title: The role of human glandular kallikrein 2 for prediction of pathologically organ confined prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In recent studies serum levels of human glandular kallikrein 2 (hK2) demonstrated significant differences in pathologically organ-confined versus non-organ-confined prostate cancer (PCa). In this study we investigated whether hK2 adds independent information when considered together with traditionally used parameters to predict organ confined (pT2a/b) PCa.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum levels of hK2, total and free prostate-specific antigens (PSA) were obtained one day before radical prostatectomy in 245 consecutive men. These were included with clinical stage and biopsy Gleason grade into univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  pT2a/b PCa was found in n = 148 patients. In univariate analysis all preoperative parameters demonstrated significant association with the presence of pT2a/b PCa. Using multivariate logistic regression model hK2 (P = 0.022), clinical stage (P < 0.0001), and Gleason grade (P < 0.0001) were independent predictors of pT2a/b PCa whereas PSA (P = 0.3) was not. In bootstrap corrected logistic regression based nomograms the addition of hK2 density marginally enhanced predictive accuracy when PSA, PSA density, clinical stage, and Gleason grade were considered (AUC = 0.879 without hK2 density and 0.883 with hK2 density).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  hK2 and hK2 density could independently predict pT2a/b PCa. However, improvement in predictive accuracy was marginal when nomograms based on traditional variables were complemented with this serum marker.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Hospital Hamburg, Germany. alexanderhaese@gmx.de
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haese
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Graefen
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Joachin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Noldus
authors.forename: Jared
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: Ilias
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cagiannos
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kattan
authors.forename: Peter T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Scardino
authors.forename: Edith
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Huland
authors.forename: Hartwig
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huland
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lilja
mesh_terms: D019540:Area Under Curve; D015415:Biomarkers; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D020840:Tissue Kallikreins / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D020840:Tissue Kallikreins; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen