title: Drug resistance mutations and outcome of second-line treatment in patients with first-line protease inhibitor failure on nelfinavir-containing HAART.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine resistance mutations emerging in HIV-1-infected patients experiencing their first protease inhibitor (PI)-failure on nelfinavir-containing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), and to assess virological response to rescue regimens.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma HIV-1 RNA from 24 patients failing nelfinavir-containing HAART was sequenced. Failure was defined as two consecutive measurements of viral load > 400 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL. Patients with previous failure on other PIs were excluded. Data on response to second-line treatment was extracted from patient files.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At failure primary protease mutations were found in 14 patients (58%). Ten patients had D30N (38%), five patients had L90M (19%), two patients had V82A/F (8%) and two patients had M46I/L (8%). Two patients had both D30N and L90M. Pronounced increases of secondary protease mutations were seen at codon 88 (Delta: 33%), codon 36 (Delta: 30%) and codon 71 (Delta: 17%). Of eight patients with N88D, seven also harboured D30N (P < 0.01). Polymorphisms at codon 63 were detected at baseline in all patients who developed primary resistance mutations at failure (P < 0.01). On rescue regimens, 78% achieved viral loads below limit of detection (BLD). The presence of primary protease mutations was not associated with a higher risk of failure on second-line treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients failing nelfinavir-containing HAART, D30N was detected frequently and L90M occasionally. A pronounced accumulation of the secondary protease mutations N88D, M36I, and A71V/T was found, and D30N was strongly associated with N88D. A high proportion of patients became undetectable on second-line treatment and the presence of primary resistance mutations did not negatively affect the outcome of rescue regimens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Denmark. roege@rh.dk
authors.forename: B T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Røge
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Katzenstein
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gerstoft
mesh_terms: D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D016333:HIV Protease / Q000235:genetics; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase / Q000235:genetics; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D019888:Nelfinavir / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA; D017211:Treatment Failure; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D012367:RNA, Viral; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase; D016333:HIV Protease; D019888:Nelfinavir