title: Individual inflammatory response of human blood monocytes to mesh biomaterials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alloplastic implants such as those employed in hernia repair induce distinct local inflammation and seroma production. As monocytes take a key position in the inflammatory foreign body reaction, their specific release of cytokines was investigated in vitro after incubation with alloplastic materials.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human blood monocytes were isolated from buffy coats of 42 healthy blood donors. Cells were cultivated in polystyrene culture wells (4 x 10(6) cells/well) on polypropylene-polyglactin mesh, on polytetrafluoroethylene, in control wells with the addition of 1 micro g lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and on pure polystyrene. Supernatant was taken after 1 h and 5 days, and concentrations of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) alpha, interleukin (IL) 6 and IL-10 were determined. Donors were defined as 'high' or 'low' responders when concentrations of TNF-alpha were above the 75th or below the 25th percentiles, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In contact with biomaterials, the monocytes liberated TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-10, similar to levels observed after stimulation with LPS. Median cytokine concentrations were not normally distributed and were influenced by donor, timepoint and applied stimulus. One donor matched the criteria for low responder and three for high responder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The individual was identified as an independent factor for the inflammatory response of monocytes to biomaterials. Moreover, high and low responders could be identified. The variability of cytokine release and the lack of a normal distribution suggest that a larger sample size should be used in future studies of cellular response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Rhenish Westphalian Technical University, Aachen, Germany. Alexander.Schachtrupp@post.rwth-aachen.de
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schachtrupp
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Klinge
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Junge
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rosch
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Bhardwaj
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Schumpelick
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008853:Microscopy / Q000379:methods; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D011098:Polyglactin 910 / Q000494:pharmacology; D011126:Polypropylenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene / Q000494:pharmacology; D013053:Spectrophotometry / Q000379:methods; D013526:Surgical Mesh; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D015850:Interleukin-6; D011126:Polypropylenes; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D011098:Polyglactin 910; D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene