title: [LithoRisk: A software for calculating and visualising nephrolithiasis risk profiles].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pathogenesis of nephrolithiasis, based on the anomalies of the urinary environment, demands metabolic and physicochemical assessment for the medical management of patients. Standard metabolic protocols include the measurement of pertinent urine chemistry values and the calculation of the extent of saturation in stone-forming salts. However, patients are often given fragmentary and hard-to-consult reports and so this weakens the strength of the therapeutic recommendations. This paper introduces LithoRisk, a dedicated software which graphically represents risk profiles of stone formation, including the extent of saturation.
  
  
  METHODS
  LithoRisk uses the results of 24-h urine chemistry values widely available in hospital laboratories, i.e., sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, ammonia, phosphate, sulphate, citrate, oxalate, chloride, pH and urine volume. Uric acid and cystine are optional. The relative supersaturation (beta), estimated according to our own ab initio calculation, is given in a scale whereby beta=1 is saturation, beta < 1 under - and beta > 1 oversaturation. LithoRisk is available as a CD-ROM and can be loaded on Windows 95/98/Millenium/XP. Colour or laser printers are suitable for printed records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LithoRisk is easily loaded on any PC by following video instructions. Once the loading of the program is completed a grey icon LithoRisk appears on the Desktop. The program can be opened by clicking twice on the icon. The patients data page first appears on the screen and is followed by the evaluation page for the input of variables. This generates the graph representing the diagnostic lithorisk profile, which is drawn as a line connecting different values, according to a specific scale and related to an arbitrary normal point. Normal values are shown as green lines, whereas abnormal ones are red. The beta values for calcium oxalate and phosphate, uric acid and cystine are instantaneously calculated and reported on the graph.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LithoRisk produces a complete, unique and easy to understand report that includes all relevant parameters, it therefore expresses the overall risk of stone formation. It requires the results of chemistry tests done on the same 24-h urine collection, and carried out using suitable preservatives. If the tests for unusual parameters, i.e. sulphate and ammonia, are unavailable, one can use default values with minimal alterations on beta calculation. In spite of being arbitrary, the normal thresholds values are based on widely accepted literature data. The risk profile recognises the most relevant abnormalities and enables the establishment of individual targets aimed at reducing the propensity towards stone formation.
authors.affiliation: UOA Nefrologia Dialisi e Centro Calcolosi Renale, Ospedale Mauriziano Umberto I, Torino, Italy. mmarangella@mauriziano.it
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marangella
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Petrarulo
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Daniele
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sammartano
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012984:Software