title: The phylogeny of colpodellids (Alveolata) using small subunit rRNA gene sequences suggests they are the free-living sister group to apicomplexans.
abstract: In an attempt to reconstruct early alveolate evolution, we have examined the phylogenetic position of colpodellids by analyzing small subunit rDNA sequences from Colpodella pontica Myl'nikov 2000 and Colpodella sp. (American Type Culture Collection 50594). All phylogenetic analyses grouped the colpodellid sequences together with strong support and placed them strongly within the Alveolata. Most analyses showed colpodellids as the sister group to an apicomplexan clade, albeit with weak support. Sequences from two perkinsids, Perkinsus and Parvilucifera, clustered together and consistently branched as the sister group to dinoflagellates as shown previously. These data demonstrate that colpodellids and perkinsids are plesiomorphically similar in morphology and help provide a phylogenetic framework for inferring the combination of character states present in the last common ancestor of dinoflagellates and apicomplexans. We can infer that this ancestor was probably a myzocytotic predator with two heterodynamic flagella, micropores, trichocysts, rhoptries, micronemes, a polar ring, and a coiled open-sided conoid. This ancestor also very likely contained a plastid, but it is presently not certain whether it was photosynthetic, and it is not clear whether extant perkinsids or colpodellids have retained the organelle.
authors.affiliation: Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Program in Evolutionary Biology, Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
authors.forename: Olga N
authors.initials: ON
authors.lastname: Kuvardina
authors.forename: Brian S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Leander
authors.forename: Vladimir V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Aleshin
authors.forename: Alexander P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Myl'nikov
authors.forename: Patrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Keeling
authors.forename: Timur G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Simdyanov
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016782:Apicomplexa / Q000235:genetics*; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000032:analysis; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D020459:Genes, rRNA; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016053:RNA, Protozoan / Q000235:genetics; D012335:RNA, Ribosomal / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D016053:RNA, Protozoan; D012335:RNA, Ribosomal