title: Violent women, blame attribution, crime, and personality.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The attribution of blame for criminal act has an impact, both on the way the offender must come to terms with the offence and on the risk of recidivism. Blame attribution has been found to be related to the type of crime and personality.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the relationship of blame attribution and feelings of guilt in violent female offenders, according to factors related to crime, background and personality.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Gudjonsson Blame Attribution Inventory (BAI) and the Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ) were administered to 58 violent female offenders. The Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R), Structured Clinical Interview II for DSM-IV (SCID II) and clinical interviews were used for assessment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lower scores of guilt feelings were found in women than has been reported for men. The feelings of guilt were higher in homicide than in other violent crimes, but lower in the cases where women had committed prior violent crimes. No differences were found between psychiatric patients and prisoners. The duration of hospitalisation and incarceration did not result in differences in blame attribution and guilt, but when the victims survived, guilt feelings seemed to increase with the passing of the time. External attribution was related to motives of crime, but traumatic experiences did not have a crucial impact upon blame attribution. The attribution of blame and the amount of guilt feelings were found to be related to personality. Women scoring high on psychopathy reported less guilt than women with low scores. The corresponding result was not obtained in the group of women with antisocial personality disorder, who, however, showed an unexpectedly low use of external attribution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that it might be difficult for women to cope with the violent offence and that the characteristics of psychopathy seems to have a crucial impact on the guilt feelings and consequently on coping with the crime in female offenders.
authors.affiliation: Vanha Vaasa Hospital, Vaasa, Finland. ghitta.weizmann-henelius@vvs.fi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Weizmann-Henelius
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sailas
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Viemerö
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eronen
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D003134:Commitment of Persons with Psychiatric Disorders; D015897:Comorbidity; D003415:Crime / Q000523:psychology*; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006167:Guilt; D006708:Homicide / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008875:Middle Aged; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011329:Prisoners / Q000523:psychology*; D011594:Psychometrics; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D014754:Violence / Q000523:psychology*