title: Definition and assessment of specific occupational demands concerning lifting, pushing, and pulling based on a systematic literature search.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  (1) To find a universal strategy for the identification of specific demands of a job or task, focusing on occupations in which there may be an increased risk for health complaints owing to these specific demands. (2) To select reliable and valid tests concerning lifting, pushing, and pulling, which consider the relation between occupational work demands and the assessment of the maximally acceptable load on an individual level.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature search was performed using Medline (1988 to May 2001), Embase (1966 to May 2001), and NIOSHTIC (1971-98).
  
  
  RESULTS
  No universal strategy was found for the definition of specific occupational demands. Therefore a "three step strategy" was formulated for defining specific occupational demands in a job or a task in order to prevent health complaints on an individual level. Many tests were found in the literature concerning lifting, but only a few concerning pushing and pulling. None of the tests concerning pushing, pulling, or lifting considered the relation between work demands and the assessment of the maximally acceptable load on an individual level. Furthermore, none of the tests met the criteria of reliability and prognostic value for musculoskeletal complaints completely. Only for the prognostic value of relative strength capacity tests concerning pushing pulling and lifting, did there appear to be limited proof for the development of musculoskeletal complaints.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In general, for the prevention of work related health complaints, it can be suggested that more attention should be paid to: (1) the definition of specific occupational demands; (2) the assessment of specific occupational demands; and (3) the quality of tests for specific occupational demands.
authors.affiliation: Coronel Institute for Occupational and Environmental Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands. juriaan.bos@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bos
authors.forename: P P F M
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Kuijer
authors.forename: M H W
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Frings-Dresen
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction; D017770:Lifting / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016272:Occupational Health; D005082:Physical Exertion; D011379:Prognosis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D014941:Work Simplification