title: Anthropometric measures, cytokines and survival in haemodialysis patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lower serum albumin concentration (sAlb) and higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines have been reported to predict death in patients treated with haemodialysis (HD). SAlb, along with anthropometric measures, has been used as a surrogate marker for nutritional status in patients with chronic disease. Though adequate nutrition has been considered an important factor for patients treated with HD, it has not been established if any nutritional markers other than lower serum albumin and lower body mass index (BMI) predict death. Furthermore, it has not been shown whether anthropometric measures other than BMI are associated with predictors of mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  At the outset of the study, patients were assessed using demographic and anthropometric indices including arm fat area (AFA), arm muscle area (AMA), BMI, per cent ideal weight (PIW), pre-dialysis sAlb, and circulating levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-1 and IL-6. A severity index, previously demonstrated to be a mortality marker, was used to grade medical co-morbidity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two-hundred and forty patients entered the study. The mean age was 55.1+/-14.3 years, mean sAlb 3.76+/-0.60 mg/dl, mean AFA 1742+/-1225 mm(2), mean AMA 5464+/-1817 mm(2), mean PIW 101.0+/-21.3% and mean BMI 24.9+/-5.6 kg/m(2). PIW, BMI, AFA and AMA were, as expected, all highly correlated with one another. SAlb correlated with serum transferrin; however, neither sAlb nor serum transferrin concentration correlated with circulating cytokine levels. Circulating cytokines and sAlb did not correlate with PIW, BMI, AFA or AMA. In Cox regression analyses using multiple control variables, IL-6 predicted survival, while the anthropometric measures did not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pro-inflammatory cytokines and sAlb are robust predictors of death in patients treated with HD. PIW and BMI correlate well with other anthropometric measures in patients treated with HD, but these measures do not correlate with markers of inflammation. Anthropometric measures are poor predictors of survival compared with measures linked to the acute-phase response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, George Washington University Medical Center, 2150 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA. pkimmel@mfa.gwu.edu
authors.forename: Paul L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Kimmel
authors.forename: Lakhmir S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Chawla
authors.forename: Amali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amarasinghe
authors.forename: Rolf A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Weihs
authors.forename: Samuel J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Simmens
authors.forename: Sylvan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alleyne
authors.forename: Harry B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: Illuminado
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.forename: Judith H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Veis
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000473:pathology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000886:Anthropometry; D001132:Arm; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000473:pathology; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009929:Organ Size; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000032:analysis; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D012709:Serum Albumin