title: Apoptosis of ocular surface cells in experimentally induced dry eye.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate to effect of experimental dry eye on ocular surface apoptosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Aqueous tear production and clearance were inhibited by systemic administration of scopolamine and exposure to an air draft for 12 days in 4- to 6-week-old 129SvEv/CD-1 mixed white mice. Eyes and ocular adnexa were excised, cryosectioned, and evaluated for apoptosis by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-digoxigenin nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, immunohistochemical assay for caspase-3 and poly(ADP-ribose) phosphate (PARP), and examination of nuclear morphologic changes by Hoechst DNA nuclear staining and transmission electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of TUNEL-positive cells in the mice with induced dry eye was significantly increased compared with control mice in the following ocular regions: central corneal (P < 0.0014), peripheral corneal (P < 0.0001), bulbar conjunctival (P < 0.0021), and tarsal conjunctival (P < 0.0046) epithelia; tarsal conjunctival stroma (P < 0.0274); and lid margin (P < 0.0219, n = 4 in all cases). There were no significant differences observed between treated and control groups in the central corneal, peripheral corneal, or bulbar conjunctival stroma; meibomian glands; skin; retina-choroid; or episcleral regions. Immunohistochemistry for caspase-3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase p85 fragment revealed increased immunoreactivity in regions of increased TUNEL positivity, particularly in the corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells. Ultrastructural morphologic changes consistent with apoptosis were observed in the conjunctival epithelial cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Experimentally induced dry eye in mice causes apoptosis of cells in ocular surface tissues including the central and peripheral corneal epithelium, bulbar and tarsal conjunctival epithelia, tarsal conjunctival stroma, and lid margin. Apoptosis may play a key role in the pathogenesis of keratoconjunctivitis sicca and may be a therapeutic target for this condition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, 6565 Fannin, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.forename: Xiu Jun
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Farley
authors.forename: De-Quan
authors.initials: DQ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.forename: Stephen C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Pflugfelder
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003228:Conjunctiva / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D003315:Cornea / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015352:Dry Eye Syndromes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D005143:Eyelids / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D051379:Mice; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; C505409:Casp3 protein, mouse; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases