title: Endoscopically placed expandable metal tracheal stents for the management of complicated tracheal stenosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Metal stents have been advocated to manage complicated tracheal stenosis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this investigation is to review the effectiveness of endoscopic placement of tracheal expandable metal stents for complicated tracheal stenosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The charts of 6 patients who have undergone placement of metal expandable stents between 1998 and 2000 were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Initially, all patients enjoyed immediate palliation of symptomatic tracheal stenosis. Eventually, 4 patients developed significant granulation tissue and/or recurrent stenosis, requiring intervention within 6 months after placement of the stent. One patient required the removal of the stent and placement of a T-tube silicone stent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Metal stents provide temporary palliation for tracheal stenosis. Metal stents, however, are associated with a high incidence of obstruction with granulation tissue. Their use should be limited to a select group of patients with a short life expectancy (because of other comorbidities) or patients who are not good candidates for reconstructive surgery and/or who refuse or cannot tolerate a tracheotomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Eye and Ear Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Francisco V
authors.initials: FV
authors.lastname: de Mello-Filho
authors.forename: Stephanie Moody
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Antonio
authors.forename: Ricardo L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Carrau
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000368:Aged; D001249:Asthma / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005336:Fiber Optic Technology / Q000295:instrumentation; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000209:etiology; D006097:Granulation Tissue / Q000502:physiology; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007828:Laryngoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008670:Metals; D008875:Middle Aged; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000209:etiology; D015607:Stents; D014135:Tracheal Stenosis / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D014140:Tracheotomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D020535:Video-Assisted Surgery
chemical_list: D008670:Metals