title: Myofibroblast differentiation by transforming growth factor-beta1 is dependent on cell adhesion and integrin signaling via focal adhesion kinase.
abstract: Myofibroblast differentiation and activation by transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) is a critical event in the pathogenesis of human fibrotic diseases, but regulatory mechanisms for this effect are unclear. In this report, we demonstrate that stable expression of the myofibroblast phenotype requires both TGF-beta1 and adhesion-dependent signals. TGF-beta1-induced myofibroblast differentiation of lung fibroblasts is blocked in non-adherent cells despite the preservation of TGF-beta receptor(s)-mediated signaling of Smad2 phosphorylation. TGF-beta1 induces tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) including that of its autophosphorylation site, Tyr-397, an effect that is dependent on cell adhesion and is delayed relative to early Smad signaling. Pharmacologic inhibition of FAK or expression of kinase-deficient FAK, mutated by substituting Tyr-397 with Phe, inhibit TGF-beta1-induced alpha-smooth muscle actin expression, stress fiber formation, and cellular hypertrophy. Basal expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin is elevated in cells grown on fibronectin-coated dishes but is decreased on laminin and poly-d-lysine, a non-integrin binding polypeptide. TGF-beta1 up-regulates expression of integrins and fibronectin, an effect that is associated with autophosphorylation/activation of FAK. Thus, a safer and more effective therapeutic strategy for fibrotic diseases characterized by persistent myofibroblast activation may be to target this integrin/FAK pathway while not interfering with tumor-suppressive functions of TGF-beta1/Smad signaling.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA. vjt@umich.edu
authors.forename: Victor J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Thannickal
authors.forename: Daniel Y
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Eric S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Zongbin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Jose M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Larios
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chacon
authors.forename: Jeffrey C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Horowitz
authors.forename: Regina M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Day
authors.forename: Peedikayil E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000502:physiology; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D005333:Fetus / Q000166:cytology; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology; D051417:Focal Adhesion Kinase 1; D051416:Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D006801:Humans; D016023:Integrins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008168:Lung / Q000166:cytology*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D019061:src-Family Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D016023:Integrins; C508960:TGFB1 protein, human; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D051417:Focal Adhesion Kinase 1; D051416:Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; C496050:PTK2 protein, human; D019061:src-Family Kinases