title: Induction of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) reactivation in Raji cells by doxorubicin and cisplatin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) can be activated in B-lymphoid cells to enter the lytic cycle by various kinds of stimuli, including 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-1 3-acetate (TPA), butyric acid, calcium ionophore A23187, transforming growth factor-beta and anti-immunoglobulin crosslinking. EBV reactivation has been clinically observed in patients receiving systemic chemotherapy. This study sought in vitro evidence to suggest whether anticancer drugs may directly contribute to the EBV reactivation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Raji cells, an EBV-containing Burkitt's lymphoma cell line, were used as the experimental model. TPA served as a positive control for chemical induction of EBV reactivation. Expression of the BZLF1 transcript of EBV and its encoded protein, ZEBRA, were examined by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and flow cytometry, respectively. Transactivation activity of ZEBRA was further assessed by a luciferase reporter assay of EBV DR-promoter activity and a flow cytometry assay assessing the endogenous expression of EA-D (BMRFl).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Doxorubicin and cisplatin, two commonly used anticancer agents, induced a dose-dependent up-regulation of BZLF1 mRNA and ZEBRA protein. The luciferase reporter activity and the expression of endogenous EA-D protein, also increased by doxorubicin and cisplatin, indicated an up-regulation of the transactivating activity of ZEBRA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that cytotoxic anticancer drugs may up-regulate the expression and the transactivating activity of BZLF1, and suggest that systemic chemotherapy may be a risk factor for EBV reactivation in patients with EBV-associated malignancies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Cancer Research Center, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chih-Hung
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hergenhahn
authors.forename: Shuan-En
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Chuang
authors.forename: Pei-Yen
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.forename: Ta-Chung
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Ann-Lii
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Cheng
mesh_terms: D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000821:virology*; D002051:Burkitt Lymphoma / Q000821:virology; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral / Q000187:drug effects; D004854:Herpesvirus 4, Human / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008156:Luciferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D014764:Viral Proteins; D014775:Virus Activation / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000956:Antigens, Viral; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C063676:BZLF1 protein, Herpesvirus 4, Human; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C083204:Epstein-Barr virus early antigen diffuse component; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014764:Viral Proteins; D004317:Doxorubicin; D008156:Luciferases; D002945:Cisplatin