title: A randomized controlled trial of haemoglobin normalization with epoetin alfa in pre-dialysis and dialysis patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Partial correction of renal anaemia with erythropoietin improves quality of life (QoL). We aimed to examine if normalization of haemoglobin with epoetin alfa in pre-dialysis and dialysis patients further improves QoL and is safe.
  
  
  METHODS
  416 Scandinavian patients with renal anaemia [pre-dialysis, haemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis patients] were randomized to reach a normal haemoglobin of 135-160 g/l (n=216) or a subnormal haemoglobin of 90-120 g/l (n=200) with or without epoetin alfa. Study duration was 48-76 weeks. QoL was measured using Kidney Disease Questionnaires in 253 Swedish dialysis patients. Safety was examined in all patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  QoL improved, measured as a decrease in physical symptoms (P=0.02), fatigue (P=0.05), depression (P=0.01) and frustration (P=0.05) in the Swedish dialysis patients when haemoglobin was normalized. In pre-dialysis patients, diastolic blood pressure was higher in the normal compared with the subnormal haemoglobin group after 48 weeks. However, the progression rate of chronic renal failure was comparable. In the normal haemoglobin group (N-Hb), 51% had at least one serious adverse event compared with 49% in the subnormal haemoglobin group (S-Hb) (P=0.32). The incidence of thrombovascular events and vascular access thrombosis in HD patients did not differ. The mortality rate was 13.4% in the N-Hb group and 13.5% in the S-Hb group (P=0.98). Mortality decreased with increasing mean haemoglobin in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Normalization of haemoglobin improved QoL in the subgroup of dialysis patients, appears to be safe and can be considered in many patients with end-stage renal disease.
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital, Entrance 40, S-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden. hans.furuland@medsci.uu.se
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Furuland
authors.forename: Torbjörn
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Linde
authors.forename: Jarl
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ahlmén
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Christensson
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Strömbom
authors.forename: Bo G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Danielson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000740:Anemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001794:Blood Pressure; D000068817:Epoetin Alfa; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006397:Hematinics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis*; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality; D011788:Quality of Life; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality; D012449:Safety; D018582:Sick Leave; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D006397:Hematinics; D006454:Hemoglobins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D004921:Erythropoietin; D000068817:Epoetin Alfa