title: The implications of regional variations in Medicare spending. Part 1: the content, quality, and accessibility of care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The health implications of regional differences in Medicare spending are unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether regions with higher Medicare spending provide better care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  National study of Medicare beneficiaries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients hospitalized between 1993 and 1995 for hip fracture (n = 614,503), colorectal cancer (n = 195,429), or acute myocardial infarction (n = 159,393) and a representative sample (n = 18,190) drawn from the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey (1992-1995). EXPOSURE MEASUREMENT: End-of-life spending reflects the component of regional variation in Medicare spending that is unrelated to regional differences in illness. Each cohort member's exposure to different levels of spending was therefore defined by the level of end-of-life spending in his or her hospital referral region of residence (n = 306).
  
  
  METHODS
  Content of care (for example, frequency and type of services received), quality of care (for example, use of aspirin after acute myocardial infarction, influenza immunization), and access to care (for example, having a usual source of care).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average baseline health status of cohort members was similar across regions of differing spending levels, but patients in higher-spending regions received approximately 60% more care. The increased utilization was explained by more frequent physician visits, especially in the inpatient setting (rate ratios in the highest vs. the lowest quintile of hospital referral regions were 2.13 [95% CI, 2.12 to 2.14] for inpatient visits and 2.36 [CI, 2.33 to 2.39] for new inpatient consultations), more frequent tests and minor (but not major) procedures, and increased use of specialists and hospitals (rate ratio in the highest vs. the lowest quintile was 1.52 [CI, 1.50 to 1.54] for inpatient days and 1.55 [CI, 1.50 to 1.60] for intensive care unit days). Quality of care in higher-spending regions was no better on most measures and was worse for several preventive care measures. Access to care in higher-spending regions was also no better or worse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regional differences in Medicare spending are largely explained by the more inpatient-based and specialist-oriented pattern of practice observed in high-spending regions. Neither quality of care nor access to care appear to be better for Medicare enrollees in higher-spending regions.
authors.affiliation: Center for the Evaluative Clinical Sciences, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA. elliott.s.fisher@dartmouth.edu
authors.forename: Elliott S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Wennberg
authors.forename: Thérèse A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Stukel
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Gottlieb
authors.forename: F L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.forename: Etoile L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Pinder
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005102:Health Expenditures; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000191:economics* / Q000592:standards; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare / Q000191:economics* / Q000592:standards*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000191:economics*; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards; D014481:United States