title: The distress experienced by people with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: With diabetes an ever-increasing problem across the developed world, a great deal of research has been carried out into the effects of the disease on the patient. Yet despite the fact that type 1 diabetes accounts for only a relatively small proportion of worldwide cases, it has been the focus of research attention. This study aimed to investigate the distress associated with type 2 diabetes, whether gender differences existed in the impact of type 2 diabetes and how men and women viewed dietary management. A multi-method, two-stage research approach was taken. Quantitative data were obtained using the Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) questionnaire, and no statistically significant gender difference was identified. Worrying about the future, the possibility of complications and feelings of guilt or anxiety when 'off-track' with diabetes management were sources of significant distress. Treatment mode, length of time diagnosed with diabetes and age were significant factors which impacted on the emotional distress experienced by the individual. A subsample of respondents took part in the survey. Behavioural impact, emotional impact and fear of complications were major themes identified in the interviews. Views of the dietary management of diabetes were also explored within the focus groups and three broad categories identified: dietary restrictions, value judgements and the influence of others. Awareness by health-care professionals of factors influencing adaptation to diabetes is recommended.
authors.affiliation: Lomond and Argyll Primary Care NHS Trust, Mid-Argyll Hospital, Lochgilphead.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McDowell
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000523:psychology*; D003927:Diet, Diabetic / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology*; D006113:United Kingdom