title: Intraoperative spinal digital subtraction angiography: technique and results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate technical and methodological aspects of intraoperative spinal digital subtraction angiography (ISDSA) in our clinical practice and to assess its practicability, safety, and accuracy for the surgical treatment of spinal vascular malformations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between August 1997 and February 2002, a total of 30 patients were treated either surgically (n = 18) or endovascularly (n = 12) for spinal vascular lesions at our institution. The clinical records of five patients who underwent ISDSA were analyzed retrospectively. The thoracic segment was involved in three patients and the medullary cone in two.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ISDSA could be performed in four cases. In one patient, the segmental artery could not be probed sufficiently while the patient was prone. No complications occurred from the application of ISDSA. The method was beneficial for the neurosurgeon in all but one patient because the vascular anatomy of the malformation was shown with respect to the surgical approach, including the nidus, and immediate resection control could be performed before wound closure. The duration of the procedure was prolonged by 45 minutes on average.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ISDSA is safe and effective, especially in surgery for complex vascular and recurrent malformations. Benefits to the patient outweigh the additional expense and prolongation of the surgical procedure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps University Hospital, Marburg, Germany. benes@post.med.uni-marburg.de
authors.forename: Ludwig
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Benes
authors.forename: Jörg-Peter
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Wakat
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Sure
authors.forename: Siegfried
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bien
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bertalanffy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D001165:Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D020758:Spinal Cord Vascular Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*