title: Use of low-dose ketamine and/or midazolam for pediatric cardiac catheterization.
abstract: Ketamine and midazolam are commonly used in children undergoing cardiac catheterization. However, there is controversy regarding the safety of administering these agents in the absence of an anesthesiologist. We retrospectively reviewed pediatric cardiac catheterization procedures at our institution between 1996 and 1997. A total of 154 patients (0.3-192 months) underwent a total of 205 procedures. They received ketamine (n = 79, 1.05 +/- 0.88 mg/kg/hr), midazolam (n = 35, 0.14 +/- 0.09 mg/kg/hr), or both (n = 91; ketamine, 1.13 +/- 0.84 mg/kg/hr; midazolam, 1.57 +/- 1.03 mg/kg//hr). In 18.5% of patients there were complex cardiac lesions. Mean procedure time was 79 +/- 36.2 minutes. Pre- and postprocedure systolic and diastolic mean blood procedure 72 +/- 14 and 68 +/- 12 mmHg, respectively. Pre- and postprocedure O2 saturation was 93.19 +/- 8.72 and 93.63 +/- 8.3, respectively. One patient required intubation, and 15% required oxygen therapy. The mortality rate was zero. The anesthesiologist's assistance was requested by the cardiologist in 21 procedures (group A) and not requested in 184 procedures (group B). The two groups were not different in relation to the drug used (p = 0.283) or the complexity of the cardiac lesions (p = 0.051). However, there was significant difference between the two regarding the need for supporting drugs (3/21 vs 3/184, p = 0.02) or oxygen treatment (7/21 vs 26/184, p = 0.014). No patients in group B required intubation, whereas 14% and 1.6% required oxygen therapy and supporting drugs, respectively. We conclude that low-dose ketamine and midazolam can be administered safely to most pediatric patients by the cardiologist, who can safely predict the need for an anesthesiologist.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jobeir
authors.forename: M O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Galal
authors.forename: Z R
authors.initials: ZR
authors.lastname: Bulbul
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Solymar
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Darwish
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Schmaltz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous / Q000379:methods; D000776:Anesthesiology / Q000592:standards*; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007649:Ketamine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D007649:Ketamine; D008874:Midazolam