title: Efficiency of percutaneous testicular sperm aspiration as a mode of sperm collection for intracytoplasmic sperm injection in nonobstructive azoospermia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We determined the feasibility of obtaining mature spermatozoa for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) by percutaneous testicular sperm aspiration in men with nonobstructive azoospermia. We also compared the results of ICSI using spermatozoa recovered by open excisional biopsy versus percutaneous testicular sperm aspiration.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 84 men with nonobstructive azoospermia underwent percutaneous testicular sperm aspiration to recover testicular spermatozoa for ICSI on the day of ova retrieval from the wife. Percutaneous testicular sperm aspiration was performed with the patient under general anesthesia in the upper and lower poles of each testis. It was followed by immediate microscopic search of the aspirate to confirm the presence of spermatozoa. In the absence of spermatozoa open excisional biopsy was performed in the same setting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Percutaneous testicular sperm aspiration resulted in the recovery of mature spermatozoa in 45 men (53.6%). Of the remaining 39 men (46.4%) requiring open biopsy adequate spermatozoa were recovered in 28 (71.8%). Although the fertilization rate was significantly higher in the sperm aspiration group, the cleavage and pregnancy rates were similar in the 2 groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Percutaneous testicular sperm aspiration was a successful initial approach to collect mature spermatozoa in a high proportion of men with nonobstructive azoospermia. It is safe, minimally invasive and well tolerated by all patients.
authors.affiliation: Farah Hospital, Zahran, Amman, Jordan.
authors.forename: A Abu
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Khadra
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Abdulhadi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghunain
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kilani
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009845:Oligospermia; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods*; D020554:Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic; D013396:Suction