title: [Treatment of residual obstetrical brachial plexus palsy with tendon transfer].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the results of the correction of adduction and internal rotation deformities of the shoulder associated with residual obstetrical brachial plexus palsy (OBPP) by the transfer of latissimus dorsi and teres major muscles to the rotator cuff.
  
  
  METHODS
  In order to correct adduction and internal rotation deformities associated with residual OBPP, 10 patients (7 males, 3 females; mean age 8.1 years; range 4 to 19 years) underwent transfer of the latissimus dorsi and teres major muscles to the rotator cuff and lengthening of the pectoralis major tendon with Z-plasty. The right and left extremities were affected in seven and three patients, respectively. Involvement of the C5-C6 nerve roots was detected in four, and C5-C6-C7 nerve roots in six patients. In two patients with a positive Putti sign, axillary roentgenograms showed posterior subluxation of the humeral head, and magnetic resonance and computed tomography scans revealed type III glenohumeral deformity. Functional evaluations were made using a 5-point scoring system proposed by Mallet. The mean follow-up was 23.6 months (range 5 to 42 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Postoperatively, the mean abduction and external rotation were 134.5 degrees (range 95 degrees to 170 degrees ) and 70 degrees (range 45 degrees to 90 degrees ), respectively. The mean global abduction score was 4, external rotation score was 4.2, and the scores assigned to the ability to move hand to the neck and mouth were 3.5. Of two patients with type III glenohumeral deformity, whose ages were four and 19 years, abduction and external rotation were 150 degrees and 45 degrees in the former, 135 degrees and 70 degrees in the latter, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The transfer of the latissimus dorsi and teres major tendons is a necessary procedure to restore external rotation and abduction functions of paralysed shoulders. Compared to other techniques employed, it offers obvious advantages in terms of ease and cost, as well.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology (Ortopedi ve Travmatoloji Anabilim Dali), Medicine Faculty of Istanbul University, 34390 Capa, Turkey. msdemirhan@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Demirhan
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Erdem
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uysal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001720:Birth Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D001917:Brachial Plexus / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D020516:Brachial Plexus Neuropathies / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D010369:Pectoralis Muscles / Q000601:surgery; D011859:Radiography; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012782:Shoulder / Q000601:surgery; D000070599:Shoulder Injuries; D013709:Tendon Transfer / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome