title: Short-term, delayed, and working memory are impaired during hypoglycemia in individuals with type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effects of acute insulin-induced hypoglycemia on short-term, delayed, and working memory in individuals with type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A hyperinsulinemic glucose clamp was used to maintain arterialized blood glucose level at either 4.5 mmol/l (euglycemia) or 2.5 mmol/l (hypoglycemia) on two separate occasions in 16 adults with type 1 diabetes. The participants completed tests of immediate and delayed verbal memory, immediate and delayed visual memory, and working memory during each experimental condition. Two other mental tests, the Trail Making B Test and the Digit Symbol Test, were also administered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Performance in tests of immediate verbal and immediate visual memory was significantly impaired during hypoglycemia. The effect of hypoglycemia on working memory and delayed memory was more profound. Performance in the nonmemory tests, the Trail Making B Test, and the Digit Symbol Test also deteriorated during hypoglycemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All of the memory systems examined in the present study were affected significantly by acute hypoglycemia, particularly working memory and delayed memory. Mild (self-treated) hypoglycemia is common in individuals with insulin-treated diabetes; therefore, these observed effects of hypoglycemia on memory are of potential clinical importance because they could interfere with many everyday activities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Sommerfield
authors.forename: Ian J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Deary
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: McAulay
authors.forename: Brian M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Frier
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D003071:Cognition; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D011939:Mental Recall; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests