title: Risk of stroke associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: a nested case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been associated with bleeding complications and may affect the risk of hemorrhagic stroke through inhibition of platelet cyclooxygenase-1. We performed a population-based case-control study to estimate the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and ischemic stroke in users of NSAIDs.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a population-based patient registry to identify all patients with a first-ever stroke discharge diagnosis in the period of 1994 to 1999. All diagnoses were validated according to predefined criteria. We selected 40 000 random controls from the background population. Information on drug use for cases and controls was retrieved from a prescription registry. Odds ratios were adjusted for age, sex, calendar year, and use of other medication. To evaluate the effect of various potential confounders not recorded in the register, we performed separate analyses on data from 2 large population-based surveys with more detailed information on risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cases were classified as intracerebral hemorrhage (n=659), subarachnoid hemorrhage (n=208), and ischemic stroke (n=2717). The adjusted odds ratio of stroke in current NSAID users compared with never users was 1.2 (95% CI, 0.9 to 1.6) for intracerebral hemorrhage, 1.2 (95% CI, 0.7 to 2.1) for subarachnoid hemorrhage and 1.2 (95% confidence interval, 1.0 to 1.4) for ischemic stroke. The survey data indicated that additional confounder control would not have led to an increase in relative risk estimates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current exposure to NSAIDs is not a risk factor for intracerebral hemorrhage or subarachnoid hemorrhage. Furthermore, NSAIDs probably offer no protection against first-ever ischemic stroke.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Søren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bak
authors.forename: Morten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tsiropoulos
authors.forename: Luis Alberto
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: García Rodríguez
authors.forename: Jesper
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hallas
authors.forename: Kaare
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gaist
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012042:Registries; D012306:Risk; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D020521:Stroke / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D018433:Twin Studies as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal