title: Development and validation of a grading system for the quality of cost-effectiveness studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide a practical quantitative tool for appraising the quality of cost-effectiveness (CE) studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A committee comprising [corrected] of health economists selected a set of criteria for the instrument from an item pool. Data collected with a conjoint analysis survey on 120 international health economists were used to estimate weights for each criterion with a random effects regression model. To validate the grading system, a survey was sent to 60 individuals with health economics expertise. Participants first rated the quality of three CE studies on a visual analogue scale, and then evaluated each study using the grading system. Spearman rho and Wilcoxon tests were used to detect convergent validity and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) for discriminant validity. Agreement between the global rating by experts and the grading system was also examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixteen criteria were selected. Their coefficient estimates ranged from 1.2 to 8.9, with a sum of 93.5 on a 100-point scale. The only insignificant criterion was "use of subgroup analyses." Both convergent validity and discriminant validity of the grading system were shown by the results of the Spearman rho (correlation coefficient = 0.78, P < 0.0001), Wilcoxon test (P = 0.53), and ANCOVA (F(3,146) = 5.97, p = 0.001). The grading system had good agreement with global rating by experts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The instrument appears to be simple, internally consistent, and valid for measuring the perceived quality of CE studies. Applicability for use in clinical and resource allocation decision-making deserves further study.
authors.affiliation: Zynx Health Inc., Cerner Corporation, Beverly Hills, California 90212, USA. cchiou@cerner.com
authors.forename: Chiun-Fang
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Chiou
authors.forename: Joel W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Hay
authors.forename: Joel F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: Bernard S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Bloom
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Neumann
authors.forename: Sean D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: Hsing-Ting
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Emmett B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Keeler
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Henning
authors.forename: Joshua J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Ofman
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis / Q000592:standards; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004470:Economics, Medical; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006801:Humans; D018803:Models, Economic