title: Comparison of fentanyl-bupivacaine or midazolam-bupivacaine mixtures with plain bupivacaine for caudal anaesthesia in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the intensity and effectiveness of 0.75 ml.kg-1 bupivacaine 0.25% with the addition of fentanyl or midazolam for caudal block in children undergoing inguinal herniorrhaphy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-five children were allocated randomly to three groups to receive a caudal block with either 0.25% bupivacaine with fentanyl 1 microg.kg(-1) (group BF) or with midazolam 50 microg.kg(-1) (group BM) or bupivacaine alone (group B) after induction of anaesthesia. Haemodynamic parameters, degree of pain, additional analgesic requirements and side-effects were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean systolic arterial pressure at 10, 20, 30 min after caudal block was higher in group B compared with groups BF and BM. Mean intraoperative heart rate was lower in group BF than the other groups. Adequate analgesia was obtained in all patients (100%) in group BF, 23 patients (92%) in group BM and 21 patients (84%) in group B (P > 0.05). The time to recovery to an Aldrete score of 10 was significantly shorter in group B than group BM (P < 0.05). Although not significant, it was also shorter in group B than group BF. There was no difference in additional analgesic requirements between the groups in the first 24 h. Sedation score was higher in the midazolam group at 60 and 90 min postoperatively than the other groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Caudal block with 0.75 ml.kg(-1) 0.25% bupivacaine and 50 microg.kg(-1) midazolam or 1 microg.kg(-1) fentanyl provides no further analgesic advantages to bupivacaine alone when administered immediately after induction of anaesthesia in children undergoing unilateral inguinal herniorrhaphy.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Anaesthesiology and Paediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Kurupelit, Samsun, Turkey. sbaris@omu.edu.tr
authors.forename: Sibel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baris
authors.forename: Deniz
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Karakaya
authors.forename: Ebru
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kelsaka
authors.forename: Fuat
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Güldogus
authors.forename: Ender
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ariturk
authors.forename: Ayla
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tür
mesh_terms: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000763:Anesthesia, Caudal; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006552:Hernia, Inguinal / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008874:Midazolam; D005283:Fentanyl; D002045:Bupivacaine