title: Lack of sensitivity of urinary trans,trans-muconic acid in determining low-level (ppb) benzene exposure in children.
abstract: Benzene is a widespread pollutant of which the main source in the outside environment is automotive traffic. Benzene is also present in cigarette smoke, and small quantities exist in drinking water and food; all of these sources contribute to pollution of indoor environments. Benzene exposure may be studied with biologic indicators. In the present study, the authors evaluated whether differences in urinary concentrations of trans,transmuconic acid (t,t-MA) were detectable in a sample of 150 children and if the chemical was correlated with environmental exposures to low levels of benzene. The children attended primary schools that had significantly different-but low-environmental benzene levels. Analysis of urinary t,t-MA was achieved with high-performance liquid chromatography (photodiode array detector), and analysis of passive air samplers for benzene was performed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Statistical analysis (Kruskal-Wallis test) indicated that differences in urinary levels of t,t-MA in children from urban and rural areas were not statistically significant (p = .07), nor were there significant differences between children with and without relatives who smoked (p = .69). As has been shown in other studies of children and adults, results of our study evidenced (1) the difficulty of correlating concentrations of urinary biomarkers with environmental exposure to benzene at a parts-per-billion level (i.e., traffic and environmental tobacco smoke) and, consequently, (2) the lack of specificity of t,t-MA as a biological indicator for the study of a population's exposure.
authors.affiliation: Safety, Hygiene and Occupational Medicine Service, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. barbieri@orsola-malpighi.med.unibo.it
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barbieri
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Accorsi
authors.forename: Giovanni Battista
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Raffi
authors.forename: Luciana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nicoli
authors.forename: Francesco Saverio
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Violante
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D001554:Benzene / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D002648:Child; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D012423:Rural Health; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013011:Sorbic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism*; D014504:Urban Health
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D015415:Biomarkers; C005939:muconic acid; D001554:Benzene; D013011:Sorbic Acid