title: A micromodel analysis of factors influencing NAPL removal by surfactant foam flooding.
abstract: A methodology to study the trichloroethylene (TCE) and dodecane removal in porous media by surfactant foams (SF) was presented by using etched-glass micromodels. The purpose of this work was to systematically evaluate the impact of various physicochemical factors such as gas fraction (GF), surfactant concentration, pore structure and nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) types on NAPL removal during SF flooding. The TCE displacement by SF was dependent on the gas fraction of SF. Low GFs (50% and 66%) were more efficient for TCE removal and sweep efficiencies than a high GF (85%). An increase in TCE removal was observed with increasing surfactant concentration at a fixed GF. TCE removal by SF flooding appeared to be dependent more to the value of Capillary number rather than to the concentration of surfactant solution. The effect of the pore heterogeneity was evaluated by employing two different types of micromodels. The Capillary number is an important parameter in the determination of sweep efficiency or gas saturation of SF in a nonhomogeneous porous medium. However, the TCE removal from a nonhomogeneous porous medium may not be associated with sweep efficiency. The initial configuration of residual TCE blobs in a nonhomogeneous porous medium would also be influential in displacing TCE. Sweep efficiencies and pressure responses of two NAPL systems (TCE and dodecane) were monitored to evaluate foam stability when the foam contacts the NAPLs. Stable foam contacting with TCE is implied, while it appears that dodecane cause the SF to collapse. All results indicate that the Capillary number (a ratio of viscous forces to capillary forces) is the most important parameter for TCE removal by SF flooding. Micromodel visualizations of water, surfactant and SF floods were showed and also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Environmental and Water Resources Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3136, USA. Jeong.Seung-Woo@epa.gov
authors.forename: Seung-Woo
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.forename: M Yavuz
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Corapcioglu
mesh_terms: D000473:Alkanes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004190:Disasters; D005740:Gases; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D016062:Porosity; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D014241:Trichloroethylene / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014872:Water Movements
chemical_list: D000473:Alkanes; D002273:Carcinogens; D005740:Gases; D012997:Solvents; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; C007548:n-dodecane; D014241:Trichloroethylene