A focused review of the use of botulinum toxins for low back pain.
Chronic low back pain is the second most common illness reported by patients in the United States and accounts for substantial morbidity and health-care resource utilization. Many back and spine stressors can contribute to tissue injury, resulting in acute or chronic pain. In response to injury, biochemical processes that cause inflammation and nerve sensitization increase pain levels and contribute to a cycle of reactivity that further heightens patients' sensitivity to pain stimuli. Treatment of back pain depends on its severity, duration, and underlying cause. Traditional therapeutic options include exercise, oral anti-inflammatory or analgesic medication, antidepressants, physical therapy and, in severe cases, surgery. Unfortunately, dissatisfaction with treatment of back pain is common. Oral medications may not completely alleviate symptoms, and opioid analgesics must be used with caution because of their addictive properties. Surgery does not always produce relief and, in some cases, may even exacerbate the problem. Botulinum toxin, which has already been shown to alleviate pain associated with cervical dystonia and other conditions characterized by muscle spasticity, is now being studied for the treatment of back pain. Preliminary evaluations have shown that this treatment is safe and has the advantage of providing local relief directly to the site of injury or pain, without causing systemic side effects. Initial data from small trials also suggest that botulinum toxin is effective, alleviating back pain in selected patients. On the basis of these promising results, additional study in larger trials is warranted.
Difazio
Mark
M
Department of Neurology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA.
Jabbari
Bahman
B
D000818:Animals; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002908:Chronic Disease; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome
C096323:rimabotulinumtoxinB; D001905:Botulinum Toxins; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A