title: Posterior chorioretinal atrophy and vitreous phenotype in a family with Stickler syndrome from a mutation in the COL2A1 gene.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report posterior chorioretinal atrophy (PCRA) and correlate the vitreous phenotype with inheritance of the disease mutation in a family with vitreoretinal dystrophy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four members of a family with 14 affected individuals were examined, and genetic linkage analysis was performed at the COL2A1, COL11A1, and Wagner disease loci. The vitreous phenotype was prospectively graded as optically empty with retrolenticular membrane, fibrillar, or normal. Ocular ultrasonography and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were performed on selected individuals to study the vitreous structure and vitreoretinal interface.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 6-year-old proband had PCRA and optically empty vitreous without systemic features, suggestive of Wagner disease. The family history was negative for systemic disease, except for one cousin with cleft palate. However, when examined, clinical features of the 14 affected subjects included 5 with small chin, 4 with at least submucosal cleft palate, and 9 with a myopic refractive error greater than 5 diopters. Lens opacity or previous cataract extraction was found in 13 family members. All affected individuals in whom the vitreous could be examined had an optically empty vitreous with retrolental membrane. Posterior chorioretinal atrophy was found in eight of the affected subjects. The finding was not limited to highly myopic subjects, nor did all the high myopes have PCRA. Ultrasonography and OCT revealed vitreous adherent to the retina, but without apparent retinal distortion or edema of the macula. Significant linkage was established to the COL2A1 locus; the other loci were excluded. A single nucleotide insertion mutation (c.2012 2013insC) was identified in exon 34, leading to a downstream premature stop codon in the COL2A1 gene.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although posterior chorioretinal atrophy and vitreoretinal degeneration have been classically associated with Wagner disease, we demonstrate its presence in a family with typical Stickler syndrome. On the basis of clinical, ultrasonographic, and OCT studies, the etiology of PCRA in this family does not seem to be attributable to vitreomacular traction or myopia. The vitreous findings in this large family confirm reports that mutations in the COL2A1 gene lead to the optically empty vitreous with retrolenticular membrane phenotype.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.
authors.forename: Cuong D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Vu
authors.forename: Jeremiah
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Jarmo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Körkkö
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ritter
authors.forename: Albert O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Edwards
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001284:Atrophy; D002648:Child; D002829:Choroid / Q000473:pathology*; D024043:Collagen Type II / Q000235:genetics*; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D015785:Eye Diseases, Hereditary / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D006801:Humans; D007368:Interferometry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012160:Retina / Q000473:pathology*; D012162:Retinal Degeneration / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D014054:Tomography; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: C499177:COL2A1 protein, human; D024043:Collagen Type II