title: A review of the function and biomechanics of the meniscofemoral ligaments.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to review current knowledge on the anatomy, biomechanics, and functions of the meniscofemoral ligaments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature review.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search of the literature spanning the past 2 centuries was performed. This revealed several anatomic and biomechanical studies, which were analyzed for the presence, incidence, function, and biomechanics of the meniscofemoral ligaments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An analysis of 16 anatomic studies revealed that from 1,022 cadaveric knees examined, 931 (91.1%) had at least 1 meniscofemoral ligament; an anterior meniscofemoral ligament was present in 390 (48.2%) of specimens, and a posterior meniscofemoral ligament was present in 569 (70.4%). The 2 ligaments coexisted in 257 knees (31.8%). This high incidence might imply a functional role for these structures. Early theories on the function of these ligaments focused on their role as secondary restraints supplementing the posterior cruciate ligament. More recent hypotheses have concentrated on a role in guiding the motion of the lateral meniscus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The contribution of the meniscofemoral ligaments in the prognosis and management of posterior cruciate ligament and meniscal injuries remains undetermined. An examination of the structure, properties, and function of the meniscofemoral ligaments reveals that more biomechanical and imaging research is required, together with clinical observations, on the consequences of rupture of these ligaments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College, London, England. chimgup@ic.ac.uk
authors.forename: Chinmay M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Gupte
authors.forename: Anthony M j
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bull
authors.forename: R DeW
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Andrew A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Amis
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008465:Mechanoreceptors / Q000502:physiology; D008592:Menisci, Tibial / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D016119:Posterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000502:physiology; D000070600:Tibial Meniscus Injuries