title: Onset of natural menopause in African American women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study assessed predictors of the onset of natural menopause in African American women.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used mailed questionnaires to collect data at baseline in 1995 and during follow-up from Black Women's Health Study participants. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to assess potential predictors-including experiences of racism-of the onset of natural menopause among 17 070 women aged 35 to 55 years and premenopausal in 1995.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The hazard ratio (HR) was 1.43 for current smokers (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.24, 1.66) and 1.21 (95% CI = 1.06, 1.38) for ex-smokers and significantly less for obese women and oral contraceptive users. Hazard ratios for most questions about racism were elevated by 10% to 30% but were not statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Earlier onset of natural menopause among African American women is strongly associated with smoking and inversely associated with body mass index and oral contraceptive use.
authors.affiliation: Slone Epidemiology Unit, Boston University School of Public Health, Mass 02215, USA. jpalmer@slone.bu.edu
authors.forename: Julie R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: Lynn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.forename: Lauren A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Wise
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Horton
authors.forename: Lucile L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Adams-Campbell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017677:Age Distribution; D017668:Age of Onset; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; D005260:Female; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008572:Menarche / Q000208:ethnology; D008593:Menopause / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000502:physiology; D008594:Menopause, Premature / Q000208:ethnology / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010298:Parity; D011287:Prejudice; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000208:ethnology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral