title: Causes of lower respiratory infection in HIV-infected Ugandan adults who are sputum AFB smear-negative.
abstract: METHODS
  Mulago national referral and teaching hospital.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the etiology of lower respiratory infections in HIV-infected Ugandan adults who are sputum acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear-negative.
  
  
  METHODS
  A descriptive cross-sectional study. Participants included consecutive adult patients admitted to medical wards with respiratory symptoms of at least 3 weeks and infiltrates on chest radiograph. Those who were sputum AFB smear-negative and HIV-positive underwent bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). BAL fluid was obtained and stained for AFB and Pneumocystis carinii, and cultured for bacteria and fungi.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 198 patients screened, 48 were sputum smear-positive for AFB. Sixty-seven were excluded for various reasons, leaving 83 patients who met the inclusion criteria and underwent bronchoscopy: 32 (38.6%) patients had P. carinii infection, 20 (24%) had pulmonary tuberculosis, nine (11%) had pulmonary Kaposi's sarcoma and pyogenic bacteria were identified in seven (8%). No aetiological diagnosis was found in 24 (30%) patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  P. carinii and Mycobacterium tuberculosis were the commonest causes of disease among sputum AFB smear-negative, HIV-positive adults presenting to Mulago Hospital. Pulmonary Kaposi's sarcoma and pyogenic bacteria occurred with less frequency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Makerere University, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda. wworo@hotmail.com
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Worodria
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Okot-Nwang
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aisu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011020:Pneumonia, Pneumocystis / Q000453:epidemiology; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology*; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000453:epidemiology; D014454:Uganda / Q000453:epidemiology