title: Calmodulin and calmodulin-dependent kinase II mediate neuronal cell death induced by depolarization.
abstract: Depolarization has been known to play an important role in the neuronal damage that occurs following cerebral ischemia. In the present study, we investigated the roles of calmodulin (CaM) and CaM-dependent enzymes in depolarization-induced neuronal cell death. Treatment of primary cortical neurons with 10 microM veratridine, a voltage sensitive Na(+) channel activator, induced cell death as indicated by lactate dehydrogenase leakage from neurons. CaM antagonists (calmidazolium, trifluoperazine, W-7, and W-5) inhibited cell death induced by veratridine in a concentration-dependent manner. CaM kinase II (CaMKII) inhibitors (KN-62, KN-93, and myristoylated autocamtide-2 related inhibitory peptide), but not inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase or calcineurin, prevented veratridine-induced neuronal cell death. Veratridine rapidly activated CaMKII in neurons, and CaM antagonists and a CaMKII inhibitor suppressed the CaMKII activation. These results suggest that the CaM-CaMKII pathway contributes to depolarization-evoked cell death in neurons.
authors.affiliation: New Product Research Laboratories II, Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-16-13 Kitakasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiromichi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takano
authors.forename: Hiromichi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fukushi
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Morishima
authors.forename: Yasufumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shirasaki
mesh_terms: D019307:1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001596:Benzylamines / Q000494:pharmacology; D054732:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D002147:Calmodulin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000166:cytology* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000502:physiology*; D004533:Egtazic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005333:Fetus; D007700:Kinetics; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000502:physiology; D009543:Nifedipine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009570:Nitriles; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000494:pharmacology; D014268:Trifluoperazine / Q000494:pharmacology; D014701:Veratridine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides
chemical_list: D019307:1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine; D001596:Benzylamines; D054732:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D002147:Calmodulin; D004533:Egtazic Acid; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; D009543:Nifedipine; D009570:Nitriles; D011722:Pyrethrins; D013449:Sulfonamides; D016559:Tacrolimus; D014268:Trifluoperazine; D014701:Veratridine; C072105:KN 93; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides; C017180:decamethrin; C063302:KN 62; C017967:W 7; C034700:N-(6-aminohexyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide