title: Feasibility of using the potassium titanyl phosphate laser with micromanipulators in robotic neurosurgery: a preliminary study in the rat.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Robotic surgery can be used as a novel technology in ultramicrosurgery. A microscopic-manipulator (micromanipulator) system, which has a rigid neuroendoscope and three guiding manipulators, was developed in Japan for less invasive telerobotic neurosurgery. To apply this system in a clinical setting, it is necessary to confirm that it is capable of performing various surgical procedures including cutting, coagulation, and bleeding control. The authors chose the potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) laser for such procedures. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the feasibility of this system mounted with the KTP laser.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prototypical micromanipulator system was tested in rats. Two kinds of in vivo experiments were performed using the KTP laser: coagulation and biopsy. The coagulated lesions were precisely aligned and their maximum depths were proportional to the energy applied during the coagulation experiment. The diagnosable specimens were obtained during the biopsy experiment. The micromanipulator system was able to perform all surgical procedures accurately. There was no complication relating to the use of the micromanipulator system such as brain injury or uncontrollable bleeding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results from this study proved that this system works precisely and safely and will become a new neurosurgical tool in managing lesions that are difficult to treat using conventional microsurgery or neuroendoscopic surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hongo
authors.forename: Jun-ichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koyama
authors.forename: Shigeaki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004867:Equipment Design; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D053685:Laser Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008297:Male; D008846:Micromanipulation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010710:Phosphates / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012371:Robotics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014025:Titanium / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D010710:Phosphates; C064806:potassium titanylphosphate; D014025:Titanium