title: Induction of thymidine phosphorylase in both irradiated and shielded, contralateral human U87MG glioma xenografts: implications for a dual modality treatment using capecitabine and irradiation.
abstract: In the United States, tumors of the central nervous system remain the third leading cancer-related cause of death in young adults with a median survival time of < 1 year. A recent case study suggested that Capecitabine (a novel, fluoropyrimidine prodrug) may be effective in the treatment of brain metastases. Pharmacogenomic studies have correlated the antitumor response to Capecitabine with the expression of the drug metabolizing enzymes thymidine phosphorylase (TP) and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD). In the current study, we examined TP and DPD expression in normal human brain tissues and in glioblastoma multiforme, the most common and malignant type of brain tumor. Because previous reports suggest a tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-mediated increase in TP expression after irradiation (a current standard of care for glioblastoma multiforme), we also examined the effect of irradiation on the expression of TP, DPD, and TNF-alpha in both irradiated and lead-shielded contralateral U87MG glioma xenografts within the same animal. Expression levels were determined using real-time quantitative PCR as described previously. Results demonstrate an approximately 70-fold increase in TP mRNA levels 4 days after irradiation, relative to initial control levels. Interestingly, TP mRNA in the lead-shielded tumors (contralateral to irradiated tumors) increased approximately 60-fold by day 10 relative to initial control levels. Elevated TP levels were sustained for 20 days in irradiated xenografts but began to decrease after 15 days in the shielded/contralateral tumors, returning to baseline by 20 days. TP mRNA levels in normal mouse liver were unaltered, suggesting a tumor-associated effect. TNF-alpha mRNA levels did not increase after irradiation; therefore, mRNA expression of 11 additional cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p35, IL-12p40, IL-15, and IFN-gamma] in both the irradiated and shielded xenografts was quantitated. Results demonstrated increased levels of IFN-gamma, IL-10, and IL-1 alpha by 6.3-, 3.7-, and 1.6-fold, respectively, in irradiated tumors only. DPD mRNA levels did not change after irradiation. The tumor-associated induction of TP in irradiated and lead-shielded tumors within the same animal may have significant implications for the combined modality treatment of cancer patients with Capecitabine in conjunction with radiotherapy and may apply to the treatment of distant tumors and or metastatic disease.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-3300, USA.
authors.forename: Carmelo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Blanquicett
authors.forename: G Yancey
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Gillespie
authors.forename: L Burt
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Nabors
authors.forename: C Ryan
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Sumen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bharara
authors.forename: Donald J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Buchsbaum
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Diasio
authors.forename: Martin R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism; D000069287:Capecitabine; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D042943:Dihydrouracil Dehydrogenase (NADP); D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism; D012313:RNA / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013939:Thymidine Phosphorylase / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D012313:RNA; D000069287:Capecitabine; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D042943:Dihydrouracil Dehydrogenase (NADP); D013939:Thymidine Phosphorylase; D005472:Fluorouracil