title: Cholesteryl-hemisuccinate-induced apoptosis of promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells through a cyclosporin A-insensitive mechanism.
abstract: We reported previously that alpha-tocopheryl-succinate (VES) induced apoptosis of cultured human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60) (Free Radic Res 2000;33:407-18). We have now studied the effect of cholesteryl-hemisuccinate (CS) on the fate of HL-60 cells to clarify whether CS has an effect similar to that of VES. CS inhibited the growth of HL-60 cells without differentiation to granulocytes and induced DNA fragmentation and ladder formation. CS inhibited the phosphorylation of pleckstrin homology domain-containing protein kinase B (Akt) and initiated the activation of a caspase cascade. CS triggered the reaction leading to the cleavage of Bid and also released cytochrome c (Cyt. c) from mitochondria. In addition, CS induced mitochondrial membrane depolarization and translocation of Bax to mitochondria in HL-60 cells. However, CS did not induce an increase in the concentration of intracellular calcium ions in HL-60 cells. The membrane depolarization, Cyt. c release, and DNA fragmentation were inhibited by z-VAD-fluoromethylketone (z-VAD-fmk), a pan-caspase inhibitor, but not by cyclosporin A, an inhibitor of membrane permeability transition. These results suggested that CS-induced apoptosis of HL-60 cells might be caused by inhibiting Akt phosphorylation following cleavage of Bid through caspase-8 activation and subsequently via an Apaf complex-caspase cascade pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakucho, Takatsuki 569-8686, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Kayo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Arita
authors.forename: Hirotsugu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kobuchi
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Tamotsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshioka
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tamai
authors.forename: Kozo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Utsumi
mesh_terms: D000590:Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones / Q000494:pharmacology; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis; D051023:BH3 Interacting Domain Death Agonist Protein; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002788:Cholesterol Esters / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003574:Cytochrome c Group / Q000378:metabolism; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000187:drug effects*; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D018922:HL-60 Cells; D006801:Humans; D007951:Leukemia, Myeloid / Q000473:pathology; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000502:physiology; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein
chemical_list: D000590:Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C494826:BAX protein, human; D051023:BH3 Interacting Domain Death Agonist Protein; C494814:BID protein, human; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D002788:Cholesterol Esters; D003574:Cytochrome c Group; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; C096713:benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone; D016572:Cyclosporine; D000242:Cyclic AMP; C494918:AKT1 protein, human; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D020169:Caspases; D002118:Calcium; C013440:cholesteryl succinate