title: Ethnicity and discordance in plasma HIV-1 RNA viral load and CD4+ lymphocyte count in a cohort of HIV-1-infected individuals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Guidelines for commencing therapy for HIV infection have been based upon HIV-1 RNA and CD4 lymphocyte thresholds. The influence of confounding factors such as gender, ethnicity and co-infections is unproven.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To analyse ethnic discordance in plasma HIV-1 viral load (VL) and CD4+ count and its potential clinical significance in Black and Caucasian groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective, cross-sectional, observational study of 537 antiretroviral nai;ve HIV-1-positive individuals attending two East London clinics. Baseline data were obtained from individuals who registered at the clinic from November 1996 to August 1999. An analysis was performed comparing ethnic differences in plasma HIV-1 VL, CD4+ count, CD8+ count, co-infections, CDC disease category, AIDS-defining illnesses and mode of transmission.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma HIV-1 VL was significantly lower in Blacks (4.5 copies/ml versus 4.7 copies/ml; P<0.05) despite lower baseline CD4+ counts and similar rates of disease progression to Caucasian groups. This association remained for patients with less advanced disease after stratification for CD4+ count (CD4+ 200-500, VL 4.5 copies/ml versus 4.7 copies/ml, P<0.01; CD4+ >500, VL 3.4 copies/ml versus 4.3 copies/ml, P<0.001) and disease category (non-AIDS, 4.4 copies/ml versus 4.7 copies/ml; P<0.005). On multivariate analysis, the association persisted following adjustment for gender, age, co-infections, CD4+ count and mode of transmission.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that plasma HIV-1 VL is discordantly low in Black compared with Caucasian groups stratified for CD4+ count, in this cohort of antiretroviral nai;ve HIV-1-positive individuals living in London. Although there are a number of possible explanations for this finding, it has considerable clinical relevance for the management of Black HIV-1-infected patients within UK, with significant implications for the decision about when to commence antiretroviral or immune-based therapies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, Barts and the London NHS Trust, 51-53 Bartholomew Close, West Smithfield, London EC1A 7BE, UK.
authors.forename: Penelope R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Liat
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sarner
authors.forename: Maurice
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Beki
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: Janice M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Celia J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Skinner
authors.forename: Celia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Aitken
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017954:Africa South of the Sahara / Q000208:ethnology; D044383:Black People; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D017691:Caribbean Region / Q000208:ethnology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D008131:London / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019562:Viral Load; D014766:Viremia / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000821:virology; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral