title: Breast radiotherapy with inclusion of internal mammary nodes: a comparison of techniques with three-dimensional planning.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the partially wide tangent (PWT) technique of breast and internal mammary chain irradiation with photon/electron (P/E) and standard tangent (ST) techniques in terms of dose homogeneity within breast and the dose to critical structures such as the heart and lung.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen left breast cancer patients underwent CT simulation. The breasts, lungs, heart, and internal mammary chain were contoured and treatment plans generated on a three-dimensional planning system (Helax-TMS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean dose to the left breast volume with the ST, P/E, and PWT techniques was 94.7%, 98.4%, and 96.5%, respectively (p = 0.029). The left lung received the lowest mean dose with the ST technique (13.9%) compared with PWT (22.8%) and P/E (24.3%). The internal mammary chain volume was most consistently treated with the PWT (mean dose 99%) vs. P/E (86%) and ST (38.4%) techniques. The heart received the least dose with ST (mean dose 6.7%) vs. PWT (10.3%) and P/E (19%). The PWT treated the greatest amount of contralateral breast (mean dose 5.8%) vs. ST (3.2%) vs. P/E (2.8%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PWT technique treats the internal mammary chain with acceptable toxicity to major organs, especially the heart, and with reasonable dose homogeneity in patients with mastectomy or intact breasts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. dianesev@cancerboard.ab.ca
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Severin
authors.forename: Sherry
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Connors
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Satyapal
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rathee
authors.forename: Pavel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stavrev
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hanson
mesh_terms: D001941:Breast Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D015182:Lymphatic Irradiation / Q000379:methods*; D015412:Mastectomy, Segmental; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000379:methods; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods