title: Prenatal diagnosis of bilateral isolated fetal hyperechogenic kidneys. Is it possible to predict long term outcome?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study perinatal and long term outcome following prenatal diagnosis of hyperechogenic kidneys.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Maternité Port-Royal Hôpital Cochin and at the Departments of Obstetrics and Paediatric Nephrology, Necker Enfants Malades in Paris, France.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-three fetuses with isolated bilateral hyperechogenic kidneys.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients referred with isolated bilateral hyperechogenic fetal kidneys were followed up prospectively up to 34-132 months. The following prenatal items were analysed: fetal kidney size, amniotic fluid volume, gestational age at diagnosis, family history and renal ultrasound in parents. Postmortem examination was carried out in cases with perinatal death. Postnatal follow up of survivors included postnatal ultrasound, blood pressure, serum creatinine, proteinuria, need for restricted diet, weight and height and renal biopsy when available.
  
  
  METHODS
  Aetiology of hyperechogenicity, perinatal mortality and renal function in survivors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The aetiology could be established by family history, postmortem or postnatal data, but not by prenatal ultrasound. There were 20 autosomal recessive, 8 autosomal dominant polycystic kidney diseases, 9 other renal disorders and 6 symptom-free survivors without aetiological diagnosis. There were 19 terminations of pregnancy, 5 neonatal deaths and 19 survivors, of whom 14 had normal renal function three had mild and two had end stage renal failure. None of those with severe oligohydramnios and fetal kidneys > 4 SD survived (n = 14, 10 terminations and 4 neonatal deaths), whereas of the 17 with normal amniotic fluid volume and kidneys < 4 SD, 14 survived, of whom 9 were symptom-free.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Aetiology could not be established prenatally in the absence of familial data. Kidney size and amniotic fluid volume were the best prenatal predictors of outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Maternité Port-Royal Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, Paris, France.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tsatsaris
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Gagnadoux
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Aubry
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Gubler
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dumez
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dommergues
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D007690:Polycystic Kidney Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods*