title: Intraoperative lavage cytologic analysis of surgical margins in patients undergoing limited surgery for lung cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  One of the unfavorable recurrent patterns after limited surgery for lung cancer is local failure, especially at the surgical margin in the pulmonary parenchyma. To prevent this failure, we preliminarily introduced a novel intraoperative lavage cytologic technique to check surgical margin status for limited surgery. In this study we analyzed the clinical utility of this technique with a larger number of patients under long-term follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total 112 consecutive lung cancer lesions prospectively treated by limited surgery with the intraoperative lavage cytologic technique between October 1997 and August 2000 were reviewed through a median follow-up period of 27 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven lesions (10%) showed cytologically positive results in the attempted surgery on the surgical margin. The positive result rate was significantly higher for lesions with more advanced stage, compromised indication, incurability, and larger size. Surgical modes were converted intraoperatively for 4 lesions; in the other 7 lesions no conversion was performed because of certain disadvantages. Local recurrence in the surgical margin occurred in a total of 4 lesions, including 3 for which the operative mode was unconverted and 1 lesion with cytologically unknown status of the surgical margin that had the mode converted, whereas there were no local recurrences in the surgical margins among the lesions with final cytologically negative results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cytologically negative results of examination of the surgical margin by the technique of intraoperative lavage cytologic in limited surgery for lung cancer may be predict lack of local recurrence in the surgical margin. This intraoperative cytologic technique is clinically useful in checking for complete resection of this primary disease.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Thoracic Surgery, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Suita Municipal Hospital, Osaka, Japan. higamasa@rj8.so-net.ne.jp
authors.forename: Masahiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Higashiyama
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kodama
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takami
authors.forename: Naozumi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Higaki
authors.forename: Tomio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakayama
authors.forename: Hideoki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yokouchi
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation; D013997:Time Factors