title: Acute effects of winter air pollution on respiratory function in schoolchildren in southern England.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the acute health effects of winter outdoor air pollution (nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)), ozone (O(3)), sulphur dioxide (SO(2)), sulphate (SO(4)(2-)),and particles (PM(10))) on schoolchildren in an area of southern England where levels of SO(2) had been reported to be high.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 179 children, aged 7-13, from three schools (two urban and one rural location), were included. Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) and presence or absence of upper respiratory infections were recorded on 63 school days from 1 November 1996 to 14 February 1997. Air pollution and meteorological data were taken from monitors at each school site. The analysis regressed daily PEFR on pollutant level adjusting for confounders and serial correlation and calculated a weighted pooled estimate of effect overall for each pollutant. In addition, large decrements in PEFR were analysed as a binary outcome. Same day, lag 1, lag 2, and a five day average of pollutant levels were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no clear effects of any pollutant on mean PEFR. In addition, we analysed large PEFR decrements (a binary outcome), observing consistent negative associations with NO(2), SO(4)(2-), and PM(10), although few lag/pollutant combinations were significant: odds ratios (95% CI) for five day average effect: NO(2) 24 h average 1.043 (1.000 to 1.089), SO(4)(2-) 1.090 (0.898 to 1.322), PM(10) 1.037 (0.992 to 1.084). The observed effects of PM(10) (only) were stronger in wheezy children (1.114 (1.057 to 1.174)). There were no consistent negative associations between large decrements and ozone or SO(2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is no strong evidence for acute effects of winter outdoor air pollution on mean PEFR overall in this area, but there is evidence for negative effects on large PEFR decrements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, St George's Hospital Medical School, London SW17 0RE, UK. j.peacock@sghms.ac.uk
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Peacock
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Symonds
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Bremner
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Scarlett
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Strachan
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide; D010126:Ozone; D010366:Peak Expiratory Flow Rate / Q000502:physiology; D012120:Respiration Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012135:Respiratory Sounds; D012423:Rural Health; D012621:Seasons; D013431:Sulfates; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide; D014504:Urban Health; D014797:Vital Capacity
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D013431:Sulfates; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide; D010126:Ozone; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide