title: Development of visual diagnostic expertise in pathology -- an information-processing study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify key features contributing to trainees' development of expertise in microscopic pathology diagnosis, a complex visual task, and to provide new insights to help create computer-based training systems in pathology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Standard methods of information-processing and cognitive science were used to study diagnostic processes (search, perception, reasoning) of 28 novices, intermediates, and experts. Participants examined cases in breast pathology; each case had a previously established gold standard diagnosis. Videotapes correlated the actual visual data examined by participants with their verbal "think-aloud" protocols.
  
  
  METHODS
  Investigators measured accuracy, difficulty, certainty, protocol process frequencies, error frequencies, and times to key diagnostic events for each case and subject. Analyses of variance, chi-square tests and post-hoc comparisons were performed with subject as the unit of analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Level of expertise corresponded with differences in search, perception, and reasoning components of the tasks. Several discrete steps occur on the path to competence, including development of adequate search strategies, rapid and accurate recognition of anatomic location, acquisition of visual data interpretation skills, and transitory reliance on explicit feature identification.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results provide the basis for an empirical cognitive model of competence for the complex tasks of microscopic pathology diagnosis. Results will inform the development of computer-based pedagogy tools in this domain
authors.affiliation: Center for Pathology Informatics, Center for Biomedical Informatics, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. crowleyrs@msx.upmc.edu
authors.forename: Rebecca S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Crowley
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Naus
authors.forename: Jimmie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: Charles P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Friedman
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008853:Microscopy; D008960:Models, Psychological; D010338:Pathology, Clinical / Q000193:education; D014785:Vision, Ocular