title: Association of negative life event stress with coagulation activity in elderly Alzheimer caregivers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Part of the excess coronary disease rate and overall mortality reported with caregiving stress could relate to a hypercoagulable state. Physiological responses to the chronic distress of caregiving may involve hyperactive sympathetic nervous system responses to superimposed stressors. We wondered whether negative life stress might affect hemostatic function in caregivers.
  
  
  METHODS
  The three procoagulant measures thrombin-antithrombin III complex (TAT), fibrin D-dimer (DD), and von Willebrand factor (vWF) antigen were assessed in 54 spousal Alzheimer caregivers (mean age, 73 +/- 6 years). Subjects completed a semistructured interview (Psychiatric Epidemiologic Research Interview, PERI) that assessed for non-caregiving-related life stress (ie, number of negative life events) over the 4-week period before blood sampling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Caregivers reported an average of 2.6 negative life events (range, 0-6). The number of negative life events showed a direct association with plasma DD levels (p =.010). In multiple regression analyses, body mass index (BMI) and life stress were the only significant predictors of DD. Together, BMI, hypertension status, gender, and depression accounted for 23% of the variance in DD (p =.022). After these variables had been controlled for, life stress explained an additional 9% (p =.021) of the variance in DD. On the other hand, the number of life-events did not significantly predict TAT or vWF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest that superimposed life stress on top of the chronic stress of Alzheimer caregiving may elicit a hypercoagulable state that could contribute to coronary disease and to increased overall mortality in this population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0680, USA.
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: von Känel
authors.forename: Joel E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Dimsdale
authors.forename: Thomas L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Grant
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease; D000990:Antithrombin III / Q000032:analysis; D015415:Biomarkers; D001777:Blood Coagulation; D015992:Body Mass Index; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases / Q000032:analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D018454:Spouses / Q000523:psychology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000097:blood* / Q000523:psychology; D019851:Thrombophilia / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D014841:von Willebrand Factor / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; C046193:antithrombin III-protease complex; C036309:fibrin fragment D; D014841:von Willebrand Factor; D000990:Antithrombin III; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases