title: Stimulation of the maturation of dendritic cells in vitro by a fermented mistletoe extract.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dendritic cells (DC) play a key role during the initiation of specific immune responses. In cancer patients, however, an alteration of their function was observed. In our investigation we analysed the influence of a fermented mistletoe extract often used for adjuvant treatment of cancer patients on the generation and maturation of DC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Monocytes from healthy individuals were incubated with a fermented mistletoe extract in the presence or absence of GM-CSF/IL-4. Surface marker expression was measured by flow cytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While there was no relevant effect on the generation of DC in the absence or presence of GM-CSF/IL-4 in 5-day cultures, the mistletoe extract significantly stimulated the maturation of pre-generated immature DC, as evidenced by a heightened expression of CD83. Like the positive control TNF-alpha, the mistletoe extract significantly activated CD80 and CD86 as well as HLA class I and II molecules on these cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data clearly demonstrate an influence of the mistletoe extract on the maturation of DC, but it remains to be elucidated whether the function of DC is also activated and, especially, whether this effect can be observed in tumour patients as well.
authors.affiliation: Krebsforschung Herdecke, Department of Applied Immunology, University Witten/Herdecke, Communal Hospital, Gerhard-Kienle-Weg 4, 58313 Herdecke, Germany. stein.g@debitel.net
authors.forename: Gerburg M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: Arndt
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Büssing
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schietzel
mesh_terms: D036541:ADP-ribosyl Cyclase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D051997:ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D018122:B7-1 Antigen / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000494:pharmacology; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000494:pharmacology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D014784:Mistletoe / Q000737:chemistry; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010940:Plant Proteins; D054790:Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 2; D014118:Toxins, Biological / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D018122:B7-1 Antigen; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D028321:Plant Preparations; D010940:Plant Proteins; D054790:Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 2; D014118:Toxins, Biological; C009674:ribosome inactivating protein, Viscum; D015847:Interleukin-4; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D036541:ADP-ribosyl Cyclase; C498154:CD38 protein, human; D051997:ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1