title: Evolution of a percutaneous fetoscopic access system for single-port tracheal occlusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prenatal tracheal occlusion currently is being assessed as a treatment modality for congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). The development of a totally percutaneous fetoscopic access system would help avoid the need for maternal laparotomy and reduce the morbidity rate of fetal surgical procedures for the mother. Laparoscopic radial expansion sheaths and Seldinger technique-based vascular catheters both have been advocated as means of achieving amniotic cavity access. The authors have investigated these 2 systems in an attempt to develop a reliable method for achieving safe percutaneous fetoscopic access and present the first successful attempt to deploy an intratracheal balloon using an entirely percutaneous approach through a single port in an ovine model.
  
  
  METHODS
  A number of prototype systems were evaluated sequentially over a 3-year period in an ovine model: (1) the radially expanding InnerDyne step port system, (2) a new rigid cannula with a bulbous/sharp end preloaded onto the radially expanding InnerDyne port, (3) a conical removable addition to the rigid cannula in 2, (4) a modified bulbous/sharp ended cannula incorporating a circumferential protective insert, (5) a rigid split sheath with the radially expanding port placed through the lumen of the split sheath, (6) a flexible introducer and dilator with the split sheath (used in the Seldinger placement of central lines), and (7) a 2-needle approach using a superelastic shape-memory alloy Nickel-Titanium wire with the flexible dilator and sheath, incorporating a side perfusion port. For balloon tracheal occlusion, live anaesthetized time-mated pregnant ewes were used at 110 days' gestation. Tracheobronchoscopy was achieved using a 3-mm 0 degrees telescope, and the cutaneotracheal tract was secured by a 3.3-mm sheath incorporating a side-perfusion port. The rigid telescope was replaced by a flexible choledochoscope preloaded with a silicone balloon. The balloon was deployed 2 cm above the carina proximal to the right upper lobe bronchus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The many problems encountered in the evolution of the preferred system related mainly to separation and tenting of the chorioamniotic membranes in the ovine uterus and inconsistent access to the fetal parts of interest. Each resulted in significant modifications to our approach. Furthermore, the use of rigid access devices commonly caused fetal injury. Successful access to the intrauterine cavity and cannulation of the trachea was achieved consistently with minimal trauma, irrespective of fetal position by method 7. Multiple port placement allowed visualization of the entry of all components of the system confirming minimal chorioamniotic membrane separation and tenting. Single port tracheal occlusion was undertaken first on 6 cadavers before being performed successfully on 3 live anaesthetized ewes. Fetoscopic access and cannulation of the trachea was achieved consistently in all live animals irrespective of fetal position.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This modified Seldinger technique using the unique properties of the memory-shaped alloy wire for initial uterine access offers a safe method for the percutaneous placement of fetoscopic ports in the ovine model for prenatal intervention. Successful placement of a tracheal balloon entirely through a single percutaneously placed port represents a further advance in prenatal therapy for CDH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery, Royal Hospital for Sick Children and University of Glasgow, Yorkhill, Scotland.
authors.forename: Constantinos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hajivassiliou
authors.forename: Scott M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Peta D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Dunkley
authors.forename: Alan D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Cameron
authors.forename: Tim G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: Alfred
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cuschieri
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Haddock
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D021721:Balloon Occlusion / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D020669:Fetoscopes; D005332:Fetoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005333:Fetus / Q000601:surgery; D006548:Hernia, Diaphragmatic / Q000628:therapy*; D065630:Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital; D011247:Pregnancy; D012756:Sheep; D012867:Skin; D014132:Trachea / Q000601:surgery*