title: Overcoming depression on the Internet (ODIN): a randomized controlled trial of an Internet depression skills intervention program.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psychoeducational programs are increasingly being delivered over the Internet. We created an Internet-based, cognitive therapy, self-help program to be used as a stand-alone intervention for mild-to-moderate depression, or as an adjunct to traditional services for more severe depression.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effectiveness of a web-based intervention program to reduce depression in a randomized, controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a private, nonprofit health maintenance organization, we mailed recruitment brochures to two populations: depressed adults (n = 6994) who received traditional medical services for depression, and an age/gender matched sample of nondepressed adults (n = 6996). Participants consenting to the study were randomized to either the experimental Web site (n = 144), or a no-access control group (n = 155). Participants in both groups were free to obtain nonexperimental, usual care services for their depression. All participants completed an on-line version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) at enrollment and at 4-, 8-, 16- and 32-weeks after enrollment. Mean intake scores were in the severely depressed range. 74% of participants completed at least one follow-up assessment. Unfortunately, most intervention participants accessed the Internet site infrequently.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We failed to find an effect for the Internet program across the entire sample. However, post-hoc, exploratory analyses revealed a modest effect among persons reporting low levels of depression at intake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The negative results might have resulted from infrequent patient use of the Internet site, or a more seriously depressed sample than the intervention was intended to help. Future studies should focus on recruiting persons with mild to moderate levels of depression, and on increasing participant use of the Internet site.
authors.affiliation: Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR 97227-1098, USA. greg.clarke@kpchr.org
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: Ed
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Eubanks
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: Lynn L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: DeBar
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kelleher
authors.forename: Frances
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nunley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000193:education / Q000379:methods; D016208:Databases, Factual; D003863:Depression / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009922:Oregon / Q000453:epidemiology; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods; D018579:Patient Selection; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012648:Self Care / Q000379:methods; D014861:Washington / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D011619:Psychotropic Drugs