title: New approaches to hematopoietic cell transplantation in oncology.
abstract: The use of high-dose chemotherapy followed by autologous HCT and the use of allogeneic HCT in children and adolescents with high-risk ALL, AML, and NBL has successfully improved outcomes. For other diseases, however, the role of HCT in treatment remains a subject of further research. The availability of HCT was significantly expanded by developing alternative graft sources that currently include BM, peripheral blood, and UCB from autologous and allogeneic related or unrelated donors. Progress in autologous HCT has been achieved by the identification of more effective and less toxic preparative regimens and by ex vivo purging of stem cell products. In allogeneic HCT, graft-versus-leukemia or graft-versus-tumor effects are being exploited increasingly to lower relapse rates. In addition, immunomodulation to promote tolerance, as well as allogeneic antitumor reactions have been achieved by antibody therapy, cytokine therapy, or cell-based immunotherapy. Future improvements are likely, as evidenced by promising preliminary results in the development of stem cell collection techniques, in vitro stem cell expansion, and purging techniques of stem cell grafts. The development of less intensive or nonmyeloablative preparative regimens may further reduce regimen-related morbidity and mortality Specific immunotherapy may facilitate tolerance induction in mismatched allogeneic HCT and support allogeneic HCT in the setting of donor-host HLA disparity. Ultimately, advances in cytokine therapy, tumor-specific vaccines, and gene therapy may decrease or even eradicate recurrence of the malignant disease after HCT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematoloy/Oncology, Children's Hospital and Research Center at Oakland, 747 52nd Street Oakland, CA 94609, USA. ureiss@chori.org
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Reiss
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bolotin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D019172:Transplantation Conditioning
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents