title: Prolactin, testosterone and cortisol as possible markers of changes in cardiovascular function associated with urbanization.
abstract: People living in large informal settlements in South Africa showed a significant increase in cardio/cerebrovascular disease. This study was undertaken to compare the cardiovascular and endocrine parameters of urbanized and rural black female and males. The hormone levels such as prolactin, cortisol and testosterone may also change with urbanization and could make a contribution to the high rate of hypertension. For this study, 1202 black subjects were selected from 37 randomly selected rural and urbanized settlements. Resting blood pressure was recorded with a Finapres apparatus. Cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, total peripheral vascular resistance and compliance had been obtained with the Fast Modelflow software program. An acute laboratory stressor (hand dynamometer exercise) was applied to challenge the cardiovascular system and the measurements were repeated. Blood sampling was done and hormone levels were determined by biochemical analyses. For females, significant lower levels of cortisol were found in the urban strata in comparison with the rural strata. The testosterone levels were significantly lower and the prolactin levels significantly higher for females in the informal settlements compared with the rural strata. It is noticeable that most cardiovascular parameters showed the highest changes with the application of the stressor in the informal settlement strata and the lowest in people living on farms for both male and female. The prolactin levels in males are significantly higher in the informal settlement stratum. Subjects living in informal settlements showed a noticeable endocrine pattern of ongoing stress that can be associated with changes in the cardiovascular parameters with urbanization. This can partly explain the reported high rate of cardio/cerbrovascular disease in black South Africans living in informal settlements.
authors.affiliation: School for Physiology, Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Potchefstroom University, Potchefstroom, South Africa. flghwh@puknet.puk.ac.za
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Huisman
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: van Rooyen
authors.forename: N T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Malan
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Eloff
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Malan
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Laubscher
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Schutte
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002320:Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects; D003971:Diastole / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D011388:Prolactin / Q000097:blood*; D011897:Random Allocation; D013019:South Africa; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000378:metabolism; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology; D013599:Systole / Q000502:physiology; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood*; D014507:Urbanization; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D013739:Testosterone; D011388:Prolactin; D006854:Hydrocortisone