title: Developmental changes of laryngeal dimensions in unparalyzed, sedated children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Knowledge of the influence of age on laryngeal dimensions is essential for all practitioners whose interest is the pediatric airway. Early cadaver studies documented that the larynx is conically shaped, with the apex of the cone caudally positioned at the nondistensible cricoid cartilage. These dimensions change during childhood, as the larynx assumes a more cylindrical shape. The authors analyzed laryngeal dimensions during development to determine if this relationship continues in unparalyzed children in whom laryngeal muscles are tonically active. The authors determined the relationships between the vocal cord, sub-vocal cord, and cricoid ring dimensions and the influence of age on these relationships.
  
  
  METHODS
  Infants and children undergoing magnetic resonance imaging with propofol sedation had determinations of the transverse and anterior-posterior (AP) dimensions of the larynx at the most cephalad level of the larynx (vocal cords) and the most caudad level (cricoid). Most patients had an additional measurement (sub-vocal cord) at a level between the vocal cords and the cricoid ring. Relationships were obtained by plotting age against laryngeal dimensions and the ratio of laryngeal dimensions at different levels within the larynx.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The authors measured transverse and AP laryngeal dimensions in 99 children, aged 2 months-13 yr. The relationship between the transverse and AP dimensions at all levels of the larynx did not change during development. Transverse and AP dimensions increased linearly with age at all levels of the larynx. In all children studied, the narrowest portion of the larynx was the transverse dimension at the level of the vocal cords. Transverse dimensions increased linearly in a caudad direction through the larynx ( P< 0.001), while AP dimensions did not change relative to laryngeal level. The shape of the cricoid ring did not change throughout childhood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In sedated, unparalyzed children, the narrowest portions of the larynx are the glottic opening (vocal cord level) and the immediate sub-vocal cord level, and there is no change in the relationships of these dimensions relative to cricoid dimensions throughout childhood.
authors.affiliation: Anesthesiology and Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. litmanr@email.chop.edu
authors.forename: Ronald S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Litman
authors.forename: Eric E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Weissend
authors.forename: Dean
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.forename: Per-Lennart
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Westesson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D003413:Cricoid Cartilage / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007830:Larynx / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D015742:Propofol; D014827:Vocal Cords / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D015742:Propofol