title: Transient global amnesia: a clinical and sonographic study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aetiology of transient global amnesia (TGA) is still unknown. The aim of this study was to identify potential risk factors for TGA, vascular risk factors, the role of patent foramen ovale (PFO) and of retrograde jugular venous flow.
  
  
  METHODS
  138 subjects entered the study, including 48 patients with TGA, 42 age-matched patients with transient ischaemic attack (TIA) and 48 controls. PFO was studied by contrast transcranial duplex sonography. Retrograde jugular venous flow was tested with air contrast ultrasound venography (ACUV).
  
  
  RESULTS
  TGA patients and controls showed a lower prevalence for vascular risk factors than TIA patients. No statistical difference was found between the 3 groups with regard to PFO. ACUV detected jugular valve incompetence in 72.9% TGA, 35.7% TIA and 39.5% controls (TGA vs. TIA and TGA vs. controls p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TGA patients have fewer vascular risk factors than TIA patients. Paradoxical embolism due to PFO as a cause of TGA is not confirmed in our study. Cerebral venous hypertension due to incompetence of the internal jugular valve may play a role in the pathogenesis of TGA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Civil Hospital of Brescia, I-25100 Brescia, Italy. maakna@yahoo.com
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Maalikjy Akkawi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Agosti
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Anzola
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Borroni
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Magoni
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pezzini
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rozzini
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Vignolo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Padovani
mesh_terms: D020236:Amnesia, Transient Global / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D004453:Echoencephalography; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D007601:Jugular Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010690:Phlebography; D012307:Risk Factors; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial; D014636:Valsalva Maneuver; D014689:Venous Insufficiency / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology