title: Dual-label immunoassay for simultaneous measurement of prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-alpha1-antichymotrypsin complex together with free or total PSA.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A major portion of prostate-specific antigen exists in circulation as a complex with alpha(1)-antichymotrypsin (PSA-ACT), whereas a minor part is free (fPSA). The proportion of PSA-ACT is increased in prostate cancer (PCa), but immunologic determination of PSA-ACT is hampered by a background produced by nonspecific adsorption of ACT to the solid phase. To reduce the nonspecific interference, we produced an antibody specific for complexed ACT and developed immunofluorometric assays (IFMAs) for simultaneous measurement of fPSA + PSA-ACT (fPSA/PSA-ACT) and PSA-ACT + total PSA (tPSA, PSA-ACT/tPSA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were produced by immunization with PSA-ACT. The dual-label time-resolved IFMAs for fPSA/PSA-ACT and PSA-ACT/tPSA used a capture MAb to tPSA, an Eu(3+)-labeled MAb to fPSA or complexed ACT, and an Sm(3+)-labeled MAb to complexed ACT or to tPSA as tracer antibodies. The clinical utility was evaluated using serum samples from individuals with or without PCa with PSA concentrations of 2.0-20.0 micro g/L.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One MAb (1D10) showed low cross-reactivity with free ACT and cathepsin G-ACT. A sandwich assay for PSA-ACT with 1D10 as tracer had a detection limit of 0.05 micro g/L, and with this assay, PSA-ACT was undetectable in female sera. The detection limit for fPSA was 0.004 micro g/L. Determinations of the ratio of fPSA to PSA-ACT and the proportions of fPSA/tPSA and PSA-ACT/tPSA provided the same clinical specificity for PCa and provided significantly better clinical specificity than did tPSA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Background problems observed in earlier PSA-ACT assays are eliminated by the use of a MAb specific for complexed ACT as a tracer. The same clinical validity can be obtained by determination of fPSA or PSA-ACT together or in combination with tPSA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Biomedicum, PB 700, FIN-00029 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Jari
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leinonen
authors.forename: Wan-Ming
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Patrik
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Finne
authors.forename: Ulf-Håkan
authors.initials: UH
authors.lastname: Stenman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D015200:Fluoroimmunoassay; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008875:Middle Aged; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000175:diagnosis; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis; D011485:Protein Binding; D012372:ROC Curve; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D000514:alpha 1-Antichymotrypsin / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000514:alpha 1-Antichymotrypsin; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen