title: Validating antidepressant-associated hypomania (bipolar III): a systematic comparison with spontaneous hypomania (bipolar II).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  According to DSM-IV and ICD-10, hypomania which occurs solely during antidepressant treatment does not belong to the category of bipolar II (BP-II).
  
  
  METHODS
  As part of the EPIDEP National Multisite French Study of 493 consecutive DSM-IV major depressive patients evaluated in at least two semi-structured interviews 1 month apart, 144 (29.2%) fulfilled the criteria for bipolar II with spontaneous hypomania (BP-II Sp), and 52 (10.5%) had hypomania associated solely with antidepressants (BP-H AA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  BP-II Sp group had earlier age at onset, more hypomanic episodes, and higher ratings on cyclothymic and hyperthymic temperaments, and abused alcohol more often. The two groups were indistinguishable on the hypomania checklist score (12.2+/-4.0 vs. 11.4+/-4.4, respectively, P=0.25) and on rates of familial bipolarity (14.1% vs. 11.8%, respectively, P=0.68). But BP-H AA had significantly more family history of suicide, had higher ratings on depressive temperament, with greater chronicity of depression, were more likely to be admitted to the hospital for suicidal depressions, and were more likely to have psychotic features; finally, clinicians were more likely to treat them with ECT, lithium and mood stabilizing anticonvulsants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Naturalistic study, where treatment was uncontrolled.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BP-H AA emerges as a disorder with depressive temperamental instability, manifesting hypomania later in life (and, by definition, during pharmacotherapy only). By the standards of clinicians who have taken care of these patients for long periods of time, BP-H AA appears as no less bipolar than those with prototypical BP-II. We submit that familial bipolarity ('genotypic' bipolarity) strongly favors their inclusion within the realm of bipolar II spectrum, as a prognostically less favorable depression-prone phenotype of this disorder, and which is susceptible to destabilization under antidepressant treatment. These considerations argue for revisions of DSM-IV and ICD-10 conventions. BP-HAA may represent a genetically less penetrant expression of BP-II; phenotypically; it might provisionally be categorized as bipolar III.
authors.affiliation: International Mood Center, University of California at San Diego and VA Psychiatry Service (116-A), 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, USA.
authors.forename: Hagop S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Akiskal
authors.forename: Elie-Georges
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Hantouche
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Allilaire
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sechter
authors.forename: Marc L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bourgeois
authors.forename: Jean-Michel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Azorin
authors.forename: Liliane
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chatenêt-Duchêne
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lancrenon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010641:Phenotype; D011379:Prognosis; D013694:Temperament
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents