title: Developmental outcome at 2 years of age for children born after ICSI compared with children born after IVF.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Since the introduction of ICSI in 1991, medical outcome studies on ICSI children have been performed, but few have addressed developmental outcome. Hence, this outcome was assessed by performing a standard developmental test on children born after ICSI as compared with children born after IVF, at the age of 2 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective study, the medical and developmental outcome of 439 children born after ICSI (378 singletons, 61 twins) were compared with those of 207 children born after IVF (138 singletons, 69 twins), at the age of 24-28 months. These children were part of a cohort of children followed since birth. Of children reaching the age of 24-28 months between May 1995 and March 2002, 44.3% (2375/5356) were examined by a paediatrician who was unaware of the type of treatment used for each couple. Of all the children born, 12.2% (439/3618) in the ICSI group and 11.9% (207/1738) in the IVF group underwent a formal developmental assessment using the Bayley Scale of Infant Development (mental scale) by a paediatrician blinded to the type of treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant difference in maternal educational level, maternal age, gestational age, parity, birthweight, neonatal complication rate or malformation rate at 2 years between ICSI and IVF singletons, or between ICSI and IVF twins. No significant difference was observed in the developmental outcome using the Bayley scale at the age of 24-28 months (raw scores or test age) between ICSI children or IVF children. A multivariate regression analysis for the singleton children indicated that parity, sex (boys had lower scores than girls) and age had a significant influence on the test result, but that the fertility procedure (ICSI versus IVF) did not influence the test result. ICSI children from fathers with low sperm concentration, low sperm motility or poor morphology had a similar developmental outcome to that of children from fathers with normal sperm parameters. There were no significant differences between the initial cohort and the group lost to follow-up, nor between the psychologically tested and the non-tested group for a number of variables such as maternal educational level, birthweight in singletons and neonatal malformation rate. Although only some of the cohort of ICSI children were evaluated, a representative sample of both ICSI and IVF children was compared.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is no indication that ICSI children have a lower psychomotor development than IVF children. Paternal risk factors associated with male-factor infertility were found not to play a role in developmental outcome.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Medical Genetics, Department of Developmental Psychology, Dutch-speaking Brussels Free University, Brussels, Belgium. maryse.bonduelle@az.vub.ac.be
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bonduelle
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ponjaert
authors.forename: A Van
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Steirteghem
authors.forename: M-P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Derde
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Devroey
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Liebaers
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010298:Parity; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D020554:Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic