Prescribing errors in hospital inpatients: their incidence and clinical significance.
BACKGROUND
It has been estimated that 1-2% of US inpatients are harmed by medication errors, the majority of which are errors in prescribing. The UK Department of Health has recommended that serious errors in the use of prescribed drugs should be reduced by 40% by 2005; however, little is known about the current incidence of prescribing errors in the UK. This pilot study sought to investigate their incidence in one UK hospital.


METHODS
Pharmacists prospectively recorded details of all prescribing errors identified in non-obstetric inpatients during a 4 week period. The number of medication orders written was estimated from a 1 in 5 sample of inpatients. Potential clinical significance was assessed by a pharmacist and a clinical pharmacologist.


RESULTS
About 36200 medication orders were written during the study period, and a prescribing error was identified in 1.5% (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4 to 1.6). A potentially serious error occurred in 0.4% (95% CI 0.3 to 0.5). Most of the errors (54%) were associated with choice of dose. Error rates were significantly different for different stages of patient stay (p<0.0001) with a higher error rate for medication orders written during the inpatient stay than for those written on admission or discharge. While the majority of all errors (61%) originated in medication order writing, most serious errors (58%) originated in the prescribing decision.


CONCLUSIONS
There were about 135 prescribing errors identified each week, of which 34 were potentially serious. Knowing where and when errors are most likely to occur will be helpful in designing initiatives to reduce them. The methods developed could be used to evaluate such initiatives.
Dean
B
B
Department of Practice and Policy, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, London WC1N 1AX, UK. bdean@hhnt.org
Schachter
M
M
Vincent
C
C
Barber
N
N
D003697:Delphi Technique; D006779:Hospitals, Public / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000145:classification / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008510:Medication Systems, Hospital / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010607:Pharmacy Service, Hospital / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012308:Risk Management; D013222:State Medicine / Q000592:standards; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology