title: A gammaherpesvirus G protein-coupled receptor homologue is required for increased viral replication in response to chemokines and efficient reactivation from latency.
abstract: The open reading frame (ORF) 74 of gamma-2-herpesviruses encodes a G protein-coupled receptor which is highly conserved in members of this subfamily and is homologous to the CXCR2 chemokine receptor. The viral G protein-coupled receptor has been implicated in viral pathogenesis. However, the advantage of such chemokine receptor homologues to the virus is currently unknown. To address this, we constructed ORF74 deletion mutants of a mouse gamma-2-herpesvirus (MHV-68) and examined the effect of the deletion on viral growth and reactivation from latency. Growth of the mutant viruses in NIH 3T3 cells was similar to that of wild-type virus. However, CXC chemokines with ELR motifs, KC, and macrophage-inflammatory protein 2, significantly increased viral replication of the wild-type, but not the mutant viruses, via a pertussis toxin-insensitive, mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent pathway. IFN-gamma-inducible protein 10, a CXC chemokine lacking an ELR motif, was able to reverse the effect of KC on viral replication. The mutant viruses also showed significantly reduced reactivation from latently infected mouse splenocytes. Reinsertion of ORF74 into the mutant virus restored the wild-type phenotype. Utilizing a viral CXCR2 homologue to enhance replication and reactivation from latency represents a novel mechanism by which gammaherpesviruses can subvert the immune response.
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
authors.forename: Bong Joo
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Ulrich H
authors.initials: UH
authors.lastname: Koszinowski
authors.forename: Sally R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Sarawar
authors.forename: Heiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Adler
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D006224:Cricetinae; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000502:physiology*; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D023063:Receptors, Interleukin-8B / Q000502:physiology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018144:Rhadinovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000502:physiology; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D014775:Virus Activation / Q000276:immunology*; D017735:Virus Latency / Q000276:immunology*; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: C105181:ORF74 protein, Human herpesvirus 8; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine; D023063:Receptors, Interleukin-8B; D014764:Viral Proteins