title: Identification of an abnormal beryllium lymphocyte proliferation test.
abstract: The potential hazards from exposure to beryllium or beryllium compounds in the workplace were first reported in the 1930s. The tritiated thymidine beryllium lymphocyte proliferation test (BeLPT) is an in vitro blood test that is widely used to screen beryllium exposed workers in the nuclear industry for sensitivity to beryllium. The clinical significance of the BeLPT was described and a standard protocol was developed in the late 1980s. Cell proliferation is measured by the incorporation of tritiated thymidine into dividing cells on two culture dates and using three concentrations of beryllium sulfate. Results are expressed as a 'stimulation index' (SI) which is the ratio of the amount of tritiated thymidine (measured by beta counts) in the simulated cells divided by the counts for the unstimulated cells on the same culture day. Several statistical methods for use in the routine analysis of the BeLPT were proposed in the early 1990s. The least absolute values (LAV) method was recommended for routine analysis of the BeLPT. This report further evaluates the LAV method using new data, and proposes a new method for identification of an abnormal or borderline test. This new statistical-biological positive (SBP) method reflects the clinical judgment that: (i) at least two SIs show a 'positive' response to beryllium; and (ii) that the maximum of the six SIs must exceed a cut-point that is determined from a reference data set of normal individuals whose blood has been tested by the same method in the same serum. The new data is from the Y-12 National Security Complex in Oak Ridge (Y-12) and consists of 1080 workers and 33 non-exposed control BeLPTs (all tested in the same serum). Graphical results are presented to explain the statistical method, and the new SBP method is applied to the Y-12 group. The true positive rate and specificity of the new method were estimated to be 86% and 97%, respectively. An electronic notebook that is accessible via the Internet was used in this work and contains background information and details not included in the paper.
authors.affiliation: Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA. fromeel@ornl.gov
authors.forename: Edward L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Frome
authors.forename: Lee S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: Donna L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Cragle
authors.forename: Shirley P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Colyer
authors.forename: Paul F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Wambach
mesh_terms: D001607:Berylliosis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D001608:Beryllium / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D006801:Humans; D007159:Immunologic Tests / Q000379:methods*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D015233:Models, Statistical; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D012372:ROC Curve; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013936:Thymidine / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001608:Beryllium; D013936:Thymidine