title: DDT in human milk and mental capacities in children at school age: an additional view on PISA 2000.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate a possible lasting impact of dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) exposure in neonatal life on mental capacities in later life.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relationships were evaluated by correlation and regression analysis between total DDT concentrations in human breast milk in the years of birth (1984/1985) and measurements of mental capacities obtained in pupils of the PISA 2000 studies as well as percentages of backward children in Germany in 1994/95.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Comparing total DDT levels in human milk during the years of birth (1984/85) evaluable for eleven PISA countries with assessed mental capacities of 15-year-old pupils of PISA International, a significant inverse correlation was found (p < 0.001), even after adjustment for socioeconomic statuses (p = 0.001). Furthermore, a significant inverse correlation (p < 0.001) was also obtained between the total DDT concentrations in human milk in 1984/85 in ten foreign countries of three continents plus fourteen Federal States of Germany and the mental capacities of 15 year-old pupils of PISA International plus PISA National (Germany) 2000. Finally, a significant positive correlation was observed between total DDT contents in human milk in 1984/85 and the percentages of backward school children in 1994/95 in Federal States of Germany (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data in association with additional experimental and epidemiological findings suggest that DDT is a "neuroendocrine disrupter" as well as a "functional teratogen" leading to harmful effects on brain development and mental capacities in later life. Thus, a neuroendocrine prophylaxis during critical developmental periods in early life as recommended by our group since many years appears to be most important for primary preventive medicine but even for "preventive pedagogics". The validity of these theses should be re-tested in future PISA studies.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Humboldt University Medical School (Charité), Schumannstrasse 20/21, D-10098 Berlin, Germany. andreas.plagemann@charite.de
authors.forename: Günter
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dörner
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Plagemann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015984:Causality; D002648:Child; D003634:DDT / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D007306:Insecticides / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007361:Intelligence Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016014:Linear Models; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D007306:Insecticides; D003634:DDT