title: The effects of diabetes on the risks of major cardiovascular diseases and death in the Asia-Pacific region.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide reliable age- and region-specific estimates of the associations between diabetes and major cardiovascular diseases and death in populations from the Asia-Pacific region.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four cohort studies from Asia, Australia, and New Zealand (median follow-up, 5.4 years) provided individual participant data from 161,214 people (58% from Asia) of whom 4,873 had a history of diabetes at baseline. The associations of diabetes with the risks of coronary heart disease, stroke, and cause-specific mortality during follow-up were estimated using time-dependent Cox models, stratified by study cohort and sex and adjusted for age at risk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all, 9,277 deaths occurred (3,635 from cardiovascular disease). The hazard ratio (95% CI) associated with diabetes was 1.97 (1.72-2.25) for fatal cardiovascular disease; there were similar hazard ratios for fatal coronary heart disease, fatal stroke, and composites of fatal and nonfatal outcomes. For all cardiovascular outcomes, hazard ratios were similar in Asian and non-Asian populations and in men and women, but were greater in younger than older individuals. For noncardiovascular death, the hazard ratio was 1.56 (1.38-1.77), with separately significant increases in the risks of death from renal disease, cancer, respiratory infections, and other infective causes. The hazard ratio for all-causes mortality was 1.68 (1.55-1.84), with similar ratios in Asian and non-Asian populations, but with significantly higher ratios in younger than older individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The relative effect of diabetes on the risks of cardiovascular disease and death in Asian populations is much the same as that in the largely Caucasian populations of Australia and New Zealand. Hazard ratios were severalfold greater in younger people than older people. The rapidly growing prevalence of diabetes in Asia heralds a large increase in the incidence of diabetes-related death in the coming decades.
authors.affiliation: mwoodward@iih.usyd.edu.au
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Woodward
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Barzi
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ueshima
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rodgers
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: MacMahon
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D001208:Asia; D001315:Australia; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009520:New Zealand; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors