title: Early identification of sepsis and mortality risks through simple, rapid clot-waveform analysis. Implications of lipoprotein-complexed C reactive protein formation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if the rapid waveform profile of the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) assay, which detects lipoprotein-complexed C reactive protein (LCCRP) formation, predicts sepsis and mortality in critically ill patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational, cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  General intensive therapy unit (ITU) of a tertiary care hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1187 consecutive patients admitted to the ITU.
  
  
  METHODS
  Activated partial thromboplastin time transmittance waveform analysis was performed within the first hour of admission to the ITU. The degree of change causing a biphasic waveform was quantified through the drop in light transmittance level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three hundred forty-six patients had a biphasic waveform on admission to the ITU with a mortality rate of 44% compared with 26% for those with normal waveforms. Logistic regression models showed direct correlation between the likelihood for sepsis and in-patient mortality with increasing waveform abnormalities. The mortality fraction was 0.3 with normal waveforms versus 0.6 when the light transmittance decreased by 30%. The odds ratio (OR) for mortality and sepsis were 4.5 and 11, respectively, from the most abnormal to normal aPTT waveforms. These were comparable with APACHE II scores and superior to those estimated by CRP for mortality (OR 2.3) / sepsis (OR 6.4) prediction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Waveform analysis within the first hour of ITU admission is a single, simple and rapid method of identifying the risks of mortality and sepsis. Its measure of LCCRP formation shows superior prediction over CRP alone and it warrants further assessment as a tool to triage and target prompt, appropriate treatment in the ITU.
authors.affiliation: Roald Dahl Haemostasis and Thrombosis Centre, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK. toh@liverpool.ac.uk
authors.forename: Cheng Hock
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Toh
authors.forename: Lawrence O
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Ticknor
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Downey
authors.forename: Alan R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Giles
authors.forename: Ray C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Paton
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wenstone
mesh_terms: D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000401:mortality*; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008079:Lipoproteins, VLDL / Q000032:analysis; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010314:Partial Thromboplastin Time; D010783:Photometry; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012372:ROC Curve; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018805:Sepsis / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D008079:Lipoproteins, VLDL; D002097:C-Reactive Protein