title: Gene transfer of extracellular superoxide dismutase reduces cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Superoxide may play an important role in cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Our first goal was to determine the effect of gene transfer of extracellular superoxide dismutase (ECSOD) on vasospasm after experimental SAH. Our second goal was to determine whether tissue binding of ECSOD via the heparin-binding domain (HBD) is important for the effect of the enzyme. Thus, we examined effects of gene transfer of ECSOD with the HBD deleted (ECSODDeltaHBD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Adenovirus expressing human ECSOD (AdECSOD), ECSODDeltaHBD (AdECSODDeltaHBD), or no transgene (AdBglII) was injected into the cisterna magna of anesthetized rabbits 30 minutes after induction of experimental SAH. Cerebral angiography, an assay for ECSOD activity in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and Western blotting for human ECSOD in the basilar artery were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline diameter of the basilar artery averaged 0.77+/-0.01 mm (mean+/-SEM) and was similar in all treatment groups. Decreases in diameter of the basilar artery 2 days after SAH were smaller after AdECSOD (11+/-3%; n=10) than after AdBglII (25+/-4%; n=7; P<0.05). ECSOD activity was not detected in CSF before SAH and gene transfer. Of 8 rabbits treated with AdECSOD, in which ECSOD activity in CSF was measured after SAH, 5 animals had detectable ECSOD activity in CSF (46+/-13 U/mL). In these 5 rabbits, the diameter decreased by only 6+/-3%, and ECSOD protein was detected in the basilar artery. After AdECSODDeltaHBD (n=4), despite high levels of ECSOD activity in CSF (91+/-19 U/mL), vessel diameter decreased by 20+/-2%, and no ECSODDeltaHBD protein was detected in the basilar artery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gene transfer of ECSOD reduces cerebral vasospasm after experimental SAH. Tissue binding of the enzyme is essential for cerebral vascular effects of ECSOD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa College of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
authors.forename: Yoshimasa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Jon J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Andresen
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakane
authors.forename: Frank M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Faraci
authors.forename: Donald D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Heistad
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D001488:Basilar Artery / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000201:enzymology*; D015870:Gene Expression; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000379:methods; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007276:Injections, Intraventricular; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary / Q000502:physiology; D011817:Rabbits; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019076:Transgenes; D014654:Vascular Patency / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D020301:Vasospasm, Intracranial / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D013482:Superoxide Dismutase