title: Association between extent of axillary lymph node dissection and patient, tumor, surgeon, and hospital factors in patients with early breast cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) in patients with breast cancer is crucial for accurate staging, provides excellent regional tumor control, and is included in the standard of care for the surgical treatment of breast cancer. However, the extent of ALND varies, and the extent of dissection and the number of lymph nodes that comprise an optimal axillary dissection are under debate. Despite conflicting evidence, several studies have shown that improved survival is correlated with more lymph nodes removed in both node-negative and node-positive patients. The purpose of this study is to determine which patient, tumor, surgeon, and hospital characteristics are associated with the number of nodes excised in early breast cancer patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A random sample of 938 women with node-negative breast cancer was drawn from the Ontario Cancer Registry and the data supplemented with chart reviews. The extent of axillary dissection was studied by examining the number of nodes examined in relation to the patient, tumor, surgeon, and hospital factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean number of lymph nodes excised was 9.8 (SD = 4.8; range, 1-31), and 49% of patients had >/=10 nodes excised. Lower patient age was associated with the excision of more lymph nodes (>/=10 nodes: 63% of patients <40 years vs. 38% of patients >/=80 years). Surgeon academic affiliation and surgery in a teaching hospital were highly correlated with each other and were significantly associated with the excision of >/=10 nodes. The number of nodes excised was not associated with any tumor factors, nor with the breast operation performed. These results were confirmed with multivariable models.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even though the number of lymph nodes found in the pathologic specimen can be influenced by factors other than surgical technique (e.g., number of nodes present, specimen handling, and pathologic examination), this study shows significant variation of this variable and an association with several patient and surgeon/hospital factors. This variation and the association with survival warrant further study and effort at greater consistency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Petrik
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: McCready
authors.forename: Carol A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Sawka
authors.forename: Vivek
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Goel
mesh_terms: D000046:Academic Medical Centers / Q000592:standards; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001365:Axilla; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015981:Epidemiologic Factors; D005260:Female; D013502:General Surgery / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D012042:Registries; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome