title: Assessing publication bias in meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although publication bias is a concern when using meta-analysis, techniques for assessing for its potential appear to be underused in nursing.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate several methods, both graphical and statistical, of assessing for publication bias.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four methods are described and demonstrated, ranging from the familiar fail-safe N to the trim-and-fill method, using the same contrived data set.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Methods vary in their conclusion about the presence of potential publication bias in the example presented. Some limitations of the methods are noted to assist meta-analysts in determining which to consider using.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given that publication bias can affect the validity of meta-analytic studies, researchers are encouraged to use more than one method to assess for bias so that clinicians and decision-makers can have the best possible information available.
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore 21201, USA. Soeken@son.umaryland.edu
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Soeken
authors.forename: Acharaporn
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sripusanapan
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D015399:Nursing Research / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D017594:Publication Bias / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013223:Statistics as Topic / Q000379:methods