title: Neurotoxic effects of aluminium among foundry workers and Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In a cross-sectional case-control study conducted in northern Italy, 64 former aluminium dust-exposed workers were compared with 32 unexposed controls from other companies matched for age, professional training, economic status, educational and clinical features. The findings lead the authors to suggest a possible role of the inhalation of aluminium dust in pre-clinical mild cognitive disorder which might prelude Alzheimer's disease (AD) or AD-like neurological deterioration.
  
  
  METHODS
  The investigation involved a standardised occupational and medical history with particular attention to exposure and symptoms, assessments of neurotoxic metals in serum: aluminium (Al-s), copper (Cu-s) and zinc (Zn-s), and in blood: manganese (Mn-b), lead (Pb-b) and iron (Fe-b). Cognitive functions were assessed by the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Clock Drawing Test (CDT) and auditory evoked Event-Related Potential (ERP-P300). To detect early signs of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), the time required to solve the MMSE (MMSE-time) and CDT (CDT-time) was also measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly higher internal doses of Al-s and Fe-b were found in the ex-employees compared to the control group. The neuropsychological tests showed a significant difference in the latency of P300, MMSE score, MMSE-time, CDT score and CDT-time between the exposed and the control population. P300 latency was found to correlate positively with Al-s and MMSE-time. Al-s has significant effects on all tests: a negative relationship was observed between internal Al concentrations, MMSE score and CDT score; a positive relationship was found between internal Al concentrations, MMSE-time and CDT-time. All the potential confounders such as age, height, weight, blood pressure, schooling years, alcohol, coffee consumption and smoking habit were taken into account.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest a role of aluminium in early neurotoxic effects that can be detected at a pre-clinical stage by P300, MMSE, MMSE-time, CDT-time and CDT score, considering a 10 micrograms/l cut-off level of serum aluminium, in aluminium foundry workers with concomitant high blood levels of iron. The authors raise the question whether pre-clinical detection of aluminium neurotoxicity and consequent early treatment might help to prevent or retard the onset of AD or AD-like pathologies.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina del Lavoro dell'Università di Torino, Servizio di Medicina del Lavoro, ASL 8, 10044 Carignano, TO, Torino, Italy. mdl8to@cometacom.it
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Polizzi
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pira
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferrara
authors.forename: Massimiliano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bugiani
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Papaleo
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Albera
authors.forename: Silvana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Palmi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000535:Aluminum / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity*; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008669:Metallurgy; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D000535:Aluminum