title: Fractal analysis of internal and peripheral textures of small peripheral bronchogenic carcinomas in thin-section computed tomography: comparison of bronchioloalveolar cell carcinomas with nonbronchioloalveolar cell carcinomas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the internal and peripheral textures of small peripheral bronchogenic carcinomas (<2 cm) in thin-section computed tomography (HRCT) images with fractal analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thin-section computed tomography images from 70 patients with bronchogenic carcinomas (61 adenocarcinomas and 9 squamous cell carcinomas) were used. Regions of interest (ROIs) with a matrix size of 32 x 32 (0.326 mm per pixel) were selected manually on the lung-nodule interfaces and within the nodules on HRCT images. Three-dimensional density surfaces based on CT values of ROIs were characterized by fractal dimensions (FDs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  When all the bronchogenic carcinomas were divided into bronchioloalveolar cell carcinomas (BACs) and other bronchogenic carcinomas (nonBACs), there were significant differences between BACs and nonBACs in the FDs obtained from the internal textures (mean: 2.38 +/- 0.05 versus 2.19 +/- 0.05; P< 0.0001) and in the FDs obtained from the peripheral textures (mean: 2.16 +/- 0.01 versus 2.06 +/- 0.01; P< 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The textures of BACs that reveal ground-glass opacities are more complicated than those of nonBACs. The FDs can differentiate between small localized BACs, which have a good prognosis, and nonBACs, which have a poor prognosis. Fractal analysis is promising for characterization of small peripheral pulmonary bronchogenic carcinomas based on radiographic features of HRCT images.
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Japan. kido@ai.csse.yamaguchi-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Shoji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kido
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kuriyama
authors.forename: Masahiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Higashiyama
authors.forename: Tsutomu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kasugai
authors.forename: Chikazumi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kuroda
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002282:Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002283:Carcinoma, Bronchogenic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D017709:Fractals; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed