title: Emx1 and Emx2 cooperate to regulate cortical size, lamination, neuronal differentiation, development of cortical efferents, and thalamocortical pathfinding.
abstract: The homeobox transcription factors Emx1 and Emx2 are expressed in overlapping patterns that include cortical progenitors in the dorsal telencephalic neuroepithelium. We have addressed cooperation of Emx1 and Emx2 in cortical development by comparing phenotypes in Emx1; Emx2 double mutant mice with wild-type and Emx1 and Emx2 single mutants. Emx double mutant cortex is greatly reduced compared with wild types and Emx single mutants; the hippocampus and dentate gyrus are absent, and growth and lamination of the olfactory bulbs are defective. Cell proliferation and death are relatively normal early in cortical neurogenesis, suggesting that hypoplasia of the double mutant cortex is primarily due to earlier patterning defects. Expression of cortical markers persists in the reduced double mutant neocortex, but the laminar patterns exhibited are less sharp than normal, consistent with deficient cytoarchitecture, probably due in part to reduced numbers of preplate and Reelin-positive Cajal-Retzius neurons. Subplate neurons also exhibit abnormal differentiation in double mutants. Cortical efferent axons fail to exit the double mutant cortex, and TCAs pass through the striatum and approach the cortex but do not enter it. This TCA pathfinding defect appears to be non-cell autonomous and supports the hypothesis that cortical efferents are required scaffolds to guide TCAs into cortex. In double mutants, some TCAs fail to turn into ventral telencephalon and take an aberrant ventral trajectory; this pathfinding defect correlates with an Emx2 expression domain in ventral telencephalon. The more severe phenotypes in Emx double mutants suggest that Emx1 and Emx2 cooperate to regulate multiple features of cortical development.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Neurobiology Lab, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
authors.forename: Kathie M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Garel
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: John L R
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Rubenstein
authors.forename: Dennis D M
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: O'Leary
mesh_terms: D000344:Afferent Pathways / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology*; D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000473:pathology; D016923:Cell Death; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology*; D004525:Efferent Pathways / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D051379:Mice; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D009154:Mutation; D009474:Neurons / Q000473:pathology*; D009830:Olfactory Bulb / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology*; D010641:Phenotype; D000091042:Reelin Protein; D013788:Thalamus / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics; D000099260:Empty Spiracles Homeobox Proteins
chemical_list: D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D000091042:Reelin Protein; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000099260:Empty Spiracles Homeobox Proteins; C000717128:Reln protein, mouse