title: Endothelin-2 is a hypoxia-induced autocrine survival factor for breast tumor cells.
abstract: Endothelins (ETs) are a group of vasoactive peptides (ET-1, ET-2 and ET-3) produced by many cell types that bind to G-protein-linked transmembrane receptors, ET-A receptors (ET-RAs) and ET-B receptors (ET-RBs). These peptides are expressed in several human tumors, including carcinomas of the breast, and have a mitogenic effect in ovarian cancer cell lines. We investigated ET expression in infiltrating ductal carcinomas (IDCs) of the breast and the relationship between ET and hypoxia. ET staining was increased in human grade II IDC samples compared with normal breast tissue. ET-2 and ET-RB mRNA expression were absent in the majority of normal human breast samples (1 of 5 and 0 of 5, respectively) but was present in the majority of IDC tested (13 of 15 and 12 of 15, respectively). In a murine breast cancer model, HTH-K, ET-2, and ET-RB mRNA were detected in tumor but not normal breast tissue, and ET expression colocalized with areas of hypoxia. In vitro, ET-2, ET-RA, and ET-RB mRNA were increased by incubating HTH-K cells in hypoxia (0.1% oxygen) for 24 h. Hypoxia also up-regulated ET-2 mRNA in several human breast tumor cell lines. ET-2 mRNA increased within 3 h in a hypoxia-inducible factor 1-dependent manner. The ET-RB antagonist BQ-788 increased in hypoxia-associated apoptosis of breast tumor cells in vitro. These effects could be reversed by addition of ET-2 peptide. Intratumoral injection of BQ-788 led to an increase in the development and extent of necrosis within the HTH-K tumor and a decrease in the rate of tumor growth. The ET-RA antagonist, BQ-123, also led to a decrease in tumor growth but without a concomitant increase in necrosis. We propose that modulation of ET-2 production via the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 transcription factor and autocrine signaling via ET-RB is a novel mechanism by which tumor cells can withstand hypoxic stress. Treatment of breast carcinomas with ET receptor antagonists may have a therapeutic benefit.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research United Kingdom Translational Oncology Laboratory, Barts and The London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, London EC1M 6BQ. grimshaw@cancer.org.uk
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Grimshaw
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Naylor
authors.forename: Frances R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Balkwill
mesh_terms: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D002470:Cell Survival; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D019333:Endothelin-2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D009336:Necrosis; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic / Q000494:pharmacology; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D044023:Receptor, Endothelin B; D017466:Receptors, Endothelin / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D019333:Endothelin-2; C497442:HIF1A protein, human; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D009842:Oligopeptides; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic; D010880:Piperidines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D044023:Receptor, Endothelin B; D017466:Receptors, Endothelin; D014157:Transcription Factors; C086539:BQ 788; C072247:cyclo(Trp-Asp-Pro-Val-Leu)