title: Acetylcholine muscarinic receptors and response to anti-cholinesterase therapy in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: An acetylcholine deficit remains the most consistent neurotransmitter abnormality found in Alzheimer's disease and various therapeutic agents have been targeted at this. In this study we investigated the action of Donepezil, a cholinesterase inhibitor that has few side-effects. In particular we set out to investigate whether muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) availability influences the response to this therapy. We used the novel single-photon emission tomography (SPET) tracer (R, R)[(123)I]I-quinuclidinyl benzilate (R, R[(123)I]I-QNB), which has high affinity for the M1 subtype of mAChR. Regional cerebral perfusion was also assessed using technetium-99m hexamethylpropylene amine oxime. We investigated 20 patients on Donepezil treatment and ten age-matched controls. The results showed a reduction in (R, R)[(123)I]I-QNB binding in the caudal anterior cingulate in patients compared with controls and relatively high binding in the putamen and rostral anterior cingulate, suggesting a relative sparing of mAChR in these regions. The main finding of the study was that mAChR availability as assessed by (R, R)[(123)I]I-QNB binding did not distinguish responders from non-responders. Interestingly, we found that the extent of cognitive improvement showed no positive correlation with (R, R)[(123)I]I-QNB binding in any brain region but was inversely related to binding in the insular cortex. This suggests that, within the advised cognitive performance band for use of Donepezil, response is greater in those patients with evidence of a more marked cholinergic deficit. A larger study should investigate this.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Stobhill Hospital, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Chisholm
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Owens
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pimlott
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wyper
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000077265:Donepezil; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007189:Indans / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010880:Piperidines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011813:Quinuclidinyl Benzilate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D043643:Receptor, Muscarinic M1; D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic / Q000378:metabolism*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D019690:Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D007189:Indans; D010880:Piperidines; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D043643:Receptor, Muscarinic M1; D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic; D019690:Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime; D011813:Quinuclidinyl Benzilate; C040062:3-quinuclidinyl-4-iodobenzilate; D000077265:Donepezil