title: Ocular manifestations of congenital rubella syndrome in a developing country.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the ocular manifestations of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), a common cause of congenital cataracts in developing countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of case records of 46 sero-positive infants under 12 months of age who presented at Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai between July 1993 and February 2001. The ocular and systemic examination details were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both eyes were affected in 41 (89%) patients. Cataract was present in 81 (93.1%) eyes; most of them were nuclear cataract (79, 97.5%). Other common ocular presentations included microphthalmos in 74 (85.1%) eyes, iris abnormalities in 51 (58.6%) eyes, and pigmentary retinopathy in 33 (37.9%) eyes. Cataract, microphthalmos and iris hypoplasia was a common combination present in 49 (56.3%) eyes. Systemic manifestations included cardiac anomalies in 23 (50%) and neurological anomalies in 16 (34%) children. Multi-system involvement was present in 32 (70%) children. Low birth weight (below 2 kg) was seen in 30% infants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CRS may present with a wide spectrum of ocular and systemic findings and requires a high index of suspicion for diagnosis. Any sick infant with unilateral or bilateral congenital cataract should be investigated thoroughly for CRS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Aravind Eye Hospitals, Madurai, India. p.vijayalakshmi@aravind.org
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vijayalakshmi
authors.forename: Gaurav
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kakkar
authors.forename: Arun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Samprathi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Banushree
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000209:etiology*; D002386:Cataract / Q000209:etiology*; D003906:Developing Countries; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007499:Iris Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008850:Microphthalmos / Q000209:etiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012410:Rubella Syndrome, Congenital / Q000150:complications*