title: Efficacy of passive acoustic screening: implications for the design of imager and MR-suite.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the efficacy of passive acoustic screening in the magnetic resonance (MR) environment by reducing direct and indirect MR-related acoustic noise, both from the patient's and health worker's perspective.
  
  
  METHODS
  Direct acoustic noise refers to sound originating from the inner and outer shrouds of the MR imager, and indirect noise to acoustic reflections from the walls of the MR suite. Sound measurements were obtained inside the magnet bore (patient position) and at the entrance of the MR imager (health worker position). Inner and outer shrouds and walls were lined with thick layers of sound insulation to eliminate the direct and indirect acoustic pathways. Sound pressure levels (SPLs) and octave band frequencies were acquired during various MR imaging sequences at 1.5 T.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inside the magnet bore, direct acoustic noise radiating from the inner shroud was most relevant, with substantial reductions of up to 18.8 dB when using passive screening of the magnetic bore. At the magnet bore entrance, blocking acoustic noise from the outer shroud and reflections showed significant reductions of 4.5 and 2.8 dB, respectively, and 9.4 dB when simultaneously applied. Inner shroud coverage contributed minimally to the overall SPL reduction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maximum noise reduction by passive acoustic screening can be achieved by reducing direct sound conduction through the inner and outer shrouds. Additional measures to optimize the acoustic properties of the MR suite have only little effect.
authors.affiliation: Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Radiology, 50 Dr. Molewaterplein, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands. moelker@rdiag.fgg.eur.nl
authors.forename: Adriaan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moelker
authors.forename: Mika W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.forename: Peter M T
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Pattynama
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D004867:Equipment Design; D006749:Hospital Design and Construction; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation*; D009622:Noise; D012449:Safety