title: Fetal tissue Doppler echocardiography: detection rates of cardiac structures and quantitative assessment of the fetal heart.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tissue Doppler echocardiography (TDE) has been developed in adult cardiology, but only recently has it been applied to fetal heart studies. We implemented TDE on a high-resolution ultrasound system used for prenatal scanning by changing the Doppler settings, but without specific TDE equipment, to study cardiac tissue motion of normal fetuses in the second and third trimesters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using color Doppler settings optimized for low velocity motion assessment, detection rates of cardiac structures were measured in 47 fetuses. With pulsed Doppler, axial diastolic and systolic cardiac wall velocities were recorded in another 30 fetuses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all fetuses TDE could detect cardiac wall motion. The right ventricular wall and the level of the atrioventricular valves were most easily seen. Axial contraction velocities of the fetal heart increased with gestational age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TDE can be used to study normal fetal cardiac function throughout gestation. A regular ultrasound system without additional hardware or software is suitable for screening studies using TDE.
authors.affiliation: Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf Germany. tutschek@uni-duesseldorf.de
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tutschek
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Buck
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Bender
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D018618:Echocardiography, Doppler, Color / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D005318:Fetal Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D011247:Pregnancy; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000592:standards*