title: Oxidized phospholipids in oxidized low-density lipoprotein down-regulate thrombomodulin transcription in vascular endothelial cells through a decrease in the binding of RARbeta-RXRalpha heterodimers and Sp1 and Sp3 to their binding sequences in the TM promoter.
abstract: The present work investigated the mechanism for down-regulation of thrombomodulin (TM), an anticoagulant glycoprotein, on cultured umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) exposed to lipid extracts from oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL). HUVECs exposed to phospholipid extracts, but not to free cholesterol, triglyceride, or cholesterol ester, isolated from ox-LDL reduced TM mRNA levels to nearly the same extent as native ox-LDL. Oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (ox-PAPC), but not native PAPC or a reduced form of ox-PAPC, markedly decreased TM mRNA levels. The apparent half-life (t 1/2 = 2.7 hours) of TM mRNA in control cells was not significantly different from that in cells exposed to ox-LDL or ox-PAPC. TM mRNA levels were regulated by transcriptional activation via a retinoid receptor beta (RARbeta). The binding activities of nuclear proteins from HUVECs treated with ox-LDL or ox-PAPC to the DR4 or stimulatory protein 1 (Sp1) sequence in the TM promoter were significantly reduced with decreased expression of RARbeta, retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRalpha), Sp1, and Sp3 in the nuclei. The promoter activity in HUVECs transfected with a reporter plasmid expressing the TM promoter with targeted deletions in the DR4 and Sp1 binding elements was decreased to about 20% of that with the wild-type construct. Treatment of the cells with ox-PAPC had no additional effect on the promoter activity. These results suggest that oxidized phospholipids in ox-LDL inhibit transcription of the TM gene in HUVECs by inhibiting the binding of RARbeta-RXRalpha heterodimer and Sp, including Sp1 and Sp3, to the DR4 element and Sp1 binding element, respectively, in the TM promoter with reduced expression of RARbeta, RXRalpha, and Sp1 and Sp3 in the nuclei.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan. h-ishii@ac.shoyaku.ac.jp
authors.forename: Hidemi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishii
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tezuka
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.forename: Kimihiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takada
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oida
authors.forename: Shuichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Horie
mesh_terms: D001665:Binding Sites; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D051705:Sp3 Transcription Factor; D018180:Thrombomodulin / Q000235:genetics*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D014471:Umbilical Veins
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; C497121:SP3 protein, human; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor; D018180:Thrombomodulin; D014157:Transcription Factors; C099252:oxidized low density lipoprotein; C472349:oxidized-L-alpha-1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine; C082925:retinoic acid receptor beta; D051705:Sp3 Transcription Factor; D004247:DNA