title: Prevalence of depression in hospitalized patients with congestive heart failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prevalence estimates of depression in hospitalized patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) differ considerably across studies. This article reports the prevalence of depression in a larger sample of hospitalized patients with CHF and identifies demographic, medical, psychosocial, and methodological factors that may affect prevalence estimates.
  
  
  METHODS
  A modified version of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule was administered to a series of 682 hospitalized patients with CHF to determine the prevalence of DSM-IV major and minor depression; 613 patients also completed the Beck Depression Inventory. Medical, demographic, and social data were obtained from hospital chart review, echocardiography, and patient interview.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the sample as a whole, 20% of the patients met the DSM-IV criteria for a current major depressive episode, 16% for a minor depressive episode, and 51% scored above the cutoff for depression on the Beck Depression Inventory (>or=10). However, the prevalence of major depression differed significantly between strata defined by the functional severity of heart failure, age, gender, employment status, dependence in activities of daily living, and past history of major depression. For example, the prevalence ranged from as low as 8% among patients in New York Heart Association class I failure to as high as 40% among patients in class IV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of depression in hospitalized patients with CHF is similar to rates found in post-myocardial infarction patients. However, it is considerably higher in certain subgroups, such as patients with class III or IV heart failure. Further research is needed on the prognostic importance and treatment of comorbid depression in CHF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63124, USA. freedlak@bmc.wust.edu
authors.forename: Kenneth E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Freedland
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Rich
authors.forename: Judith A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Skala
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Carney
authors.forename: Victor G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Dávila-Román
authors.forename: Allan S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Jaffe
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D014463:Ultrasonography; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology