title: Epidural and intrathecal analgesia for cancer pain.
abstract: The three-step analgesic ladder approach developed by the World Health Organization works well in treating the vast majority (70-90%) of patients suffering from pain related to cancer. In those patients who do not get pain relief by this three-step approach, intraspinal agents can be a fourth step in managing pain of malignant origin. Although morphine is the only opioid approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for intraspinal use, many different opioid analgesics are used intraspinally, including hydromorphone, fentanyl, sufentanil, meperidine and methadone in the treatment of cancer pain. Many non-opioid agents have also been used intraspinally either alone or in combination with opioids in the treatment of intractable cancer pain. This chapter summarizes the clinical use of these agents with some practical points.
authors.affiliation: Center For Pain Management, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California 92354, USA.
authors.forename: Divakara
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kedlaya
authors.forename: Lowell
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Waldman
mesh_terms: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000379:methods*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D007278:Injections, Spinal / Q000379:methods; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists