title: ATTEMPTS: a heparin/protamine-based triggered release system for the delivery of enzyme drugs without associated side-effects.
abstract: A prodrug type delivery system based on competitive ionic binding for the conversion of the prodrug to an active drug has been developed for delivery of enzyme drugs without their associated toxic side-effects. This approach, termed "ATTEMPTS" (antibody targeted, triggered, electrically modified prodrug-type strategy), would permit the administration of an inactive drug and then subsequently triggered release of the active drug at the target site. The underlying principle was to modify the enzyme with small cationic species so that it could bind a negatively charged heparin-linked antibody, and the latter would block the activity of the enzyme drug until it reached the target. To provide the enzyme drug with appropriate binding strength to heparin, a cationic poly(Arg)(7) peptide was incorporated onto the enzyme either by the chemical conjugation method using a bifunctional crosslinker or by the biological conjugation method using the recombinant methodology. Methods for drug modification, heparin-antibody conjugation, and the prodrug and triggered release features of the "ATTEMPTS" approach are described in detail in this review article.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, The University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48108-1065, USA.
authors.forename: Yoon-Jeong
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Jun-Feng
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Yong Tao
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Sarita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Naik
authors.forename: Victor C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000906:Antibodies / Q000737:chemistry*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004798:Enzymes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry*; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D006493:Heparin / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry*; D011479:Protamines / Q000737:chemistry*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D004798:Enzymes; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D011355:Prodrugs; D011479:Protamines; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D006493:Heparin