title: Hydrops fetalis secondary to parvovirus B19 infections.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fetal infection by human parvovirus B19 is a common cause of fetal anemia, nonimmune hydrops fetalis, and spontaneous abortion and can result in fetal death. Recent improvements in diagnosing parvovirus infections and the availability of intrauterine transfusion have reduced the overall rate of fetal loss after maternal exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report two cases of maternal parvovirus infection with classic findings of hydrops fetalis and review various aspects of parvovirus infection with emphasis on the developing management options in pregnancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Different management led to different results. In the first case there was normal neonatal and infantile development, and in the second case, the fetus died. With accurate laboratory testing, obstetric sonography, and fetal transfusion, the fetal mortality from parvovirus infection has been reduced considerably, and most pregnancies complicated by maternal parvovirus infection result in healthy outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, The Reading Hospital and Medical Center, Reading, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Thomas C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Raff
authors.forename: Nabil S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Muallem
authors.forename: A George
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Neubert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death; D006801:Humans; D015160:Hydrops Fetalis / Q000209:etiology*; D010322:Parvoviridae Infections / Q000150:complications*; D016732:Parvovirus B19, Human; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome