title: Hand-assisted retroperitoneoscopic nephroureterectomy for upper urinary-tract urothelial tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We report our experience with hand-assisted retroperitoneoscopic nephroureterectomy for upper urinary-tract urothelial cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our initial 10 cases of clinical stage T(1)N(0)M(0) renal pelvic and ureteral tumors treated with hand-assisted retroperitoneoscopic nephroureterectomy are included in the present report. Nephrectomy was conducted retroperitoneoscopically with hand assistance via a lower-abdominal midline incision. Resection of the lower ureter together with the bladder cuff was performed as open surgery and the specimen was removed en bloc via the same incision.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hand-assisted retroperitoneoscopic nephroureterectomy was completed successfully in all 10 cases. The mean operating time was 456 +/- 90 minutes, and the mean estimated blood loss was 462 +/- 364 mL. The times to oral intake and walking were 1.5 +/- 0.5 days and 2.3 +/- 0.7 days, respectively. One case of renal vein injury, one case of pulmonary embolism, and three cases of wound infection were the complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first report of hand-assisted endoscopic nephroureterectomy using the retroperitoneal approach. The surgical technique seems quite reasonable because the lower-abdominal incision can be utilized, not only as a route for hand assistance, but also as a window for open surgery when resecting the distal ureter as well as for extracting the surgical specimen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Saga Medical School, Japan. uozumi@post.saga-med.ac.jp
authors.forename: Jiro
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Uozumi
authors.forename: Chisato
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fujiyama
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Meiri
authors.forename: Tsunehiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsukahara
authors.forename: Kyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Soejima
authors.forename: Takehiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kanou
authors.forename: Zenjiro
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Masaki
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D007682:Kidney Pelvis / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000209:etiology; D012082:Renal Veins / Q000293:injuries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000209:etiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014513:Ureter / Q000601:surgery*; D014516:Ureteral Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*