title: An alternative approach to solar system exploration providing safety of human mission to Mars.
abstract: For systematic human Mars exploration, meeting crew safety requirements, it seems perspective to assemble into a spacecraft: an electrical rocket, a well-shielded long-term life support system, and a manipulator-robots operating in combined "presence effect" and "master-slave" mode. The electrical spacecraft would carry humans to the orbit of Mars, providing short distance (and low signal time delay) between operator and robot-manipulators, which are landed on the surface of the planet. Long-term hybrid biological and physical/chemical LSS could provide environment supporting human health and well being. Robot-manipulators operating in "presence effect" and "master-slave" mode exclude necessity of human landing on Martian surface decreasing the level of risk for crew. Since crewmen would not have direct contact with the Martian environment then the problem of mutual biological protection is essentially reduced. Lightweight robot-manipulators, without heavy life support systems and without the necessity of returning to the mother vessel, could be sent as scouts to different places on the planet surface, scanning the most interesting for exobiological research site. Some approximate estimations of electric spacecraft, long-term hybrid LSS, radiation protection and mission parameters are conducted and discussed.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biophysics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russia.
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Gitelson
authors.forename: S I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Bartsev
authors.forename: V V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Mezhevikin
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Okhonin
mesh_terms: D004560:Electricity; D006804:Ergonomics; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D008021:Life Support Systems / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008328:Man-Machine Systems; D018535:Mars; D011835:Radiation Protection; D012371:Robotics; D012449:Safety; D016082:Solar System; D013026:Space Flight / Q000295:instrumentation*; D018531:Spacecraft / Q000295:instrumentation*