title: Propofol - not thiopental or etomidate - with remifentanil provides adequate intubating conditions in the absence of neuromuscular blockade.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Administration of remifentanil followed by propofol provides adequate conditions for tracheal intubation without muscle relaxants. Other hypnotic drugs have not been thoroughly investigated in this regard. Intubating conditions with remifentanil followed by propofol, thiopentone or etomidate are compared in this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a randomized, double-blind study 45 healthy males were assigned to one of three groups (n = 15). After iv atropine, remifentanil 3 microg x kg(-1) were injected over 90 sec followed by propofol 2 mg x kg(-1) (Group I), thiopentone 6 mg x kg(-1) (Group II) or etomidate 0.3 mg x kg(-1) (Group III). Ninety seconds after the administration of the hypnotic agent, laryngoscopy and intubation were attempted. Intubating conditions were assessed as excellent, good or poor on the basis of ease of ventilation, jaw relaxation, position of the vocal cords, and patient response to intubation and slow inflation of the endotracheal tube cuff.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One patient in Group I, three patients in Group II and five patients in Group III could not be intubated on the first attempt. Clinically acceptable intubating conditions were observed in 93.3%, 66.7%, 40.0% of patients in Groups I, II and III, respectively. Overall conditions at intubation were significantly (P < 0.05) better, and the frequency of excellent conditions was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the propofol group compared with the thiopentone and etomidate groups. No patient was treated for hypotension or bradycardia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Propofol 2 mg x kg(-1) was superior to thiopentone 6 mg x kg(-1) and etomidate 0.3 mg x kg(-1) for tracheal intubation when combined with remifentanil 3 microg x kg(-1) and no muscle relaxant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Elvan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Erhan
authors.forename: Gulden
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ugur
authors.forename: Ilkben
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gunusen
authors.forename: Isik
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Alper
authors.forename: Bulent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ozyar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D003371:Cough / Q000503:physiopathology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005045:Etomidate; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D007568:Jaw / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D007828:Laryngoscopy; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D019148:Neuromuscular Blockade; D010880:Piperidines; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication; D015742:Propofol; D000077208:Remifentanil; D013874:Thiopental; D014827:Vocal Cords / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D010880:Piperidines; D013874:Thiopental; D000077208:Remifentanil; D008874:Midazolam; D015742:Propofol; D005045:Etomidate