title: Validation of a Spanish translation of the CLOX for use in Hispanic samples: the Hispanic EPESE study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Clock drawing tests (CDT) appear to be less vulnerable to linguistic, cultural, or educational bias than traditional dementia screening instruments. We investigated a Spanish language translation of CLOX: an executive CDT, in a community sample of Hispanic elders.
  
  
  METHODS
  In-home CLOX evaluations of 1309 Mexican-American elders were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both CLOX1 (an executive CDT) and CLOX2 (a constructional CDT) showed good internal consistency (Chronbach's alpha; both alpha = 0.82). Cultural-demographic variables had little effect on CLOX scores. Although language had a significant effect on CLOX1 failure rates, this was not mediated by age, education, acculturation or income.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the Spanish CLOX can be validly administered to community-based Hispanic elder samples regardless of education or acculturation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78284-7792, USA. royall@uthscsa.edu
authors.forename: Donald R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Royall
authors.forename: David V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Espino
authors.forename: Marsha J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Polk
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Verdeja
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vale
authors.forename: Hector
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gonzales
authors.forename: Raymond R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: Kyriakos P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Markides
mesh_terms: D000069:Acculturation; D000368:Aged; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment / Q000379:methods; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D019303:Multilingualism; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014481:United States