title: Dynamic gadolinium-enhanced MRI evaluation of porcine femoral head ischemia and reperfusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the potential of gadolinium (Gd)-enhanced dynamic MRI in the detection of early femoral head ischemia. Furthermore, to apply a three-compartment model to achieve a clinically applicable MR index for femoral head perfusion during the steady state and arterial hip joint tamponade.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a porcine model femoral head perfusion was measured by radioactive tracer microspheres and by using a dynamic Gd-enhanced MRI protocol. Femoral head perfusion measurements and MRI tests were performed unilaterally before, during and after the experimentally induced ischemia of one of the hip joints. Ischemia was induced by increasing intra-articular pressure to 250 mmHg.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All pigs showed ischemia of the femoral head epiphysis under hip joint tamponade followed by reperfusion to the same level as before joint tamponade. In two cases perfusion after removal of tamponade continued to be low. In dynamic MRI measurements increases in signal intensity were seen after intravenous infusion of Gd-DTPA, followed by a slow decrease in signal intensity. The signal-intensity curve during femoral head ischemia had a minor increase. Also the coefficient determined was a helpful indicator of femoral head ischemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Femoral head blood flow as measured by microspheres fell significantly under joint tamponade. Early detection of this disturbed regional blood flow was possible using a dynamic MRI procedure. A biomathematical model resulted from the evaluation of the intervals of signal intensity over time which allows detection of bone blood flow changes at a very early stage. Using this new method earlier detection of femoral head necrosis may be possible.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Orthopaedics and Sports Traumatology, Dreifaltigkeits-Krankenhaus GmbH, Aachener Str. 445-449, 50933 Köln, Germany. Tom_Schneider62@hotmail.com
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Drescher
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sangill
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stødkilde-Jørgensen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heydthausen
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bünger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005270:Femur Head / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008863:Microspheres; D011849:Radioactive Tracers; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D011849:Radioactive Tracers; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA