title: Suicide amongst Irish migrants in Britain: a review of the identity and integration hypothesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies have consistently reported higher rates of suicide amongst Irish migrants in Britain than in the population as a whole. Leavey offers a hypothetical model to explain such rates that incorporates lack of social cohesion and integration meshed with the inability to establish an authentic identity and other contributory factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review methodologies are used to examine the central tenets of this explanatory framework. Some of the macro-level ecological associations in the model are critically evaluated in the context of findings from the 1991 Census and government social and household panel surveys.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The evidence base suggests that statements on social isolation and reluctance to use health care services are questionable and Irish migration is shown to be much more heterogeneous than the model suggests. Only small positive, and as yet unreplicated, associations have been established between identity and health behaviour in a non-representative sample and evidence is lacking of Irish stoicism and anti-Irish racism as putative risk factors. Epidemiological studies show that adjusting suicide rates for social class explains virtually none of the excess in Irish migrants, although higher risks for unmarried persons are reported. Explanations in the literature for higher rates of migrant suicide are discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Studies based on individual-level analysis and record linkage are urgently needed to explain the high rates.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Services Studies, University of Kent at Canterbury, Tunbridge Wells, UK. P.J.Aspinall@ukc.ac.uk
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Aspinall
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007494:Ireland / Q000208:ethnology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012933:Social Identification; D012934:Social Isolation / Q000523:psychology; D013405:Suicide / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014171:Transients and Migrants / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology