title: Comparing the pharmacokinetics of daidzein and genistein with the use of 13C-labeled tracers in premenopausal women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite significant interest in the risks and benefits of phytoestrogens to human health, few data exist on their pharmacokinetics in humans.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the pharmacokinetics of the (13)C isotopic forms of daidzein and genistein in healthy humans, specifically addressing intraindividual variability, effect of increasing intake, and influence of prolonged exposure to a soy food diet.
  
  
  METHODS
  Premenopausal women (n = 16) were administered 0.4 mg [(13)C]daidzein or [(13)C]genistein/kg body wt orally on 3 occasions, including once after eating soy foods for 7 d. On a further occasion the dose was doubled. Plasma and urinary [(13)C]isoflavone concentrations were measured by mass spectrometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum concentrations of [(13)C]genistein and [(13)C]daidzein peaked after 5.5 and 7.4 h, respectively. The systemic bioavailability and maximum serum concentration of [(13)C]genistein were significantly greater than those of [(13)C]daidzein. The bioavailability of both isoflavones did not increase linearly when the dietary intake was doubled. The mean volume of distribution normalized to bioavailability (V(d)/F), clearance rate, and half-life of [(13)C]daidzein were 336.25 L, 30.09 L/h, and 7.75 h, respectively; the corresponding values for [(13)C]genistein were 258.76 L, 21.85 L/h, and 7.77 h. The average recovery of [(13)C]daidzein and [(13)C]genistein in urine was 30.1% and 9.0% of the dose ingested, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The serum pharmacokinetics of [(13)C]daidzein and [(13)C]genistein were reproducible among healthy women, and genistein was more bioavailable than was daidzein. Pharmacokinetics were unaffected by chronic exposure to soy foods. Urinary isoflavone concentrations correlated poorly with maximal serum concentrations, indicating the limitations of urine measurements as a predictor of systemic bioavailability. The bioavailability of both isoflavones was nonlinear at higher intakes, suggesting that uptake is rate-limiting and saturable.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth D R
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Setchell
authors.forename: Marian S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Faughnan
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Avades
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zimmer-Nechemias
authors.forename: Nadine M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Brian E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Wolfe
authors.forename: Wayne T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Brashear
authors.forename: Panjak
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Desai
authors.forename: Mark F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Oldfield
authors.forename: Nigel P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Botting
authors.forename: Aedin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cassidy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001682:Biological Availability; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D002839:Chromans / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D060754:Equol; D004968:Estrogens, Non-Steroidal / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D019833:Genistein / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D007529:Isoflavones / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D008875:Middle Aged; D017697:Premenopause; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D030262:Soybean Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C007610:4',7-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydroisoflavone; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D002839:Chromans; D004968:Estrogens, Non-Steroidal; D007529:Isoflavones; D030262:Soybean Proteins; D060754:Equol; C004742:daidzein; D019833:Genistein