title: Effects of staphylococci on cytokine production from human keratinocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Staphylococcus skin infection is characterized by the infiltration of numerous neutrophils within the epidermis; however, the precise mechanism of epidermal infiltration of neutrophils during skin infection with staphylococci is not well understood and the factors regulating the neutrophil recruitment are yet to be determined.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the effects of staphylococci on cytokine production from keratinocytes, specifically to elucidate the mechanisms of neutrophil infiltration within the epidermis in cutaneous microbial infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cytokine production from human keratinocytes was examined after stimulation with heat-killed Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis and S. intermedius.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 were detected in the culture supernatants by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay but IL-1beta, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha were not. IL-6 and IL-8 mRNAs were also confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in the keratinocytes stimulated with killed staphylococci for 1, 3, 6, 10 and 24 h.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results could explain the epidermal infiltration of neutrophils in cutaneous infection with staphylococci, suggesting that the analysis of cytokines might add valuable information for the pathogenesis of cutaneous infection with Staphylococcus species.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Veterinary Medicine, 1866, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-8510, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kano
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology*; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000276:immunology; D020556:Neutrophil Infiltration; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D013210:Staphylococcus / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase