Proteases involved in long-term potentiation.
Much attention has been paid to proteases involved in long-term potentiation (LTP). Calpains, Ca-dependent cysteine proteases, have first been demonstrated to be the mediator of LTP by the proteolytic cleavage of fodrin, which allows glutamate receptors located deep in the postsynaptic membrane to move to the surface. It is now generally considered that calpain activation is necessary for LTP formation in the cleavage of substrates such as protein kinase Czeta, NMDA receptors, and the glutamate receptor-interacting protein. Recent studies have shown that serine proteases such as tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), thrombin, and neuropsin are involved in LTP. tPA contributes to LTP by both receptor-mediated activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase and the cleavage of NMDA receptors. Thrombin induces a proteolytic activation of PAR-1, resulting in activation of protein kinase C, which reduces the voltage-dependent Mg2+ blockade of NMDA receptor-channels. On the other hand, neuropsin may act as a regulatory molecule in LTP via its proteolytic degradation of extracellular matrix protein such as fibronectin. In addition to such neuronal proteases, proteases secreted from microglia such as tPA may also contribute to LTP. The enzymatic activity of each protease is strictly regulated by endogenous inhibitors and other factors in the brain. Once activated, proteases can irreversibly cleave peptide bonds. After cleavage, some substrates are inactivated and others are activated to gain new functions. Therefore, the issue to identify substrates for each protease is very important to understand the molecular basis of LTP.
Tomimatsu
Yoshiro
Y
Laboratory of Oral Aging Science, Division of Oral Biological Sciences, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Kyushu University, 812-8582, Fukuoka, Japan.
Idemoto
Satoru
S
Moriguchi
Shigeki
S
Watanabe
Shigenori
S
Nakanishi
Hiroshi
H
D000818:Animals; D002154:Calpain / Q000502:physiology; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases / Q000502:physiology; D010450:Endopeptidases / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007610:Kallikreins; D017774:Long-Term Potentiation / Q000502:physiology*; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000502:physiology; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases / Q000502:physiology; D013917:Thrombin / Q000502:physiology; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000502:physiology
D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D010450:Endopeptidases; C094799:KLK8 protein, human; D007610:Kallikreins; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases; D013917:Thrombin; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator; D002154:Calpain; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex