title: The safety and utility of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 for cranial procedures in a nonhuman primate model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP-2) in cranial applications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Critical-sized calvarial defects were created bilaterally in four rhesus monkeys, and bilateral rectangular bone flaps were created in six others. Control and rhBMP-2-treated sides were randomly chosen for each animal, and an absorbable collagen sponge was used to deliver the growth factor. Over a 6-month period postoperatively, the animals were serially evaluated for bone healing and adverse BMP-related consequences by using the following methods: computerized tomography (CT) scanning, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, electroencephalography, histological investigations, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis. The critical-sized defects for the rhBMP-2-treated and control sides attained 71 +/- 12% and 28 +/- 11% closure, respectively (four animals; p = 0.04). The CT scans demonstrated that the bone flaps treated with rhBMP-2 had complete osteointegration in five of six animals, whereas scans of the untreated bone flaps demonstrated uniformly poor osteointegration with the intact skull. Histological analysis confirmed well-formed bridges of bone on the rhBMP-2-treated sides. No epileptogenic activity was detected in any of the animals, and MR imaging revealed no evidence of adverse effects on the brain parenchyma. Meningitic irritation was not found on postoperative CSF sample analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment of bone flaps and critical-sized cranial defects with rhBMP-2 leads to improved bone formation and osteointegration in nonhuman primates. Initial evaluation of rhBMP-2 appears to indicate a good safety profile for use in cranial procedures in primates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery and Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA. jps2f@virginia.edu
authors.forename: Jason P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Sheehan
authors.forename: Jonas M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Sheehan
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Seeherman
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Quigg
authors.forename: Gregory A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Helm
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017102:Fracture Healing / Q000187:drug effects*; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011897:Random Allocation; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012886:Skull / Q000187:drug effects / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology; D013997:Time Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta
chemical_list: C525718:BMP2 protein, human; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta