Liver histology after current intensified therapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: microvesicular fatty change and siderosis are the main findings.
BACKGROUND
During modern intensified therapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) serum liver enzymes reach fairly high levels. Since no recent data on liver histopathology after therapy are available, we conducted a study of the subject.


METHODS
Liver biopsy specimens were evaluated and serum liver function tests and lipid profiles measured from 27 consecutive children, aged 3.5-17.6 years, treated according to the regimens for standard (SR) and intermediate risk (IR) ALL.


RESULTS
None of the patients had entirely normal liver histology. Fatty infiltration was detected in 25 out of 27 (93%) and siderosis in 19 out of 27 patients (70%). Fourteen (52%) had both. Three (11%) also had mild portal and/or periportal fibrosis in addition to fatty change and siderosis. Fatty change was mainly microvesicular. Siderosis was in most cases grade II/IV to III/IV (in 16/19 or 84%). No hepatitis or cirrhosis was found. Serum total and LDL-cholesterol levels were higher in the patients with fibrosis than in the patients with fatty change (P = 0.036, P = 0.042) or with siderosis +/- fatty change (P = 0.036, P = 0.042). In serial ALT measurements a value of 300 U/L or more was oftener reached in the fibrosis than in the fatty change or siderosis groups (in 33 vs. in 12 or in 4% of the measurements, respectively, P = 0.014, in Kruskall-Wallis test).


CONCLUSIONS
Microvesicular fatty change and siderosis are the main liver findings after current therapy for childhood ALL. Fibrosis occurs rarely. High values in serial serum ALT measurements repeatedly or a disturbed serum lipid profile may facilitate decisions about the need for a liver biopsy.
Halonen
Päivi
P
Paediatric Research Centre, Medical School, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland. paivi.halonen@kotiposti.net
Mattila
Jorma
J
Ruuska
Tarja
T
Salo
Matti K
MK
Mäkipernaa
Anne
A
D000293:Adolescent; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001706:Biopsy; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000473:pathology; D008111:Liver Function Tests; D008297:Male; D054198:Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012806:Siderosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology
D000410:Alanine Transaminase