title: Development of proteinuria or elevated serum creatinine and mortality in HIV-infected women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Data on the incidence and prognostic significance of renal dysfunction in HIV disease are limited.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence of proteinuria and elevated serum creatinine in HIV-positive and HIV-negative women and to determine whether these abnormalities are predictors of mortality or associated with causes of death listed on the death certificate in HIV-positive women.
  
  
  METHODS
  The incidence of proteinuria or elevated serum creatinine and mortality was assessed in a cohort of 885 HIV-positive women and 425 at-risk HIV-negative women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women from the general community or HIV care clinics in four urban locations in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Creatinine of >or=1.4 mg/dL, proteinuria 2 or more, or both. Deaths confirmed by a death certificate (92%) or medical record/community report (8%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, 64 (7.2%) HIV-positive women and 10 (2.4%) HIV-negative women had proteinuria or elevated creatinine. An additional 128 (14%) HIV-positive women and 18 (4%) HIV-negative women developed these abnormalities over the next (mean) 21 months. Relative hazards of mortality were significantly increased (adjusted relative hazard = 2.5; 95% confidence interval: 1.9-3.3), and there were more renal causes recorded on death certificates (24/92 (26%) vs. 3/127 (2.7%), p<.0001) in HIV-infected women with, compared with those without these renal abnormalities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Proteinuria, elevated serum creatinine, or both frequently occurred in these HIV-infected women. These renal abnormalities in HIV-infected women are associated with an increased risk of death after controlling for other risk factors and with an increased likelihood of having renal causes listed on the death certificate. The recognition and management of proteinuria and elevated serum creatinine should be a priority for HIV-infected persons.
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mailstop E-45 Division of HIV/AIDS, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. lig0@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Lytt I
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: Scott D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Holmberg
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: Lynda A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Szczech
authors.forename: Charles C J
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Carpenter
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Rompalo
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schuman
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Klein
mesh_terms: D016263:AIDS-Associated Nephropathy / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003404:Creatinine