title: Surface EMG electrodes do not accurately record from lumbar multifidus muscles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated whether electromyographic signals recorded from the skin surface overlying the multifidus muscles could be used to quantify their activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparison of electromyography signals recorded from electrodes on the back surface and from wire electrodes within four different slips of multifidus muscles of three human subjects performing isometric tasks that loaded the trunk from three different directions.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  It has been suggested that suitably placed surface electrodes can be used to record activity in the deep multifidus muscles.
  
  
  METHODS
  We tested whether there was a stronger correlation and more consistent regression relationship between signals from electrodes overlying multifidus and longissimus muscles respectively than between signals from within multifidus and from the skin surface electrodes over multifidus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The findings provided consistent evidence that the surface electrodes placed over multifidus muscles were more sensitive to the adjacent longissimus muscles than to the underlying multifidus muscles. The R(2) for surface versus intra-muscular comparisons was 0.64, while the average R(2) for surface-multifidus versus surface-longissimus comparisons was 0.80. Also, the magnitude of the regression coefficients was less variable between different tasks for the longissimus versus surface multifidus comparisons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Accurate measurement of multifidus muscle activity requires intra-muscular electrodes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Electromyography is the accepted technique to document the level of muscular activation, but its specificity to particular muscles depends on correct electrode placement. For multifidus, intra-muscular electrodes are required.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405-0084, USA. ian.stokes@uvm.edu
authors.forename: Ian A F
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Stokes
authors.forename: Sharon M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Single
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016477:Artifacts; D004566:Electrodes; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004576:Electromyography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D008161:Lumbosacral Region / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012867:Skin; D013223:Statistics as Topic