title: Impact of pramlintide on glucose fluctuations and postprandial glucose, glucagon, and triglyceride excursions among patients with type 1 diabetes intensively treated with insulin pumps.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of adjunctive treatment with pramlintide, an analog of the beta-cell hormone amylin, on 24-h glucose fluctuations and postprandial glucose, glucagon, and triglyceride excursions in patients with type 1 diabetes intensively treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII).
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, 18 patients (16 of whom could be evaluated) with type 1 diabetes (age 44 +/- 11 years, HbA(1c) 8.2 +/- 1.3% [mean +/- SD]) were given mealtime injections of 30 micro g pramlintide t.i.d. for 4 weeks in addition to their preexisting CSII regimen (16 lispro, 2 regular insulin). Mealtime insulin boluses were reduced by a minimum of 10% during the first 3 days, and re-adjusted thereafter based on clinical judgment. At weeks 0 (baseline), 4 (on treatment), and 6 (2 weeks off treatment), 24-h interstitial glucose concentrations were measured using a continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS), and postprandial plasma glucose, glucagon, and triglyceride concentrations were measured in response to a standardized test meal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, patients had excessive 24-h glucose fluctuations, with 59% of the CGMS measurements >140 mg/dl, 13% <80 mg/dl, and only 28% in the euglycemic range (80-140 mg/dl). After 4 weeks on pramlintide, measurements in the hyperglycemic range declined to 48% and measurements within the euglycemic range increased to 37%. This shift from the hyperglycemic to the euglycemic range occurred with a concomitant 17% reduction in mealtime insulin dosages and without relevant increases in measurements below the euglycemic range (15%) or any severe hypoglycemic events. After 4 weeks on pramlintide, postprandial glucose, glucagon, and triglyceride excursions were reduced by approximately 86, approximately 87, and approximately 72%, respectively (incremental areas under the curve, all P < 0.05 vs. baseline). At week 6 (off treatment), the 24-h glucose profile and postprandial glucose, glucagon, and triglyceride excursions approached pretreatment values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, the addition of pramlintide to insulin therapy reduced excessive 24-h glucose fluctuations as well as postprandial glucose, glucagon, and triglyceride excursions in patients with type 1 diabetes intensively treated with insulin pumps.
authors.affiliation: Medstar Clinical Research Center, Washington, DC. 20003, USA. levetan@juno.com
authors.forename: Claresa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Levetan
authors.forename: Laura L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Want
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Weyer
authors.forename: Susan A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Strobel
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Crean
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Maggs
authors.forename: Orville G
authors.initials: OG
authors.lastname: Kolterman
authors.forename: Manju
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chandran
authors.forename: Sunder R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Mudaliar
authors.forename: Robert R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Henry
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000682:Amyloid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D019270:Fructosamine / Q000097:blood; D005934:Glucagon / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007332:Insulin Infusion Systems; D058228:Islet Amyloid Polypeptide; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019518:Postprandial Period; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D000682:Amyloid; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D058228:Islet Amyloid Polypeptide; D014280:Triglycerides; D019270:Fructosamine; D005934:Glucagon; C105254:pramlintide