title: ECVAM's activities on biologicals.
abstract: This paper summarises key activities initiated and the progress achieved between April 1993 and June 2002 in implementing the Three Rs in one of ECVAM's priority areas - the production and quality control of biologicals. These have included: organising nine key workshops; financially supporting and/or participating in a number of prevalidation and/or validation studies; financial contributions and sponsorship to relevant international workshops, symposia and conferences; and financial support for the compilation of manuals and expert reports, and training in test methods. The paper complements the papers of Hendriksen et al. and Cussler et al. included in these proceedings.
authors.affiliation: ECVAM, Institute for Health & Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, 21020 Ispra (VA), Italy.
authors.forename: Marlies
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Halder
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Balls
authors.forename: Coenraad
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hendriksen
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cussler
mesh_terms: D000826:Animal Testing Alternatives / Q000193:education; D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000145:classification / Q000633:toxicity; D001688:Biological Products / Q000145:classification / Q000633:toxicity*; D004493:Education; D005062:European Union; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011786:Quality Control; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018675:Toxicity Tests
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D001688:Biological Products