title: Ergonomic automated anesthesia recordkeeper using a mobile touch screen with voice navigtion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop an ergonomically designed computerized recordkeeping tool for anesthesiologists that allows the clinician to maintain visual contact with the patient while performing recordkeeping.
  
  
  METHODS
  To simplify the human interface software, we developed two general use software components. All purpose menu type 1 (APM1) was used for entering events using a tree structured menu. APM1 was designed to adapt to the limits of human memory, by using Miller's rule of 7 to guide the input process. APM1 can be considered to be a three-dimensional table list consisting of 7 vertical and 7 horizontal choices, which has further 5 tree-structured divergences. APM1 is also completely configurable by the user. All purpose menu 2 (APM2) was used to implement the system-initiated human interface where the system will prompt the user by voice for each entry. When users touch a key on APM1 and APM2, the system was designed to respond with a voice prompt. A touch-screen was also utilized and designed to fit the anesthesia machine. The screen is equipped with a small speaker for voice response and a microphone for voice recognition. The positions of the screen are adjustable supported by a long flexible limb (85 cm).
  
  
  RESULTS
  After improving the design, systems were assembled for 10 operating rooms. Of the multiple features of the VOCAAR user interface, the following were well accepted by users and employed daily: touch-screen input, and voice response. The noncompulsory use rate was 87% during the initial 2 weeks, increased to 94% after 2 weeks and 100% after two months. The mean sound emission by voice response (n = 10, mean +/- SD) was 8.2 +/- 2.3 dB at the main anesthetist site (35 cm from the speaker mounted on the touch-screen), 2.2 +/- 1.3 dB at the staff site (1.5 m from the touch-screen), which was only audible for anesthesiologist but for surgeon.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An EARK system was designed to allow the user to maintain visual contact with the patient while performing recordkeeping tasks. The combination of a mobile touch screen and voice response/recognition facilitated the design goals of the system. Although the system has enjoyed universal clinical acceptance, the voice functions remain too limited to satisfy the needs of a completely handsfree user interface. Enhancements to voice recognition technology will offer the potential for improved functionality. Additional research is also needed to better define the relationship between vigilance and visual contact with the patient.
authors.affiliation: Surgical Operation Center, Hamamatsu University Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan. ysanjo@hama-med.ac.jp
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sanjo
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nakajima
mesh_terms: D000776:Anesthesiology / Q000379:methods*; D001331:Automation; D004867:Equipment Design; D006804:Ergonomics; D006801:Humans; D016347:Medical Records Systems, Computerized; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D012984:Software; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D014831:Voice