title: Decision making in humans: the effect of manipulating the central noradrenergic system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Damasio has proposed an influential model of human decision making-the Somatic Marker Hypothesis (SMH), where he argues that somatic feedback to the brain influences decision making in humans. It is proposed that when choosing between options that differ in relative risk, a somatic marker (for example, a "gut feeling") feeds back to the brain and influences cognitive appraisal. This study tested the hypothesis that the noradrenergic system may play a part in this afferent feedback process.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty healthy young adults were randomly allocated to receive placebo, 4 mg, or 8 mg reboxetine (a new selective noradrenergic reuptake inhibitor that acts to increase central noradrenergic activity). It is hypothesised that enhancement of central noradrenergic activity may amplify the effect of afferent feedback, and lead to altered decision making. All subjects completed the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), a computerised card playing game where the player is instructed to try and win as much money as possible over 100 selections from one of four decks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences between the three groups in gambling task performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This result suggests that central noradrenergic activity may not be critically involved in the afferent feedback mechanism that is central to the somatic marker hypothesis.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, UK. ronan@st-and.ac.uk
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: O'Carroll
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Papps
mesh_terms: D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects; D003657:Decision Making / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D005715:Gambling; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009025:Morpholines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism*; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects; D011932:Reading; D000077593:Reboxetine
chemical_list: D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors; D009025:Morpholines; D000077593:Reboxetine; D009638:Norepinephrine