title: Fenestrations enhance tear mixing under silicone-hydrogel contact lenses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Extended wear of conventional hydrogel soft contact lenses (SCLs) is associated with adverse ocular responses. Some of these ocular events are thought to result from inadequate tear mixing in the postlens tear film (PoLTF). Therefore, strategies to increase tear mixing may improve the safety of extended-wear SCLs. Recently, it has been suggested that placing fenestrations in soft lenses increases tear mixing. In the present study, hydrodynamic modeling and tear-mixing measurements were used to explore the effects of fenestrations on tear exchange under an SCL.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tear mixing, expressed as the time to deplete 95% of fluorescent dye from the PoTLF (T(95)), was measured in 20 subjects fitted with two pairs of silicone hydrogel SCLs. The lenses were identical except that one pair was fenestrated (F) with 40 holes each 100 microm in diameter. The effect of fenestrations on improving tear mixing is explained and enhancement of tear mixing is predicted, with the use of hydrodynamic modeling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  T(95) estimates were significantly lower (P < 0.001) in the F (mean T(95) = 18.3 minutes) lenses compared with the standard unfenestrated (S-uF) (mean T(95) = 22.6 minutes) lenses (DeltaT(95) = 4.3 minutes, 95% CI = 2.5-6.2) and were in general agreement with the proposed mixing model. Optimization of tear mixing can be achieved by selectively placing fenestrations in the pooling regions before the thinnest regions. The model predictions were sensitive to the distribution of tear-film thickness under the lens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fenestrations improve tear-mixing efficiency. Accurate prediction of the effects of lens parameters on tear mixing, however, demands quantitative measurement of the postlens distribution of tear-film thickness.
authors.affiliation: Vision Science, School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1462, USA.
authors.forename: Kimberly L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Kenneth A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Polse
authors.forename: Clayton J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Radke
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003263:Contact Lenses, Hydrophilic; D003315:Cornea / Q000378:metabolism; D003911:Dextrans / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D009038:Motion; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D012826:Silicone Elastomers; D013500:Surface Tension; D013666:Tears / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D003911:Dextrans; D012826:Silicone Elastomers; C015219:fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate