title: Factors affecting the pullout strength of self-drilling and self-tapping anterior cervical screws.
abstract: METHODS
  A biomechanical comparison of 12-, 14-, and 16-mm self-tapping and self-drilling screws in cadaveric cervical spines was performed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study compared self-drilling and self-tapping screw designs used in anterior cervical locking plates in terms of insertion torque and pullout strength. In addition to screw design, the effects of screw length (12, 14, and 16 mm) and bone mineral density were examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 201 screws were implanted and tested. Nineteen cadaver spine specimens (C2 through C7) were radiographed and their bone mineral density measured. In each vertebral level, two screws of the same length were implanted and their insertion torque measured. One of each screw design (self-drilling or self-tapping) was randomly placed in each vertebra for side-by-side comparison. Vertebrae then were individually potted and mounted on an MTS machine for accurate measurement of maximum pullout strength.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pullout strength was strongly related to screw length ( = 0.0002). There was no significant difference in pullout strength between the self-drilling and self-tapping screw designs at any length ( = 0.9352). A significant correlation ( </= 0.0077) exists between insertion torque and bone mineral density for the self-drilling and self-tapping 14- and 16-mm screws. A significant correlation exists between pullout strength and bone mineral density for 14- and 16-mm screw lengths of both screw types ( < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It would appear that the longest screw feasible should always be used clinically for maximum pullout strength. There is no difference in pullout strength between self-drilling and self-tapping screws. Bone mineral density significantly influences screw performance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Drive/Room 1847 JPP, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. patrick-hitchon@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Patrick W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Hitchon
authors.forename: Matthew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Brenton
authors.forename: Justin K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Coppes
authors.forename: Aaron M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: From
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Torner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology; D001863:Bone Screws / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002102:Cadaver; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011859:Radiography; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D019415:Torque