title: The establishment of ECVAM and its progress since 1993.
abstract: The background to the establishment of ECVAM in 1991 is summarised, and progress made since 1993 is briefly reviewed in relation to 12 recommendations made at the ECVAM Opening Symposium in 1994 and to statements on tests for chemicals and biologicals endorsed by the ECVAM Scientific Advisory Committee since 1997.
authors.affiliation: ECVAM, Institute for Health & Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, 21020 Ispra (VA), Italy.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Balls
mesh_terms: D000826:Animal Testing Alternatives; D000827:Animal Welfare / Q000941:ethics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000458:organization & administration; D000818:Animals; D001688:Biological Products; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D005062:European Union; D009937:Organizational Objectives; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018675:Toxicity Tests
chemical_list: D001688:Biological Products