title: Risk factors for incident retinopathy in a diabetic and nondiabetic population: the Hoorn study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of glycosylated hemoglobin, age, sex, hypertension, body mass index, waist-hip ratio, serum lipid levels, and smoking on the incidence of retinopathy in persons with normal and abnormal glucose metabolism.
  
  
  METHODS
  The incidence of retinopathy was determined in 233 individuals, aged 50 to 74 years, by ophthalmoscopy and fundus photography at baseline and after an average follow-up of 9.4 years. Relative risks for retinopathy, estimated by odds ratios, were calculated for tertiles of cardiovascular risk factors at baseline. Logistic regression analysis was used, without and with adjustment for age, sex, hypertension, and glucose metabolism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cumulative incidences of retinopathy among individuals with normal, impaired, and diabetic glucose metabolism were 7.3%, 13.6%, and 17.5%, respectively. Adjusted odds ratios for retinopathy were 2.36 (95% confidence interval, 1.02-5.49) for hypertension and 3.29 (95% confidence interval, 1.11-9.72) and 8.67 (95% confidence interval, 1.85-40.60) for the highest tertiles of glycosylated hemoglobin level and waist-hip ratio, respectively. No consistent or statistically significant associations with retinopathy were present for age, sex, body mass index, smoking, and serum levels of triglycerides and total, high-density lipoprotein, and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P>.05 for all).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Glycemia, hypertension, and abdominal obesity are determinants for retinopathy in a general population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands. HA.vanLeiden@vumc.nl
authors.forename: Hendrik A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: van Leiden
authors.forename: Jacqueline M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Dekker
authors.forename: Annette C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Moll
authors.forename: Giel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nijpels
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Heine
authors.forename: Lex M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Bouter
authors.forename: Coen D A
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Stehouwer
authors.forename: Bettine C P
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Polak
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose; D001824:Body Constitution; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D015994:Incidence; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications; D016017:Odds Ratio; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D008055:Lipids