title: Role of caspases in murine limb bud cell death induced by 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide, an activated analog of cyclophosphamide.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Caspases play a pivotal role in the regulation and execution of apoptosis, an essential process during limb development. Caspase 8 activation is usually downstream of the Fas/FasL death receptors, whereas caspase 9 mediates the mitochondrial signaling pathway of apoptosis. Caspase 3 is an effector caspase. Previous studies have shown that the exposure of embryonic murine limbs in vitro to 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-OOHCPA), an activated analog of the anticancer alkylating agent, cyclophosphamide, induced limb malformations and apoptosis. The goal of this study was to determine the role of caspases in mediating apoptosis in this model system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Limb buds from gestational day 12 CD-1 mice were excised and cultured in roller bottles in a chemically defined medium for up to 6 days in the absence or presence of 4-OOHCPA. Apoptosis was indicated by internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, as detected by TUNEL staining. The profile of caspase activation was characterized by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry of control and treated limbs. To determine the consequences to limb morphology of inhibiting caspase activation, DEVD-CHO, a caspase-3 inhibitor, was added to the cultures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Limbs cultured in the presence of 4-OOHCPA were growth retarded and malformed; apoptosis was increased in the apical ectodermal ridge and interdigital areas. Western blot analysis showed that 4-OOHCPA exposure did not activate procaspases 8 or 9 in limbs. In contrast, procaspase-3 cleavage was increased in a concentration and time-dependent manner after exposure of limbs to 4-OOHCPA. Immunoreactive activated caspase-3 was localized in the interdigital areas and the apical ectodermal ridge region in control limbs; staining in these areas and in the interdigital areas was increased dramatically in limbs exposed to 4-OOHCPA. Inhibition of caspase 3 activation with DEVD-CHO partially protected limbs from insult with 4-OOHCPA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Caspase-dependent and caspase-independent pathways of cell death are both important is mediating the abnormal limb development triggered by insult with 4-OOHCPA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Chunwei
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Barbara F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Hales
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D053148:Caspase 3; D053181:Caspase 8; D053453:Caspase 9; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism*; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity*; D004792:Enzyme Precursors / Q000378:metabolism; D005121:Extremities; D005260:Female; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D018878:Limb Buds; D017880:Limb Deformities, Congenital / Q000201:enzymology; D051379:Mice / Q000196:embryology*; D013723:Teratogens / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D004792:Enzyme Precursors; D013723:Teratogens; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; C505409:Casp3 protein, mouse; C505526:Casp8 protein, mouse; C506434:Casp9 protein, mouse; D053148:Caspase 3; D053181:Caspase 8; D053453:Caspase 9; D020169:Caspases; C011272:perfosfamide