title: Use of scanning laser ophthalmoscope microperimetry in clinically significant macular edema in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We used scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO) microperimetry to evaluate scotomas in patients with clinically significant diabetic macular edema (CSME) in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 19 patients (mean age = 63 years; range, 45-78 years) (19 eyes). SLO microperimetry was performed in all eyes. We divided patients into three groups as follows: dense scotoma, relative scotoma, and no scotoma. The following variables were documented: age; duration of diabetes, hemoglobin A(1c) levels; logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (Log(MAR)) visual acuity; refractive power; a history of panretinal photocoagulation; presence or absence of proliferative diabetic retinopathy, vitreomacular separation, and cystoid changes; the type of macular edema; and stability of fixation. All variables were compared in the three groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 4 eyes (21.1%) with dense scotoma, 10 (52.6%) with relative scotoma, and 5 (26.3%) with no scotoma. There were significant differences in log(MAR) visual acuity among those with dense scotoma (1.4 +/- 0.5), relative scotoma (0.6 +/- 0.2), and no scotoma (0.2 +/- 0.3) (P <.05), and in the prevalence of cystoid changes, diffuse edema, and unstable fixation among those with dense scotoma (75%, 75%, and 100%, respectively), relative scotoma (20%, 30% and 50%, respectively) and no scotoma (0%, 0% and 0%, respectively) (P <.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Macular scotoma was observed by SLO microperimetry in 74% of the patients in this study. A scotoma in CSME is related to the formation of cystoid changes and the type of macular edema. In eyes with CSME in type 2 diabetes mellitus, a scotoma in the macula causes visual acuity impairment and unstable fixation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan.
authors.forename: Fumihiko
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ishiko
authors.forename: Norihiko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kitaya
authors.forename: Taiichi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hikichi
authors.forename: Eiichi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takamiya
authors.forename: Akitoshi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yoshida
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007834:Lasers; D008269:Macular Edema / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019721:Ophthalmoscopes; D012029:Refraction, Ocular; D012607:Scotoma / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014792:Visual Acuity; D058609:Visual Field Tests / Q000379:methods*