Sonochemically induced decomposition of energetic materials in aqueous media.
This study demonstrates that ultrasound rapidly degrades the energetic compounds RDX (cyclo-1,3,5-trinitramine-2,4,6-trimethylene) and ADN (ammonium dinitramide) in aqueous microheterogeneous media. The conditions for effective degradation of these nitramines, as monitored by UV absorption spectroscopy, were determined by varying sonication time, the heterogeneous phase and its suspension density, and the concentration of NaOH. In the presence of 5 mg/ml of aluminum powder and at pH approximately 12 (10 mM NaOH), 74% of the RDX and 86% of the ammonium dinitramide (ADN) in near-saturated solutions decompose within the first 20 min of sonication (20 kHz; 50 W; < or =5 degrees C). Sonication without Al powder and base yields minimal degradation of either RDX and ADN (approximately 5-10%) or the nitrite/nitrate ions that are expected byproducts during RDX and ADN degradation. Sonication at high pH in the presence of dispersed aluminosilicate zeolite, alumina, or titanium dioxide also yields minimal degradation. Preliminary electrochemical studies and product analyses indicate that in situ ultrasonic generation of metallic aluminum and/or aluminum hydride drives reductive denitration of the nitramines. Sonochemical treatment in the presence of a reductant offers an effective and rapid waste remediation option for energetic waste compounds.
Qadir
Lala R
LR
Surface Chemistry Branch (Code 6170), Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
Osburn-Atkinson
Elizabeth J
EJ
Swider-Lyons
Karen E
KE
Cepak
Veronica M
VM
Rolison
Debra R
DR
D015386:Hazardous Substances; D009573:Nitrites / Q000737:chemistry*; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D012378:Rodenticides / Q000737:chemistry*; D014227:Triazines / Q000737:chemistry*; D014465:Ultrasonics; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
D015386:Hazardous Substances; D009573:Nitrites; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D012378:Rodenticides; D014227:Triazines; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C098609:ammonium dinitramide; C009160:cyclonite