title: Determinants of postintensive care unit mortality: a prospective multicenter study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Six to 25 percent of patients discharged alive from the intensive care unit (ICU) die before hospital discharge. Although this post-ICU mortality may indicate premature discharge from a full ICU or suboptimal management in the ICU or ward, another factor may be discharge from the ICU as part of a decision to limit treatment of hopelessly ill patients. We investigated determinants of post-ICU mortality, with special attention to this factor.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, multicenter, database study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven ICUs in or near Paris, France.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1,385 patients who were discharged alive from an ICU after a stay of > or = 48 hrs; 150 (10.8%) died before hospital discharge. Decisions to withhold or withdraw life-sustaining treatments were implemented in the ICUs in 80 patients, including 47 (58.7%) who died before hospital discharge.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the univariate analysis, post-ICU mortality was associated with advanced age, poor chronic health status, severe comorbidities, severity and organ failure scores (Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, sepsis-related organ failure assessment, and Logistic Organ Dysfunction at admission and at ICU discharge), decisions to withhold or withdraw life-sustaining treatments, and Omega score (reflecting ICU resource utilization and length of ICU stay). Multivariate stepwise logistic regression identified five independent determinants of post-ICU mortality: McCabe class 1 (odds ratio, 0.388 [95% confidence interval, 0.26-0.58]), transfer from a ward (odds ratio, 1.89 [95% confidence interval, 1.27-2.80]), Simplified Acute Physiology Score II score at admission >36 (odds ratio, 1.57 [95% confidence interval, 1.6-2.33]), decisions to withhold or withdraw life-sustaining treatments (odds ratio, 9.64 [95% confidence interval, 5.75-16.6]), and worse sepsis-related organ failure assessment score at discharge (odds ratio, 1.11 [95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.18] per point).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More than 10% of ICU survivors died before hospital discharge. Determinants of post-ICU mortality included variables reflecting patient status before and during the ICU stay. However, the most powerful predictor of post-ICU mortality was the decision to withhold or withdraw life-sustaining treatments in the ICU, suggesting that the decision has been made not to use the unique services of the ICU for these patients.
authors.affiliation: Medical ICU, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Elie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Azoulay
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Adrie
authors.forename: Arnaud
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Lassence
authors.forename: Frederic
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pochard
authors.forename: Delphine
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Moreau
authors.forename: Guillaume
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Thiery
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cheval
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moine
authors.forename: Maïté
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Garrouste-Orgeas
authors.forename: Corinne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alberti
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Timsit
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease / Q000401:mortality*; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies