title: Incidence of retinopathy and nephropathy in youth-onset compared with adult-onset type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the risk of retinopathy and nephropathy in participants in whom type 2 diabetes was diagnosed in youth (before 20 years of age) compared with those in whom type 2 diabetes was diagnosed at older ages.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects in whom youth-onset or adult-onset diabetes was diagnosed in the longitudinal study of health in the Pima Indians of Arizona were followed for microvascular complications. Diabetes was diagnosed in 178 subjects before 20 years of age (youth), in 1,359 subjects at 20-39 years of age (younger adults), and in 971 subjects at 40-59 years of age (older adults). Incidence rates of diabetic retinopathy diagnosed by direct ophthalmoscopy through dilated pupils and nephropathy (protein-to-creatinine ratio > or =0.5 g/g) were calculated by age at diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over 25 years, nephropathy developed in 35 of the participants with youth-onset type 2 diabetes; this incidence rate was not significantly different from that in patients with adult-onset diabetes (P = 0.77). Incidence rates of retinopathy, however, were significantly lower for the youth-onset group (P = 0.007). Adjusted for sex, glycemia, and blood pressure, risk of retinopathy was lower in patients with youth-onset diabetes than in those with adult-onset diabetes (hazard rate ratio [HRR] 0.42, 95% CI 0.24-0.74, P = 0.003), but risk of nephropathy was not different (HRR 1.2, 95% CI 0.77-1.3, P = 0.38).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Pima Indians, the risk of nephropathy as a function of duration of diabetes is similar in all age groups. By contrast, the risk of retinopathy is lower in patients with youth-onset type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona 85014, USA. jkrakoff@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Krakoff
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Lindsay
authors.forename: Helen C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Looker
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Knowler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D001786:Blood Glucose; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose