title: Contamination levels of in-use disinfectants in a teaching hospital in Lagos, Nigeria.
abstract: In-use testing of the disinfectants; Hibitane (5% w/v Chlorhexidinegluconate), Hibiscrub (4% w/v Chlorhexidinegluconate), Savlon (3% w/v Chlorhexidine/Cetrimide), hydrogen peroxide (6% w/v hydrogen peroxide with stabilizer) and a common household bleach Jik (3.5% w/v sodium hypochlorite), was carried out over a two-month period at a university teaching hospital in Nigeria. Contamination levels were high with 82 (63.1%) of the 130 in-use disinfectants contaminated. However, a few of the stock solutions remained sterile. One hundred and thirty-four isolates were obtained of which 120 (91%) were gram-negative with Pseudomonas species being the commonest, constituting 67.2% of all the isolates. Gram-positive organisms made up the remaining 12 (9.0%) isolates. All the Pseudomonas spp. were resistant to gentamicin, ceftazidime, nalidixic acid and perfloxacin. Contributory factors for the high contamination levels were dilution of disinfectants with tap water, inadequate care of stock solution bottles and long storage of the diluted disinfectants in the wards.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, PMB12003, Lagos, Nigeria. ftogunsola@aol.com
authors.forename: F T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Ogunsola
authors.forename: B O
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Orji
authors.forename: O O
authors.initials: OO
authors.lastname: Oduyebo
mesh_terms: D001407:Bacillus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001645:Biguanides / Q000592:standards*; D002593:Cetrimonium Compounds / Q000592:standards*; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000592:standards*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000592:standards*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004340:Drug Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004356:Drug Storage / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004754:Enterobacter / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000592:standards*; D007709:Klebsiella / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009549:Nigeria; D011513:Proteus mirabilis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011549:Pseudomonas / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012307:Risk Factors; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000592:standards*; D013210:Staphylococcus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013997:Time Factors; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D001645:Biguanides; D002593:Cetrimonium Compounds; D004202:Disinfectants; D004338:Drug Combinations; C012027:savlon; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite; C001570:alexidine; C010882:chlorhexidine gluconate; D002710:Chlorhexidine