title: A short-term, high-fat diet up-regulates lipid metabolism and gene expression in human skeletal muscle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dietary fatty acids may be important in regulating gene expression. However, little is known about the effect of changes in dietary fatty acids on gene regulation in human skeletal muscle.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to determine the effect of altered dietary fat intake on the expression of genes encoding proteins necessary for fatty acid transport and beta-oxidation in skeletal muscle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen well-trained male cyclists and triathletes with a mean (+/- SE) age of 26.9 +/- 1.7 y, weight of 73.7 +/- 1.7 kg, and peak oxygen uptake of 67.0 +/- 1.3 mL x kg(-1) x min(-1) consumed either a high-fat diet (HFat: > 65% of energy as lipids) or an isoenergetic high-carbohydrate diet (HCho: 70-75% of energy as carbohydrate) for 5 d in a crossover design. On day 1 (baseline) and again after 5 d of dietary intervention, resting muscle and blood samples were taken. Muscle samples were analyzed for gene expression [fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36), plasma membrane fatty acid binding protein (FABPpm), carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I), beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (beta-HAD), and uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3)] and concentrations of the proteins FAT/CD36 and FABPpm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The gene expression of FAT/CD36 and beta -HAD and the gene abundance of FAT/CD36 were greater after the HFat than after the HCho diet (P < 0.05). Messenger RNA expression of FABPpm, CPT I, and UCP-3 did not change significantly with either diet.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A rapid and marked capacity for changes in dietary fatty acid availability to modulate the expression of mRNA-encoding proteins is necessary for fatty acid transport and oxidative metabolism. This finding is evidence of nutrient-gene interactions in human skeletal muscle.
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia. davidcs@deakin.edu.au
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cameron-Smith
authors.forename: Louise M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: Damien J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Angus
authors.forename: Rebecca J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Tunstall
authors.forename: Gregory R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: Arend
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bonen
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hawley
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hargreaves
mesh_terms: D015094:3-Hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D001642:Bicycling; D018955:CD36 Antigens; D002334:Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D000071438:Fatty Acid-Binding Protein 7; D050556:Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007473:Ion Channels; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008055:Lipids / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D027361:Organic Anion Transporters / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D000071247:Uncoupling Protein 3; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D018955:CD36 Antigens; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; C107608:FABP7 protein, human; D000071438:Fatty Acid-Binding Protein 7; D050556:Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins; D005227:Fatty Acids; D007473:Ion Channels; D008055:Lipids; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D027361:Organic Anion Transporters; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; C000604392:UCP3 protein, human; D000071247:Uncoupling Protein 3; D015094:3-Hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenases; D002334:Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase