title: Experience with registered mucosal vaccines.
abstract: Most pathogens gain access to their host through mucosal surfaces. It is therefore desirable to develop vaccination strategies that lead to mucosal immune responses. Ideally, a vaccine should be administered mucosally in order to elicit mucosal protection. Several attenuated live viral and bacterial pathogens are registered as oral vaccines for human use, including the oral polio vaccine (Sabin) as well as attenuated strains of Salmonella typhi and Vibrio cholerae. These attenuated bacterial live vaccines-S. typhi Ty21a as well as V. cholerae CVD 103-HgR-are employed as vaccines against typhoid and cholera, respectively. In this manuscript, we review the immune responses that are induced by these vaccines, with a focus on mucosal immunity.
authors.affiliation: Berna Biotech Ltd, Rehhagstr 79, CH-3018, Berne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dietrich
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Griot-Wenk
authors.forename: Ian C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Metcalfe
authors.forename: Alois B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Viret
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D002771:Cholera / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D022121:Cholera Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000502:physiology; D012485:Salmonella typhi / Q000276:immunology; D014435:Typhoid Fever / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D014436:Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology; D014611:Vaccination; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology; D014734:Vibrio cholerae / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D022121:Cholera Vaccines; D014436:Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated