title: Membrane lipid organization is critical for human neutrophil polarization.
abstract: In response to chemoattractants neutrophils extend an actin-rich pseudopod, which imparts morphological polarity and is required for migration. Even when stimulated by an isotropic bath of chemoattractant, neutrophils exhibit persistent polarization and continued lamellipod formation at the front, suggesting that the cells establish an internal polarity. In this report, we show that perturbing lipid organization by depleting plasma membrane cholesterol levels reversibly inhibits cell polarization and migration. Among other receptor-mediated responses, beta(2) integrin up-regulation was unaffected, and initial calcium mobilization was only partially reduced by cholesterol depletion, indicating that this treatment did not abrogate initial receptor-mediated signal transduction. Interestingly, cholesterol depletion did not prevent initial activation of the GTPase Rac or an initial burst of actin polymerization, but rather it inhibited prolonged activation of Rac and sustained actin polymerization. Collectively, these findings support a model in which the plasma membrane is organized into domains that aid in amplifying the chemoattractant gradient and maintaining cell polarization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA.
authors.forename: Lynda M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Pierini
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Eddy
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fuortes
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seveau
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Casulo
authors.forename: Frederick R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Maxfield
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002465:Cell Movement; D016764:Cell Polarity; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism; D003505:Cyclodextrins / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D018960:Hyaluronan Receptors / Q000032:analysis; D008563:Membrane Lipids / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D009240:N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology*; D047392:beta-Cyclodextrins; D020744:rac GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D003505:Cyclodextrins; D018960:Hyaluronan Receptors; D008563:Membrane Lipids; D047392:beta-Cyclodextrins; C108732:methyl-beta-cyclodextrin; D009240:N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine; D002784:Cholesterol; D020744:rac GTP-Binding Proteins; D002118:Calcium