[Determinants in the careers of male and female physicians from the viewpoint of chief physicians].
OBJECTIVE
Chief physicians play an important role for physicians' careers by providing advanced training and allocating time and research resources. This study examined which characteristics will help physicians to achieve a leadership position and how chief physicians conduct career promotion.


METHODS
All 532 chief physicians in Switzerland's German speaking cantons with medical schools were approached with a questionnaire covering professional motivation and personal attributes of career-oriented physicians career-promoting personal and institutional factors, and type of career promotion.


RESULTS
207 chief physicians (189 men, 18 women; participation rate 38.9 %;) participated. Respondents rated achievement motivation combined with professional interest and job enjoyment (intrinsic), and interest in advancement and social prestige (extrinsic motivation) as beneficial. Extraprofessional concerns such as family obligations and leisure interests were viewed as less important. Instrumental attributes were rated as advantageous. Expressive qualities were also seen as beneficial but less crucial. Ratings were independent of respondents' age, specialty, or type of workplace. The following personal factors were named: professional commitment, professional and social competence, goal orientation, endurance, and strength of character. The institutional factors referred to quality of training and teaching, a good work atmosphere, a transparent and flexible clinic structure. Career promotion was offered predominantly in the form of coaching, career planning, and support in job search.


CONCLUSIONS
Career promotion should be more targeted and structured, e. g. be conducted in mentoring programmes, thus providing the prerequisites for a truly equal career promotion of female and male physicians.
Buddeberg-Fischer
B
B
Abteilung Psychosoziale Medizin, UniversitätsSpital Zürich, Switzerland. barbara.buddeberg@psy.usz.ch
Spindler
A
A
Peter
Y
Y
Buddeberg
C
C
D002321:Career Choice; D002322:Career Mobility; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007899:Leisure Activities; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D010820:Physicians; D010822:Physicians, Women; D013557:Switzerland