title: Limited sampling model for the analysis of 5-fluorouracil pharmacokinetics in adjuvant chemotherapy for colorectal cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Administration of 5-fluorouracil may be associated with life-threatening toxicities, resulting from a reduced drug biotransformation to the inactive metabolite 5-fluoro-5,6-dihydrouracil. Patients with severe toxicities display significant alterations of 5-fluorouracil pharmacokinetics, the monitoring of which may be made easier by the availability of a limited sampling model (LSM).
  
  
  METHODS
  LSMs for 5-fluorouracil and 5-fluoro-5,6-dihydrouracil therapeutic monitoring have been developed in 80 patients with colorectal cancer (training set) given 5-fluorouracil, 370 mg/m(2) per day as an intravenous bolus, plus leucovorin, 100 mg/m(2) per day, for 5 days every 4 weeks. Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed on plasma levels of 5-fluorouracil and 5-fluoro-5,6-dihydrouracil obtained on day 1 of the first cycle of chemotherapy, and backward stepwise regression analysis was used to determine the optimal LSM on the basis of bias (percentage mean prediction error [MPE]) and precision (percentage root mean square prediction error [RMSE]).
  
  
  RESULTS
  An optimal model based on 2 time points was obtained (percentage MPE = 1.99% +/- 1.41%; percentage RMSE = 12.70% +/- 1.27%), and the predicted area under the time versus plasma concentration curve (AUC) was calculated as follows: predicted AUC (h x microg/mL) = 0.119 x C(5) + 1.436 x C(45) + 2.066, in which C(5) and C(45) are plasma concentrations of 5-fluorouracil at 5 and 45 minutes after drug administration, respectively. The application of this algorithm to pharmacokinetic analysis of plasma levels of 5-fluorouracil in 80 patients (test set) allowed a precise estimation of AUC (percentage MPE = -0.09% +/- 1.37%; percentage RMSE = 12.17% +/- 1.23%). The best LSM for 5-fluoro-5,6-dihydrouracil was characterized by a percentage MPE of -0.64% +/- 0.86% and a percentage RMSE of 7.64% +/- 0.81%, and the optimal sampling time points were 45 and 180 minutes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current LSM allows a reliable assessment of drug exposure and improves the use of therapeutic drug monitoring for treatment optimization of 5-fluorouracil in patients with cancer.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy, Department of Oncology, Transplants and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonello
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Paolo
authors.forename: Romano
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Danesi
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vannozzi
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Falcone
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mini
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cionini
authors.forename: Toni
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.forename: Dino
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Amadori
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Del Tacca
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019540:Area Under Curve; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012044:Regression Analysis
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; C019389:5-fluorodihydrouracil; D005472:Fluorouracil