title: Importance of nonpharmacological factors in nicotine self-administration.
abstract: There is mounting evidence that nonpharmacological factors critically modulate the effects of several drugs of abuse both in humans and experimental animals. This paper reviews research from this laboratory on one factor that influences the degree to which nicotine is self-administered: environmental stimuli that form the context within which nicotine is taken. The results suggest that the direct, pharmacological actions of nicotine are necessary but not sufficient to explain either the high rates of self-administration exhibited by laboratory animals or cigarette smoking by humans, and that future investigations on the neurophysiological effects of nicotine that underlie smoking behavior must take into account the environmental context within which the behavior occurs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 3131 Sennott Square, 210 Bouquet Street, 15260, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Anthony R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Caggiula
authors.forename: Eric C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Donny
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chaudhri
authors.forename: Kenneth A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Perkins
authors.forename: F Fay
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Evans-Martin
authors.forename: Alan F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Sved
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004777:Environment; D006801:Humans; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012646:Self Administration; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D009538:Nicotine