title: Comparison of conventional and gaze-down imaging in laparoscopic task performance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In video-assisted laparoscopy, the image is usually displayed on a monitor placed at approximately eye level. Video projection systems project the image onto a screen placed close to the hands. This is said to be ergonomically superior. To evaluate this approach, a proprietary projection system (PS) was compared to a monitor display (MD).
  
  
  METHODS
  The resolution, ghosting, flickering, glare, contrast, color smear, and color matching of the two modalities were compared. A bowel-suturing task was employed to evaluate performance differences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The image displayed by the first-generation PS is inferior to that of the MD in contrast and resolution measures, but it is comparable in the other image qualities. No significant differences in task performance were identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The first-generation PS does not confer performance or comfort advantages over an MD. The theoretical advantages of the gaze-down stance are likely to be realized only if a high-quality projector is used.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Molecular Oncology, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: S I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: El Shallaly
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cuschieri
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D016288:Computer Terminals; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D020535:Video-Assisted Surgery / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods