title: Cytokine, infiltrating macrophage and T cell-mediated response to development of primary and secondary human liver cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Kupffer cells, monocytes and infiltrating T cells have been considered the major source of interleukin-1beta and tumour necrosis factor-alpha in the liver. AIMS; To explore the expression of interleukin-1beta and tumour necrosis factor-alpha and to evaluate the density and the distribution of T lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages in the liver of patients with primary and secondary tumours.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tumoural and peritumoural liver samples were examined from 21 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, 10 with hepatic metastases, 5 with benign focal liver lesions and 4 healthy adult livers. Interleukin-1beta and tumour necrosis factor-alpha mRNAs were detected by a semiquantitative comparative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. T lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages were detected by immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher levels of interleukin-1beta, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, CD3+ and CD68+ cells were found in the tissue surrounding hepatocellular carcinoma and metastases than in the tumour itself. A strong expression of CD68+ and CD3+ cells was found mainly along the tumour-host interface but the highest expression of CD3+ cells was found at the metastasis interfaces. Interleukin-1beta expression, CD3+ and CD68+ cell densities were higher in peritumoural samples than in so-called "normal" liver tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An increased production of interleukin-1beta and, to a lesser extent, of tumour necrosis factor-alpha mRNA coincides with the presence of cancer be it primary or secondary, both in healthy and cirrhotic livers. The presence of cancer, irrespective of the presence of underlying liver damage, appears to play the most important role.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical and Gastroenterological Sciences, University of Padua, Italy. marina.bortolami@unipd.it
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bortolami
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Venturi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Giacomelli
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Scalerta
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bacchetti
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Marino
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Floreani
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lise
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Naccarato
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Farinati
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002452:Cell Count; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000378:metabolism; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000378:metabolism; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D007375:Interleukin-1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha