title: [MR-urography and CT-urography: principles, examination techniques, applications].
abstract: MR-urography (MRU) and CT-urography (CTU) provide refined imaging of the upper urinary tract not achievable with conventional intravenous urography (IVU). The traditional MR-urographic technique utilizes unenhanced, heavily T2 -weighted turbo spin-echo sequences for obtaining static fluid images of the urinary tract independent of the excretory renal function. T2 -weighted MR-urograms have proved to be excellent in visualizing the dilated urinary tract, even in non-excreting kidneys. In contrast, T1 -weighted MRU reflects the excretory renal function and displays the urine flow through the upper tract after renal excretion of an intravenously administered gadolinium chelate. The gadolinium-enhanced urine is visualized with fast T1 -weighted 3D-gradient-echo sequences. The combination of gadolinium and low-dose furosemide (5 - 10 mg) is the key for achieving a uniform distribution of gadolinium in the collecting system and for avoiding susceptibility artifacts (T2*-effects) in the urine. T1 -weighted excretory MRU provides impressive urograms of both non-dilated and obstructed collecting systems in patients with normal or moderately impaired renal function. Multislice-CT-urography (MS-CTU) is also an excretory urography like T1 -weighted MRU. Furthermore, MS-CTU can be combined with low-dose furosemide for accelerated passage of excreted contrast material obviating the need for abdominal compression. CT-urography is limited by its radiation burden and the nephrotoxicity of radiographic contrast media. Combining MRU or MS-CTU with conventional MRI or CT offers several applications, e.g., diagnosis of intrinsic and extrinsic tumors. Meanwhile, MRU has replaced IVU in pediatric uroradiology and is also recommended for the assessment of renal transplants. MS-CTU may provide valuable information in chronic urolithiasis, especially if associated with a distorted urinary tract anatomy. Both MRU and MS-CTU will play an important role in modern uroradiology.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg. c.nolte-ernsting@uke.uni-hamburg.de
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nolte-Ernsting
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Staatz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wildberger
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Adam
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D036542:Tomography, Spiral Computed; D014567:Urography; D014570:Urologic Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014571:Urologic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*