title: Aseptic meningitis in children--the Singapore experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the incidence, aetiology, clinical characteristics and management of paediatric aseptic meningitis in a paediatric hospital in Singapore.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis, a negative Gram stain and bacterial culture were reviewed retrospectively from 1 January to 31 December 2000. Eighty-seven patients who fulfilled the criteria for aseptic meningitis and without neurological deficits were studied. In addition, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using pan enterovirus primers was subsequently performed on 73 of these CSF specimens which were available for storage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of aseptic meningitis was approximately 37 cases per 10,000 admissions. Non-polio enteroviruses were isolated from 29 of 64 (45.3%) CSF and 38 of 52 (73.1%) stool samples. RT-PCR was positive in 43 (58.9%) of the archived CSF specimens. The aetiologies of the remaining cases were mostly unidentified. Their ages ranged from 5 days to 12 years (median, 2 months). All patients except 1 had fever. Vomiting or poor feeding occurred in 44.7%, cough or running nose in 35.3%, irritability was observed in 35.3%, seizures in 7.1%, a rash in 10.6% and diarrhoea in 5.9%. All patients recovered without sequelae. The median CSF white cell count was 212 cells/mm3 (range, 7 to 12,000). The median glucose concentration was 2.7 mmol/L (range, 1.6 to 4.4). The median CSF/blood glucose ratio was 0.52 (range, 0.23 to 0.73). Median length of stay was 7 days (range, 4 to 17). Eighty-four patients (96.6%) received antibiotics for a median of 5.5 days (range, 2 to 14).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Enteroviruses were the most common aetiologic agent identified. A method of early diagnosis using RT-PCR for enteroviruses is necessary to reduce the current duration of antibiotic usage and to decrease the length of hospital stay.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore 229899. nancyt@kkh.com.sg
authors.forename: W S N
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Tee
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Choong
authors.forename: R V T P
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Ling
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004769:Enterovirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008582:Meningitis, Aseptic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008587:Meningitis, Viral / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D004279:DNA, Viral