title: Proportion indices in the craniofacial regions of 284 healthy North American white children between 1 and 5 years of age.
abstract: The study's aim was to provide the normal range data on 81 anthropometric proportion indices of the craniofacial complex, separately in boys and girls between 1 and 5 years of age, supplementary to the previously published normal proportion values of the North American white population from 6 to 18 years of age. In the first age group, 17 or 18 boys and 18 or 22 girls were measured. In each age group between 2 and 5 years old, 30 boys and 30 or 31 girls were examined. The normal values of the 81 proportion indices were established with the help of 45 measurements (7 cranial, 13 facial, 4 orbital, 12 nasal, 7 labio-oral, and 2 auricular) taken from 287 healthy children. The data on the normal indices were reported in two groups: areal and interareal. The areal proportions are formed by taking measurements from one particular craniofacial region. Proportions indicating the quality of relation of measurements taken from two craniofacial regions were classified as interareal (N = 36). The basic proportions (N = 13) of the areal one show the relation between the measurements influencing the general view of each craniofacial region. The detailed analysis of the proportionality in the individual regions, carried out with the help of the other measurements within the regions, established 36 additional areal proportion indices. The recommended method of examination is to start with the basic proportions, which offers the determination of the most and least disproportionate craniofacial region, followed by a more comprehensive search for other disproportions with the help of the additional areal proportions (N = 36) and interareal proportions (N = 32).
authors.affiliation: Center for Craniofacial Care and Research, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Division of Plastic Surgery, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. lfarkas@interlog.com
authors.forename: Leslie G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Farkas
authors.forename: Tania M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Hreczko
authors.forename: Marko J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Katic
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Forrest
mesh_terms: D002508:Cephalometry / Q000145:classification / Q000379:methods*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002680:Chin / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D004431:Ear, External / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D005546:Forehead / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008046:Lip / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008437:Maxilla / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009656:North America; D009666:Nose / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009915:Orbit / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D012016:Reference Values; D012737:Sex Factors; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D044465:White People; D015050:Zygoma / Q000033:anatomy & histology