title: [The enhancing effect of electroporation and iontophoresis on the permeation of insulin through human skin].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the enhancing effect of electroporation and iontophoresis on the permeation of insulin through human cadaver skin in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using side by side two-chamber diffusion cells, the flux of insulin achieved with iontophoresis and electrophoration were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The application of high-voltage pulse combined with iontophoresis resulted in higher flux transdermal permeation of insulin than either one technique alone (P < 0.05). Pulsing at a higher voltage increased the flux of insulin more dramatically than pulsing at a lower voltage (P < 0.01). The transdermal transport of insulin by 90 pulse of 500 V (exponential pulse generater, pulse time: 20-24 ms, pulse frequency: 3 pulse.min-1) followed by iontophoresis led to a quick input and a high steady flux.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Electroporation combined with iontophoresis can enhance the permeation of insulin significantly.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Hui-ying
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Jun-min
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Zheng
mesh_terms: D018274:Electroporation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007478:Iontophoresis / Q000379:methods*; D010539:Permeability; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*; D012869:Skin Absorption
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin