title: Effect of nitrite and nitrate on in situ sulfide production in an activated sludge immobilized agar gel film as determined by use of microelectrodes.
abstract: Microelectrode, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analyses were used to investigate the effect of nitrite and nitrate on in situ sulfide production in an activated sludge immobilized agar gel film. Microelectrode measurements of O(2), H(2)S, NO(3)(-), NO(2)(-), and pH revealed that the addition of NO(2)(-) and NO(3)(-) forced sulfate reduction zones deeper in the agar gel and significantly reduced the in situ sulfide production levels. The sulfate reduction zone was consequently separated from O(2) and NO(2)(-) or NO(3)(-) respiration zones with increasing the concentrations of NO(2)(-) and NO(3)(-). These NO(2)(-) and NO(3)(-) treatments had only a transient effect on sulfide production. The in situ sulfide production quickly recovered to the previous levels when NO(2)(-) and NO(3)(-) were removed. The PCR-DGGE and FISH analyses revealed that 2-day-continuous addition of 500 microM NO(3)(-) did not change the metabolically active sulfate-reducing bacterial (SRB) community. On the basis of these data, it could be concluded that the addition of NO(2)(-) and NO(3)(-) did not kill SRB, but induced the interspecies competition for common carbon source (i.e., acetate) between nitrate-reducing heterotrophic bacteria and SRB and enhanced the oxidation of the produced sulfide, which were main possible causes of the suppression of in situ sulfide production in the agar gel.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan. sokabe@eng.hokudai.ac.jp
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Okabe
authors.forename: Cecilia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Santegoeds
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: De Beer
mesh_terms: D000362:Agar; D001420:Bacteria, Aerobic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D018441:Biofilms; D019149:Bioreactors / Q000382:microbiology; D004563:Electrochemistry / Q000379:methods; D004587:Electrophoresis, Agar Gel / Q000379:methods; D005782:Gels; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods; D008839:Microelectrodes; D009566:Nitrates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009573:Nitrites / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D012722:Sewage / Q000382:microbiology*; D013440:Sulfides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005782:Gels; D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; D012722:Sewage; D013440:Sulfides; D000362:Agar; D010100:Oxygen