title: Validity of stereotactic frame localization during radiosurgery after one fixation pin removal.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to examine the effect on target localization of removing one fixation pin or post.
  
  
  METHODS
  A stereotactic frame was applied to a head phantom by using four fixation pins. Contiguous axial computerized tomography (CT) slices (1 mm thick) were obtained through the head phantom. Using clinical treatment planning software, a marker was identified and its coordinates were determined. The imaging procedure and point localization were repeated independently seven times in the control configuration, after four-pin fixation, to study reproducibility. Standard deviations in marker coordinates were 0.013, 0.046, and 0.039 mm along the x, y, and z axes, respectively, indicating excellent reproducibility. Each of the four pins was then removed separately, leaving three pins providing fixation to the skull. Imaging was repeated for each three-pin configuration. To simulate the forces at each pin-skull interface, a lever arm was connected to the head phantom allowing application of variable torque to the system. The CT scans were obtained for each torque strength and pin removal combination. Marker coordinates were compared with the control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In most cases, it was found that accurate target positioning could be achieved after removal of a single pin and/or post. When high torque was used, however, removal of a pin resulted in up to a 1.2-mm error. The findings may be significant for clinical practice, depending on the condition being treated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Medicine and Gamma Knife Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA.
authors.forename: James T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: MacKenzie
authors.forename: Matthew B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Podgorsak
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Moreland
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation