title: Platelet derived growth factor-BB is a potent mitogen for rat ureteral and human bladder smooth muscle cells: dependence on lipid rafts for cell signaling.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fibromuscular tissues of the detrusor/bladder body (B), trigone (T) and ureter (U) display distinct patterns of tissue remodeling in pathologic contexts, however the mechanisms underlying these observations are unknown. In this study we asked whether B, T and U smooth muscle cells (SMC) respond to several SMC growth factors and explored the role of caveolae/lipid raft membrane microdomains in signaling by one of these factors, PDGF-BB.
  
  
  METHODS
  SMC were isolated and cultured from B, T and U from newborn rats and from human bladder detrusor. Responses to growth factors were assessed by cell proliferation, DNA synthesis, and immunoblot methods. Cholesterol was depleted from cell membranes in select experiments using cyclodextrin and the cholesterol synthesis inhibitor lovastatin. High-affinity PDGF receptor (PDGFR) sites were measured by 125I-PDGF-BB binding assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PDGF-BB increased DNA synthesis rate in U and T SMC, with U SMC being highly responsive; in contrast, B SMC did not respond to this growth factor. Two other mitogens, HB-EGF and FGF-2, marginally stimulated DNA synthesis in all lineages. Human detrusor (hD) SMC were also highly responsive to PDGF-BB. Differences in responses to PDGF-BB correlated with translocation of PDGFRs into the caveolae/lipid raft membrane fraction following stimulation, but not with the number of high affinity PDGF binding sites. Cholesterol depletion from cell membranes reduced the response of U and hD SMC to PDGF-BB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that 1) PDGF-BB is likely to be a physiologically relevant stimulator of mitogenic signaling in certain types of urinary tract SMC, 2) there are significant and unanticipated regional differences in the ability of urinary tract SMC to respond to muscle mitogens, and 3) lipid raft membrane microdomains mediate, in part, the ability of urinary tract SMC to respond to PDGF-mediated signals.
authors.forename: Maximilain
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stehr
authors.forename: Rosalyn M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Adam
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Khoury
authors.forename: Liyan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhuang
authors.forename: Keith R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: Craig A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Freeman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D000077214:Becaplermin; D002455:Cell Division; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D004247:DNA / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting; D021962:Membrane Microdomains / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D008934:Mitogens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D020574:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis; D011869:Radioligand Assay; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D020796:Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor alpha / Q000032:analysis; D020797:Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor beta / Q000032:analysis; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D014513:Ureter / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D008934:Mitogens; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; D020574:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis; D000077214:Becaplermin; D004247:DNA; D002784:Cholesterol; D020796:Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor alpha; D020797:Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor beta