title: Vascular risk to late-life depression: evidence from a longitudinal community study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine prospectively relationships between minor cerebrovascular episodes and depressive symptoms in a community cohort of older persons.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 1988-1989, baseline measurements of vascular risk factors and depressive symptoms were obtained in older community residents (mean age = 67). At 10-year follow-up, three subgroups of subjects still residing in the community were re-assessed: those who had suffered a transient ischaemic attack (TIA) (n = 16) in the intervening period; those with hypertension but no TIAs (n = 38); and, those with neither TIAs nor hypertension (n = 40).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 16 persons with depressive symptoms at 10-year follow-up, only three had reported depressive symptoms initially. Subjects who had experienced TIAs during the longitudinal phase had higher rates of depressive symptoms than the subjects from the other two groups (38%vs 13%, p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study supports the notion that cerebrovascular incidents predispose to late-onset depression in older persons residing in the community. Intrinsically, this provides epidemiological support for the validity of the concept of 'vascular depression'.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. ian.hickie@beyondblue.org.au
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hickie
authors.forename: Leon
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Simons
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Naismith
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Simons
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McCallum
authors.forename: Kerrie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pearson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003153:Community Health Services; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology*; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents