title: System for upper airway segmentation and measurement with MR imaging and fuzzy connectedness.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether a computerized system developed to help delineate the upper airway and surrounding structures with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was effective for aiding in the diagnosis of upper airway disorders in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors performed axial T2-weighted MR imaging to gather information about different aspects of the airway and its surrounding soft-tissue structures, including the adenoid and palatine tonsils, tongue, and soft palate. Images were processed and segmented to compute the architectural parameters of the airway (eg, surface description, volume, central [medial] line, and cross-sectional areas at planes perpendicular to the central line). The authors built a software package for the visualization, segmentation, registration, prefiltering, interpolation, standardization, and quantitative analysis of the airway and tonsils.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The system was tested with 40 patient studies. For every study, the system segmented and displayed a smooth three-dimensional rendition of the airway and its central line and a plot of the cross-sectional area of the airway orthogonal to the central line as a function of the distance from one end of the central line. The precision and accuracy for segmentation was 97%. The mean time taken per study was about 4 minutes and included the operator interaction time and processing time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This method provides a robust and fast means of assessing the airway size, shape, and level of restriction, as well as a structural data set suitable for use in modeling studies of airflow and mechanics.
authors.affiliation: Medical Image Processing Group, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 4th Floor, Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Dr, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6021, USA.
authors.forename: Jianguo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jayaram K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Udupa
authors.forename: Dewey
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Odhnera
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: McDonough
authors.forename: Raanan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Arens
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002648:Child; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted; D005260:Female; D017143:Fuzzy Logic; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012984:Software