title: Insulin/IGF and target of rapamycin signaling: a TOR de force in growth control.
abstract: 'They come in all sizes.' Apart from its origin and use in the clothing industry, this saying reflects the fact that the size of organisms spans an enormous range. Whether destined to be large or small, species grow in an organized fashion to reach their final specified size. For growth to proceed, food must be metabolized to liberate energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and protein building blocks in the form of amino acids. One major orchestrator of this complex growth process in diverse metazoan species is the insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system. This review summarizes current studies primarily from Drosophila regarding the function of the insulin/IGF system in the control of growth.
authors.affiliation: The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oldham
authors.forename: Ernst
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hafen
mesh_terms: D000828:Animal Population Groups / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001824:Body Constitution / Q000235:genetics*; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D005057:Eukaryotic Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism*; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011494:Protein Kinases; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
chemical_list: D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D007328:Insulin; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D011494:Protein Kinases; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; C416303:target of rapamycin protein, Drosophila