title: Solvent extraction employing a static micromixer: a simple, robust and versatile technology for the microencapsulation of proteins.
abstract: The potential of a static micromixer for the production of protein-loaded biodegradable polymeric microspheres by a modified solvent extraction process was examined. The mixer consists of an array of microchannels and features a simple set-up, consumes only very small space, lacks moving parts and offers simple control of the microsphere size. Scale-up from lab bench to industrial production is easily feasible through parallel installation of a sufficient number of micromixers ('number-up'). Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres loaded with a model protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA), were prepared. The influence of various process and formulation parameters on the characteristics of the microspheres was examined with special focus on particle size distribution. Microspheres with monomodal size distributions having mean diameters of 5-30 micro m were produced with excellent reproducibility. Particle size distributions were largely unaffected by polymer solution concentration, polymer type and nominal BSA load, but depended on the polymer solvent. Moreover, particle mean diameters could be varied in a considerable range by modulating the flow rates of the mixed fluids. BSA encapsulation efficiencies were mostly in the region of 75-85% and product yields ranged from 90-100%. Because of its simple set-up and its suitability for continuous production, static micromixing is suggested for the automated and aseptic production of protein-loaded microspheres.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Freitas
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Walz
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Merkle
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gander
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002214:Capsules; D002417:Cattle; D004339:Drug Compounding / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010316:Particle Size; D011506:Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012212:Rheology; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012997:Solvents
chemical_list: D002214:Capsules; D011506:Proteins; D012997:Solvents; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine