title: Long-term survival following simultaneous kidney-pancreas transplantation versus kidney transplantation alone in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and renal failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pancreas transplantation improves quality of life and prevents the progression of secondary complications of diabetes. Whether these benefits translate into a long-term survival advantage is not entirely clear.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the United Network for Organ Sharing database, we analyzed long-term survival in 18,549 patients with type 1 diabetes and renal failure who received a kidney transplant between 1987 and 1996. Patient survival was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Proportional hazards models were used to adjust for effects of differences in recipient and donor variables between simultaneous kidney-pancreas transplants (SKPTs) and kidney-alone transplants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SKPT and living donor kidney recipients had a significant crude survival distribution advantage over cadaver kidney transplant recipients (8-year survival rates: 72% for SKPT recipients, 72% for living donor kidney recipients, and 55% for cadaver kidney recipients). The survival advantage for SKPT recipients over cadaver kidney recipients diminished, but persisted after adjusting for donor and recipient variables and kidney graft function as time-varying covariates. SKPT recipients had a high mortality risk relative to living donor kidney recipients through 18 months posttransplantation (hazards ratio, 2.2; P < 0.001), but had a lower relative risk (hazard ratio, 0.86; P < 0.02) thereafter. In SKPT recipients, maintenance of a functioning pancreas graft was associated with a survival benefit.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The long-term survival of SKPT recipients is superior to that of cadaver kidney transplant recipients with type 1 diabetes. There is no difference in survival of SKPT recipients and living donor kidney recipients with type 1 diabetes at up to 8 years' follow-up; the former have a greater early mortality risk and the latter have a greater late mortality risk. Results of this study suggest that successful simultaneous kidney-pancreas transplantation is not only life enhancing, but life saving.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Surgery and Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA. kredd0@uky.edu
authors.forename: K Sudhakar
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: Don
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stablein
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Taranto
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Stratta
authors.forename: Thomas D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: Thomas H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Waid
authors.forename: J Wade
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: McKeown
authors.forename: Bruce A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.forename: Dinesh
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ranjan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002102:Cadaver; D002423:Cause of Death / Q000639:trends; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019520:Living Donors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends; D016035:Pancreas Transplantation / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D014019:Tissue Donors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data