title: Human lateral geniculate nucleus and visual cortex respond to screen flicker.
abstract: The first electrophysiological study of the human lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), optic radiation, striate, and extrastriate visual areas is presented in the context of presurgical evaluation of three epileptic patients (Patients 1, 2, and 3). Visual-evoked potentials to pattern reversal and face presentation were recorded with depth intracranial electrodes implanted stereotactically. For Patient 1, electrode anatomical registration, structural magnetic resonance imaging, and electrophysiological responses confirmed the location of two contacts in the geniculate body and one in the optic radiation. The first responses peaked approximately 40 milliseconds in the LGN in Patient 1 and 60 milliseconds in the V1/V2 complex in Patients 2 and 3. Moreover, steady state visual-evoked potentials evoked by the unperceived but commonly experienced video-screen flicker were recorded in the LGN, optic radiation, and V1/V2 visual areas. This study provides topographic and temporal propagation characteristics of steady state visual-evoked potentials along human visual pathways. We discuss the possible relationship between the oscillating signal recorded in subcortical and cortical areas and the electroencephalogram abnormalities observed in patients suffering from photosensitive epilepsy, particularly video-game epilepsy. The consequences of high temporal frequency visual stimuli delivered by ubiquitous video screens on epilepsy, headaches, and eyestrain must be considered.
authors.affiliation: Hôpital Neurologique, Lyon, France. pkrolak@club-internet.fr
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Krolak-Salmon
authors.forename: Marie-Anne
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hénaff
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tallon-Baudry
authors.forename: Blaise
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yvert
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guénot
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vighetto
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mauguière
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bertrand
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001248:Asthenopia / Q000517:prevention & control; D003626:Data Display; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D020195:Epilepsy, Reflex / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005425:Flicker Fusion; D005829:Geniculate Bodies / Q000502:physiology*; D006261:Headache / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000502:physiology*