title: Structural basis of neurogenic bladder dysfunction. III. Intrinsic detrusor innervation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We studied the ultrastructure of intrinsic detrusor innervation in long-standing neurogenic bladder dysfunction in the human.
  
  
  METHODS
  Endoscopic or open detrusor biopsies were obtained from 15 female and 31 male patients 7 to 96 years old who had hyperreflexic neurogenic bladder dysfunction for less than 1 to 43 years. Of the patients 9 had meningomyelocele, 25 had spinal cord injury and 12 had a brain disorder. Changes in intrinsic detrusor nerves were evaluated by electron microscopy qualitatively and quantitatively according to predefined criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Axonal degeneration was observed in 44 of the 45 biopsies with discernible intrinsic nerves. Structurally normal axons were 5(1/2) or 4 times more common in brain disorder than meningomyelocele or spinal cord injury group biopsies (median 33%, 6%, 8%, respectively). Axonal regeneration, not encountered in nonneuropathic dysfunctional detrusors, was observed in restricted distribution in most biopsies (76%) and was independent of the duration of neurogenic bladder dysfunction. Axon sprouts were observed in 17 biopsies (38%), and copeptidergic axons formed 20% (median per biopsy) of discernible axon profiles in contrast to less than 1% in normal detrusor. Activated Schwann cells were observed in all but 1 biopsy. The axonal changes were not associated with the level or degree of spinal cord lesion in patients with meningomyelocele or spinal cord injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combined degeneration and regeneration is the characteristic change in intrinsic nerves of detrusor in upper motoneuron neurogenic bladder dysfunction. The observed changes offer the possibility of clinically recognizing neuropathic contribution to a dysfunctional detrusor, as well as the potential to distinguish its spinal versus supraspinal etiology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haferkamp
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dörsam
authors.forename: Neil M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Resnick
authors.forename: Subbarao V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Yalla
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elbadawi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000150:complications; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008591:Meningomyelocele / Q000150:complications; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008875:Middle Aged; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000294:innervation* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology