title: Fetal cytomegalovirus infection of the brain: the spectrum of sonographic findings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection can cause a wide range of brain anomalies. These changes have been well described postnatally, but descriptions of their in utero evolution are scarce. The purpose of this study was to analyze the sonographic spectrum of intracranial abnormalities in fetuses with proved CMV infection and to determine characteristic patterns of this infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the transabdominal and transvaginal sonograms of eight fetuses with proved CMV infection. The sonographic analysis searched for signs of ventriculitis, leukomalacia, calcification, vasculitis, and periventricular cyst formation. The gyral pattern, corpus callosum, and cerebellar morphology also were examined. Fetal MR imaging was performed in two cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sonographic diagnosis of suspected CMV infection was made at a mean gestational age of 27.5 weeks (range, 22-37 weeks). An abnormal pattern of periventricular echogenicity was found in all fetuses. Echogenic intraparenchymal foci and ventriculomegaly were present in five fetuses. Other signs of fetal infection were intraventricular adhesions, periventricular pseudocysts, sulcation and gyral abnormal patterns, hypoplastic corpus callosum, cerebellar and cisterna magna abnormalities, and signs of striatal artery vasculopathy. For all fetuses, transvaginal sonography provided additional information. Fetal MR imaging provided additional information in one case.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of the described sonographic findings, particularly if two or more are present in the same fetus, is an indication for CMV investigation.
authors.affiliation: Fetal Neurology Clinic, the Prenatal Diagnoisis Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gyneclogy, Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel.
authors.forename: Gustavo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Malinger
authors.forename: Dorit
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lev
authors.forename: Neriman
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zahalka
authors.forename: Zahi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ben Aroia
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Watemberg
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kidron
authors.forename: Liat Ben
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Sira
authors.forename: Tally
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lerman-Sagie
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000002:abnormalities; D001925:Brain Damage, Chronic / Q000151:congenital* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000151:congenital* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D004453:Echoencephalography; D019160:Endosonography; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal