title: Alcohol, smoking, coffee and risk of non-fatal acute myocardial infarction in Italy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the relation between cigarette smoking, alcohol, coffee, decaffeinated coffee and tea consumption, and the risk of non-fatal acute myocardial infarction (AMI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospital-based case-control study conducted in 1995-1999 in Milan, Italy.
  
  
  METHODS
  507 cases with a first episode of non-fatal AMI, and 478 controls admitted to hospital for acute diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information was collected by interviewer-administered questionnaires. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated by multiple logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to alcohol non-drinkers the OR was 0.6 (95% CI: 0.4-0.9) in drinkers, and 0.5 in drinkers of > 3 drinks/day. The OR for > 1 drink/day of wine was 0.5, and those for beer, amari, grappa and spirits ranged between 0.4 and 0.6. Compared to never smokers, the OR was 2.2 (95% CI: 1.5-3.1) among current smokers, and 4.6 among current smokers of > or = 25 cigarettes/day. The risk was similar to that of never smokers > or = 5 years after cessation (OR: 1.1 after 5-9 years, 0.7 after > or = 10 years). The OR was 2.3 for low tar cigarettes and 2.0 for high tar ones. The OR for coffee intake (expresso and mocha) was around unity up to 3 cups/ day, but rose to 1.9 (95% CI: 1.1-3.3) for > or = 6 cups/ day. Moderate decaffeinated coffee and tea intake was not associated with AMI risk. Compared to non-smokers drinking < or = 3 cups of coffee/day, the OR was 1.6 among non-smokers drinking > 3 cups of coffee/ day and 3.3 (95% CI: 2.1-5.0) among current smokers drinking < or = 3 cups of coffee/day. Compared to alcohol drinkers with a coffee intake of < or = 3 cups/ day, alcohol non-drinkers with higher coffee intake had an OR of 2.2, and compared to non-smokers alcohol drinkers, the OR was 3.3 in current smokers alcohol non-drinkers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this Italian population alcohol intake was inversely associated to AMI risk, while smoking and heavy (but not moderate) coffee drinking increased the risk.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Ricerche, Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy. tavani@marionegri.it
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tavani
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bertuzzi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Negri
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sorbara
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: La Vecchia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002110:Caffeine; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003069:Coffee / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee; D002110:Caffeine