title: Tumour necrosis factor-alpha and nitric oxide mediate apoptosis by D-galactosamine in a primary culture of rat hepatocytes: exacerbation of cell death by cocultured Kupffer cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) reduces cell death in experimental and clinical liver dysfunction.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Whether PGE1 protects against D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-associated hepatocyte cell death by the regulation of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and/or nitric oxide (NO) in hepatocytes or cocultured Kupffer cells was examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anti-TNF-alpha antibodies were used to evaluate the role of TNF-alpha during D-GalN cytotoxicity and its protection by PGE1 in cocultured hepatocytes and Kupffer cells. Cell apoptosis and necrosis were assessed by DNA fragmentation and lactate dehydrogenase release, respectively. Nitrite+nitrate (NOx), as NO end products, and TNF-alpha concentrations were measured in the culture medium. The role of NO was determined by measuring inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression and the effect of its inhibition during d-GalN cytotoxicity and its protection by PGE1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  D-GalN enhanced hepatocyte cell death associated with high TNF-alpha and NOx levels in a culture medium. Anti-TNF-alpha and iNOS inhibition suggested that TNF-alpha was mediating apoptosis, but not necrosis, through the stimulation of NO production. The antiapoptotic activity of PGE1 was associated with a reduction of NO production, but was blocked by iNOS inhibition. This apparent contradiction was explained by the ability of PGE1 to enhance iNOS expression shortly after its administration and inhibit it later during d-GalN treatment. Anti-TNF-alpha antibodies did not reduce the exacerbation of d-GalN-associated cell death in hepatocytes by cocultured Kupffer cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TNF-alpha mediates D-GalN-induced apoptosis via NO production in cultured hepatocytes. The protective effect of PGE1 against D-GalN-induced apoptosis is probably through the induction of low iNOS expression that was followed by a reduction of iNOS expression and NO production induced by the hepatotoxin. The exacerbation of hepatocyte cell death by Kupffer cells was not related to TNF-alpha and NO.
authors.affiliation: Unidad Cernica Aparto Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain.
authors.forename: Amira Mohamed Kamal ElSaid
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Abou-Elella
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Siendones
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Padillo
authors.forename: José Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Montero
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De la Mata
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Muntané Relat
mesh_terms: D000527:Alprostadil / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005688:Galactosamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D007728:Kupffer Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D005688:Galactosamine; D000527:Alprostadil