title: Cardiac performance in Salmo salar with infectious salmon anaemia (ISA): putative role of nitric oxide.
abstract: Infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) is a viral disease which targets the vascular and endocardial endothelial cells. An in vitro preparation of the spontaneously beating working heart of Salmo salar L. (i.e. able to generate physiological values of output pressure, cardiac output, ventricle work and power) was used to study cardiac performance under basal (i.e. in the absence of stimuli) and loading (i.e. Frank-Starling response) conditions in both control and ISAV-affected fish. In contrast to control fish, the heart preparations of the infected counterparts showed an impairment of the Frank-Starling response, particularly evident in fish infected with a higher virus dose. The Frank-Starling response was progressively impaired with the progression of the viral disease from the time of the virus administration until the 20th day. The potential involvement of nitric oxide (NO) in cardiac dysfunction was investigated by using the authentic nitric oxide synthase (NOS) substrate L-arginine and the NOS inhibitors L-NMMA and L-NIL. In contrast to control fish, infected hearts were particularly sensitive to the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor L-NIL and insensitive to L-arginine. While pretreatment with NOS inhibitors reduced the Frank-Starling response in control hearts, it restored this response in infected counterparts. Taken together, the results indicate that cardiac dysfunction and the NO-transduction-pathway can be mechanistically linked in infected salmon.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, University of Calabria, 87030 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy.
authors.forename: Alfonsina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gattuso
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mazza
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Imbrogno
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sverdrup
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tota
authors.forename: Are
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nylund
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000378:metabolism; D004790:Enzyme Induction; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008239:Lysine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D009975:Orthomyxoviridae; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D020317:Salmo salar; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; C090663:N(6)-(1-iminoethyl)lysine; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D001120:Arginine; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D008239:Lysine