title: Atrial fibrillation: relation between clinical risk factors and transoesophageal echocardiographic risk factors for thromboembolism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To correlate clinical risk factors for thromboembolism with transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) markers of a thrombogenic milieu.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical risk factors for thromboembolism and TOE markers of a thrombogenic milieu were assessed in consecutive patients with non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation. The following TOE parameters were assessed: presence of spontaneous echo contrast, thrombi, and left atrial appendage blood flow velocities. A history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or thromboembolic events, patient age > 65 years, and chronic heart failure were considered to be clinical risk factors for thromboembolism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary cardiac care centre.
  
  
  METHODS
  301 consecutive patients with non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation scheduled for TOE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  255 patients presented with clinical risk factors. 158 patients had reduced left atrial blood flow velocities, dense spontaneous echo contrast, or both. Logistic regression analysis showed that a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction and age > 65 years were the only independent predictors of a thrombogenic milieu (both p < 0.0001). The probability of having a thrombogenic milieu increased with the number of clinical risk factors present (p < 0.0001). 17.4% of the patients without clinical risk factors had a thrombogenic milieu whereas 41.2% of the patients presenting one or more clinical risk factors had none.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a close relation between clinical risk factors and TOE markers of a thrombogenic milieu. In addition, TOE examination allows for the identification of patients with a thrombogenic milieu without clinical risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine-Cardiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Illien
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maroto-Järvinen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: von der Recke
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hammerstingl
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kuntz-Hehner
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lüderitz
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Omran
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology