title: Inhaled insulin--a new therapeutic option in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
abstract: The beneficial effects of maintaining an optimal glucose control on chronic complications of diabetes have been firmly established in patients with both Type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus. Effective glucose control usually requires multiple daily injections of subcutaneous insulin. Limitations of these intensive regimens include inconvenience and poor patient adherence and acceptability. As a consequence, several alternative methods for insulin delivery have been developed with the aim of eliminating the pain, inconvenience and disruption of lifestyle associated with the need for insulin injections. Recent evidence suggests that intrapulmonary insulin delivery may be an effective, non-invasive alternative to subcutaneous regular insulin. In fact, clinical trials in the last few years have shown that intrapulmonary insulin was as good as subcutaneous insulin in controlling glucose levels in patients with both Type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus. It was well-tolerated and, so far, there is no evidence of an increased risk of hypoglycaemia or adverse bronchopulmonary effects. Although the bio-availability of inhaled insulin is lower than that of subcutaneous insulin, the former has a more physiological pharmacokinetic profile than the latter. Inhaled insulin currently represents the most viable alternative insulin delivery method to preprandial subcutaneous injection.
authors.affiliation: Travesía Téllez 8, 4R, 28007 Madrid, Spain. mibarsd@infomed.es
authors.forename: Juan José
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Díez
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Iglesias
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin