title: Demineralization for inactivation of infectious retrovirus in systemically infected cortical bone: in vitro and in vivo experimental studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical and experimental studies have demonstrated viral transmission through the transplantation of fresh-frozen infected bone. While sterilization methods sufficient to inactivate the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have been shown to markedly alter osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties of bone allografts, the ability of a process for creating demineralized bone matrix to abrogate transmission of a retrovirus has not been investigated, to our knowledge. We hypothesized that a clinically accepted demineralization procedure would alter the nucleic acids of the feline leukemia virus (FeLV, a retrovirus with a structure and replication cycle similar to those of HIV), inactivating the virus in infected bone and rendering it noninfectious.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bone infected with FeLV was demineralized with a method employed for creating demineralized bone matrix powder. The effects of demineralization on cellular and (pro)viral nucleic acids were examined with use of gel electrophoresis and quantitative polymerase chain reaction, respectively. To compare the infectivity of the demineralized bone matrix with that of mineralized bone particles in cell cultures and in animals in which they had been implanted, we measured FeLV p27 antigen and (pro)viral nucleic acids as well as antiviral antibodies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Demineralization of FeLV-infected bone appeared to inactivate the virus by degradation and fragmentation of the DNA, rendering it noninfectious in both in vitro and in vivo test systems. In contrast, untreated mineralized FeLV-infected bone contained intact nucleic acids and readily transmitted the virus in both test systems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The demineralization process inactivated infectious retrovirus in infected cortical bone, thereby preventing disease transmission.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824, USA. swenson@cvm.msu.edu
authors.forename: Cheryl L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Swenson
authors.forename: Steven P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Arnoczky
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D018775:Bone Demineralization Technique / Q000379:methods*; D001850:Bone Diseases, Infectious / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*; D001857:Bone Matrix / Q000502:physiology / Q000637:transplantation* / Q000821:virology*; D018786:Bone Substitutes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016025:Bone Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D002415:Cats; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D015683:Gene Products, gag / Q000097:blood; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D005256:Leukemia Virus, Feline; D012192:Retroviridae Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*; D012191:Retroviridae Proteins / Q000097:blood; D014412:Tumor Virus Infections
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D018786:Bone Substitutes; D004279:DNA, Viral; D015683:Gene Products, gag; D012191:Retroviridae Proteins; C117471:feline leukemia virus protein p27