title: Outcomes after trans-tibial amputation: the relationship between quiet stance ability, strength of hip abductor muscles and gait.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous research regarding the symmetry of trans-tibial amputees has examined weight distribution and various gait parameters between prosthetic and sound limbs. However, to date, no known research has determined if asymmetry is present in the strength of the hip abductor muscles or if correlations exist between these categories of symmetry. The purpose of the present study was, therefore, to document asymmetry present in stance, strength and gait measures, and to determine the relationship between these variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-three elderly, unilateral trans-tibial amputees stood on two adjacent forceplates whilst the weight distribution and standard deviation (SD) of the anterior-posterior and the medio-lateral centre of pressure excursion (COPE) under each limb was recorded during four 40 s trials: quiet stance (QS), with eyes open and eyes closed; and even stance (ES), with eyes open and eyes closed. Gait measures (velocity, cadence, step and stride lengths, stance:swing ratio and period of double support) over 10 m of fast, yet safe walking and measures of the strength of hip abductor muscles were also obtained by use of a stride analyser and a dynamometer, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences were found between QS and ES measures. However, significantly more weight was taken on the sound limb than on the amputated limb. Notably, more anterior-posterior movement occurred under the sound limb than the amputated limb, with this becoming more apparent with the eyes closed. Movement in the medio-lateral direction was found to be the same between sides. No differences in muscle strength or gait measures between limbs were demonstrated. However, strong hip abductor muscles were correlated with increased weight-bearing on the amputated limb, improved gait parameters and reduced medio-lateral COPE under the amputated limb.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This research confirms the asymmetrical nature of amputee stance and demonstrates symmetry of strength and gait measures between limbs. The correlations between hip abductor muscle strength, weight distribution and gait measures illustrates the importance of pre- and post-operative training of these muscles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nadollek
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brauer
authors.forename: Rosemary
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Isles
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000671:Amputation, Surgical; D001186:Artificial Limbs; D005684:Gait; D006615:Hip; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004856:Postural Balance; D013977:Tibia / Q000601:surgery*; D016474:Weight-Bearing