title: A rapid method for determining recent sunscreen use in field studies.
abstract: The role of sunscreens in preventing skin cancer and melanoma is the focus of ongoing research. Currently, there is no objective measure which can be used in field studies to determine whether a person has applied sunscreen to their skin, and researchers must use indirect assessments such as questionnaires. We sought to develop a rapid, non-invasive method for identifying sunscreen on the skin for use in epidemiological studies. Our basic method is to swab the skin, elute any residues which have been adsorbed onto the swab by rinsing in ethanol, and submit the eluted washings for spectrophotometric analysis. In a controlled study, we applied 0.1 ml of sunscreen to a 50 cm(2) grid on both forearms of 21 volunteers. Each forearm was allocated one of 10 different sunscreen brands. The skin was swabbed after intervals of 20 min, 1 h, 2 h and 4 h. In a field study conducted among 12 children aged 2-4 years attending a child care centre, sunscreen was applied to the faces of half the children. Swabs were then taken from the face and back of all children without knowledge of sunscreen status. In the controlled study, sunscreen was clearly detectable up to 2 h after application for all brands containing organic sunscreen, and marginally detectable at 4 h. In the field study, this method correctly identified all children with and without sunscreen. We conclude that spectrophotometric analysis of skin swabs can reliably detect the presence of sunscreen on the skin for up to 2 h after application.
authors.affiliation: Division of Population and Clinical Sciences, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, P.O. Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Herston QLD 4029, Australia. davew@qimr.edu.au
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Whiteman
authors.forename: Robyn M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Chunxia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Christine L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Paterson
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Peter G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Parsons
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010777:Photochemistry; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry*; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D013473:Sunscreening Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D013473:Sunscreening Agents