title: Alteration of the postinjury hyperinflammatory response by means of resuscitation with a red cell substitute.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transfusion of stored packed red blood cells (PRBCs) has unintended effects beyond the desired results of increased oxygen delivery. A particular concern is the potential for lipid and cytokine mediators present in PRBCs to augment the postinjury inflammatory response that sometimes culminates in multiple organ failure. Through the use of a polymerized human hemoglobin (PolyHeme), we have been able to measure the inflammatory response in patients resuscitated with minimal exposure to banked components in the early postinjury period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Critically injured patients requiring urgent transfusion were resuscitated with either PRBCs or PolyHeme in the early postinjury period. Proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-8 and IL-6), counterregulatory cytokines (IL-10 and IL-11), and markers of endothelial injury (soluble intercellular adhesion molecule and soluble E-selectin) were serially measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increases in IL-8, IL-6, and IL-10 were greater in patients resuscitated with PRBCs. IL-11 plasma levels were largely below the level of detection of the assay. There was no difference in markers of endothelial injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consistent with concerns about the immunoinflammatory response to transfusion of PRBCs, we observed exaggerated levels of three markers associated with adverse outcome. The clinical significance of these findings with respect to the development of multiple organ failure awaits further study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Denver Health Medical Center, 777 Bannock Street, Denver, CO 80204, USA. jeff.johnson@dhha.org
authors.forename: Jeffrey L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Ernest E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Ricardo J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: Nikki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fedel
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Partrick
authors.forename: Christopher C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Silliman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000097:blood; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000097:blood; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000276:immunology; D017707:Erythrocyte Transfusion / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood; D017370:Interleukin-11 / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000097:blood; D009102:Multiple Organ Failure / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology; D009104:Multiple Trauma / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012151:Resuscitation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D019040:E-Selectin; D006454:Hemoglobins; D017370:Interleukin-11; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; C037158:polyhemoglobin; D016753:Interleukin-10