title: Disordered sleep, nocturnal cytokines, and immunity in alcoholics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Alcoholics who are at risk for infectious disease show profound disturbances of sleep along with decrements of cellular immunity. This study examined the relationships between sleep, nocturnal expression of immunoregulatory cytokines, and natural killer (NK) cell activity in alcoholic patients as compared with control subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Alcoholic patients (N = 24) and comparison control subjects (N = 23) underwent all-night polysomnography and serial blood sampling at 23:00, 03:00, and 06:30 hours. Stimulated expression of T(H)1 (interferon gamma, IFN-gamma), anti-inflammatory/T(H)2 (interleukin 10, IL-10), and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6) was measured along with NK cell activity across the night.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Alcoholic patients showed lower levels of IL-6 production, suppression of the IL-6/IL-10 ratio, and a reduction of NK cell activity, coupled with losses of delta sleep and increases of rapid eye movement sleep, as compared with control subjects. In addition, alcoholics showed a persistent low ratio of IFN-gamma/IL-10 and reduced levels of NK cell activity, whereas controls had increases of these two immune measures across the night. IL-6 also differentially changed in the two groups; alcoholics showed increases and controls had decreases of IL-6 from 03:00 hours to 06:30 hours. At 06:30 hours, rapid eye movement sleep predicted increases of IL-6 and decreases of NK cell activity independent of the relative contribution of age and chronic alcohol consumption. At 23:00 hours before sleep onset, levels of IL-10 predicted subsequent amounts of delta sleep.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data further implicate sleep in the regulation of immune function and suggest that disordered sleep contributes to immune alterations in patients with chronic alcoholism. Moreover, the association between awake levels of the anti-inflammatory/T(H)2 cytokine IL-10 and subsequent amounts of delta sleep support the notion of a bidirectional interplay between cytokines and sleep in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Redwine
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dang
authors.forename: Martica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Irwin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology; D044383:Black People; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003208:Concanavalin A / Q000494:pharmacology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D003601:Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D006801:Humans; D007153:Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D017286:Polysomnography; D012894:Sleep Stages; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D015850:Interleukin-6; D003208:Concanavalin A; D016753:Interleukin-10; D007371:Interferon-gamma