title: Effects of different plant protection programs on soil microbes.
abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the effects of two pesticide regimens (conventional full insurance compared with supervised and reduced pesticide use) and two cultivation techniques (conventional tillage and fertilization compared with no tillage and lower fertilization) on soil microbes in a field study, and to evaluate the results with laboratory tests. The herbicides used were chlorsulfuron, MCPA, and bentazone; the fungicides carboxin-imazalin and propiconazole; and the insecticides dimethoate and pirimicarb. In the field studies, the effects on microbial biota were assessed by measuring biomass (ATP content) and microbial activities related to carbon and nitrogen metabolism (soil respiration, nitrification potential). Potential harmful effects of commercial formulations of the same pesticides on microbes were studied in the laboratory with two bacterial toxicity tests (Pseudomonas putida growth inhibition and Vibrio fischeri luminescence inhibition tests) and with a soil respiration inhibition test. Bioavailability of the pesticides in the soil was assessed by a solid-phase modification of the luminescent bacteria test. In the field studies the microbial activities and biomass followed the weather conditions during the growing season, and significant effects of pesticide treatments on microbial processes were not observed. In the laboratory studies the toxicity of certain pesticides was clearly detected by bacterial toxicity tests. However, in the soil respiration inhibition assessment with soil similar to that used in the field trial, inhibition was observed only at unrealistically high concentrations. This could be due to the limited bioavailability of the pesticides in soil of high clay and organic carbon content.
authors.affiliation: Research Laboratory, Finnish Environmental Institute, Hakuninmaantie 4-6, PO Box 140, Helsinki FIN-00430, Finland. jukka.ahtianen@vyh.fi
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Ahtiainen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vanhala
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Myllymäki
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000032:analysis; D000383:Agriculture; D001682:Biological Availability; D018533:Biomass; D002244:Carbon / Q000378:metabolism; D005308:Fertilizers; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D010575:Pesticides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011157:Population Dynamics; D016958:Pseudomonas putida; D012621:Seasons; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014733:Vibrio
chemical_list: D005308:Fertilizers; D010575:Pesticides; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002244:Carbon; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D009584:Nitrogen