title: Intracardiac echocardiography guided device closure of atrial septal defects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to determine the feasibility and accuracy of intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) in guiding percutaneous closure of atrial septal defects (ASD).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Intracardiac echocardiography is a novel imaging technique that might be used to guide interventional procedures. The sensitivity and specificity of ICE, compared to standard imaging techniques, in detecting potentially adverse procedural events and guiding remedial action will be an important consideration in its use.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective study, 24 patients underwent device closure of ASD using ICE as the primary echocardiographic imaging modality. Feasibility was expressed as proportion of cases in which complete diagnostic ICE imaging was achieved. Accuracy was expressed as the percent agreement between ICE and simultaneously performed transesophageal echocardiography (TEE).
  
  
  RESULTS
  High-quality ICE images were acquired in all patients, though images were limited in two patients with aneurysmal septa. Intracardiac echocardiography successfully guided closure of 24 out of 25 ASDs (96%) in 23 patients. There was close agreement between ICE and TEE in their assessment of device position and the adequacy of septal capture before device release (98%) and in identifying the presence of significant residual shunts. Intracardiac echocardiography detected all potentially adverse events, including four malpositions, and guided appropriate remedial action.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intracardiac echocardiography guided device closure of secundum ASDs is feasible in the majority of patients and provides diagnostic data comparable to TEE. These data indicate that ICE may be used to guide routine closure of ASDs in adults without the need for TEE and general anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: University of Toronto Congenital Cardiac Centre for Adults, Toronto General Hospital, Canada. m.mullen@rbh.nthames.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Mullen
authors.forename: Bryan F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Samuel C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Siu
authors.forename: Lee N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Benson
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: McLaughlin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000209:etiology; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies