title: Functional and morphological development of lymphoid tissues and immune regulatory and effector function in rhesus monkeys: cytokine-secreting cells, immunoglobulin-secreting cells, and CD5(+) B-1 cells appear early in fetal development.
abstract: Little is known regarding the timing of immune ontogeny and effector function in fetal humans and nonhuman primates. We studied the organization of lymphocyte and antigen-presenting cell populations in developing lymphoid tissues of rhesus monkey fetuses during the second and third trimesters (65 to 145 days of gestation; term = 165 days). Immunoglobulin-secreting and cytokine-secreting cells were detected at day 80. The thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and intestinal mucosa were examined for cells expressing CD3, CD5, CD20, CD68, p55, and HLA-DR. In the spleens of 65-day-old fetuses (early second trimester), the overwhelming majority of total lymphocytes were CD5(+) CD20(+) B-1 cells. The remaining lymphocytes were CD3(+) T cells. By day 80, splenic B and T cells were equal in number. Intraepithelial CD3(+) CD5(-) T cells and lamina propria CD20(+) CD5(+) B cells were present in the intestines of 65-day-old fetuses. By day 80, numerous CD20(+) CD5(+) B cells were present in the jejunums and colons and early lymphocyte aggregate formation was evident. The spleens of 80- to 145-day-old fetuses contained immunoglobulin M (IgM)-secreting cells, while IgA-, IgG-, interleukin-6-, and gamma interferon-secreting cells were numerous in the spleens and colons. Thus, by the second trimester, the lymphoid tissues of the rhesus monkey fetus have a complete repertoire of properly organized antigen-presenting cells, T cells, and B cells.
authors.affiliation: California National Primate Research Center, Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616-8542, USA.
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Makori
authors.forename: Alice F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Tarantal
authors.forename: Fabien X
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Lü
authors.forename: Tracy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rourke
authors.forename: Marta L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Marthas
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: McChesney
authors.forename: Andrew G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Hendrickx
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000938:Antigen-Presenting Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D018956:CD5 Antigens / Q000032:analysis; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development / Q000276:immunology*; D005333:Fetus / Q000502:physiology; D007107:Immune System / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology*; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000032:analysis; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D007422:Intestines / Q000196:embryology / Q000276:immunology; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000196:embryology / Q000276:immunology; D016131:Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology*; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology; D013154:Spleen / Q000196:embryology / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D018956:CD5 Antigens; D016207:Cytokines; D007136:Immunoglobulins