title: Outdoor helical tubular photobioreactors for microalgal production: modeling of fluid-dynamics and mass transfer and assessment of biomass productivity.
abstract: The production of the microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum in an outdoor helical reactor was analyzed. First, fluid dynamics, mass-transfer capability, and mixing of the reactor was evaluated at different superficial gas velocities. Performance of the reactor was controlled by power input per culture volume. A maximum liquid velocity of 0.32 m s(-1) and mass transfer coefficient of 0.006 s(-1) were measured at 3200 W m(-3). A model of the influence of superficial gas velocity on the following reactor parameters was proposed: gas hold-up, induced liquid velocity, and mass transfer coefficient, with the accuracy of the model being demonstrated. Second, the influence of superficial gas velocity on the yield of the culture was evaluated in discontinuous and continuous cultures. Mean daily values of culture parameters, including dissolved oxygen, biomass concentration, chlorophyll fluorescence (F(v)/F(m) ratio), growth rate, biomass productivity, and photosynthetic efficiency, were determined. Different growth curves were measured when the superficial gas velocity was modified-the higher the superficial gas velocity, the higher the yield of the system. In continuous mode, biomass productivity increased by 35%, from 1.02 to 1.38 g L(-1) d(-1), when the superficial gas velocity increased from 0.27 to 0.41 m s(-1). Maximal growth rates of 0.068 h(-1), biomass productivities up to 1.4 g L(-1) d(-1), and photosynthetic efficiency of up to 15% were obtained at the higher superficial gas velocity of 0.41 m s(-1). The fluorescence parameter, F(v)/F(m), which reflects the maximal efficiency of PSII photochemistry, showed that the cultures were stressed at average irradiances within the culture higher than 280 microE m(-2) s(-1) at every superficial gas velocity. For nonstressed cultures, the yield of the system was a function of average irradiance inside the culture, with the superficial gas velocity determining this relationship. When superficial gas velocity was increased, higher growth rates, biomass productivities, and photosynthetic efficiencies were obtained for similar average irradiance values. The higher the superficial gas velocity, the higher the liquid velocity, with this increase enhancing the movement of the cells inside the culture. In this way the efficiency of the cells increased and higher biomass concentrations and productivities were reached for the same solar irradiance.
authors.affiliation: Division of Life Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: David O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: F G Acién
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Fernández
authors.forename: E Cañizares
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Guerrero
authors.forename: K Krishna
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: E Molina
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Grima
mesh_terms: D019149:Bioreactors; D003198:Computer Simulation; D017377:Diatoms / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis / Q000379:methods; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D008954:Models, Biological; D018462:Photobiology / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000502:physiology; D010865:Pilot Projects