title: In vivo confocal microscopy of the human cornea.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the optics of in vivo confocal microscopy, its advantages over previous methods, and to summarise the literature that arose from its use for the observation of the human cornea. A critical review of the clinical usefulness of this new technology for the corneal examination is undertaken.
  
  
  METHODS
  Confocal microscopes obtain increased resolution by limiting the illumination and observation systems to a single point. Rapid scanning is used to reconstruct a full field of view and allows for "real time" viewing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Coronal sections of the in situ epithelium, Bowman's membrane, stroma, and endothelium can be visualised at a resolution of 1-2 micro m. A backscattered light intensity curve allows objective measurements of sublayer thickness and corneal haze to be taken. In vivo confocal microscopy is therefore particularly useful in the areas of infective keratitis, corneal dystrophies, refractive surgery, and contact lens wear, where it aids in differential diagnosis and detection of subtle short and long term changes. Real time endothelial cell assessment can also be performed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because of their ability to visualise living tissue at cellular levels, confocal microscopes have proved useful additions to the current clinical tools.
authors.affiliation: Cooperative Research Centre for Eye Research and Technology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. i.jalbert@crcert.unsw.edu.au
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jalbert
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Stapleton
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Papas
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Sweeney
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Coroneo
mesh_terms: D002452:Cell Count / Q000379:methods; D003261:Contact Lenses / Q000009:adverse effects; D003315:Cornea / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000166:cytology / Q000294:innervation; D003316:Corneal Diseases / Q000473:pathology; D003317:Corneal Dystrophies, Hereditary / Q000175:diagnosis; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D007634:Keratitis / Q000175:diagnosis; D020731:Keratomileusis, Laser In Situ / Q000379:methods; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D055095:Optics and Photonics; D054140:Refractive Surgical Procedures; D015203:Reproducibility of Results