title: Occurrence of Pneumocystis carinii in HIV-positive patients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis in Ethiopia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the prevalence of Pneumocystis carinii in consecutive HIV-positive patients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) attending a university hospital in Ethiopia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A PCR for P. carinii and an indirect immunoflorescence (IF) assay were performed on expectorated sputum samples from: 119 HIV-1-positive patients with negative smears and sputum cultures for Mycobacterium tuberculosis; 96 HIV-1-positive patients with culture-verified PTB; and 97 HIV-negative patients with negative mycobacterial cultures and 72 HIV-negative patients with culture-verified PTB, serving as controls. Outcome of PCR and IF were compared with the chest radiographic (CXR) and initial clinical diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the HIV+PTB- group, P. carinii was found in 10.9% by IF, 8.4% by single PCR (sPCR) and 30.3% by nested PCR (nPCR). In the HIV+PTB+ group, 3.1% were P. carinii positive by IF and sPCR and 13.5% by nPCR. All IF- and sPCR-positive samples were nPCR positive. In the HIV-PTB+ and HIV-PTB- groups, 4.2% and 3.1% were nPCR positive, respectively. Six out of eight HIV+PTB- patients with CXR suggesting P. carinii pneumonia (PCP) were IF and/or nPCR positive for P. carinii. In the IF-positive and nested PCR-positive HIV+PTB- patients more than one-third were interpreted as PTB by CXR whereas only one patient was diagnosed with clinical PCP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  P. carinii is prevalent in HIV-positive PTB suspects, suggesting that PCP may be an important, but not well recognized, differential diagnosis. Our findings have implications for treatment and primary prophylaxis for PCP in Ethiopia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Black Lion University Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Getachew
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Aderaye
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bruchfeld
authors.forename: Mats
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Olsson
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lindquist
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005002:Ethiopia / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011020:Pneumonia, Pneumocystis / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*