title: Psychosocial risk factors for heart disease in France and Northern Ireland: the Prospective Epidemiological Study of Myocardial Infarction (PRIME).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  France has a substantially lower level of premature mortality from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) relative to its comparators. Compared with Northern Ireland, France has one-half the rate, despite having a similar cardiovascular risk profile to Northern Ireland. In this prospective longitudinal study the psychosocial risk hypothesis for CVD was tested.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 9758 men (7359 in France and 2399 in Northern Ireland) aged 50-59 years who were initially free of any CVD were recruited. At baseline the subjects completed a psychosocial questionnaire, measuring hostility, depression, social support, and the Type A behaviour pattern. At 5-years follow-up their clinical status was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multivariate analysis indicated that, contrary to prediction, France had a substantially more negative psychosocial risk profile than Northern Ireland. The psychosocial risk factors were not successful at predicting at 5-years follow-up the hard clinical endpoint of definite fatal/non-fatal myocardial infarction. In the case of the softer clinical endpoint, angina pectoris/unstable angina, only depression predicted outcome with a small effect size.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings provide little support for the psychosocial risk hypothesis. The psychosocial risk profile was more negative in France, the opposite of that predicted. The finding of a relationship between depression and angina may reflect a tendency for individuals who respond negatively on mood state to report more cardiac symptoms irrespective of physical disease state.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Queen's University, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland.
authors.forename: D  H
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sykes
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Arveiler
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Salters
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ferrieres
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: McCrum
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Amouyel
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bingham
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Montaye
authors.forename: J-B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Ruidavets
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Haas
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ducimetiere
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006791:Hostility; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D009660:Northern Ireland / Q000453:epidemiology; D010551:Personality; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires