title: Differential expression of two estrogen receptor beta isoforms in the human fetal testis during the second trimester of pregnancy.
abstract: Testicular cancer is more common in individuals with disorders of the male reproductive tract. It has been suggested that inappropriate exposure to estrogens during fetal life may have an impact on maturation of testicular germ cells that are the cells of origin of the majority of testis cancers. The aim of the present study was to establish whether human fetal germ cells (gonocytes) are a potential target of estrogen action. To address this issue, we used RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry to examine the pattern of expression of estrogen receptors (ER alpha, ER beta, and ER beta 2 variant) in human fetal testes at 12-19 wk gestation. ER alpha, mRNA, and protein were not detected in any of the fetal testes. In contrast, using an antibody directed against the hinge domain of ER beta expression was detected in multiple testicular nuclei. RT-PCR with primers specific for full-length wild-type ER beta (ER beta 1) or the ER beta 2 variant formed by splicing of an alternative eighth exon, was performed on whole-tissue extracts and materials recovered by laser capture and revealed that mRNAs for both isoforms were expressed. Immunohistochemistry with isotype-specific monoclonal antibodies showed that ER beta 1 was low/undetectable in gonocytes, whereas these cells expressed the highest levels of ER beta 2, compared with other testicular cell types. Both ER beta 1 and ER beta 2 were detected in some but not all Sertoli cells, peritubular cells, and other interstitial cells including those tentatively identified as Leydig cells. Our immunohistochemical results demonstrate that during the second trimester, some but not all somatic cells within the human fetal testis express wild-type ER beta (ER beta 1) protein and/or the variant isoform of ER beta (ER beta 2) that lacks amino acids essential for binding of estradiol. ER beta 2 protein was readily detectable in fetal gonocytes, whereas ER beta 1 was not. We did not detect expression of ER alpha. The expression of ER beta 2, a variant proposed act as a dominant negative receptor, might prevent estrogen action in gonocytes. We suggest that during this period of fetal life, estrogenic ligands are most likely to act on somatic cells that contain ER beta 1 protein.
authors.affiliation: MRC Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, Centre for Reproductive Biology, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Terri L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Gaskell
authors.forename: Lynne L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Nigel P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Groome
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Philippa T K
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Saunders
mesh_terms: D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000502:physiology*; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D013737:Testis / Q000196:embryology*; D014020:Tissue Extracts / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D014020:Tissue Extracts