title: Rapid Akt activation by nicotine and a tobacco carcinogen modulates the phenotype of normal human airway epithelial cells.
abstract: Tobacco-related diseases such as lung cancer cause over 4.2 million deaths annually, with approximately 400,000 deaths per year occurring in the US. Genotoxic effects of tobacco components have been described, but effects on signaling pathways in normal cells have not been described. Here, we show activation of the serine/threonine kinase Akt in nonimmortalized human airway epithelial cells in vitro by two components of cigarette smoke, nicotine and the tobacco-specific carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). Activation of Akt by nicotine or NNK occurred within minutes at concentrations achievable by smokers and depended upon alpha(3)-/alpha(4)-containing or alpha(7)-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, respectively. Activated Akt increased phosphorylation of downstream substrates such as GSK-3, p70(S6K), 4EBP-1, and FKHR. Treatment with nicotine or NNK attenuated apoptosis caused by etoposide, ultraviolet irradiation, or hydrogen peroxide and partially induced a transformed phenotype manifest as loss of contact inhibition and loss of dependence on exogenous growth factors or adherence to ECM. In vivo, active Akt was detected in airway epithelial cells and lung tumors from NNK-treated A/J mice, and in human lung cancers derived from smokers. Redundant Akt activation by nicotine and NNK could contribute to tobacco-related carcinogenesis by regulating two processes critical for tumorigenesis, cell growth and apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Therapeutics Branch, Cell and Cancer Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20889, USA.
authors.forename: Kip A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brognard
authors.forename: Amy S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Ilona R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Linnoila
authors.forename: Xiaowei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Sandra M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Swain
authors.forename: Curtis
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Belinsky
authors.forename: Phillip A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Dennis
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D017209:Apoptosis; D001980:Bronchi / Q000187:drug effects*; D002273:Carcinogens; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D016923:Cell Death; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D000071161:Forkhead Box Protein O1; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism; D009538:Nicotine; D009602:Nitrosamines; D010641:Phenotype; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011485:Protein Binding; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D038762:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D002273:Carcinogens; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C087000:EIF4EBP1 protein, human; C085126:FOXO1 protein, human; D000071161:Forkhead Box Protein O1; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D009602:Nitrosamines; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D009538:Nicotine; C016583:4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone; C494918:AKT1 protein, human; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D038762:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3