title: Grasping an augmented object to analyse manipulative force control.
abstract: Augmented reality allows changes to be made to the visual perception of object size even while the tangible components remain completely unaltered. It was, therefore, utilized in a study whose results are being reported here to provide the proper environment required to thoroughly observe the exact effect that visual change to object size had on programming fingertip forces when objects were lifted with a precision grip. Twenty-one participants performed repeated lifts of an identical grip apparatus to a height of 20 mm, maintained each lift for 8 seconds, and then replaced the grip apparatus on the table. While all other factors of the grip apparatus remained unchanged, visual appearance was altered graphically in a 3-D augmented environment. The grip apparatus measured grip and load forces independently. Grip and load forces demonstrated significant rates of increase as well as peak forces as the size of graphical images increased; an aspect that occurred in spite of the fact that extraneous haptic information remained constant throughout the trials. By indicating a human tendency to rely - even unconsciously - on visual input to program the forces in the initial lifting phase, this finding provides further confirmation of previous research findings obtained in the physical environment; including the possibility of extraneous haptic effects (Gordon et al. 1991a, Mon-Williams and Murray 2000, Kawai et al. 2000). The present results also suggest that existing knowledge concerning human manipulation tasks in the physical world may be applied to an augmented environment where the physical objects are enhanced by computer generated visual components.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Humanities, Tezukayama University, Nara, Japan. skawai@tezukayama-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Satoru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kawai
authors.forename: Valerie A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Summers
authors.forename: Christine L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Mackenzie
authors.forename: Chris J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Ivens
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003196:Computer Graphics; D006804:Ergonomics; D005260:Female; D018737:Hand Strength; D006801:Humans; D017770:Lifting; D008297:Male; D014481:United States; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D014796:Visual Perception