title: Effects of dietary protein and oathull fiber on nitrogen excretion patterns and postprandial plasma urea profiles in grower pigs.
abstract: The objectives of this study were: 1) to determine if dietary protein reduction or oathull fiber inclusion would reduce urinary N excretion in grower pigs, 2) to determine if plasma urea could predict urinary N excretion among diets differing in protein and fiber content with an expected range in N excretion patterns, and 3) to determine the postprandial time point to sample blood for the best prediction. Three dietary protein concentrations (high, 19.7; medium, 16.9; low, 13.8%) and two fiber levels (high, 5.0; low, 3.6% crude fiber) were tested in a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement. Diets (wheat, barley, soybean meal; oathulls as fiber source) were formulated to 3.25 Mcal of digestible energy (DE)/kg and 2.2 g of digestible lysine/Mcal DE for low- and medium-protein diets, and 2.4 g/Mcal of DE for high-protein diets, and supplemented with lysine, methionine, tryptophan, threonine, isoleucine, or valine to meet an ideal amino acid profile. Pigs (32 +/- 3.4 kg; n = 42) were housed in metabolism crates for 19 d. On d 10 or 11, catheters were installed by cranial vena cava venipuncture. Daily feeding allowance was adjusted to 3x maintenance (3 x 110 kcal DE/kg body weight(0.75)), and was fed in two equal meals. Feces and urine were collected from d 15 to 19. Five blood samples were collected in 2-h intervals on d 16 and 19. Fecal, urinary, and total N excretion was reduced linearly with a reduction of dietary protein (P < 0.001); the reduction was greater for urinary (48%) and total N excretion (40%) than for fecal N excretion (23%). Similarly, the ratio of urinary to fecal N was reduced linearly with a reduction of dietary protein (P < 0.001). Retention of N (g/d) was reduced linearly, but N retention as a percentage of N intake was increased linearly with a reduction of dietary protein (P < 0.001). The addition of oathulls did not affect N excretion patterns and plasma urea (P > 0.10). Dietary treatments did not affect average daily gain or feed efficiency (P > 0.10). A dietary protein x time interaction affected plasma urea (P < 0.001). For medium- and high-protein diets, plasma urea increased postprandially, peaking 4 h after feeding, and then decreased toward preprandial levels (P < 0.05). Plasma urea did not alter postprandially for the low-protein diet (P > 0.10). Urinary N excretion (g/d) was predicted by 3.03 + 2.14 x plasma urea concentration (mmol/L) at 4 h after feeding (R2 = 0.66). Plasma urea concentration is indicative of daily urinary N excretion and reduction of dietary protein is effective to reduce total and urinary N excretion.
authors.affiliation: Prairie Swine Centre Inc., Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7H 5N9.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zervas
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Zijlstra
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019540:Area Under Curve; D018554:Avena / Q000737:chemistry; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000652:urine; D004063:Digestion; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000652:urine*; D019518:Postprandial Period; D013552:Swine / Q000378:metabolism*; D014508:Urea / Q000378:metabolism; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000662:veterinary
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D014508:Urea; D009584:Nitrogen