title: Cadmium stress studies: media development, enrichment, consortia analysis, and environmental relevance.
abstract: The effects of Cadmium (Cd) toxicity on bacterial consortia originating from an-aerobic sewage sludge and cultivated under differing enrichment conditions were studied. Cultures were enriched in minimal media developed specifically for Cd stress studies. At inoculation all Cd was soluble in free ion or chelated form. Electron donors and acceptors were varied to obtain each physiological enrichment type. Adaptation leading to higher levels of Cd resistance of the consortia over time was observed under all physiological conditions. Initial and increased Cd tolerances were consistently greatest in multiphysiological enrichments (MPH). Sulfate reducing (SRB), methanogenic (MET), and fermentative (FRM) enrichments had less tolerance however, the level of tolerance to the Cd varied from one inoculation to the next. The Cd remained soluble as free Cd in MPH and FRM conditions and was precipitated significantly in SRB and moderately in MET conditions. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified 16S rRNA of the SRB, MPH, and FRM enrichments were followed over time. The consortia underwent succession under all physiological conditions when compared with the profile of the inoculum. Microbial population diversity decreased as the consortia were subcultured. The effects of chelators in the MPH medium were also evaluated. The addition of chelators transiently decreased toxicity. Effects of MPH medium on the Cd sorption capacity of soil were evaluated. Microbial growth decreased the amount of Cd left in solution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Biological Systems Engineering, University of Idaho Moscow, ID, 83844-1052, USA.
authors.forename: Heather M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Knotek-Smith
authors.forename: Lee A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Deobald
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ederer
authors.forename: Don L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Crawford
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D002104:Cadmium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007709:Klebsiella / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D012329:RNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D002614:Chelating Agents; D003470:Culture Media; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D012329:RNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002104:Cadmium