title: Effects of locally applied vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF-inhibitor to the rabbit tibia during distraction osteogenesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Therapeutic angiogenesis, a novel concept in tissue engineering, is neo-formation of blood vessels in a tissue upon delivery of an angiogenic growth factor to the tissue. We hypothesised that therapeutic angiogenesis could enhance bone formation and challenged the hypothesis in an experimental model of distraction osteogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rabbits, divided into three equal groups of 12, had their right tibia lengthened by distraction osteogenesis. A mini-osmotic pump delivered to the osteotomy gap either recombinant human vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF-inhibitor, or vehicle alone during the latency and distraction phase. After consolidation, we assessed bone blood flow by radioactive microsphere entrapment, measured torsional stiffness and bone mineral content, and did histomorphometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VEGF and VEGF-inhibitor treatment failed to influence bone blood flow, torsional stiffness, bone mineral content and histomorphometric indices of the bone regenerate. However, VEGF treatment increased the blood flow in bone of the distracted limb and VEGF-inhibitor treatment decreased bone blood flow.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The regenerate was unresponsive to VEGF and VEGF-inhibitor treatment in contrast to the neighbouring bone, which implies different biological properties of the vasculature in native and regenerating bone. VEGF is not recommended for enhancement of bone formation in this setting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Aalborg Hospital, Box 365, 9100 Aalborg, Denmark. henrikeckardt@mail.dk
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Eckardt
authors.forename: Kristian G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Bundgaard
authors.forename: Knud S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lind
authors.forename: Ebbe S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hvid
mesh_terms: D043925:Angiogenesis Inducing Agents / Q000276:immunology* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D019138:Antibodies, Blocking / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004548:Elasticity / Q000187:drug effects; D006614:Hindlimb; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000187:drug effects; D008863:Microspheres; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000502:physiology*; D019857:Osteogenesis, Distraction; D010027:Osteotomy; D011817:Rabbits; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D013977:Tibia / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
chemical_list: D043925:Angiogenesis Inducing Agents; D019138:Antibodies, Blocking; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A