title: Risk factors for retained instruments and sponges after surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Risk factors for medical errors remain poorly understood. We performed a case-control study of retained foreign bodies in surgical patients in order to identify risk factors for this type of error.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the medical records associated with all claims or incident reports of a retained surgical sponge or instrument filed between 1985 and 2001 with a large malpractice insurer representing one third of the physicians in Massachusetts. For each case, we identified an average of four randomly selected controls who underwent the same type of operation during the same six-month period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our study included 54 patients with a total of 61 retained foreign bodies (of which 69 percent were sponges and 31 percent instruments) and 235 control patients. Thirty-seven of the patients with retained foreign bodies (69 percent) required reoperation, and one died. Patients with retained foreign bodies were more likely than controls to have had emergency surgery (33 percent vs. 7 percent, P<0.001) or an unexpected change in surgical procedure (34 percent vs. 9 percent, P<0.001). Patients with retained foreign bodies also had a higher mean body-mass index and were less likely to have had counts of sponges and instruments performed. In multivariate analysis, factors associated with a significantly increased risk of retention of a foreign body were emergency surgery (risk ratio, 8.8 [95 percent confidence interval, 2.4 to 31.9]), unplanned change in the operation (risk ratio, 4.1 [95 percent confidence interval, 1.4 to 12.4]), and body-mass index (risk ratio for each one-unit increment, 1.1 [95 percent confidence interval, 1.0 to 1.2]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk of retention of a foreign body after surgery significantly increases in emergencies, with unplanned changes in procedure, and with higher body-mass index. Case--control analysis of medical-malpractice claims may identify and quantify risk factors for specific types of errors.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Atul A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Gawande
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Studdert
authors.forename: E John
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Orav
authors.forename: Troyen A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Brennan
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Zinner
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004638:Emergency Treatment; D005260:Female; D005547:Foreign Bodies / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008318:Malpractice; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012086:Reoperation; D012307:Risk Factors; D013525:Surgical Instruments; D015503:Surgical Sponges; D014481:United States