title: Ribozyme-mediated inhibition of PKCalpha sensitizes androgen-independent human prostate cancer cells to cisplatin-induced apoptosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Therapeutic strategies to target the molecular basis of hormone and drug resistance of prostate cancer cells are needed. Since protein kinase Calpha (PKCalpha) is thought to have a role in the development of the androgen-independent phenotype of prostate cancer cells and in apoptosis suppression, the objective of the present study was to test whether specific inhibition of PKCalpha by a hammerhead ribozyme was able to sensitize androgen-independent prostate cancer cells the effects of apoptosis-inducing anticancer drugs.
  
  
  METHODS
  An active ribozyme (PKCalphaRZ) targeting codon 4 in human PKCalpha mRNA was synthesized by in vitro transcription. A mutant ribozyme (PKCalphamutRZ) was also made by deleting G(12) from the catalytic core of the active ribozyme and used as a control throughout the study. The double-stranded, ribozyme-encoding sequences were then inserted into an expression vector under the control of the cytomegalovirus promoter and delivered to growing prostate cancer cells (DU145 and PC-3) by a DOTAP-mediated transfer. A neomycin resistance gene on the vector was used to select ribozyme-expressing clones. The clones were analyzed for PKCalpha expression, sensitivity to anticancer drugs and ability to undergo drug-induced apoptosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two DU145-derived cell clones expressing the active ribozyme (DURZ 2 and DURZ 12) and one clone expressing the catalytically inactive ribozyme (DUmutRZ) were selected for the study. DURZ 2 and DURZ 12 were characterized by a markedly (about 40-50%) lower PKCalpha protein level than parental DU145 cells, whereas no reduction in PKCalpha expression was observed in DUmutRZ cells. Results of cytotoxicity experiments indicated that DURZ 2 and DURZ 12 but not DUmutRZ cells were significantly more sensitive than parental DU145 cells to a 1 hr exposure to the mononuclear platinum compounds (cisplatin and oxaliplatin) and showed an increased susceptibility to undergo cisplatin-induced apoptosis. A significantly enhanced apoptotic response to cisplatin was also observed in a PC-3-derived polyclonal cell population endogenously expressing the active ribozyme.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of the study highlight the importance of PKCalpha in the response of prostate cancer cells to mononuclear platinum compounds and indicate specific inhibition of the enzyme as a potential therapeutic strategy to sensitize androgen-independent prostate cancer cells to these drugs.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale, Unita' Operativa 10, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, 20133 Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Orlandi
authors.forename: Mara
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Binda
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Folini
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bearzatto
authors.forename: Raffaella
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Villa
authors.forename: Maria Grazia
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Daidone
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zaffaroni
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001483:Base Sequence; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009944:Organoplatinum Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077150:Oxaliplatin; D010641:Phenotype; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051571:Protein Kinase C-alpha; D016337:RNA, Catalytic; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D007527:Isoenzymes; D009944:Organoplatinum Compounds; D016337:RNA, Catalytic; C427204:hammerhead ribozyme; D000077150:Oxaliplatin; C496628:PRKCA protein, human; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D051571:Protein Kinase C-alpha; D002945:Cisplatin