title: High tidal volume ventilation induces NOS2 and impairs cAMP- dependent air space fluid clearance.
abstract: Tidal volume reduction during mechanical ventilation reduces mortality in patients with acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. To determine the mechanisms underlying the protective effect of low tidal volume ventilation, we studied the time course and reversibility of ventilator-induced changes in permeability and distal air space edema fluid clearance in a rat model of ventilator-induced lung injury. Anesthetized rats were ventilated with a high tidal volume (30 ml/kg) or with a high tidal volume followed by ventilation with a low tidal volume of 6 ml/kg. Endothelial and epithelial protein permeability were significantly increased after high tidal volume ventilation but returned to baseline levels when tidal volume was reduced. The basal distal air space fluid clearance (AFC) rate decreased by 43% (P < 0.05) after 1 h of high tidal volume but returned to the preventilation rate 2 h after tidal volume was reduced. Not all of the effects of high tidal volume ventilation were reversible. The cAMP-dependent AFC rate after 1 h of 30 ml/kg ventilation was significantly reduced and was not restored when tidal volume was reduced. High tidal volume ventilation also increased lung inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) expression and air space total nitrite at 3 h. Inhibition of NOS2 activity preserved cAMP-dependent AFC. Because air space edema fluid inactivates surfactant and reduces ventilated lung volume, the reduction of cAMP-dependent AFC by reactive nitrogen species may be an important mechanism of clinical ventilator-associated lung injury.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0130, USA. frankja@itsa.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: Jean-Francois
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Pittet
authors.forename: Hyon
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Micaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Godzich
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Matthay
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000418:Albumins / Q000378:metabolism; D000578:Amidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001596:Benzylamines / Q000494:pharmacology; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D009566:Nitrates / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D011312:Pressure; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000378:metabolism; D011654:Pulmonary Edema / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000502:physiology; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000201:enzymology*; D013990:Tidal Volume
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; D000578:Amidines; D001596:Benzylamines; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; C104820:N-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine; D009566:Nitrates; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496318:Nos2 protein, rat; D010100:Oxygen