title: Cartilage-like gene expression in differentiated human stem cell spheroids: a comparison of bone marrow-derived and adipose tissue-derived stromal cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the chondrogenic potential of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) and adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (ATSC), because the availability of an unlimited cell source replacing human chondrocytes could be strongly beneficial for cell therapy, tissue engineering, in vitro drug screening, and development of new therapeutic options to enhance the regenerative capacity of human cartilage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Quantitative gene expression of common cartilage and cell interaction molecules was analyzed using complementary DNA array technology and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction during optimization of cell differentiation, in order to achieve a molecular phenotype similar to that of chondrocytes in cartilage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The multilineage potential of BMSC and ATSC was similar according to cell morphology and histology, but minor differences in marker gene expression occurred in diverse differentiation pathways. Although chondrogenic differentiation of BMSC and ATSC was indistinguishable in monolayer and remained partial, only BMSC responded (with improved chondrogenesis) to a shift to high-density 3-dimensional cell culture, and reached a gene expression profile highly homologous to that of osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypertrophy of chondrocytes and high matrix-remodeling activity in differentiated BMSC spheroids and in OA cartilage may be the basis for the strong similarities in gene expression profiles between these samples. Differentiated stem cell spheroids represent an attractive tool for use in drug development and identification of drug targets in OA cartilage-like tissue outside the human body. However, optimization of differentiation protocols to achieve the phenotype of healthy chondrocytes is desired for cell therapy and tissue engineering approaches.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Hospital/University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Winter
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Breit
authors.forename: Dominik
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Parsch
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Benz
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Steck
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hauner
authors.forename: Renate M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ewerbeck
authors.forename: Wiltrud
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Richter
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D002356:Cartilage / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D039902:Multipotent Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D018874:Spheroids, Cellular / Q000502:physiology; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers