title: Psychological state and quality of life in patients having behavioral treatment (biofeedback) for intractable constipation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Behavioral techniques, including biofeedback, improve symptoms in a majority of patients with intractable idiopathic constipation. However, it is unknown whether there is also improvement in patients' psychological well-being and quality of life (QOL). It is also unknown whether psychological or QOL factors can be used to predict the response to treatment. We aimed to assess these factors prospectively.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-one consecutive patients (median age 36 yr) receiving biofeedback retraining for idiopathic constipation were studied. A bowel symptom record, the General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28) (n = 31) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (n = 20), both psychological measures, and the Short Form-36 (SF-36) (n = 22), a generic QOL measure, were recorded before and after treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-two of the patients felt subjectively symptomatically improved. When considering all patients, treatment resulted in decreased depression (p < 0.05), anxiety (p < 0.05), and somatic symptoms (p < 0.01) (psychological measures: GHQ-28), and improved general health (p < 0.05) and vitality (p < 0.05) (QOL measures: SF-36). Patients who improved symptomatically showed significantly higher scores on the GHQ-28 and SF-36, in contrast to the unchanged scores in patients who did not symptomatically improve. Pretreatment GHQ-28 did not predict who would benefit from treatment, but patients in whom pain, emotional problems, or low vitality interfered with daily living (SF-36 pain subscales) were significantly (p < 0.05) less likely to respond to treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The symptomatic improvement produced by biofeedback in constipated patients is associated with improved psychological state and QOL. Some of the psychological morbidity in these patients is reversible. QOL parameters may be useful for predicting a likely response to treatment.
authors.affiliation: St. Mark's Hospital, Middlesex, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Heather J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Serrano-Ikkos
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kamm
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology; D003248:Constipation / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011788:Quality of Life; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome