title: Sustaining and broadening intervention impact: a longitudinal randomized trial of 3 adolescent risk reduction approaches.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the addition of a parental monitoring intervention (Informed Parents and Children Together [ImPACT]) alone or with "boosters" could enhance (either broaden or sustain or both) the effect of a small group, face-to-face adolescent risk reduction intervention Focus on Kids (FOK).
  
  
  METHODS
  A longitudinal, randomized, community-based cohort study was conducted of 35 low-income, community-based, in-town settings. A total of 817 black youths aged 12 to 16 years at baseline were studied. After completion of baseline measures, youths were randomized to receive a face-to-face intervention alone (FOK only), a face-to-face intervention and a parental monitoring intervention (FOK plus ImPACT), or both of the above plus boosters (FOK plus ImPACT plus boosters). Risk and protective behaviors were assessed at 6 and 12 months after intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 6 months' follow-up, youths in families that were assigned to FOK plus ImPACT reported significantly lower rates of sexual intercourse, sex without a condom, alcohol use, and cigarette use and marginally lower rates of "risky sexual behavior" compared with youths in families that were assigned to FOK only. At 12 months after intervention, rates of alcohol and marijuana use were significantly lower and cigarette use and overall risk intention were marginally lower among FOK plus ImPACT youths compared with FOK only youths. With regard to the boosters delivered at 7 and 10 months, 2 risk behaviors--use of crack/cocaine and drug selling--were significantly lower among the youths who were assigned to receive the additional boosters compared with youths without the boosters. The rates of the other risk behaviors and intentions did not differ significantly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this randomized, controlled trial indicate that the inclusion of a parental monitoring intervention affords additional protection from involvement in adolescent risk behaviors 6 and 12 months later compared with the provision of an intervention that targets adolescents only. At the same time, the results of the present study do not provide sufficient evidence that booster sessions further improve targeted behaviors enough to include them in a combined parent and youth intervention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-9214, USA.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Bonita F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Stanton
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Galbraith
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kaljee
authors.forename: Lesley
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cottrell
authors.forename: Xiaoming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Carole V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Dawn
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: D'Alessandri
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Burns
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003142:Communication; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D012309:Risk-Taking; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control