title: Development of the upper lip.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To affirm and reanalyze George L. Streeter's "merging theory" of upper-lip development in primates by observing progressive embryologic stages in facial development using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and to further understand upper-lip development.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted at the California Regional Primate Research Center, Davis. Twenty primate embryos (Macaca fascicularis) and 2 fetuses were examined with SEM. The development of the frontonasal prominence, maxillary prominence, medial nasal prominence, and lateral nasal prominence were sequentially observed. The contribution of these prominences to the formation of the upper lip and nose were carefully analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The maxillary prominence and medial nasal prominence form the upper lip, whereas the lateral nasal, medial nasal, and maxillary prominences form the nose. There is fusion of the maxillary prominence with the medial nasal prominence. This fusion has not been previously described. This has resulted in a modification of the current theory of upper-lip development into one we refer to as the "dynamic fusion theory."
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The dynamic fusion theory explains the merging process of the mesenchymal and ecotodermal layers of the facial prominences that contribute to the upper-lip formation. The dynamic fusion theory of facial prominence movement details the interaction between epithelial layers: both epithelial layers must fuse properly to avoid cleft-lip deformities.
authors.affiliation: University of California, Davis, USA. cwsenders@ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: Craig W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Senders
authors.forename: Erik C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: Andrew G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Hendrickx
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Cukierski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005145:Face / Q000196:embryology*; D005865:Gestational Age; D008046:Lip / Q000196:embryology*; D008252:Macaca fascicularis / Q000196:embryology; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning / Q000379:methods; D023421:Models, Animal; D019370:Observation