title: Selective trace analysis of sulfonylurea herbicides in water and soil samples based on solid-phase extraction using a molecularly imprinted polymer.
abstract: A molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was synthesized using the herbicide metsulfuron-methyl (MSM) as a template, 2-(trifluoromethyl)acrylic acid as a functional monomer, divinylbenzene as a cross-linker, and dichloromethane as a porogen. This polymer was used as a solid-phase extraction material for the quantitative enrichment of five sulfonylureas (nicosulfuron, thifensulfuron-methyl, metsulfuron-methyl, sulfometuron-methyl, and chlorsulfuron) in natural water and soil samples and off-line coupled to a reversed-phase HPLC/diode array detection (HPLC/DAD). Washing solvent was optimized in terms of kind and volume for removing the matrix constituents nonspecifically adsorbed on the MIP. It has been shown that the nonspecific binding ability of the sulfonylureas to the polymer largely increased along with increasing the concentration of Ca2+ ions in the water sample, whereas complexation of divalent ions with EDTA eliminated this interference completely. The stability of MIP was tested by consecutive percolation of water sample, and it was shown that the performance of the MIP did not vary even after 200 enrichment and desorption cycles. Recoveries of the five sulfonylureas extracted from 1 L of tap water and surface water samples such as river water and rainwater at a 50 ng/L spike level were not lower than 96%. The recoveries of sulfonylureas extracted from 10-g soil sample at the 50 microg/kg level were in the range of 71-139%. Depending on the particular compound, the limit of detection varied from 2 to 14 ng/L in water and from 5 to 12 microg/kg in soil samples. The MIP was also compared with a commercially available C-18 column and an immunoaffinity support with encapsulated polyclonal anti-MSM antibodies in sol-gel glass.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hydrochemistry and Chemical Balneology, Technical University of Munich, Marchioninistrasse 17, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Qing-Zhi
authors.initials: QZ
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Degelmann
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Niessner
authors.forename: Dietmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Knopp
mesh_terms: D000179:Acrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D001190:Arylsulfonates / Q000032:analysis; D002118:Calcium / Q000737:chemistry; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D020650:Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques / Q000379:methods; D006540:Herbicides / Q000032:analysis*; D006812:Humic Substances / Q000737:chemistry; D008752:Methylene Chloride / Q000737:chemistry; D011108:Polymers / Q000032:analysis / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D011725:Pyridines / Q000032:analysis; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000032:analysis; D014753:Vinyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: C411824:2-(trifluoromethyl)acrylic acid; D000179:Acrylates; D001190:Arylsulfonates; D006540:Herbicides; D006812:Humic Substances; D011108:Polymers; D011725:Pyridines; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds; D013876:Thiophenes; D014753:Vinyl Compounds; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C050296:metsulfuron methyl; D008752:Methylene Chloride; C414314:thifensulfuron methyl; C416723:nicosulfuron; C004985:divinyl benzene; D002118:Calcium