title: Validation of energy intake estimated from a food frequency questionnaire: a doubly labelled water study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The validation of dietary assessment methods is critical in the evaluation of the relation between dietary intake and health. The aim of this study was to assess the validity of a food frequency questionnaire by comparing energy intake with energy expenditure measured with the doubly labelled water method.
  
  
  METHODS
  Total energy expenditure was measured with the doubly labelled water (DLW) method during a 10 day period. Furthermore, the subjects filled in the food frequency questionnaire about 18-35 days after the DLW phase of the study was completed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one healthy, non-pregnant females volunteered to participate in the study; only 17 subjects completed the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The group energy intake was on average 10% lower than the energy expenditure, but the difference was not statistically significant. However, there was a wide range in reporting accuracy: seven subjects were identified as acceptable reporters, eight as under-reporters and two were identified as over-reporters. The width of the 95% confidence limits of agreement in a Bland and Altman plot for energy intake and energy expenditure varied from -5 to 3 MJ.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data showed that there was substantial variability in the accuracy of the food frequency questionnaire at the individual level. Furthermore, the results showed that the questionnaire was more accurate for groups than individuals.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Nutrition Research, University of Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: L Frost
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tomten
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Haggarty
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Løvø
authors.forename: B-E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Hustvedt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017666:Deuterium Oxide; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010103:Oxygen Isotopes; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014867:Water / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D010103:Oxygen Isotopes; D014867:Water; D017666:Deuterium Oxide