title: [In vitro analysis of the continuous active patellofemoral kinematics of the normal and prosthetic knee].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In vitro experiments are particularly useful for studying kinematic changes from the normal knee to experimental conditions simulating different disease states. We developed an experimental protocol allowing a kinematic analysis of the femorotibial and femoropatellar joints in the healthy knee and after implantation of a knee prosthesis, according to the central pivot during simulated active loaded movement from the standing to sitting position.
  
  
  METHODS
  An experimental device was designed to apply force to the femur of a cadaveric specimen including the femur, the patella and the tibia. The tibia was angled in the sagittal plane and the femur was free to move in space in response to the geometric movement of the knee joint, the capsuloligamentary structures, the quadriceps tendon and gravity. Variation in the length of the quadriceps tendon controlled the flexion-extension movement. The experimental setup included computer-controlled activation allowing continuous coordinated movement of the femur relative to the tibia and of the tibia relative to the ground. Standard activations simulated movement from the standing to the sitting position.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five pairs of fresh-frozen cadaver specimens including the entire femur, patella, tibia and fibula, the capsuloligamentary and intra-articular structures of the knee, the superior and inferior tibiofibular ligaments and the quadriceps tendon were studied. The quadriceps tendon was connected to the computer-guided activation device. Reflectors were fixed onto the anterior aspect of the femur, the superior tibial epiphysis and the center of the patella. Anatomic landmarks on the femur, the tibia, and the patella were identified to determine the plane of movement of each bone in the three rotation axes and the three translation directions. Three infrared cameras recorded movements of the reflectors fixed on the bony segments and, by mathematical transformation, the movement of the corresponding bony segment, displayed in time-course curves.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patella moved in continuous fashion over the femur, directly following the angle of knee flexion with a ratio of about 60%, which was constant for all knees studied and for all configurations. The patella of healthy knees and knees implanted with a unicompartmental prosthesis exhibited medial rotation during the first 30 degrees of flexion, with a movement of about of 10 degrees, then a lateral rotation of about 10 degrees to 20 degrees when the flexion reached 90 degrees; implantation of a total knee prosthesis led to a medial rotation which was continuous from 5 degrees to 15 degrees. There was a trend towards continuous abduction of about 10 degrees. The patella exhibited a continuous anterior translation of 10 to 20 mm from the tibia with increasing knee flexion, in both normal and prosthetic knees (unicompartmental prosthesis); knees implanted with a total knee prosthesis exhibited 5 to 10 mm anterior translation from 0 degrees to 50 degrees flexion, then an equivalent posterior translation for 50 degrees to 90 degrees flexion. The patella made a continuous 5 to 10 mm medial translation movement over the tibia in both normal and prosthetic (unicompartmental) knees; knees implanted with a total knee prosthesis exhibited 0 to 5 mm lateral translation starting after 50 degrees flexion. The patella also exhibited a continuous distal translation over the tibia of about 20 to 30 mm, for all configurations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The experimental set up enables a comparison of the kinetics of a normal knee with the kinetics observed after implantation of a prosthesis on the same knee. Implantation of a unicompartmental medial prosthesis, leaving the posterior cruciate ligament intact and irrespective of the status of the anterior cruciate ligament, did not, in these experimental conditions, exhibit any significant difference in the femorotibial or femoropatellar kinetics compared with the same normal knee. Implantation of a total knee prosthesis had a significant effect on the femoropatellar kinematics, compared with the same knee before implantation. The main anomalies were related to the medial-lateral rotation of the patella which exhibited an abnormal lateral rotation, possibly favorable for subluxation; these changes were directly related to femorotibial rotation after implantation of the total prosthesis and appeared to be related to the symmetry of the femoral condyles of the prosthesis model studied, perturbing the normal automatic rotation of the knee. There is thus a strong relationship between femorotibial and femoropatellar kinetics in the total knee prosthesis.
authors.affiliation: Centre de Traumatologie et d'Orthopédie, 10, avenue Baumann, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden. jyjenny@aol.com
authors.forename: J-Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Jenny
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lefèbvre
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vernizeau
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lavaste
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Skalli
mesh_terms: D019645:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D005269:Femur / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007259:Infrared Rays; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D007720:Knee Prosthesis; D009040:Motion Pictures; D010329:Patella / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012399:Rotation; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology