title: Sodium removal in patients undergoing CAPD and automated peritoneal dialysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare sodium removal in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) patients, and to identify the main factors that modify Na removal in clinical practice in these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study in three steps. Cross-sectional observational (Study A), and longitudinal interventional (Studies B and C).
  
  
  METHODS
  First (Study A) we carried out a cross-sectional survey of Na removal in 63 patients on CAPD and 78 patients on APD. Second (Study B), we studied Na removal in 32 patients before and after changing from CAPD to APD therapy. Finally (Study C), we analyzed the impact on Na removal of introducing icodextrin for the long dwell in 16 patients undergoing CAPD or APD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Study A, total Na removal averaged 210 mmol/day for CAPD patients and 91 mmol/day for APD patients (p < 0.001); Na removal was < 100 mmol/day in 7.1% of CAPD patients and 56.4% of APD patients. Multivariate analysis identified ultrafiltration [B = 125 mmol/day, 95% confidence interval (CI) 110,140], CAPD therapy (B = 60 mmol/day, 95%CI 37, 83), and residual diuresis (B = 51 mmol/L, 95%CI 34, 69) as independent predictors of Na removal (adjusted r2 = 0.76). For APD patients, longer nocturnal dwell times and performing a supplementary diurnal exchange were also independently associated with higher Na removal rates. In Study B, Na removal decreased from 192 to 92 mmol/day (median) after the change to APD (p = 0.02). In Study C, peritoneal Na removal increased from 98 to 148 mmol/day (median) (p = 0.04) after introducing icodextrin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Standard APD schedules are frequently associated with poor Na removal rates. For any degree of ultrafiltration, Na removal is better in CAPD than in APD. Icodextrin, supplementary diurnal exchanges, and longer nocturnal dwell times improve Na removal in APD. Sodium removal can be estimated from ultrafiltration in patients on CAPD, but must be specifically monitored in patients on APD.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Hospital Juan Canalejo, A Coruña, Spain. acarmona@canalejo.cesga.es
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Carmona
authors.forename: Miguel Pérez
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Fontán
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001331:Automation; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015314:Dialysis Solutions / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005936:Glucans / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005947:Glucose / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D000077607:Icodextrin; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis; D010531:Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012964:Sodium / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D015314:Dialysis Solutions; D005936:Glucans; D000077607:Icodextrin; D012964:Sodium; D005947:Glucose