title: Monitoring mortality at interim analyses while testing a composite endpoint at the final analysis.
abstract: Mortality is often used as the clinical endpoint in clinical trials for acute diseases and takes precedence over any other outcome. A composite outcome such as death plus disease occurrence (or recurrence) or death plus hospitalization may also be considered, sometimes even as the primary outcome due to practical sample size issues. That is, a composite endpoint should have a higher event rate and thus a smaller sample size than for mortality alone to reach the same power. Two different scenarios are considered: in Scenario 1, the composite outcome is the primary endpoint and the mortality outcome is secondary; in Scenario 2, the mortality outcome is the primary endpoint and the composite outcome is secondary. In either scenario, the trial will be stopped if the simple mortality outcome shows an adverse effect or a significant benefit at an interim analysis, while the composite outcome will be tested at the final analysis if the mortality outcomes fails to show significance. These scenarios are typical in many trials sponsored by industry for regulatory approval. We refer to them as a switching the primary endpoint process. Two switching-endpoint procedures are proposed to calculate the efficacy boundary for the composite test statistic at the final analysis. The Bonferroni method is used in Method 1. In Method 2, the calculation is based upon the joint distribution of the test statistics for the simple mortality and the composite outcomes. A completed clinical trial, prospective randomized amlodipine survival evaluation (PRAISE-1), is used to illustrate the two switching-endpoint procedures. A simulation study shows that the two switching-endpoint procedures allow a trial to be stopped early due to a clinically relevant benefit in the mortality while preserving the overall alpha level.
authors.affiliation: Merck Research Laboratories, Blue Bell, PA 19422, USA. joshua_chen@merck.com
authors.forename: Y H Joshua
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: DeMets
authors.forename: K K Gordon
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Lan
mesh_terms: D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009026:Mortality; D012107:Research Design