title: Identification of genes expressed during Xenopus laevis limb regeneration by using subtractive hybridization.
abstract: Suppression polymerase chain reaction-based subtractive hybridization was used to identify genes that are expressed during Xenopus laevis hindlimb regeneration. Subtractions were done by using RNAs extracted from the regeneration-competent stage (stage 53) and regeneration-incompetent stage (stage 59) of limb development. Forward and reverse subtractions were done between stage 53 7-day blastema and stage 53 contralateral limb (competent stage), stage 59 7-day pseudoblastema and stage 59 contralateral limb (incompetent stage), and stage 53 7-day blastema and stage 59 7-day pseudoblastema. Several thousand clones were analyzed from the various subtracted libraries, either by random selection and sequencing (1,920) or by screening subtracted cDNA clones (6,150), arrayed on nylon membranes, with tissue-specific probes. Several hundred clones were identified from the array screens whose expression levels were at least twofold higher in experimental tissue vs. control tissue (e.g., blastema vs. limb) and selected for sequencing. In addition, primers were designed to assay several of the randomly selected clones and used to assess the level of expression of these genes during regeneration and normal limb development. Approximately half of the selected clones were differentially expressed, as expected, including several that demonstrate blastema-specific enhancement of expression. Three distinct categories of expression were identified in our screens: (1) clones that are expressed in both regeneration-competent blastemas and -incompetent pseudoblastemas, (2) clones that are expressed at highest levels in regeneration-competent blastemas, and (3) clones that are expressed at highest levels in regeneration-incompetent pseudoblastemas. Characterizing the role of each of these three categories of genes will be important in furthering our understanding of the process of tissue regeneration.
authors.affiliation: Center for Medical Education, Indiana University School of Medicine, Terre Haute, Indiana 47809, USA. mking@medicine.indstate.edu
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Trent
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Calley
authors.forename: Mark W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Harty
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Muzinich
authors.forename: Anthony L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Mescher
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chalfant
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: N'Cho
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McLeaster
authors.forename: Jacquelyn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McEntire
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stocum
authors.forename: Rosamund C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Anton W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Neff
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019295:Computational Biology; D005121:Extremities / Q000502:physiology*; D015870:Gene Expression; D015723:Gene Library; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012038:Regeneration / Q000235:genetics*; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*