title: Optimization of alkylidene hydrazide based human glucagon receptor antagonists. Discovery of the highly potent and orally available 3-cyano-4-hydroxybenzoic acid [1-(2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzyl)-1H-indol-4-ylmethylene]hydrazide.
abstract: Highly potent human glucagon receptor (hGluR) antagonists have been prepared employing both medicinal chemistry and targeted libraries based on modification of the core (proximal) dimethoxyphenyl group, the benzyl ether linkage, as well as the (distal) benzylic aryl group of the lead 2, 3-cyano-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (3,5-dimethoxy-4-isopropylbenzyloxybenzylidene)hydrazide. Electron-rich proximal aryl moieties such as mono- and dimethoxy benzenes, naphthalenes, and indoles were found to be active. The SAR was found to be quite insensitive regarding the linkage to the distal aryl group, since long and short as well as polar and apolar linkers gave highly potent compounds. The presence of a distal aryl group was not crucial for obtaining high binding affinity to the hGluR. In many cases, however, the affinity could be further optimized with substituted distal aryl groups. Representative compounds have been tested for in vitro metabolism, and structure-metabolism relationships are described. These efforts lead to the discovery of 74, NNC 25-2504, 3-cyano-4-hydroxybenzoic acid [1-(2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzyl)-1H-indol-4-ylmethylene]hydrazide, with low in vitro metabolic turnover. 74 was a highly potent noncompetitive antagonist of the human glucagon receptor (IC(50) = 2.3 nM, K(B) = 760 pM) and of the isolated rat receptor (IC(50) = 430 pM, K(B) = 380 pM). Glucagon-stimulated glucose production from isolated primary rat hepatocytes was inhibited competitively by 74 (K(i) = 14 nM). This compound was orally available in dogs (F(po) = 15%) and was active in a glucagon-challenged rat model of hyperglucagonemia and hyperglycemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark. pem@novonordisk.com
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Madsen
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Plewe
authors.forename: Christian K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Sams
authors.forename: Lotte B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Knudsen
authors.forename: Ulla G
authors.initials: UG
authors.lastname: Sidelmann
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ynddal
authors.forename: Christian L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Brand
authors.forename: Birgitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Teng
authors.forename: Larry
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Truesdale
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kiel
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: May
authors.forename: Atsuo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kuki
authors.forename: Shenghua
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Kimberly Ann
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Teston
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lakis
authors.forename: Kenna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Anderes
authors.forename: Vlad
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gregor
authors.forename: Jesper
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lau
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004285:Dogs; D005934:Glucagon / Q000097:blood; D005947:Glucose / Q000096:biosynthesis; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006834:Hydrazines / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000378:metabolism; D007211:Indoles / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018027:Receptors, Glucagon / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: C470208:(1-(2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzyl)-1H-indol-4-ylmethylene)hydrazide; D006834:Hydrazines; D007211:Indoles; D018027:Receptors, Glucagon; D005934:Glucagon; D005947:Glucose