title: Airway wall remodeling induced by occupational mineral dusts and air pollutant particles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  COPD has been reported in workers exposed to particulates, and there is increasing evidence that high levels of ambient particulate pollutants may also be associated with COPD. The studies here investigate the hypothesis that particulates, including air pollution particles, can induce airway wall fibrosis, a process that can lead to COPD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rat tracheal explants were exposed to various occupationally encountered dusts, air pollution particles, and model air pollution particles. In some experiments, iron was loaded onto the particle surface. Gene expression and nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activation were measured after 7 days of air culture. Adhesion to and uptake of dusts by the tracheal epithelium were also evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Known fibrogenic dusts such as amosite asbestos produced increased gene expression of procollagen, transforming growth factor-beta, and platelet-derived growth factor, and increased hydroxyproline in the explants, and the addition of iron increased these effects. The addition of iron also converted nonfibrogenic TiO2 into a fibrogenic dust. Dusts with surface complexed iron activated NF-kappaB via an oxidant mechanism. However, an ultrafine TiO2 with very low iron was also fibrogenic. In separate experiments, exogenous tumor necrosis factor-alpha increased dust adhesion to, and exogenous ozone increased dust uptake by, tracheal epithelial cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mineral dusts can directly induce fibrosis in the airway wall. Exogenous inflammatory cells and exogenous agents are not required, but they probably exaggerate the fibrogenic effects. An iron-mediated oxidant mechanism underlies the fibrogenic effects of some, but not all, of these dusts. Particle-induced airway wall fibrosis may lead to COPD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. achurg@interchange.ubc.ca
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Churg
authors.forename: Joanne L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Wright
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000818:Animals; D017639:Asbestos, Amosite / Q000009:adverse effects*; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004391:Dust / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D006909:Hydroxyproline / Q000378:metabolism; D007501:Iron / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D010083:Oxidants, Photochemical / Q000009:adverse effects; D010126:Ozone / Q000009:adverse effects; D010316:Particle Size; D011347:Procollagen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D011658:Pulmonary Fibrosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects; D014132:Trachea / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D024042:Collagen Type I; D004391:Dust; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010083:Oxidants, Photochemical; D011347:Procollagen; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D017639:Asbestos, Amosite; D010126:Ozone; D007501:Iron; D006909:Hydroxyproline