title: Life events and depressiveness - the effect of adjustment for psychosocial factors, somatic health and genetic liability.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the nature of the relationship of life events with depressiveness.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 1990, 9947 Finnish adult twins aged 33-60 years participated in a questionnaire study, with no missing data on the analysed variables. The relationship between stressful life-events and depressiveness, based on Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) classified as normal, mild or moderate, was analysed using multinomial regression for all subjects with adjustment for the effect of age, sex, health status, social support, marital status, social class, and personality variables. These same factors were analyzed among 643 twin pairs discordant for depressiveness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High BDI score categories were strongly associated with stressful life events in all individuals and equally strongly within discordant twin pairs, both monozygotic and dizygotic. Poor somatic health and lack of social support also increased depressiveness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effect of life events predicting depressiveness was independent of social support, somatic disease, sex and genetic liability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. kalle.romanov@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Romanov
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Varjonen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kaprio
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koskenvuo
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011581:Psychological Tests; D011584:Psychology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012944:Social Support; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014427:Twins / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data