title: TEMPS-a scale in 'mixed' and 'pure' manic episodes: new data and methodological considerations on the relevance of joint anxious-depressive temperament traits.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Temperament is an important factor in affective illness. There is some indication that mixed episodes result from an admixture of inverse temperamental factors (e.g. depressive and/or anxious) to a manic syndrome. To test this hypothesis, which has been first formulated by Akiskal [Clin. Neuropharmacol. 15 (Suppl. 1A) (1992) 632-633], we compared the temperament of non-acute bipolar affective patients with and without the history of a previous mixed episode.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients who had been hospitalized for a bipolar disorder were re-assessed at least 6 months after their last in-patient treatment. Those who met the criteria for a partially remitted or full affective or psychotic episode at re-assessment were excluded from the study. Data concerning illness history, current psychopathology (SCID-I interview), depression (BDI), mania (Self-Report Manic Inventory) and temperament (TEMPS-A scale) were obtained. Patients with and without a history of previous mixed episodes were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 49 eligible former patients, 22 subjects with and 23 subjects without a former mixed episode in bipolar affective disorder fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Subjects suffering from bipolar affective disorder exhibited significantly more depressive and anxious and less hyperthymic temperament, if they had experienced a mixed episode previously. Concerning cyclothymic and irritable temperament, bipolar affective patients with a former mixed episode presented non-significantly higher scores. Patients with a former mixed episode presented with higher depression scores than patients without such a history. No group differences were found concerning current mania scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (1). This is a preliminary report from an ongoing study. (2). Temperament had not been assessed premorbidly. (3). Although group comparisons revealed significant differences, these did not seem great enough to fully explain the emergence of a mixed episode.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings support the study's hypothesis that mixed episodes occur more often in subjects with an inverse temperament (e.g. depressive and anxious), although it cannot be ruled out that subsyndromal features of the bipolar illness had an effect on temperament assessment.
authors.affiliation: University Hospital for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06097, Halle/Saale, Germany. peter.brieger@medizin.uni-halle.de
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brieger
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roettig
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ehrt
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wenzel
authors.forename: Raffaela
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Blöink
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marneros
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D013577:Syndrome; D013694:Temperament