14-3-3 proteins and the response to abiotic and biotic stress.
14-3-3 proteins function as regulators of a wide range of target proteins in all eukaryotes by effecting direct protein-protein interactions. Primarily, interactions between 14-3-3 proteins and their targets are mediated by phosphorylation at specific sites on the target protein. Hence, interactions with 14-3-3s are subject to environmental control through signalling pathways which impact on 14-3-3 binding sites. Because 14-3-3 proteins regulate the activities of many proteins involved in signal transduction, there are multiple levels at which 14-3-3 proteins may play roles in stress responses in higher plants. In this article, we review evidence which implicates 14-3-3 proteins in responses to environmental, metabolic and nutritional stresses, as well as in defence responses to wounding and pathogen attack. This evidence includes stress-inducible changes in 14-3-3 gene expression, interactions between 14-3-3 proteins and signalling proteins and interactions between 14-3-3 proteins and proteins with defensive functions.
Roberts
Michael R
MR
Department of Biological Sciences, IENS, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK. m.r.roberts@lancaster.ac.uk
Salinas
Julio
J
Collinge
David B
DB
D048948:14-3-3 Proteins; D001203:Ascomycota / Q000254:growth & development; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000528:radiation effects; D008027:Light; D010944:Plants / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013696:Temperature; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
D048948:14-3-3 Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase