title: Individual and combined effects of age, breast density, and hormone replacement therapy use on the accuracy of screening mammography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relationships among breast density, age, and use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in breast cancer detection have not been fully evaluated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine how breast density, age, and use of HRT individually and in combination affect the accuracy of screening mammography.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  7 population-based mammography registries in North Carolina; New Mexico; New Hampshire; Vermont; Colorado; Seattle, Washington; and San Francisco, California.
  
  
  METHODS
  329 495 women 40 to 89 years of age who had 463 372 screening mammograms from 1996 to 1998; 2223 women received a diagnosis of breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Breast density, age, HRT use, rate of breast cancer occurrence, and sensitivity and specificity of screening mammography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adjusted sensitivity ranged from 62.9% in women with extremely dense breasts to 87.0% in women with almost entirely fatty breasts; adjusted sensitivity increased with age from 68.6% in women 40 to 44 years of age to 83.3% in women 80 to 89 years of age. Adjusted specificity increased from 89.1% in women with extremely dense breasts to 96.9% in women with almost entirely fatty breasts. In women who did not use HRT, adjusted specificity increased from 91.4% in women 40 to 44 years of age to 94.4% in women 80 to 89 years of age. In women who used HRT, adjusted specificity was about 91.7% for all ages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mammographic breast density and age are important predictors of the accuracy of screening mammography. Although HRT use is not an independent predictor of accuracy, it probably affects accuracy by increasing breast density.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community & Family Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, 1 Medical Center Drive, HB 7925, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA. Patricia.A.Carney@dartmouth.edu.
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Carney
authors.forename: Diana L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Miglioretti
authors.forename: Bonnie C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Yankaskas
authors.forename: Karla
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kerlikowske
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.forename: Carolyn M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Rutter
authors.forename: Berta M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Geller
authors.forename: Linn A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Abraham
authors.forename: Steven H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Taplin
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dignan
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cutter
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ballard-Barbash
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001940:Breast / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography / Q000592:standards*; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000592:standards*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology