title: Microvascular reconstruction of the hypopharynx: defect classification, treatment algorithm, and functional outcome based on 165 consecutive cases.
abstract: The objectives of this study were three-fold: to develop a scheme for classification of hypopharyngeal defects, to establish a reconstructive algorithm based on this system, and to assess the functional outcome of such reconstruction. This study is a retrospective review of a 14-year experience with 165 consecutive microvascular reconstructions of the hypopharynx in 160 patients. The average patient age was 59 years (95 percent CI, 37 to 81). Thirty-four patients were operated on for recurrent disease; 71 had preoperative radiotherapy. Partial defects were reconstructed with radial forearm flaps (n = 52); circumferential defects were reconstructed with jejunum (n = 90); and extensive, noncircumferential longitudinal defects were reconstructed with rectus abdominis flaps (n = 23). The overall free flap success rate was 98 percent. Six flaps required reexploration, two of which were salvaged. The incidence of fistula was 7 percent and stricture, 4 percent. Preoperative radiotherapy was significantly associated with risk of recipient site complications (OR, 2.3; 95 percent CI, 1.0 to 5.0). Follow-up data were available on 95 percent of patients: 53 percent were able to tolerate an unrestricted diet, 23 percent a soft diet, 12 percent liquids only, and 12 percent were limited to tube feedings. The treatment algorithm for microvascular hypopharyngeal reconstruction is based on the type of defect with partial defects with radial forearm flaps, circumferential defects reconstructed with free jejunal flaps, and extensive, multilevel defects reconstructed with rectus abdominis myocutaneous flaps. Microvascular reconstruction of pharyngeal defects is highly successful with few postoperative complications. With appropriate flap selection, functional outcome can be optimized.
authors.affiliation: Plastic Surgery Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA. disaj@mskcc.org
authors.forename: Joseph J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Disa
authors.forename: Andrea L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Pusic
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hidalgo
authors.forename: Peter G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Cordeiro
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007012:Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000601:surgery; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000145:classification / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D012086:Reoperation; D012307:Risk Factors; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000098:blood supply*; D014022:Tissue Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects