title: Investigation of the putative immunodominant T cell epitopes in coeliac disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Coeliac disease (CD) is an enteropathy mediated by gluten specific T cells which secrete interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) when stimulated by gluten peptides presented by HLA-DQ2 or DQ8 molecules. Residues 62-75 of alpha(2) gliadin have been proposed as the immunodominant epitope in the majority of CD patients. Deamidation by tissue transglutaminase (tTG) of the glutamine (Q) at position 65 to glutamic acid (E) is essential for T cell stimulation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the antigenicity of this peptide and to establish whether its T cell activating properties can be downregulated by the formation of altered peptide ligands.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individuals with known CD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peptide G4 corresponding to alpha(2) gliadin residues 62-75, Q-E65 and analogues, substituting each amino acid, except E65, in turn for alanine residues, were synthesised. Small intestinal biopsies were obtained from patients. Biopsies were cultured overnight with a peptic/tryptic digest of gliadin (PTG). Lymphocytes were cultured and restimulated with tTG treated PTG. A T cell line was cloned and clones tested for stimulation and IFN-gamma production in response to G4 and its analogues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Some high activity clones were isolated with, for example, a stimulation index (SI) of 15 to G4 and secreting 327 pg/ml of IFN-gamma. Substitution of amino acids at several positions abolished or downregulated stimulation and IFN-gamma production.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Peptide G4 is highly immunogenic. Certain amino acid substitutions in peptide G4 abolish T cell reactivity while others are partial agonists which may have potential in immunomodulation in this condition.
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterology Unit, Rayne Institute (KCL), St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK. julia.ellis@kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Pollock
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Engel
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rosen-Bronson
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wieser
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Ciclitira
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000409:Alanine / Q000276:immunology; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000276:immunology*; D002460:Cell Line; D002999:Clone Cells / Q000276:immunology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000276:immunology; D000939:Epitopes / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D005983:Glutens / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000276:immunology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D000939:Epitopes; D005983:Glutens; D007371:Interferon-gamma; C037302:glutenin; D000409:Alanine