title: Effect of dietary calcium on stone forming propensity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Epidemiological studies have reported that high calcium diet protects against kidney stone formation in normal subjects. This metabolic study was designed to elucidate the physiological and physicochemical effects conferring this apparent protection.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 21 normal volunteers underwent 2 phases of study in a crossover, randomized design, wherein they consumed constant metabolic diets that matched the estimated highest and lowest quintiles of calcium intake from published epidemiological studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Urinary calcium was significantly greater on the high calcium diet (148 +/- 55 versus 118 +/- 43 mg. daily, p <0.01, p <0.01) but urinary oxalate did not differ between diets. There was no difference in relative saturation ratio of calcium oxalate between the 2 diets. The high calcium diet significantly increased saturation of brushite and decreased that of uric acid. Due to the other differences between the diets (more fluid, potassium, magnesium and phosphate in the high calcium diet), the high calcium diet also increased 24-hour urinary volume, potassium, phosphorus, pH and citrate. After adjustment of these confounding variables, the high calcium diet significantly increased relative saturation ratio of calcium oxalate by 24%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High calcium diet from published epidemiological studies does not alter the propensity for calcium oxalate crystallization in normal subjects despite increased urinary calcium and unaltered urinary oxalate because of the greater amounts of ingested fluid, potassium and phosphate. However, high calcium intake alone, without concomitant changes in the diet, poses a modest risk for calcium stone formation.
authors.affiliation: Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-8885, USA.
authors.forename: Howard J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Heller
authors.forename: Mark F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Doerner
authors.forename: Linda J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Brinkley
authors.forename: Beverley
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Adams-Huet
authors.forename: Charles Y C
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Pak
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary