title: The impact of increased Al filtration on x-ray tube loading and image quality in diagnostic radiology.
abstract: Previous work has shown that for nine common radiographic projections (AP abdomen, AP cervical spine, LAT cervical spine, PA chest, LAT chest, AP hip, AP lumbar spine, LAT lumber spine, and AP pelvis) increasing the total x-ray tube filtration from 2.5 mm Al equivalent (the regulatory minimum for general diagnostic radiology) to 4.0 mm Al equivalent, reduces the average effective dose and average skin entrance dose by 9% and 16%, respectively, using a 400 speed screen-film system. In this study, the effects of this filtration increase on x-ray tube loading and image quality were assessed. For the above projections and filtration increase, mean absolute and percentage increases in tube loading were 2.9 mAs and 15%, respectively, for a constant film density and fixed kVp. Tube current (mA) increases of 25% (a worst case) resulted in no statistically significant loss in focal spot resolution due to blooming for both large (1.2 mm) and small (0.6 mm) focal spot sizes, except at high mA low kVp techniques. The latter losses were below 10%, and when the image receptor blur was incorporated, the total system spatial resolution losses were on the order of one-quarter to one-half these values for typical clinical geometries. Radiographs of a contrast phantom taken with 2.5 and 4.0 mm total Al equivalent x-ray tube filtration were compared at 60, 70, 81, 90, 102, and 121 kVp. No statistically significant changes were observed with regard to (1) test object conspicuity as reported by three observers, (2) image contrast, as measured using a densitometer with a 3 mm aperture (+/-0.0017 OD, 95% confidence level), and (3) pixel value image noise, image contrast-to-noise ratios, and image signal-to-noise ratios, as measured using a scanning densitometer with a 12-bit acquisition depth and 85 micron pixel size (+/-2.5%, +/-3.1%, and +/-2.5%, 95% confidence levels, respectively). These results, combined with the linear no-threshold model for radiation risk and the ALARA principle, suggest that general radiography should be carried out using a minimum of 4.0 mm total Al equivalent filtration.
authors.affiliation: Tufts-New England Medical Center, Department of Radiology, NEMC 299, 750 Washington Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA. rbehrman@lifespan.org
authors.forename: Richard H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Behrman
mesh_terms: D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D006801:Humans; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011786:Quality Control; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000379:methods; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014962:X-Ray Film