title: Gamma knife radiosurgery for craniopharyngiomas: long-term results in the first Swedish patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to assess the long-term treatment efficacy and morbidity of patients who undergo gamma knife radiosurgery (GKS) for craniopharyngioma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one consecutive Swedish patients were evaluated retrospectively: 11 children (< or = 15 years) and 10 adults. The time from diagnosis to the most recent follow-up imaging study was 6.3 to 34.3 years (mean 18.2 years, median 16.8 years). Tumor volumes and morbidity from GKS or other treatments were assessed at the time of the most recent imaging study or at the time of a subsequent new treatment. The observation period ranged from 0.5 to 29 years (mean 7.5 years, median 3.5 years). The prescription dose ranged from less than 3 Gy to 25 Gy. The mean tumor volume was 7.8 cm3 (range 0.4-33 cm3). There were 22 tumors in 21 patients treated with GKS. Five of these tumors were reduced in size, three were unchanged, and 14 increased. Tumor progression correlated with a low dose to the tumor margin. Eleven (85%) of 13 tumors that received a dose of less than 6 Gy to the margin increased in size, whereas only three (33%) of nine tumors that received 6 Gy increased. This difference was statistically significant (p = 0.01). In five of six patients tumors that became smaller after GKS there were no recurrences within a mean follow-up period of 12 years. Nine (82%) of 11 tumors in children ultimately increased after GKS, compared with five (50%) of 10 in adults. In eight patients there was a deterioration of visual function. In all except one this could be related to a volume increase but radiation-induced damage could not be excluded as a factor in any of them. Four patients developed pituitary deficiencies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gamma knife radiosurgery is effective in controlling growth of craniopharyngiomas with a minimum dose of 6 Gy. The findings also suggest that other stereotactic techniques, such as cyst aspiration and intracystic treatment, are only of value in reducing tumor volume in preparation for safe GKS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroradiology and Endocrinology, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. Elfar.Ulfarsson@ks.se
authors.forename: Elfar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ulfarsson
authors.forename: Christer
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lindquist
authors.forename: Maud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Tit
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rähn
authors.forename: Melker
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lindquist
authors.forename: Marja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thorén
authors.forename: Bodo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lippitz
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D002648:Child; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003397:Craniopharyngioma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000502:physiology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010902:Pituitary Gland / Q000502:physiology; D010911:Pituitary Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D016634:Radiosurgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013548:Sweden; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014792:Visual Acuity