title: Analysis of GSTP1-1 polymorphism using real-time polymerase chain reaction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glutathione transferases (GSTs) play an important role in the protection of cells from the products of oxidative stress as well as from several environmental carcinogens. The GSTP1-1 gene class is significantly overexpressed in many human tumors. Four allelic variants have been described for the GSTP1-1 gene (*A, *B, *C, *D) leading to different amino acid substitutions in position 105 and 114 of the protein sequence. The proteins encoded by the different alleles show different abilities to metabolize carcinogens and anticancer agents, suggesting an association between GSTP1 polymorphism and the risk for a variety of cancers as well as between said polymorphism and varying responses to cancer treatments.
  
  
  METHODS
  The GSTP1-1 polymorphism was determined using a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and fluorescence resonance energy transfer with a Light-Cycler Instrument. ARMS was used in the case of *A/*C or *B/*D heterozygosity. We used this method to determine the GSTP1-1 polymorphism in 250 free-living Italian subjects of both sexes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 250 subjects representative of an Italian population, we observed the following allelic frequencies: f(A)=0.710, f(B)=0.236, f(C)=0.054 and f(D)=0. The observed phenotypes are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (chi(2)=0.71, df=4, P=0.95).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have extended and improved a method of GSTP1-1 complete genotyping. This method provides the ability to genotype 30 samples in 2 h and it represents a fast, reliable and automated methodology to determine GSTP1-1 polymorphism in order to perform large-scale population studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ballerini
authors.forename: Lorenza
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bellincampi
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bernardini
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Iori
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cortese
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Federici
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003199:Computer Systems; D017931:DNA Primers; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D051549:Glutathione S-Transferase pi; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics*; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D007527:Isoenzymes; C496556:GSTP1 protein, human; D051549:Glutathione S-Transferase pi; D005982:Glutathione Transferase