title: Prevention of Yersinia enterocolitica, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Pseudomonas putida outgrowth in deliberately inoculated blood by a novel pathogen-reduction process.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Yersinia enterocolitica, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and P. putida are responsible for a significant amount of the bacterial sepsis cases attributed to RBC transfusions. INACTINE is a pathogen-reduction process for RBCs, which consists of incubation of RBCs with PEN110 (proprietary compound) followed by automated washing of the RBCs. INACTINE is an electrophilic agent, which inactivates a wide range of viruses and WBCs by disruption of nucleic acid replication. The present study investigated the effect of the PEN110 process on Y. enterocolitica, P. fluorescens, and P. putida.
  
  
  METHODS
  Identical units of reduced CPD/ADSOL additive solution (AS-1) or CP2D/Nutricel additive solution (AS-3) RBCs were inoculated with 10 to 100 CFU per mL of either Y. enterocolitica, P. fluorescens, or P. putida. The control units were put on storage immediately after the bacterial spike. The test units were subjected to the PEN110 process and then stored. Sham control units were processed the same way as test units without addition of PEN110. Bacterial titer in all units was monitored during the 6-week storage period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No bacteria were detected in any of the RBC units (n = 9 for each microorganism) prepared using the PEN110 process throughout 6 weeks of storage. Substantial bacterial growth occurred in all control and in a majority of sham control units (11 out of 15 experiments). The bacterial inactivation by the INACTINE process was found to be equally effective in CPD/AS-1 and CP2D/AS-3 RBC units.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The INACTINE process effectively prevented the outgrowth of Y. enterocolitica, P. fluorescens, and P. putida deliberately inoculated into WBC-reduced CPD/AS-1 and CP2D/AS-3 RBCs. The results demonstrated the crucial bactericidal role of PEN110 in the INACTINE process.
authors.affiliation: V. I. Technologies, Inc., Watertown, Massachusetts, USA. boris.zavizion@vitechnologies.com
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zavizion
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Serebryanik
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Serebryanik
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: Andrei
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Purmal
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001769:Blood / Q000382:microbiology*; D001793:Blood Preservation / Q000379:methods; D017707:Erythrocyte Transfusion / Q000009:adverse effects; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000382:microbiology; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D006801:Humans; D011073:Polyamines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011552:Pseudomonas Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011551:Pseudomonas fluorescens / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D016958:Pseudomonas putida / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D013242:Sterilization / Q000379:methods; D015009:Yersinia Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015008:Yersinia enterocolitica / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; C451719:PEN 110; D011073:Polyamines