title: Vertebral artery injury after cervical spine trauma: a prospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vertebral artery (VA) -injury is rarely symptomatic and can therefore easily be overlooked. However, thromboembolic complications may result in permanent morbidity or mortality due to brainstem ischemia and infarction. In this prospective study a standardized protocol for the diagnosis and management of VA-injury following blunt cervical spine trauma with subluxation or fractures affecting the transverse foramen was evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  During a 48 months period 31 (12 female, 19 male; mean age 44.2 years) of 119 patients with blunt cervical spine trauma were suspicious for VA-injury and subjected to a predefined radiological work-up. Selective digital subtraction angiography (DSA) was performed at admission in 31 patients. For comparison magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) was added within 2 days in 7 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of VA injury detected by DSA (n = 5) was 4% in all types of blunt cervical spinal injury, 16% in cases suspicious for VA injury, i.e. cases with mono- or bifacet dislocation and/or cases with fractures extending into the transverse foramen. Unilateral VA-stenosis was found in 4 and VA-occlusion in one patients. In one case a VA-stenosis by an intimal flap after transverse foramen fracture was detected by DSA but not by MRA. In 2 patients with VA injury headache occurred without signs of vertebro-basilar insufficiency. All 5 patients with VA-injury were treated with anticoagulation without complications or side effects. 14 of 31 patients which had DSA/MRA had unstable spine conditions and were treated surgically within 4 days after admission.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The subgroup of patients with dislocation or fracture related stenosis of the transverse foramen should undergo early angiography for establishment of anticoagulation to prevent thromboembolic complications. It appears that the radiological diagnosis of VA-insufficiency is more sensitive than clinical findings, which rarely indicate VA-insufficiency. In this series one VA injury was overlooked with MRA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Bonn, Medical Center, Germany. Thomas.Kral@ukb.uni-bonn.de
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kral
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schaller
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Urbach
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schramm
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006493:Heparin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014711:Vertebral Artery / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D006493:Heparin