title: Water quality has a pronounced effect on cholesterol-induced accumulation of Alzheimer amyloid beta (Abeta) in rabbit brain.
abstract: Increased circulating cholesterol is known to promote risk of coronary artery disease. It is now emerging that cholesterol promotes production and accumulation of amyloid beta (Abeta) deposited in the hallmark pathologic lesion of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the senile plaque, perhaps by shifting away from normal metabolism of amyloid beta protein precursor (AbetaPP) to beta. Previous studies employing the cholesterol-fed rabbit model of AD demonstrated that induction of AD-like Abeta accumulation in brain could be reversed by co-administration of cholesterol lowering drugs or removing cholesterol, prompted initiation of an AD Cholesterol-Lowering (Statin) Treatment Trial. We now present data that identify a previously unrecognized role for dietary water quality on the severity of neuropathology induced by elevated cholesterol. Neuronal accumulation of Abeta induced by increased circulating concentrations of cholesterol in the New Zealand white rabbit is attenuated when distilled drinking water is administered compared to use of tap water. The numbers of neurons in cholesterol-fed rabbits that exhibited Abeta immunoreactivity, relative to normal chow-fed controls, increased approximately 2.5 fold among animals on tap water but only approximately 1.9 fold among animals on distilled water. This yielded a statistically significant approximately 28% reduction due to the use of distilled water. In addition, the subjectively assessed intensity of neuronal Abeta immunoreactivity was consistently reduced among cholesterol-fed rabbits allowed distilled drinking water compared to cholesterol-fed rabbits on tap water. As intensity of antibody immunoreactivity is likely related to concentration of antigen, the identified difference among cholesterol-fed rabbits allowed distilled drinking water may hold greater importance than a significant reduction in numbers of affected neurons. The effect on neuronal Abeta immunoreactivity intensity was observable among cholesterol-fed rabbits reared and allowed tap water when performing studies in three distinct locales. Pilot data suggest the possibility of increased clearance of Abeta from the brain, identified as increased blood levels, among cholesterol-fed rabbits administered distilled water compared to animals on tap water. The agent(s) occurring in tap water, excluded by distillation, promoting accumulation of neuronal Abeta immunoreactivity is(are) yet undisclosed, but arsenic, manganese, aluminum, zinc, mercury, iron and nitrate have tentatively been excluded because they were not identifiable (below detection limits) in the tap water of the three locales where the cholesterol-induced neuropathologic difference was observable. These findings suggest that water quality may impact on human health in the setting of increased circulating cholesterol levels, and could illustrate a truly simple life-style change that could be of benefit in AD.
authors.affiliation: Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona 85351, USA.
authors.forename: D Larry
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Sparks
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lochhead
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Horstman
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wagoner
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000473:pathology*; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D011817:Rabbits; D012307:Risk Factors; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D002784:Cholesterol