title: Distinct contributions of TNF and LT cytokines to the development of dendritic cells in vitro and their recruitment in vivo.
abstract: TNF/LTalpha/LTbeta (tumor necrosis factor/lymphotoxin-alpha/lymphotoxin-beta) triple knockout (KO) mice show a significant reduction of dendritic cell (DC) number in the spleen, presumably due to defective recruitment and/or production. To distinguish between these possibilities, DCs were generated from bone marrow (BM) cultures prepared from wild-type (wt) and mutant mice in the presence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-4 (IL-4). The yield of CD11c(+) major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II(+) DCs generated from TNF/LTalpha/LTbeta(-/-) BM culture was significantly reduced compared with wt BM culture. In order to further dissect the individual pathways responsible for defective DC properties observed in TNF/LTalpha/LTbeta(-/-) mice, the panel of TNF/LT ligand and receptor single KO mice were used. The production of DCs from BM culture was significantly reduced in TNF(-/-) and TNF receptor (TNFR) p55(-/-) mice, but normal in LTalpha(-/-), LTbeta(-/-), LTbetaR(-/-) mice. Recombinant TNF (rTNF) exogenously added to TNF/LTalpha/LTbeta(-/-) BM cultures could reverse this defect, and blocking antibodies showed partial effect on BM cultures of wt mice. Conversely, numbers of mature DCs in spleen were significantly decreased in LTalpha(-/-), LTbeta(-/-), LTbetaR(-/-) mice, but not in TNF(-/-) and TNFRp55(-/-) mice. These results reveal 2 distinct contributions of TNF/LT cytokines. First, TNF acting through TNF receptor is involved in the development/maturation of DCs in BM progenitor cultures, but this function appears to be redundant in vivo. Second, the microenvironment in peripheral lymphoid organs associated with LTalpha/LTbeta-LTbetaR signaling and chemokine production is critical for recruitment efficiency of DCs, and this pathway is indispensable.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Center for Cancer Research and Basic Research Program, SAIC Frederick, National Cancer Institute, MD 21702, USA.
authors.forename: Koichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.forename: Felix O
authors.initials: FO
authors.lastname: Yarovinsky
authors.forename: Takaya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.forename: Alexander N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Shakhov
authors.forename: Alexei V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Tumanov
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Ludmila N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Drutskaya
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pfeffer
authors.forename: Dmitry V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Kuprash
authors.forename: Kristin L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Komschlies
authors.forename: Sergei A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Nedospasov
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology; D002452:Cell Count; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000276:immunology; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D015870:Gene Expression; D007959:Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D053259:Lymphotoxin beta Receptor; D008233:Lymphotoxin-alpha / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D053308:Lymphotoxin-beta; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000502:physiology; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: C505887:Ltb protein, mouse; C505699:Ltbr protein, mouse; D008222:Lymphokines; D053259:Lymphotoxin beta Receptor; D008233:Lymphotoxin-alpha; D053308:Lymphotoxin-beta; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha