title: Incidence of reinfections with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in pig farms located in respiratory-disease-free regions of Switzerland--identification and quantification of risk factors.
abstract: The objective of the study was to identify risk factors for reintroduction of Actinobacillus pleuopneumoniae and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (enzootic pneumonia) onto pig farms in areas in Switzerland that were involved in an eradication programme from 1996 to 1999 and to assess the role of dealers in relation to these reinfections. The study was based on the comparison of pig farms that were reinfected in the year 2000 (cases) and pig farms that remained uninfected in the same area (controls). Additionally, data were collected from Swiss pig dealers and transport companies. Out of a total of 3983 farms, 107 farms were reinfected in the year 2000. The incidences were 0.1% for Actinobacillus pleuopneumoniae and 2.6% for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (enzootic pneumonia). Compared to reinfection rates prior to the eradication programme, this is a considerable reduction. Statistically significant risk factors for the reinfection were 'finishing farm', 'large mixed breeding-finishing farm', 'reinfected neighbour' and 'parking site for pig transport vehicles close to the farm'. Pig farmers that purchased pigs from only one supplier per batch had a lower risk of reintroducing infection (protective factor). As long as infected and uninfected regions co-exist in Switzerland, direct and indirect contact between farms, pig herds and slaughter sites via transport vehicles are a major pathway of disease spread. Risk management measures linked to these contacts are therefore of key importance. The survey of dealers indicated various areas for improvement such as strategic planning of pick-up routes or cleaning and disinfecting of trucks.
authors.affiliation: Swiss Federal Veterinary Office, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hege
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Scheidegger
authors.forename: K D C
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Stärk
mesh_terms: D000189:Actinobacillus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D016977:Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D000818:Animals; D015994:Incidence; D009175:Mycoplasma Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology