title: Nociception in persistent pancreatitis in rats: effects of morphine and neuropeptide alterations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most animal models of pancreatitis are short-lived or very invasive. A noninvasive animal model of pancreatitis developed in highly inbred rats by Merkord with symptoms persisting for 3 weeks was adopted in the current study to test its validity as a model of visceral pain in commercially available rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  The persistent pancreatitis model was established by tail vein injection of dibutyltin dichloride. Animals were given 10% alcohol in their drinking water to enhance the pancreatitis attack. Blood serum pancreatic enzymes and nociceptive state were monitored for 3 weeks after dibutyltin dichloride or vehicle. Behavioral testing included reflexive withdrawal to mechanical and thermal stimulation of the abdominal area. The effect of morphine on nociceptive behaviors was tested. Histologic analysis of the pancreas and immunohistochemical analysis of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in the spinal cord are included in the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with naïve and vehicle-only injected control groups, rats receiving dibutyltin dichloride demonstrated an increase in withdrawal events after von Frey stimulation and decreased withdrawal latency after thermal stimulation, signaling a sensitized nociceptive state through 7 days. These pain-related measures were abrogated by morphine. Blood serum concentrations of amylase and lipase as well as tissue inflammatory changes and substance P were also significantly elevated during this same time period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that animals with the dibutyltin dichloride-induced experimental pancreatitis expressed serum, histologic, and behavioral characteristics similar in duration to those present during acute attacks experienced by patients with chronic pancreatitis. These findings and responsivity to morphine suggest the utility of this model developed in a commercially available strain of rats for study of persistent visceral pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 77555, USA.
authors.forename: Louis P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Vera-Portocarrero
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Karin N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Westlund
mesh_terms: D000681:Amylases / Q000097:blood; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide / Q000378:metabolism; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008049:Lipase / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000378:metabolism*; D009947:Organotin Compounds / Q000633:toxicity; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D010179:Pancreas / Q000473:pathology; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D051381:Rats; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew; D013373:Substance P / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009479:Neuropeptides; D009947:Organotin Compounds; C056189:di-n-butyltin; D013373:Substance P; D009020:Morphine; D008049:Lipase; D000681:Amylases; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide