title: Urinary mineral excretion in healthy Iranian children.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine normal reference values for urinary calcium/creatinine (Ca/Cr), phosphate/creatinine (P/Cr), magnesium/creatinine (Mg/Cr), sodium/creatinine (Na/Cr), potassium/creatinine (K/Cr), sodium/potassium (Na/K), calcium/sodium (Ca/Na), and uric acid/creatinine ratios in healthy Iranian children. Nine hundred and ninety children (515 boys, 475 girls) aged 1 month to 14 years were studied. Two non-fasting random urine specimens (1 week apart) from each subject and 24-h urine collections from 114 children were analyzed for Ca, P, Mg, uric acid, Na, K, and Cr. Urinary Ca/Cr, P/Cr, Mg/Cr, Na/Cr, K/Cr, Na/K, Ca/Na, and uric acid/creatinine ratios were determined from each sample. Non-fasting Ca/Cr, P/Cr, Na/Cr, K/Cr, Na/K, Ca/Na, and uric acid/creatinine ratios were not significantly different between the sexes (P>0.05). Urinary Mg/Cr ratios were higher in girls than boys (P<0.001). No significant relationships were found between urinary Ca/Cr and urinary Na/Cr, urinary Ca/Cr and urinary Na/K, and urinary Ca/Cr and urinary Ca/Na (P>0.05). The P/Cr values showed a gradual decrease with age (from mean+/-SD 0.962+/-0.172 mg/mg at 1 month of life to 0.318+/-0.124 mg/mg at 14 years) (P<0.05). The Ca/Cr ratio was highest between 6 months and 3 years (mean+/-SD=0.047+/-0.041 mg/mg). Following a moderate decrease it stabilized by the age of 7 years (mean+/-SD=0.038+/-0.044 mg/mg). Urinary ratios of Mg/Cr were significantly higher in children under 10 years (mean+/-SD=0.042+/-0.015 mg/mg) compared with the 11- to 14-year age group (mean+/-SD=0.031+/-0.001 mg/mg) (P<0.05). The uric acid/creatinine ratios decreased from 0.060+/-0.077 mg/mg in those less than 7 years to 0.041+/-0.033 in the 11- to 14-year group. Urinary Na/Cr ratios were significantly lower in younger age groups compared with the older age group (P<0.05). Urinary K/Cr ratio was highest in younger children, and then steadily decreased with age. There was no correlation between 24-h urinary Ca and Na excretion. The mean Ca/Na ratios significantly decreased with advancing age (P<0.05). The solute/creatinine ratios in the non-fasting urine samples correlated well with the 24-h solute excretion. We provide reference values for urinary Ca/Cr, P/Cr, Mg/Cr, Na/K, K/Cr, and uric acid/creatinine ratios in normal Iranian children. A child's age and ethnicity should be taken into consideration when assessing the urinary solute/creatinine ratios.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Military University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. mersa_mum@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Mohammad R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Safarinejad
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002118:Calcium / Q000652:urine; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007492:Iran; D008274:Magnesium / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008903:Minerals / Q000652:urine*; D010710:Phosphates / Q000652:urine; D011188:Potassium / Q000652:urine; D012016:Reference Values; D012964:Sodium / Q000652:urine; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D008903:Minerals; D010710:Phosphates; D014527:Uric Acid; D012964:Sodium; D003404:Creatinine; D008274:Magnesium; D011188:Potassium; D002118:Calcium