title: Improved biological activity of Gly2- and Ser2-substituted analogues of glucose-dependent insulinotrophic polypeptide.
abstract: The therapeutic potential of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in improving glycaemic control in diabetes has been widely studied, but the potential beneficial effects of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) have until recently been almost overlooked. One of the major problems, however, in exploiting either GIP or GLP-1 as potential therapeutic agents is their short duration of action, due to enzymatic degradation in vivo by dipeptidylpeptidase IV (DPP IV). Therefore, this study examined the plasma stability, biological activity and antidiabetic potential of two novel NH2-terminal Ala2-substituted analogues of GIP, containing glycine (Gly) or serine (Ser). Following incubation in plasma, (Ser2)GIP had a reduced hydrolysis rate compared with native GIP, while (Gly2)GIP was completely stable. In Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts stably transfected with the human GIP receptor, GIP, (Gly2)GIP and (Ser2)GIP stimulated cAMP production with EC(50) values of 18.2, 14.9 and 15.0 nM respectively. In the pancreatic BRIN-BD11 beta-cell line, (Gly2)GIP and (Ser2)GIP (10(-8) M) evoked significant increases (1.2- and 1.5-fold respectively; P<0.01 to P<0.001) in insulinotropic activity compared with GIP. In obese diabetic ob/ob mice, both analogues significantly lowered (P<0.001) the glycaemic excursion in response to i.p. glucose. This enhanced glucose-lowering ability was coupled to a significantly raised (P<0.01) and more protracted insulin response compared with GIP. These data indicate that substitution of the penultimate Ala2 in GIP by Gly or Ser confers resistance to plasma DPP IV degradation, resulting in enhanced biological activity, therefore raising the possibility of their use in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK. va.gault@ulster.ac.uk
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Gault
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Flatt
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Harriott
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Mooney
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: F P M
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: O'Harte
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006224:Cricetinae; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood*; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide; D000242:Cyclic AMP