title: Loss of imprinting of IGF2 and H19 in osteosarcoma is accompanied by reciprocal methylation changes of a CTCF-binding site.
abstract: The adjacent insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) and H19 genes are imprinted in most normal human tissues, but imprinting is often lost in tumors. The mechanisms involved in maintenance of imprinting (MOI) and loss of imprinting (LOI) are unresolved. We show here that osteosarcoma (OS) tumors with IGF2/H19 MOI exhibit allele-specific differential methylation of a CTCF-binding site upstream of H19. LOI of IGF2 or H19 in OS occurs in a mutually exclusive manner, and occurs with monoallelic expression of the other gene. Bisulfite sequencing reveals IGF2 LOI occurs with biallelic CpG methylation of the CTCF-binding site, while H19 LOI occurs with biallelic hypomethylation of this site. Our data demonstrate that IGF2 LOI and H19 LOI are accompanied by reciprocal methylation changes at a critical CTCF-binding site. We propose a model in which incomplete gain or loss of methylation at this CTCF-binding site during tumorigenesis explains the complex and often conflicting expression patterns of IGF2 and H19 in tumors.
authors.affiliation: Medical Service, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
authors.forename: Gary A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Ulaner
authors.forename: Thanh H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Vu
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Ji-Fan
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Xiao-Ming
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Youwen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gorlick
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Meyers
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Healey
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ladanyi
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Hoffman
mesh_terms: D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D000076246:CCCTC-Binding Factor; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018392:Genomic Imprinting; D006801:Humans; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II / Q000235:genetics*; D012516:Osteosarcoma / Q000235:genetics*; D062085:RNA, Long Noncoding; D022661:RNA, Untranslated / Q000235:genetics*; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000076246:CCCTC-Binding Factor; C000619697:CTCF protein, human; C456540:CTCFL protein, human; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C094335:H19 long non-coding RNA; D062085:RNA, Long Noncoding; D022661:RNA, Untranslated; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II