title: Allelic imbalance at the DNA mismatch repair loci, hMSH2, hMLH1, hPMS1, hPMS2 and hMSH3, in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) is one of the 10 most frequently occurring cancers in the world. Defective mismatch repair, as exhibited by the phenomenon of microsatellite instability, has been observed in SCCHN although no reports of mismatch repair gene mutations or altered protein expression have been published. In a variety of microsatellite instability (MSI) positive cancers where mutations in the mismatch repair (MMR) genes were not observed, allelic imbalance at the loci of the MMR genes was prevalent.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether allelic imbalance at the MMR genetic loci contributes to the development of SCCHN.
  
  
  METHODS
  35 matched normal/tumour SCCHN pairs were studied using 29 microsatellite markers located within and adjacent to six known DNA mismatch repair genes. In addition, mutational analysis and protein expression of hMSH2 and hMLH1 were investigated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrated that 36 and 17% of the analysed SCCHN specimens exhibited allele imbalance at the hMLH1 and hMSH3 genetic loci, respectively. Allelic instability at these two loci was found to be correlated with the MSI status of the SCCHN tumours. Allelic instability was found to be uncommon at the other MMR gene loci analysed. One mutation was found in hMSH2 and none in hMLH1 in this series of tumours. 23 of 24 (96%) of the examined SCCHN tumours showed reduced expression of either hMSH2 or hMCH1 genes. Allelic instability in the MMR genes, hMLH1 and hMSH3, is proposed to be involved in the aetiology of SCCHN tumours.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Genetics and Oncology Group, Department of Clinical Dental Science, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nunn
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nagini
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Risk
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Prime
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Maloney
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liloglou
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Gosney
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Woolgar
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Field
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D022981:Allelic Imbalance / Q000235:genetics*; D020137:Base Pair Mismatch / Q000235:genetics*; D001483:Base Sequence; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000235:genetics*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D019656:Loss of Heterozygosity; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1; D051718:MutS Homolog 2 Protein; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C501486:MLH1 protein, human; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; C497172:MSH2 protein, human; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1; D051718:MutS Homolog 2 Protein