title: Spatial and temporal analysis of second-generation anticoagulant rodenticide residues in polecats (Mustela putorius) from throughout their range in Britain, 1992-1999.
abstract: Polecats (Mustela putorius) in Britain are currently expanding their range eastwards from Wales to reoccupy central and eastern areas of England. Second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides (SGARs), to which polecats are exposed by eating contaminated prey, are used more extensively in these central and eastern regions, leading to fears of increased exposure, and possible resultant mortality. We measured bromadiolone, difenacoum, flocoumafen and brodifacoum concentrations in the livers of 50 polecats from areas that included newly recolonised habitats and found that at least one SGAR was detected in the livers of 13 out of 37 (35.1%) male and 5 out of 13 (38.5%) female polecats. Difenacoum and bromadiolone were detected most frequently. We then combined these data with measurements on another 50 individuals from earlier studies to create a dataset for 100 polecats collected throughout the 1990s from across the whole of their current range. Using this dataset, we determined if there was any evidence that contamination in polecats had increased during the 1990s and whether animals from England were more contaminated than those from Wales, as might be expected given regional differences in the patterns of SGAR use. Overall, 31 of the 100 polecats analysed to date contained SGAR residues. The incidence was a little higher (40%) in animals that died between January and June and this probably better reflects the overall proportion of animals that are sub-lethally exposed. There was no statistically significant change during the 1990s in the proportion of polecats exposed to SGARs nor any evidence that greater use of SGARs in England resulted in more contamination of polecats. Contrary to expectation, the proportion of animals that contained difenacoum was marginally higher in Wales than elsewhere.
authors.affiliation: NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Monks Wood, Abbots Ripton, Cambridgeshire PE28 2LS, Huntingdon, UK.
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Shore
authors.forename: J D S
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Birks
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Afsar
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Wienburg
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Kitchener
mesh_terms: D015110:4-Hydroxycoumarins / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D005289:Ferrets / Q000378:metabolism*; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D012378:Rodenticides / Q000032:analysis*; D013997:Time Factors; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D015110:4-Hydroxycoumarins; D000925:Anticoagulants; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D012378:Rodenticides; C048069:flocoumafen; C013418:bromfenacoum; C021636:bromadiolone; C012903:difenacoum