title: The delivery rate of dietary carbohydrates affects cognitive performance in both rats and humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glucose is the main metabolic fuel of the brain. The rate of glucose delivery from food to the bloodstream depends on the nature of carbohydrates in the diet, which can be summarized as the glycaemic index (GI).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the benefit of a low versus high GI breakfast on cognitive performances within the following 4 h.
  
  
  METHODS
  The influence of the GI of the breakfast on verbal memory of young adults was measured throughout the morning in parallel to the assessment of blood glucose levels. The learning abilities of rats performing an operant-conditioning test 3 h after a breakfast-like meal of various GI was also examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A low GI rather than high GI diet improved memory in humans, especially in the late morning (150 and 210 min after breakfast). Similarly, rats displayed better learning performance 180 min after they were fed with a low rather than high GI diet.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although performances appeared to be only remotely related to blood glucose, our data provide evidence that a low GI breakfast allows better cognitive performances later in the morning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Wales Swansea, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP UK.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Benton
authors.forename: Marie-Pierre
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Ruffin
authors.forename: Taous
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lassel
authors.forename: Samantha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nabb
authors.forename: Michaël
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Messaoudi
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vinoy
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Desor
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000502:physiology; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000187:drug effects; D004032:Diet; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004193:Discrimination Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D005108:Extinction, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D038321:Glycemic Index / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates