title: Virtual reality simulator for vitreoretinal surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop computer simulation of steps in vitreoretinal surgery using virtual reality technology.
  
  
  METHODS
  A workstation with three-dimensional position tracking stylus was attached to a Pentium II desktop PC with a graphic accelerator. Computer algorithms were developed using Open GL and Microsoft Visual C++ languages to control the interaction and update the visual feedback tracking the instruments. Soft tissue computer modelling was carried out to mimic the removal of a vitreous opacity. Lens touch with the instruments was also detected. Mathematical modelling to allow for lens distortion was taken into account.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A virtual reality computer model has been developed that can simulate initial steps of vitreoretinal surgery. Soft tissue modelling of the vitreous opacity and its removal by the vitrector was successfully simulated. The movements of the active and passive instruments in the dummy eye corresponded to the movements on the computer screen. On evaluation of the system, there was a minimal but discernable time lag between the stylus movement and the visual feedback. There was no tactile feedback when the lens touch was simulated. No further complex vitreoretinal surgery simulation was possible at this stage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthamology, Hull Royal Infirmary, UK. dverma@dei.hsc.usc.edu
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wills
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Verma
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction / Q000379:methods*; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate / Q000379:methods*; D018961:Educational Technology / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D013508:Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures / Q000193:education*; D013664:Teaching Materials; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000601:surgery*