title: Rat pancreatic stellate cells secrete matrix metalloproteinases: implications for extracellular matrix turnover.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pancreatic fibrosis is a characteristic feature of chronic pancreatic injury and is thought to result from a change in the balance between synthesis and degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Recent studies suggest that activated pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) play a central role in pancreatic fibrogenesis via increased synthesis of ECM proteins. However, the role of these cells in ECM protein degradation has not been fully elucidated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine: (i) whether PSCs secrete matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) and, if so (ii) whether MMP and TIMP secretion by PSCs is altered in response to known PSC activating factors such as tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1), interleukin 6 (IL-6), ethanol, and acetaldehyde.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cultured rat PSCs (n=3-5 separate cell preparations) were incubated at 37 degrees C for 24 hours with serum free culture medium containing TNF-alpha (5-25 U/ml), TGF-beta1 (0.5-1 ng/ml), IL-6 (0.001-10 ng/ml), ethanol (10-50 mM), or acetaldehyde (150-200 micro M), or no additions (controls). Medium from control cells was examined for the presence of MMPs by zymography using a 10% polyacrylamide-0.1% gelatin gel. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to examine gene expression of MMP9 and the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases TIMP1 and TIMP2. Western blotting was used to identify a specific MMP, MMP2 (a gelatinase that digests basement membrane collagen and the dominant MMP observed on zymography) and a specific TIMP, TIMP2. Reverse zymography was used to examine functional TIMPs in PSC secretions. The effect of TNF-alpha, TGF-beta1, and IL-6 on MMP2 secretion was assessed by densitometry of western blots. The effect of ethanol and acetaldehyde on MMP2 and TIMP2 secretion was also assessed by this method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Zymography revealed that PSCs secrete a number of MMPs including proteinases with molecular weights consistent with MMP2, MMP9, and MMP13. RT-PCR demonstrated the presence of mRNA for metalloproteinase inhibitors TIMP1 and TIMP2 in PSCs while reverse zymography revealed the presence of functional TIMP2 in PSC secretions. MMP2 secretion by PSCs was significantly increased by TGF-beta1 and IL-6, but was not affected by TNF-alpha. Ethanol and acetaldehyde induced secretion of both MMP2 and TIMP2 by PSCs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pancreatic stellate cells have the capacity to synthesise a number of matrix metalloproteinases, including MMP2, MMP9, and MMP13 and their inhibitors TIMP1 and TIMP2. MMP2 secretion by PSCs is significantly increased on exposure to the proinflammatory cytokines TGF-beta1 and IL-6. Both ethanol and its metabolite acetaldehyde increase MMP2 as well as TIMP2 secretion by PSCs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The role of pancreatic stellate cells in extracellular matrix formation and fibrogenesis may be related to their capacity to regulate the degradation as well as the synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins.
authors.affiliation: Pancreatic Research Group, Department of Gastroenterology, Bankstown-Lidcombe and Liverpool Hospitals, and University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. m.apte@unsw.edu.au
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: McCarroll
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: M-J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pirola
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Korsten
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Apte
mesh_terms: D000079:Acetaldehyde / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western / Q000379:methods; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel / Q000379:methods; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000494:pharmacology; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D010179:Pancreas / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019714:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C508962:Tgfb1 protein, rat; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D019714:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2; D000431:Ethanol; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; D000079:Acetaldehyde