title: Lack of involvement of known DNA methyltransferases in familial hydatidiform mole implies the involvement of other factors in establishment of imprinting in the human female germline.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Differential methylation of the two alleles is a hallmark of imprinted genes. Correspondingly, loss of DNA methyltransferase function results in aberrant imprinting and abnormal post-fertilization development. In the mouse, mutations of the oocyte-specific isoform of the DNA methyltransferase Dnmt1 (Dnmt1o) and of the methyltransferase-like Dnmt3L gene result in specific failures of imprint establishment or maintenance, at multiple loci. We have previously shown in humans that an analogous inherited failure to establish imprinting at multiple loci in the female germline underlies a rare phenotype of recurrent hydatidiform mole.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have identified a human homologue of the murine Dnmt1o and assessed its pattern of expression. Human DNMT1o mRNA is detectable in mature oocytes and early fertilized embryos but not in any somatic tissues analysed. The somatic isoform of DNMT1 mRNA, in contrast, is not detectable in human oocytes. In the previously-described family with multi-locus imprinting failure, mutation of DNMT1o and of the other known members of this gene family has been excluded.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mutation of the known DNMT genes does not underlie familial hydatidiform mole, at least in the family under study. This suggests that trans-acting factors other than the known methyltransferases are required for imprint establishment in humans, a concept that has indirect support from recent biochemical studies of DNMT3L.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Medicine Unit, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK. b.hayward@leeds.ac.uk
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Hayward
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Vos
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Judson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hodge
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huntriss
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Picton
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sheridan
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Bonthron
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D000076123:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase 1; D004248:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D019175:DNA Methylation; D015254:DNA Modification Methylases / Q000235:genetics*; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis / Q000379:methods; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D018392:Genomic Imprinting / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D006828:Hydatidiform Mole / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics*; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D009865:Oocytes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D014594:Uterine Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D007527:Isoenzymes; D015254:DNA Modification Methylases; D000076123:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase 1; D004248:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases; C000619380:DNMT1 protein, human; C000619381:Dnmt1 protein, mouse