title: Use of psychotropic agents in preschool children: associated symptoms, diagnoses, and health care services in a health maintenance organization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent pharmacoepidemiological reports have contributed to concerns about frequent and perhaps indiscriminate psychopharmacotherapy for very young children.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the diagnoses, symptoms, and health care services associated with preschool children receiving psychotropic medication.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based pharmacoepidemiological analysis of electronic medical records, paper medical and mental health charts, and pharmacy records from 1997 and 1998.
  
  
  METHODS
  A large Pacific Northwest health maintenance organization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Preschool children receiving psychotropic medication (psychostimulants, antidepressants, neuroleptics, or alpha(2)-adrenergic agonists).
  
  
  METHODS
  Physician-reported mental health diagnoses and related symptoms, functional impairment, family and participant characteristics, and the types and level of associated medical and mental health services.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 743 preschool children who clinicians identified as having behavioral or emotional problems, 120 (16%) received psychotropic medication; 57 children (48%) were prescribed a stimulant medication only, and 60 (50%) received a diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Most children had substantial psychosocial risk factors, including parents with psychiatric or substance abuse problems (71%; n = 85), documented histories of abuse (29%; n = 35), and out-of-home placement (31%; n = 37). Four of 5 children or families (83%; n = 99) received psychosocial services in addition to pharmacotherapy. On average, children received psychotropic medication at least 6 months after initial identification of a behavioral or mental health problem.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite commentary by the popular media about widespread psychopharmacotherapy for very young children, such treatment was only infrequently received in this health plan. Most children receiving psychopharmacotherapy had substantial additional risk factors and were receiving psychosocial services for mental health or behavioral management.
authors.affiliation: Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, 3800 N Interstate Ave, Portland, OR 97227, USA. lynn.debar@kpchr.org
authors.forename: Lynn L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: DeBar
authors.forename: Frances
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gale
mesh_terms: D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000628:therapy; D002659:Child Development Disorders, Pervasive / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000628:therapy; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004363:Drug Utilization; D005195:Family Relations; D005260:Female; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008605:Mental Health Services; D009922:Oregon / Q000453:epidemiology; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D011619:Psychotropic Drugs