title: Accelerated versus standard cyclophosphamide, epirubicin and 5-fluorouracil or cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil: a randomized phase III trial in locally advanced breast cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of a dose-dense primary chemotherapy on pathological response rate (pCR) in patients with locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) treated with combined modality therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stage IIIA/IIIB patients received three courses of induction chemotherapy (ICT) with cyclophosphamide, epirubicin and 5-fluorouracil (CEF) followed by local therapy (total mastectomy or segmental mastectomy with axillary nodes dissection) and adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) with three courses of CEF alternated with three courses of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil (CMF). Patients were randomized to receive ICT and ACT every 3 weeks (arm A, 'standard treatment') or every 2 weeks with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) support (arm B, 'dose-dense treatment'). In both arms radiotherapy was administered after the end of chemotherapy (in selected cases) and patients with hormonal receptor-positive tumors received tamoxifen for 5 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 150 patients were randomized (77 arm A and 73 arm B) and demographics were well balanced between the two arms. Compliance to treatment was excellent: 95% and 93% of patients in arms A and B, respectively, completed the treatment program with no modification or delay. Median duration of treatment (ICT+local+ACT) was 183 days (range 0-265) in arm A and 139 days (0-226) in arm B. The average relative dose intensity (ARDI) of chemotherapy was 1.3 with a 30% increase in the dose intensity in arm B in comparison with arm A. No difference in clinical [62%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 49% to 73.2%] and pathological response rates to ICT was observed between the two arms. Median follow-up was 5 years (range 1-96 months); median disease-free survivals were 4.8 years in arm A and 4.5 years in arm B. Median overall survival was 7.8 years in standard therapy: this figure has not yet been reached in the dose-dense treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In LABC a dose-dense regimen, while allowing a 30% increase in the dose intensity of chemotherapy, did not provide significant improvement in pathological response rates. However, accelerated chemotherapy reduced the duration of the combined-modality program (6.1 versus 4.6 months) with no additional toxicities.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Oncology, St Chiara University Hospital, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Baldini
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gardin
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Giannessi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Evangelista
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roncella
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Prochilo
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Collecchi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rosso
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lionetto
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bruzzi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mosca
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Conte
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D015251:Epirubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008408:Mastectomy; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008875:Middle Aged; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D013629:Tamoxifen; D015251:Epirubicin; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D005472:Fluorouracil; D008727:Methotrexate