title: Visual loss in patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome before widespread availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate rates and causes of visual loss among patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis before widespread availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from 681 patients with AIDS and newly diagnosed or relapsed CMV retinitis who enrolled in 3 clinical trials conducted by the Studies of Ocular Complications of AIDS (SOCA) Research Group (between 1990 and 1996) were combined to evaluate the rates and causes of visual loss. Visual acuity and visual field (Goldmann visual fields) losses were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rates of visual loss in eyes with CMV retinitis were substantial in all 3 clinical trials, ranging from 51.7 to 97.7 events per 100 eye-years for loss of visual acuity to worse than 20/40 and 18.9 to 49.1 events per 100 eye-years for loss of visual acuity to 20/200 or worse. The 2 major causes of visual loss were retinitis, involving either the macula or the optic nerve, and retinal detachment. After 1992, visual outcomes improved significantly. Antiretroviral therapy was associated with a 30% reduction in the risk of visual acuity loss (relative risk, 0.70; P =.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the pre-HAART era, visual morbidity was substantial. However, there was a secular trend for improved outcomes. The principal causes of visual loss were CMV involvement of the posterior retina and retinal detachment.
authors.affiliation: Center for Clinical Trials, Johns Hopkins University, 615 N Wolfe St, Room W5010, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. jholbroo@jhsph.edu
authors.forename: Janet T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Holbrook
authors.forename: Douglas A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Jabs
authors.forename: David V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Weinberg
authors.forename: Richard Alan
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Matthew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Dorothy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Friedberg
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D000328:Adult; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001766:Blindness / Q000453:epidemiology*; D017726:Cytomegalovirus Retinitis / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D017245:Foscarnet / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015774:Ganciclovir / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014792:Visual Acuity
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000998:Antiviral Agents; C409204:sevirumab; D017245:Foscarnet; D015774:Ganciclovir