title: Genetic background conditions the effect of sex steroids on the inflammatory response during endotoxic shock.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The contribution of gender to the mortality and morbidity of trauma patients is controversial. In addition, a genetic contribution has been recently indicated. The influence of these two variables was studied in a murine model of endotoxemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, controlled, and randomized animal study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A university research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female and male mice (6-8 wks old) were injected with lipopolysaccharide (15 mg/kg). Additionally, mice were gonadectomized and supplemented with 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone (357 mg/day), 17-beta-estradiol (23.8 microg/day), or placebo for 21 days and injected with lipopolysaccharide. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha was measured in plasma samples obtained after 1.5 hrs of lipopolysaccharide injection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher tumor necrosis factor-alpha plasma levels were observed in C57BL/6J (B6) female mice as compared with males. Because this phenotype is not sex linked, we evaluated the role of sex steroids. Castrated male B6 mice showed higher lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha plasma levels than nonoperated controls. These lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels were further increased after the administration of 17-beta-estradiol to castrated B6 male mice as compared with nonoperated male or female mice. In addition, 17-beta-estradiol-supplemented castrated mice showed a higher frequency of mortality than castrated males without hormone replacement or nonoperated mice. Analysis of castrated male mice from other strains (A/J, DBA/2J, AKR/J, BALB/cJ) supplemented with 17-beta-estradiol presented the opposite effect, a reduction in lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha plasma levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that sex steroids can modulate the inflammatory response and the outcome after injury in mice. The effect of sex steroids depends on the genetic background.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Heiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Trentzsch
authors.forename: Dylan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Maio
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D002369:Castration; D013196:Dihydrotestosterone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D011897:Random Allocation; D012737:Sex Factors; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D013196:Dihydrotestosterone; D004958:Estradiol