title: Out-of-pocket expenditure on healthcare in a north Indian village.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Information on healthcare expenditure at the family or household level is important for the planning and management of health services. It is particularly relevant for health insurance agencies to estimate the amount of premium for initiating a universal health insurance system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of 800 families in a village, 160 were selected by systematic random sampling. Of these, 156 families were followed up for a period of 12 months (September 1998 to August 1999) by making monthly visits. Responses from each family, as given by the head of the family, were recorded with the help of an interview schedule administered in the local language. The interview schedule covered any morbidity among the family members in the past one month and the out-of-pocket expenditure incurred on the same.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The private health sector was utilized in 59.4% of total episodes. Utilization of the private sector was directly associated with a higher socioeconomic status (p = 0.002). Of the total expenditure on non-hospitalized cases, 83.6% was incurred in the private sector. The mean per capita annual out-of-pocket expenditure on health was Rs 131. The median expenditure per episode was Rs 15.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study shows that out-of-pocket expenditure is more than the government expenditure on health. There is a need for systems such as health insurance to protect the poor from high medical costs.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 10029, India.
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Pandav
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Anand
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kapoor
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Dwivedi
mesh_terms: D005191:Family Characteristics; D005382:Financing, Personal / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000145:classification / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007194:India; D017149:Private Sector / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017150:Public Sector / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012923:Social Class; D006801:Humans