title: GTK tyrosine kinase-induced alteration of IRS-protein signalling in insulin producing cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Insulin receptor substrate proteins (IRS) mediate various effects of insulin, including regulation of glucose homeostasis, cell growth and survival. To understand the underlying mechanisms explaining the effects of the Src-related tyrosine kinase GTK on beta-cell proliferation and survival, insulin-signalling pathways involving IRS-1 and IRS-2 were studied in islet cells and RINm5F cells overexpressing wild-type and two different mutants of the SRC-related tyrosine kinase GTK.
  
  
  METHODS
  Islets isolated from transgenic mice and RINm5F cells overexpressing wild-type and mutant GTK were analysed for IRS-1, IRS-2, SHB, AKT and ERK phosphorylation/activity by Western blot analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RINm5F cells expressing the kinase active mutant Y504F-GTK and islet cells from GTK(Y504F) -transgenic mice exhibited reduced insulin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1 and IRS-2. In RINm5F cells, the diminished IRS-phosphorylation was accompanied by a reduced insulin-stimulated activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), AKT and Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase, partly due to an increased basal activity. In addition, increased tyrosine phosphorylation of the SHB SH2 domain-adaptor protein and its association with IRS-2, IRS-1 and focal adhesion kinase was observed in these cells. RINm5F cells overexpressing wild-type GTK also exhibited reduced activation of IRS-2, PI3K and AKT, whereas cells expressing a GTK mutant with lower kinase activity (GTK(Y394F)) exhibited insignificantly altered responses to insulin compared to the mock transfected cells. Moreover, GTK was shown to associate with and phosphorylate SHB in transiently transfected COS-7 cells, indicating that SHB is a specific substrate for GTK.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that GTK signals via SHB to modulate insulin-stimulated pathways in beta cells and this may explain previous results showing an increased beta-cell mass in GTK-transgenic mice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Sweden.
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Annerén
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Welsh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D019556:COS Cells; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000737:chemistry; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D055504:Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000494:pharmacology; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008808:Mice, Inbred CBA; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000502:physiology*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D051381:Rats; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D007328:Insulin; D055504:Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; C526295:Irs1 protein, mouse; C526296:Irs1 protein, rat; C526298:Irs2 protein, mouse; C526299:Irs2 protein, rat; C085634:Shb protein, mouse; C490082:Shb protein, rat; C100882:gtk kinase; C494920:Akt1 protein, rat