title: Gender differences in the prevalence of symptom disorders and personality disorders among poly-substance abusers and pure alcoholics. Substance abusers treated in two counties in Norway.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gender differences in the prevalence of Axis I and II disorders in poly-substance abusers and pure alcoholics and between these two groups are explored.
  
  
  METHODS
  A consecutive sample (n = 260) of in- and out-patients from two Norwegian counties were assessed by CIDI (Axis I disorders) and MCMI-II (Axis II disorders).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Major depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and eating disorders were significantly more prevalent in women than in men. A significantly higher prevalence of antisocial, passive-aggressive, and borderline personality disorders (PD) was observed among poly-substance abusers, whereas pure alcoholics were found to have dependent PDs more often. Female poly-substance abusers differed significantly from all other substance abusers by suffering more often from major depression, simple phobia, PTSD and borderline PD. Male poly-substance abusers more often presented antisocial PD and less often Cluster C disorders than all other substance abusers. Female pure alcoholics more often had major depression and Cluster C disorders than all other substance abusers. Male pure alcoholics presented less often with Axis I disorders, major depression, and PTSD, but more often with Cluster A disorders, in particular schizoid PD, than all other substance abusers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pattern of comorbid disorders is clearly different between male and female poly-substance abusers and pure alcoholics. This implies that these four subgroups have important differences in their treatment needs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Substance Abuse, Sanderud Hospital, Oslo, Norway. anne.landheim@sanderud-sykehus.no
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Landheim
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bakken
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vaglum
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D017831:Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry) / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology