title: Dairy products and colorectal cancer. A review of possible mechanisms and epidemiological evidence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This review provides an overview of the principal hypotheses and epidemiological evidence of the possible links between colorectal cancer and intake of milk and/or dairy products.
  
  
  METHODS
  The first section outlines the main hypotheses about the possible effect of calcium, vitamin D, fats and other milk components. The possible role of acid lactic bacteria in fermented products is also discussed. The second section is a summary of the published epidemiological evidence. The results on milk, cheese and yoghurt are summarized using a meta-analytical approach. The results of studies on calcium and vitamin D are briefly described.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Case-control studies are heterogeneous and, on average, do not provide evidence of association between total intake of total dairy products, milk, cheese or yoghurt and colorectal cancer risk. The average result from cohort studies support the hypothesis of a protective effect of total dairy products (odds ratio (OR): 0.62; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.52-0.74; P heterogeneity test: 0.93) and for milk (OR: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.68-0.95; P heterogeneity: 0.77). No association was found between cheese (OR: 1.10; 95% CI: 0.88-1.36; P heterogeneity: 0.55) or yoghurt (OR: 1.03; 95% CI: 0.83-1.28; P heterogeneity: 0.69) in cohort studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cohort studies consistently found a protective effect of total dairy products and milk intake, but the evidence is not supported by case-control studies. No relationship was found with cheese or yoghurt intake. As the number of cohort studies is still limited, their results need to be confirmed by other prospective studies.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Norat
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Riboli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000494:pharmacology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D003611:Dairy Products / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000382:microbiology; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005285:Fermentation; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D013002:Somatomedins / Q000494:pharmacology; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000494:pharmacology; D015014:Yogurt / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D004041:Dietary Fats; D008894:Milk Proteins; D013002:Somatomedins; D014807:Vitamin D; D005492:Folic Acid