title: Relation between heart rate, heart rhythm, and reverse left ventricular remodelling in response to carvedilol in patients with chronic heart failure: a single centre, observational study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the process of reverse left ventricular remodelling in response to carvedilol is dependent on baseline heart rate (BHR), heart rhythm, or heart rate reduction (HRR) in response to carvedilol.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of serial echocardiograms in 257 patients with chronic systolic heart failure at baseline and at 12-18 months after starting carvedilol. Reverse left ventricular remodelling was determined by changes in left ventricular end diastolic dimension (LVEDD), end systolic dimension (LVESD), and fractional shortening (LVFS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Heart failure clinic within a university teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Changes in LVEDD, LVESD, and LVFS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LVEDD and LVESD decreased by 2.6 (0.4) mm and 4.9 (0.5) mm, respectively (mean (SEM)), and LVFS increased by 4.3 (0.5)% (all p < 0.0001 v baseline). Simple regression revealed no significant relation between BHR or HRR and the changes in LVEDD, LVESD, or LVFS. Stratification of patients into high and low BHR groups (above and below the mean) or according to the baseline heart rhythm (sinus rhythm v atrial fibrillation) showed no differences between groups in the extent of reverse left ventricular remodelling. Improvements in left ventricular function and dimensions were associated with significant improvements in New York Heart Association functional class.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The benefits of carvedilol in terms of reverse left ventricular remodelling and symptomatic improvement in patients with chronic heart failure are independent of BHR, heart rhythm, and the HRR that occurs in response to carvedilol.
authors.affiliation: Heart and Lung Transplant Unit, St Vincent's Hospital, and Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kotlyar
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hayward
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Keogh
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Macdonald
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002303:Cardiac Output, Low / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D000077261:Carvedilol; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011412:Propanolamines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D002227:Carbazoles; D011412:Propanolamines; D000077261:Carvedilol