title: Response to walnut olfactory and visual cues by the parasitic wasp Diachasmimorpha juglandis.
abstract: Diachasmimorpha juglandis is a specialist parasitoid attacking fly larvae in the genus Rhagoletis that feed exclusively on walnut fruit husks. In a free-foraging assay comparing response to uninfested, infested, and mechanically damaged fruits, we first determined that D. juglandis use host feeding damage on the fruit as a cue for host presence. In another free-foraging assay that used artificial walnut models and wind tunnel experiments, D. juglandis distinguished infested from uninfested fruits by using either olfactory or visual cues separately. However, the response rate of wasps in the wind tunnel was raised considerably when visual cues were also available. We analyzed the volatile compounds emitted by cohorts of uninfested, mechanically damaged, and infested fruits 1, 3, 5, 8, and 10 days after oviposition by flies into the infested fruits. Total volatile emissions did not differ significantly among treatments, but quantitative changes in volatiles distinguished infested fruits from uninfested and damaged fruits. The fact that parasitoids did not distinguish between infested and damaged fruits in assays where damage was visible indicates that they rely on visual cues when those are available.
authors.affiliation: University of Montana-Western, Department of Environmental Science and Mathematics, 710 S. Atlantic Street, Dillon, Montana 59725, USA. L_Henneman@umwestern.edu
authors.forename: M Lawrence
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Henneman
authors.forename: Eric G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Dyreson
authors.forename: Junji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Takabayashi
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Raguso
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D031324:Juglans; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012903:Smell / Q000187:drug effects*; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000187:drug effects*; D014863:Wasps / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010938:Plant Oils