title: Lens aging in relation to nutritional determinants and possible risk factors for age-related cataract.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether nutritional factors and possible risk factors for cataract influence the lens optical density (LOD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred seventy-six subjects, aged 18 to 75 years, were recruited. In a cross-sectional design, serum was analyzed for lutein, zeaxanthin, vitamin C, alpha-tocopherol, and cholesterol levels. Adipose tissue (n = 187) was analyzed for lutein level. The LOD and the macular pigment optical density (MPOD) were measured by spectral fundus reflectance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean +/- SD LOD at 420 nm was 0.52 +/- 0.17. It showed a significant association with age (beta =.008, P<001) and MPOD (beta = -.096, P =.02). For subjects 50 years and younger (mean +/- SD LOD, 0.45 +/- 0.11), we found only a single significant beta coefficient, for age (beta =.006, P<.001). For subjects older than 50 years (mean +/- SD LOD, 0.68 +/- 0.16), we found significant beta coefficients for age (beta =.011, P<.001) and MPOD (beta = -.240, P =.005). Controlling for age, we found no associations between LOD and other possible risk factors for age-related cataract or serum or adipose tissue concentrations of carotenoids, vitamin C, and alpha-tocopherol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Macular pigment is composed of lutein and zeaxanthin, the only carotenoids found in human lenses. The inverse relationship between LOD and MPOD suggests that lutein and zeaxanthin may retard aging of the lens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Universitair Medisch Centrum Utrecht, AZU E03.136, Heidelberglaan 100, PO Box 85500, NL-3508 GA Utrecht, the Netherlands. tosb@isi.uu.nl
authors.forename: Tos T J M
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Berendschot
authors.forename: Wendy M R
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Broekmans
authors.forename: Ineke A A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Klöpping-Ketelaars
authors.forename: Alwine F M
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Kardinaal
authors.forename: Geert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Van Poppel
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Van Norren
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000097:blood; D002386:Cataract / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000502:physiology*; D014975:Lutein / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009752:Nutritional Status / Q000502:physiology*; D012168:Retinal Pigments / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors; D024341:Xanthophylls; D065146:Zeaxanthins; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol / Q000097:blood; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D012168:Retinal Pigments; D024341:Xanthophylls; D065146:Zeaxanthins; D019207:beta Carotene; D002784:Cholesterol; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; D014975:Lutein