title: Radiofrequency denervation for neck and back pain. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The diagnosis of cervical or lumbar zygapophyseal joint pain can only be made by using local anesthesia to block the nerves supplying the painful joint. There is a lack of effective treatment for chronic zygapophyseal joint pain or discogenic pain. Radiofrequency denervation appears to be an emerging technology, with substantial variation in its use between countries.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effectiveness of radiofrequency denervation for the treatment of musculoskeletal pain disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched MEDLINE, PsycLIT, and EMBASE from start to February 2002, plus the Cochrane Library 2002, Issue 2. The references of identified articles were checked and three experts in the field of radiofrequency treatment were consulted to identify studies we might have missed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of radiofrequency denervation for musculoskeletal pain disorders, with no language or date restrictions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two reviewers selected RCTs that met predefined inclusion criteria, extracted the data, and assessed the main results and methodological quality of the selected trials, using standardized forms. Qualitative analysis was conducted to evaluate the level of scientific evidence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found only nine articles, reporting on seven relevant RCTs. Six of the seven were considered to be high-quality. The selected trials included 275 randomized patients, 141 of whom received active treatment. One study examined cervical zygapophyseal joint pain, two cervicobrachial pain, three lumbar zygapophyseal joint pain, and one discogenic low-back pain. The study sample sizes were small, follow-up times short, and there were some deficiencies in patient selection, outcome assessments, and statistical analyses. The level of scientific evidence for the short-term effectiveness of radiofrequency denervation was limited for cervical zygapophyseal joint and cervicobrachial pain, and conflicting for lumbar zygapophyseal joint pain. There was limited evidence suggesting that intradiscal radiofrequency thermocoagulation was not effective for discogenic low-back pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The selected trials provide limited evidence that radiofrequency denervation offers short-term relief for chronic neck pain of zygapophyseal joint origin and for chronic cervicobrachial pain; conflicting evidence on the short-term effect of radiofrequency lesioning on pain and disability in chronic low-back pain of zygapophyseal joint origin; and limited evidence that intradiscal radiofrequency thermocoagulation is not effective for chronic discogenic low-back pain. There is a need for further high-quality RCTs with larger patient samples and data on long-term effects, for which current evidence is inconclusive. Furthermore, RCTs are needed in non-spinal indications where radiofrequency denervation is currently used without any scientific evidence.
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Unit of Orton Orthopaedic Hospital, Orton Orthopaedic Hospital, Invalid Foundation, Tenholantie 10, Helsinki, Finland, 00280. leena.niemisto@invalidisaatio.fi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Niemisto
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kalso
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malmivaara
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seitsalo
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hurri
mesh_terms: D001416:Back Pain / Q000601:surgery*; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods*; D003714:Denervation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000601:surgery*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic