title: Cricoid yoke: the effect of surface area and applied force on discomfort experienced by conscious volunteers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The application of cricoid force is central to techniques that reduce the risk of gastric regurgitation and the subsequent pulmonary aspiration associated with obstetric and emergency anaesthesia. The discomfort associated with cricoid force in awake preoperative patients increases the incidence of coughing, struggling and pain during induction of anaesthesia. This study determined if increasing the surface area of a cricoid yoke reduced the associated discomfort in volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty volunteers participated in a randomized single-blinded study. The cricoid yoke was positioned using standard anatomical landmarks and forces of 10, 20, 30 and 40 N were applied in a random order for 20s, using two different yoke attachments with surface areas of 3 and 10 cm2. A rest of 30s was allowed between the application of forces. Discomfort was graded by volunteers on a scale from 0 to 10 (0: no discomfort; 10: worse discomfort imaginable). A score of 10 was allocated if the volunteers could not tolerate the applied force for 20s.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median scores for the small yoke were always higher than those for the large yoke at each force. There were significant differences between the scores for the small and large yokes at 10 and 20 N (P < 0.001) and 30 N (P = 0.0233), but there was no significant difference at 40 N.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The larger yoke was tolerated better by volunteers when clinically relevant cricoid forces were applied.
authors.affiliation: University of Wales College of Medicine, Department of Anaesthetics and Intensive Care Medicine, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Turley
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Wilkes
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Hall
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000758:Anesthesia; D000776:Anesthesiology / Q000295:instrumentation*; D003413:Cricoid Cartilage; D004630:Emergencies; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011015:Pneumonia, Aspiration / Q000517:prevention & control; D011312:Pressure; D016037:Single-Blind Method