title: Ankylosing spondylitis in the pharaohs of ancient Egypt.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Among the pharaohs of the 18th and 19th dynasty of Old Egypt, at least three had ankylosing spondylitis: Amenhotep (Amenophis) II, Ramses II ("The Great"), and his son Merenptah.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  An illustrated review is given on the radiological indications for their disease, together with the rough history of these pharaohs, the history of their tombs, of the detection of their mummies in the 19th century and of their paleopathological investigation.
authors.affiliation: Ankylosing Spondylitis International Federation, Michaeliburgstrasse 15, 81671 Munich, Germany. E.Feldtkeller@t-online.de
authors.forename: Ernst
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Feldtkeller
authors.forename: Ernst-Martin
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Lemmel
authors.forename: Anthony S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Russell
mesh_terms: D000076144:Egypt, Ancient; D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans; D009106:Mummies / Q000266:history*; D013167:Spondylitis, Ankylosing / Q000266:history*