title: Comparison of microsphere-equivalent blood flow (15O-water PET) and relative perfusion (99mTc-tetrofosmin SPECT) in myocardium showing metabolism-perfusion mismatch.
abstract: Myocardial perfusion imaging with (99m)Tc-tetrofosmin is based on the assumption of a linear correlation between myocardial blood flow (MBF) and tracer uptake. However, it is known that (99m)Tc-tetrofosmin uptake is directly related to energy-dependent transport processes, such as Na(+)/H(+) ion channel activity, as well as cellular and mitochondrial membrane potentials. Therefore, cellular alterations that affect these energy-dependent transport processes ought to influence (99m)Tc-tetrofosmin uptake independently of blood flow. Because metabolism ((18)F-FDG)-perfusion ((99m)Tc-tetrofosmin) mismatch myocardium (MPMM) reflects impaired but viable myocardium showing cellular alterations, MPMM was chosen to quantify the blood flow-independent effect of cellular alterations on (99m)Tc-tetrofosmin uptake. Therefore, we compared microsphere-equivalent MBF (MBF_micr; (15)O-water PET) and (99m)Tc-tetrofosmin uptake in MPMM and in "normal" myocardium.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-two patients with severe coronary artery disease, referred for myocardial viability diagnostics, were examined using (18)F-FDG PET and (99m)Tc-tetrofosmin perfusion SPECT. Relative (18)F-FDG and (99m)Tc-tetrofosmin uptake values were calculated using 18 segments per patient. Normal myocardium and MPMM myocardium were classified using a previously validated (99m)Tc-tetrofosmin SPECT/(18)F-FDG PET score. In addition, (15)O-water PET was performed to assess kinetic-modeled MBF (MBF_kin), the water-perfusable tissue fraction (PTF), and the resulting MBF_micr (MBF_kin x PTF), which is comparable to tracer uptake values. (99m)Tc-tetrofosmin uptake and MBF_micr values were calculated for all normal and MPMM segments and averaged within their respective classifications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean relative (99m)Tc-tetrofosmin uptake was 86% +/- 1% in normal myocardium and 56% +/- 1% in MPMM, showing a significant difference (P < 0.001), as was expected from the classification. Contrary to these findings, mean MBF_micr in MPMM myocardium was 0.60 +/- 0.03 mL x min(-1) x mL(-1), which did not significantly differ from normal myocardium (0.64 +/- 0.01 mL x min(-1) x mL(-1)). All values are given as mean +/- SEM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differences between reduced (99m)Tc-tetrofosmin uptake and the unchanged MBF_micr in MPMM myocardium suggest that the pathophysiologic basis of MPMM is not a blood flow reduction but cellular alterations that affect uptake and retention of (99m)Tc-tetrofosmin independently of blood flow. Therefore, it seems that perfusion deficits in MPMM myocardium are greatly overestimated by (99m)Tc-tetrofosmin and that it tends to give false-positive findings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Aachen University of Technology, Aachen, Germany. wschaefe@nuk-gate.nukmed.rwth-aachen.de
authors.forename: Wolfgang M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Schaefer
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nowak
authors.forename: Hans-Juergen
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kaiser
authors.forename: Karl-Christian
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Block
authors.forename: Juergen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: vom Dahl
authors.forename: Udalrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Buell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000145:classification / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D005260:Female; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006321:Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008863:Microspheres; D008875:Middle Aged; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D010103:Oxygen Isotopes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D010103:Oxygen Isotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D014867:Water; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; C078700:technetium tc-99m tetrofosmin