title: Spasticity associated with cerebral palsy in children: guidelines for the use of botulinum A toxin.
abstract: Botulinum A toxin produces selective and reversible chemodenervation that can be employed to balance muscle forces across joints in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Currently, there are two commercially available botulinum A toxin formulations (BOTOX) and Dysport). The amount of botulinum A toxin required depends upon the number of muscles that are targeted, and the size of the patient. In order to achieve adequate chemodenervation with botulinum A toxin, the following conditions must be met: (i) a sufficient number of units of toxin must be injected in order to neutralize neuromuscular junction (NMJ) activity; (ii) an appropriate drug volume is required in order to optimize the delivery of the toxin to the NMJs; and (iii) localization of the injecting needle through the fascia of the target muscle is necessary. Localization of the injection may be facilitated by active electromyography, ultrasonography, palpation of the muscle belly, and/or use of anatomic landmarks. Botulinum A toxin injections are indicated for use in pediatric patients with CP to: (i) improve motor function by balancing muscle forces across joints; (ii) improve health-related quality of life by decreasing spasticity and/or decreasing caregiver burden; (iii) decrease pain from spasticity; (iv) enhance self-esteem by diminishing inappropriate motor responses; and (v) provide a presurgical diagnostic tool. Following intramuscular injections of botulinum A toxin, short-term benefits of reduced spasticity are observed in approximately 70-82% of children. The intermediate term (1-2 years) efficacy rate is approximately 50%. The most common deformity treated with toxin injections in pediatric patients with CP is equinus foot deformity. However, efficacy of toxin injections for the management of crouched gait, pelvic flexion contracture, cervical spasticity, seating difficulties, and upper extremity deformity also has been documented. In addition, toxin injections have been shown to manage painful muscle spasticity associated with surgery or application of casts and painful cervical spasticity with or without dystonia. Toxin injections can also be used as a diagnostic tool to determine the appropriateness of other interventions by observing the muscle response to the injection in order to gain additional information for the development of a treatment plan. Botulinum A toxin, when used in appropriate doses, is well tolerated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157-1070, USA. lakoman@wfubmc.edu
authors.forename: L Andrew
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Koman
authors.forename: Beth
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Paterson Smith
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Balkrishnan
mesh_terms: D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011788:Quality of Life
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D001905:Botulinum Toxins