title: Seeking candidate mutations that affect iron homeostasis.
abstract: Hereditary hemochromatosis is characterized by marked variation of expression of the defect: very few homozygotes with the C282Y/C282Y HFE genotype have full-blown clinical disease, a larger number show biochemical stigmata of iron overload, and some seem normal biochemically. The following candidate genes have been examined in detail to determine whether polymorphisms in them may be responsible for this variation: transferrin, transferrin receptor 1, transferrin receptor 2, ferritin-L, ferritin-H, IRP1, IRP2, HFE, beta(2) microglobulin, mobilferrin/calreticulin, ceruloplasmin, ferroportin, NRAMP1, NRAMP2 (DMT1), haptoglobin, heme oxygenase-1, heme oxygenase-2, hepcidin, USF2, ZIRTL, duodenal cytochrome b ferric reductase (DCYTB), TNFalpha, keratin 8, and keratin 18. The coding sequence, exon-intron junctions, and promoters of each of these genes was sequenced in DNA from 20 subjects: 5 HFE C282Y/C282Y with clinical disease, 5 HFE C282Y/C282Y with normal/low ferritin levels and no disease, 5 wt/wt with high ferritin and transferrin saturation, and 5 wt/wt normal controls. When coding or promoter polymorphisms were encountered, DNA from large numbers of ethnically defined subjects was examined for these polymorphisms and a relationship between their existence and abnormalities of iron homeostasis was sought. Only in the case of one transferrin mutation did we find a strong relationship between the polymorphism and iron deficiency anemia. The putative genes that affect the expression of HFE mutations remain elusive.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, MEM215, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92014, USA. plee@scripps.edu
authors.forename: Pauline
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Terri
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gelbart
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Halloran
authors.forename: Ernest
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Beutler
mesh_terms: D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D000071020:Hemochromatosis Protein; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I / Q000235:genetics; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism*; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D009154:Mutation; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic
chemical_list: C103673:HFE protein, human; D000071020:Hemochromatosis Protein; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D007501:Iron