title: Impaired cardiorespiratory recovery after laryngeal stimulation in nicotine-exposed young lambs.
abstract: The hypothesis that postnatal nicotine exposure weakens cardiorespiratory recovery from reflex apnea and bradycardia was tested in eight lambs continuously infused with nicotine from the day of birth at a dose of 1 to 2 mg.kg(-1).d(-1). Eight age-matched lambs infused with saline served as controls. Apnea and bradycardia were elicited by laryngeal stimulation with 1 mL of water (laryngeal chemoreflex) both during air breathing [0.21 fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO(2))] and mild hypoxia (0.10 FiO(2)) at a mean postnatal age of 5 +/- 1, 14 +/- 1, and 28 +/- 1 d. Ventilation, heart rate, and blood pressure were similar in the two groups at rest. In response to laryngeal chemoreflex stimulation, nicotine-treated lambs had a more pronounced decrease in ventilation (p < 0.05), longer reflex apnea (p < 0.001 in 0.21 FiO(2); p < 0.01 in 0.10 FiO(2)), and greater reflex bradycardia (p < 0.01). During reflex apnea, sighs were less efficient in restoring heart rate to prestimulation level, and a greater decrease in heart rate was observed before sighs in nicotine-treated lambs. These effects were most apparent at 5 d of age, when nicotine-treated lambs also had lower ventilation during hypoxia (p < 0.05). The response to hyperoxia was comparable in the two groups at all ages. The ability to terminate laryngeal chemoreflex-induced apnea is attenuated in young lambs continuously exposed to nicotine. This attenuation is present both in normoxia and in hypoxia and is accompanied by reduced effects from sighing on cardiac autoresuscitation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2585, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Hakan W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Sundell
authors.forename: Hadeet
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Karmo
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Milerad
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002320:Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects*; D007830:Larynx / Q000187:drug effects*; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012756:Sheep / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine