title: Visual factors that significantly impact academic performance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Both race and socio-economic status are correlated to performance in the classroom. These two factors are inter-related, since minorities, proportion-wise, are more highly represented in the lower socio-economic strata. Inefficient visual skills have been shown to be more prevalent among minority groups and in low socio-economic groups. These inefficient visual skills impact the students' learning. This study was undertaken to discover the visual skills that were significantly correlated with academic performance problems.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 2,659 examinations were performed on 540 children over the course of six examination periods, which were administered over three consecutive school years. Socio-economic, racial, and standardized academic performance data (Iowa Test of Basic Skills--ITBS) were furnished by the families and the school system. The visual and demographic data from the examinations were then compared to performance on the 21 subtests of the ITBS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Some visual factors were found to be a much better predictor of scores on the ITBS than either race or socio-economic status. Even though the significance of these two demographic variables was small, race and socio-economic variables were each significant in about a third of the 21 ITBS scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Visual factors are significantly better predictors of academic success as measured by the ITBS than is race or socio-economics. Visual motor activities are better predictors of ITBS scores than are binocularity or accommodation. These latter skills were significant predictors also, but to a lesser degree.
authors.affiliation: Northeastern State University, College of Optometry, Tahlequah, Oklahoma 74464, USA. maples@nsuok.edu
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Maples
mesh_terms: D000065:Accommodation, Ocular; D002648:Child; D004521:Educational Measurement / Q000379:methods; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D015348:Vision, Binocular