title: Treatment of phenytoin toxicity by the molecular adsorbents recirculating system (MARS).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Toxicity is common in patients of epilepsy treated with phenytoin (PHT), requiring careful drug level monitoring and supportive care. Specific treatment options are limited, although charcoal haemofiltration has been used previously. We attempted to demonstrate that severe PHT toxicity can be treated successfully with the Molecular Adsorbents Recirculating System (MARS). The mechanism of drug removal by the system also was studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 45-year-old patient of status epilepticus with acute renal failure and severe PHT toxicity, associated with cardiac arrhythmias, hepatotoxicity, and altered sensorium, was treated with the MARS, a blood-purification system based on albumin dialysis, and including a charcoal filter, for 11.5 h. Serum PHT levels and blood levels of oxygen-based free radicals (by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy) were measured before and after treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum total and free PHT levels declined sharply (32 to 11 microM and 9.8 to 2.0 microM, respectively), with clinical improvement and a 65% reduction in measured oxidative stress. The mechanism of drug removal, deduced by measuring PHT in the dialysate collected from different segments of the MARS circuit, was by clearance from blood into the albumin dialysate, and ultimately removal by the charcoal filter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The observed removal of PHT by MARS, along with the clinical improvement of the patient and reduction of the associated oxidative stress after treatment, indicates that MARS offers a promising option in PHT toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hepatology, University College London Medical School and University College London Hospitals, England.
authors.forename: Sambit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sen
authors.forename: Neville
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ratnaraj
authors.forename: Nathan A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Rajeshwar P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Mookerjee
authors.forename: Christopher E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Philip N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Patsalos
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Rajiv
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jalan
mesh_terms: D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006440:Hemofiltration / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D019164:Liver, Artificial; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010672:Phenytoin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011485:Protein Binding; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000378:metabolism; D013226:Status Epilepticus / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D012709:Serum Albumin; D010672:Phenytoin