title: Relationships between individual sensitivity to CS- and cocaine-induced reinstatement in the rat.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Maintaining abstinence is highly challenging for cocaine ex-users. Exposure to drug conditioned stimuli (CS) and to low doses of cocaine can provoke craving in humans and reinstate self-administration (SA) behavior in animal models. Whether drug- and CS-induced reinstatement depend on the same biological substrates remains controversial.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the relationships between cocaine- and CS-induced SA reinstatement within the same individuals as a function of the duration of the withdrawal period after cessation of extended cocaine SA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sprague-Dawley rats were trained for cocaine intravenous SA (0.8 mg/kg per infusion) during 74 sessions (2 h daily exposure to cocaine) and submitted to withdrawal. Five and 30 days after the end of SA, cocaine- and CS-induced reinstatement were tested.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both after a short and a long withdrawal, CS- and cocaine-induced reinstatement were not related. Furthermore, cocaine-induced reinstatement measured after a short and a long withdrawal was positively related while CS-induced reinstatement was not. The sensitivity of an individual to cocaine-induced reinstatement is not related to its sensitivity to CS-induced reinstatement. Furthermore, vulnerability to cocaine-induced reinstatement is determined quickly after SA cessation and is a long lasting state, whilst vulnerability to CS-induced reinstatement develops quickly or slowly depending on the individual.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support the view that cocaine and CS induce reinstatement through different mechanisms. They imply that reinstatement in drug abuse is a heterogeneous condition with some individuals being more sensitive to one factor than to the other. Research for effective anti-relapse therapies should take these elements into account.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Psychobiologie des Comportements Adaptatifs, Domaine de Carreire, Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux, France, France.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Deroche-Gamonet
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Psychobiologie des Comportements Adaptatifs, Domaine de Carreire, Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux, France, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Psychobiologie des Comportements Adaptatifs, Domaine de Carreire, Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux, France, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Le Moal
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Psychobiologie des Comportements Adaptatifs, Domaine de Carreire, Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux, France, France. Pier-Vincenzo.Piazza@Bordeaux.Inserm.fr.
authors.forename: P V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Piazza
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000523:psychology*; D003042:Cocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003213:Conditioning, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012646:Self Administration; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D003042:Cocaine