title: Why is smoking a risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome?
abstract: Smoking is a major risk factor for both Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) and respiratory tract infections. Such infections, both viral and bacterial, also increase the SIDS risk. This study investigated the effect of cigarette smoke at two stages of infection: 1) mucosal surface colonization; 2) induction and control of inflammatory responses. For colonization, RSV or influenza A infected cells bound several bacterial species in significantly higher numbers due to increased expression of host cell antigens. Buccal epithelial cells from smokers bound significantly more bacteria. For Staphylococcus aureus, this was associated with increased tar levels. Some SIDS deaths have been proposed to result from high levels of pro-inflammatory mediators elicited by infection and/or cigarette smoke during a developmental period when infants are less able to control inflammatory responses. Inflammatory reponses were compared between blood samples from smokers (n = 42) and non-smokers (n = 60) stimulated with TSST-1 or LPS. Non-smokers had significantly higher IL-6 (P = 0.011), IFN (P = 0.003) and IL-10 (P = 0.000) baseline levels. Non-smokers had higher IFN (P = 0.008) and IL-1 (P = 0.001, 0.007) responses to LPS and higher IL-10 responses to TSST-1 (P < 0.05) and LPS (P < 0.000). This study highlights that smoking increases the SIDS risk by greater susceptibility to viral and bacterial infections and enhanced bacterial binding after passive coating of mucosal surfaces with smoke components. In animal models, IL-10 reduced the lethal effect of staphylococcal toxins. In this study, smokers had lower IL-10 responses toTSST-1 and LPS. Dose response effects of cigarette smoke exposure needs to be established in relation to inflammatory response control and infantile infections.
authors.affiliation: Medical Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. a.e.gordon@dundee.ac.uk
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: O R
authors.initials: OR
authors.lastname: El Ahmer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: O M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Al Madani
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Weir
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Busuttil
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Blackwell
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000032:analysis; D007378:Interleukins / Q000032:analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D013398:Sudden Infant Death / Q000209:etiology*; D014026:Nicotiana; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D007378:Interleukins; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D007371:Interferon-gamma