title: Self-motivation and physical activity among black and white adolescent girls.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The psychometric properties of the Self-Motivation Inventory for children (SMI-C) were established using tests of factorial validity, factorial invariance, latent mean structure, and predictive validity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adolescent girls from two cohorts (N = 955 and 1797) completed the SMI-C and measures of physical activity, team sport involvement, cardiorespiratory endurance, and body fatness in the 8th grade; participants in cohort 2 ( N= 1658) also completed the measures 1 yr later in the 9th grade. The data were analyzed with exploratory and confirmatory (CFA) factor analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 20-item SMI-C was best represented by a single substantive factor, but there were method effects among the negatively worded items. CFA indicated that a single-factor model fit the nine positively worded items and exhibited strong evidence of cross-validity and factorial invariance between races and across 1 yr; there were no differences in latent means between black and white girls. SEM indicated that the nine-item SMI-C had direct effects on moderate (gamma(11) = 0.16) and vigorous (gamma(21) = 0.22) physical activity and team sport involvement (gamma(31) = 0.29); the effects were invariant between black and white girls, independent of cardiorespiratory endurance and body fatness, and consistent across a 1-yr period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The positively worded nine-item version of the SMI-C can be used in cross-sectional, prospective cohort, and intervention studies that examine self-motivation as a putative moderator or mediator of physical activity among black and white adolescent girls.
authors.affiliation: Department of Exercise Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-6554, USA.
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Motl
authors.forename: Rod K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Dishman
authors.forename: Gwen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Felton
authors.forename: Russell R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Pate
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001741:Black or African American; D015444:Exercise; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009042:Motivation; D011594:Psychometrics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D044465:White People