title: Involvement of [beta]-glucans in the wide-spectrum antimicrobial activity of Williopsis saturnus var. mrakii MUCL 41968 killer toxin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Williopsis saturnus var. mrakii MUCL 41968 secretes a 85-kDa glycoprotein killer toxin (WmKT) that displays a cytocidal activity against a wide range of microorganisms, making WmKT a promising candidate for the development of new antimicrobial molecules. Although the killing mechanism of WmKT is still unknown, the toxin was recently proposed to bind to the surface of sensitive microorganisms through the recognition of beta-glucans. Indeed, Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains sensitive to the toxin become resistant when mutated in their beta-glucan synthesis pathway.
  
  
  METHODS
  To investigate the interaction of WmKT with beta-glucans, we examined in agar diffusion assays the WmKT activity in the presence of enzymes displaying beta-glucanase activity. The toxin activity was also investigated using spheroplasts derived from sensitive yeast cells. The hydrolytic activity of WmKT was studied using specific glucosidase inhibitors as well as various sugar molecules covalently linked to p-nitrophenyl as potential substrates. Finally, the ultrastructural modifications induced by WmKT activity on sensitive yeasts were assessed by scanning electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The data reported here support the hypothesis that WmKT binds to sensitive cells using surface-exposed beta-glucans. Indeed beta-glucanase exerts an antagonistic effect on WmKT activity and spheroplasts derived from WmKT-sensitive yeast cells are shown to be resistant to WmKT, suggesting that cell wall beta-glucans are required for WmKT lethal effect. Because WmKT exhibits amino acid sequence similarities with proteins suspected to be glucanase, we also investigated the effect of castanospermine, a potent glucosidase inhibitor, on WmKT activity. Castanospermine completely abolished WmKT killer activity as well as its hydrolytic enzymatic activity against p-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucopyranoside. The scanning electron microscopy analysis of sensitive yeast cells treated with the toxin reveals that WmKT causes cell wall modifications similar to those observed with zymolyase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results reported in this study show that WmKT activity requires an interaction between the mycocin and the cell wall beta-glucans. Moreover, they indicate that WmKT acts on sensitive yeast cells through a hydrolytic activity directed against cell wall beta-glucans that disrupts the yeast cell wall integrity leading to death.
authors.forename: Cyril
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guyard
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dehecq
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Tissier
authors.forename: Luciano
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Polonelli
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dei-Cas
authors.forename: Jean-Charles
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Cailliez
authors.forename: Franco D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Menozzi
mesh_terms: D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000494:pharmacology; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D016923:Cell Death; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005936:Glucans / Q000378:metabolism*; D006867:Hydrolases / Q000494:pharmacology; D007212:Indolizines / Q000494:pharmacology; D055646:Killer Factors, Yeast; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009596:Nitrophenols / Q000378:metabolism; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D013104:Spheroplasts / Q000187:drug effects*; D001617:beta-Glucosidase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D054836:Indolizidines
chemical_list: D000666:Amphotericin B; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D005936:Glucans; D006867:Hydrolases; D007212:Indolizines; D055646:Killer Factors, Yeast; D009183:Mycotoxins; D009596:Nitrophenols; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D001617:beta-Glucosidase; C037833:zymolyase; C037806:castanospermine; D054836:Indolizidines; C024836:4-nitrophenol