title: Snacking patterns influence energy and nutrient intakes but not body mass index.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study dietary intake and body mass index (BMI) patterns among US adults, stratified by snacking patterns.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 1994-1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII) provided the study sample. Snacking episodes were defined as a 'food and/or beverage break', and subjects were classified as morning, afternoon, evening, multiple or never snackers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our study included data from 1756 men and 1511 women who provided two nonconsecutive, multiple-pass 24-h dietary recalls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mean values of each subject's two 24-h recalls were used for analyses, and data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows and SUDAAN.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with women, men were more likely to be evening, multiple or never snackers. Male multiple snackers had significantly higher energy intakes than did afternoon and never snackers, whereas female multiple snackers had higher energy intakes than did morning, evening and never snackers. At the same time, male and female multiple snackers had more prudent energy-adjusted intakes of protein, cholesterol, calcium and sodium. Coffee, cola, milk, ice cream and fruits were among the most frequently consumed snacks by men and women. The BMI did not differ significantly across snacker categories.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that snacking patterns have some effects on energy and nutrient intakes but not on BMI. Snack food choices remain a concern, especially beverages, including those that are sweetened. Vegetables and fruits as snacks should be encouraged.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ 85212, USA. jeff.hampl@asu.edu
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Hampl
authors.forename: C L B
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Heaton
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004032:Diet; D015930:Diet Records; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002523:Edible Grain; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D009747:Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D012982:Sodium, Dietary