title: Optimizing the operative treatment of boys with varicocele: sequential comparison of 4 techniques.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We compared 4 techniques of varicocele ligation in boys and young adolescents to determine the optimal operative treatment that avoids varicocele recurrence and postoperative hydrocele formation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 10 years a total of 128 varicocelectomies were performed sequentially in 121 boys and young adolescents with a mean age of 12 years using the laparoscopic, inguinal testicular artery sparing, standard Palomo (high mass retroperitoneal ligation) and modified Palomo approaches. The modified Palomo approach involved suprainguinal and retroperitoneal ligation of the veins and artery, and microsurgical sparing of the blue stained lymphatic pathway of the testis. Patients were followed a mean of 52 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the 19 boys in the laparoscopy group varicocele persisted in 10% and hydrocele developed in 5%. In the 21 patients who underwent inguinal surgery with artery preservation recurrent varicoceles were identified in 14% and no hydroceles were observed. In the 32 patients who underwent the standard Palomo procedure there was no palpable varicocele persistence or recurrence, while hydroceles developed in 12%. Of the 56 patients in the modified Palomo group varicocele recurred in 1 (2%) and there were no hydroceles. No testicular atrophy developed in any patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Comparison of all 4 groups revealed significant differences in varicocele recurrence (p = 0.038) and hydrocele formation (p = 0.023). Pairwise group comparison showed that the modified Palomo technique resulted in a significant decrease in the incidence of postoperative hydrocele formation compared with the standard Palomo method (p = 0.015). This procedure can be recommended as the optimal surgical technique for varicocele treatment in males of this young age.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Urology, Krankenhaus Barmherzige Schwestern, Linz, Austria.
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Riccabona
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oswald
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koen
authors.forename: Lukas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lusuardi
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Radmayr
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bartsch
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D014646:Varicocele / Q000601:surgery*; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*