title: Shared genetic risk of major depression, alcohol dependence, and marijuana dependence: contribution of antisocial personality disorder in men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about genetic factors that underlie the interrelationships among antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), major depression (MD), alcohol dependence (AD), and marijuana dependence (MJD). We examined the contribution of genetic effects associated with ASPD to the comorbidity of MD and substance use disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Vietnam Era Twin Registry is a general population registry of male veteran twins constructed from computerized Department of Defense files and other sources. A telephone diagnostic interview was administered to eligible twins from the Registry in 1992. Of 5150 twin pairs who served on active military duty during the Vietnam era, 3360 pairs (1868 monozygotic and 1492 dizygotic) in which both members completed the pertinent diagnostic interview sections were included. The main outcome measures were lifetime DSM-III-R ASPD, MD, AD, and MJD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Structural equation modeling was performed to estimate additive genetic, shared environmental, and nonshared environmental effects common and specific to each disorder. The heritability estimates for lifetime ASPD, MD, AD, and MJD were 69%, 40%, 56%, and 50%, respectively. Genetic effects on ASPD accounted for 38%, 50%, and 58% of the total genetic variance in risk for MD, AD, and MJD, respectively. After controlling for genetic effects on ASPD, the partial genetic correlations of MD with AD and with MJD were no longer statistically significant. Genetic effects specific to MD and AD and familial effects specific to MJD remained statistically significant. Nonshared environmental contributions to the comorbidity in these disorders were small.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this sample, the shared genetic risk between MD and both AD and MJD was largely explained by genetic effects on ASPD, which in turn was associated with increased risk of each of the other disorders.
authors.affiliation: Missouri Alcoholism Research Center at Washington University, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 40 N Kingshighway Blvd, Suite 2, St Louis, MO 63108, USA. qfu@matlock.wustl.edu
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Heath
authors.forename: Kathleen K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Bucholz
authors.forename: Elliot
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lyons
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: True
authors.forename: Theodore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jacob
authors.forename: Ming T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Tsuang
authors.forename: Seth A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Eisen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D004200:Diseases in Twins / Q000235:genetics*; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012042:Registries; D012306:Risk; D012931:Social Environment; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D014728:Veterans / Q000523:psychology*; D014744:Vietnam