title: Cyanidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside suppresses nitric oxide production during a zymosan treatment in rats.
abstract: Anthocyanins are used for food color, and they are widely distributed in the human diets, suggesting that we ingest considerable amounts of anthocyanins from plant-based daily diets. We have demonstrated that a typical anthocyanin, cyanidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside (C3G), suppressed the zymosan-induced inflammatory response in rats when it was orally administered. The elevation of the peritoneal exudate NOx, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, and the cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 (CINC-1) concentrations were significantly suppressed by the administration of C3G. The zymosan treatment resulted in an increase in the serum alpha2-macroglobulin and decreases in the serum albumin and transferrin levels, which are recognized as acute phase proteins. However, these levels were normalized by the administration of C3G. The inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein level in the peritoneal exudate cells was markedly elevated in the control group treated with zymosan. However, the administration of C3G significantly reduced the level of iNOS in the peritoneal exudate cells. Taken altogether, our findings provide a biochemical basis for the use of C3G as a functional food factor and can also have important implications for the prevention of the NO-mediated inflammatory diseases.
authors.affiliation: Junior College Division, Tokai Gakuen University, 2-901 Nakahira, Tenpaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8514, Japan.
authors.forename: Takanori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsuda
authors.forename: Fumihiko
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Horio
authors.forename: Toshihiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Osawa
mesh_terms: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D054360:Chemokine CXCL1; D018925:Chemokines / Q000378:metabolism; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; D002630:Chemotactic Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D005960:Glucosides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000517:prevention & control*; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis; D015054:Zymosan / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D000872:Anthocyanins; D000975:Antioxidants; C475829:CXCL1 protein, human; D054360:Chemokine CXCL1; D018925:Chemokines; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; D002630:Chemotactic Factors; C513297:Cxcl1 protein, rat; D005960:Glucosides; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C462279:cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D015054:Zymosan; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase