title: Peripheral mechanisms affecting the lower esophageal sphincter tone.
abstract: LES tone is influenced by central and peripheral mechanisms. Peripheral factors influencing the LES tone include inhibitory reflexes originating from the stomach, esophagus, pharynx, and larynx. Although the role of LES relaxation and its associated reflux events induced by gastric distention has been extensively studied, the LES relaxations triggered by stimulation of the aerodigestive tract have only recently been the focus of systematic investigation and have resulted in documentation of the intricate reflex relationship between the upper gastrointestinal tract and the aerodigestive tract.
authors.affiliation: MCW Dysphagia Institute, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Froedtert Memorial Lutheran Hospital, 9200 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
authors.forename: Samer
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gawrieh
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shaker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000502:physiology; D004943:Esophagogastric Junction / Q000502:physiology*; D004947:Esophagus / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007830:Larynx / Q000502:physiology; D009129:Muscle Tonus / Q000502:physiology*; D010614:Pharynx / Q000502:physiology; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology; D013270:Stomach / Q000502:physiology