title: High concentrations of KCl release noradrenaline from noradrenergic neurons in the rat anococcygeus muscle.
abstract: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of high concentrations of KCl in releasing noradrenaline from sympathetic nerves and its actions on postsynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors. We measured the isotonic contractions induced by KCl in the isolated rat anococcygeus muscle under different experimental conditions. The contractile responses induced by KCl were inhibited by alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists in 2.5 mM Ca2+ solution. Prazosin reduced the maximum effect from 100 to 53.9 +/- 10.2% (P<0.05) while the pD2 values were not changed. The contractile responses induced by KCl were abolished by prazosin in Ca2+-free solution (P<0.05). Treatment of the rats with reserpine reduced the maximum effect induced by KCl as compared to the contractile responses induced by acetylcholine from 339.5 +/- 157.8 to 167.3 +/- 65.5% (P<0.05), and increased the pD2 from 1.57 +/- 0.01 to 1.65 +/- 0.006 (P<0.05), but abolished the inhibitory effect of prazosin (P<0.05). In contrast, L-NAME increased the contractile responses induced by 120 mM KCl by 6.2 +/- 2.3% (P<0.05), indicating that KCl could stimulate the neurons that release nitric oxide, an inhibitory component of the contractile response induced by KCl. Our results indicate that high concentrations of KCl induce the release of noradrenaline from noradrenergic neurons, which interacts with alpha1-adrenoceptors in smooth muscle cells, producing a contractile response in 2.5 mM Ca2+ (100%) and in Ca2+-free solution, part of which is due to a direct effect of KCl on the rat anococcygeus muscle.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil.
authors.forename: C B L
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Araujo
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Bendhack
mesh_terms: D000322:Adrenergic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000320:Adrenergic Fibers / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000294:innervation; D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects*; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism*; D011189:Potassium Chloride / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D000322:Adrenergic Agonists; D011189:Potassium Chloride; D009638:Norepinephrine