title: Enhancing the effectiveness of graduated driver licensing legislation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many states have enacted graduated driver licensing (GDL) systems in an effort to reduce the very high crash rates of young beginning drivers. This article addresses how to achieve the maximum benefit from GDL by ensuring compliance with protective restrictions.
  The major crash reductions due to GDL systems result from the protective restrictions during the initial two levels, which isolate novice drivers from the highest risk driving situations. Accordingly, GDL systems should include protective restrictions that adequately control the greatest dangers facing young drivers: multiple teen passengers and night driving before midnight.
  Including protective restrictions that are supported by parents and teens will encourage compliance. Furthermore, linking a teen's advancement through GDL to demonstrated responsible driving will likely encourage compliance more than threatening punishment for violations.
  Parents are in a prime position to enforce most GDL restrictions, but there is some evidence they do not enforce those restrictions that they consider too extreme. Little is currently known about the involvement of law enforcement in GDL systems, but there is potential for high visibility law enforcement activities to encourage compliance with restrictions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a need for better designed GDL systems in many states; more research is needed to examine compliance with restrictions and to evaluate enforcement efforts by parents and law enforcement.
authors.affiliation: Highway Safety Research Center, University of North Carolina, 730 Airport Road, CB 3430, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3430, USA. rob_foss@unc.edu
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Foss
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goodwin
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control; D000293:Adolescent; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000523:psychology; D033062:Friends; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006801:Humans; D035846:Law Enforcement; D008004:Licensure / Q000145:classification / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D016487:Parenting; D010379:Peer Group; D015397:Program Evaluation; D013995:Time; D014481:United States