title: Study of drug resistance in previously treated tuberculosis patients in Gujarat, India.
abstract: METHODS
  Department of Tuberculosis and Chest Diseases and State Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Training Centre (STDTC), a DOTS centre in Ahmedabad, Gujarat State, India. The study was carried out by retrospectively reviewing patient data between January 2000 and August 2001.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the pattern of drug resistance among previously treated tuberculosis patients who remained symptomatic or smear-positive despite receiving anti-tuberculosis drugs under DOTS for a minimum of 5 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1472 pulmonary tuberculosis patients who had taken anti-tuberculosis treatment were evaluated retrospectively with respect to their drug resistance pattern by sputum culture for acid-fast bacilli (AFB) and sensitivity testing with isoniazid, rifampicin, streptomycin and ethambutol (E).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 1472 patients evaluated, 804 (54.6%) were treatment failure cases and 668 (45.4%) were relapse cases; 822 patients (373 failure and 449 relapse) were culture-positive. Of these 822 patients, 482 (58.64%, 261 failure and 221 relapse) were resistant to one or more drugs. Resistance to one drug was observed in 86 patients (10.46%), to two drugs in 149 (18.13%), to three drugs in 122 (14.84%) and to four drugs in 125 (15.21%). Single drug resistance was most commonly seen with isoniazid (62 patients, 7.5%), followed by streptomycin (12 patients, 1.4%), rifampicin (eight patients, 0.97%) and ethambutol (four patients, 0.4%). Resistance to isoniazid plus rifampicin alone was seen in 76 patients (9.2%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Drug resistance is a major problem in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Detection of drug resistance patterns and treatment with second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs in appropriate regimens are necessary in the treatment of failure and relapse cases in order to reduce the emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.
authors.affiliation: State Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Training Centre, Department of Tuberculosis and Chest Diseases, Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad, India. ashishshah@eth.net
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.forename: K V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Shah
mesh_terms: D000904:Antibiotics, Antitubercular / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023801:Directly Observed Therapy; D004977:Ethambutol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007538:Isoniazid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012293:Rifampin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013307:Streptomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013997:Time Factors; D017211:Treatment Failure; D018088:Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000904:Antibiotics, Antitubercular; D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D004977:Ethambutol; D007538:Isoniazid; D012293:Rifampin; D013307:Streptomycin