title: Heterotopic ossification in rectal cancer: Rare finding with a novel proposed mechanism.
abstract: The rare finding of heterotopic ossification in a case of primary rectal adenocarcinoma is described along with a review of the literature. Immunohistochemistry for a bone morphogenic protein (BMP-2) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2), both of which induce and stimulate bone formation, was performed and revealed overexpression of BMP-2 by the tumor cells, elucidating a possible mechanism which up to now had been based merely on speculation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
authors.forename: Alan P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Kypson
authors.forename: Emilie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Morphew
authors.forename: Relief
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Marcia R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Gottfried
authors.forename: Hilliard F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Seigler
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D000328:Adult; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D003082:Colectomy; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy; D009999:Ossification, Heterotopic / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014498:Uracil / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; C525718:BMP2 protein, human; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; C073482:eniluracil; D014498:Uracil; D005472:Fluorouracil