title: A randomized controlled trial of the middle and junior high school D.A.R.E. and D.A.R.E. Plus programs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of the middle and junior high school Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.) and D.A.R.E. Plus programs on drug use and violence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trial of 24 schools, with 3 conditions: D.A.R.E. only, D.A.R.E. Plus, and delayed program control.
  
  
  METHODS
  Schools and neighborhoods, primarily in Minneapolis-St Paul.
  
  
  METHODS
  All seventh-grade students in 24 schools in the academic year 1999-2000 (N = 6237 at baseline, 67.3% were white, and there was 84.0% retention at final follow-up).
  
  
  METHODS
  The middle and junior high school D.A.R.E. curriculum in the 16 schools that received D.A.R.E. only and D.A.R.E. Plus. In the 8 schoolts that received D.A.R.E. Plus, additional components included a peer-led parental involvement classroom program called "On the VERGE," youth-led extracurricular activities, community adult action teams, and postcard mailings to parents. The interventions were implemented during 2 school years, when the cohort was in the seventh and eighth grades.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-reported tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use; multidrug use; violence; and victimization, assessed at the beginning and end of seventh grade and at the end of eighth grade. Growth curve analytic methods were used to assess changes over time by condition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences between D.A.R.E. only and the controls; significant differences among boys between D.A.R.E. Plus and controls for tobacco, alcohol, and multidrug use and victimization; significant differences among boys between D.A.R.E. Plus and D.A.R.E. only in tobacco use and violence; and no significant behavioral differences among girls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  D.A.R.E. Plus significantly enhanced the effectiveness of the D.A.R.E. curriculum among boys and was more effective than the delayed program controls, underscoring the potential for multiyear, multicomponent prevention programs and demonstrating sex differences in response to intervention programs.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, 1300 S Second St, Suite 300, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA. perry@epi.umn.edu
authors.forename: Cheryl L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: Kelli A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Komro
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Veblen-Mortenson
authors.forename: Linda M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Bosma
authors.forename: Kian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Farbakhsh
authors.forename: Karen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Munson
authors.forename: Melissa H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Stigler
authors.forename: Leslie A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Lytle
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003479:Curriculum; D005260:Female; D006266:Health Education / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008385:Marijuana Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D012572:School Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014754:Violence / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*