title: NCX-4016 (NO-aspirin) inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced tissue factor expression in vivo: role of nitric oxide.
abstract: NCX-4016 is an acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) derivative containing a nitric oxide-releasing moiety. Compared with ASA, NCX-4016 has a broader spectrum of antithrombotic and antiinflammatory activities. We hypothesized that NCX-4016 might inhibit in vivo lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression of tissue factor (TF).
  
  
  
  Rats were administered 90 mg/kg NCX-4016 orally for 5 days. Placebo, 50 mg/kg ASA, and 80 mg/kg isosorbide-5-mononitrate (ISMN) were used in control groups. On day 5, rats were injected intraperitoneally with 100 microg/kg LPS and killed 6 hours later. The expression of TF in monocytes was measured by flow cytometry and Western blot analysis. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was performed to assess expression of TF and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) genes. Plasma concentrations of interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were measured. Urine samples were collected to evaluate the excretion of the thromboxane metabolite 11-dehydro-thromboxane (TX)B2. Gastric mucosa was inspected. LPS injection was followed by synthesis TF and COX-2 mRNAs in circulating monocytes, which were blunted by NCX-4016 but not by ASA or ISMN. Both NCX-4016 and ISMN reduced TF expression on surface of circulating monocyte. LPS increased the excretion 11-dehydro-TXB2, and this was prevented by NCX-4016 and ASA. Unlike ASA, NCX-4016 reduced plasma interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. In addition, NCX-4016 almost completely prevented mucosal damage, whereas ASA increased the extension of gastric lesions in LPS-injected rats.
  
  
  
  NCX-4016 prevents monocyte TF expression; this is accompanied by inhibition of TX and cytokine biosynthesis. These additive effects of nitric oxide release and COX inhibition may help explain efficacy and tolerability of NCX-4016.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Clinica di Gastroenterologia ed Epatologia, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fiorucci
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mencarelli
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Meneguzzi
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lechi
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morelli
authors.forename: Piero
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: del Soldato
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Minuz
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001241:Aspirin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000097:blood; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D007548:Isosorbide Dinitrate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013925:Thromboplastin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D013929:Thromboxane B2 / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000652:urine; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors; D007375:Interleukin-1; D007527:Isoenzymes; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D013929:Thromboxane B2; C049235:11-dehydro-thromboxane B2; D013925:Thromboplastin; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; C102148:nitroaspirin; D007548:Isosorbide Dinitrate; C030397:isosorbide-5-mononitrate; D001241:Aspirin