title: Depression in Kraepelinian schizophrenia.
abstract: In order to improve our understanding of depression in chronic schizophrenia, depressive symptoms were assessed in institutionalized, so called Kraepelinian, patients with schizophrenia (N = 43). The patients had been ill and dependent on others for at least 5 years. Depressive symptoms as measured by the Hamilton Depression (HAM-D) scale were less prevalent in this population compared to published data on non-Kraepelinian patients. Only 5% of our Kraepelinian patients had a HAM-D score >/= 16. There was also a low prevalence of core depressive symptoms (depressed mood, suicidal ideation, and guilt). The relationship of depression to other dimensions of schizophrenia was explored. Depression had a modest positive correlation (r = 0.44) with general psychopathology as measured by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), but not with positive symptoms as measured by BPRS positive subscale or negative symptoms as measured by the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS). Depression also showed a modest positive correlation (r =.48) using the Simpson-Angus Rating Scale (SAS) for extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS). These results indicate that in Kraepelinian schizophrenia, depression is not prevalent, even though patients are severely ill both in symptom and functioning domains. The results of our analysis support that Kraepelinian schizophrenia is a distinct subtype, and raise questions regarding the boundary between schizoaffective disorder and non-Kraepelinian schizophrenia. Finally, the low rate of depression observed revives the notion that preservation of core functional abilities is important for a depressive reaction to evolve in schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Nael
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kilzieh
authors.forename: Amanda Ernst
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Erdmann
authors.forename: Murray
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raskind
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tapp
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001480:Basal Ganglia Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D010054:Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006778:Hospitals, Psychiatric; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*