title: Terahertz pulse imaging of ex vivo basal cell carcinoma.
abstract: Terahertz pulse imaging has been used for the first time to study basal cell carcinoma ex vivo, the most common form of skin cancer. This noninvasive technique uses part of the electromagnetic spectrum in the frequency range 0.1-2.7 THz. A total of 21 samples were imaged; the study was performed blind and results were compared to histology. Each image consisted of possible diseased tissue and normal tissue from the same patient. The diseased tissue showed an increase in absorption compared to normal tissue, which is attributed to either an increase in the interstitial water within the diseased tissue or a change in the vibrational modes of water molecules with other functional groups. Seventeen of the images showed a significant difference between the normal and the diseased tissue. These were confirmed by histology to be basal cell carcinomas. Of the remaining four cases, three showed no contrast and were confirmed as blind controls of normal tissue; the fourth case was a suspected basal cell carcinoma but showed no contrast, and histology showed no tumor. Cross-sections of the terahertz images, showing the terahertz absorption, were compared to histology. Regions of increased terahertz absorption agreed well with the location of the tumor sites. Resolutions at 1 THz of 350 microm laterally and 40 microm axially in skin were attainable with our system. These results demonstrate the ability of terahertz pulse imaging to distinguish basal cell carcinoma from normal tissue, and this macroscopic technique may, in the future, help plan surgery.
authors.affiliation: TeraView Limited, Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Ruth M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Woodward
authors.forename: Vincent P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Pye
authors.forename: Bryan E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: Donald D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Arnone
authors.forename: Edmund H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Linfield
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pepper
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002280:Basal Cell Carcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D055590:Electromagnetic Phenomena; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017785:Photons; D011827:Radiation; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery