Cytotoxic effects of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in HepG2 cells.
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and its derivatives are herbicides widely used to control the growth of broadleaf and woody plants. Although 2,4-D is well known to be moderately toxic, little information is available on the mechanisms of its toxicity. Results on carcinogenicity, genotoxicity and mutagenicity are contradictory, but neurotoxic, immunosuppressive and hepatotoxic effects have been defined. The aim of the present study was to investigate the cytotoxic effects of 2,4-D on a human hepatoma cell line. HepG2 cells were treated with different concentrations of 2,4-D, and cell viability, induction of apoptosis/necrosis and cell cycle phases were determined. Apoptosis was detected in flow cytometric light scatter histograms, the annexin V assay, the determination of DNA strand breaks with the TUNEL assay and the occurrence of a sub G(0) peak after propidium iodide (PI) staining. The induction of apoptosis by 2,4-D was accompanied by a disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential as verified by staining with the cationic JC-1 probe. In addition, 2,4-D affected the cell cycle in a concentration-dependent manner. Our investigation suggested that 2,4-D exerts its cytotoxic effects by the induction of apoptosis via a direct effect on the mitochondrial membrane potential.
Tuschl
H
H
Department of Toxicology, ARC Seibersdorf Research, A 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria. helga.tuschl@arcs.ac.at
Schwab
C
C
D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D008113:Liver Neoplasms; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D008930:Mitochondria, Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
D006540:Herbicides; D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid