title: Spatial distribution of dialysate in patients and its implications to intradialysate diffusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To visualize and quantify the spatial distribution of dialysate in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and, hence, estimate diffusion times for fluid "pockets" wherever intradialysate concentration gradients may not be dissipated by convective currents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Contrast medium was added to the dialysate of three supine CAPD patients before an exchange prior to computed tomographic (CT) scanning. Spatial information in the CT scanner was then downloaded to other computers and processed to produce impressive three-dimensional models of dialysate distribution using "wire frame technology."
  
  
  RESULTS
  Models differed between patients but all demonstrated pooling of dialysate in the paracolic gutters, subphrenic space, and, especially, in the pelvic cavity. Some pockets of fluid were almost isolated. Quantitatively, the models can account for over 80% of the volume of the exchange (2.5 L), displaying an effective area of contact of 913-450 cm2 between parietal peritoneum and dialysate. This amounts to only 11% -21% of the anatomic area, again emphasizing the uneven distribution of dialysate. Ignoring very thin (< 0.1 mm) films of dialysate, the bulk (80%) had mean thicknesses ranging from 1.6 to 1.9 cm. Transcendental equations for bulk diffusion were then applied to these findings to determine a theoretical time for urea of about 2-3 hours to half-saturation, or 5-7 hours to 80% saturation, in the absence of convective currents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The distribution of dialysate within the peritoneal cavity is very uneven, resulting in long diffusion times in fluid pockets wherever convective currents may be minimal. Hence, intradialysate diffusion should not be ignored when modeling peritoneal dialysis.
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Respiratory Research Centre, Mater Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Q, Australia. 1prrap@mater.org.au
authors.forename: Brian A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Hills
authors.forename: Seamus
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Birch
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: Anthony C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: LaMont
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018481:Convection; D015314:Dialysis Solutions / Q000378:metabolism*; D004058:Diffusion; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010529:Peritoneal Cavity / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D010531:Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D015314:Dialysis Solutions