title: Radical scavenging activity and cytotoxicity of ferulic acid.
abstract: Ferulic acid and eugenol were examined for their superoxide (O2-), hydroxyl radical (.OH) and nitric oxide (NO)-scavenging ability, using ESR spectroscopy with spin trap agents DMPO and carboxy-PTIO/NOC-7. Ferulic acid more efficiently scavenged .OH and NO than eugenol. The O2- scavenging activity of ferulic acid was comparable with that of eugenol. Ferulic acid significantly reduced the NO production by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse macrophage-like cells (Raw 264.7 cells) compared to eugenol. The cytotoxic activity of ferulic acid against Raw 264.7 cells was comparable with that against human submandibular gland carcinoma (HSG) cells and the cytotoxicity of ferulic acid was about 10-fold smaller than that of eugenol. The stoichiometric factor (n) (number of moles of peroxy radical trapped by moles of the relevant phenol) of ferulic acid and eugenol was investigated, using the induction period methods of the methyl methacrylate polymerization system. The n-value of ferulic acid (1.5) was higher than that of eugenol (1.0) and was similar to that of 2, 6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT). Ferulic acid as well as eugenol may produce a dimer during the induction period due to an n-value less than 2. These results suggested that ferulic acid may be useful for preventing cell damage perhaps caused by O2-, and in particular by .OH and NO, in living systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Diagnosis, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 3500283, Japan.
authors.forename: Takako
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ogiwara
authors.forename: Kazue
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Satoh
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kadoma
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.forename: Senwa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Unten
authors.forename: Toshiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Atsumi
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sakagami
authors.forename: Seiichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fujisawa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D002460:Cell Line; D003373:Coumaric Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides / Q000737:chemistry; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D005054:Eugenol / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical / Q000737:chemistry; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000737:chemistry; D013113:Spin Labels; D013365:Submandibular Gland Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D013481:Superoxides / Q000737:chemistry; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D003373:Coumaric Acids; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D013113:Spin Labels; D013481:Superoxides; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical; D005054:Eugenol; C069977:2,2-dimethyl-5-hydroxy-1-pyrrolidinyloxy; C055956:5,5-dimethyl-5-hydroperoxy-1-pyrrolidinyloxy; C004999:ferulic acid