title: Medically unexplained symptoms in patients referred to a specialist rheumatology service: prevalence and associations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of medically unexplained rheumatic symptoms amongst patients newly referred to a rheumatology out-patient service and to examine their relationship with pain, disability, socioeconomic factors and the presence of emotional disorders (anxiety, depression and panic).
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of newly referred consecutive patients to a hospital-based, regional rheumatology service was administered a questionnaire for assessment of emotional disorders, pain, health status and socioeconomic factors. Rheumatologists rated the degree to which patients' symptoms were explained by organic disease (organicity rating).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred and fifty-six patients were eligible and 203 (79%) participated. The sample included 69% females and mean age was 50 yr. Ninety-three (46%) had symptoms that were completely explained, 52 (26%) largely explained, 41 (20%) somewhat explained and 17 (8%) not at all explained by organic disease. Patients whose symptoms were of "low organicity" (somewhat or not at all explained) were more likely to be female [relative risk (RR) 1.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.0-3.1], younger (mean age 44 vs 52 yr, P<0.001) and to report more somatic symptoms (median 2 vs 1, P=0.021). On univariate analysis they were more likely to be experiencing financial hardship (RR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1-2.6) and work dissatisfaction (RR 1.6, 95% CI 1.0-2.4) and to live in rented housing (RR 1.8, 95% CI 1.2-2.8) or with dependent relatives (RR 1.6, 95% CI 1.0-2.5). Logistic regression showed that female gender and living in rented housing were the significant independent predictors of low organicity. Organicity ratings were not associated with pain severity, disability, physical and mental health status or the presence of emotional disorders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Twenty-nine per cent of patients newly referred to rheumatology clinics had symptoms that were poorly explained by identifiable rheumatic disease. Having unexplained symptoms was associated with socioeconomic factors but not levels of pain, disability or emotional disorders.
authors.affiliation: Rheumatic Diseases Unit, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK. nicolamaiden@hotmail.com
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Maiden
authors.forename: N P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Hurst
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lochhead
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Carson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sharpe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000342:Affective Symptoms; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006748:Hospital Departments; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain; D015995:Prevalence; D011602:Psychophysiologic Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D011610:Psychosocial Deprivation; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012219:Rheumatology; D012737:Sex Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric