title: NOS substrate during cardioplegic arrest and cold storage decreases stunning after heart transplantation in a rat model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In this study, we evaluated how adding L-arginine to Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale (CRMBM) solution affected myocardial performance during post-ischemic in vivo reperfusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experiments were conducted using a modified Lewis-Lewis heterotopic heart transplantation model, with a total ischemic time of 3 hours followed by 1 or 24 hours of blood reperfusion. Heart grafts were arrested using intra-aortic injection of CRMBM solution, either supplemented or not supplemented with 2 mmol/liter L-arginine (n = 12 in each group). We measured systolic indexes and simultaneously performed phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((31)P MRS). We quantified total endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) protein using the Western blot test of freeze-clamped hearts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Contractility during early reperfusion was significantly better in grafts arrested with CRMBM solution enriched with L-arginine: mean rate pressure product, 11249 +/- 1548 vs 5637 +/- 1118 mm Hg/min (p = 0.05), and maximal first derivative of the pressure signal (dP/dt(max)), 1721 +/- 177 vs 1214 +/- 321 mm Hg/sec (p = 0.013). Conversely, during late reperfusion, contractility did not relate to the nature of the preservation solution. The presence of L-arginine in the CRMBM solution did not alter time-related variations of high-energy phosphate ratios measured using in vivo (31)P MRS. The eNOS protein level decreased significantly during early compared with late reperfusion, with no effect caused by L-arginine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During early reperfusion, the limited myocardial stunning observed with CRMBM solution containing L-arginine does not relate to energy metabolism but to better preservation of the NO pathway.
authors.affiliation: Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Caus
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Desrois
authors.forename: Marguerite
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Izquierdo
authors.forename: Carole
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lan
authors.forename: Yann
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: LeFur
authors.forename: Sylviane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Confort-Gouny
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Métras
authors.forename: Kieran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: Patrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Cozzone
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bernard
mesh_terms: D000493:Allopurinol; D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions; D003080:Cold Temperature; D005978:Glutathione; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D015425:Myocardial Reperfusion; D017682:Myocardial Stunning / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D009926:Organ Preservation / Q000379:methods; D011887:Raffinose; D051381:Rats; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew
chemical_list: C099594:CRMBM solution; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions; D000493:Allopurinol; D001120:Arginine; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; C496316:Nos3 protein, rat; D005978:Glutathione; D011887:Raffinose