title: A novel polyubiquitin structure in Cercozoa and Foraminifera: evidence for a new eukaryotic supergroup.
abstract: Ubiquitin is a 76 amino acid protein with a remarkable degree of evolutionary conservation. Ubiquitin plays an essential role in a large number of eukaryotic cellular processes by targeting proteins for proteasome-mediated degradation. Most ubiquitin genes are found as head-to-tail polymers whose products are posttranslationally processed to ubiquitin monomers. We have characterized polyubuiquitin genes from the photosynthetic amoeboflagellate Chlorarachnion sp. CCMP 621 (also known as Bigelowiella natans) and found that they deviate from the canonical polyubiquitin structure in having an amino acid insertion at the junction between each monomer, suggesting that polyubiquitin processing in this organism is unique among eukaryotes. The gene structure indicates that processing likely cleaves monomers at the amino terminus of the insertion. We examined the phylogenetic distribution of the insertion by sequencing polyubiquitin genes from several other eukaryotic groups and found it to be confined to Cercozoa (including Chlorarachnion, Lotharella, Cercomonas, and Euglypha) and Foraminifera (including Reticulomyxa and Haynesina). This character strongly suggests that Cercozoa and Foraminifera are close relatives and form a new "supergroup" of eukaryotes.
authors.affiliation: Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Archibald
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Longet
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pawlowski
authors.forename: Patrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Keeling
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D056890:Eukaryota / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D025821:Polyubiquitin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics*; D012335:RNA, Ribosomal / Q000032:analysis; D016415:Sequence Alignment
chemical_list: D012335:RNA, Ribosomal; D025821:Polyubiquitin