Environmental properties and effects of nonionic surfactant adjuvants in pesticides: a review.
Little is known about the environmental fate of adjuvants after application on the agricultural land. Adjuvants constitute a broad range of substances, of which solvents and surfactants are the major types. Nonionic surfactants such as alcohol ethoxylates (AEOs) and alkylamine ethoxylates (ANEOs) are typically examples of pesticide adjuvants. In view of their chemical structure this paper outlines present knowledge on occurrence, fate and effect on the aquatic and terrestrial environment of the two adjuvants: AEOs and ANEOs. Both AEOs and ANEOs are used as technical mixtures. This implies that they are not one single compound but a whole range of compounds present in different ratios. Structurally both groups of substances have a mutual core with side chains of varying lengths. Each of these compounds besides having the overall ability to distribute between different phases also possesses some single compound behaviour. This is reflected in the parameters describing the fate e.g. distribution coefficient, leaching, run-off, adsorption to soil, degradation and effects of these substances. The adsorption behaviour of ANEOs in contrast to AEOs is particularly variable and matrix dependent due to the ability of the compound to ionise at environmentally relevant pH. Probably because the compounds exceeds high soil adsorption and are easily degradable which is reflected in the low environmental concentrations generally found in monitoring studies. The compounds generally possess low potency to both terrestrial and aquatic organisms. The major environmental problem related to these compounds is the ability to enhance the mobility of other pollutants in the soil column.
Krogh
K A
KA
Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, National Environmental Research Institute, P.O. Box 358, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark. kak@dfh.dk
Halling-Sørensen
B
B
Mogensen
B B
BB
Vejrup
K V
KV
D000327:Adsorption; D000383:Agriculture; D000818:Animals; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism
D010575:Pesticides; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical