title: Color-coded duplex sonography study of arteriovenous fistulae and pseudoaneurysms complicating percutaneous renal allograft biopsy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The exact incidence and clinical impact of arteriovenous fistulae (AVF) and pseudoaneurysms as complications emerging from renal allograft biopsy are not well established. We therefore conducted a prospective study using color-coded duplex sonography (CCDS) to determine the frequency, clinical presentation and spontaneous occlusion rate of biopsy-related AVF and pseudoaneurysms in kidney transplant recipients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated 72 consecutive patients undergoing renal allograft biopsy using an automated biopsy technique. CCDS was performed before, immediately after and up to more than 6 months after biopsy. The diagnosis of AVF was based on the presence of perivascular vibration artifacts and detection of typical Doppler curves. Pseudoaneurysms were diagnosed based on the presence of"to-and-fro" signals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 5 patients (6.9%), an AVF was detectable before biopsy. Post-biopsy AVF were found in 12 additional patients (16.7%) with a spontaneous occlusion rate of 50% within 48 hours and 75% after 4 weeks. Three (25%) AVF persisted longer than 1 year. Four patients (5.6%) were found to have pseudoaneurysms. All pseudoaneurysms were located closely to AVF and closed spontaneously. None of the post-biopsy AVF and pseudoaneurysms required specific therapy. In 2 patients (2.8%), allograft biopsy lead to significant hemorrhage independent of AVF or pseudoaneurysms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that post-biopsy AVF and pseudoaneurysms are a frequent finding after automated renal allograft biopsy. The natural history of these lesions shows a high rate of early occlusion. The present data fail to demonstrate significant clinical impact of AVF and pseudoaneurysms after renal allograft biopsy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Brandenburg
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Riehl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017541:Aneurysm, False / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D001164:Arteriovenous Fistula / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D001706:Biopsy / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012077:Renal Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012082:Renal Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color