title: Expression of the human Hand1 gene in trophoblastic cells is transcriptionally regulated by activating and repressing specificity protein (Sp)-elements.
abstract: The tissue-specific basic helix-loop-helix protein Hand1 is essential for the formation of trophoblast giant cells of the murine placenta. In humans, Hand1 is detectable in trophoblastic tumour cells suggesting an equivalent role in trophoblast differentiation. To understand its mode of expression we have cloned and characterized the human Hand1 gene promoter. Primer extension analyses suggest that transcription initiates 19 nucleotides downstream of the TATA element of the proximal 5' flanking region. Expression of luciferase reporter constructs harboring deletions of the 9.5 kb Hand1 5' flanking sequence defines a promoter region within 274 bp upstream of the transcriptional start site. Compared to a reporter bearing only the TATA box, the proximal promoter activates transcription up to 30-fold. However, transcriptional activity of the region was observed in both Hand1-expressing and non-expressing cell lines. Sequencing, DNAseI footprint analyses and electrophoretic mobility shift assays reveal the presence of four GC-rich sequences, which show different affinities to the endogenous specificity proteins (Sp), and a CCAAT box. In vitro, the Sp-elements mainly interact with Sp1 and Sp3 while the CCAAT element is recognized by the alpha CAAT binding factor protein. Mutant luciferase reporters bearing single active or inactive recognition sites demonstrate that two of the four Sp-binding sites (I and IV) contribute little to the overall transcription rate. The two other Sp-cognate sequences, II and III, downregulate and activate reporter expression 2.3- and 2.6-fold, respectively. Co-transfections of Sp1/Sp3 expression vectors and mutated reporter constructs in Sp-deficient SL2 cells indicate that the Sp-binding site II and III indeed function as repressing and activating enhancer sequences. In summary, the data suggest that constitutive expression of the Hand1 gene in cultured cells is regulated by a complex interplay of Sp-proteins interacting with activator and repressor elements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vasicek
authors.forename: Gudrun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Meinhardt
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Haidweger
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rotheneder
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Husslein
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knöfler
mesh_terms: D024506:5' Flanking Region / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D008156:Luciferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D011485:Protein Binding; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D016385:TATA Box / Q000235:genetics; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D024363:Transcription Initiation Site; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D014327:Trophoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D004247:DNA; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D008156:Luciferases; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C097341:helix-loop-helix protein, eHAND