title: Diagnostic strategies to detect glucose intolerance in a multiethnic population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Identifying individuals who have elevated glucose concentrations is important for clinicians so that preventive strategies can be invoked, and it is useful for researchers who study associations between elevated glucose and adverse health outcomes. These methods should be applicable worldwide across different ethnic groups. Therefore, the objective of our analysis was to determine whether using the fasting glucose and HbA(1c) together could improve the classification of individuals with impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes in a multiethnic cohort randomly assembled in Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined the optimum diagnostic criteria to identify people with abnormal glucose tolerance using fasting plasma glucose, 2-h post-glucose load plasma glucose, and HbA(1c) in 936 Canadians of South Asian, Chinese, and European descent.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sensitivity of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria to diagnose diabetes compared with the World Health Organization definitions was poor at 48.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 35.7-61.0). Using a receiver operator characteristic curve, the optimum combined cut-point using fasting glucose and HbA(1c) to diagnose diabetes was a fasting glucose > or =5.7 mmol/l and an HbA(1c) > or =5.9%. These cut-points were associated with a sensitivity and specificity of 71.7% (60.3-83.1) and 95.0% (93.5-96.4), respectively, a positive likelihood ratio (LR) of 14.3 (9.6-19.0), and a negative LR of 0.3 (0.2-0.4). Significant ethnic variation in the sensitivity and specificity of this approach was observed: 47.4% (24.9-69.8) and 97.6% (95.9-99.4) among Europeans, 78.6% (57.1-100) and 95.9% (93.6-98.2) among Chinese, and 85.2% (71.8-98.6) and 91.3% (88.1-94.6) among South Asians, respectively. Participants with impaired glucose tolerance could not be identified reliably using the fasting glucose or HbA(1c) alone or in combination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The sensitivity of the ADA criteria to diagnose diabetes is low, and there is substantial variation between ethnic groups. Fasting glucose and HbA(1c) may be used together to improve the identification of individuals who have diabetes, allowing clinicians to streamline the use of the oral glucose tolerance test.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology and Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada. anands@mcmaster.ca
authors.forename: Sonia S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Anand
authors.forename: Fahad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Razak
authors.forename: Vlad
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vuksan
authors.forename: Hertzel C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Gerstein
authors.forename: Klas
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Malmberg
authors.forename: Qilong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.forename: Koon K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Teo
authors.forename: Salim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yusuf
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002170:Canada / Q000208:ethnology; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000175:diagnosis; D005006:Ethnicity; D005060:Europe / Q000208:ethnology; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic / Q000592:standards; D012372:ROC Curve; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012955:Societies, Medical; D014481:United States; D014944:World Health Organization
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin