title: Body composition and metabolic factors in obese children and adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Body composition is associated with metablic factors in adults; however, data are limited regarding obese children. This study was undertaken to assess body composition, regional fat distribution, and metabolic factors in obese 6-18-y-old children and adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional assessment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six obese children and adolescents, (mean+/-s.e.m.) age 11.8+/-0.5 y, BMI 34.1+/-1.2 kg/m(2).
  
  
  METHODS
  Body composition was assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and computerized tomography. Fasting insulin, glucose and leptin levels, and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IR) were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The girls had significantly lower glucose levels than the boys. The ethnic group differences (African American children vs white children) in fat mass, total CT fat, subcutaneous CT fat, insulin level, leptin level, and higher HOMA-IR were not significant after adjusting for age or pubertal stage. These differences in abdominal fat and subcutaneous abdominal fat were also not independent of total body fat or BMI. No ethnic group differences in visceral abdominal fat were noted. Insulin level and HOMA IR were associated with leptin level (independent of fat mass) and fat mass. Leptin level was associated with fat mass, total CT fat, and subcutaneous CT fat; however the associations between the CT fat measures and leptin were not independent of total body fat mass.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neither visceral abdominal fat, subcutaneous abdominal fat, insulin levels, or insulin resistance differed by ethnic group when adjusted for age or pubertal status. This contrasts with findings in adults and non-obese children which suggest lower levels of visceral fat and higher insulin levels and insulin resistance in African American children and adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. tersh@mail.med.upenn.edu
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Tershakovec
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Kuppler
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Zemel
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weinzimer
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Harty
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Stallings
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000378:metabolism*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity