title: Microbubbles induce renal hemorrhage when exposed to diagnostic ultrasound in anesthetized rats.
abstract: The generation of ultrasound (US) bioeffects using a clinical imaging system is controversial. We tested the hypothesis that the presence of microbubbles in the US field of a medical imager induces biologic effects. Both kidneys of anesthetized rats were insonified for 5 min using a medical imaging system after the administration of microbubbles. One kidney was insonified using a continuous mode (30 Hz) and the opposite kidney was insonified using an intermittent (1 Hz) technique. The microbubbles were exposed to three different transducer frequencies and four transducer output powers. After insonification, the animals were euthanized, the kidneys were removed and their gross appearance scored under "blinded" conditions using a defined scale. After the administration of microbubbles, US imaging of the kidney caused hemorrhage in the renal tissue. The severity and area of hemorrhage increased with an increase in the transducer power and a decrease in the transducer frequency. Intermittent insonification in the presence of microbubbles produced a greater degree of renal hemorrhage than continuous imaging techniques.
authors.affiliation: Mallinckrodt Imaging, St. Louis, MO, USA. james.wible@tycohealthcare.com
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Wible
authors.forename: Karen P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Galen
authors.forename: Jolette K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Wojdyla
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Alexander L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Klibanov
authors.forename: Gary H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Brandenburger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008863:Microspheres; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014159:Transducers; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media