title: A novel subclass of thalidomide analogue with anti-solid tumor activity in which caspase-dependent apoptosis is associated with altered expression of bcl-2 family proteins.
abstract: Thalidomide is clinically useful in a number of cancers. Antitumor activity may be related to a number of known properties, including anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and T-cell costimulatory and antiangiogenic activities. However, it may also involve direct antitumor effects. A series of second generation thalidomide analogues have been separated into two distinct groups of compounds, each with enhanced therapeutic potential, i.e., SelCIDs, which are phosphodiesterase (PDE) type IV inhibitors, and IMiDs, which have unknown mechanism(s) of action. We report here our efforts to determine direct antitumor effects of thalidomide and compounds from both groups. We found that one of the SelCID analogues (SelCID-3) was consistently effective at reducing tumor cell viability in a variety of solid tumor lines but had no effect on non-neoplastic cells. The antitumor activity was independent of known PDE4 inhibitory activity and did not involve cAMP elevation. Growth arrest was preceded by the early induction of G(2)-M cell cycle arrest, which led to caspase 3 mediated apoptosis. This was associated with increased expression of pro-apoptotic proteins and decreased expression of antiapoptotic bcl-2. Furthermore, extensive apoptosis in vivo was detected during SelCID-3-mediated inhibition of tumor growth in a murine xenotransplantation cancer model. Our results suggest that SelCID-3 represents a novel antitumor agent distinct from thalidomide and from previously characterized analogues with therapeutic potential against a range of solid tumors. This effect appears to be mediated via alterations in the expression of bcl-2 family proteins.
authors.affiliation: Division of Oncology, St. George's Hospital Medical School, Tooting, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom. jmarriot@sghms.ac.uk
authors.forename: J Blake
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Marriott
authors.forename: Ian A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Czajka
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dredge
authors.forename: Kay
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Childs
authors.forename: Hon-Wah
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Man
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schafer
authors.forename: Sowmya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Govinda
authors.forename: George W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Muller
authors.forename: David I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Stirling
authors.forename: Angus G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Dalgleish
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D053148:Caspase 3; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000502:physiology; D013792:Thalidomide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays; D050998:bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C494772:BAK1 protein, human; C494773:Bak1 protein, mouse; C494827:Bax protein, mouse; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; C471702:SelCID-3; D050998:bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D013792:Thalidomide; D000242:Cyclic AMP; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; C505409:Casp3 protein, mouse; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases