Angiogenesis in normal and neoplastic pituitary tissues.
Angiogenesis, or the formation of new blood vessels, is a dynamic process needed for embryogenesis, post-natal growth, morphogenesis, tumorigenesis, and for other biological processes. Angiogenesis is very important for tumor development and progression. This review examines the activators and inhibitors of angiogenesis with emphasis on the pituitary gland and pituitary neoplasms. Some of the proteins regulating angiogenesis in pituitary tumors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptors, fibroblasts growth factors (FGF), transforming growth factor beta (TGFB), interleukins, interferons, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and inhibitors of MMPs have been examined in animal and human pituitary tumor models. However, many other significant regulators of angiogenesis including angiopoietins, angiostatin, and thrombospondins have not been studied extensively in pituitary tumors to date. Newer concepts and developments in angiogenesis such as vasculogenic mimicry and gene therapy approaches to angiogenesis in cancer treatment are also discussed.
Lloyd
Ricardo V
RV
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
Vidal
Sergio
S
Horvath
Eva
E
Kovacs
Kalman
K
Scheithauer
Bernd
B
D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D010902:Pituitary Gland / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000378:metabolism; D010911:Pituitary Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000378:metabolism
D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors