title: Genotype-environment interactions in pollen competitive ability in an anemophilous tree, Betula pendula Roth.
abstract: This study describes genotype-environment interactions in pollen competitive ability expressed as pollen-tube growth rate and seed-siring success in Betula pendula Roth. A factorial crossing design was applied using the same maternal and paternal clones in two different environmental conditions, in a B. pendula seed orchard established in a greenhouse and at an outdoor clone collection. Both single donor and two-donor pollinations were employed. Female inflorescences were collected after a fixed time of germination, pollen-tube lengths were measured for each cross, and paternity of the seeds sired by two-donor pollen mixtures was analyzed using isozyme markers. The pollination site had a significant influence on pollen-tube growth rate and seed-siring success. Significant interactions between pollination site and pollen donor indicated genotype-environment interactions in pollen-tube growth rate and seed-siring success. A highly significant positive correlation between pollen-tube growth rate and seed-siring success was found in the greenhouse but not at the outdoor clone collection. These results suggest that the pollen-tube growth rate can be a predictor of seed-siring success in controlled greenhouse conditions, where differences among maternal plants are mainly of genetic origin, but not in more heterogeneous outdoor conditions. In natural birch stands, environmental maternal effects probably diminish the significance of pollen competition for sexual selection in Betula pendula. At seed orchards, the effects of environmental conditions on pollen competitive ability can have important consequences for the genetic composition of the seed crop.
authors.affiliation: University of Helsinki, Department of Applied Biology, P.O. Box 27, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland, hanna.pasonen@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: H.-L.
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Pasonen
authors.forename: P.
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pulkkinen
authors.forename: K.
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kärkkäinen