title: Patient injury and physical restraint devices: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate physical restraint-related injuries. Areas of interest were the prevalence of injury, types of injuries, risk of sustaining an injury and specific restraint devices associated with injury.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Injury in the context of this review was considered to be either direct injury, such as lacerations and strangulation, or indirect injury considered to be an adverse outcome such as increased mortality rates or duration of hospitalization.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive search was undertaken that involved all major databases and the reference list of all relevant papers. To be included in the review studies had to involve people in acute or residential care settings and report data related to injury caused by restraint devices. A number of different types of research designs were included in the review. The findings of studies were pooled using odds ratio and narrative discussion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The search identified 11 papers reporting the findings of 12 observational studies. These studies were supplemented with the findings of a number of other types of studies that reported restraint-related data. The review highlights the potential danger of using physical restraint in acute and residential health care facilities. Observational studies suggest that physical restraint may increase the risk of death, falls, serious injury and increased duration of hospitalization. However, there is little information to enable the magnitude of the problem to be determined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many of the findings highlight the urgent need for further investigation into the use of physical restraint in health care facilities. Further research should investigate the magnitude of the problem and specific restraint devices associated with injury. However, given the limited nature of the evidence, this association should be investigated further using rigorous research methods.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nursing, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia. d.evans@adelaide.edu.au
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Jacquelin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Leonnie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lambert
mesh_terms: D001237:Asphyxia / Q000209:etiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003645:Death, Sudden / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D011379:Prognosis; D012112:Residential Facilities; D012149:Restraint, Physical; D012307:Risk Factors; D020196:Trauma, Nervous System / Q000209:etiology; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000209:etiology*