title: Tolerogenic dendritic cells induced by vitamin D receptor ligands enhance regulatory T cells inhibiting allograft rejection and autoimmune diseases.
abstract: Dendritic cells (DCs) not only induce but also modulate T cell activation. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1,25(OH)(2)D(3)] induces DCs with a tolerogenic phenotype, characterized by decreased expression of CD40, CD80, and CD86 costimulatory molecules, low IL-12 and enhanced IL-10 secretion. We have found that a short treatment with 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) induces tolerance to fully mismatched mouse islet allografts that is stable to challenge with donor-type spleen cells and allows acceptance of donor-type vascularized heart grafts. This effect is enhanced by co-administration of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), a selective inhibitor of T and B cell proliferation that has also effects similar to 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) on DCs. Graft acceptance is associated with an increased percentage of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory cells in the spleen and in the draining lymph node that can protect 100% of syngeneic recipients from islet allograft rejection. CD4(+)CD25(+) cells, able to inhibit the T cell response to a pancreatic autoantigen and to significantly delay disease transfer by pathogenic CD4(+)CD25(-) cells, are also induced by treatment of adult nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice with 1,25-dihydroxy-16,23Z-diene-26,27-hexafluoro-19-nor vitamin D(3) (BXL-698). This treatment arrests progression of insulitis and Th1 cell infiltration, and inhibits diabetes development at non-hypercalcemic doses. The enhancement of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells, able to mediate transplantation tolerance and to arrest type 1 diabetes development by a short oral treatment with VDR ligands, suggests possible clinical applications of this approach.
authors.affiliation: BioXell, SpA, 20132 Milano, Italy. luciano.adorini@bioxell.com
authors.forename: Luciano
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Adorini
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Penna
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Giarratana
authors.forename: Milan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uskokovic
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance / Q000276:immunology*; D008024:Ligands; D051379:Mice; D016688:Mice, Inbred NOD; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous / Q000276:immunology; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D008024:Ligands; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol; D014807:Vitamin D; C097949:1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D