title: Development and testing of a Faces Scale for the assessment of anxiety in critically ill patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many patients experience anxiety during treatment in an intensive care unit, but intensive care patients are often not able to respond to existing validated measures of anxiety such as the Brief Symptom Inventory. We have developed a new single item Faces Anxiety Scale made up of drawings of five faces.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were to: (i) assess the ability of intensive care patients to respond to the Faces Anxiety Scale; and (ii) investigate whether the scale yields ordinal and interval data.
  
  
  METHODS
  The project was approved by two Human Research Ethics Committees. Patients were included in the study if they gave informed consent.
  
  
  METHODS
  (i) Intensive care patients (n = 40) were asked to respond to the Faces Anxiety Scale, the anxiety subscale of the Brief Symptom Inventory, and a numerical analogue anxiety scale; and (ii) Hospital and University staff and students (n = 75) were asked to place the five faces in rank order. A further 100 staff members and students were asked to place each face at a point on a 60-cm triangular wedge according to the level of anxiety they thought the face showed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Faces Anxiety Scale elicited more responses from intensive care patients than the numerical analogue anxiety scale the or anxiety subscale of the Brief Symptom Inventory (36 vs. 25 vs. 17, respectively, P < 0.0001). In the testing of the order of the scale items, 93% of respondents independently placed the scale items in the order of least to most anxiety as intended in the design of the scale. In the testing for equality of intervals respondents placed the faces relatively equidistant, with no overlap of 95% confidence intervals around the mean distances.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Faces Anxiety Scale has minimal subject burden, elicits self report from intensive care patients more often than other simple scales, and has evidence of the interval scale properties of rank order and equality between the points on the scale.
authors.affiliation: Critical Care Nursing, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. sharon.mckinley@uts.edu.au
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McKinley
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Coote
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stein-Parbury
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003422:Critical Care / Q000523:psychology*; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000523:psychology*; D005145:Face; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011581:Psychological Tests / Q000592:standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index