title: A microdissection and molecular genotyping assay to confirm the identity of tissue floaters in paraffin-embedded tissue blocks.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A recurring problem in surgical pathology practice is specimen mix-up and floater contamination. While many cases can be resolved histologically, a significant number remain unclear and may have serious clinical and medicolegal implications.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To design a microdissection and genotyping assay to identify contaminating floater tissues in paraffin-embedded tissues that is optimized for small samples, and to use the assay to resolve a series of clinical cases with floater tissues.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one cases of possible tissue floater contamination in paraffin-embedded tissue blocks were included. Using 4 unstained, 4-microm-thick histologic sections, multiple sites were microdissected under direct visualization either by hand or by laser capture microdissection. Nonneoplastic and neoplastic tissues were sampled. Polymerase chain reaction was performed for a panel of 10 polymorphic microsatellite markers at 1p34, 3p26, 5q21, 9p21, 10q23, and 17p13. Allele size and content were analyzed semiquantitatively by fluorescent capillary electrophoresis, and the genotypes for the tissues in the paraffin-embedded tissue blocks were compared for identity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tissue identification was successful in all cases, despite small tissue sample size and fixation effects. Comparative analysis of neoplastic tissue floaters and the presumptive source tumor was performed when possible to control for possible allelic loss or microsatellite instability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Microdissection and genotyping are effective and reliable means to objectively resolve problems of possible floater contamination. Even minute tissue samples provide sufficient DNA template for polymerase chain reaction microsatellite analysis. Because of the potential clinical implications of floaters, we recommend that all suspected floaters that would change a diagnosis from benign to malignant be subjected to genotyping assay to confirm the identity of the floater tissue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. huntjl@msx.upmc.edu
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Swalsky
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sasatomi
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Niehouse
authors.forename: Anke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bakker
authors.forename: Sydney D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Finkelstein
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis; D004210:Dissection / Q000379:methods*; D005819:Genetic Markers / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D016612:Paraffin Embedding / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000009:adverse effects; D016707:Tissue Fixation / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D005819:Genetic Markers