title: Ran GTPase cycle and importins alpha and beta are essential for spindle formation and nuclear envelope assembly in living Caenorhabditis elegans embryos.
abstract: The small GTPase Ran has been found to play pivotal roles in several aspects of cell function. We have investigated the role of the Ran GTPase cycle in spindle formation and nuclear envelope assembly in dividing Caenorhabditis elegans embryos in real time. We found that Ran and its cofactors RanBP2, RanGAP, and RCC1 are all essential for reformation of the nuclear envelope after cell division. Reducing the expression of any of these components of the Ran GTPase cycle by RNAi leads to strong extranuclear clustering of integral nuclear envelope proteins and nucleoporins. Ran, RanBP2, and RanGAP are also required for building a mitotic spindle, whereas astral microtubules are normal in the absence of these proteins. RCC1(RNAi) embryos have similar abnormalities in the initial phase of spindle formation but eventually recover to form a bipolar spindle. Irregular chromatin structures and chromatin bridges due to spindle failure were frequently observed in embryos where the Ran cycle was perturbed. In addition, connection between the centrosomes and the male pronucleus, and thus centrosome positioning, depends upon the Ran cycle components. Finally, we have demonstrated that both IMA-2 and IMB-1, the homologues of vertebrate importin alpha and beta, are essential for both spindle assembly and nuclear formation in early embryos.
authors.affiliation: European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Askjaer
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Galy
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hannak
authors.forename: Iain W
authors.initials: IW
authors.lastname: Mattaj
mesh_terms: D000782:Aneuploidy; D000818:Animals; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans; D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism*; D018385:Centrosome / Q000378:metabolism; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian; D020558:GTP Phosphohydrolases / Q000378:metabolism; D006868:Hydrolysis; D028884:Karyopherins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008938:Mitosis; D010957:Plasmids / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding; D034622:RNA Interference; D008941:Spindle Apparatus / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D028961:beta Karyopherins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology*; D020931:ran GTP-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins; C471693:IMA-2 protein, C elegans; C475890:IMB-1 protein, C elegans; D028884:Karyopherins; D028961:beta Karyopherins; D020558:GTP Phosphohydrolases; D020931:ran GTP-Binding Protein