title: Change in the quality of care delivered to Medicare beneficiaries, 1998-1999 to 2000-2001.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite widespread concern regarding the quality and safety of health care, and a Medicare Quality Improvement Organization (QIO) program intended to improve that care in the United States, there is only limited information on whether quality is improving.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To track national and state-level changes in performance on 22 quality indicators for care of Medicare beneficiaries.
  
  
  METHODS
  National observational cross-sectional studies of national and state-level fee-for-service data for Medicare beneficiaries during 1998-1999 (baseline) and 2000-2001 (follow-up).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two QIO quality indicators abstracted from state-wide random samples of medical records for inpatient fee-for-service care and from Medicare beneficiary surveys or Medicare claims for outpatient care. Absolute improvement is defined as the change in performance from baseline to follow-up (measured in percentage points for all indicators except those measured in minutes); relative improvement is defined as the absolute improvement divided by the difference between the baseline performance and perfect performance (100%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median state's performance improved from baseline to follow-up on 20 of the 22 indicators. In the median state, the percentage of patients receiving appropriate care on the median indicator increased from 69.5% to 73.4%, a 12.8% relative improvement. The average relative improvement was 19.9% for outpatient indicators combined and 11.9% for inpatient indicators combined (P<.001). For all but one indicator, absolute improvement was greater in states in which performance was low at baseline than those in which it was high at baseline (median r = -0.43; range: 0.12 to -0.93). When states were ranked on each indicator, the state's average rank was highly stable over time (r = 0.93 for 1998-1999 vs 2000-2001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Care for Medicare fee-for-service plan beneficiaries improved substantially between 1998-1999 and 2000-2001, but a much larger opportunity remains for further improvement. Relative rankings among states changed little. The improved care is consistent with QIO activities over this period, but these cross-sectional data do not provide conclusive information about the degree to which the improvement can be attributed to the QIOs' quality improvement efforts.
authors.affiliation: Office of Clinical Standards and Quality, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 7500 Security Blvd, Mail Stop S3-02-01, Baltimore, MD 21244, USA. sjencks@cms.hhs.gov
authors.forename: Stephen F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Jencks
authors.forename: Edwin D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Huff
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cuerdon
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000592:standards; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D018588:Fee-for-Service Plans / Q000592:standards*; D006302:Health Services Research; D006761:Hospitals / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D006278:Medicare / Q000592:standards*; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000145:classification / Q000639:trends*; D017749:Total Quality Management / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States