title: Improving medication safety and patient care in the emergency department.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Medication errors are well documented in medical literature and the lay press. Through participation in a nationwide institute for healthcare improvement initiative, our emergency department performance improvement group focused on human and system factors that contributed to potential medication errors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey conducted of ED staff examined barriers to reporting medication errors and potential "near misses." members of the emergency department performance improvement group examined contents of the ed Pyxis machines, assessing medications that physically resembled one another, similar sounding medications located in close proximity, and medications available in differing doses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-eight members participated in a 4-question survey. Half reported they would be likely to self-report a "near miss" if the patient was not harmed. About half would report the medication error of a colleague under certain circumstances. Fifty-one percent believed there would be repercussions for reporting medication error, but most believed they would receive support from supervisors for addressing other safety problems. Nearly one quarter of the 278 medications identified in the Pyxis survey were similar in appearance or name or existed in multidose formulations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Measures to decrease the potential of medication errors include: (1) a workplace environment that promotes reporting of medication errors or "close calls" by staff, with counseling events utilized as learning opportunities versus punitive incidents; (2) increased frequency of medication safety in-service sessions; and (3) periodic monitoring of Pyxis machine inventories to survey contents for optimum patient safety.
authors.affiliation: Nurse Corps, United States Navy, and Emergency Department, Naval Hospital Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Fla, USA. c_e_schmidt@sat.med.navy.mil
authors.forename: Christopher E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bottoni
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D004509:Education, Nursing, Continuing; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000592:standards*; D006804:Ergonomics; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D007318:Inservice Training; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000451:nursing / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008510:Medication Systems, Hospital / Q000592:standards; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000193:education / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000523:psychology; D015279:Organizational Culture; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012308:Risk Management / Q000458:organization & administration; D017751:Safety Management / Q000458:organization & administration*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013597:Systems Analysis; D017749:Total Quality Management / Q000458:organization & administration*; D014768:Virginia; D017132:Workplace / Q000458:organization & administration