title: Timing accuracy and variability in children with prenatal exposure to alcohol.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prenatal exposure to alcohol (prenatal alcohol exposure) is associated with gross and fine motor skill dysfunction. The present study examined performance on two types of timing tasks to determine the extent to which prenatal alcohol exposure affects perception, movement planning, and movement execution during tasks that require temporal processing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen children with confirmed heavy prenatal alcohol exposure and 22 control children (aged 5-10 years) completed two timing tasks: a coincident-anticipation timing task that primarily assessed central processing, and a movement-speed timing task that evaluated the motor component of temporal processing. Absolute error, signed error, and variability of the participant's signed error were the dependent variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For both timing tasks, children with prenatal alcohol exposure were significantly less accurate and more variable than control children, indicating that both the sensory-perceptual and motor components of temporal processing were disrupted in alcohol-exposed children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alcohol-exposed children had difficulty producing accurate and consistent motor responses when intercepting a moving target or moving through a spatial target in a specified amount of time. Disruptions in these motor timing behaviors may be indicative of alcohol-related cerebellar or basal ganglia damage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child & Family Studies, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996, USA. twass@utk.edu
authors.forename: Tara S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Wass
authors.forename: Roger W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.forename: Jennifer D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Edward P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Riley
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors