title: Stone treatment and coagulopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate treatment protocols and results of upper tract stone treatment in patients with clotting disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a 6-year period, 6,827 stone interventions (ESWL or endourologic procedures) were performed in 5,739 patients. Thirty-five (0.61%) patients suffered from a variety of systemic clotting disorders or were anti-coagulated. Clotting disorders were corrected by specific therapy prior to any intervention. A total of 76 interventions were performed consisting of ESWL, ureteroscopy (URS), percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL), ureteric stenting or percutaneous nephrostomy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients became stone-free within 3 months or had clinically insignificant residual fragments. Severe complications were observed in 10/76 (13.1%) interventions. ESWL was successful in 88.9% (16/18) of patients, but associated with a 33.3% (6/18) complication rate; 27.8% (5/18) of patients required auxiliary procedures. URS and PNL were successful in all cases and complications occurred in 0% (0/7) and 33% (1/3) of patients, respectively. Time to complete stone clearance after ESWL was 32.0+/-49.3 days compared with a mean of 19.4+/-28.6 days in a non-coagulopathy control group; no difference was observed for endourologic procedures. Average costs of treatment in patients undergoing ureteroscopy was higher in patients with coagulopathy (4,611 versus 2,342); however, the difference was less pronounced compared with ESWL (6,070 versus 1,731).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with coagulopathy have a higher rate of complications despite apparently normal clotting parameters during treatment and hospitalisation was prolonged. The efficacy of ESWL was lower in patients with coagulopathy and we currently favour endoscopic procedures for stone removal in this patient group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. cklinger24@hotmail.com
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Klingler
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lodde
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dorfinger
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hofbauer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marberger
mesh_terms: D001778:Blood Coagulation Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008096:Lithotripsy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018666:Ureteroscopy; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy*