title: Manual versus powered toothbrushing for oral health.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Specific oral bacteria, generically known as "dental plaque" are the primary cause of gingivitis (gum disease) and caries. The removal of dental plaque is thought to play a key role in the maintenance of oral health. There is conflicting evidence for the relative merits of manual and powered toothbrushing in achieving this.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare manual and powered toothbrushes in relation to the removal of plaque, the health of the gingivae, staining and calculus, dependability, adverse effects and cost.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Oral Health Group's Trials Register (to 22/8/02); Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library Issue 3, 2002); MEDLINE (January 1966 to week 5 2002); EMBASE (January 1980 to week 3 July 2002) and CINAHL (January 1982 to June 2002). Manufacturers of powered toothbrushes were contacted for additional published and unpublished trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  Trials were selected if they met the following criteria: design-random allocation of participants; participants-general public with uncompromised manual dexterity; intervention- supervised manual and powered toothbrushing for at least four weeks; primary outcomes-the change in plaque and gingivitis over that period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six reviewers independently extracted information in duplicate. Indices for plaque and gingivitis were expressed as standardised values for each study. The effect measure for each meta-analysis was the standardised mean difference (SMD) with the appropriate 95% confidence intervals (CI) using random effect models. Potential sources of heterogeneity were examined, along with sensitivity analyses for the items assessed for quality and publication bias.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-nine trials, involving 2,547 participants, provided data for the meta-analysis. Brushes that worked with a rotation oscillation action removed more plaque and reduced gingivitis more effectively than manual brushes in the short and long term. For plaque at one to three months the SMD was -0.44 (95% CI: -0.66 to -0.21), for gingivitis SMD -0.44 (95% CI: -0.72, -0.15). These represented an 11% reduction on the Quigley Hein plaque index and a 6% reduction on the Löe and Silness gingival index. At over three months the effects were SMD for plaque -1.15 (95% CI: -2.02,-0.29) and SMD for gingivitis -0.51 (95% CI: -0.76, -0.25). These represented a 7% reduction on the Quigley Hein Plaque Index and a 17% reduction on the Ainamo Bay Bleeding on Probing Gingival Index. The heterogeneity found in these meta-analyses for short term trials was caused by one trial that had exceptionally low standard deviations. Sensitivity analyses revealed the results to be robust when selecting trials of high quality. There was no evidence of any publication bias. No other powered brush designs were consistently superior to manual toothbrushes. In these trials, data on cost, reliability and side effects were inconsistently reported. Those side effects that were reported on in the trials were localised and temporary.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Powered toothbrushes with a rotation oscillation action achieve a modest reduction in plaque and gingivitis compared to manual toothbrushing. Observation of methodological guidelines and greater standardisation of design would benefit both future trials and meta-analyses.
authors.affiliation: Cochrane Oral Health Group, MANDEC, University Dental Hospital of Manchester, Higher Cambridge Street, Manchester, UK, M15 6FH.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heanue
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Deacon
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Deery
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Walmsley
authors.forename: H V
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Worthington
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Shaw
mesh_terms: D003742:Dental Devices, Home Care / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005882:Gingival Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D009909:Oral Health; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D014099:Toothbrushing / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods