title: Metoclopramide decreases emesis but increases sedation in tramadol patient-controlled analgesia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the clinical benefits and disadvantages of adding metoclopramide to tramadol for patient-controlled analgesia (PCA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty adult patients, undergoing elective arthroplasties, were recruited into this prospective, randomized, double-blind study. During general anesthesia all patients received 2.5 mg x kg(-1) of tramadol as a loading dose at the beginning of wound closure. In the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) patients were randomly allocated to receive PCA containing either 20 mg tramadol + 1 mg metoclopramide per millilitre (n = 20, Group T+M) or tramadol 20 mg per millilitre (n = 20, Group T). The PCA setup was 1 mL/bolus with a lockout interval of five minutes. A blinded investigator assessed the vital signs, visual analogue scale, and severity of postoperative nausea and/or vomiting in the PACU. The PCA demand and delivery, overall satisfaction rate and adverse effects were recorded in the PACU and on postoperative days one and two.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nausea/vomiting scores were more severe (1.7 +/- 1.0 vs 0.2 +/- 0.5, 2.3 +/- 1.2 vs 0.6 +/- 0.6, 1.9 +/- 0.9 vs 0.2 +/- 0.5, at 12 hr, 18 hr, 24 hr, respectively, P < 0.05) and more frequent (7/20 vs 1/20, 5/20 vs 0/20 for nausea and vomiting respectively, P < 0.05) on postoperative day one in Group T compared to Group T+M. However, the incidence of sedation was higher in Group T+M (7/20 vs 1/20, P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence and severity of nausea/vomiting decreased if metoclopramide was added to tramadol for PCA. An increased incidence of sedation was noticed with this drug combination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Show-Chwan Memorial Hospital Changhua, Taiwan, ROC. sungfangrong@aol.com
authors.forename: Wei-Wu
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.forename: Hurng-Sheng
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Ching-Hsiung
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Da-Peng
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Min-Ho
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000932:Antiemetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008787:Metoclopramide / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D020250:Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014147:Tramadol / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000932:Antiemetics; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D014147:Tramadol; D008787:Metoclopramide