title: Risk of hip fracture in disabled community-living older adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the rate of hip fracture and risk factors associated with hip fractures in disabled older persons who enroll in the Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE), a program providing comprehensive care to community-living nursing-home-eligible persons.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study between January 1990 and December 1997.
  
  
  METHODS
  The twelve PACE demonstration sites: San Francisco, California; Columbia, South Carolina; Detroit, Michigan; Denver, Colorado; East Boston, Massachusetts; El Paso, Texas; Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Oakland, California; Portland, Oregon; Rochester, New York; Sacramento, California; and the Bronx, New York.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five thousand one hundred eighty-seven individuals in PACE; mean age 79, 71% female, 49% white, 47% with dementia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Functional status, cognitive status, demographics, and comorbid conditions were recorded on all the participants, who were tracked for occurrence of a hip fracture. The goals were to determine the rate of hip fracture and identify risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred thirty-eight hip fractures (4.6%) occurred during follow-up. The rate of hip fracture was 2.2% per person-year. Four independent predictors of hip fracture were identified using Cox proportional hazard analysis: age of 75 and older (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 2.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.4-2.8); white ethnicity (HR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.6-2.8); ability to transfer independently to and from bed, chair, and toilet (HR = 3.0, 95% CI = 1.2-7.2); and five or more Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire errors (HR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.3-2.1). The incidence of hip fracture ranged from 0.5% per person-year in persons with zero to one independent risk factors to 4.7% per person-year in those with all four independent risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rate of hip fracture in this cohort of disabled community-living older adults was similar to that reported in nursing home cohorts. Older age, white race, ability to transfer independently, and cognitive impairment were independent predictors of hip fracture. Persons with these risk factors should be targeted for preventive interventions, which should include strategies for making transferring safer.
authors.affiliation: Division of Geriatrics, San Francisco VA Medical Center and University of California at San Francisco, 94121, USA. louisew@itsa.ucsf
authors.forename: Louise C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.forename: Li-Yung
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Lui
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Eng
authors.forename: Kenneth E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Covinsky
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003153:Community Health Services; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006299:Health Services for the Aged; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors