title: Cancer chronotherapy: principles, applications, and perspectives.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cell physiology is regulated along the 24-hour timescale by a circadian clock, which is comprised of interconnected molecular loops involving at least nine genes. The cellular clocks are coordinated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus, a hypothalamic pacemaker that also helps the organism adjust to environmental cycles. The rest-activity rhythm is a reliable marker of the circadian system function in both rodents and humans. This circadian organization is responsible for predictable changes in the tolerability and efficacy of anticancer agents, and possibly also may be involved in tumor promotion or growth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Expected least toxic times of chemotherapy were extrapolated from experimental models to human subjects with reference to the rest-activity cycle. The clinical relevance of the chronotherapy principle (i.e., treatment administration as a function of rhythms) has been investigated previously in randomized multicenter trials.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the current study, chronotherapeutic schedules were used to safely document activity of the combination of oxaliplatin, 5-fluorouracil, and leucovorin against metastatic colorectal carcinoma and to establish new medicosurgical management for this disease, and were reported to result in unprecedented long-term survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronotherapy concepts appear to offer further potential to improve current cancer treatment options as well as to optimize the development of new anticancer or supportive agents.
authors.affiliation: EPI 0118 INSERM Chronothérapeutique des cancers and Service de Cancerologie, Hôpital Paul Brousse (I.C.I.G), 94800 Villejuif Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Marie-Christine
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Mormont
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Levi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002909:Chronobiology Phenomena; D019454:Chronotherapy; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D011379:Prognosis; D011788:Quality of Life