title: Haemodynamic changes during high spinal anaesthesia in children having open heart surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This prospective series examined the haemodynamic effects of high spinal anaesthesia in combination with light general anaesthesia in infants and children undergoing open heart surgery who were candidates for immediate or early postoperative extubation.
  
  
  METHODS
  After midazolam premedication and sevoflurane inhalation induction, 30 patients, aged 7 months to 13 years, who were undergoing open heart surgery, received spinal anaesthetics with 0.5% tetracaine D10 mixed with morphine. The spinal blocks were placed at the L2,3 or L3,4 interspace with cephalad spread being promoted by positioning the patient in 30 degrees of Trendelenburg for a minimum of 10 min. Maintenance of anaesthesia was with isoflurane 0.2-0.5% in 70% nitrous oxide to maintain heart rate and blood pressure within 20% of postinduction baseline values. Haemodynamic values were recorded at predetermined timed intervals and intraoperative events up to and including aortic cannulation. For analysis of the data, patients were divided into four age groups (< 1 years, 1-3 years, 4-6 years and > 7 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Haemodynamic stability was demonstrated in all four age groups. Statistically significant slowing of the heart rate did occur in the groups older than 1 year at 25 min, although clinically significant bradycardia requiring treatment never occurred. Hypotension did occur during specific surgical manipulations but recovered spontaneously. Atropine, fluid boluses and vasopressors were never used. At the conclusion of surgery, all patients met extubation criteria and could move all four extremities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High spinal anaesthesia with hyperbaric tetracaine and morphine in combination with light general anaesthesia is well tolerated haemodynamically by the paediatric population studied.
authors.affiliation: Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA. jfinkel@cnmc.org
authors.forename: Julia C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Finkel
authors.forename: M Gail
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Boltz
authors.forename: Aisling M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Conran
mesh_terms: D000768:Anesthesia, General; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007530:Isoflurane; D009020:Morphine; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013748:Tetracaine
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D013748:Tetracaine; D009020:Morphine; D007530:Isoflurane