title: Selective COX-2 inhibition improves endothelial function in coronary artery disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is an ongoing debate as to whether the gastrointestinal safety of COX-2 inhibition compared with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may come at the cost of increased cardiovascular events. In view of the large number of patients at cardiovascular risk requiring chronic analgesic therapy with COX-2 inhibitors for arthritic and other inflammatory conditions, the effects of selective COX-2 inhibition on clinically useful surrogates for cardiovascular disease, particularly endothelial function, need to be determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen male patients (mean age, 66+/-3 years) with severe coronary artery disease (average of 2.6 vessels with stenosis >75%) undergoing stable background therapy with aspirin and statins were included. The patients received celecoxib (200 mg BID) or placebo for a duration of 2 weeks in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover fashion. After each treatment period, flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, oxidized LDL, and prostaglandins were measured. Celecoxib significantly improved endothelium-dependent vasodilation compared with placebo (3.3+/-0.4% versus 2.0+/-0.5%, P=0.026), whereas endothelium-independent vasodilation, as assessed by nitroglycerin, remained unchanged (9.0+/-1.6% versus 9.5+/-1.3%, P=0.75). High-sensitivity C-reactive protein was significantly lower after celecoxib (1.3+/-0.4 mg/L) than after placebo (1.8+/-0.5 mg/L, P=0.019), as was oxidized LDL (43.6+/-2.4 versus 47.6+/-2.6 U/L, P=0.028), whereas prostaglandins did not change.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study to demonstrate that selective COX-2 inhibition improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation and reduces low-grade chronic inflammation and oxidative stress in coronary artery disease. Thus, selective COX-2 inhibition holds the potential to beneficially impact outcome in patients with cardiovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Center, Cardiology and Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Rémy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chenevard
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hürlimann
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Béchir
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Enseleit
authors.forename: Lukas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Spieker
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hermann
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Riesen
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gay
authors.forename: Renate E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Gay
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Neidhart
authors.forename: Beat
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Michel
authors.forename: Thomas F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Lüscher
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Noll
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ruschitzka
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D000068579:Celecoxib; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008875:Middle Aged; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides; C099252:oxidized low density lipoprotein; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D000068579:Celecoxib