title: Doxapram for ventilatory failure due to exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  COPD is a progressive illness and in the later stages, exacerbations may lead to ventilatory failure. The combination of hypoxia and hypercapnia can lead to coma and death. Correction of these blood gas abnormalities is a medical emergency. Doxapram is a respiratory stimulant used to stimulate respiration in this setting.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this review was to assess the effects of doxapram on gas exchange and clinical outcomes in people with ventilatory failure due to acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Airways Group trials register and reference lists of articles. We also contacted experts in the field, study authors and drug companies. Following electronic searches conducted in November 2001 one further unpublished study has been included in the review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised trials comparing doxapram with other treatments or placebo in people with ventilatory failure due to exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  One reviewer assessed trial quality and extracted data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four trials involving 176 people were included. The trials were of variable quality. Doxapram was marginally superior to placebo in preventing blood gas deterioration. In the two studies comparing doxapram and non-invasive ventilation the results were conflicting: an early small study suggested non-invasive ventilation was superior. However, a subsequent larger study in severe participants suggested doxapram was equally effective in terms of blood gases changes, with no differences observed in mortality and frequent treatment failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Doxapram can improve blood gas exchange over the first few hours of treatment. Newer techniques such as non-invasive ventilation may prove to be more effective, although there is no randomised trial evidence to this effect.
authors.affiliation: Castle Hill Hospital, Cottingham, North Humberside, UK, HU16 5JQ.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Greenstone
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Lasserson
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D004315:Doxapram / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008173:Lung Diseases, Obstructive / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D019141:Respiratory System Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D019141:Respiratory System Agents; D004315:Doxapram