title: Chromatin loosening by poly(ADP)-ribose polymerase (PARP) at Drosophila puff loci.
abstract: Steroid response and stress-activated genes such as hsp70 undergo puffing in Drosophila larval salivary glands, a local loosening of polytene chromatin structure associated with gene induction. We find that puffs acquire elevated levels of adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribose modified proteins and that poly(ADP)-ribose polymerase (PARP) is required to produce normal-sized puffs and normal amounts of Hsp70 after heat exposure. We propose that chromosomal PARP molecules become activated by developmental or environmental cues and strip nearby chromatin proteins off DNA to generate a puff. Such local loosening may facilitate transcription and may transiently make protein complexes more accessible to modification, promoting chromatin remodeling during development.
authors.affiliation: Howard Hughes Medical Research Laboratories, Embryology Department, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 115 West University Parkway, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA.
authors.forename: Alexei
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tulin
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Spradling
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D002843:Chromatin / Q000378:metabolism*; D002875:Chromosomes / Q000378:metabolism*; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D004330:Drosophila / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D018869:Heat-Shock Response; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D009154:Mutation; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009707:Nucleosomes / Q000378:metabolism; D011064:Poly Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose / Q000378:metabolism; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D015533:Transcriptional Activation
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; C054756:DptA protein, Drosophila; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; D019476:Insect Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009707:Nucleosomes; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C091227:DRS protein, Drosophila; D011064:Poly Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; D004247:DNA; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases