title: In vitro effects of oxytocin, acepromazine, detomidine, xylazine, butorphanol, terbutaline, isoproterenol, and dantrolene on smooth and skeletal muscles of the equine esophagus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the in vitro effects of oxytocin, acepromazine, xylazine, butorphanol, detomidine, dantrolene, isoproterenol, and terbutaline on skeletal and smooth muscle from the equine esophagus.
  
  
  METHODS
  14 adult horses without digestive tract disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Circular and longitudinal strips from the skeletal and smooth muscle of the esophagus were suspended in tissue baths, connected to force-displacement transducers interfaced with a physiograph, and electrical field stimulation was applied. Cumulative concentration-response curves were generated for oxytocin, acepromazine, xylazine, detomidine, butorphanol, isoproterenol, terbutaline, and dantrolene. Mean maximum twitch amplitude for 3 contractions/min was recorded and compared with predrug-vehicle values for the skeletal muscle segments, and area under the curve (AUC) for 3 contractions/min was compared with predrug-vehicle values for the smooth muscle segments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No drugs caused a significant change in skeletal muscle response. In smooth muscle, isoproterenol, terbutaline, and oxytocin significantly reduced AUC in a concentration-dependent manner. Maximum reduction in AUC was 69% at 10(-4) M for isoproterenol, 63% at 10(-6) M for terbutaline, and 64% at 10(-4) M for oxytocin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Isoproterenol, terbutaline, and oxytocin cause relaxation of the smooth muscle portion of the esophagus. The clinical relaxant effects on the proximal portion of the esophagus reported of drugs such as oxytocin, detomidine, and acepromazine may be the result of centrally mediated mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Equine Health Studies Program, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
authors.forename: Anne A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Wooldridge
authors.forename: Susan C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Eades
authors.forename: Giselle L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Hosgood
authors.forename: Rustin M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D000075:Acepromazine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D019540:Area Under Curve; D002077:Butorphanol / Q000494:pharmacology; D003620:Dantrolene / Q000494:pharmacology; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004947:Esophagus / Q000187:drug effects*; D006736:Horses / Q000502:physiology*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007545:Isoproterenol / Q000494:pharmacology; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D018656:Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch / Q000378:metabolism; D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central / Q000494:pharmacology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects*; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000187:drug effects*; D010121:Oxytocin / Q000494:pharmacology; D013726:Terbutaline / Q000494:pharmacology; D014991:Xylazine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists; D007093:Imidazoles; D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central; D014991:Xylazine; D010121:Oxytocin; D000075:Acepromazine; C041255:detomidine; D003620:Dantrolene; D007545:Isoproterenol; D013726:Terbutaline; D002077:Butorphanol