title: 'Event tree' analysis of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest data: confirming the importance of bystander CPR.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The British National Service Framework (NSF) for heart disease commended the 'Utstein style' for auditing out-of-hospital cardiac arrests. The NSF also set standards for pre-hospital treatment and response times. To increase the flexibility of Utstein, an 'event tree' technique is proposed as an audit tool. Event trees consist of nodes and branches on which numbers, percentages or probability values are entered.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the London Ambulance Service's (LAS) 1997 database on 3,759 out-of-hospital cardiac arrests, 2,772 arrests witnessed by lay bystanders or unwitnessed were analysed focusing on bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (BCPR) and response times.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Utstein template showed that witnessed arrests in ventricular fibrillation (VF) or ventricular tachycardia (VT) who had received BCPR achieved a return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) in the field significantly more often than non-BCPR recipients-26 versus 16% (P=0.006). But the likelihood of being admitted to a hospital bed, and discharged alive, was only marginally better for BCPR recipients. To examine the influence of BCPR on the presenting rhythm an event tree showed that in 48% of witnessed BCPR cases the presenting rhythm was VF/VT, whereas, for witnessed non-BCPR cases, 27% were in VF/VT (P<0.0001). With unwitnessed arrests, 31% of BCPR cases were in VF/VT compared with 18% for non-BCPR cases (P<0.0001). Call to scene time was less than 8 min for 66% of all VF/VT arrests.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The event trees, when combined with the Utstein template, demonstrated the importance of examining comprehensively datasets for both witnessed and unwitnessed cardiac arrests when monitoring performance standards. The analyses also emphasised the relevance of community programmes in Greater London for teaching basic life saving skills.
authors.affiliation: Health Economics Research Group, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK. robin.dowie@brunel.ac.uk
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dowie
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Rachael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Donohoe
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Clarke
mesh_terms: D000488:Allied Health Personnel; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000401:mortality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004554:Electric Countershock; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011786:Quality Control; D012042:Registries; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D006113:United Kingdom; D014838:Volunteers