title: Overview of the radiology, histology, and bone morphogenetic protein expression during distraction osteogenesis of the mandible.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Distraction osteogenesis (DO) is a form of in vivo tissue engineering during which an osteotomy and controlled distraction are used to lengthen bone. The molecular signals that govern distraction-induced bone formation have not been fully elucidated. Specifically, the role of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) in DO of the mandible remains unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the radiologic and histologic evolution of newly formed bone during DO of the mandible and to relate these changes to the expression of BMPs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen skeletally mature male rabbits were used. A distractor device was surgically applied to one side of the mandible following osteotomy. After 1 week (latency period), distraction was started at a rate of 0.25 mm every 12 hours for 3 weeks (distraction period) and was followed by a 3-week consolidation period. Two animals were sacrificed each week after surgery (weeks 1 to 7). The mandible was resected and the new bone assessed by radiography and histology. The expression of BMPs was also analyzed using immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was radiographic and histologic evidence of bone formation during the distraction period. By week 6, there was mature woven bone within the distraction zone. Bone morphogenetic proteins 2 and 4 were strongly expressed in osteoblasts during distraction and in chondrocytes during consolidation. The expression of BMP-7 was relatively minor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The temporal and spatial pattern of BMP expression suggests that these proteins are important mediators of mandibular DO. Understanding the expression of BMPs may facilitate the use of recombinant proteins to enhance the rate and quality of bone generation during craniofacial DO.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Campisi
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Hamdy
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lauzier
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amako
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Schloss
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Lessard
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000166:cytology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism / Q000601:surgery; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D019857:Osteogenesis, Distraction / Q000379:methods*; D011817:Rabbits; D011859:Radiography
chemical_list: D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins