title: Effects of physical activity on emotional well-being among older Australian women: cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore relationships between physical activity and mental health cross-sectionally and longitudinally in a large cohort of older Australian women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women in their 70s participating in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health responded in 1996 (aged 70-75) and in 1999 (aged 73-78). Cross-sectional data were analyzed for 10,063 women and longitudinal data for 6472. Self-reports were used to categorize women into four categories of physical activity at each time point as well as to define four physical activity transition categories across the 3-year period. Outcome variables for the cross-sectional analyses were the mental health component score (MCS) and mental health subscales of the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form (SF-36). The longitudinal analyses focused on changes in these variables. Confounders included the physical health component scale (PCS) of the SF-36, marital status, body mass index (BMI) and life events. Adjustment for baseline scores was included for the longitudinal analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cross-sectionally, higher levels of physical activity were associated with higher scores on all dependent variables, both with and without adjustment for confounders. Longitudinally, the effects were weaker, but women who had made a transition from some physical activity to none generally showed more negative changes in emotional well-being than those who had always been sedentary, while those who maintained or adopted physical activity had better outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physical activity is associated with emotional well-being among a population cohort of older women both cross-sectionally and longitudinally, supporting the need for the promotion of appropriate physical activity in this age group.
authors.affiliation: Research Centre for Gender and Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia. whcel@mail.newcastle.edu.au
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Russell
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D001315:Australia / Q000208:ethnology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004644:Emotions; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008603:Mental Health; D010809:Physical Fitness