title: Toll-like receptors.
abstract: The innate immune system in drosophila and mammals senses the invasion of microorganisms using the family of Toll receptors, stimulation of which initiates a range of host defense mechanisms. In drosophila antimicrobial responses rely on two signaling pathways: the Toll pathway and the IMD pathway. In mammals there are at least 10 members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family that recognize specific components conserved among microorganisms. Activation of the TLRs leads not only to the induction of inflammatory responses but also to the development of antigen-specific adaptive immunity. The TLR-induced inflammatory response is dependent on a common signaling pathway that is mediated by the adaptor molecule MyD88. However, there is evidence for additional pathways that mediate TLR ligand-specific biological responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita Osaka 565-0871, Japan. ktakeda@biken.osaka-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.forename: Tsuneyasu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kaisho
authors.forename: Shizuo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akira
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000818:Animals; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation / Q000276:immunology; D004330:Drosophila / Q000276:immunology; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007239:Infections / Q000276:immunology; D008024:Ligands; D008322:Mammals / Q000276:immunology; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D018448:Models, Immunological; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88; D010802:Phylogeny; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000276:immunology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051198:Toll-Like Receptor 5; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D008024:Ligands; C507779:MYD88 protein, human; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; C499312:Myd88 protein, Drosophila; C507780:Myd88 protein, mouse; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D051198:Toll-Like Receptor 5; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D014157:Transcription Factors; C439909:imd protein, Drosophila; C495341:tehao protein, Drosophila