title: Transient activation of NF-kappaB through a TAK1/IKK kinase pathway by TGF-beta1 inhibits AP-1/SMAD signaling and apoptosis: implications in liver tumor formation.
abstract: NF-kappaB has been implicated in the regulation of apoptosis, a key mechanism of normal and malignant growth control. Previously, we demonstrated that inhibition of NF-kappaB activity by TGF-beta1 leads directly to induction of apoptosis of murine B-cell lymphomas and hepatocytes. Thus, we were surprised to determine that NF-kappaB is transiently activated in response to TGF-beta1 treatment. Here we elucidate the mechanism of TGF-beta1-mediated regulation of NF-kappaB and induction of apoptosis in epithelial cells. We report that TGF-beta1 activates IKK kinase, which mediates IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation. In turn, the activation of IKK following TGF-beta1 treatment is mediated by the TAK1 kinase. As a result of NF-kappaB activation, IkappaB-alpha mRNA and protein levels are increased leading to postrepression of NF-kappaB and induction of cell death. Inhibition of NF-kappaB following TGF-beta1 treatment increased AP-1 complex transcriptional activity through sustained c-Jun phosphorylation, thereby potentiating AP-1/SMADs-mediated cell killing. Furthermore, TGF-beta1-mediated upregulation of Smad7 appeared independent of NF-kappaB. In hepatocellular carcinomas of TGF-beta1 or TGF-alpha/c-myc transgenic mice, we observed constitutive activation of NF-kappaB that led to inhibition of JNK signaling. Overall, our data illustrate an autocrine mechanism based on the ability of IKK/NF-kappaB/IkappaB-alpha signaling to negatively regulate NF-kappaB levels thereby permitting TGF-beta1-induced apoptosis through AP-1 activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Memphis 38163, USA. marsura@utmem.edu
authors.forename: Marcello
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arsura
authors.forename: Ganesh R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Panta
authors.forename: Jennifer D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Bilyeu
authors.forename: Lakita G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Cavin
authors.forename: Mika A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sovak
authors.forename: Aundrea A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Oliver
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Factor
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Heuchel
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mercurio
authors.forename: Snorri S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Thorgeirsson
authors.forename: Gail E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Sonenshein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D020930:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051906:Smad7 Protein; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D000099151:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 7
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020930:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D016328:NF-kappa B; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; D051906:Smad7 Protein; D015534:Trans-Activators; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D000099151:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 7; C497807:Smad7 protein, mouse; C508961:Tgfb1 protein, mouse; C496564:Chuk protein, mouse; C496562:Ikbkb protein, mouse; C496566:Ikbke protein, mouse