title: High rates of behavioral problems in perinatally HIV-infected children are not linked to HIV disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Descriptive studies and clinical reports have suggested that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive children are at risk for behavioral problems. Inadequate control groups and sample sizes have limited the ability of investigators to consider multiple influences that place HIV-positive children at risk for poor behavioral outcomes. We examined the unique and combined influences of HIV, prenatal drug exposure, and environmental factors on behavior in children who were perinatally exposed to HIV.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants included 307 children who were born to HIV-positive mothers (96 HIV infected and 211 seroreverters) and enrolled in a natural history, longitudinal study of women to infant HIV transmission. Caregivers completed parent behavioral rating scales, beginning when the children were 3 years old. Data were also collected on prenatal drug exposure; child age, gender, and ethnicity; caregiver relationship to child; and birth complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multivariate analyses comparing the HIV-infected children with perinatally exposed but uninfected children from similar backgrounds failed to find an association between either HIV status or prenatal drug exposure and poor behavioral outcomes. The strongest correlates of increased behavioral symptoms were demographic characteristics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that although a high prevalence of behavioral problems does exist among HIV-infected children, neither HIV infection nor prenatal drug exposure is the underlying cause. Rather, other biological and environmental factors are likely contributors toward poor behavioral outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA. cam14@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Claude A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Mellins
authors.forename: Renee
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: O'Driscoll
authors.forename: Lawrence S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Magder
authors.forename: Pim
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brouwers
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chase
authors.forename: Ileana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Blasini
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hittleman
authors.forename: Antolin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Llorente
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Matzen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D010054:Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000635:transmission*; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange / Q000502:physiology; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology / Q000821:virology; D012737:Sex Factors; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000523:psychology