title: Overcoming resistance: virologic response to a salvage regimen with the combination of ritonavir plus indinavir.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the possibility of overcoming resistance to protease inhibitors (PIs) and to determine the resistance cutoff values that continue to predict treatment failure with a dual PI regimen.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a prospective study of 53 patients who had failed in several PIs and who were included in a ritonavir (RTV) plus indinavir (IDV) salvage regimen. Median HIV RNA level decrease was evaluated according to resistance assays and indinavir trough levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-seven percent of patients had previously failed on an IDV-containing regimen. Overall, median HIV RNA decrease was -1.25 log(10) copies/mL after 3 months on therapy. A significant blunted virologic response was observed only in isolates with more than 12 substitutions including the V82A (-0.75 vs. -1.3 log(10) copies/mL; p =.04), or in isolates with more than 30 fold-increase in the IC(50) (-0.43 vs. -1.2 log(10) copies/mL). Higher drug levels were observed in patients with resistant isolates who achieved an HIV RNA decrease greater than 1 log (1742 vs. 1100 ng/mL).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our preliminary data suggest the possibility of overcoming resistance with the combination of RTV plus IDV. They also suggest the need for establishing new resistance cutoff values when using PIs in combination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Ramon y Cajal Hospital, Madrid, Spain. jcasado.hrc@salud.madrid.org
authors.forename: Jose L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Casado
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.forename: Paloma
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Martí-Belda
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sabido
authors.forename: Sofía
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pinheiro
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bermudez
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Antela
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dronda
authors.forename: María J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Perez-Elías
authors.forename: Santiago
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moreno
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006678:HIV / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology*; D016333:HIV Protease / Q000235:genetics; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D019469:Indinavir / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016879:Salvage Therapy
chemical_list: D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D012367:RNA, Viral; D019469:Indinavir; D016333:HIV Protease; D019438:Ritonavir