title: Obsessive compulsive behaviour and depressive symptoms in young people with Tourette syndrome. A controlled study.
abstract: Tourette syndrome (TS) is characterised by multiple motor and one or more vocal tics. There have been no controlled studies using standardised instruments of depressive symptoms and obsessive compulsive symptomatology (OCS) in young people with TS. We completed a study of phenomenology and psychopathology in children with TS, including a controlled evaluation of the association between depressive symptoms, OCS, and TS. 57 people aged 15 or under with TS were recruited. Phenomenology and psychopathology were assessed using standardised instruments. The association between TS, depressive symptoms and obsessionality was investigated using 75 age- and gender-matched controls. There were high levels of depressive symptomatology and OCS in the TS group. Twenty-three (40 %) had carried out self-injurious behaviours and 34 (60 %) met criteria for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Depressive symptoms and obsessionality were higher in the TS cohort compared with the control group; this excess persisted after adjustment for the effects of age, gender and comorbidity between depression and obsessionality. This study demonstrates high levels of psychopathology in children with TS, including ADHD, OCS and depressive symptoms. The findings illustrate the potentially complex, challenging combination of difficulties encountered by children with TS and those who care for them.
authors.affiliation: Royal Free and University College London Medical School, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, 2nd Floor, Wolfson Building, 48 Riding House Street, London W1N 8AA, UK.
authors.forename: Mary M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: Sube
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Banerjee
authors.forename: Valsamma
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Eapen
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fox-Hiley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009770:Obsessive Behavior / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D010555:Personality Inventory; D016728:Self-Injurious Behavior / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*