title: The thermal effect of urethral warming during cryosurgery.
abstract: The heating effect of urethral warming during cryosurgery has been investigated theoretically, via heat transfer simulations. Two warmer configurations have been considered: (i). the clinically available urethral warmer, which has a configuration of a counter flow fluid heat exchanger; (ii). a newly designed urethral warmer, based on a temperature controlled electrical heater, termed a "cryoheater". A dramatic effect of thermal resistance to heat transfer through the heat exchanger wall has been identified, which is absent in the cryoheater. It follows that the cryoheater is expected to be more efficient in generating an unfrozen region around the urethra. It is shown that the conventional heat exchanger may fail to prevent freezing around the urethra in a significant number of prostate cases, depending on the layout of cryoprobes around the urethra. On the other hand, clinical reports exist which suggest that the heat exchanger improves in many cases the outcome of cryosurgery, in terms of long term complications. It is speculated in the current report that the cryoheater can further improve the outcome of cryosurgery, by providing protection from freezing in a wider range of cases. It is suggested that a future study be conducted to examine the correlation between the layout of cryoprobes and surgical outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. rabin@cmu.edu
authors.forename: Yoed
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Rabin
authors.forename: Thomas  F
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stahovich
mesh_terms: D003452:Cryosurgery / Q000295:instrumentation; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D017694:Rewarming / Q000295:instrumentation; D013696:Temperature; D014521:Urethra / Q000502:physiology*