title: Flavopiridol down-regulates antiapoptotic proteins and sensitizes human breast cancer cells to epothilone B-induced apoptosis.
abstract: The molecular mechanisms underlying the cell cycle growth-inhibitory and apoptotic effects of flavopiridol (FP) were determined in human breast cancer cells. Treatment with FP caused accumulation in the G(1) phase of the cell cycle and induced apoptosis of SKBR-3 and MB-468 cells. This was associated with down-regulation of the levels of cyclins D1 and B1, as well as with inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) 1, cdk2, and cdk4. FP-induced apoptosis was accompanied by a conformational change and mitochondrial localization of Bax. This resulted in the accumulations of cytochrome c, Smac, and Omi/HtrA2 in the cytosol and induced the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage activity of caspase-3. Treatment with FP also attenuated the mRNA and protein levels of XIAP, cIAP-2, Mcl-1, Bcl-x(L), and survivin. In MB-468 cells with overexpression of Bcl-2 (468/Bcl-2), FP-induced Bax conformational change and apoptosis were inhibited, whereas the FP-mediated decline in the levels of IAP proteins, Mcl-11 and Bcl-x(L) remained unaltered. The effects of cotreatment with FP and the nontaxane tubulin-polymerizing agent epothilone (Epo) B were also determined in MB-468 cells. Sequential treatment with Epo B followed by FP induced significantly more apoptosis of MB-468 cells than treatment with the reverse sequence of FP followed by Epo B or treatment with either agent alone (P < 0.05). Treatment with Epo B followed by FP induced more Bax conformational change and was associated with a greater decline in the levels of XIAP, cIAP-2, Mcl-1, and Bcl-x(L). However, MB-468/Bcl-2 cells remained relatively resistant to Epo B followed by FP. Taken together, these findings suggest that the superior sequence-dependent anti-breast cancer activity of Epo B followed by FP may be due to FP-induced Bax conformational change and down-regulation of the antiapoptotic IAP, Bcl-x(L), and Mcl-1 proteins, but this treatment may not overcome the resistance to apoptosis of breast cancer cells conferred by overexpression of Bcl-2.
authors.affiliation: Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA.
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wittmann
authors.forename: Purva
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bali
authors.forename: Sreenivasa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Donapaty
authors.forename: Ramadevi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nimmanapalli
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Hirohito
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jove
authors.forename: Hong Gang
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Kapil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bhalla
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D016203:CDC2 Protein Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D042846:CDC2-CDC28 Kinases; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects*; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D034261:Epothilones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D034261:Epothilones; D005419:Flavonoids; D010880:Piperidines; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C077990:alvocidib; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D016203:CDC2 Protein Kinase; D042846:CDC2-CDC28 Kinases; C495894:CDK2 protein, human; C495900:CDK4 protein, human; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases; C093788:epothilone B