title: Chromatin insulation by a transcriptional activator.
abstract: In eukaryotic genomes, transcriptionally active regions are interspersed with silent chromatin that may repress genes in its vicinity. Chromatin insulators are elements that can shield a locus from repressive effects of flanking chromatin. Few such elements have been characterized in higher eukaryotes, but transcriptional activating elements are an invariant feature of active loci and have been shown to suppress transgene silencing. Hence, we have assessed the ability of a transcriptional activator to cause chromatin insulation, i.e., to relieve position effects at transgene integration sites in cultured cells. The transgene contained a series of binding sites for the metal-inducible transcriptional activator MTF, linked to a GFP reporter. Clones carrying single integrated transgenes were derived without selection for expression, and in most clones the transgene was silent. Induction of MTF resulted in transition of the transgene from the silent to the active state, prolongation of the active state, and a marked narrowing of the range of expression levels at different genomic sites. At one genomic site, prolonged induction of MTF resulted in suppression of transgene silencing that persisted after withdrawal of the induction stimulus. These results are consistent with MTF acting as a chromatin insulator and imply that transcriptional activating elements can insulate active loci against chromatin repression.
authors.affiliation: Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
authors.forename: Nathan B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Sutter
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Scalzo
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fiering
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Groudine
authors.forename: David I K
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D002469:Cell Separation; D002843:Chromatin / Q000378:metabolism*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D006801:Humans; D020014:K562 Cells; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010957:Plasmids / Q000378:metabolism; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D013997:Time Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D019076:Transgenes; D000097809:Transcription Factor MTF-1
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000097809:Transcription Factor MTF-1