Site-Leu-Rich Repeat) class of R (resistance) proteins. Comparison between ssi4 and the corresponding wild-type sequence revealed a single amino acid substitution in the NBS. Epistasis analysis indicated that SA and EDS1 are required for ssi4-induced PR-1 expression and enhanced disease resistance; they also are required for the increased accumulation of SSI4 and EDS1 transcripts detected in the ssi4 mutant. Although high levels of ssi4 transcripts correlate with the appearance of the mutant phenotype, overexpression of the wild-type SSI4 gene failed to induce stunting, spontaneous lesion formation, or increased PR-1 expression associated with the ssi4 mutation. Thus, the ssi4 phenotype does not appear to be caused by overexpression of this R gene; rather, we propose that the NBS substitution generates a constitutively activated R protein. Furthermore, because SA treatment induced the expression of SSI4 and the closely related TIR-NBS-LRR genes RPP1 and RPS4 but had little effect on the expression of the coiled-coil NBS-LRR genes RPM1 and RPS2, we suggest that SA not only functions as a critical signal for downstream resistance events but also upregulates the expression of certain R genes.
authors.affiliation: Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
authors.forename: Yumiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shirano
authors.forename: Pradeep
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kachroo
authors.forename: Jyoti
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Daniel F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Klessig
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D001665:Binding Sites; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000187:drug effects; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000235:genetics; D000090263:Leucine-Rich Repeat Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D020156:Salicylic Acid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; C118837:EDS1 protein, Arabidopsis; D000090263:Leucine-Rich Repeat Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D010940:Plant Proteins; D011506:Proteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1; C472141:SSI4 protein, Arabidopsis; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; C053376:pathogenesis-related proteins, plant; D020156:Salicylic Acid