title: Genetic affinities of the Andaman Islanders, a vanishing human population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Andaman Islands in the Bay of Bengal are inhabited by hunter-gatherers of unknown origin, now on the verge of extinction. The Andamanese and other Asian small-statured peoples, traditionally known as "Negritos," resemble African pygmies. However, it is generally believed that they descend from the early Australo-Melanesian settlers of Southeast Asia and that their resemblance to some Africans is due to adaptation to a similar environment, rather than shared origins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We analyzed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences and RFLP polymorphisms, and Y chromosome biallelic markers and microsatellites, in present-day Andamanese of the Onge, Jarawa, and Great Andamanese tribes, and of inhabitants of the neighboring Nicobar Islands. We also analyzed mtDNA sequences from Andamanese hair samples collected by an ethnographer during 1906-1908. Living Andamanese exhibit low genetic variability that is consistent with their small population size and reproductive isolation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicate that the Andamanese have closer affinities to Asian than to African populations and suggest that they are the descendants of the early Palaeolithic colonizers of Southeast Asia. In contrast, the Nicobarese have genetic affinities to groups widely distributed throughout Asia today, presumably descended from Neolithic agriculturalists.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, 440 006, Nagpur, India.
authors.forename: Kumarasamy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Thangaraj
authors.forename: Lalji
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Alla G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: V Raghavendra
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: Subhash C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Sehgal
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Underhill
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pierson
authors.forename: Ian G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Frame
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hagelberg
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D001483:Base Sequence; D041322:Chromosomes, Human, Y / Q000235:genetics; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005828:Genetics, Population; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial