title: Breast-feeding and the prevalence of asthma and wheeze in children: analyses from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Asthma prevalence has increased dramatically in recent years, especially among children. Breast-feeding might protect children against asthma and related conditions (recurrent wheeze), and this protective effect might depend on the duration and exclusivity of the breast-feeding regimen.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to determine whether there is an association between breast-feeding and asthma, recurrent wheeze, or both in children up to 72 months of age and whether the duration and exclusivity of breast-feeding affect this association.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a nationally representative cross-sectional survey conducted from 1988 to 1994. We tested for significant associations between breast-feeding and physician-diagnosed asthma and recurrent wheeze (> or =3 episodes in the past 12 months) before and after adjusting for potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Crude analyses showed that breast-feeding was associated with significantly reduced risks for asthma and recurrent wheeze in children 2 to 71 months of age, but after adjusting for potential confounders, these overall protective associations attenuated and were no longer statistically significant. However, 2 new and important associations were revealed after adjusting for confounders: (1) compared with never breast-fed children, ever breast-fed children had significantly reduced odds of being diagnosed with asthma and of having recurrent wheeze before 24 months of age, and (2) among children 2 to 71 months of age who had been exposed to environmental tobacco smoke, those who had ever been breast-fed had significantly reduced risks of asthma and wheeze compared with those who had never been breast-fed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Breast-feeding might delay the onset of or actively protect children less than 24 months of age against asthma and recurrent wheeze. Breast-feeding might reduce the prevalence of asthma and recurrent wheeze in children exposed to environmental tobacco smoke.
authors.affiliation: Office of Clinical Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/NIH, PO Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
authors.forename: Patricia C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Chulada
authors.forename: Samuel J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Arbes
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dunson
authors.forename: Darryl C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Zeldin
mesh_terms: D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D012135:Respiratory Sounds / Q000209:etiology*; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution