title: Flavonoids and nitric oxide synthase.
abstract: Induction of NOS-2 in macrophages and smooth muscles within vascular wall with concomittant suppression of endothelial NOS-3 activity is considered to be a hallmark of vascular inflammation that triggers atherogenesis. Accordingly, drugs designed to reverse these changes should not only support vaning function of NOS-3 but also suppress proinflammatory NO production by NOS-2. It means that using selective inhibitors of induction of NOS-2 (they spare ex definitione constitutive activity of NOS-3) is a more rational approach than using "selective" inhibitors of activity of previously induced NOS-2. First of all, those drugs are never sufficiently selective. In our work we tried to identify inhibitors of NOS-2 induction within the group of flavonoids, known stimulators of NOS-3 with putative antiatherogenic effects. Representatives of four main groups of flavonoids: flavonols (kaempferol, quercetin, rutin), flavones (apigenin, primuletin), flavanols (catechine) and flavanones (hesperetin, hesperidin, naringenin) were tried on NOS-2 induction and activity in the in vitro model of LPS-treated macrophages (cell line J774.2). While none of these compounds inhibited activity of NOS-2, all with unexpectedly scattered potencies inhibited induction of NOS-2 protein in LPS-treated J774.2 cells, as evidenced by Western blotting technique. Subsequently, RT-PCR and Northern blotting methods revealed that so far the most potent compounds, kaempferol and apigenin, at micromolar concentrations did inhibit NOS-2 induction at the level of NOS-2 gene transcription. We conclude that some of flavonoids are potent inhibitors of NOS-2 induction. At the same time they may increase endothelial NOS-3 activity. Could these flavonoids become natural parents of future drugs, which will be used for reversal of inflammatory component of atherothrombosis?
authors.affiliation: Jagiellonian University Medical College, Department of Pharmacology, Cracow, Poland. mfolszan@cyf-kr.edu.pl
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Olszanecki
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gebska
authors.forename: V I
authors.initials: VI
authors.lastname: Kozlovski
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Gryglewski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology*; D051379:Mice; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D014664:Vasodilation
chemical_list: D005419:Flavonoids; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse