title: Topical agents or dressings for pain in venous leg ulcers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Venous leg ulcers affect up to 1 per cent of people at some time in their life. These ulcers are often painful and some clinicians choose dressings and topical treatments (analgesia/ local anaesthetic) to reduce the pain both during and between dressing changes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effectiveness of dressings, local anaesthetics or topical analgesia for pain relief in venous leg ulceration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cochrane Wounds Group Register and the Cochrane Collaboration Field in Complementary Medicine were searched in June 2002. Cochrane Pain Palliative and Supportive Care Group and Cochrane Wounds Group strategy were combined and used.
  
  
  METHODS
  All randomised controlled trials which evaluated local interventions used to relieve venous leg ulcer pain were considered. Pain was defined as either persistent pain or pain at dressing changes or debridement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eligibility for inclusion was confirmed by two reviewers who independently assessed the potential trials. Details of eligible studies were summarised using a data extraction sheet which was checked by the second reviewer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No trials evaluating interventions for persistent pain were identified for the initial review in 1999 nor the update in 2002. Three trials were included in the 1999 review comparing a eutectic mixture of local anaesthetic (EMLA) versus placebo for pain at debridement. In 2002 a further 3 trials were available (6 trials in total with 317 patients). The studies were considered sufficiently similar to pool and meta analysis found a statistically significant reduction in debridement pain scores with EMLA 5% cream. EMLA was associated with a reduction in pain scores (measured on a 100 mm scale) of 20.6 mm (95% Confidence Interval 29.11-12.19). One small trial measured healing as an outcome and found no difference in numbers of ulcers healed at the end of the study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EMLA provides effective pain relief for venous leg ulcer debridement however, the effect of the product on ulcer healing is unknown. Research is required to determine the impact of debridement and of EMLA on ulcer healing. There were no trials addressing the treatment of persistent pain (between and at dressing changes) and further research is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nursing, School of Health Care Studies, University of Leeds, 22 Hyde Terrace, University of Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK, LS1. hcsmb@medphysics.leeds.ac.uk
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Briggs
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Nelson
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001458:Bandages; D003646:Debridement; D006801:Humans; D007871:Leg Ulcer / Q000150:complications*; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077442:Lidocaine, Prilocaine Drug Combination; D009824:Ointments; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D011318:Prilocaine / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000077442:Lidocaine, Prilocaine Drug Combination; D009824:Ointments; D011318:Prilocaine; D008012:Lidocaine