title: Eye feature extraction for diagnosing the facial phenotype associated with fetal alcohol syndrome.
abstract: Victims of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) exhibit a unique facial phenotype that is emphasised in diagnosis. Among the characteristic facial features, several occurring in the region of the orbits can be evaluated quantitatively using distance measurements. An algorithm is described for automatic extraction and measurement of eye features from stereo photographs. The algorithm was applied to photographs of 46 six-seven-year-old children. The approach relies on peak and valley maps and integral projection functions, to locate the eyes and extract the iris, and genetic algorithms to fit cubic splines to the upper and lower eyelids. Measurements obtained automatically using this algorithm were compared with measurements obtained manually from the photographs. Mean absolute differences between automatic and manual measurements were less than 1 mm for palpebral fissure length (PFL) and interpupillary distance (IPD). Absolute differences were less than 1 mm for 80.4% of PFLs and 100% of IPDs. Inner canthal distance and outer canthal distance did not compare favourably with manual measurements.
authors.affiliation: MRC/UCT Medical Imaging Research Unit, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, South Africa. tdouglas@cormack.uct.ac.za
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Douglas
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Meintjes
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Vaughan
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Viljoen
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000886:Anthropometry / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D005123:Eye / Q000473:pathology*; D019066:Facies; D005260:Female; D063647:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D010641:Phenotype; D010780:Photogrammetry / Q000379:methods*; D011247:Pregnancy