title: Simazine runoff from citrus orchards affected by shallow mechanical incorporation.
abstract: Simazine (6-chloro-N,N'-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) losses via runoff in California are a potential source of environmental contamination because simazine is widely used for weed control during the rainy season from November to March. This study was conducted in two citrus orchards from three rainfall events to evaluate the effects of shallow mechanical incorporation on simazine losses in runoff during the winter. Simazine losses in runoff were compared between row middles that were either undisturbed, the normal orchard practice, or subjected to shallow mechanical incorporation. Mechanical incorporation of row middles significantly reduced runoff volumes by approximately 45 and 28% for the first and second runoff events, respectively. In undisturbed plots, simazine concentrations in runoff from the first runoff event ranged from 0.62 to 0.73 mg L(-1); then simazine concentrations rapidly decreased (0.03-0.35 mg L(-1)) from the second and third runoff events. In disturbed plots, simazine concentrations in runoff from the first runoff event ranged from 0.21 to 0.24 mg(-1), but simazine concentrations remained relatively constant between the three runoff events. Total mass recoveries of simazine in runoff ranged from 1.93 to 2.97% and from 0.70 to 0.74% of application from the undisturbed plots and from the disturbed plots, respectively. Low water infiltration rate inhibited surface-applied herbicide incorporation into the soil matrix with natural rainfall in compacted soils. Mechanical incorporation of row middles significantly reduced runoff volumes, simazine concentrations, and mass losses in runoff after application.
authors.affiliation: Kearney Agricultural Center, Univ. of California, Parlier, CA 93648, USA. fliu@uckac.edu
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: N V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: O'Connell
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D002957:Citrus; D006540:Herbicides / Q000032:analysis*; D011891:Rain; D012621:Seasons; D012839:Simazine / Q000032:analysis*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D014872:Water Movements; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D012839:Simazine