title: Menopausal transitions, symptoms and country of birth: the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess differences among the menopausal transitions and symptoms experienced by women participating in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health, according to their countries of birth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from 8,466 women aged 45-50 in 1996, who responded to surveys in 1996 and 1998 and had not had a hysterectomy, were analysed. Women were categorised by country of birth and cross-sectionally by menopausal status at Survey 1 and 2, as well as longitudinally by transition through menopause between Surveys 1 and 2. Four endocrine-related and 10 general symptoms were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women bom in Asia were twice as likely as Australian-bom women to be post-menopausal at Survey 1, twice as likely to become post-menopausal between surveys, less likely to remain peri-menopausal, and less likely to report hot flushes and night sweats. Odds ratios for each symptom at Survey 2 were near unity for all country of birth groups compared with Australian bom women, with or without adjustment for symptoms at Survey 1, menopausal transition category, behaviour, lifestyle and demographics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Asian-born women entered menopause earlier and passed through it more quickly, but once this was taken into account all women showed the same prevalences of symptoms. There may be differences between ethnic groups that influence the timing of menopause, but the subjective experience appears similar.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The timing of menopause may be affected by biological or dietary differences. Asian-bom women's lower reported prevalence of symptoms may be explained by a more rapid peri-menopausal transition. With increasing numbers of Asian-Australian women reaching menopause, an understanding of country-of-birth differences has implications for public health.
authors.affiliation: Research Centre for Gender and Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales.
authors.forename: Gita
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dobson
mesh_terms: D001208:Asia / Q000208:ethnology; D001315:Australia; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008593:Menopause / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016387:Women's Health