title: DNA structure dependent checkpoints as regulators of DNA repair.
abstract: Checkpoint proteins were initially identified because their loss of function resulted in defects in cell cycle arrest in response to genotoxic treatments. Initially, the analysis of checkpoint pathways concentrated on their function as signal transducers and how the checkpoint signals were communicated to the core cell cycle machinery and transcriptional apparatus. Although some of the early genetic analysis indicated a complex relationship between DNA replication, DNA repair and the checkpoint pathways, it is only now becoming apparent that checkpoint proteins regulate multiple DNA repair and replication functions. Furthermore, recent data suggest that some checkpoint proteins may participate directly in DNA repair events. In this review I summarise the current models for DNA structure-dependent checkpoint activation and review the evidence linking checkpoint proteins both directly and indirectly to DNA repair.
authors.affiliation: Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, Sussex BN1 9RQ, UK. a.m.carr@sussex.ac.uk
authors.forename: Antony M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Carr
mesh_terms: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D064447:Checkpoint Kinase 2; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004249:DNA Damage; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000502:physiology*; D004261:DNA Replication; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004720:Endonucleases; D008540:Meiosis; D008954:Models, Biological; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009154:Mutation; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012568:Schizosaccharomyces / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D029702:Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004271:DNA, Fungal; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D029702:Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins; C069930:rad9 protein; D004247:DNA; D011494:Protein Kinases; D064447:Checkpoint Kinase 2; C578636:Cds1 protein, S pombe; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D004720:Endonucleases; C411624:MUS81 protein, S cerevisiae