title: Selected growth factors in peritoneal dialysis: their relationship to markers of inflammation, dialysis adequacy, residual renal function, and peritoneal membrane transport.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Markers of chronic inflammation, acute-phase reactants, and growth factors may be concomitantly involved in a number of pathologic processes in the general population and uremic patients. In addition, growth factors may influence peritoneal membrane transport characteristics. However, the association between plasma growth factors, markers of chronic inflammation, and peritoneal membrane transport remains largely unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between plasma levels of selected growth factors [basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)] and markers of chronic inflammation [interleukin (IL)-6, C-reactive protein (CRP), and fibrinogen] in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. The potential link between the above substances and dialysis adequacy was also explored.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single-center, cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peritoneal Dialysis Unit, Medical Faculty, Jagiellonian University Hospital, Kraków, Poland.
  
  
  METHODS
  32 stable end-stage renal disease patients (13 M, 19 F; mean age 53.6 +/- 13.7 years) on CAPD for a median period of 19.5 months. Patients free from signs and symptoms of any inflammatory disease (including peritonitis) for at least 3 months were included into the study. All patients underwent measurements of dialysis dose [Kt/V, weekly creatinine clearance (wCCr)] and peritoneal solute transport using a standard peritoneal equilibration test (PET).
  
  
  METHODS
  TGFbeta1, bFGF, VEGF, and IL-6 were measured with ELISA, CRP was assayed with immunonephelometry, and fibrinogen with Multifibren U reagent (Dade Behring Marburg GmbH, Marburg, Germany). Nephron 97 for Windows software was used to assess dialysis adequacy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant positive correlations between plasma bFGF and IL-6, as well as fibrinogen concentrations (R = 0.36, p < 0.05 and R = 0.39, p < 0.05, respectively), were found. VEGF correlated significantly with IL-6 and CRP (R = 0.65, p < 0.0001 and R = 0.51, p < 0.005, respectively). An association between VEGF and bFGF was also found (R = 0.59, p < 0.0005). Serum level of TGFbeta1 revealed no relationship with any marker of acute-phase activation, remaining growth factors, or dialysis adequacy. Positive correlation between TGFbeta1 concentration and dialysate-to-plasma ratio for creatinine in PET (R = 0.35, p < 0.05) was found. In addition, patients with lower solute transport (low/low-average transporters) had lower serum levels of both bFGF and TGFbeta1 compared to patients with higher solute transport. Patients with total wCCr > 60 L/ week/m2 were characterized by lower levels of bFGF and IL-6. Serum level of IL-6 and plasma levels of bFGF and VEGF were significantly lower among subjects with residual renal function (RRF) > 2.0 mL/minute.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that systemic inflammation in peritoneal dialysis patients is associated with increased plasma VEGF and bFGF but not TGFbeta1. The negative correlation with RRF suggests that either the renal clearance of these cytokines and growth factors may contribute to their elimination, or cytokines and growth factors have a negative impact on RRF. We also suggest an association between serum levels of growth factors tested and peritoneal membrane function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland. stompin@mp.pl
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stompór
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zdzienicka
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Motyka
authors.forename: Aldona
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dembińska-Kieć
authors.forename: Simon J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Wladyslaw
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sulowicz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000097:blood; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010531:Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory; D010537:Peritoneum / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000097:blood; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D006133:Growth Substances; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008222:Lymphokines; C508960:TGFB1 protein, human; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2