title: The production of nitric oxide in EL4 lymphoma cells overexpressing growth hormone.
abstract: Growth hormone (GH) is produced by immunocompetent cells and has been implicated in the regulation of a multiplicity of functions in the immune system involved in growth and activation. However, the actions of endogenous or lymphocyte GH and its contribution to immune reactivity when compared with those of serum or exogenous GH are still unclear. In the present study, we overexpressed lymphocyte GH in EL4 lymphoma cells, which lack the GH receptor (GHR), to determine the role of endogenous GH in nitric oxide (NO) production and response to genotoxic stress. Western blot analysis demonstrated that the levels of GH increased approximately 40% in cells overexpressing GH (GHo) when compared with cells with vector alone. The results also show a substantial increase in NO production in cells overexpressing GH that could be blocked by N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA), an L-arginine analogue that competitively inhibits all three isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). No evidence was obtained to support an increase in peroxynitrite in cells overexpressing GH. Overexpression of GH increased NOS activity, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) promoter activity, and iNOS protein expression, whereas endothelial nitric oxide synthase and neuronal nitric oxide synthase protein levels were essentially unchanged. In addition, cells overexpressing GH showed increased arginine transport ability and intracellular arginase activity when compared with control cells. GH overexpression appeared to protect cells from the toxic effects of the DNA alkylating agent methyl methanesulfonate. This possibility was suggested by maintenance of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential in cells overexpressing GH when compared with control cells that could be blocked by L-NMMA. Taken together, the data support the notion that lymphocyte GH, independently of the GH receptor, may play a key role in the survival of lymphocytes exposed to stressful stimuli via the production of NO.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1918 University Boulevard, MCLM 894, Birmingham, AL 35294-0005, USA.
authors.forename: Robyn E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: Douglas A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Weigent
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002232:Carbocyanines / Q000494:pharmacology; D002259:Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone / Q000494:pharmacology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D007107:Immune System / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D008223:Lymphoma; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D008741:Methyl Methanesulfonate / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000235:genetics; D011986:Receptors, Somatotropin / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002232:Carbocyanines; D011986:Receptors, Somatotropin; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D002259:Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone; C007392:3,3'-dihexyl-2,2'-oxacarbocyanine; D013006:Growth Hormone; D001120:Arginine; D008741:Methyl Methanesulfonate; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase