title: A pilot study of milk odor effect on nonnutritive sucking by premature newborns.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effect of milk odor on nonnutritive sucking by premature newborns.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blinded, crossover study of the effects of milk vs sham odor on nonnutritive sucking.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urban neonatal intensive care unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-nine premature newborns with gestational age of 29 to 36 weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen subjects were tested with fortified breast milk odor (group 1) and 15 were tested with formula odor (group 2). For the test observation, milk odor was directed to the nose (orthonasal exposure) using a specially modified pacifier. For the control observation, water was used as a sham odor. Observations were made concurrently with tube feeding of the newborn with either fortified breast milk (group 1) or formula (group 2).
  
  
  METHODS
  Total number of sucks and sucking bursts, measured from a digital record of pressure changes within the pacifier.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nutrient odor increased suck bursts in group 1 subjects, with borderline statistical significance (46.6 bursts/10 min with odor [95% confidence interval (CI), 39-54] vs 35.4 bursts/10 min without odor [95% CI, 28-43]). Unexpectedly, when test and control observations were combined, subjects in group 1 showed an overall increase in number of sucks (260.4 [95% CI, 206-315]) and suck bursts (41.0 [95% CI, 36-46]) compared with group 2 subjects (144.8 [95% CI, 87-203] vs 27.4 [95% CI, 21-34]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nutrient odor exposure via pacifier may stimulate nonnutritive sucking during gavage feeding of premature newborns. Further studies on the effects of nutrient odor on nonnutritive sucking by premature newborns must take into account the effects of nutrients given via gavage.
authors.affiliation: The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Peter.Bingham@vtmednet.org
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Bingham
authors.forename: Soraya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abassi
authors.forename: Emidio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sivieri
mesh_terms: D001034:Apgar Score; D001724:Birth Weight; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007225:Infant Food; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D008297:Male; D008895:Milk, Human; D009812:Odorants; D010865:Pilot Projects; D013391:Sucking Behavior