title: Does this patient have Parkinson disease?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diagnosis of Parkinson disease (PD) remains challenging. An accurate diagnosis is important because effective symptomatic treatment for PD is available.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To systematically review the literature for information on the precision and accuracy of the clinical examination for diagnosing PD.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE database was searched for all English-language articles related to the diagnosis of PD published from January 1966 through April 2001. The reference lists of all articles retrieved were searched for additional relevant sources.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies in which patients presented with 1 or more typical features of PD were included if the final diagnosis was confirmed by a suitable criterion standard and data could be extracted to determine the accuracy of 1 or more symptoms or signs. Variability in descriptions of symptoms and signs made it impossible to combine data across existing studies for most findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 6 studies that met our criteria. The positive (presence) likelihood ratios (LRs) for tremor as a symptom of PD ranged from 1.3 to 17 (range of negative [absence] LRs, 0.24 to 0.60). Tremor as a sign of PD produced a range of positive LRs from 1.3 to 1.5 (negative LRs, 0.47 to 0.61). Clinical features useful in the diagnosis of PD include a history of the combination of symptoms of rigidity and bradykinesia (positive LR, 4.5; negative LR, 0.12); a history of loss of balance (range of positive LRs, 1.6 to 6.6; range of negative LRs, 0.29 to 0.35), symptoms of micrographia (range of positive LRs, 2.8 to 5.9; range of negative LRs, 0.30 to 0.44), and a history of shuffling gait (range of positive LRs, 3.3 to 15; range of negative LRs, 0.32 to 0.50). Trouble with certain tasks such as turning in bed (positive LR, 13; negative LR, 0.56), opening jars (positive LR, 6.1; negative LR, 0.26), and rising from a chair (range of positive LRs, 1.9 to 5.2; range of negative LRs, 0.39 to 0.58). Useful signs include the glabella tap test (positive LR, 4.5; negative LR, 0.13), difficulty walking heel-to-toe (positive LR, 2.9; negative LR, 0.32), and rigidity (range of positive LRs, 0.53 to 2.8; range of negative LRs, 0.38 to 1.6). Significant selection bias was detected in all studies included for review.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Symptoms of tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, micrographia, shuffling gait, and difficulty with the tasks of turning in bed, opening jars, and rising from a chair should be carefully reviewed in all patients with suspected PD. The glabella tap and heel-to-toe tests also should be assessed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3518 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA. raog@msx.upmc.edu
authors.forename: Goutham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fisch
authors.forename: Sukanya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Srinivasan
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: D'Amico
authors.forename: Tadao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Eaton
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Robbins
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006801:Humans; D018476:Hypokinesia / Q000175:diagnosis; D008297:Male; D009127:Muscle Rigidity / Q000175:diagnosis; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010808:Physical Examination; D012018:Reflex; D014202:Tremor / Q000175:diagnosis