title: ECVAM's research and validation activities in the fields of topical toxicity and human studies.
abstract: This paper outlines the research, prevalidation and validation activities that ECVAM has undertaken in collaboration with its partners in the field of topical toxicity testing and human volunteer studies, from its creation until now (1994-2002).
authors.affiliation: ECVAM, Institute for Health & Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, 21020 Ispra (VA), Italy.
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zuang
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000826:Animal Testing Alternatives; D000818:Animals; D003358:Cosmetics / Q000009:adverse effects; D005062:European Union; D006805:Human Experimentation; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007509:Irritants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000145:classification / Q000633:toxicity*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D012869:Skin Absorption; D015262:Xenobiotics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000145:classification / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D003358:Cosmetics; D007509:Irritants; D015262:Xenobiotics