title: The phenology of malaria mosquitoes in irrigated rice fields in Mali.
abstract: A field study was carried out in the large-scale rice irrigation scheme of the Office du Niger in Mali to investigate the relation between anopheline mosquito larval development and small-scale differences in irrigation practices, such as water level, irrigation application and irrigation frequency. The objective of the study was to find out if water management can be used as a tool for vector control to reduce the malaria transmission risk. Larvae of Anopheles gambiae s.s.,; the main malaria vector in the study area, developed mostly in the first 6 weeks after transplanting the rice. During rice development, a succession of anopheline species was observed. This was associated with a marked decrease in light intensity reaching the water surface as plant height increased. Minor differences in water management resulted in noticeable variations in larval densities and species composition. A. gambiae s.s. larvae were most abundant during the early growing stages and almost absent in a closed rice crop. Due to improper drainage after harvest, A. gambiae s.s. breeding was soon re-established in fields where small pools of water were retained. The results suggest that larval mosquito habitats in the Office du Niger can be significantly reduced by water management, simultaneous planting and harvesting and proper drainage of fallow fields.
authors.affiliation: Irrigation and Water Engineering Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Nieuwe Kanaal 11, 6709 PA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Klinkenberg
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Takken
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Huibers
authors.forename: Y T
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Touré
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000469:parasitology; D002980:Climate; D004463:Ecology; D006801:Humans; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000254:growth & development*; D008018:Life Cycle Stages; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D008302:Mali; D009032:Mosquito Control; D012275:Oryza; D011156:Population Density; D014881:Water Supply