title: The risk of osteoporosis in Caucasian men and women with obstructive airways disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Because patients with obstructive airways disease may be susceptible to osteoporosis, we sought to determine the association between airflow obstruction and osteoporosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed data from Caucasian participants (n = 9502) in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, conducted in the United States between 1988 and 1994. We used data from dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry measurements of the total femur to determine whether a study participant had osteoporosis (defined as total bone mineral density values < or =2.5 SD below the corresponding mean values from young, healthy participants). We calculated the odds ratio (OR) for osteoporosis in four lung function categories: none, mild, moderate, and severe airflow obstruction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, airflow obstruction was associated with increased odds of osteoporosis compared with without airflow obstruction (OR = 1.9; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.4 to 2.5). Participants with severe airflow obstruction were at especially increased risk (OR = 2.4; 95% CI: 1.3 to 4.4). Moderate but not mild airflow obstruction was also associated with osteoporosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Airflow obstruction was an important risk factor for osteoporosis in the study population. These data highlight the importance of measuring bone mineral density in those with moderate-to-severe airflow obstruction for the detection and prevention of osteoporosis-related morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. don.sin@ualberta.ca
authors.forename: Don D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Sin
authors.forename: Jonathan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Man
authors.forename: S F Paul
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Man
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000150:complications; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015519:Bone Density; D001851:Bone Diseases, Metabolic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000150:complications*; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D044465:White People