title: The role of herbicides in the erosion of salt marshes in eastern England.
abstract: Laboratory studies and field trials were conducted to investigate the role of herbicides on saltmarsh vegetation, and their possible significance to saltmarsh erosion. Herbicide concentrations within the ranges present in the aquatic environment were found to reduce the photosynthetic efficiency and growth of both epipelic diatoms and higher saltmarsh plants in the laboratory and in situ. The addition of sublethal concentrations of herbicides resulted in decreased growth rates and photosynthetic efficiency of diatoms and photosynthetic efficiency of higher plants. Sediment stability also decreased due to a reduction in diatom EPS production. There was qualitative evidence that diatoms migrated deeper into the sediment when the surface was exposed to simazine, reducing surface sediment stability by the absence of a cohesive biofilm. Sediment loads on leaves severely reduced photosynthesis in Limonium vulgare. This, coupled with reduced carbon assimilation from the effects of herbicides, could have large negative consequences for plant productivity and over winter survival of saltmarsh plants. The data support the hypothesis that sublethal herbicide concentrations could be playing a role in the increased erosion of salt marshes that has occurred over the past 40 years.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, Essex, UK. masoc@essex.ac.uk
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: G J C
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Underwood
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Davey
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hanlon
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Long
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oxborough
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Paterson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Watson
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D019663:Chenopodiaceae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D017377:Diatoms / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004739:England; D019015:Geologic Sediments; D006540:Herbicides / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D029606:Plumbaginaceae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D012623:Seawater / Q000032:analysis; D012839:Simazine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D012987:Soil; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D012839:Simazine