title: Lower body anatomical distribution of solar ultraviolet radiation on the human form in standing and sitting postures.
abstract: Humans undertake their daily activities in a number of different postures. This paper aims to compare the anatomical distribution of the solar erythemal UV to human legs for standing and sitting postures. The exposure ratios to the legs (ratio of the UV exposure to a particular anatomical site compared to the ambient) have been measured with UV dosimeters for standing and sitting postures of a manikin. The exposure ratios for the legs ranged from 0 to 0.75 for the different anatomical sites for the sitting posture in summer (December through February) compared to 0.14 to 0.39 for the standing posture. In winter (June through August) the exposure ratios ranged from 0.01 to 0.91 for sitting to 0.17 to 0.81 for standing. For the anterior thigh and shin, the erythemal UV exposures increased by a factor of approximately 3 for sitting compared to standing postures. The exposure ratios to specific anatomical sites have been multiplied by the ambient erythemal UV exposures for each day to calculate the annual exposures. The annual erythemal exposures to the anterior thigh and ankle were predicted to be higher than 800 MED for humans sitting outdoors each day between noon and 13:00 h Australian Eastern Standard Time (EST). For humans standing outdoors during this time, the annual erythemal UV exposure averaged over each leg site was 436 MED, whereas, the averaged annual erythemal UV exposure was 512 MED for the sitting posture. Similarly, the annual erythemal UV exposure averaged over each of the sites was 173 MED for humans standing outdoors between 09:00 h EST and noon each Saturday morning and 205 MED for humans sitting outdoors during this time. These results show that there is increased risk of non-melanoma skin cancer and malignant melanoma to the lower body if no UV preventative strategies are employed while in a sitting posture compared to a standing posture.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Astronomy, Solar Radiation and Climate, Faculty of Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba 4350, Australia. parisi@usq.edu.au
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Parisi
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Kimlin
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lester
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Turnbull
mesh_terms: D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004890:Erythema / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg; D008348:Manikins; D008545:Melanoma / Q000209:etiology; D008954:Models, Biological; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000209:etiology; D018462:Photobiology; D011187:Posture; D011793:Queensland; D011874:Radiometry; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays / Q000009:adverse effects*