title: Interleukin-9 influences chemokine release in airway smooth muscle: role of ERK.
abstract: Interleukin (IL)-9 is a pleiotropic cytokine that has been proposed as a candidate gene for asthma. As IL-9 expression is correlated with airway hyperresponsiveness in animals, we examined the effects of IL-9 on cultured human airway smooth muscle (HASM) cells. IL-9 alone had no effect on IL-8 release, but at concentrations of > or =30 ng/ml, IL-9 significantly increased IL-8 release induced by TNF-alpha. IL-9 increased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK, p42 and p44) in a concentration- and time-dependent fashion, and U-0126 (10 micro M), which inhibits ERK phosphorylation, abolished the synergism between TNF-alpha and IL-9 on IL-8 release. IL-9 alone had no effect on eotaxin release into HASM cell supernatants but at concentrations of > or =10 ng/ml caused an approximately 50% increase in release of eotaxin evoked by IL-13 (10 ng/ml). U-0126 blocked the synergism between IL-9 and IL-13 on eotaxin release. IL-9 had no effect on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression or PGE(2) release and did not augment the COX-2 expression that was induced by IL-1beta. Our results indicate that airway smooth muscle is a target for IL-9 and that IL-9 amplifies the potential for these cells to recruit eosinophils and neutrophils into the airways by a mechanism involving ERK.
authors.affiliation: Physiology Program, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Simonetta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baraldo
authors.forename: Deborah S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Faffe
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Whitehead
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McKenna
authors.forename: Eric S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Silverman
authors.forename: Reynold A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Panettieri
authors.forename: Stephanie A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Shore
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D054413:Chemokine CCL11; D019742:Chemokines, CC / Q000378:metabolism; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D004357:Drug Synergism; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D018793:Interleukin-13 / Q000494:pharmacology; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016906:Interleukin-9 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism; D014132:Trachea / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C515456:CCL11 protein, human; D054413:Chemokine CCL11; D019742:Chemokines, CC; D018793:Interleukin-13; D016209:Interleukin-8; D016906:Interleukin-9; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D015232:Dinoprostone