title: Hypertonic saline infusion for pulmonary injury due to ischemia-reperfusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inhibition of neutrophil-endothelial cell interactions by hypertonic saline (HTS) may confer protection against organ injury in states of immunologic disarray. This study tested the hypothesis that infusion of HTS modulates the development of end-organ injury in a model of lower-torso ischemia-reperfusion injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ischemia-reperfusion injury was induced in 30 male Sprague-Dawley rats by infrarenal aortic cross-clamp for 30 minutes, followed by reperfusion for 2 hours. At 0 and 60 minutes of reperfusion, intravenous HTS (7.5% sodium chloride, 4 mL/kg) was administered to 6 rats each, and another 12 received either 4 or 30 mL/kg of isotonic sodium chloride solution. Six rats received HTS, 4 mL/kg, before ischemia. At 2 hours, we assessed liver function, pulmonary injury, neutrophil infiltration (myeloperoxidase activity), endothelial permeability (bronchoalveolar lavage and wet-dry weight ratios), and proinflammatory cytokine levels (tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 6).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infusion with HTS before or after ischemia significantly reduced end-organ injury. Histopathologic pulmonary injury scores were markedly attenuated in the HTS group (5.82 +/- 1.3) and the HTS pretreated group (4.91 +/- 1.6) compared with the isotonic sodium chloride solution groups (8.54 +/- 1.1) (P =.04). Pulmonary neutrophil sequestration (2.07 +/- 0.23) and increased endothelial permeability (4.68 +/- 0.44) were manifest in animals resuscitated with isotonic sodium chloride solution compared with HTS treatment (1.54 +/- 0.19 [P =.04] and 2.06 +/- 0.26 [P =.02]) and pretreatment (1.18 +/- 0.12 [P =.04] and 1.25 +/- 0.07 [P =.002]). In addition, a significant reduction in serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (P =.04) and interleukin 6 (P =.048) levels was observed, whereas HTS resuscitation attenuated the upsurge in aspartate transaminase (P =.03) and alanine transaminase levels (P =.047).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Resuscitation with HTS attenuates the pulmonary edema and tissue injury due to lower-torso ischemia-reperfusion and maintains a more benign immunologic profile.
authors.affiliation: Department of Academic Surgery, Cork University Hospital and National University of Ireland, Wilton, Cork, Ireland.
authors.forename: Conor J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Shields
authors.forename: Desmond C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Winter
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Manning
authors.forename: Jiang Huai
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: William O
authors.initials: WO
authors.lastname: Kirwan
authors.forename: H Paul
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Redmond
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic; D002450:Cell Communication / Q000276:immunology; D003250:Constriction; D004727:Endothelium / Q000503:physiopathology; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D008099:Liver / Q000503:physiopathology; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D010539:Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009195:Peroxidase