title: Interferon-induced Raynaud's syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of interferon-induced Raynaud's phenomenon.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical literature was reviewed from 1967 to November 2001 with the assistance of a MEDLINE search using the key words: Raynaud, Interferon, ischemia, thrombosis and necrosis. A qualitative review was performed after the articles were abstracted and the relevant information was summarized.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-four cases of interferon-induced Raynaud's phenomenon (including our patient) are described. Interpheron-alpha was the most common causative agent (14 cases). The symptoms appeared weeks to years after beginning treatment and varied from mild vasospasm to occlusion of digital arteries and tissue necrosis (14 cases), sometimes necessitating finger amputation (6 patients). Digital plethysmography, arteriography and capillaroscopy were valuable diagnostic tools. In 4 cases, cardiac, ophthalmic, or central nervous system drug-induced ischemia accompanied the peripheral Raynaud's phenomenon. Of the 15 cases with a documented outcome, withdrawal of the drug alone resulted in complete (6 patients) or partial (1 patient) recovery. In the others, supportive therapy was needed. The recovery period lasted from 2 weeks to 3 months. In 2 patients, continuation of treatment was possible.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Raynaud's phenomenon and related complications must be recognized as possible side effects of interferon therapy. Early diagnosis and withdrawal of the drug may prevent unnecessary morbidity and disability.
authors.affiliation: B. Shine Department of Rheumatology, Department of Hematology, Rambam Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schapira
authors.forename: Abraham Menahem
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Nahir
authors.forename: Nuhad
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hadad
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011928:Raynaud Disease / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D012075:Remission, Spontaneous; D012621:Seasons; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D016898:Interferon-alpha