title: Clostridial myonecrosis in horses (37 cases 1985-2000).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous reports of clostridial myonecrosis have either focused on individual case reports or have been small retrospective studies reporting very high mortality rates.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to describe the outcome of cases of clostridial myonecrosis submitted to 2 referral equine hospitals in the United States over a 15 year period.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study of case material selected on the basis of positive Clostridium spp. culture or the identification of Clostridium spp. by specific fluorescent antibody testing from soft tissue wounds was performed at Cornell and Wisconsin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  37 cases of clostridial myonecrosis were documented. Twenty-seven horses survived, 8 were subjected to euthanasia and 2 died during treatment for an overall survival rate of 73%. Twenty-five cases (68%) were associated with Clostridium perfringens alone, 6 cases (16%) with Cl. septicum alone, 4 cases with mixed clostridial infections (11%), 1 case with Cl. sporogenes and 1 with an unspeciated Clostridium spp. The highest survival rate of 81% was documented for those cases from which Cl. perfringens alone was isolated. The most common antecedent condition prior to referral was colic. The myonecrotic lesion occurred within 6-72 h of a soft tissue injection in 34 cases but was associated with a wound or laceration in the remaining 3 cases. Of the 34 cases associated with recent injections, 24 were associated with i.m. injections in the cervical region, 4 in the semimembranosus/semitendinosus region, 3 in the gluteal region, 2 with perivascular leakage of drugs administered into the jugular vein and 1 case developed simultaneously in the gluteal and neck region following injections at both sites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clostridial myonecrosis can occur following the i.m. or inadvertent perivascular administration of a wide variety of commonly administered drugs. It is most common in the neck musculature. Aggressive treatment can be associated with survival rates of up to 81% for cases due to Cl. perfringens alone. Survival rates for other Clostridial spp. tend to be lower.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A combination of high dose i.v. antibiotic therapy and surgical fenestration/debridement is the best approach to cases of clostridial myonecrosis. With rapid diagnosis and therapeutic intervention, horses may have up to an 81% chance of survival.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Peek
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Semrad
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Perkins
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003013:Clostridium / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003646:Debridement; D005260:Female; D005738:Gas Gangrene / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D006736:Horses; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000662:veterinary; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents