title: Smads 2 and 3 are differentially activated by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta ) in quiescent and activated hepatic stellate cells. Constitutive nuclear localization of Smads in activated cells is TGF-beta-independent.
abstract: Hepatic stellate cells are the primary cell type responsible for matrix deposition in liver fibrosis, undergoing a process of transdifferentiation into fibrogenic myofibroblasts. These cells, which undergo a similar transdifferentiation process when cultured in vitro, are a major target of the profibrogenic agent transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). We have studied activation of the TGF-beta downstream signaling molecules Smads 2, 3, and 4 in hepatic stellate cells (HSC) cultured in vitro for 1, 4, and 7 days, with quiescent, intermediate, and fully transdifferentiated phenotypes, respectively. Total levels of Smad4, common to multiple TGF-beta superfamily signaling pathways, do not change as HSC transdifferentiate, and the protein is found in both nucleus and cytoplasm, independent of treatment with TGF-beta or the nuclear export inhibitor leptomycin B. TGF-beta mediates activation of Smad2 primarily in early cultured cells and that of Smad3 primarily in transdifferentiated cells. The linker protein SARA, which is required for Smad2 signaling, disappears with transdifferentiation. Additionally, day 7 cells demonstrate constitutive phosphorylation and nuclear localization of Smad 2, which is not affected by pretreatment with TGF-beta-neutralizing antibodies, a type I TGF-beta receptor kinase inhibitor, or activin-neutralizing antibodies. These results demonstrate essential differences between TGF-beta-mediated signaling pathways in quiescent and in vitro transdifferentiated hepatic stellate cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
authors.forename: Chenghai
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Marianna D A
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Gaça
authors.forename: E Scott
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Swenson
authors.forename: Vincent F
authors.initials: VF
authors.lastname: Vellucci
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reiss
authors.forename: Rebecca G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Wells
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism*; D017931:DNA Primers; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051899:Smad2 Protein; D051900:Smad3 Protein; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D017931:DNA Primers; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D051899:Smad2 Protein; C497784:Smad2 protein, rat; D051900:Smad3 Protein; C497787:Smad3 protein, rat; D015534:Trans-Activators; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; C000602391:Zfyve9 protein, rat