title: Depression in people living with HIV/AIDS attending primary care and outpatient clinics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to gain an estimate of the rate of depressive disorder in patients with HIV/AIDS attending general practice and to investigate factors associated with depression. A further objective was to determine the ability of non-mental health medical practitioners to detect depressive symptoms in their patients with HIV/AIDS. METHODS Participants comprised 322 persons living with HIV/AIDS ( (PLWHA); 13 females, 309 males; mean age 41.4, SD = 8.9) who were recruited from four general practice clinics specializing in HIV medicine and from an infectious diseases clinic. Medical, psychiatric and sociodemographic data were obtained. In addition, participants completed the Inventory to Diagnose Depression (IDD), a self-report measure to detect depression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-two per cent of the sample met criteria for a current Major Depressive Episode (DSM-IV defined) on the IDD. Overall, there was moderate agreement between treating doctors' diagnosis of depression and patients' self-report of depressive symptoms. A multivariate model indicated that being in a current relationship was associated with lowered odds of depression (OR = 0.43; CI = 0.23-0.81). The factors strongly associated with increased odds of depression were a past history of illicit drug use (OR = 2.98; CI = 1.60-5.54) and a diagnosis of 'stress' by treating doctors (OR = 5.65; CI = 2.50-12.77). HIV-related medical variables such as immune function, use of antiretro-viral medication and duration of HIV infection were not associated with depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a high rate of self-reported depression in this group of PLWHA which was also recognized by treating clinicians. Being in a relationship appeared to afford protection against depression while having a history of illicit drug use and current 'stress' were highly associated with depression. Interestingly, HIV-related medical variables including laboratory markers of HIV disease, duration of illness and antiretroviral medication regimen were not related to depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Australia. angelaak@unimelb.edu.au
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Komiti
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Judd
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Grech
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mijch
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hoy
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Street
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lloyd
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D015704:CD4 Antigens / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011320:Primary Health Care; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D015704:CD4 Antigens