title: No radiation protection reasons for restrictions on 14C urea breath tests in children.
abstract: Traditional (14)C urea breath tests are normally not used for younger children because the radiation exposure is unknown. High sensitivity accelerator mass spectrometry and an ultra-low amount (440 Bq) of (14)C urea were therefore used both to diagnose Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection in seven children, aged 3-6 years, and to make radiation dose estimates. The activity used was 125 times lower than the amount normally used for older children and 250 times lower than that used for adults. Results were compared with previously reported biokinetic and dosimetric data for adults and older children aged 7-14 years. (14)C activity concentrations in urine and exhaled air per unit administered activity for younger children (3-6 years) correspond well with those for older children (7-14 years). For a child aged 3-6 years who is HP negative, the urinary bladder wall receives the highest absorbed dose, 0.3 mGy MBq(-1). The effective dose is 0.1 mSv MBq(-1) for the 3-year-old child and 0.07 mSv MBq(-1) for the 6-year-old child. For two children, the 10 min and 20 min post-(14)C administration samples of exhaled air showed a significantly higher amount of (14)C activity than for the rest of the children, that is 6% and 19% of administered activity exhaled per hour compared with 0.3-0.9% (mean 0.5%) of administered activity exhaled per hour indicating that these two children that is were HP positive. For a 3-year-old HP positive child, absorbed dose to the urinary bladder wall was 0.3 mGy MBq(-1) and effective dose per unit of administered activity was 0.4 mSv MBq(-1). Using 55 kBq, which is a normal amount for older children when liquid scintillation counters are used for measurement, the effective dose will be approximately 6 micro Sv to a 3-year-old HP negative child and 20 microSv to a HP positive child. Thus there is no reason for restrictions on performing a normal (14)C urea breath test, even on young children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Physics, Lund University, Malmö University Hospital, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gunnarsson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leide-Svegborn
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stenström
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Skog
authors.forename: L-E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hellborg
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mattsson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001944:Breath Tests / Q000379:methods*; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes / Q000652:urine; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori; D006801:Humans; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011835:Radiation Protection; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods; D014508:Urea; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D014508:Urea