title: The value of dynamic contrast enhanced power Doppler ultrasound imaging in the localization of prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study is to define enhancement characteristics that correlate to the presence of prostate cancer (PCa) and to evaluate the value of these characteristics in the localization of prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  29 patients with proven prostate malignancy, scheduled for radical prostatectomy, underwent an ultrasound examination prior to surgery. A bolus injection of contrast agent was administered intravenously. The distribution of the contrast enhanced blood to the prostate was monitored using Transrectal Contrast Enhanced Power Doppler Ultrasound. Fixed protocols and settings were used for all patients. The percentage of a selected area that showed enhancement was observed in time. The resulting enhancement curves were described using the parameters time to start, time to the maximum of the enhancement, the maximum value of the enhancement, and the rise time of the enhancement. Three evaluation-protocols divided the prostate into a number of areas of interest: into two areas using the Left-Right (LR) and Dorsal-Ventral (DV) protocols and into four areas using the Quadrant-protocol (Q). The enhancement parameters of the areas of interest were compared to identify the most affected area. The results were compared to the histopathological findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the LR-protocol, the minimal time to peak proved to be the most predictive parameter for selecting the major malignant area. 78% of the patients were diagnosed correctly (N=23). Accurate localization of the major malignancy in either the ventral or dorsal side of the prostate was not feasible using the current protocol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Malignancies can be accurately localized in either the left or the right side of the prostate based on the time to the maximum of the enhancement. An accurate discrimination between malignancies in either the dorsal or ventral side of the prostate cannot be performed. This is most likely due to anatomical differences between the dorsal and ventral area.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Medical Centre Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Tjerk E B
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Goossen
authors.forename: Jean J M C H
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: de la Rosette
authors.forename: Christina A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hulsbergen-van de Kaa
authors.forename: Geert J L H
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: van Leenders
authors.forename: Hessel
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wijkstra
mesh_terms: D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D011134:Polysaccharides; C059891:SHU 508