title: Tropicamide effects on pupil size and pupillary light reflexes in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.
abstract: Diagnostic tests for Alzheimer's disease (AD) involving tropicamide blockade of cholinergic oculomotor functions were examined in AD patients (n=15), Parkinson's disease (PD) patients (n=15), and non-clinical control (NC) participants (n=15). Pupillographic methods were used to measure pupil diameter and pupillary light reflexes after double-blind ocular administration of dilute tropicamide (0.01%) in one eye and saline in the other eye. Changes in pupil size were measured in bright background light and near-darkness. Tropicamide increased pupil diameter to a similar extent in all three groups in light and darkness. Tropicamide also reduced the amplitude and latency of the pupillary light reflex to a similar extent for all three groups. Tropicamide pupillary response tests, therefore, were not sensitive or specific diagnostic tests for AD. Peak constriction amplitude of the pupillary light reflex was significantly reduced in both eyes in AD and PD groups relative to non-clinical controls, but AD and PD groups did not differ significantly. The pupillary light reflex test, therefore, was sensitive to AD, but lacked adequate specificity. Finally, peak constriction amplitude correlated significantly with dementia severity and donepezil treatment may have partially normalized pupillary light reflex abnormalities in AD patients. The pupillary light reflex test, therefore, may index central cholinergic dysfunction associated with disease progression and improvement in cholinergic function associated with pharmacologic treatment response in AD.
authors.affiliation: VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, USA. egranholm@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Granholm
authors.forename: Shaunna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Galasko
authors.forename: Clifford
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shults
authors.forename: Erin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vukov
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D008297:Male; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011680:Pupil / Q000187:drug effects*; D012025:Reflex, Pupillary / Q000187:drug effects*; D014331:Tropicamide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D014331:Tropicamide