title: Anaemia, cardiovascular disease and kidney disease: integrating new knowledge in 2002.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present review assesses recent publications, from 2001 until the present, which address the relationship between cardiovascular disease (CVD) and anaemia in patients with chronic kidney disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Insights from the recently published basic science literature have helped to place findings from clinical studies into a new context, and thereby assist us to understand and further explore the complex relationship between haemoglobin level and survival in chronic kidney disease. The effects of erythropoietin molecules and the presence of receptors in vascular endothelium, myocardium and other tissues are described. Both observational and interventional clinical studies are examined, and limitations in the methodology and statistical analysis of clinical studies are emphasized, but are given context within the body of literature preceding the past year's publications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data suggest that development of CVD in patients with kidney disease is multifactorial. Several factors associated with CVD are also associated with anaemia, thereby making causal arguments for the role of anaemia in CVD and survival difficult. Arguments are made for the importance of prevention of anaemia and of individualizing therapeutic goals for its treatment. Well designed prospective studies with both CVD events and mortality as outcomes, and with enrollment beginning before the start of dialysis, are essential if we are to determine the optimal therapeutic strategies.
authors.affiliation: University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
authors.forename: Lesley A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: Adeera
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Levin
mesh_terms: D000740:Anemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001955:British Columbia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016019:Survival Analysis