Radical scavenging activity and cytotoxicity of ferulic acid.
Ferulic acid and eugenol were examined for their superoxide (O2-), hydroxyl radical (.OH) and nitric oxide (NO)-scavenging ability, using ESR spectroscopy with spin trap agents DMPO and carboxy-PTIO/NOC-7. Ferulic acid more efficiently scavenged .OH and NO than eugenol. The O2- scavenging activity of ferulic acid was comparable with that of eugenol. Ferulic acid significantly reduced the NO production by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse macrophage-like cells (Raw 264.7 cells) compared to eugenol. The cytotoxic activity of ferulic acid against Raw 264.7 cells was comparable with that against human submandibular gland carcinoma (HSG) cells and the cytotoxicity of ferulic acid was about 10-fold smaller than that of eugenol. The stoichiometric factor (n) (number of moles of peroxy radical trapped by moles of the relevant phenol) of ferulic acid and eugenol was investigated, using the induction period methods of the methyl methacrylate polymerization system. The n-value of ferulic acid (1.5) was higher than that of eugenol (1.0) and was similar to that of 2, 6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT). Ferulic acid as well as eugenol may produce a dimer during the induction period due to an n-value less than 2. These results suggested that ferulic acid may be useful for preventing cell damage perhaps caused by O2-, and in particular by .OH and NO, in living systems.
Ogiwara
Takako
T
Department of Oral Diagnosis, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 3500283, Japan.
Satoh
Kazue
K
Kadoma
Yoshinori
Y
Murakami
Yukio
Y
Unten
Senwa
S
Atsumi
Toshiko
T
Sakagami
Hiroshi
H
Fujisawa
Seiichiro
S
D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D002460:Cell Line; D003373:Coumaric Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides / Q000737:chemistry; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D005054:Eugenol / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical / Q000737:chemistry; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000737:chemistry; D013113:Spin Labels; D013365:Submandibular Gland Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D013481:Superoxides / Q000737:chemistry; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D003373:Coumaric Acids; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D013113:Spin Labels; D013481:Superoxides; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical; D005054:Eugenol; C069977:2,2-dimethyl-5-hydroxy-1-pyrrolidinyloxy; C055956:5,5-dimethyl-5-hydroperoxy-1-pyrrolidinyloxy; C004999:ferulic acid