title: Harm reduction, public health, and human rights: smokers have a right to be informed of significant harm reduction options.
abstract: Public health policy needs to be assessed for effects on human rights as well as public health. Although promoting harm reduction products to cigarette smokers might lead to greater total public health harm, if the products become too popular, human rights issues also need to be considered. Avoiding, or objecting to, the fair presentation of information on effective harm reduction products to smokers to allow them to make an informed choice to reduce health risk can represent a violation of a human right - the right to information. The necessary conditions are not met for protecting public health by restricting information on certain risk reduction products. As examples, based on current evidence, smokers have a right to information on snus (Swedish moist snuff) and medicinal nicotine as harm reduction options that would reduce substantially the risk of death to individuals. Smokers also have a right to truthful information about lower-tar cigarettes that have been erroneously promoted as risk reducing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. ltk1@psu.edu
authors.forename: Lynn T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Kozlowski
mesh_terms: D022126:Access to Information; D002755:Choice Behavior; D040261:Harm Reduction; D006806:Human Rights; D006801:Humans; D011634:Public Health; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods; D000074606:Smoking Prevention