title: Chemical and sensorial aroma characterization of freshly distilled Calvados. 1. Evaluation of quality and defects on the basis of key odorants by olfactometry and sensory analysis.
abstract: Eight freshly distilled samples of Calvados, a fermented and distilled apple juice, were analyzed by sensory evaluation and direct injection GC to determine the composition of higher alcohols, esters, and aldehydes. The composition determined by direct injection was tentatively related to sensory descriptors. Esters have a probable maximum level around 500 g/hl of pure alcohol (PA). This level also corresponds to the threshold of the main ester constituent, ethyl acetate. A high ratio of esters to ethyl acetate seems to be of prime importance for good quality. Total aldehydes, with a maximum level between 8 and 11 g/hl of PA and mainly comprising acetal (maximum between 5 and 9 g/hl of PA), were related to a "green" descriptor. Higher alcohols do not have a direct impact on quality, but other volatile compounds with a positive impact on flavor should probably be present at a high level. As overall quality was not well related to sensory quality, it was necessary to perform more a precise analysis to determine the key odorants. The Calvados samples were thus extracted using pentane. Gas chromatography, employing both a flame ionization detector and an olfactometry port, was used to analyze the obtained extracts. Seventy-one odors were detected and distributed according to Calvados quality determined by sensory evaluation. Nineteen odors common to all Calvados samples constituted the "skeleton" of the aroma. Twenty-eight odors were specific to a quality class: 6 for good quality, 4 for neutral, and 18 for defective. Twenty-four other odors had either too low an odor impact or no evident specificity.
authors.affiliation: Adria Normandie, Boulevard du 13 Juin 1944, BP2, F-14310 Villers-Bocage, France. hguichard@adrianie.org
authors.forename: Hugues
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Guichard
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lemesle
authors.forename: Jérôme
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ledauphin
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Barillier
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Picoche
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000032:analysis; D000447:Aldehydes / Q000032:analysis; D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis*; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D004952:Esters / Q000032:analysis; D005285:Fermentation; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D027845:Malus / Q000737:chemistry*; D009812:Odorants / Q000032:analysis*; D012903:Smell; D013649:Taste
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D000447:Aldehydes; D004952:Esters; C007650:ethyl acetate