title: On the in vitro biocompatibility of Elgiloy, a co-based alloy, compared to two titanium alloys.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present investigation was to contribute to an understanding of the effects of surface topography and chemical composition on the corrosion behavior and thus the biocompatibility of Elgiloy (RMO, Denver, CO, USA), a common Co-based alloy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The results are compared with those obtained for a binary NiTi alloy, Neo Sentalloy (GAC, Central Islip, NY, USA) and a beta-III-Ti alloy, TMA (Ormco, Glendora, CA, USA). In the present study, the surface topography and the chemical composition of two different grades of Elgiloy, Blue Elgiloy (soft) and Yellow Elgiloy (ductile), were examined by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy analysis (EDS). Their corrosion behavior in half-strength Ringer solution and in an artificial saliva solution according to Barrett [1] was investigated using potentiodynamic corrosion testing (PDC). The photometry-based PAN method was used to quantify the released Ni and Co ions. The in vitro biocompatibility of the two grades of Elgiloy was tested in three different cell cultures: in L929, a commercially available mouse fibroblast cell line, and in primary human epithelial cells and fibroblasts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of the corrosion testing showed satisfactorily high pitting corrosion potentials but lower repassivation potentials and a strong increase in current density once pitting had occurred. The photometric results revealed the release of Ni and Co ions in both tested electrolytes. The tested native surfaces exhibited numerous grinding and polishing grooves, inclusions and inhomogeneities of the microstructure. After corrosion testing the same surfaces displayed numerous signs of corrosion, especially in areas with microstructural inhomogeneities. In vitro biocompatibility testing showed a substantially reduced dehydrogenase activity in the presence of Elgiloy. The reduced quality of surface finish resulting from the manufacturing process led in the case of the tested Elgiloy types to decreased corrosion resistance with consequently reduced in vitro biocompatibility.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this context it is also conceivable that patients with a proven allergy to nickel, cobalt or chromium may react sensitively to the deployment of this alloy, at least in the surface quality tested by us. From this aspect, the introduction of a binding standard for the surface quality of materials used in orthodontic appliances is urgently recommended.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, University of Kiel, Germany. es-souni@kfo-zmk.uni-kiel.de
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Es-Souni
authors.forename: Helge
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fischer-Brandies
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Es-Souni
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002858:Chromium Alloys / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D003035:Cobalt / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008422:Materials Testing; D051379:Mice; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009969:Orthodontic Wires / Q000009:adverse effects; D013053:Spectrophotometry; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D002858:Chromium Alloys; D003722:Dental Alloys; C112499:phynox; D003035:Cobalt