title: Cold exposure: human immune responses and intracellular cytokine expression.
abstract: It is commonly believed that exposure to cold environmental temperatures depresses immune function and increases the risk for infection. This review paper will 1) present an overview of human physiological responses to cold exposure, 2) present the human studies examining the effects of cold exposure on immune responses, and 3) summarize recent experiments from our laboratories examining the effects of exercise and fatigue on immune responses during subsequent cold exposure. Based on the review of the literature, there is no support for the concept that cold exposure depresses immune function.
authors.affiliation: USARIEM, Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, 42 Kansas Street, Natick, MA 01760-5007, USA. john.castellani@na.amedd.army.mil
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Castellani
authors.forename: Ingrid K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: M  Brenner
authors.forename: Shawn G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Rhind
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003080:Cold Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000502:physiology; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines