title: Contrast material extravasation on contrast-enhanced helical computed tomographic scan of blunt abdominal trauma: its significance on the choice, time, and outcome of treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Contrast-enhanced helical computed tomographic (CT) scan of blunt abdominal trauma is valuable for detecting contrast material extravasation (CME). The aims of this study were to determine its significance and investigate factors associated with the choice, time, and outcome of management.
  
  
  METHODS
  CT scans of 32 consecutive trauma patients who had CME were reviewed for the sources of CME, types of CME, flat inferior vena cava, and multiple abdominal injuries. The medical records were reviewed for demographics, systolic blood pressure, Injury Severity Score (ISS), choice of management, time interval between CT scan and intervention, and outcome of intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Systolic blood pressure < 100 mm Hg was the most important factor (p = 0.0064) that failed observational therapy. When proceeding to intervention treatment, patients with a flat inferior vena cava (1.6 +/- 1.1 hours) had a significantly shorter time interval between CT scan examination and intervention when compared with those with a normal cava (10.9 +/- 16.0 hours) ( p= 0.0124). The mortality rate after intervention treatment was 18.8%. High ISS, uncontained CME in the extraperitoneum, and multiple abdominal injuries were important risk factors. After adjusted for ISS and multiple abdominal injuries, the risk of dying from extraperitoneal CME remained significant when compared with intraperitoneal CME (adjusted odds ratio, 82.26; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-6,363.17).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Termination of observational therapy was appropriate for trauma patients who had CME and systolic blood pressure < 100 mm Hg. The coexistence of a flat inferior vena cava and CME was associated with early intervention treatment. Despite early intervention, the mortality rate was 18.8%. High ISS and multiple abdominal injuries were important factors, but the risk of dying from uncontained extraperitoneal CME was 82 times the risk of dying from intraperitoneal CME.
authors.affiliation: Second Division, Department of Radiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, 5, Fu-Hsing Street, Gueishan, Taoyuan 33333, Taiwan. ycwong@cgmh.org.tw
authors.forename: Yon-Cheong
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Li-Jen
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Lai-Chu
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: See
authors.forename: Jen-Feng
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Chip-Jin
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Chi-Jen
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000007:Abdominal Injuries / Q000145:classification / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002423:Cause of Death; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005119:Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018579:Patient Selection; D010532:Peritoneal Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D014193:Trauma Centers; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000145:classification / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*