title: Response to preoperative chemoradiation increases the use of sphincter-preserving surgery in patients with locally advanced low rectal carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although controversial, some believe that preoperative chemoradiation increases the use of sphincter-preserving surgery in low rectal carcinoma patients. This article investigates the relationship between objective tumor response and sphincter preservation in low rectal carcinoma patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors reviewed the records of 238 patients with T3 or T4 low rectal carcinoma (< or = 6 cm from the anal verge) who underwent preoperative pelvic chemoradiation (45 Gy/25 fractions/5 weeks, n = 182 or 52.5 Gy/30 fractions/5 weeks, n = 56 with continuous infusion 5-fluorouracil at 300 mg/m(2), Monday to Friday) followed by mesorectal (n = 223) or local excision (n = 15). A logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the influence of objective tumor response (defined as complete clinical response) and other prognostic factors on sphincter preservation. Because degrees of partial response could not be objectively defined retrospectively, the influence of partial response on sphincter preservation could not be evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 49% of patients (117 of 238) had sphincter-preserving surgery. The clinical complete response rate was 47%. Independent predictors of sphincter preservation included the year of surgery, tumor distance from the anal verge, circumferential tumor involvement, and response to chemoradiation. The sphincter preservation rate increased over the period of the study (from 28% [December 1989 to December 1992] to 44% [January 1993 to December 1996] to 67% [January 1997 to December 2000]). The difference in the rates of sphincter preservation according to response was most striking among patients with tumors 3 cm or less from the anal verge (44% vs. 22%, P = 0.01). The pelvic disease recurrence rate among patients undergoing sphincter-preserving surgery has been less than 10% since January 1993 and was not statistically different between the groups treated from January 1993 to December 1996 and from January 1997 to December 2000.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There has been an increase in the use of sphincter-preserving surgery without an increase in pelvic disease recurrence over the past decade. Although not necessary for sphincter preservation, clinical response to preoperative chemoradiation independently contributed to sphincter-preserving surgery, particularly in patients with low rectal tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. ccrane@mdanderson.org
authors.forename: Christopher H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Crane
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Skibber
authors.forename: Barry W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Feig
authors.forename: Jean-Nicolas
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Vauthey
authors.forename: Howard D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Thames
authors.forename: Steve A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Curley
authors.forename: Miguel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Bigas
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Wolff
authors.forename: Lee M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: Marc E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Delclos
authors.forename: Edward H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Nora A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Janjan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000502:physiology; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D013505:Digestive System Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011300:Preoperative Care; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D005472:Fluorouracil