title: Diurnal variations in human urinary excretion of nicotinamide catabolites: effects of stress on the metabolism of nicotinamide.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  More than 500 enzymes need niacin coenzymes. Therefore, elucidation of the control mechanisms of coenzyme metabolism is fundamentally important.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  NAD(+) is involved in ATP production. Because energy expenditure is generally higher during the day than at night, we investigated whether the metabolism of nicotinamide changes at various times of day and whether stress affects nicotinamide metabolism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve women were housed in the same facility and followed the same schedule for activities of daily living for 12 d. Urinary outputs were collected during 5 specific periods to investigate diurnal variations in nicotinamide metabolism. The effects of cold exposure (physical stress), having to perform arithmetic calculations (mental stress), and dark exposure (emotional stress) on nicotinamide metabolism were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A diurnal variation in the nicotinamide metabolites N(1)-methylnicotinamide, N(1)-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide, and N(1)-methyl-4-pyridone-3-carboxamide was observed. Of the stresses studied, cold exposure significantly increased the urinary excretory outputs of the nicotinamide metabolites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diurnal variations in nicotinamide metabolism were found in these women. The biosynthesis of nicotinamide from tryptophan seemed to be increased by cold exposure.
authors.affiliation: Course of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Life Style Studies, School of Human Cultures, The University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, Shiga, Japan. hokamoto@shc.usp.ac.jp
authors.forename: Hidemi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Okamoto
authors.forename: Aya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yoshitake
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kodama
authors.forename: Mamoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nishimuta
authors.forename: Tsutomu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fukuwatari
authors.forename: Katsumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shibata
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003080:Cold Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003624:Darkness / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008606:Mental Processes / Q000502:physiology; D009525:Niacin / Q000378:metabolism; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine*; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D014364:Tryptophan / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D009536:Niacinamide; D009525:Niacin; C016590:N(1)-methyl-4-pyridone-5-carboxamide; D014364:Tryptophan; C005211:N'-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide; C008472:N-methylnicotinamide