title: C-reactive protein increases plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression and activity in human aortic endothelial cells: implications for the metabolic syndrome and atherothrombosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inflammation plays a pivotal role in atherosclerosis. In addition to being a risk marker for cardiovascular disease, much recent data suggest that C-reactive protein (CRP) promotes atherogenesis via effects on monocytes and endothelial cells. The metabolic syndrome is associated with significantly elevated levels of CRP. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), a marker of atherothrombosis, is also elevated in the metabolic syndrome and in diabetes, and endothelial cells are the major source of PAI-1. However, there are no studies examining the effect of CRP on PAI-1 in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incubation of HAECs with CRP results in a time- and dose-dependent increase in secreted PAI-1 antigen, PAI-1 activity, intracellular PAI-1 protein, and PAI-1 mRNA. CRP stabilizes PAI-1 mRNA. Inhibitors of endothelial NO synthase, blocking antibodies to interleukin-6 and an endothelin-1 receptor blocker, fail to attenuate the effect of CRP on PAI-1. CRP additionally increased PAI-1 under hyperglycemic conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study makes the novel observation that CRP induces PAI-1 expression and activity in HAECs and thus has implications for both the metabolic syndrome and atherothrombosis.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Atherosclerosis and Metabolic Research, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, Calif 95817, USA.
authors.forename: Sridevi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Devaraj
authors.forename: Dan Yan
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Ishwarlal
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jialal
mesh_terms: D001011:Aorta / Q000166:cytology*; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000209:etiology; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000209:etiology*; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020871:RNA Stability; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D002097:C-Reactive Protein