title: Three-dimensional tibiofemoral kinematics of the anterior cruciate ligament-deficient and reconstructed knee during walking.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is possible that gait abnormalities may play a role in the pathogenesis of meniscal or chondral injury as well as osteoarthritis of the knee in patients with anterior cruciate ligament deficiency.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The three-dimensional kinematics of anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knees are changed even during low-stress activities, such as walking, but can be restored by reconstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a three-dimensional optoelectronic gait analysis system, we examined 13 patients with anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knees, 21 patients with anterior cruciate ligament-reconstructed knees, and 10 control subjects with uninjured knees during walking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Normal patterns of knee flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, and internal-external rotation during the gait cycle were maintained by all subjects. A significant difference in tibial rotation angle during the initial swing phase was found in anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knees compared with reconstructed and control knees. The patients with anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knees rotated the tibia internally during the initial swing phase, whereas the others rotated externally.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knees experienced repeated episodes of rotational instability during walking, whereas patients with reconstruction experienced tibial rotation that is closer to normal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Repeated episodes of knee rotational instability may play a role in the development of pathologic knee conditions.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Sports Medicine Center of Ioannina, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina. Greece.
authors.forename: Anastasios D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Georgoulis
authors.forename: Anastasios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Papadonikolakis
authors.forename: Christos D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Papageorgiou
authors.forename: Argyris
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mitsou
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stergiou
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000502:physiology; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007259:Infrared Rays; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012399:Rotation; D013848:Thigh / Q000502:physiology; D013977:Tibia / Q000502:physiology