title: Effects of smoking cessation or reduction on hormone profiles and bone turnover in postmenopausal women.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate the impact of smoking cessation on hormonal concentrations, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and markers of bone turnover in postmenopausal women. Sixty-six women who were either users or non-users of estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) were randomly assigned, using a weighted randomization scheme, to smoking cessation (SC) or to smoking cessation after 6 weeks of monitoring (wait-list control group, WLC). We measured hormones [estrone, estradiol, testosterone, parathyroid hormone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) and androstenedione] and SHBG, markers of bone turnover [procollagen peptide (PINP), bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP), and osteocalcin (OC), N- and C-terminal collagen cross-links (NTx and CTx)], and cotinine, at baseline and again at 6 weeks in women who reported smoking cessation and in women randomized to the WLC group. Analyses included 20 subjects who quit or significantly reduced their smoking and 18 subjects in the WLC group. After controlling for differences in age and ERT use between groups, we found a significant change in SHBG in the SC vs. the WLC group (-8% vs. +5%, respectively; p = 0.01), and in DHEA (-18% vs. -5%, respectively; p = 0.04), but not in other hormonal concentrations. We also noted a significant change in NTx in the SC vs. WLC group (-5% vs. +56%, respectively, p = 0.01), but not in other markers of bone turnover. Percentage changes in SHBG and NTx were correlated with changes in plasma cotinine (r = 0.48; p = 0.004 and r = 0.36; p = 0.04, respectively). Six weeks of smoking abstinence produces reductions in SHBG and NTx. This may partly explain how smoking contributes to osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington 06030, USA. oncken@nso2.uchc.edu
authors.forename: Cheryl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Oncken
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Prestwood
authors.forename: Judith L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Cooney
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Unson
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fall
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kulldorff
authors.forename: Lawrence G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Raisz
mesh_terms: D003687:Dehydroepiandrosterone / Q000378:metabolism*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000378:metabolism*; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000379:methods; D004970:Estrone / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000378:metabolism*; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000378:metabolism*; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000502:physiology*; D011347:Procollagen / Q000378:metabolism*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000378:metabolism*; D012907:Smoking / Q000378:metabolism*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D013739:Testosterone / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011347:Procollagen; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; C047202:procollagen Type I N-terminal peptide; C063572:sex hormone-binding globulin receptor; D004970:Estrone; D013739:Testosterone; D003687:Dehydroepiandrosterone; D004958:Estradiol