title: Angiogenesis assays: a critical overview.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is an integral part of both normal developmental processes and numerous pathologies, ranging from tumor growth and metastasis to inflammation and ocular disease. Angiogenesis assays are used to test efficacy of both pro- and antiangiogenic agents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Most studies of angiogenesis inducers and inhibitors rely on various models, both in vitro and in vivo, as indicators of efficacy. In this report we describe the principal methods now in use: the in vivo Matrigel plug and corneal neovascularization assays, the in vivo/in vitro chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay, and the in vitro cellular (proliferation, migration, tube formation) and organotypic (aortic ring) assays. We include description of two new methods, the chick aortic arch and the Matrigel sponge assays.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In vitro tests are valuable, can be carried out expeditiously, and lend themselves to quantification, but must be interpreted with extreme caution. In vitro tests are best viewed as providing initial information, subject to confirmation by in vivo assays. Multiple tests should be used to obtain maximum benefit from in vitro tests. In vivo tests are more difficult and time-consuming to perform, thereby limiting the number of tests that can run at any one time. Quantification is generally more difficult as well. However, in vivo assays are essential because of the complex nature of vascular responses to test reagents, responses that no in vitro model can fully achieve.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Developmental Biology, University of Wisconsin, 1117 West Johnson St., Madison, WI 53706, USA. rauerbach@facstff.wisc.edu
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Auerbach
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Brenda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shinners
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kubai
authors.forename: Nasim
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Akhtar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002455:Cell Division; D002465:Cell Movement; D002642:Chick Embryo; D019411:Clinical Laboratory Techniques; D003315:Cornea / Q000098:blood supply; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology; D006801:Humans; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques