title: Extended peripheral zone biopsy schemes increase cancer detection rates and minimize variance in prostate specific antigen and age related cancer rates: results of a community multi-practice study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We assessed the impact of age and prostate specific antigen (PSA) on extended systematic biopsy schemes for detecting prostate carcinoma and better characterized these tumors as a function of patient age and PSA.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the records of 2,299 consecutive patients who underwent initial systematic biopsy performed by 167 community based urologists. A total of 12 systematic biopsies of the peripheral zone were obtained in all patients. Various biopsy schemes were then created and cancer detection rates were calculated. Data analyses were stratified by patient age and PSA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On biopsy 1,020 patients (44.4%) had cancer. Detection rates increased with increasing patient age. Increasing age and PSA were associated with larger, higher grade tumors. Overall and unique site specific cancer detection rates were highest for laterally directed biopsies and the apical biopsy of the standard sextant scheme. The 12 site biopsy scheme outperformed all other schemes in patients with PSA 7 ng./ml. or less and in those 60 years or younger. The variation in age related and PSA related detection rates was greatest for the standard sextant scheme and this variability decreased for extended biopsy schemes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This multi-practice community based study confirms the inadequacy of sextant biopsies and emphasizes the need for extended peripheral zone sampling of the lateral aspect of the prostate. Generally increasing patient age and PSA were associated with larger, higher grade tumors. Extended biopsy schemes minimize PSA and age related detection rates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Presti
authors.forename: Gerard J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: O'Dowd
authors.forename: M Craig
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Rubina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mattu
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Veltri
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011467:Prostate / Q000473:pathology*; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen