title: Importance of planning ovulation induction therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome: a single center retrospective study of 21 cases and 114 cycles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the results and complications of ovulation induction therapy (OIT) in women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and/or the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS).
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study of 21 women followed in a single tertiary-referral French center who underwent 114 OIT cycles with or without in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVFET).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Before OIT, SLE was present in 6 women, APS in 3, SLE-related APS in 3, and discoid lupus in 1. Eight women had no identified disease and underwent 36 cycles of OIT. Diagnosis (SLE, n = 3; primary APS, n = 5) was made after OIT complication: spontaneous abortion (n = 5), SLE flare (n = 2), and thrombophlebitis (n = 1). Five women with known disease intentionally concealed their history from their gynecologists and underwent 34 cycles. Forty-four cycles were planned in 11 women, in 3 of them after complications of prior OIT performed without particular therapy and monitoring. Eighteen pregnancies occurred, which ended in 9 live births, 4 fetal deaths, and 5 embryonic losses. The pregnancy rate was higher with gonadotropin and/or gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog (GnRHa) (25% of cycles) than with clomiphene (4% of cycles, P <.0001). When the gynecologists did not know the underlying disease, three-quarters of pregnancies induced by OIT with IVFET ended in embryonic losses or fetal deaths. In contrast, 6 of 7 pregnancies induced by planned OIT with IVFET ended in live births (P <.0001). Phlebothromboses were observed only with gonadotropin treatment. The SLE flare rate was higher with gonadotropin and/or GnRHa (27% of cycle) than with clomiphene (6%, NS). It also was higher (30%) when the gynecologists did not know the underlying disease than in the planned procedures (10%, NS).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The OIT may precipitate SLE or APS. A careful review of the patient's history and appropriate laboratory tests should be undertaken before OIT. Clomiphene complications are rare. When gonadotropins are prescribed, preventive anti-inflammatory therapy should be considered in women with SLE, in addition to heparin and/or anti-aggregant therapy in patients with asymptomatic anti-phospholipid antibodies or prior thrombotic events.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Du Le Thi
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Huong
authors.forename: Bertrand
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wechsler
authors.forename: Danièle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vauthier-Brouzes
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Duhaut
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Costedoat
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lefebvre
authors.forename: Jean-Charles
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Piette
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016736:Antiphospholipid Syndrome / Q000209:etiology*; D004624:Embryo Transfer / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005300:Fertility Agents, Female / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006062:Gonadotropins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000188:drug therapy; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000209:etiology*; D010062:Ovulation Induction / Q000379:methods*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000209:etiology*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D018873:Pregnancy Rate; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D005300:Fertility Agents, Female; D006062:Gonadotropins; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; C083781:LHRH, Ala(6)-Gly(10)-ethylamide-