title: Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors in patients with glioblastoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To identify prognostic factors for overall survival in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma undergoing radiation therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 1980 to June 2000, we treated 432 consecutive patients with glioblastoma at out institution. 17 patients were excluded from the analysis for various reasons. Mean age of the 415 patients who were included in the study was 59 years (19-81 years), Karnofsky performance status (KPS) was > or = 70 in 280 patients. 343 patients underwent resection, 72 had a biopsy. Various fractionation schemes were used (conventional fractionation, n = 112; hypofractionation, n = 94; accelerated hyperfractionation, n = 209). Survival probabilities were estimated using the method of Kaplan and Meier. Multivariate analysis was done with a Cox regression model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By July 2001, 406 patients had died. Medial overall survival was 8.2 months. Of ten factors considered in a proportional hazards model stratified for treatment (fractionation scheme and type of surgery), significant variables in a multivariate model were age (50-64 years vs < 50 years [RR 1.35; 95% CI 1.02-1.78], > or = 65 years vs < 50 years [RR 2.08; 95% CI 1.54-2.81]), performance status (KPS < 70 vs > or = 70 [RR 1.53; 95% CI 1.23-1.90]), and central tumor location (yes vs no [RR 1.39; 95% CI 1.04-1.87]). Blood hemoglobin (Hb) values were available in 318 patients and serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in 234 patients. 89 patients were anemic (Hb men < 13 g/dl, women < 12 g/dl), in 80 patients the LDH level was raised beyond the upper limit of the normal range (> 240 U/l). By including the three significant variables, both parameters had an additional significant effect with an estimated relative risk of about 1.4 in their corresponding subgroups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Besides established prognostic factors, anemia and raised serum LDH levels may negatively influence outcome in glioblastoma patients. Our results from data-dependent modeling have to be confirmed by independent studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy, Radiologic University Hospital, Freiburg i. Br., Germany. lutterba@mstl.ukl.uni-freiburg.de
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lutterbach
authors.forename: Willi
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sauerbrei
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Guttenberger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000601:surgery; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D006452:Hemoglobinometry; D006801:Humans; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy; D011379:Prognosis; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase