title: Chronic pain in Canada--prevalence, treatment, impact and the role of opioid analgesia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the prevalence, treatment and impact of chronic pain in Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  A stratified random sample of 2012 adult Canadians (weighted by sex, age and region according to 1996 census data) was surveyed by telephone in 2001 to determine the prevalence of chronic pain, defined as continuous or intermittent pain for at least six months. A second sample of 340 chronic pain sufferers who were taking prescription medication for their pain was studied in detail to determine current therapeutic approaches and to assess the social and economic impact of chronic pain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chronic noncancer pain was reported by 29% of the respondents, with increased frequency in women and older age groups. The average duration of pain was 10.7 years and the average intensity was 6.3 (on a scale from 1 to 10), with 80% reporting moderate or severe pain. Anti-inflammatory agents were prescribed for 49% of respondents and opioid analgesics were prescribed for 22% (two-thirds of these were codeine). Almost 70% were worried about addiction potential, and one-third felt that strong analgesics should be reserved for terminal illnesses. Almost one-half were unable to attend social and family events, and the mean number of days absent from work in the past year due to chronic pain was 9.3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic noncancer pain is common in Canadian adults and has a major social and economic impact. Despite growing evidence supporting the efficacy and safety of major opioid analgesics for chronic noncancer pain, less than 10% of chronic pain patients taking prescription medication were treated with a major opioid. Chronic pain is undertreated in Canada, and major opioid analgesics are probably underutilized in the management of moderate to severe pain as part of a multidisciplinary treatment program.
authors.affiliation: University of Western Ontario Interdisciplinary Pain Program, London, Canada. dwight.moulin@lrcc.on.ca
authors.forename: Dwight E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Moulin
authors.forename: Alexander J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Speechley
authors.forename: Patricia K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Morley-Forster
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002908:Chronic Disease; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D059408:Pain Management; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid