Vascular problems of the upper extremity: a primer for the orthopaedic surgeon.
A focused history and thorough physical examination, combined with a working knowledge of the normal vascular anatomy, can help identify most vascular abnormalities of the upper extremity. Technologic improvements now allow accurate diagnosis by noninvasive methods. Most abnormalities can be categorized into one of five major diagnostic groups: traumatic, compressive, occlusive, tumoral (malformation), and vasospastic. Behavioral modifications and pharmacologic agents may improve symptoms. Appropriately selected surgical candidates often experience pain relief and functional improvement.
Phillips
Craig S
CS
Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Chicago Hospitals, Chicago, IL, USA.
Murphy
Michael S
MS
D001132:Arm / Q000098:blood supply; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000293:injuries; D005385:Fingers / Q000098:blood supply; D005918:Glomus Tumor / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D009260:Nail Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D010808:Physical Examination; D011859:Radiography; D011928:Raynaud Disease / Q000175:diagnosis; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis; D013919:Thromboangiitis Obliterans / Q000175:diagnosis; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000098:blood supply*; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology