title: 17beta-Estradiol and environmental estrogens significantly affect mammalian sperm function.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Compounds with estrogenic activity can affect reproductive function in mammals. This study investigated possible effects of 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) and three weakly estrogenic environmental estrogens on mammalian sperm capacitation and fertilizing ability in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Uncapacitated and capacitated mouse sperm suspensions were incubated for 30 min in the presence of E(2), genistein (Gen), 8-prenylnaringenin (8-PN) and nonylphenol (NP), and then assessed using chlortetracycline (CTC) fluorescence analysis. In addition, treated uncapacitated sperm suspensions were tested for changes in fertilizing ability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In uncapacitated cells, E(2) at >or=1 micromol/l and Gen, 8-PN and NP at >or=0.001 micromol/l, significantly stimulated capacitation and acrosome reactions. Hydroxytamoxifen (an estrogen antagonist) did not inhibit responses to any of these compounds. In capacitated cells, E(2) had no effect, but the other three compounds significantly stimulated acrosome reactions. Added to uncapacitated suspensions, 10 micromol/l E(2), 0.1 micromol/l Gen and 0.1 micromol/l 8-PN all significantly stimulated sperm fertilizing ability ( approximately 76% oocytes fertilized) compared with untreated control sperm ( approximately 36%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides the first evidence that E(2) and environmental estrogens can significantly stimulate mammalian sperm capacitation, acrosome reactions and fertilizing ability, with the environmental estrogens being much more potent than E(2). The inability of hydroxytamoxifen to block these responses suggests that classical estrogen receptors may not be involved. Whether these responses have effects on fertility in vivo remains to be determined, along with the mechanisms of action involved.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Reproduction, Endocrinology and Diabetes, School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Adeoya-Osiguwa
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Markoulaki
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pocock
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Milligan
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Fraser
mesh_terms: D020101:Acrosome Reaction / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005306:Fertilization / Q000187:drug effects; D044950:Flavanones; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019833:Genistein / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009865:Oocytes / Q000502:physiology; D010636:Phenols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013075:Sperm Capacitation / Q000187:drug effects; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C119737:8-prenylnaringenin; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists; D044950:Flavanones; D005419:Flavonoids; D010636:Phenols; D013629:Tamoxifen; C016601:afimoxifene; D004958:Estradiol; C025256:nonylphenol; D019833:Genistein