title: Visual prognosis after indirect traumatic optic neuropathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate a possible correlation between final visual acuity and the presence at baseline of various systemic and local (orbital/ocular) signs in patients affected by indirect traumatic optic neuropathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  35 cases of traumatic optic neuropathy were examined retrospectively and 13 variables were tested. Univariate analysis with "no recovery of visual acuity" as the primary outcome was performed. Relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Fisher's exact test was used for two variables to test differences between proportions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four variables showed a significantly increased risk for no recovery of visual acuity: presence of blood within the posterior ethmoidal cells (RR = 2.25, 95% CI 1.25 to 4.04); age over 40 years (RR = 1.79, 1.07 to 2.99); loss of consciousness associated with traumatic optic neuropathy (RR = 2.21, 1.17 to 4.16); and absence of recovery after 48 hours of steroid treatment (p < 0.01, Fisher's exact test). Recovery documented at the first follow up visit after treatment was significantly associated with recovery at the last follow up visit (p < 0.01, Fisher's exact test).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These four negative prognostic signs in patients affected by traumatic optic neuropathy may be useful in predicting the visual outcome in patients developing visual loss after head trauma and in deciding on the need for surgical treatment.
authors.affiliation: Neuro-Ophthalmology Service, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Parma, via Gramsci 14, 43100 Parma, Italy. acarta@unipr.it
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carta
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ferrigno
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salvo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bianchi-Marzoli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boschi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Carta
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001766:Blindness / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D016489:Head Injuries, Closed / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009104:Multiple Trauma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D009900:Optic Nerve / Q000503:physiopathology; D020221:Optic Nerve Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology*