title: Accelerated degradation of methyl iodide by agrochemicals.
abstract: The fumigant methyl iodide (MeI, iodomethane) is considered a promising alternative to methyl bromide (MeBr) for soil-borne pest control in high-cash-value crops. However, the high vapor pressure of MeI results in emissions of a significant proportion of the applied mass into the ambient air, and this may lead to pollution of the environment. Integrating the application of certain agrochemicals with soil fumigation provides a novel approach to reduce excessive fumigant emissions. This study investigated the potential for several agrochemicals that are commonly used in farming operations, including fertilizers and nitrification inhibitors, to transform MeI in aqueous solution. The pseudo-first-order hydrolysis half-life (t(1/2)) of MeI was approximately 108 d, while the transformation of MeI in aqueous solutions containing selected agrochemicals was more rapid, with t(1/2) < 100 d (t(1/2) < 0.5 d in some solutions containing nitrification inhibitors). The influence of these agrochemicals on the rate of MeI degradation in soil was also determined. Adsorption to soil apparently reduced the availability of some nitrification inhibitors in the soil aqueous phase and lowered the degradation rate in soil. In contrast, addition of the nitrification inhibitors thiourea and allylthiourea to soil significantly accelerated the degradation of MeI, possibly due to soil surface catalysis. The t(1/2) of MeI was <20 h in thiourea- and allylthiourea-amended soil, considerably less than that in unamended soil (t(1/2) > 300 h).
authors.affiliation: George E. Brown Jr. Salinity Laboratory, Soil Physics and Pesticide Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 450 West Big Springs Road, Riverside, California 92507, USA.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Sharon K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Papiernik
authors.forename: Mingxin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Scott R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Yates
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D000383:Agriculture; D016573:Agrochemicals / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D005308:Fertilizers; D005651:Fumigation; D006847:Hydrocarbons, Iodinated / Q000737:chemistry*; D006868:Hydrolysis; D007700:Kinetics; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis; D012996:Solutions; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D016573:Agrochemicals; D005308:Fertilizers; D006847:Hydrocarbons, Iodinated; D012987:Soil; D012996:Solutions; D014867:Water; C014055:methyl iodide