title: Human kallikrein 13: production and purification of recombinant protein and monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, and development of a sensitive and specific immunofluorometric assay.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aims of this study were to develop immunologic reagents and a sensitive and specific immunoassay for human kallikrein 13 (hK13) and to examine the presence of hK13 in human tissues and biological fluids.
  
  
  METHODS
  Recombinant hK13 protein was produced and purified with use of a Pichia pastoris yeast expression system. The protein was used as an immunogen to generate mouse monoclonal and rabbit polyclonal anti-hK13 antibodies. A sandwich-type immunoassay was developed with these antibodies. The assay was used to measure hK13 in various biological fluids and tissue extracts. Immunohistochemical analysis was also performed on nondiseased and cancerous prostatic sections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The hK13 immunoassay had a detection limit of 0.05 micro g/L and showed no cross-reactivity with homologous kallikreins. The assay was linear at 0-20 micro g/L, and within-and between-run CVs were <10% (n = 12). hK13 was detected in tissues, including esophagus, tonsil, trachea, lung, cervix, and prostate. hK13 was also found in seminal plasma, amniotic fluid, follicular fluid, ascites of ovarian cancer patients, breast milk, and cytosolic extracts of ovarian cancer tissues. hK13 was immunohistochemically localized in epithelial cells of both nondiseased and cancerous prostate. hK13 appears to be overexpressed in 50% of ovarian cancer tissues compared with healthy ovarian tissues. Recovery of active enzyme added to milk or amniotic fluid was 70-98%, but was <20% when added to serum, suggesting rapid sequestration by protease inhibitors. In fluids and tissue extracts, hK13 was found in its free (approximately 30 kDa) form.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This immunofluorometric assay for hK13 may be used to examine the value of hK13 as a disease biomarker and to further explore the physiologic and pathobiologic role of this enzyme in human disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5 Canada.
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kapadia
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Georgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sotiropoulou
authors.forename: George M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Yousef
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Grass
authors.forename: Antoninus
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Soosaipillai
authors.forename: Xuekun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.forename: David H C
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Howarth
authors.forename: Eleftherios P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Diamandis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001201:Ascites; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D001826:Body Fluids / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006801:Humans; D007610:Kallikreins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009928:Organ Specificity; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry; D010843:Pichia / Q000378:metabolism; D011817:Rabbits; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014020:Tissue Extracts / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014020:Tissue Extracts; C470778:KLK13 protein, human; D007610:Kallikreins