title: Lefty proteins are long-range inhibitors of squint-mediated nodal signaling.
abstract: The regulation of signaling pathways by feedback inhibitors has become an emerging theme in the control of pattern formation during development. Nodal and Lefty proteins belong to divergent subfamilies of the TGF-beta family. Nodal signals promote mesendoderm induction in vertebrates, and Lefty proteins antagonize it. In zebrafish, Squint functions as a long-range Nodal signal during mesoderm induction. We report that the range over which Squint induces mesoderm is reduced by Lefty proteins. In contrast, the activity range of the short-range Nodal signal Cyclops is not regulated by Lefty activity. We present three lines of evidence that Lefty proteins diminish the range of Squint signaling by acting not only as antagonists of Squint autoregulation but also as long-range inhibitors of Squint activity. First, Lefty can block Nodal signaling at a distance. Second, Lefty regulates the range of Squint signaling before regulating squint expression. Third, Lefty restricts the range of Squint activity in squint mutant embryos, in which the endogenous gene is not subject to autoregulation. We also find that Lefty restricts the response to both high and low levels of Nodal signaling. These results indicate that Lefty proteins restrict the activity range of Nodal signals by dampening Nodal signaling in surrounding cells.
authors.affiliation: Developmental Genetics Program, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Alexander F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Schier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D036703:Blastula; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006706:Homeostasis; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D055458:Left-Right Determination Factors; D008954:Models, Biological; D009154:Mutation; D055457:Nodal Protein; D055456:Nodal Signaling Ligands; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense / Q000494:pharmacology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D055458:Left-Right Determination Factors; D055457:Nodal Protein; D055456:Nodal Signaling Ligands; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins; C485171:ndr1 protein, zebrafish; C512832:ndr2 protein, zebrafish