title: Hepatic resection in the United States: indications, outcomes, and hospital procedural volumes from a nationally representative database.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hepatic resection has become common in the United States for both primary and secondary hepatic tumors.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Variation in outcomes after hepatic resection is related to patient characteristics, the indication for operation, and hospital procedural volume.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational study using a nationally representative database.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample for 1996 and 1997 with a primary procedure code for hepatic resection (N = 2097).
  
  
  METHODS
  Outcomes included in-hospital mortality and length of stay. Risk-adjusted analyses were performed using hierarchical multivariate models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall mortality for the 2097 patients was 5.8%. The most common indications for hepatic resection were secondary metastases (52%), primary hepatic malignancy (16%), biliary tract malignancy (10%), and benign hepatic tumor (5%). High-volume hospitals had a mortality rate of 3.9% vs 7.6% at low-volume hospitals (P<.001). In the multivariate analysis adjusting for patient case-mix, high-volume hospitals had a 40% lower risk of in-hospital mortality compared with low-volume hospitals (odds ratio, 0.60; 95% confidence interval, 0.39-0.92; P =.02). Other predictors of mortality in the multivariate analysis included age older than 65 years, hepatic lobectomy (vs wedge resection), primary hepatic malignancy (vs metastases), and the severity of underlying liver disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hospital procedural volume is an important predictor of mortality after hepatic resection. Patients who require resection of primary and secondary liver tumors should be offered referral to a high-volume center.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, USA.
authors.forename: Justin B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Dimick
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cowan
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Knol
authors.forename: Gilbert R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Upchurch
mesh_terms: D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D006498:Hepatectomy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology