Chernobyl and iodine deficiency in the Russian Federation: an environmental disaster leading to a public health opportunity.
The Chernobyl nuclear disaster of April 26, 1986, triggered a chain of devastating events that later included an unexpected increase in childhood thyroid cancer and evidence of iodine deficiency (ID) in Russia. For the Russian people the Chernobyl event had profound psychological impacts, provoking anxiety about nuclear technology and mistrust of governmental control efforts. Frequently in public health a crisis is required to create the political will to manage longstanding problems, and public health officials must rapidly mobilize to take advantage of the opportunity. In this case, ID, previously not seen as a problem in Russia, was recognized to be potentially serious, and the Russian Federation, assisted by the catalytic bi-national effort of the U.S.-Russian Joint Commission on Economic and Technological Cooperation (Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission (GCC)) established a model salt iodization policy, developed a planning process, and implemented a program to prevent ID through a systematic approach that included the people, government, and private groups using open communication, dissemination of the findings, and action plans. By 1999, political will had been mobilized and over 20% of the nation's salt was being iodized, up from about 1% in 1996. Universal iodization of salt was not a specific objective of the GCC; however, the increasing availability of iodized salt is leading to the elimination of ID, which is now a political goal in Russia. The full realization of this goal will require more time for education, marketing, and possibly legislative action.
Jackson
Richard J
RJ
National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, NE-Mail Stop F-29, Atlanta, Georgia 30341-3717, USA.
DeLozier
David M
DM
Gerasimov
Gregory
G
Borisova
Olga
O
Garbe
Paul L
PL
Goultchenko
Lioudmila
L
Shakarishvili
George
G
Hollowell
Joseph G
JG
Miller
Dayton T
DT
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology; D003677:Deficiency Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004189:Disaster Planning / Q000458:organization & administration*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006043:Goiter, Endemic / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007455:Iodine / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000600:supply & distribution* / Q000652:urine; D008875:Middle Aged; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D009688:Nuclear Reactors; D011640:Public Policy; D018788:Radioactive Hazard Release; D002094:Republic of Belarus / Q000453:epidemiology; D012426:Russia / Q000453:epidemiology; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000528:radiation effects; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D014455:Ukraine / Q000453:epidemiology
D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary; C034024:iodized salt; D007455:Iodine