title: Mortality prediction at admission to intensive care: a comparison of microalbuminuria with acute physiology scores after 24 hours.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare low level albumin excretion (microalbuminuria), a marker of systemic capillary permeability, with mortality, Acute Physiologic And Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) score, the Simplified Acute Physiologic (SAP II) score, and their derived mortality probabilities in patients admitted to a general intensive care unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 14-bed intensive care unit in a university teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 140 consecutive patients (59 surgical, 48 medical, 22 trauma, and 11 burns).
  
  
  METHODS
  Urine collection within 15 mins of intensive care unit admission for assessment of microalbuminuria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Microalbuminuria, expressed as the albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR: normal, <2.3 mg/mmol), was compared with mortality, APACHE II and SAP II scores and their derived mortality probabilities after 24 hrs, intensive care unit stay, and markers of organ function and inflammation. Median (95% confidence interval) ACR at admission for survivors (n = 115) and nonsurvivors (n = 25) were 4.2 (3.6-6.5) and 17.8 (8.0-40.8) mg/mmol, respectively (p =.0002 Mann Whitney). For 92 surgical, trauma, and burn patients, of whom 81 survived, ACR of >5.9 mg/mmol gave a sensitivity for death of 100%, specificity of 59%, positive predictive value of 25%, and negative predictive value of 100%. Mortality probability receiver operator characteristic curve areas for ACR, APACHE II, and SAP II were 0.843 (p <.0001), 0.793 (p =.0004), and 0.770 (p =.0017), respectively. ACR was associated with intensive care unit stay (p =.0021) and highest serum C-reactive protein (p =.0002), serum creatinine (p <.0001), and bilirubin (p =.0009). For 48 medical patients, of whom 34 survived, admission ACRs for survivors and nonsurvivors were 8.3 (5.7-10.8) and 10.7 (4.1-48.2) mg/mmol, respectively (p =.32). SAP II, but not APACHE II, score was significantly higher for nonsurvivors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For surgical, trauma, and burn patients, but not medical patients, microalbuminuria within 15 mins of intensive care unit admission predicted death as well as APACHE II and SAP II scores calculated after 24 hrs, and it shows promise as a predictor of outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Trust, UK. Peter.Gosling@uhb.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gosling
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brudney
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: McGrath
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Riseboro
authors.forename: Mav
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Manji
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015415:Biomarkers; D019559:Capillary Leak Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012372:ROC Curve; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013997:Time Factors; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers