title: Modeling nicotine arterial-venous differences to predict arterial concentrations and input based on venous measurements: application to smokeless tobacco and nicotine gum.
abstract: Significant arterio-venous differences in nicotine concentrations have been observed during and after cigarette smoking, nicotine nasal spray, and intravenous nicotine administration. In this paper we describe a novel mathematical method for estimating arterial blood levels from venous blood level data. The model allows to quantify: (i) the influence of the microcirculation in the hands and forearm on the distribution of nicotine, and (ii) the influence of disregarding the venous to arterial circulation in the estimate of systemic inputs. We also (iii) propose a general method to predict arterial concentrations and inputs given venous data. The basic model we adopt is based on the relationship Cv = T * Ca, where Cv and Ca are the concentration in the venous and arterial site, respectively, T is the arterio-venous transfer function and * indicates convolution. We use empirical data to estimate T. We then compare estimates of systemic inputs to the venous site obtained taking into account the transfer function or, as usually done, disregarding it. The relationship we use to compare estimated inputs are: Cv = T * ka * A (where Ka is the arterial disposition function and A the systemic input), and Cv = Kv * A (where Kv is the venous disposition function), respectively. Finally, the estimated transfer function allows to estimate (average) Ca or A given arbitrary venous data. (i) Our analysis suggests that a bi-exponential T is needed to describe observed arterial-venous differences. The estimated transfer function indicates that no elimination of nicotine is involved in the forearm. (ii) Disregarding T, as usually done, erroneously obtains too complex venous input functions (because these input functions incorporate T). (iii) Disregarding T erroneously estimates significantly higher total inputs. (iv) Using the proposed model and previously published venous nicotine level data we predict substantial arterial-venous differences in blood nicotine levels for smokeless tobacco and nicotine gum. The use of disposition functions obtained from venous data may lead to erroneous estimation of the rates of entry into the circulation and systemic bioavailability for many drugs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0446, USA.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pitsiu
authors.forename: Jean-Michel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gries
authors.forename: Neal
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Benowitz
authors.forename: Steven G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Gourlay
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Verotta
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000328:Adult; D002638:Chewing Gum; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood*; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids; D011145:Polyvinyls; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D061485:Tobacco Use Cessation Devices; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D002638:Chewing Gum; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids; D011145:Polyvinyls; D009538:Nicotine