title: Is a filum terminale with a normal appearance really normal?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tethered spinal cord is defined as a condition in which the conus medullaris ends at a level below the L1-2 intervertebral space. The spinal cord is considered to be tethered when there is a thick filum terminale or low-lying conus medullaris. It has also been reported that a normal level of the conus medullaris and normal thickness of the filum terminale do not mean that there is no cord tethering.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this investigation, we examined 21 fila terminalia; 5 of them were taken from cadavers, and these were used as a control group (group 1; n/n), 8 from patients with a normal appearance of the filum terminale but with clinical symptoms (incontinence) and pathologic results of a urodynamic study (group 2; n/ab), and 8 from patients with an abnormal appearance of the filum terminale and with clinical symptoms (group 3; ab/ab). Interestingly, we found that while fila terminalia in the control group were made up mainly of collagen fibers, more connective tissue with dense collagen fibers, some hyalinization and dilated capillaries were noticed in the fila from group 2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results suggest that these histological features may reflect a decreased elasticity within the filum terminale, resulting in a tethering effect on the lower conus in otherwise normal physiological conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings lead us to reconsider sectioning of the filum terminale in incontinent patients with normal results in radiological studies, whose condition is called "nonneurogenic neurogenic bladder."
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey. mselcuki@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Selçuki
authors.forename: Seda
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vatansever
authors.forename: Sevinç
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Inan
authors.forename: Esra
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Erdemli
authors.forename: Celal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bağdatoğlu
authors.forename: Ayse
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Polat
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002420:Cauda Equina / Q000473:pathology*; D002648:Child; D006651:Histocytochemistry; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010523:Peripheral Nervous System Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000209:etiology