title: Fluorigenic substrates for the protease activities of botulinum neurotoxins, serotypes A, B, and F.
abstract: The seven botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are zinc metalloproteases that cleave neuronal proteins involved in neurotransmitter release and are among the most toxic natural products known. High-throughput BoNT assays are needed for use in antibotulinum drug discovery and to characterize BoNT protease activities. Compared to other proteases, BoNTs exhibit unusually stringent substrate requirements with respect to amino acid sequences and polypeptide lengths. Nonetheless, we have devised a strategy for development of fluorigenic BoNT protease assays, based on earlier structure-function studies, that has proven successful for three of the seven serotypes: A, B, and F. In synthetic peptide substrates, the P(1) and P(3)' residues were substituted with 2,4-dinitrophenyl-lysine and S-(N-[4-methyl-7-dimethylamino-coumarin-3-yl]-carboxamidomethyl)-cysteine, respectively. By monitoring the BoNT-catalyzed increase in fluorescence over time, initial hydrolysis rates could be obtained in 1 to 2 min when BoNT concentrations were 60 ng/ml (about 1 nM) or higher. Each BoNT cleaved its fluorigenic substrate at the same location as in the neuronal target protein, and kinetic constants indicated that the substrates were selective and efficient. The fluorigenic assay for BoNT B was used to characterize a new competitive inhibitor of BoNT B protease activity with a K(i) value of 4 micro M. In addition to real-time activity measurements, toxin concentration determinations, and kinetic studies, the BoNT substrates described herein may be directly incorporated into automated high-throughput assay systems to screen large numbers of compounds for potential antibotulinum drugs.
authors.affiliation: Toxinology and Aerobiology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702-5011, USA. james.scmidt@det.amedd.army.mil
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Stafford
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000378:metabolism*; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000378:metabolism; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D010450:Endopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism*; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010455:Peptides / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D013379:Substrate Specificity
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D010455:Peptides; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; C096323:rimabotulinumtoxinB; D010450:Endopeptidases; D001905:Botulinum Toxins; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A; C096321:botulinum toxin type F