title: Classification of medical errors and preventable adverse events in primary care: a synthesis of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe and classify process errors and preventable adverse events that occur from medical care in outpatient primary care settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review and synthesis of the medical literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library from 1965 through March 2001 with the MESH term medical errors, modified by adding family practice, primary health care, physicians/family, or ambulatory care and limited the search to English-language publications. Published bibliographies and Web sites from patient safety and primary care organizations were also reviewed for unpublished reports, presentations, and leads to other sites, journals, or investigators with relevant work. Additional papers were identified from the references of the papers reviewed and from seminal papers in the field.
  
  
  METHODS
  Process errors and preventable adverse events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four original research studies directly studied and described medical errors and adverse events in primary care, and 3 other studies peripherally addressed primary care medical errors. A variety of quantitative and qualitative methods were used in the studies. Extraction of results from the studies led to a classification of 3 main categories of preventable adverse events: diagnosis, treatment, and preventive services. Process errors were classified into 4 categories: clinician, communication, administration, and blunt end.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Original research on medical errors in the primary care setting consists of a limited number of small studies that offer a rich description of medical errors and preventable adverse events primarily from the physician's viewpoint. We describe a classification derived from these studies that is based on the actual practice of primary care and provides a starting point for future epidemiologic and interventional research. Missing are studies that have patient, consumer, or other health care provider input.
authors.affiliation: Dept of Family Medicine, University of Cincinnati, PO Box 670582, Eden Avenue and Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0582, USA. eldernc@fammed.uc.edu
authors.forename: Nancy C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Elder
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Dovey
mesh_terms: D016907:Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems / Q000145:classification*; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D005194:Family Practice / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000145:classification* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D017751:Safety Management; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014481:United States