title: The effect of heavy metals on nitrogen and oxygen demand removal in constructed wetlands.
abstract: The objective of this study is to investigate the respective effects of Zn, Pb and Cd as well as the combined effect of Zn, Pb, Cd and Cu on the removal of nitrogen and oxygen demand in constructed wetlands. Four laboratory-scale gravel-filled subsurface-flow constructed wetland units planted with cattails (Typha latifolia) were operated outdoors and fed with primary-treated domestic wastewater at a constant flow rate of 25 ml/min. After 6 months, three of the wetland units were fed with the same type of wastewater spiked with Zn(II), Pb(II) and Cd(II), respectively, at 20, 5 and 1 mg/l for a further 9 months. The remaining unit was fed with the same type of wastewater spiked with a combination of Zn(II), Pb(II), Cd(II) and Cu(II) at concentrations of 10, 2.5, 0.5 and 5 mg/l, respectively, over the same period. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammoniacal nitrogen (AN) concentrations were monitored at the inlet, outlet and three additional locations along the length of the wetland units to assess the performance of the wetland units at various metal loadings. At the end of the study, all cattail plants were harvested for the determination of total Kjeldahl nitrogen and metal concentrations. The results showed that the COD removal efficiency was practically independent of increasing metal loading or a combination of metal loadings during the duration of the study. In contrast, the AN removal efficiency deteriorated progressively with increasing metal loading. The relative effect of the heavy metals was found to increase in the order: Zn<Pb<Cd and the synergistic effect of metals was not observed. The metals seem to exhibit some inhibitory effect on nitrogen uptake by cattail plants as indicated by lower nitrogen uptake rates in comparison to rates recorded in wetland systems treating domestic wastewater only.
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia. pelim@usm.my
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Tay
authors.forename: K Y
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Mak
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mohamed
mesh_terms: D017753:Ecosystem; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D010944:Plants; D032401:Typhaceae / Q000502:physiology; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D009584:Nitrogen; D010100:Oxygen