title: Evaluation of a prototypic inspiratory impedance threshold valve designed to enhance the efficiency of cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Assess a prototype inspiratory impedance threshold valve (ITV) designed to enhance vital organ circulation during standard and active compression/decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The ITV attaches to commonly used airway assist devices and decreases intrathoracic pressure during the decompression (chest recoil) phase of CPR by creating a vacuum within the thorax, which increases venous blood flow to the heart and thus increases coronary perfusion pressure and blood flow to the brain.
  
  
  METHODS
  The evaluation included laboratory bench testing, according to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and International Standards Organization (ISO) guidelines, and performance testing with pigs in cardiac arrest. A vacuum pull test was developed to determine the inspiratory impedance under various inspiratory flow conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The valve passed all minimum ASTM and ISO performance tests. During cardiac arrest in pigs the ITV decreased intrathoracic pressures by 6-8 mm Hg during the decompression phase. The vacuum pull test demonstrated that the prototype ITV functioned as intended.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prototype ITV passed all performance testing recommended by international guidelines and functioned effectively as intended for use. The animal study results, when combined with recent clinical data, suggest that an ITV inspiratory cracking pressure of 12 cm H(2)O should be sufficient to decrease intrathoracic pressure during the decompression phase of standard CPR. Clinical studies are now underway.
authors.affiliation: Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis 55455, USA. lurie002@tc.umn.edu.
authors.forename: Keith G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Lurie
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.forename: Todd M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Zielinski
authors.forename: Scott H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: McKnite
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D013552:Swine