title: Ultraviolet-excited (308 nm) autofluorescence for bladder cancer detection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the ability of ultraviolet laser-induced autofluorescence for the diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 43 patients undergoing transurethral resection with recurrent transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Guided through 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced fluorescence endoscopy, the autofluorescence of the red fluorescing areas and the adjacent tissue and inconspicuous-appearing mucosa were measured spectroscopically. The autofluorescence excitation was carried out with a xenon chloride excimer laser operating at 308 nm (AF308). For the evaluation of the autofluorescence spectra, an intensity ratio (335/430 nm) was calculated and correlated with the histologic results of the biopsies taken.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We analyzed the AF308 spectra of 114 biopsies (21 malignant, 93 benign). The autofluorescence intensity ratios for the benign lesions were a factor of 2 to 7 higher than carcinoma in situ and neoplastic tissue. Therefore, 20 of 21 neoplastic lesions were detected as true positive by AF308. A sensitivity and specificity for AF308 of 95% and 77%, respectively, could be calculated. The sensitivity and specificity for 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced fluorescence endoscopy was 90% and 61%, respectively. By combining the two methods, we calculated a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 84%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of a sensitive imaging technique such as 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced fluorescence endoscopy and a more specific spectral fluorescence probe technique with autofluorescence at 308 nm is a very efficient procedure in the detection of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zaak
authors.forename: Herbert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stepp
authors.forename: Reinhold
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Baumgartner
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schneede
authors.forename: Raphaela
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Waidelich
authors.forename: Dominic
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Frimberger
authors.forename: Arndt
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hartmann
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Künchel
authors.forename: Alfons
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hofstetter
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hohla
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003558:Cystoscopy; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D005453:Fluorescence; D006801:Humans; D007834:Lasers; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000175:diagnosis*; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid