title: Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of aneuploidization patterns in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance versus multiple myeloma and plasma cell leukemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is a clonal plasma cell (PC) disorder usually characterized by a benign clinical course. However, in approximately 25% of patients, the disorder has been found to evolve into a multiple myeloma (MM). The mechanism leading to the evolution of MGUS remains unknown. The aim of the current study was, first, to assess by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) the incidence of numerical abnormalities of chromosomes 6, 9, 13, and 17 in MGUS patients and to compare it with that found in MM and PC leukemia (PCL) patients and, second, to explore the potential heterogeneity of the pathologic PC in MGUS as a way to identify unique cytogenetic patterns different from those frequently observed in MM and PCL.
  
  
  METHODS
  Numerical abnormalities of chromosomes 6, 9, 13, and 17 were investigated by dual- and triple-color FISH in bone marrow PC from 208 patients corresponding to MGUS (n = 30), MM (n = 158), and PCL (n = 20) cases. In MGUS and MM patients with < 10% PC, both normal and phenotypically aberrant PC were discriminated by multiparameter flow cytometry, the latter subset being specifically sorted for FISH analysis with a purity of 93% +/- 6%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 57% of the MGUS patients displayed abnormalities for at least 1 of the 4 chromosomes analyzed compared with 75% of both MM and PCL cases. The most common single chromosome abnormalities detected in MGUS were gains of chromosomes 9 (23%) and/or 6 (21%) and loss of chromosomes 13 (21%) and/or 17 (17%). Compared with MM patients, MGUS patients were found to have both a lower incidence of gains of chromosome 9 (23% vs. 54%, P = 0.002) and monosomy 13/13q(-) deletions (21% vs. 38%, P = 0.07); with respect to PCL cases, MGUS patients were found to have a lower incidence of monosomy 13/13q(-) deletions (21% vs. 75%, P < 0.001) together with a slightly higher frequency of gains of both chromosomes 6 (21% vs. 0%, P = 0.05) and 9 (23% vs. 7%, P = 0.1). The simultaneous use of two or three different chromosome probes showed that within the purified compartment of phenotypically aberrant PC from most MGUS patients (67%), more than 1 PC clone could be identified. In contrast, the incidence of 2 or more PC clones was much lower in MM (19%, P < 0.001) and PCL (15%, P = 0.003). Interestingly, although some FISH patterns were shared by both groups of diseases (i.e., monosomy 13/13q(-) deletions alone, gains of chromosome 9 alone or together with trisomy 6), others were found almost exclusively in either MGUS (i.e., a clone with monosomy 6 and/or 17 together with nuclei displaying a normal chromosome number) or in MM (i.e., monosomy 13/13q(-) deletions together with gains of chromosome 6 and/or 9).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In summary, the results of the current study showed that MGUS patients displayed a high incidence of numerical alterations, which are usually associated with the presence of more than one tumor cell clone. It is interesting to note that the cytogenetic patterns observed in the aneuploid PC clones from MGUS patients were frequently different from those observed in both MM and PCL.
authors.affiliation: Servicio General de Citometría, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rasillo
authors.forename: María Dolores
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Tabernero
authors.forename: María Luz
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Sánchez
authors.forename: Martín
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pérez de Andrés
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martín Ayuso
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hernández
authors.forename: María Jesús
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Moro
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fernández-Calvo
authors.forename: José María
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Sayagués
authors.forename: Aglae
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bortoluci
authors.forename: Jesús Fernando
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: San Miguel
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Orfao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000782:Aneuploidy; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D002882:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13; D002886:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17; D002896:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6; D002899:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D007952:Leukemia, Plasma Cell / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D010265:Paraproteinemias / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology