title: A review of chronic pain after inguinal herniorrhaphy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic pain was believed to be a recognized but infrequent complication after inguinal hernia repair. Evidence suggests that patients with chronic pain place a considerable burden on health services. However, few scientific data on chronic pain after this common elective operation are available.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review the frequency of chronic pain and to discuss etiological theories and current treatment options for patients with chronic post herniorrhaphy pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  All studies of postoperative pain after inguinal hernia repair with a minimum follow-up period of 3 months, published between 1987 and 2000, were critically reviewed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The frequency of chronic pain after inguinal hernia repair was found to be as high as 54%, much more than previously reported. Quality of life of these patients is affected. Chronic pain is reported less often after laparoscopic and mesh repairs. Recurrent hernia repair, preoperative pain, day case surgery, delayed onset of symptoms, and high pain scores in the first week after surgery, however, were identified to be risk factors for the development of chronic pain. Definition of chronic pain was not explicit in the majority of the reviewed studies. Accurate evaluation of the frequency of chronic pain will require standardization of definition and methods of assessment. Prospective studies are required to define the role of risk factors identified in this review.
authors.affiliation: University of Aberdeen Medical School, United Kingdom. asp@ph.abdn.ac.uk
authors.forename: Amudha S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Poobalan
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bruce
authors.forename: W Cairns S
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Zygmunt H
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Krukowski
authors.forename: W Alastair
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Chambers
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D006552:Hernia, Inguinal / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D011788:Quality of Life; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012086:Reoperation; D012307:Risk Factors; D013526:Surgical Mesh