Comparative effects and metabolism of two microcystins and nodularin in the brine shrimp Artemia salina.
The toxicity and metabolism of the cyanobacterial toxins microcystin-LR (MCLR), Dhb-microcystin-HtyR and nodularin were investigated in the cysts, nauplii and adults of the brine shrimp Artemia salina. The presence of the phase II detoxication system glutathione S-transferase (sGST) in these stages was shown using different substrates. Exposure of adult A. salina to the toxins led to an elevation of GST activity in vivo. All three toxins were conjugated to glutathione via GST, which has been shown as an initial step of microcystin and nodularin detoxication.
Beattie
Kenneth A
KA
Division of Environmental and Applied Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK.
Ressler
Judith
J
Wiegand
Claudia
C
Krause
Eberhard
E
Codd
Geoffrey A
GA
Steinberg
Christian E W
CE
Pflugmacher
Stephan
S
D000818:Animals; D001156:Artemia / Q000378:metabolism*; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D000458:Cyanobacteria / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism*; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D008658:Inactivation, Metabolic; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D052998:Microcystins; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity
D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008387:Marine Toxins; D052998:Microcystins; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic; C063998:nodularin; C078588:microcystin; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; C057862:cyanoginosin LR; D005978:Glutathione