title: Corticosteroid therapy for nephrotic syndrome in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In nephrotic syndrome protein leaks from the blood to the urine through the glomeruli resulting in hypoproteinaemia and generalised oedema. Children with untreated nephrotic syndrome frequently die from infections. The majority of children with nephrotic syndrome respond to corticosteroids. However about 70% of children experience a relapsing course with recurrent episodes of oedema and proteinuria. Corticosteroid usage has reduced the mortality rate in childhood nephrotic syndrome to around 3%, with infection remaining the most important cause of death. However corticosteroids have known adverse effects such as obesity, poor growth, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis and adrenal suppression. The original treatment schedules for childhood nephrotic syndrome were developed in an ad hoc manner. The optimal doses and durations of corticosteroid therapy that are most beneficial and least harmful have not been clarified.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this review was to determine the benefits and harms of different corticosteroid regimens in preventing relapse in children with steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS).
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 2002), Cochrane Renal Group Specialised Register (July 2002), MEDLINE (1966 - July 2002) and EMBASE (1980 - July 2002) without language restriction, reference lists of articles, abstracts from proceedings and contact with known investigators in the area.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trials were included if they were carried out in children (aged three months to 18 years) in their initial or subsequent episode of SSNS, if they compared different durations, total doses or other dose strategies using prednisone or other corticosteroid agent and if they had outcome data at six months or more.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two reviewers independently reviewed all eligible studies for inclusion, assessed study quality and extracted data. The principle outcome measure was the number of children with and without relapse after six and 12-24 months. Secondary outcomes sought included the number of children who developed frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome and adverse events. A random effects model was used to estimate summary effect measures (relative risk (RR), risk difference (RD)) after testing for heterogeneity. Meta-regression was used to explore potential between-study differences due to the baseline risk of relapse, study quality and types of interventions used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five additional trials were included in the review for a total of 17 trials. A meta-analysis of six trials, which compared two months of prednisone with three months or more in the first episode, showed that the longer duration significantly reduced the risk of relapse at 12 - 24 months (RR 0.70; 95% CI 0.58 to 0.84) without an increase in adverse events. There was an inverse linear relationship between the duration of treatment and risk of relapse (RR = 1.26 - 0.112 duration; r(2) = 0.56; p = 0.03). The number of children who became frequent relapsers and the mean relapse rate/patient/year were also significantly reduced without increase in serious adverse events. In children with frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome, deflazacort was significantly more effective in maintaining remission than prednisone (RR 0.44; 95% CI 0.25 to 0.78).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children in their first episode of SSNS should be treated for at least three months with an increase in benefit being demonstrated for up to seven months of treatment. In a population with a baseline risk for relapse following the first episode of 60% with two months of prednisone, daily prednisone for four weeks followed by alternate day therapy for six months would be expected to reduce the number of children experiencing a relapse by about 33%. In children who relapse frequently, deflazacort deserves further study.
authors.affiliation: The Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW, Australia. Elisah@chw.edu.au
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Hodson
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Knight
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Willis
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Craig
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D009404:Nephrotic Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011241:Prednisone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011282:Pregnenediones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D055502:Secondary Prevention
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D011282:Pregnenediones; D011241:Prednisone