title: Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor can induce angiogenesis independently of vascular endothelial growth factor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) promotes vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and induces angiogenesis in multiple pathological conditions. The present study was designed to delineate the HGF/SF and VEGF signaling cascades during angiogenesis by using PTK787, a selective VEGF receptor antagonist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PTK787 produced a concentration-dependent (10(-8) to 10(-6) mol/L) inhibition of VEGF-induced angiogenesis, without altering the basal or HGF/SF-induced response in vitro. In contrast, the nonspecific kinase inhibitor genistein blocked the HGF/SF-induced effect. Both VEGF and HGF/SF induced a rapid phosphorylation of extracellular receptor kinases-1 and -2 (ERKs) and Akt. PTK787 inhibited the VEGF-induced activation of Akt and ERKs, without affecting the HGF/SF-induced phosphorylation. Treatment with VEGF and HGF/SF increased total neovascularization in a murine scaffold granuloma model, but no additive or synergistic interactions were observed. PTK787 (50 mg/kg) blocked the VEGF-induced response without altering the basal or HGF/SF-induced neovascularization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrate that HGF/SF can induce angiogenesis independently of VEGF, possibly through the direct activation of the Akt and ERKs. These results demonstrate the necessity of a multitargeted approach for the rational design of newer therapies to inhibit pathophysiological angiogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England. shiladit@MIT.edu
authors.forename: Shiladitya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sengupta
authors.forename: Ermanno
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gherardi
authors.forename: Lynda A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Sellers
authors.forename: Jeanette M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Ram
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sasisekharan
authors.forename: Tai-Ping D
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Fan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D017228:Hepatocyte Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D010793:Phthalazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D011725:Pyridines; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014471:Umbilical Veins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008222:Lymphokines; D010793:Phthalazines; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D011725:Pyridines; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; C404768:vatalanib; D017228:Hepatocyte Growth Factor; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor; C494918:AKT1 protein, human; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases