title: Quantitative evaluation of the neuroprotective effects of hypothermia ranging from 34 degrees C to 31 degrees C on brain ischemia in gerbils and determination of the mechanism of neuroprotection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study was designed to determine whether the predominant factor responsible for neuroprotection of hypothermia ranging from 31 to 34 degrees C is prolongation of onset of ischemic depolarization or suppression of neuronal injury during ischemic depolarization and to quantitatively determine the neuroprotective effects of hypothermia of 34 degrees C and 31 degrees C.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective animal study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A university research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-nine gerbils.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bilateral common carotid arteries were occluded for 3-20 mins. The brain temperature was set at 37 degrees C, 34 degrees C, or 31 degrees C before and during ischemic depolarization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DC potentials were measured in the CA1 region, where histologic evaluation was performed 7 days later. Onset times of ischemic depolarization were 1.3 +/- 0.2, 1.6 +/- 0.4, and 2.4 +/- 0.7 mins at 37 degrees C, 34 degrees C, and 31 degrees C, respectively. The logistic regression curve demonstrated a close relationship between duration of ischemic depolarization and neuronal damage and showed a rightward shift by lowering the brain temperature. In the 37 degrees C, 34 degrees C, and 31 degrees C groups, the durations of ischemic depolarization causing 50% neuronal damage were estimated to be 8.0, 14.2, and 26.0 mins, respectively, and the ischemia times causing 50% neuronal damage were estimated to be 4.9, 8.1, and 14.2 mins, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The onset of ischemic depolarization was prolonged in the 34 degrees C and 31 degrees C groups by only 0.3 and 1.1 mins, respectively, compared with that in the 37 degrees C group. Most of the neuroprotection by hypothermia was attributed to the suppression of neuronal injury during ischemic depolarization, suggesting that hypothermia has neuroprotective effects if it is initiated during the ischemic depolarization period. The results also indicate that the neuroprotective effect at 31 degrees C is about three times greater than that at 34 degrees C and that neuronal cells can withstand 2.9 times longer duration of ischemia at 31 degrees C than at 37 degrees C.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation, Okayama University Medical School, Okayama City, Japan. yoshit@cc.okayama-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Yoshimasa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Namba
authors.forename: Tomoyasu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Higuchi
authors.forename: Shingo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hagioka
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takata
authors.forename: Masahisa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hirakawa
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Morita
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D004594:Electrophysiology; D005849:Gerbillinae; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D008297:Male; D008564:Membrane Potentials; D012044:Regression Analysis