title: Molecular characterization, function and regulation of ammonium transporters (Amt) and ammonium-metabolizing enzymes (GS, NADP-GDH) in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum.
abstract: External hyphae, which play a key role in nitrogen nutrition of trees, are considered as the absorbing structures of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. Here, we have cloned and characterized Hebeloma cylindrosporum AMT1, GLNA and GDHA genes, which encode a third ammonium transporter, a glutamine synthetase and an NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase respectively. Amt1 can fully restore the pseudohyphal growth defect of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae mep2 mutant, and this is the first evidence that a heterologous member of the Mep/Amt family complements this dimorphic change defect. Dixon plots of the inhibition of methylamine uptake by ammonium indicate that Amt1 has a much higher affinity than the two previously characterized members (Amt2 and Amt3) of the Amt/Mep family in H. cylindrosporum. We also identified the intracellular nitrogen pool(s) responsible for the modulation of expression of AMT1, AMT2, AMT3, GDHA and GLNA. In response to exogenously supplied ammonium or glutamine, AMT1, AMT2 and GDHA were downregulated and, therefore, these genes are subjected to nitrogen repression in H. cylindrosporum. Exogenously supplied nitrate failed to induce a downregulation of the five mRNAs after transfer of mycelia from a N-starved condition. Our results demonstrate that glutamine is the main effector for AMT1 and AMT2 repression, whereas GDHA repression is controlled by intracellular ammonium, independently of the intracellular glutamine or glutamate concentration. Ammonium transport activity may be controlled by intracellular NH4+. AMT3 and GLNA are highly expressed but not highly regulated. A model for ammonium assimilation in H. cylindrosporum is presented.
authors.affiliation: Université Henri Poincaré, Nancy 1, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, UMR INRA/UHP 1136, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes, BP 239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Arnaud
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Javelle
authors.forename: Mélanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morel
authors.forename: Blanca-Rosa
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Pastrana
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Botton
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: André
authors.forename: Anne-Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Marini
authors.forename: Annick
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brun
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chalot
mesh_terms: D000363:Agaricales / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001692:Biological Transport; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D027682:Cation Transport Proteins; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; D005969:Glutamate Dehydrogenase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005970:Glutamate Synthase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008744:Methylamines / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009249:NADP / Q000378:metabolism; D010802:Phylogeny; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D027682:Cation Transport Proteins; D005656:Fungal Proteins; C107270:MEP2 protein, S cerevisiae; D008744:Methylamines; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D009249:NADP; C027451:methylamine; D005970:Glutamate Synthase; D005969:Glutamate Dehydrogenase