title: The quandary of compounding for MCOs: administrative costs, risks, and waste.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pharmacy compounding of prescription therapies that do not have Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval increases administrative costs to managed care organizations and may also place members at risk for poor outcomes. This paper provides health care administrators with information and tools that can be used to manage risk-encouraged practices from pharmacy compounders, and suggests methods for evaluating the medical appropriateness and benefit of such compounds.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experiential findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Methods indicate an effective way to manage this emerging pharmacy practice based on safety, risk avoidance, and outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Focused management efforts can reduce the burden of reimbursement for compounding practices that are likely to present a greater risk of medical errors than commercially prepared medications. The use of existing terms in plan contracts, such as "experimental treatments or medications," "medical necessity," or "non-FDA approved agents," can enable an editing process that provides for appropriate benefit enforcement and control.
authors.affiliation: Blue Cross and Blue Shield, Oklahoma, USA. Tomkaye@rxman.com
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kaye
mesh_terms: D017277:Drug Approval; D004339:Drug Compounding / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D008329:Managed Care Programs / Q000191:economics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000458:organization & administration*; D019300:Medical Errors; D010593:Pharmaceutical Services / Q000191:economics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000592:standards*; D011786:Quality Control; D012051:Reimbursement Mechanisms; D012308:Risk Management / Q000379:methods*; D014481:United States; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration