title: The requirement for polyamines for intestinal epithelial cell migration is mediated through Rac1.
abstract: The rapid migration of intestinal epithelial cells is important to the healing of mucosal ulcers and wounds. This cell migration requires the presence of polyamines and the activation of RhoA. RhoA activity, however, is not sufficient for migration because polyamine depletion inhibited the migration of IEC-6 cells expressing constitutively active RhoA. The current study examines the role of Rac1 and Cdc42 in cell migration and whether their activities are polyamine-dependent. Polyamine depletion with alpha-difluoromethylornithine inhibited the activities of RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42. This inhibition was prevented by supplying exogenous putrescine in the presence of alpha-difluoromethylornithine. IEC-6 cells transfected with constitutively active Rac1 and Cdc42 migrated more rapidly than vector-transfected cells, whereas cells expressing dominant negative Rac1 and Cdc42 migrated more slowly. Polyamine depletion had no effect on the migration of cells expressing Rac1 and only partially inhibited the migration of those expressing Cdc42. Although polyamine depletion caused the disappearance of actin stress fibers in cells transfected with empty vector, it had no effect on cells expressing Rac1. Constitutively active Rac1 increased RhoA and Cdc42 activity in both normal and polyamine-depleted cells. These results demonstrate that Rac1, RhoA, and Cdc42 are required for optimal epithelial cell migration and that Rac1 activity is sufficient for cell migration in the absence of polyamines due to its ability to activate RhoA and Cdc42 as well as its own effects on the process of cell migration. These data imply that the involvement of polyamines in cell migration occurs either at Rac1 itself or upstream from Rac1.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Department of Molecular Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA.
authors.forename: Ramesh M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.forename: Shirley A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: McCormack
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Covington
authors.forename: Mary Jane
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Viar
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Leonard R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D000518:Eflornithine / Q000494:pharmacology; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000502:physiology*; D011073:Polyamines / Q000378:metabolism*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection; D020764:cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020830:rac1 GTP-Binding Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020742:rhoA GTP-Binding Protein / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D011073:Polyamines; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins; D020764:cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein; D020830:rac1 GTP-Binding Protein; D020742:rhoA GTP-Binding Protein; D000518:Eflornithine