title: Oral lichenoid reactions associated with amalgam: improvement after amalgam removal.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pathogenetic relationship between oral lichenoid reactions (OLR) and dental amalgam fillings is still a matter of controversy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the diagnostic value of patch tests with amalgam and inorganic mercury (INM) and the effect of amalgam removal in OLR associated with amalgam fillings.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 134 consecutive patients 467 OLR were classified according to clinical criteria. One hundred and fifty-nine biopsies from OLR lesions were histologically diagnosed according to the World Health Organization criteria for oral lichen planus (OLP) and compared with 47 OLP lesions from edentulous patients without amalgam exposure. One hundred and nineteen patients were patch tested with an amalgam series. In 105 patients (357 of 467 lesions) the amalgam fillings were removed regardless of the patch test results and OLR were re-examined within a follow-up period of about 3 years. Twenty-nine patients refused amalgam removal and were taken as a control group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven patients with OLR (8.2%) had skin lesions of lichen planus (LP). Histologically, the lesions in the OLR group could not be distinguished from those seen in the OLP group. Thirty-three patients (27.7%) showed a positive patch test to INM or amalgam. Amalgam removal led to benefit in 102 of 105 patients (97.1%), of whom 31 (29.5%) were cured completely. Of 357 lesions, 213 (59.7%) cleared after removal of amalgam, whereas 65 (18.2%) did not improve. In the control group without amalgam removal (n = 29) only two patients (6.9%) showed an improvement (P < 0.05). Amalgam removal had the strongest impact on lesions of the tongue compared with lesions at other sites (P < 0.05), but had very little impact on intraoral lesions in patients with cutaneous LP compared with patients without cutaneous lesions (P < 0.05). Patients with a positive patch test reaction to amalgam showed complete healing more frequently than the amalgam-negative group (P < 0.05). After an initial cure following amalgam removal, 13 lesions (3.6%) in eight patients (7.6%) recurred after a mean of 14.6 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Of all patients with OLR associated with dental amalgam fillings, 97.1% benefited from amalgam removal regardless of patch test results with amalgam or INM. We suggest that the removal of amalgam fillings can be recommended in all patients with symptomatic OLR associated with amalgam fillings if no cutaneous LP is present.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 16, Germany. dunsche@mkg.uni-kiel.de
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dunsche
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kästel
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Terheyden
authors.forename: I N G
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Springer
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Christophers
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brasch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003723:Dental Amalgam / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003793:Dental Restoration, Permanent / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D017676:Lichen Planus, Oral / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008628:Mercury; D008875:Middle Aged; D010328:Patch Tests / Q000379:methods; D012008:Recurrence
chemical_list: D003723:Dental Amalgam; D008628:Mercury