title: A cost effectiveness analysis of calcium and vitamin D supplementation, etidronate, and alendronate in the prevention of vertebral fractures in women treated with glucocorticoids.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the relative costs and benefits of calcium and vitamin D supplements, cyclic etidronate, or alendronate in the prevention of vertebral fractures for women and with normal bone density and osteopenia who are about to initiate moderate dose glucocorticoid treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a decision analysis model, we evaluated the following patients: 4 hypothetical cohorts: 30-yr-old women with normal lumbar spine (LS) bone mineral density (BMD) (t score = 0), 50-yr-old women with borderline osteopenia (t score = -1), 60-yr-old women with moderate osteopenia (t score = -1.5), and 70-yr-old women with severe osteopenia (t score = -2) treated with a mean prednisone dose of 10 mg/day for one year. The main outcomes included the development of vertebral fractures 10 years after glucocorticoid treatment and at age 80 (life-time risk) and direct and indirect costs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 10 years, calcium and vitamin D supplements decreased fracture rates by 30-50% at a minimal cost (US$800 or less per vertebral fracture avoided) or at a cost saving compared to no treatment for women with osteopenia (t score -1 to -2). Etidronate and alendronate are most cost effective in women with borderline osteoporosis (t scores of -1.5 and -2) in the 10 year analysis. In the life-time analysis, calcium and vitamin D treatment yielded a cost savings compared to no treatment for all groups with osteopenia. Etidronate decreased fracture rates further in all groups at a cost of less than $2,000 per fracture prevented. Alendronate reduced the fracture risk further at cost of $3,000-7,000 per fracture avoided.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Calcium and vitamin D supplements and low cost bisphosphonate regimens such as cyclic etidronate decrease the life-time vertebral fracture risk at acceptable costs and should be considered when initiating glucocorticoid treatment for women who do not have osteoporosis.
authors.affiliation: Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298, USA. lbuckley@hsc.vcu.edu
authors.forename: Lenore M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Buckley
authors.forename: Bruce E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Hillner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019386:Alendronate / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects; D002118:Calcium / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000191:economics; D012968:Etidronic Acid / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D012307:Risk Factors; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D014807:Vitamin D; D012968:Etidronic Acid; D002118:Calcium; D019386:Alendronate