title: Radiological examinations in the morpho-functional evaluation of the esophago-gastric junction in gastro-esophageal reflux disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of our paper is to define, on the basis of a long experience, the anatomical and radiological classification of the progressive phases of the axial intrathoracic migration of the esophago-gastric junction (EGJ), through a standardised radiological method that allows precise identification of the anatomical structures involved.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1981 to 2001, 1388 patients with gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) were examined by traditional contrast techniques that consisted in taking single contrast radiograms of the patients in different positions after administering a small high-density bolus of barium: with the patient standing up in frontal position, at rest, during forced inspiration, and during straining; standing up in a right front 30 degrees oblique position; and in prone position, in a right posterior 30 degrees oblique projection. On the basis of previous radiological and manometric studies aimed at verifying the diagnostic reliability of the radiological examination [8], the distance of the esophago-gastric junction from the esophageal hiatus was indirectly evaluated in an anterior-posterior projection, according to the criteria introduced by Monges [3]. The sling fibers, which form a radiologically detectable cut at the apex of the angle of His, are the lowest portion of the EGJ.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On the basis of the radiological findings, and in agreement with the radiological classifications reported in the literature, we evidenced five groups, with pathologically characteristic signs: - 1(st) group (63%) patients who in orthostatic position have an EGJ regularly placed within the abdomen (16%), and patients with the EGJ regularly placed within the abdomen, but with a small sliding intermittent hiatus hernia (47%); - 2(nd) group (13%) cardial tuberosity malposition; - 3(rd) group (7%) concentric hiatus hernia; - 4(th) group (8%) acquired short esophagus; - 5(th) group (9%) massive incarcerated gastric hiatus hernia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Traditional radiography, performed with an adequate technique and with the necessary expedients, allows for the correct interpretation of the anatomical disoder called GERD, and is therefore the first diagnostic approach in defining correct patient management.
authors.affiliation: Centro per lo Studio e la Terapia delle Malattie dell'Esofago, Dipartimento Clinico di Scienze Radiologiche ed Istopatologiche, Policlinico Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy. brusori@orsola-malpighi.med.unibo.it
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brusori
authors.forename: Sandro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mattioli
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bassi
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bnà
authors.forename: Massimo P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Di Simone
authors.forename: Maria Luisa
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Lugaresi
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: D'Ovidio
authors.forename: Giampaolo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gavelli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004943:Esophagogastric Junction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011187:Posture; D011859:Radiography