title: Responsiveness of the Problem Areas In Diabetes (PAID) questionnaire.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Responsiveness (sensitivity to change over time) is a key psychometric quality for an outcome measure. We examined the responsiveness of the Problem Areas In Diabetes (PAID) questionnaire, a measure of diabetes-specific emotional distress.
  
  
  METHODS
  PAID data were obtained from seven diabetes intervention studies following a literature search that included both published papers and conference abstracts. To estimate responsiveness we used two indices: (i) a statistical test (the dependent t-test), and (ii) a commonly used effect size index (Cohen's d).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean patient PAID scores improved from baseline to follow-up for all seven studies. Specifically, t-statistics ranged from t= 8.5 (P < 0.001) to t= 2.1 (P < 0.06). Effect size results ranged from 0.32 (i.e. small) for a disease management intervention to 0.65 (i.e. moderate) for an intensive medical/educational intervention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the pilot nature of the studies, the pattern of findings provided strong support for the responsiveness of the PAID. Information on responsiveness helps clinical researchers select measures, accurately estimate sample size to ensure adequate statistical power, and prioritize outcomes to be assessed.
authors.affiliation: Behavioural and Mental Health Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Garry.Welch@Joslin.Harvard.edu
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Welch
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Weinger
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Polonsky
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000523:psychology*; D004644:Emotions; D006801:Humans; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires