title: Factors for glaucoma progression and the effect of treatment: the early manifest glaucoma trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess factors for progression in the Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial (EMGT), including the effect of EMGT treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred fifty-five open-angle glaucoma patients randomized to argon laser trabeculoplasty plus topical betaxolol or no immediate treatment (129 treated; 126 controls) and followed up every 3 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  Progression was determined by perimetric and photographic optic disc criteria. Patient-based risk of progression was evaluated using Cox proportional hazard regression models and was expressed as hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 6 years, 53% of patients progressed. In multivariate analyses, progression risk was halved by treatment (HR = 0.50; 95% CI, 0.35-0.71). Predictive baseline factors were higher intraocular pressure (IOP) (ie, the higher the baseline IOP, the higher the risk), exfoliation, and having both eyes eligible (each of the latter 2 factors doubled the risk), as well as worse mean deviation and older age. Progression risk decreased by about 10% with each millimeter of mercury of IOP reduction from baseline to the first follow-up visit (HR = 0.90 per millimeter of mercury decrease; 95% CI, 0.86-0.94). The first IOP at that visit (3 months' follow-up) was also related to progression (HR = 1.11 per millimeter of mercury higher; 95% CI, 1.06-1.17), as was the mean IOP at follow-up (HR = 1.13 per millimeter of mercury higher; 95% CI, 1.07-1.19). The percent of patient follow-up visits with disc hemorrhages was also related to progression (HR = 1.02 per percent higher; 95% CI, 1.01-1.03). No other factors were identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients treated in the EMGT had half of the progression risk of control patients. The magnitude of initial IOP reduction was a major factor influencing outcome. Progression was also increased with higher baseline IOP, exfoliation, bilateral disease, worse mean deviation, and older age, as well as frequent disc hemorrhages during follow-up. Each higher (or lower) millimeter of mercury of IOP on follow-up was associated with an approximate 10% increased (or decreased) risk of progression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, L3 086, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8036, USA. cleske@notes.cc.sunysb.edu
authors.forename: M Cristina
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Leske
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heijl
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hussein
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bengtsson
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hyman
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Komaroff
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015784:Betaxolol / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005902:Glaucoma, Open-Angle / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure; D053685:Laser Therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D012307:Risk Factors; D014130:Trabeculectomy / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D015784:Betaxolol