title: Increase of intracellular glutathione by low-dose gamma-ray irradiation is mediated by transcription factor AP-1 in RAW 264.7 cells.
abstract: The mechanism of the elevation of intracellular glutathione induced by low-dose gamma-rays was examined in RAW 264.7 cells. The expression of mRNA for gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma-GCS) increased soon after gamma-ray (0.5 Gy) irradiation, and peaked between 3 h and 6 h post-irradiation. A dose of 0.25 to 0.5 Gy was optimum for induction of gamma-GCS mRNA expression at 3 h post-irradiation. The effect of inhibitors of activator protein-1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) on the radiation-induced gamma-GCS gene expression was then examined. The induction of gamma-GCS mRNA expression was significantly suppressed when AP-1 DNA binding, but not NF-kappaB DNA binding, was inhibited. Finally, electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that the low-dose radiation markedly increased the DNA binding of AP-1, but not NF-kappaB, soon after irradiation. These results suggest that the increase of glutathione levels in RAW 264.7 cells by low-dose gamma-ray irradiation is mediated by transcriptional regulation of the gamma-GCS gene, predominantly through the AP-1 binding site in its promoter.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-0022, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasunori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kawakita
authors.forename: Masahiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ikekita
authors.forename: Risa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kurozumi
authors.forename: Shuji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kojima
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005720:Gamma Rays; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D005978:Glutathione / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D007424:Intracellular Fluid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects*; D051379:Mice; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects*
chemical_list: D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D005978:Glutathione