title: Darwin, Cuvier and Geoffroy: comments and questions.
abstract: In writing, in the Origin of Species, of 'two great laws' on which organic beings are formed, 'Unity of Type' and 'Conditions of Existence', Darwin was referring to the famous opposition between Cuvier and Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, first stated publicly in the spring of 1830. After a brief statement of the chief points at issue in the debate, I raise the question of Darwin's attitude to the disagreement and the views of the two protagonists. There are numerous earlier, and some later, references to Cuvier and Geoffroy in the Darwin archives, notebooks, marginalia and correspondence. An examination of these materials suggests a shift in Darwin's sympathies, from Geoffroy to Cuvier. However, some of Geoffroy's principles are retained, and, in adopting Cuvier's phrase 'conditions of existence', Darwin partly alters its meaning. Finally, since originally, and in its adoption by such writers as Whewell and Owen, the expression 'conditions of existence' was interpreted as entailing design or final cause, I consider the vexed question of Darwin's attitude to teleology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Philosophy, Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA 24061-0126, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grene
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D001690:Biological Science Disciplines / Q000266:history; D004739:England; D005602:France; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D006801:Humans; D010811:Natural Science Disciplines / Q000266:history*; D010684:Philosophy / Q000266:history; D012641:Selection, Genetic