title: [Normal nasalance for the German language. Nasometric values for clinical use in patients with cleft lip and palate].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Rhinophonia is often present in patients with cleft lip and palate (CLP) many years after palatoplasty. It may be caused either by organic deficits, functional disorders, or both. NasalView is known as an instrument for the objective assessment of nasalance in cases of velopharyngeal insufficiency or incompetence.However,normative values for the German language are not yet available. In order to overcome this problem, this study evaluated such norms using NasalView.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 50 individuals with normal speech development were examined with NasalView. The median age was 14 years (range 11-20 years). The tone material used comprised the vowels /a:/, /e:/, /i:/, /o:/, /u:/, the sentences S(1): "Die Schokolade ist sehr lecker."("This chocolate is very tasty.") and S(2): "Nenne meine Mamma Mimmi."("Call my mummy Mimmi."), and the text passages of LT(1): "Nordwind und Sonne"("Northwind and sun"), LT(2): "Kindergeburtstag"("A child's birthday party") and LT(3): "Der grosse Gesang"("A famous song").
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean nasalance for the vowels was 35.9% (+/-8.4), for S(1) (containing no nasal consonants) 24.9% (+/-5.3), and for S(2) 69.6% (+/-5.5) (with many nasal sounds). The results for the text passages were 42.1% (+/-4.2) for LT(1), 36.9% (+/-4.3) for LT(2) and 38.2% (+/-4.4) for LT(3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The norms of nasalance for the German language presented here may be useful in measuring the long-term outcome of cleft lip and palate.
authors.affiliation: Klinik und Poliklinik für Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie, Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Gesichtsfehlbildungen an der MHH, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover. Kuettner.Christian@mh-hannover.de
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Küttner
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schönweiler
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Seeberger
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dempf
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lisson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ptok
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000601:surgery*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008838:Microcomputers; D010700:Phonetics; D012016:Reference Values; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013018:Sound Spectrography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014681:Velopharyngeal Insufficiency / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014832:Voice Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014833:Voice Quality