title: The addition of droperidol or clonidine to epidural tramadol shortens onset time and increases duration of postoperative analgesia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare tramadol alone and the combinations of either tramadol-clonidine or tramadol-droperidol with regard to analgesic and adverse effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  After Ethic's Committee approval and patient informed consent were obtained, epidural catheters were inserted preoperatively at the L(3-4) interspace in 90 ASA physical status I-II adult patients undergoing lower abdominal surgery. Anesthesia was standardized. Patients were randomly assigned to one of three groups. Group I (T) patients received tramadol 75 mg, Group II (TD) patients received tramadol 75 mg plus droperidol 2.5 mg, and Group III (TC) patients received tramadol 75 mg plus clonidine 150 microg in a total volume of 10 mL administered as a single epidural injection in the postanesthesia care unit. The onset time of analgesia and duration of analgesia, visual analogue pain scores, sedation, nausea scores, vital signs and side effects were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Duration of analgesia was similar in both the TD and TC groups, and significantly longer than in the T group (P < 0.001). Group TC patients displayed a significant increase in sedation scores and decrease in blood pressure and heart rate when compared with other groups (P < 0.001). No adverse effects were observed in Group TD, while nausea scores were high in both the T and TC groups (P < 0.001). Pain score, respiration rate, and SpO(2) values were similar in all study groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that epidural tramadol in combination with droperidol or clonidine prolongs the duration of analgesia; however, droperidol appears to be a better alternative when adverse effects and antiemetic properties are taken into consideration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology Pamukkale University Faculty of Medicine Denizli Turkey. elgurses@pamukkale.edu.tr
authors.forename: Ercan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gürses
authors.forename: Hülya
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sungurtekin
authors.forename: Erkan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tomatir
authors.forename: Canan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Balci
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gönüllü
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000601:surgery; D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003000:Clonidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004329:Droperidol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D020250:Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / Q000453:epidemiology; D014147:Tramadol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D014147:Tramadol; D003000:Clonidine; D004329:Droperidol