title: Retroperitoneal laparoscopic cryoablation of small renal tumors: intermediate results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present our experience with laparoscopic renal cryoablation with up to 3 years of follow-up. Laparoscopic renal cryoablation remains a viable option for the treatment of small peripheral renal masses in patients with significant comorbidities. Although partial nephrectomy has been shown to be a safe and reliable method of renal parenchymal preservation, laparoscopic cryoablation still requires longer term data to prove its efficacy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty patients with small renal masses (1.4 to 4.5 cm) underwent laparoscopic renal cryosurgery at our institution. A retroperitoneal laparoscopic approach was used to expose the kidney. Intraoperative ultrasound guidance was used to localize the lesions and monitor iceball formation. A double-freeze technique was used. Needle biopsies of solid masses were performed intraoperatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Renal biopsies revealed renal cell carcinoma in 11 of the 20 patients. Of these 11 patients, none had evidence of recurrent disease at last follow-up, and follow-up scans showed no enhancement of any lesions. Of the 8 patients with follow-up of 2 years or greater, 4 had complete resolution of the renal lesions. The remainder had lesions that were reduced and stable in size. Complications included surgical re-exploration to evaluate pancreatic injury in 1 patient and failure to ablate a lesion in another.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopic renal cryoablation appears to be an effective tool for ablation of small renal lesions. A moderate length of follow-up continues to demonstrate efficacy because no patients had growth of treated pathologic lesions or developed metastasis to date. Continued maturation of data is necessary to determine the long-term efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine Medical Center, Orange, California, USA.
authors.forename: David I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: McGinnis
authors.forename: Rick
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Feld
authors.forename: Stephen E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Strup
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018207:Angiomyolipoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D003452:Cryosurgery / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods; D012187:Retroperitoneal Space / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography