title: The effects of storage conditions on viability of Clostridium difficile vegetative cells and spores and toxin activity in human faeces.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Clostridium difficile is a common nosocomial pathogen and as such diagnostic and research methods may necessitate storage of faecal specimens for long periods, followed by subsequent re-examination. This study investigated the effects of storage conditions upon the viability of this organism and its toxin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three genotypically distinct strains of C difficile (two clinical isolates including the UK epidemic strain, and an environmental isolate) were grown anaerobically at 37 degrees C for 72 hours in a pool of five faecal emulsions. Aliquots of each emulsion were stored at either -20 degrees C (frozen) or 4 degrees C (refrigerated). Emulsions were assayed for viable cells, spores, and cytotoxin titre before storage and at days 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 28, and 56. An aliquot of each emulsion was also removed, assayed, and replaced in storage at each time point to investigate the effects of multiple freezing/refrigeration/thawing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neither storage temperature nor multiple cycles of refrigeration/freezing and thawing adversely affected the viability of C difficile vegetative cells or spores. Single and multiple exposures of samples to 4 degrees C had little effect upon the C difficile toxin titre. Toxin titres of multiply frozen and thawed faeces became significantly lower than for refrigerated faeces (p < 0.01) by day 5 of the experiment in two of the three strains, and in all strains by day 28. Toxin titres of singly frozen faeces became significantly lower than for refrigerated faeces (p < 0.01) by day 56 of the experiment in two of the three strains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Storage temperature and multiple cycles of freezing (refrigeration)/thawing had minimal effects upon the viability of C difficile or its spores. Storage at 4 degrees C has no discernible effect on C difficile cytotoxin. However, storage at -20 degrees C has a detrimental effect upon C difficile cytotoxin, and multiple cycles of freezing and thawing may further adversely effect toxin titres.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Leeds and The General Infirmary, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Wilcox
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000032:analysis; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D015925:Cryopreservation; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D011309:Preservation, Biological / Q000379:methods*; D012034:Refrigeration; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000472:pathogenicity; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins