title: Meta-analysis of nitrogen balance studies for estimating protein requirements in healthy adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The most recent international dietary protein recommendations for healthy adults are those developed and proposed by the 1985 FAO/WHO/UNU Joint Expert Consultation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to analyze available nitrogen balance data to establish new recommendations for the protein required by healthy adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were gathered from published nitrogen balance studies that had as their primary objective either the estimation of basal or maintenance requirements or the testing of the adequacy of specific nitrogen intakes in healthy adults. These data were synthesized to characterize the distribution of individual protein requirements; the effects of climate of the study site, adult age, sex, and dietary protein source on individual requirements; and the midpoint of and the variability between the protein requirements of healthy persons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data for 235 individual subjects, each studied at >or= 3 test protein intakes, were gathered from 19 studies. The median estimated average requirement (EAR) of nitrogen from these data was 105 mg N x kg(-1) x d(-1). Individual requirements were found to fit a log-normal distribution. The median EAR was estimated as the median of this distribution, 105 mg N x kg(-1) x d(-1), whereas the 97.5th percentile (the recommended dietary allowance; RDA) was estimated from the distribution of the log of the requirement (after correction of the total observed variability to remove within-individual variability) as 132 mg N x kg(-1) x d(-1). No significant differences between the climate of the study site, adult age class, sex, or source of dietary protein were observed, although there was an indication that women might have a lower requirement than do men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This meta-analysis provides new recommendations for dietary reference values, ie, an EAR (median) and RDA (97.5th percentile) for healthy adults of 105 and 132 mg N x kg(-1) x d(-1) (0.65 and 0.83 g good-quality protein x kg(-1) x d(-1)), respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Tufts University Medical School, Boston, MA 02111, USA. william.rand@tufts.edu
authors.forename: William M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Rand
authors.forename: Peter L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Pellett
authors.forename: Vernon R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Young
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004032:Diet; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D009751:Nutritional Requirements
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins; D009584:Nitrogen