title: Subscapularis muscle activity during selected rehabilitation exercises.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The upper and lower portions of the subscapularis muscle are independently innervated and activated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Upper and lower portions of the subscapularis muscle demonstrate different activation levels and require different exercises for rehabilitation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled laboratory study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen healthy subjects performed seven shoulder-strengthening exercises. Electromyographic data were collected from the latissimus dorsi, teres major, pectoralis major, infraspinatus, supraspinatus, and upper and lower subscapularis muscles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Upper subscapularis muscle activity was greater than lower subscapularis muscle activity for all exercises except for internal rotation with 0 degrees of humeral abduction. The push-up plus and diagonal exercises consistently stressed the upper and lower subscapularis muscles to the greatest extent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Humeral abduction was found to have a strong influence on the selective activation of the upper versus the lower subscapularis muscle and thus supported the design of different exercise continuums. In addition, the push-up plus and diagonal exercises were found to be superior to traditional internal rotation exercises for activating both functional portions of the subscapularis muscle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results showing that the upper and lower portions of the subscapularis muscle are functionally independent may affect training or rehabilitation protocols for the rotator cuff muscles.
authors.affiliation: Steadman-Hawkins Sports Medicine Foundation, Vail, Colorado 81657, USA. mike.decker@mail.utexas.edu
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Decker
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Tokish
authors.forename: Henry B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Torry
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Hawkins
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004576:Electromyography; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012399:Rotation; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000502:physiology*; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000502:physiology*