title: Mechanism by which brain-derived neurotrophic factor increases dopamine release from the rabbit retina.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether BDNF modulates the release of dopamine from amacrine cells in the rabbit retina.
  
  
  METHODS
  Isolated retinas from rabbits killed with pentobarbital were incubated in Krebs bicarbonate medium containing pargyline, nomifensine, and bovine serum albumin. The medium was changed at 10-minute intervals, and the dopamine in the resultant samples measured by HPLC. Five samples were collected to establish the spontaneous resting release of dopamine, and then the retina was exposed to BDNF for a further two collection periods. Double-label immunohistochemistry was used to identify tyrosine hydroxylase containing neurons and to localize TrkB (BDNF) receptors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposure of the retina to BDNF (70-150 ng/mL) caused a concentration-dependent increase in the release of dopamine. The maximum effect was produced by 150 ng/mL BDNF, which almost doubled the release. The BDNF-evoked release was abolished in low-calcium/high-magnesium medium. It was also prevented by the tyrosine kinase inhibitors k252a and genistein, the phospholipase inhibitor U73122, and the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA) inhibitors thapsigargin and cyclopiazonic acid. Antagonists of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate did not affect the BDNF-evoked release of dopamine. ELISA assay confirmed the presence of BDNF in the retina, and immunohistochemistry revealed that some tyrosine hydroxylase-containing neurons possessed TrkB receptors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BDNF quickly (within minutes) increases the release of dopamine from amacrine cells in the rabbit retina by an action that is likely to involve TrkB receptors. The mechanism linking TrkB receptor activation to the release of dopamine involves activation of phospholipase-Cgamma, with the subsequent production of IP(3) and calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum. The resultant capacitative entry of calcium seems to be the actual trigger for BDNF-induced release of dopamine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vision and Ophthalmology, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Neal
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.forename: Isobel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lever
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pezet
authors.forename: Marzia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Malcangio
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000252:Calcium-Transporting ATPases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D008297:Male; D008996:Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D009474:Neurons / Q000201:enzymology; D009627:Nomifensine / Q000494:pharmacology; D010293:Pargyline / Q000494:pharmacology; D051966:Phospholipase C gamma; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D011817:Rabbits; D020813:Receptor, trkB / Q000378:metabolism*; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D053498:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases; D010738:Type C Phospholipases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008996:Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors; D009627:Nomifensine; D010293:Pargyline; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D020813:Receptor, trkB; D010738:Type C Phospholipases; D051966:Phospholipase C gamma; D053498:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases; D000252:Calcium-Transporting ATPases; D004298:Dopamine