title: Quality improvement project in cervical cancer screening: practical measures for monitoring laboratory performance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We conducted a quality improvement project in a cervical cancer screening programme in Helsinki in order to see if detection of precancerous lesions could be influenced by external (participation rate) and internal (laboratory praxis) quality measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  In order to increase the participation rate, a second personal invitation to Pap-test was mailed to nonparticipants of the first call. In order to improve the quality of screening, the cytotechnicians monitored their performance longitudinally by recording the number of slides reviewed per day, the pick-up rate of abnormal smears, the report of the consulting cytopathologist, and the number of histologically verified lesions detected from the cases that they had screened. Regular sessions were held to compare the histological findings with the cytological findings of all cases referred for colposcopy. No pressure was applied on the cytotechnicians to ensure that they felt comfortable with their daily workload.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 110 000 smears were screened for cervical cancer at the Helsinki City Hospital during 1996-99. Initially, the overall participation rate increased from 62% to 71%. The number of histologically confirmed precancerous lesions (CIN 1-3) more than doubled and their detection rate increased from 0.32% to 0.72%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Continuous education and feedback from daily work performance were important, yet rather inexpensive means in increasing laboratory performance. Additional measures are needed to further increase the participation rate. Impact of the quality measures on cancer incidence needs to be assessed later on.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute, Helsinki, Finland. jussi.tarkkanen@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: Jussi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tarkkanen
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Geagea
authors.forename: Pekka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nieminen
authors.forename: Ahti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anttila
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019411:Clinical Laboratory Techniques / Q000592:standards*; D003127:Colposcopy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery; D014626:Vaginal Smears