title: Increased extracellular serotonin level in rat hippocampus induced by chronic citalopram is augmented by subchronic lithium: neurochemical and behavioural studies in the rat.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A substantial number of patients do not respond sufficiently to antidepressant drugs and are therefore often co-medicated with lithium as an augmentation strategy. However, the neurochemical rationale behind this strategy needs to be further clarified.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined the effect of chronic citalopram and subchronic lithium, alone or in combination, on (a) serum levels of citalopram and lithium, (b) animal behaviour and (c) hippocampal serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels. Furthermore, we examined the serum level of citalopram and hippocampal 5-HT following one acute citalopram injection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Microdialysis in the freely moving animals was used to determine hippocampal 5-HT and 5-HIAA. The animal behaviour was examined in the open field and forced swim test. RESULTS. We found that chronic administration of citalopram (20 mg/kg/24 h s.c.) significantly increased the 5-HT baseline relative to vehicle-treated rats. Addition of subchronic lithium (60 mmol/kg chow pellet p.o.) to chronic citalopram therapy further elevated the 5-HT levels. Moreover, we found acute citalopram (5 mg/kg s.c.) to increase the 5-HT level. The immobility time in the FST and the locomotion in the OF were unaffected by any treatments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present results support the assumption that increases in hippocampal 5-HT neurotransmission may be important in the augmentatory effect of lithium.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Basic Psychiatric Research, Department of Biological Psychiatry, 8240, Risskov, Denmark. wegener@dadlnet.dk
authors.forename: Gregers
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wegener
authors.forename: Zhale
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Bandpey
authors.forename: Ida Louise
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Heiberg
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mørk
authors.forename: Raben
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018687:Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D015283:Citalopram / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects*; D006897:Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D008094:Lithium / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012701:Serotonin / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D018687:Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation; D015283:Citalopram; D012701:Serotonin; D006897:Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid; D008094:Lithium