title: Abnormal prefrontal cortex function during response inhibition in Turner syndrome: functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Turner syndrome (TuS) arises from the partial or complete absence of one X chromosome. Although neuropsychological studies report impaired attentional function and response inhibition in TuS, the neural correlates of these cognitive problems are unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven female subjects with TuS and 11 individually matched normal control subjects were imaged using functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing a Go/NoGo task.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Groups did not differ on accuracy or reaction time; however, the TuS group activated more in the bilateral superior and middle frontal gyri than control subjects. Control subjects did not activate more than the TuS group in any region.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that female subjects with TuS compensate for executive dysfunction via recruitment of additional prefrontal cortex regions involved in inhibition, attention, and working memory, functions necessary for successful performance of Go/NoGo tasks. Elucidating brain function in TuS will advance our understanding of the influence of X-chromosome genes on neurodevelopment and brain function and contribute to planning future intervention strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5719, USA.
authors.forename: Leanne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tamm
authors.forename: Vinod
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Menon
authors.forename: Allan L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Reiss
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014424:Turner Syndrome / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology