title: Error reduction and performance improvement in the emergency department through formal teamwork training: evaluation results of the MedTeams project.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effectiveness of training and institutionalizing teamwork behaviors, drawn from aviation crew resource management (CRM) programs, on emergency department (ED) staff organized into caregiver teams.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine teaching and community hospital EDs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective multicenter evaluation using a quasi-experimental, untreated control group design with one pretest and two posttests of the Emergency Team Coordination Course (ETCC). The experimental group, comprised of 684 physicians, nurses, and technicians, received the ETCC and implemented formal teamwork structures and processes. Assessments occurred prior to training, and at intervals of four and eight months after training. Three outcome constructs were evaluated: team behavior, ED performance, and attitudes and opinions. Trained observers rated ED staff team behaviors and made observations of clinical errors, a measure of ED performance. Staff and patients in the EDs completed surveys measuring attitudes and opinions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospital EDs were the units of analysis for the seven outcome measures. Prior to aggregating data at the hospital level, scale properties of surveys and event-related observations were evaluated at the respondent or case level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A statistically significant improvement in quality of team behaviors was shown between the experimental and control groups following training (p = .012). Subjective workload was not affected by the intervention (p = .668). The clinical error rate significantly decreased from 30.9 percent to 4.4 percent in the experimental group (p = .039). In the experimental group, the ED staffs' attitudes toward teamwork increased (p = .047) and staff assessments of institutional support showed a significant increase (p = .040).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings point to the effectiveness of formal teamwork training for improving team behaviors, reducing errors, and improving staff attitudes among the ETCC-trained hospitals.
authors.affiliation: Crew Performance Group, Dynamics Research Corporation, Andover, MA 01810, USA.
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Morey
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: Gregory D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Jay
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Wears
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salisbury
authors.forename: Kimberly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Dukes
authors.forename: Scott D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Berns
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D035061:Control Groups; D003479:Curriculum; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000592:standards*; D006302:Health Services Research; D006764:Hospitals, Community; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D007318:Inservice Training; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010348:Patient Care Team / Q000592:standards*; D015397:Program Evaluation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017749:Total Quality Management; D000078329:Workforce