title: Hemorrhage risks and obliteration rates of arteriovenous malformations after gamma knife radiosurgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to analyze the risk of hemorrhage and the obliteration rate after treatment of patients with arteriovenous malformations (AVMs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1991 and 1995, 115 patients were treated using gamma knife radiosurgery (GKS). Surgical planning was based on angiograms and three-dimensional images. The angiographic features of the AVMs and the risk factors for hemorrhage were then evaluated. Hemorrhages occurred in eight patients (7%) 7 to 42 months after GKS. Based on AVM morphology, the rates of hemorrhage were five (7.6%) of 66 for AVMs with a single draining vein, seven (14%) of 66 for AVMs with deep drainage, four (26.7%) of 15 for AVMs with a varix, four (28.6%) of 14 for AVMs with venous obstruction, eight (17.0%) of 47 for high-flow (shunt- and mixed-type) AVMs, and five (35.7%) of 14 for large AVMs with a volume of more than 10 cm3. No hemorrhages were observed in association with low-flow (moyamoya-type) AVMs in this series. Total AVM obliteration was achieved in 81.3% of 80 patients who underwent angiography. The obliteration rate was 91.3% for moyamoyatype AVMs and 67.6% for shunt- and mixed-type AVMs. Early obliteration within 12 months was achieved in 63% of the moyamoya-type AVMs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Moyamoya-type AVMs seem to be at risk for post-GKS hemorrhage. Intravascular embolization should be considered prior to GKS for mixed- and shunt-type AVMs in an attempt to reduce the hemodynamic stress and thereby decrease the risk of hemorrhage.
authors.affiliation: Restorative Neurosurgery, Institute of Neural Organization and Gamma Knife Center, Hidaka Hospital, Fujioka, Japan. hkinoue@instnf.or.jp
authors.forename: Hiroshi K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Chihiro
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ohye
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016634:Radiosurgery; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome