title: Adherence to pressure ulcer prevention guidelines: implications for nursing home quality.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aims to assess overall nursing home (NH) implementation of pressure ulcer (PU) prevention guidelines and variation in implementation rates among a geographically diverse sample of NHs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review of NH medical records.
  
  
  METHODS
  A geographically diverse sample of 35 Veterans Health Administration NHs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A nested random sample of 834 residents free of PU on admission.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adherence to explicit quality review criteria based on the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Practice Guidelines for PU prevention was measured. Medical record review was used to determine overall and facility-specific adherence rates for 15 PU guideline recommendations and for a subset of six key recommendations judged as most critical.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six thousand two hundred eighty-three instances were identified in which one of the 15 guideline recommendations was applicable to a study patient based on a specific indication or resident characteristic in the medical record. NH clinicians adhered to the appropriate recommendation in 41% of these instances. For the six key recommendations, clinicians adhered in 50% of instances. NHs varied significantly in adherence to indicated guideline recommendations, ranging from 29% to 51% overall adherence across all 15 recommendations (P <.001) and from 24% to 75% across the six key recommendations (P <.001). Adherence rates for specific indications also varied, ranging from 94% (skin inspection) to 1% (education of residents or families). Standardized assessment of PU risk was identified as one of the most important and measurable recommendations. Clinicians performed this assessment in only 61% of patients for whom it was indicated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NHs' overall adherence to PU prevention guidelines is relatively low and is characterized by large variations between homes in adherence to many recommendations. The low level of adherence and high level of variation to many best-care practices for PU prevention indicate a continued need for quality improvement, particularly for some guidelines.
authors.affiliation: Center for the Study of Healthcare Provider Behavior, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Greater Los Angeles System, Los Angeles, California, USA. saliba@rand.org
authors.forename: Debra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Saliba
authors.forename: Lisa V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Rubenstein
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hickey
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ferrell
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Czarnowski
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Berlowitz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009735:Nursing Homes / Q000592:standards*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D003668:Pressure Ulcer / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014481:United States; D014493:United States Department of Veterans Affairs