title: Elucidation of a downstream boundary of the 3' IgH regulatory region.
abstract: Class switch recombination (CSR) changes the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) constant region gene (C(H)) in B cells from IgM to IgG, IgA, or IgE, without modifying the variable region gene segment. This process requires transcription through switch (S) regions located upstream of the C(H) genes targeted for CSR, a process that relies on the activity of an uncharacterized regulatory region at the 3' end of the C(H) locus (3' IgH RR) that has been implicated via the effects of pgk-neo cassettes inserted into the locus. The 30kb region just downstream of the most 3' C(H) gene (Ca) contains four known enhancer elements including HS3a, HS1,2, HS3b, and HS4. Replacement of either of the proximal two enhancer elements (HS3a or HS1,2) with a pgk-neo gene cassette disrupted germline transcription of and CSR to most C(H) genes. However, replacement of either of the enhancers with a loxP sequence had no effect on CSR indicating that these elements are not critical for CSR. Insertion of a pgk-neo cassette at various sites within the C(H) locus inhibited CSR to upstream, but not downstream C(H) genes, supporting the notion that the pgk-neo cassette insertion into the locus short-circuits the ability of the 3' RR to facilitate CSR of dependent C(H) genes upstream of the insertion. These analyses also indicated that the key elements of the 3' IgH RR were downstream from HS1,2. In this study, we have sought to localize the 3' IgH RR by defining its 3' boundary. For this purpose, a pgk-neo gene cassette was targeted 2kb downstream of the HS4 element in ES cells that had normal ability to undergo CSR. We then employed Rag-2 deficient blastocyst complementation to generate chimeric mice that harbored B cells homozygous for this mutation. Such chimeras exhibited normal reconstitution of the splenic compartment and had normal serum immunoglobulin levels. Upon in vitro activation, transcription from the pgk-neo cassette was induced in B cells, however, CSR to all measured IgH isotypes occurred at normal levels. These findings, coupled with previous pgk-neo insertion studies, suggest that key elements of the 3' IgH RR lie within a 17kb region between HS1,2 and 2kb downstream of HS4.
authors.affiliation: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, Enders Building, Room 861, 320 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Manis
authors.forename: Jennifer S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Michaelson
authors.forename: Barbara K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Birshtein
authors.forename: Frederick W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Alt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D005803:Genes, Immunoglobulin; D005809:Genes, Regulator; D017578:Immunoglobulin Class Switching; D007143:Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D011995:Recombination, Genetic
chemical_list: D007143:Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains