title: Effects of ethnicity and nephropathy on lower-extremity amputation risk among diabetic veterans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe ethnic differences in the risk of amputation in diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cohort study was conducted on a national cohort of diabetic patients who received primary care within the Veterans Affairs (VA) Health Care System. Hospitalizations for lower-limb amputations were established by ICD-9-CM procedure codes. Relative risk of amputation in diabetic patients with and without diabetic nephropathy was determined using Cox proportional hazard modeling for unadjusted and adjusted models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 429,918 subjects identified with diabetes (mean age 64 +/- 11 years, 97.4% male), 3,289 individuals were determined to have had a lower-limb amputation during the study period. Compared with diabetic patients without amputations, amputees were on average older, more likely to belong to a minority group, and were more likely to have received treatment for more comorbid conditions. Asians were more likely to have toe amputations compared with whites or other ethnicities, while Native Americans were more likely to have below-the-knee amputations. Native Americans had the highest risk of amputation (RR 1.74, 95% CI 1.39-2.18), followed by African Americans (RR 1.41, 95% CI 1.34-1.48) and Hispanics (RR 1.28, 95% CI 1.20-1.38) compared with whites. The presence of diabetic nephropathy increased the risk of amputation threefold in all groups. Asian subjects with diabetes had the lowest adjusted relative risk of amputation (RR 0.31, 95% CI 0.19-0.50).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among diabetic patients, certain ethnic minority individuals have an increased risk of lower-extremity amputation compared with whites. Presence of diabetic nephropathy further increases this risk.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Seattle Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington 98108, USA. youngb@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Bessie A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maynard
authors.forename: Gayle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Reiber
authors.forename: Edward J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Boyko
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000368:Aged; D000671:Amputation, Surgical; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000601:surgery*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000150:complications*; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007866:Leg / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014034:Toes / Q000601:surgery; D014728:Veterans / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data