Aldehydes in exhaled breath condensate of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
The aims of the present study were (1) to evaluate whether individual aldehydes resulting from lipid peroxidation can be measured in exhaled breath condensate, (2) to assess the influence of sampling procedures on aldehyde concentrations, and (3) to compare aldehyde levels of patients with stable, moderate to severe, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with those of smoking and nonsmoking control subjects. Aldehydes (malondialdehyde, hexanal, heptanal, and nonanal) were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in all samples and overlapping results were obtained by different sampling procedures. Malondialdehyde (57.2 +/- 2.4 nmol/L), hexanal (63.5 +/- 4.4 nmol/L), and heptanal (26.6 +/- 3.9 nmol/L) were increased in patients as compared with nonsmoking control subjects (17.7 +/- 5.5 nmol/L, p < 0.0001; 14.2 +/- 3.5 nmol/L, p = 0.004; and 18.7 +/- 0.9 nmol/L, p = 0.002, respectively). Only malondialdehyde was increased in patients compared with smoking control subjects (35.6 +/- 4.0 nmol/L, p = 0.0007). In conclusion, different classes of aldehydes were identified in exhaled breath condensate of humans. Whereas all aldehydes but nonanal were lower in control subjects as compared with other groups, only malondialdehyde distinguished smoking control subjects from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and could be envisaged as a biomarker potentially useful to monitor the disease and its response to therapy.
Corradi
Massimo
M
National Institute of Occupational Safety and Prevention Research Center, Laboratory of Industrial Toxicology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Nephrology and Health Sciences, University of Parma, Italy.
Rubinstein
Israel
I
Andreoli
Roberta
R
Manini
Paola
P
Caglieri
Andrea
A
Poli
Diana
D
Alinovi
Rossella
R
Mutti
Antonio
A
D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000447:Aldehydes / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001944:Breath Tests / Q000379:methods*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000032:analysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D011336:Probability; D011379:Prognosis; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012016:Reference Values; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
D000447:Aldehydes; D015415:Biomarkers; C008664:nonanal; D008315:Malondialdehyde; C046204:heptanal; C010463:n-hexanal