title: Management of pediatric urolithiasis in Pakistan: experience with 1,440 children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the efficacy and safety of different modalities for pediatric urolithiasis in a developing country in 2 eras, namely before and after the advent of minimally invasive surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the records of 1,440 children younger than 14 years treated with various modalities during a 14-year period. From 1987 to 1995, 486 and 50 patients were treated with open surgery, and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL, Dornier Medical Systems, Inc., Marietta, Georgia) and minimally invasive methods, respectively. Between 1996 and 2000, 518 and 386 children were treated with surgery and minimally invasive methods, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 1,440 children 795 (55.2%) had renal, 198 (13.8%) had ureteral and 447 (31%) had bladder calculi. Of the renal stones 556 (70%), 177 (22%) and 62 (7.8%) were treated with open surgery, ESWL and percutaneous nephrolithotomy, respectively. Of the ureteral calculi 85 (43%), 37 (18.6%) and 76 (38%) were managed by ESWL, ureterorenoscopy and open surgery, respectively. Of the bladder calculi 307 (68%), 77 (17.2%) and 63 (14%) were treated with open vesicolithotomy, transurethral pneumatic cystolithotripsy and ESWL, respectively. The renal stone clearance rate was 98% after open surgery, 84% after ESWL and 68% after percutaneous nephrolithotomy monotherapy at 3 months of followup. Similarly the ureteral stone-free rate was 54% after ESWL and 86.9% after ureterorenoscopy. Of the patients with bladder calculi 48% and 93% become stone-free after ESWL and transurethral pneumatic cystolithotripsy, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of ESWL, percutaneous nephrolithotomy and ureterorenoscopy has resulted in treating a large number of children with a short hospital stay and early return to school. Open surgery is reserved only for complex stones.
authors.affiliation: Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation, Dow Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Rizvi
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Naqvi
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hashmi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Zafar
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sultan
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mehdi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008096:Lithotripsy; D008297:Male; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous; D010154:Pakistan; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000628:therapy*