title: In vitro electrical properties for iridium oxide versus titanium nitride stimulating electrodes.
abstract: Stimulating electrode materials must be capable of supplying high-density electrical charge to effectively activate neural tissue. Platinum is the most commonly used material for neural stimulation. Two other materials have been considered: iridium oxide and titanium nitride. This study directly compared the electrical characteristics of iridium oxide and titanium nitride by fabricating silicon substrate probes that differed only in the material used to form the electrode. Electrochemical measurements indicated that iridium oxide had lower impedance and a higher charge storage capacity than titanium nitride, suggesting better performance as a stimulating electrode. Direct measurement of the electrode potential in response to a biphasic current pulse confirmed that iridium oxide uses less voltage to transfer the same amount of charge, therefore using less power. The charge injection limit for titanium nitride was 0.87 mC/cm2, contradicting other reports estimating that titanium nitride was capable of injecting 22 mC/cm2. Iridium oxide charge storage was 4 mC/cm2, which is comparable to other published values for iridium oxide. Electrode efficiency will lead to an overall more efficient and effective device.
authors.affiliation: Doheny Retina Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA. jweiland@dei.hsc.usc.edu
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Weiland
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Humayun
mesh_terms: D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D025802:Electric Capacitance; D017097:Electric Impedance; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis / Q000379:methods; D007495:Iridium; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000379:methods; D008839:Microelectrodes; D011786:Quality Control; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; C044458:iridium oxide; D007495:Iridium; C041500:titanium nitride; D014025:Titanium