title: Patient and community preferences for outcomes in prostate cancer: implications for clinical policy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Preferences, or utilities, for health outcomes are central in prostate cancer decision-making. Utilities can be elicited directly from patients using standard techniques, or indirectly, using questionnaires that incorporate preference weights from community members.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate directly elicited and indirectly elicited (questionnaire-derived, community-weighted) utilities for prostate cancer outcomes and the effects of sexual, urinary, and bowel dysfunction on them.
  
  
  METHODS
  Utilities for the current health of 141 prostate cancer patients, recruited from ambulatory clinics, were elicited directly with the Patient Oriented Prostate Utility Scale, rating scale (PORPUS-U(RS)) and standard gamble (PORPUS-U(SG)) subscales. Patients completed the Health Utilities Index (HUI) and Quality of Well Being Scale (QWB), utility instruments incorporating community preferences, and the UCLA Prostate Cancer Index.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients' treatments included radical prostatectomy (18%), radiation (60%), and hormonal (42%). Mean utility scores for current health were 0.65 (QWB), 0.79 (PORPUS-U(RS)), 0.80 (HUI), 0.86 (PORPUS-U(SG)). Utility decrements for dysfunction were small (0.08-0.14 [sexual], 0.06 to 0.13 [urinary], and 0.01 to 0.13 [bowel]), and even smaller when adjusted for concomitant changes in other quality of life (QOL) domains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients' directly elicited utilities for their own health were higher than community-derived utilities obtained from HUI and QWB administration to the same patients. HUI scores of these patients were similar to those of age-matched Canadian men. Sexual, urinary, and bowel problems were common but had less impact on overall QOL than reported in previous utility studies. These results weaken the argument that prostate cancer screening and treatment should be limited because of severe and debilitative side effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine And Programme in Clinical Epidemiology and Health Care Research, University of Toronto, Ontario, Candada. murray.krahn@uhn.on.ca
authors.forename: Murray
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krahn
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ritvo
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Irvine
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tomlinson
authors.forename: Karen E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Bremner
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bezjak
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Trachtenberg
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Naglie
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D003657:Decision Making; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D007410:Intestinal Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011468:Prostatectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D011788:Quality of Life; D012735:Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological / Q000209:etiology; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery