title: Differential effects of selective estrogen receptor modulators and estrogens on mammary blood flow in the ovine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hormone replacement therapy has been implicated in the increased incidence of breast cancer, although selective estrogen receptor modulators have been shown to be effective in the prevention of breast cancer. Breast cancers are associated with increased mammary blood flow compared to benign breast lesions. However, few studies have examined the hemodynamic effects of hormonal agents on the mammary circulation that promote or reduce the risk of breast cancers. Although estradiol-17beta has been shown to increase mammary blood flow, the effect of selective estrogen receptor modulators remains undetermined. We therefore compared the vascular effects of selective estrogen receptor modulators and estrogens on mammary blood flow.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen nonpregnant ovariectomized ewes were instrumented to measure mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and uterine and mammary blood flows. Compounds were administered intravenously on separate days, and responses were monitored up to 4 hours. Compounds that were studied included estradiol-17beta (1 microg/kg), conjugated equine estrogens (0.625 and 1.25 mg), tibolone (2.5 and 5 mg), raloxifene (10 microg/kg), and tamoxifen (300 microg/kg).
  
  
  RESULTS
  None of these compounds significantly affected mean arterial pressure or heart rate, but all of the compounds significantly increased uterine blood flow. Estradiol-17beta increased mammary blood flow by 98% +/- 25%; conjugated equine estrogen increased mammary blood flow by 46% +/- 6% and 68% +/- 13% at the 0.625 and 1.25 mg doses, respectively. Tibolone increased mammary blood flow by 37% +/- 13% at the 2.5-mg dose and by only 14% +/- 4% at the 5-mg dose. Neither raloxifene nor tamoxifen significantly altered mammary blood flow.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although estrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators induced similar increases in uterine blood flow, they had differential effects on mammary blood flow.
authors.affiliation: Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA.
authors.forename: Willie D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Zoma
authors.forename: R Scott
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Gideon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kopernik
authors.forename: John L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Mershon
authors.forename: Kenneth E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Clark
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000187:drug effects; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology; D004967:Estrogens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004966:Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D007700:Kinetics; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000098:blood supply*; D009652:Norpregnenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D010052:Ovariectomy; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012756:Sheep; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D004966:Estrogens, Conjugated (USP); D009652:Norpregnenes; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators; D013629:Tamoxifen; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride; D004958:Estradiol; C027385:tibolone