title: Effectiveness of prompted voiding in treating urinary incontinence in cognitively impaired homebound older adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to examine the short-term effectiveness of prompted voiding (PV) in cognitively impaired homebound older adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective, controlled exploratory study with a cross-over design where usual care controls crossed-over to the intervention following an 8-week observation period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adults aged 60 years and older with urinary incontinence and who met Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services criteria for being homebound were referred to the study by home care nurses from 2 large Medicare-approved home health agencies in a large metropolitan county in southwestern Pennsylvania. Nineteen cognitively impaired older adults were randomly assigned to either the PV intervention or a usual care attention control group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Measures used included structured continence and medical histories. Older American Research and Service Physical and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living scales, Folstein Mini Mental State Examination, Clock Drawing Test, Geriatric Depression Scale, Performance-Based Toileting Assessment, bladder diaries, and physical examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen subjects were randomly assigned to a PV (n = 9) or delayed attention-control group (n = 10). Treatment subjects with complete pretreatment and posttreatment data (n = 6) experienced a mean 60% reduction in daytime incontinent episodes compared with a mean 37% reduction among control subjects (n = 10). Following the control phase, subjects crossed over to the treatment protocol. A total of 15 subjects completed the PV protocol. Among all subjects completing the treatment protocol, there was a 22% reduction in daytime incontinent episodes compared with true baseline (immediately following the control phase for those crossing over from the control group).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PV intervention resulted in clinically significant reductions in urinary incontinence for many of the participants, which may be achievable for many cognitively impaired homebound older adults.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing, 462 Victoria Building, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA. sje1@pitt.edu
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Engberg
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Sereika
authors.forename: B Joan
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: McDowell
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Brodak
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D018577:Homebound Persons; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000451:nursing*