title: [In vitro evaluation of the chemopreventive potential of saffron].
abstract: Cancer is a very important national health problem in Mexico, while a significant increase in the total and childhood cancer mortality has been recorded during the last decades. Chemoprevention, defined as the use of natural or synthetic agents to prevent or to block the development of cancer in human beings, is a new and promising strategy in the battle against cancer. Saffron, obtained from the dried red-dark stigmas of Crocus sativus L., an important spice rich in carotenoids, is commonly consumed in different parts of the world and used as a medical drug to treat numerous diseases.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test the toxicity of saffron extract in vivo; to separate different ingredients in saffron extracts; to examine the cytotoxic effect of saffron and its main components on the growth of different human malignant cells in vitro; to evaluate the mutagenic and antimutagenic activities of saffron extract.
  
  
  METHODS
  HPLC with photodiode-array detection was used for semi-preparative separation of different ingredients of saffron crude extract. Colony formation assay was used to determinate the cytotoxic activity of saffron extract and its components on human tumor cells in vitro. Mutagenicity and antimutagenicity assays were performed by the Ames method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Saffron is not toxic, non-mutagenic, non-antimutagenic and non-comutagenic. Twelve components were isolated: crocin-1, crocin-2, crocin-3, picrocroein, acid form of picrocrocin, HTCC-diglycosil-kaempferol trans-crocin-4, trans-crocin-2, trans-crocin-3, safranal, crocetin and cis-crocin-3. Saffron extract itself and some of its ingredients displayed a dose-dependent inhibitory activity against different types of human malignant cells in vitro. HeLa cells were more susceptible to saffron than other tested cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, our results and literature data indicate that saffron could be used as a potential cancer chemopreventive agent in clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, UNAM. fikrat@servidor.unam.mx
authors.forename: Filkrat
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Abdullaev Jafarova
authors.forename: Heriberto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Caballero-Ortega
authors.forename: Leticia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Riverón-Negrete
authors.forename: Rogelio
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pereda-Miranda
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rivera-Luna
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Manuel Hernández
authors.forename: Israel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pérez-López
authors.forename: Javier J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Espinosa-Aguirre
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000473:pathology; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016587:Antimutagenic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000473:pathology; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D027622:Crocus / Q000737:chemistry*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D005260:Female; D006367:HeLa Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D012208:Rhabdomyosarcoma / Q000473:pathology; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects; D014410:Tumor Stem Cell Assay
chemical_list: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D016587:Antimutagenic Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts