title: Development of insulin resistance and reversal by thiazolidinediones in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to develop an insulin-resistant cell culture model in skeletal muscle cell line by chronic presence of insulin in serum-free medium and to determine the effect of thiazolidinediones on insulin signaling.
  
  
  METHODS
  We differentiated C2C12 in a combination of serum-free medium in presence or absence of insulin and determined differentiation by creatine kinase activity, myogenin and MyoD expression. The development of insulin resistance was determined by tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate-1, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity associated with insulin receptor substrate-1 and glucose uptake. We treated the cells with 50 microM of thiazolidinediones to determine the effect on these parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  C2C12 cells were differentiated normally in the serum-free medium in the absence or presence of insulin. Chronic treatment of insulin resulted in reduced tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate-1; activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase was impaired and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was reduced. The treatment of insulin-resistant cells with thiazolidinediones resulted in the enhancement of insulin signaling pathway by increasing tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor, insulin receptor substrate-1, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity and glucose uptake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that insulin resistance can be developed in C2C12 skeletal muscle cell line. These findings implicate a direct mechanism of action of thiazolidinediones on skeletal muscle.
authors.affiliation: Signal Transduction Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India.
authors.forename: Naresh
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Chinmoy S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Dey
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; D003847:Deoxyglucose / Q000378:metabolism; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology; D055504:Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D051379:Mice; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D032446:Myoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D000077205:Pioglitazone; D011972:Receptor, Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D055504:Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins; C526295:Irs1 protein, mouse; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D013844:Thiazoles; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D014443:Tyrosine; D003847:Deoxyglucose; C089946:2,4-thiazolidinedione; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D011972:Receptor, Insulin; D000077205:Pioglitazone