title: Origin of a substantial fraction of human regulatory sequences from transposable elements.
abstract: Transposable elements (TEs) are abundant in mammalian genomes and have potentially contributed to their hosts' evolution by providing novel regulatory or coding sequences. We surveyed different classes of regulatory region in the human genome to assess systematically the potential contribution of TEs to gene regulation. Almost 25% of the analyzed promoter regions contain TE-derived sequences, including many experimentally characterized cis-regulatory elements. Scaffold/matrix attachment regions (S/MARs) and locus control regions (LCRs) that are involved in the simultaneous regulation of multiple genes also contain numerous TE-derived sequences. Thus, TEs have probably contributed substantially to the evolution of both gene-specific and global patterns of human gene regulation.
authors.affiliation: National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Building 38A/Room N511M, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA. jordan@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
authors.forename: I King
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Jordan
authors.forename: Igor B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Rogozin
authors.forename: Galina V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Glazko
authors.forename: Eugene V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Koonin
mesh_terms: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions / Q000235:genetics; D001483:Base Sequence; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements / Q000235:genetics*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D015894:Genome, Human; D005914:Globins / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D019901:Locus Control Region; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D012091:Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D020079:Terminal Repeat Sequences / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D005914:Globins