title: Reductions in systemic and skeletal muscle blood flow and oxygen delivery limit maximal aerobic capacity in humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A classic, unresolved physiological question is whether central cardiorespiratory and/or local skeletal muscle circulatory factors limit maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) in humans. Severe heat stress drastically reduces VO2max, but the mechanisms have never been studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To determine the main contributing factor that limits VO2max with and without heat stress, we measured hemodynamics in 8 healthy males performing intense upright cycling exercise until exhaustion starting with either high or normal skin and core temperatures (+10 degrees C and +1 degrees C). Heat stress reduced VO2max, 2-legged VO2, and time to fatigue by 0.4+/-0.1 L/min (8%), 0.5+/-0.2 L/min (11%), and 2.2+/-0.4 minutes (28%), respectively (all P<0.05), despite heart rate and core temperature reaching similar peak values. However, before exhaustion in both heat stress and normal conditions, cardiac output, leg blood flow, mean arterial pressure, and systemic and leg O2 delivery declined significantly (all 5% to 11%, P<0.05), yet arterial O2 content and leg vascular conductance remained unchanged. Despite increasing leg O2 extraction, leg VO2 declined 5% to 6% before exhaustion in both heat stress and normal conditions, accompanied by enhanced muscle lactate accumulation and ATP and creatine phosphate hydrolysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that in trained humans, severe heat stress reduces VO2max by accelerating the declines in cardiac output and mean arterial pressure that lead to decrements in exercising muscle blood flow, O2 delivery, and O2 uptake. Furthermore, the impaired systemic and skeletal muscle aerobic capacity that precedes fatigue with or without heat stress is largely related to the failure of the heart to maintain cardiac output and O2 delivery to locomotive muscle.
authors.affiliation: Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. jga@cmrc.dk
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: González-Alonso
authors.forename: José A L
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Calbet
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D001831:Body Temperature; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000502:physiology; D005080:Exercise Test; D017079:Exercise Tolerance / Q000502:physiology*; D005221:Fatigue / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000502:physiology; D005268:Femoral Vein / Q000502:physiology; D006339:Heart Rate; D018882:Heat Stress Disorders / Q000378:metabolism; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology*; D010725:Phosphocreatine / Q000378:metabolism; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D010725:Phosphocreatine; D019344:Lactic Acid; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate