title: Rasterstereographic back shape analysis in idiopathic scoliosis after anterior correction and fusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the accuracy of rasterstereographic three-dimensional back surface analysis and reconstruction of the spine in cases of severe idiopathic scoliosis treated by anterior correction and fusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparison of digitized radiographic curves and rasterstereographic curves by best fit superimposition and calculation of root mean square differences as parameters of similarity.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Rasterstereography has been proven to be accurate in scoliosis up to 50 degrees Cobb angle. Since 1989 the device is in clinical routine use for non-operatively treated patients and reduces the need for otherwise indispensable radiographs significantly.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty two patients with severe idiopathic scoliosis with Cobb angles up to 88 degrees were examined rasterstereographically and radiographically. Forty eight pre-operative anterior-posterior radiographs and 101 post-operative anterior-posterior radiographs were digitized. Radiographic and rasterstereographic curves were compared and the root mean square differences were calculated as parameters of precision of rasterstereographic reconstruction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Accuracy of rasterstereography in idiopathic scoliosis with Cobb angles between 50 degrees and 88 degrees is satisfactory. The root mean square difference of the radiographic and rasterstereographic curves was 6.4 mm for lateral deviation and 4.5 degrees for vertebral rotation. After anterior scoliosis surgery the precision of the device is good. The root mean square difference for lateral deviation was 3.4 mm and 3.2 degrees for rotation. Considering both groups an average root mean square of 4.7 mm and 3.7 degrees was calculated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Accuracy in severe scoliosis up to 88 degrees Cobb angle was satisfactory. The results of this first evaluation of surgically treated severe scoliosis showed a good accuracy after anterior surgery. The system can be used for post-operative follow up examinations and may reduce the number of X-rays considerably. In contrast to radiography, CT or MRI rasterstereography provides an objective quantification and documentation of the post-operative cosmetic improvement of the back shape in standing posture. RELEVANCE STATEMENT: Based on the findings of this study rasterstereography in future enables both objective quantification of cosmetic improvement and significant reduction of X-rays in idiopathic scoliosis with Cobb angles higher than 50 degrees before and after anterior surgical correction and fusion.
authors.affiliation: Klinik und Poliklinik für Allgemeine Orthopädie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Strasse 33, 48149, Münster, Germany. lars.hackenberg@uni-muenster.de
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hackenberg
authors.forename: Eberhard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hierholzer
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Pötzl
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Götze
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Liljenqvist
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D009984:Orthopedic Fixation Devices; D010780:Photogrammetry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011859:Radiography; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012399:Rotation; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013123:Spinal Fusion; D013382:Subtraction Technique; D014741:Video Recording / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*