title: Modulations of signal transduction pathways during sepsis and the effects of insulin and mifepristone.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The phosphorylation states and the inferred activation of specific members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways (p42/44, p38, and SAPK/JNK) were quantitated in the livers of rats by Western blot analysis during the progression of sepsis. In addition, the authors examined the effects of insulin and mifepristone (RU-486) administration on these signal transduction pathways during sepsis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sepsis was brought about by the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) method. The control group underwent sham operation. One experimental group was injected with insulin (0.5 U/kg, IV); prior to the CLP or sham procedure, the second group was injected with RU-486, a glucocorticoid antagonist (mifepristone, 20 mg/kg, IP), and the third group was injected with saline (control).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The activities of SAPK/JNK were unaltered throughout the course of sepsis, while those of p42/44 MAPK increased four-fold after 24 hours of sepsis. The activation of p38 MAPK was also increased after 0.5 and 1.5 hours of sepsis, but returned to normal during late sepsis (24 hours). Rats that had received RU-486 before CLP showed no change in p42/44 MAPK compared with the untreated group, but the drug appeared to suppress the activation after 24 hours post-CLP. SAPK/JNK activation, on the other hand, was slightly enhanced by RU-486 pretreatment after 1.5 and 24 hours of CLP compared with the untreated CLP and the treated sham-operated rats. Insulin, given preoperatively, had no effect on the activation of SAPK/JNK, although p42/44 MAPK pathways were activated by the hormone at 0.5 hours and 1.5 hours post-CLP only, but not in the sham-operated controls or at 24 hours post-CLP. The p38 MAPK activation seen after 0.5 and 1.5 hours of CLP was suppressed by RU-486. Insulin pretreatment appears to suppress the phosphorylation of p38 in both the CLP and sham-operated groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data suggest that sepsis induces two phases of MAPK activation, an early phase in which p38 is active, followed by a second, more pronounced phase of p42/44 MAPK activation that occurs only late in sepsis. Hormonal administration results suggest that RU-486 suppresses the activation of p38 seen in early sepsis, and the activation of p42/44 MAPK seen in late sepsis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Stony Brook University Hospital, NY 11794, USA. smaitra@notes.cc.sunysb.edu
authors.forename: Subir R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Maitra
authors.forename: Elliott
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Dominik
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rosa
authors.forename: Patrick D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Valane
authors.forename: M Raafat
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: El-Maghrabi
authors.forename: Collin E M
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Brathwaite
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D015735:Mifepristone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048055:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018805:Sepsis / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D015735:Mifepristone; D048055:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases