title: Effect of irradiation type (LED or QTH) on photo-activated composite shrinkage strain kinetics, temperature rise, and hardness.
abstract: This study compares commercially available light-emitting diode (LED) lights with a quartz tungsten halogen (QTH) unit for photo-activating resin-based composites (RBC). Shrinkage strain kinetics and temperature within the RBC were measured simultaneously using the 'deflecting disc technique' and a thermocouple. Surface hardness (Knoop) at the bottom of 1.5-mm thick RBC specimens was measured 24 h after irradiation to indicate degree of cure. Irradiation was performed for 40 s using either the continuous or the ramp-curing mode of a QTH and a LED light (800 mW cm(-2) and 320 mW cm(-2), respectively) or the continuous mode of a lower intensity LED light (160 mW cm(-2)). For Herculite XRV and Filtek Z250 (both containing only camphoroquinone as a photo-initiator) the QTH and the stronger LED light produced similar hardness, while in the case of Definite (containing an additional photo-activator absorbing at lower wavelength) lower hardness was observed after LED irradiation. The temperature rise during polymerization and heating from radiation were lower with LED compared to QTH curing. The fastest increase of polymerization contraction was observed after QTH continuous irradiation, followed by the stronger and the weaker LED light in the continuous mode. Ramp curing decreased contraction speed even more. Shrinkage strain after 60 min was greater following QTH irradiation compared with both LED units (Herculite, Definite) or with the weaker LED light (Z250).
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Bavarian Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany. Norbert.Hofmann@mail.uni-wuerzburg.de
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.forename: Burkard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hugo
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Klaiber
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects*; D003748:Dental Equipment; D018772:Dental Marginal Adaptation; D006219:Halogens; D006244:Hardness; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007700:Kinetics; D008027:Light; D008422:Materials Testing; D011108:Polymers / Q000528:radiation effects; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D012666:Semiconductors; D012833:Siloxanes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013674:Technology, Dental; D013729:Terpenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins; C421785:Definite composite resin; C444701:Filtek Z250; D006219:Halogens; D011108:Polymers; D019279:Resin Cements; D012833:Siloxanes; D013729:Terpenes; C065770:Herculite XR