title: Development of generalized disease at 2 years in patients with ocular myasthenia gravis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Generalized myasthenia gravis will develop in more than 50% of patients who present with ocular myasthenia gravis, typically within 2 years. The optimal treatment of ocular myasthenia gravis, including the use of corticosteroids, remains controversial. In addition, the prevalence of thymoma and the optimal performance of the edrophonium chloride test for ocular myasthenia remain unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effect of oral corticosteroid therapy on the frequency of development of generalized myasthenia gravis within 2 years, the incidence of thymoma, and the amount of edrophonium needed for a positive test result in patients with ocular myasthenia gravis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed an ocular myasthenia gravis database of 147 patients. Patients underwent measurement of acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody levels and chest computed tomography. Unless contraindicated, patients with diplopia were recommended for therapy with prednisone, up to 40 to 60 mg/d, with the dosage tapered for 5 to 6 weeks. Most continued to receive daily or alternate-day doses of 2.5 to 10 mg to prevent diplopia. Patients not given prednisone (untreated group) received pyridostigmine bromide or no medication. After the diagnosis, we documented the signs and symptoms of ocular and generalized myasthenia gravis and performed 2-year follow-up in 94 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean dose of edrophonium chloride to give a positive response was 3.3 mg (SD, 1.6 mg) for ptosis and 2.6 mg (SD, 1.1 mg) for ocular motor dysfunction. Thymoma occurred in 1 patient (0.7%). Generalized myasthenia gravis developed within 2 years in 4 of 58 treated and 13 of 36 untreated patients. The odds ratio (OR) for development of generalized disease in the treated group was 0.13 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.04-0.45) compared with the untreated group. The AChR antibody level was not predictive of development of generalized myasthenia gravis at 2 years, but the risk was greater in patients with abnormal AChR antibody levels (OR, 6.33; 95% CI, 1.71-23.42). Logistic regression that included age, abnormal AChR antibody level, and prednisone therapy yielded significance only for abnormal AChR antibody level (OR, 7.03; 95% CI, 1.35-36.64) and treatment (OR, 0.06; 95% CI, 0.01-0.30).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At 2 years, prednisone treatment appears to reduce the incidence of generalized myasthenia gravis to 7% in contrast to 36% of patients who did not receive prednisone. Thymoma, although uncommon, occurs in ocular myasthenia gravis. Only small amounts of edrophonium are needed to diagnose ocular myasthenia gravis.
authors.affiliation: Neuro-ophthalmology, Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Beth Israel Medical Center, 170 East End Ave, New York, NY 10128, USA.
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kupersmith
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Latkany
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Homel
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000906:Antibodies / Q000032:analysis; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018450:Disease Progression; D004491:Edrophonium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009157:Myasthenia Gravis / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011241:Prednisone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011950:Receptors, Cholinergic / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013945:Thymoma / Q000209:etiology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000906:Antibodies; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D011950:Receptors, Cholinergic; D004491:Edrophonium; D011241:Prednisone