title: A field investigation of Bacillus anthracis contamination of U.S. Department of Agriculture and other Washington, D.C., buildings during the anthrax attack of October 2001.
abstract: In response to a bioterrorism attack in the Washington, D.C., area in October 2001, a mobile laboratory (ML) was set up in the city to conduct rapid molecular tests on environmental samples for the presence of Bacillus anthracis spores and to route samples for further culture analysis. The ML contained class I laminar-flow hoods, a portable autoclave, two portable real-time PCR devices (Ruggedized Advanced Pathogen Identification Device [RAPID]), and miscellaneous supplies and equipment to process samples. Envelopes and swab and air samples collected from 30 locations in the metropolitan area once every three days were subjected to visual examination and DNA extraction, followed by real-time PCR using freeze-dried, fluorescent-probe-based reagents. Surface swabs and air samples were also cultured for B. anthracis at the National Veterinary Service Laboratory (NVSL) in Ames, Iowa. From 24 October 2001 to 15 September 2002, 2,092 pieces of mail were examined, 405 real-time PCR assays were performed (comprising 4,639 samples), and at the NVSL 6,275 samples were subjected to over 18,000 platings. None of the PCR assays on DNA extracted from swab and air samples were positive, but viable spores were cultured from surface swabs taken from six locations in the metropolitan area in October, November, and December 2001 and February, March, and May 2002. DNA extracted from these suspected B. anthracis colonies was positive by real-time and conventional PCRs for the lethal factor, pXO1, and for capA and vrr genes; sequence analysis of the latter amplicons indicated >99% homology with the Ames, vollum, B6273-93, C93022281, and W-21 strains of B. anthracis, suggesting they arose from cross-contamination during the attack through the mail. The RAPID-based PCR analysis provided fast confirmation of suspect colonies from an overnight incubation on agar plates.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA. jhiggins@anri.barc.usda.gov
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schroeder-Tucker
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Karns
authors.forename: Erlynn
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Manthey
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Breeze
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Perdue
mesh_terms: D000881:Anthrax / Q000382:microbiology*; D001408:Bacillus anthracis / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D023482:Bioterrorism; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D004219:District of Columbia; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004866:Equipment Contamination; D006077:Government Agencies; D008952:Mobile Health Units; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014481:United States; D016885:United States Department of Agriculture; D017132:Workplace
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial