title: Effects of local all-trans-retinoic acid delivery on experimental atherosclerosis in the rabbit carotid artery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Retinoids regulate a variety of biological processes and play an important role in cell differentiation and proliferation. All-trans retinoid acid (atRA) is known to inhibit smooth muscle cell growth and thus is supposed to have favorable effects on the incidence of restenosis after percutaneous coronary interventions. The broad biological spectrum, however, leads to numerous severe side effects which limit the clinical use of a systemic application of atRA. In order to avoid systemic side effects, local delivery of atRA is preferable. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of atRA on the response to injury in a second-injury model of experimental balloon angioplasty.
  
  
  METHODS
  After induction of a fibromuscular plaque in the right carotid artery of 40 New Zealand rabbits, 35 animals underwent balloon angioplasty of the preformed plaque formation. Subsequent local atRA delivery (10 ml, 10 microM) with the double-balloon catheter was performed in 15 animals. Five animals received vehicle only as sham controls, and five animals were solely electrostimulated, 15 animals served as control group with balloon angioplasty only. Vessels were excised 7 days (n=15) and 28 days (n=30) after intervention. Immunocytochemistry with antibodies against smooth muscle alpha-actin and myosin, bromodeoxyuridine, macrophages, collagen I and III and von Willebrand factor was performed. Quantitative analysis was done by computerized morphometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After local atRA delivery in vivo, the extent of stenosis was markedly reduced with 21.7+/-8.3% (mean+/-S.D.) 4 weeks after intervention compared to 31.8+/-13.4% in balloon-dilated animals (P=0.0937). Both a reduced early neointimal proliferation (P=0.0002) and an increase in overall vessel diameter (4 weeks after intervention, P=0.0264) contributed to a limitation of restenosis in atRA-treated animals. Immunocytochemistry revealed a more intense alpha-actin staining pattern after local atRA therapy indicating redifferentiating effects of atRA on vascular smooth muscle cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Local delivery of atRA led to limitation of restenosis formation in this animal model. The concept of a local atRA therapy might be a promising way to exploit the potential of atRA for vascular indications while minimizing the severe side effects of systemic retinoid therapy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Tuebingen, Otfried-Mueller-Str. 10, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany. christian.herdeg@med.uni-tuebingen.de
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Herdeg
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oberhoff
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baumbach
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schroeder
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leitritz
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blattner
authors.forename: Dorothea I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Siegel-Axel
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Meisner
authors.forename: Karl R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Karsch
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D000287:Administration, Topical; D000800:Angioplasty, Balloon; D000818:Animals; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D009218:Myosins / Q000378:metabolism; D011817:Rabbits; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D014212:Tretinoin; D003094:Collagen; D009218:Myosins