title: 99mTc-SnF2 colloid "LLK": particle size, morphology and leucocyte labelling behaviour.
abstract: 99mTc-SnF2 colloid (Radpharm LLK) leucocyte labelling agent is used in whole blood, exploiting phagocytosis. The objectives of this work were to optimize leucocyte labelling in leucocyte-enriched plasma, and to investigate: (i) the effect of temperature and other factors on labelling efficiency; (ii) the selectivity for different leucocyte types; (iii) the viability of the labelled cells and efflux of the radiolabel; and (iv) the physical characteristics of the colloid. Density gradient centrifugation was used to investigate the labelling efficiency, cell selectivity and efflux, Trypan blue to study the viability, and laser scattering, electron microscopy and membrane filtration to investigate particle size and morphology. Particles appeared as loose, coiled, chain-like aggregates of much smaller particles (<0.05 microm). The aggregate diameter ranged from <0.1 to >5 microm and increased with time. The distribution of radioactivity amongst the particle sizes varied widely. The labelling efficiency in leucocyte-rich plasma was enhanced at 37 degrees C compared to room temperature, and by centrifuging during labelling. The selectivity for different leucocyte types varied markedly between batches and blood samples, in some cases showing preference for mononuclear cells and in others for granulocytes. Viability was excellent and comparable with 99mTc-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (99mTc-HMPAO)-labelled cells. A significant fraction of radiolabel, comparable to that observed with 99mTc-HMPAO, was lost from leucocytes during incubation in vitro over 4 h. Thus, 99mTc-SnF2 is a convenient, efficient labelling agent for leucocytes, but shows variable cell selectivity which may be linked to particle size variability, and there is significant efflux of radioactivity from labelled cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT1 3NG, UK.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: McClelland
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Onuegbulem
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leahy
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: O'Doherty
authors.forename: F D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Pooley
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: O'Doherty
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Newsam
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Ensing
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Blower
mesh_terms: D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006801:Humans; D007553:Isotope Labeling / Q000379:methods*; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010316:Particle Size; D011786:Quality Control; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D017556:Technetium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D013696:Temperature; D014002:Tin Fluorides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D017556:Technetium Compounds; D014002:Tin Fluorides; C036078:technetium Tc 99m tin fluoride colloid