title: [Radiological changes in the cervical spine in rheumatoid arthritis -- prognostic factors obtained by a cross-sectional study].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The involvement of the cervical spine is the most serious skeletal manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Instabilities of the upper cervical spine can lead to neurological complications and signs of vertebrobasilar insufficiency. The study investigates the relationship between the course of the RA and the degree of radiological changes in the cervical spine and describes prognostic factors of cervical spine involvement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical data were gathered from 205 patients with RA. Standardized X-ray examination of the cervical spine was performed and arthritic changes were assessed by a semiquantitative score. The association of clinical symptoms with defined radiological changes was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Radiological changes in the cervical spine related to RA were found in 67.8% of the patients. Anterior atlantoaxial dislocations were detected in 25.4%, subaxial dislocations in 55.6% and a vertical displacement of the dens in 21.5% of the cases. The degree of radiological changes in the cervical spine was not directly correlated with neurological symptoms. Age above 55 years, disease duration of more than 10 years, an onset of cervical pain later than 11 years after the diagnosis of RA, steroid therapy for more than 5 years, bilateral shoulder involvement and the presence of severe erosive changes in at least one peripheral joint were positively associated with the development of severe changes in the cervical spine. In patients with basilar impression, paraesthesia in the upper extremities was significantly more common.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prognostic factors are helpful for the assessment of risk of cervical spine involvement in RA. Since definite clinical hints for cervical involvement are absent, the cervical spine has to be included in the routine examination of patients with RA.
authors.affiliation: Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Orthopädie und Physikalische Medizin, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 22, 06097 Halle, Germany. heiko.reichel.@medizin.uni- halle.de
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Reichel
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Liebhaber
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Babinsky
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Keysser
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D001175:Arthrography; D001268:Atlanto-Axial Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D004204:Joint Dislocations / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D010985:Platybasia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011379:Prognosis; D013167:Spondylitis, Ankylosing / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*