title: The effects of beta-blockers on morbidity and mortality in a population-based cohort of 11,942 elderly patients with heart failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Randomized trials have shown that beta-blockers prevent morbidity and mortality in heart failure. However, whether beta-blockers are effective in older patients or those with conditions that would have led to their exclusion from these trials remains unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  The associations between beta-blocker use and outcomes were examined in a population-based cohort of 11,942 older (age >/=65 years) patients with incident heart failure between 1994 and 1999. Cox proportional hazards models were used to adjust for propensity scores, age, sex, comorbid conditions, and other medications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean (+/- SD) age of the patients was 79 +/- 8 years, 5819 (49%) were men, and 2569 (22%) had Charlson comorbidity scores of at least 2. During follow-up (median, 21 months), 3539 patients were hospitalized for heart failure and 6757 died. Overall, 1162 patients received beta-blockers. After adjustment, beta-blocker use was associated with substantial reductions in all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.65 to 0.80), mortality due to heart failure (HR = 0.65; 95% CI: 0.47 to 0.90), and hospitalizations for heart failure (HR = 0.82; 95% CI: 0.74 to 0.92). These endpoints were less frequent in patients treated with beta-blockers than in untreated patients in all examined subgroups. All doses of beta-blockers were associated with benefit, but there was a trend towards greater benefit in patients prescribed higher doses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The benefits of beta-blockers seen in randomized trials extend to older patients and to those with conditions that would have led to their exclusion from the trials. There is a need for a randomized trial comparing different doses of beta-blockers in heart failure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Medicine (DDS), University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Canada.
authors.forename: Don D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Sin
authors.forename: Finlay A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: McAlister
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000416:Alberta / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists