title: Structural and functional aspects of Bufo americanus spermatozoa: effects of inactivation and reactivation.
abstract: Very little is known about the effects of manipulating toad sperm activity in vitro, and such information is important in the development of a genetic resource bank for bufonid species. The specific objectives of this study were to: 1). identify the optimal inactivation and reactivation solutions for toad spermatozoa collected in urine; 2). establish the length of time toad spermatozoa can be exposed to an inactivation buffer and still resume motility upon reactivation; 3). evaluate the consequence of inactivation on specific sperm characteristics; and 4). characterize the sperm mitochondria vesicle (MV) and its relationship to motility. Reactivated sperm motility was similar after inactivation in either Simplified Amphibian Ringers (SAR) solution or DeBoer's (DB) solution. Diluting the buffer by 80% with water provided the best method for reactivating sperm. Dilutions with NaCl solutions (10-50 mM) produced inferior results. SAR-inactivated spermatozoa could remain suspended up to 4 hr and still regain 25% of initial motility upon reactivation in water. Compared to the controls, sperm motility was greater (P<0.01) over time for samples treated with SAR, although forward progression was significantly lower. Furthermore, SAR treatment resulted in sperm samples with a greater number of viable, morphologically normal, and intact MVs over time. Electron microscopy and fluorescent staining confirmed that the toad sperm's MV contains a large number of active mitochondria with very few other cytoplasmic structures. Nearly all spermatozoa exhibiting motility had an intact MV, and dissociation of this structure was clearly related to motility loss. In conclusion, toad spermatozoa can be effectively inactivated and reactivated by varying the osmolality of the external solutions and, although sperm forward progression is reduced, all other characteristics are well maintained. Moreover, the increased number of spermatozoa with intact MV after inactivation suggests the process may help preserve this important structure.
authors.affiliation: Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife, Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, Ohio 45220, USA. akouba@memphiszoo.org
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Kouba
authors.forename: Carrie K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Vance
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Frommeyer
authors.forename: Terri L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Roth
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002025:Bufonidae; D007552:Isotonic Solutions / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D000077331:Ringer's Solution; D013081:Sperm Motility / Q000187:drug effects; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D000077331:Ringer's Solution