title: Depression and anxiety in hyperthyroidism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Our objective was to determine symptomatology of depression and anxiety in patients with untreated hyperthyroidism and compare with euthyroid patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two patients with hyperthyroidism (high free T3 and free T4, and suppressed TSH) and 30 euthyroid (normal free T3, free T4, and TSH) controls attending the Endocrinology Out-Patient Department at Celal Bayar University Hospital in Manisa, Turkey were included in the study. Hormonal screening was performed by immunoassay and hemagglutination method. For psychiatric assessment, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [HAD], Hamilton Depression Rating Scale [HAM-D], and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale [HAM-A] were used. There was no difference between the two groups in terms of demographic features.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total scores obtained both from HAM-D and HAM-A were significantly greater in the hyperthyroidism group than that of the euthyroid group (p <0.05); there was no difference in terms of HAD. When compared in terms of symptomatology, early insomnia (HAM-D#6), work and activities (HAM-D#7), psychic anxiety (HAM-D#10), weight loss (HAM-D#16), insomnia (HAM-A#4), and cardiovascular symptoms (HAM-A#8) were significantly more frequent in the hyperthyroidism group. By Wilks lambda discriminant analysis, psychomotor agitation (HAM-D#9), weight loss (HAM-D#16), and insomnia (HAM-A#4) were found as the discriminating symptoms for the hyperthyroidism group, whereas somatic anxiety (HAM-A#11) and loss of interest (HAD#14) were distinguishing symptoms of the euthyroidism group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hyperthyroidism and syndromal depression-anxiety have overlapping features that can cause misdiagnosis during acute phase. For differential diagnosis, one should follow-up patients with hyperthyroidism with specific hormonal treatment and evaluate persisting symptoms thereafter. In addition to specific symptoms of hyperthyroidism, psychomotor retardation, guilt, muscle pain, energy loss, and fatigue seem to appear more frequently in patients with comorbid depression and hyperthyroidism; thus, presence of these symptoms should be a warning sign to nonpsychiatric professionals for the need for psychiatric consultation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey. mehmetmurat63@ixir.com
authors.forename: Mehmet Murat
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Demet
authors.forename: Bilgin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ozmen
authors.forename: Artuner
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Deveci
authors.forename: Sibel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boyvada
authors.forename: Hakan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Adigüzel
authors.forename: Omer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Aydemir
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000906:Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D001007:Anxiety / Q000150:complications*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006980:Hyperthyroidism / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000097:blood; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000097:blood; D014284:Triiodothyronine / Q000097:blood; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D014284:Triiodothyronine; C025991:Thomsen-Friedenreich antibodies; D013972:Thyrotropin; D013974:Thyroxine