title: Pharmacokinetics of oral betaine in healthy subjects and patients with homocystinuria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Large oral doses of betaine have proved effective in lowering plasma homocysteine in severe hyperhomocysteinaemia. The pharmacokinetic characteristics and metabolism of betaine in humans have not been assessed and drug monitoring for betaine therapy is not available. We studied the pharmacokinetics of betaine and its metabolite dimethylglycine (DMG) in healthy subjects and in three patients with homocystinuria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve male volunteers underwent an open-label study. After one single administration of 50 mg betaine kg-1 body weight and during continuous intake of twice daily 50 mg kg-1 body weight, serial blood samples and 24 h urines were collected to determine betaine and DMG plasma concentrations and urinary excretion, respectively. Patients were evaluated after one single dose of betaine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found rapid absorption (t(1/2),abs 00.28 h, s.d. 0.17) and distribution (t(1/2), lambda1 00.59 h, s.d. 0.22) of betaine. A Cmax of 0.94 mmol l-1 (s.d. 0.19) was reached after tmax 00.90 h (s.d. 0.33). The elimination half life t(1/2), z was 14.38 h (s.d. 7.17). After repeated dosage, t(1/2), lambda1 (01.77 h, s.d. 0.75) and t(1/2), z (41.17 h, s.d. 13.50) increased significantly (95% CI 0.73, 01.64 h and 19.90, 33.70 h, respectively), whereas absorption remained unchanged. DMG concentrations increased significantly after betaine administration and accumulation occurred to the same extent as with betaine. Renal clearance was low and urinary excretion of betaine was equivalent to 4% of the ingested dose. Distribution and elimination kinetics in homocystinuric patients appeared to be accelerated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Betaine plasma concentrations change rapidly after ingestion. Elimination half-life increased during continuous dosing over 5 days. Betaine is mainly eliminated by metabolism. More pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies in hyperhomocysteinaemic patients are needed to refine the current treatment with betaine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany. schwahn@med.uni-duesseldorf.de
authors.forename: Bernd C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Schwahn
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hafner
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hohlfeld
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Balkenhol
authors.forename: Maurice D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Laryea
authors.forename: Udo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Wendel
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D001622:Betaine / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006712:Homocystinuria / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012521:Sarcosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D001622:Betaine; C025138:dimethylglycine; D012521:Sarcosine