title: High leptin levels are associated with stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Leptin, an important hormone for body weight regulation, may be involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular manifestations of obesity. We tested whether leptin may be an independent risk marker for stroke in a case-referent study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Definitive acute stroke events, defined by MONICA criteria, were identified from October 1, 1995 to April 30, 1999. Referents without known cardiovascular disease were randomly selected from a population census. Patient characteristics were taken from hospital files and leptin was analyzed in stored samples. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine possible differences in leptin levels between groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and thirty-seven cases with ischemic stroke and 69 cases with hemorrhagic stroke were identified. In comparison with referents, male patients with stroke had significantly higher leptin levels. Both male and female stroke patients had increased blood pressure compared with the referents. In multivariate analyses, high leptin levels were associated with both ischemic (OR = 4.89; 95% CI: 1.89-12.62) and hemorrhagic (OR = 3.86; 95% CI: 1.13-13.16) stroke in men, and with ischemic stroke in women (OR = 4.10; 95% CI: 1.45-11.62). The combination of high leptin levels and increased blood pressure (systolic or diastolic) was associated with a strong positive interaction in males with hemorrhagic stroke.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Leptin may be an important link for the development of cerebrovascular disease in the insulin resistance syndrome in men.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Clinical Chemistry of Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden. stefan.soderberg@medicin.umu.se
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Söderberg
authors.forename: Birgitta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stegmayr
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ahlbeck-Glader
authors.forename: Lisbeth
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Slunga-Birgander
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ahrén
authors.forename: Tommy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Olsson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D003971:Diastole / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D007902:Length of Stay; D020738:Leptin / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013548:Sweden; D013599:Systole / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D020738:Leptin