title: Investigation of the adjuvant and immuno-suppressive effects of benzyl butyl phthalate, phthalic acid and benzyl alcohol in a murine injection model.
abstract: In a recent study, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and its metabolite, mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, were shown to possess adjuvant effect [Toxicology 169 (2001) 37; Toxicology Letters 125 (2001) 11]. The present study investigates the adjuvant effect of another important commercial phthalate plasticizer, benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) as well as its degradation products, phthalic acid and benzyl alcohol (BA) in a murine model. The model antigen, ovalbumin (OA), was injected either alone (OA control group), together with one of the test substances (test group) or together with aluminium hydroxide, which served as the positive adjuvant control. The mice were boosted either once or twice with OA before blood was collected and assayed for the content of OA-specific IgE, IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies by ELISA methods. Adjuvant effect was defined as a statistically significant increased antibody level in the test groups compared with the OA control group. Conversely, if the antibody production in a test group was significantly lower than the OA control group, it was deemed to be immunosuppression. This study demonstrated that BBP, in contrast to DEHP, did not possess adjuvant effect. Furthermore, immunosuppression was apparent in the case of BA. The study also demonstrated that if the injections give rise to formation of wounds, it may cause false positive results.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Occupational Health, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. stl@ami.dk
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Lund
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thygesen
authors.forename: O M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Poulsen
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Nielsen
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D019905:Benzyl Alcohol / Q000276:immunology / Q000633:toxicity*; D004306:Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D007117:Immunization, Secondary; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000276:immunology / Q000633:toxicity*; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous / Q000009:adverse effects; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010047:Ovalbumin / Q000276:immunology / Q000633:toxicity; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000276:immunology / Q000633:toxicity*; D011897:Random Allocation
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D010795:Phthalic Acids; D007073:Immunoglobulin E; C032279:phthalic acid; D010047:Ovalbumin; D019905:Benzyl Alcohol; C027561:butylbenzyl phthalate