title: Chest pain in hospitalized patients: cause-specific and gender-specific differences.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this prospective cardiological-linguistic study was to assess cause-specific and gender-specific differences in the reported symptoms and description of chest pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  In patients hospitalized because of chest pain, location, radiation, quality of chest pain, pain precipitating and relieving factors, and additional symptoms were assessed. The cause of chest pain was assessed as either coronary or noncoronary. Patients' pain descriptions were taped for linguistic narrative analysis and transcribed according to ethnomethodological standards.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cause of chest pain was assessed as coronary in 43 (18 females, 25 males, mean age 63 years) and noncoronary in 49 (30 females, 19 males, mean age 62 years) patients. Only few cause-related differences in the symptoms were found. In patients with a coronary cause, the location of chest pain was more often retrosternal (93% vs. 71%, p = 0.0078), in the right arm (23% vs. 6%, p = 0.0186), and less often in the back (28% vs. 51%, p = 0.0241) than in patients with a noncoronary cause of chest pain. Coronary patients more often had a pressing pain quality (81% vs. 61%, p = 0.034), less often pain precipitated by respiration (16% vs. 45%, p = 0.0032), and vertigo (21% vs. 43%, p = 0.0252) than noncoronary patients. The women were older than the men (mean age 65.6 vs. 59.0 years, p = 0.01). Women with a coronary cause more often had a gradual pain onset (78% vs. 48%, p = 0.0488) and relief by rest (78% vs. 40%, p = 0.0139) than men with a coronary cause. Linguistic analysis revealed that men presented themselves as interested in the cause of the chest pain, observing and describing pain concretely, whereas women presented themselves as prevailingly pain enduring, describing their pain diffusely.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cause-related and gender-related differences in symptoms are too unspecific to distinguish between coronary and noncoronary causes. The strong gender differences in self-presentation and description of chest pain might be an explanation for underdiagnosis and undertreatment of women with coronary heart disease and should be considered when taking the clinical history of a female patient.
authors.affiliation: 2. medizinische Abteilung, Krankenanstalt Rudolfstiftung, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vodopiutz
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Poller
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lalouschek
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Menz
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stöllberger
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D001294:Attitude to Health; D015984:Causality; D002637:Chest Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005007:Ethnology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008487:Medical History Taking; D008571:Men / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012660:Semantics; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014930:Women / Q000523:psychology*