title: Phase I study of intraperitoneal recombinant human interleukin 12 in patients with Müllerian carcinoma, gastrointestinal primary malignancies, and mesothelioma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose is to determine dose-limiting toxicity, pharmacokinetics,pharmacodynamics, and immunobiology after i.p. injections of recombinant human IL-12 (rhIL-12).
  
  
  METHODS
  rhIL-12 was administered to 29 previously treated patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis from Müllerian carcinomas, gastrointestinal tract carcinomas and peritoneal mesothelioma in a Phase I trial. rhIL-12 doses were increased from 3 to 600 ng/kg. Three or more patients at each level received weekly i.p. injections of rhIL-12.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dose-limiting toxicity (elevated transaminase) occurred in 2 of 4 patients at the 600 ng/kg dose. More frequent toxicities included fever, fatigue, abdominal pain, nausea, and catheter-related infections. Ten patients received 300 ng/kg with acceptable frequency and severity of side effects. Two patients (one with ovarian cancer and one with mesothelioma) had no remaining disease at laparoscopy. Eight patients had stable disease and 19 progressive disease. At 300 ng/kg i.p., IL-12 was cleared from peritoneal fluid in a biphasic manner with a terminal-phase half-life of 18.7 h; peritoneal fluid levels of IL-12 5 min after i.p. injection were 100-200 pg/ml, and serum levels reached approximately 10 pg/ml between 24 and 36 h. IL-1-alpha, IL-2, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and IFN-gamma were determined in serum and peritoneal fluid. IFN-gamma, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor alpha were detected most frequently. Immunobiological effects included peritoneal tumor cell apoptosis, decreased tumor cell expression of basic fibroblast growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor, elevated IFN-gamma and IFN-inducible protein 10 transcripts in peritoneal exudate cells, and increased proportions of peritoneal CD3(+) relative to CD14(+) cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  rhIL-12 at 300 ng/kg by weekly i.p. injection is biologically active and adequately tolerated for Phase II studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastrointestinal Medical, Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lenzi
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rosenblum
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Verschraegen
authors.forename: Andrzej P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Kudelka
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Kavanagh
authors.forename: Marshall E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Hicks
authors.forename: Eric A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Nash
authors.forename: Lawrence B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: Chris D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Platsoucas
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Abbruzzese
authors.forename: Ralph S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Freedman
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D005770:Gastrointestinal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008654:Mesothelioma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009095:Mullerian Ducts / Q000473:pathology*; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D010534:Peritoneal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000556:secondary; D011003:Ploidies; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D000637:Transaminases / Q000378:metabolism; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D016207:Cytokines; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008222:Lymphokines; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D018664:Interleukin-12; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D000637:Transaminases