title: Screening for bipolar disorder in the community.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Our goal was to estimate the rate of positive screens for bipolar I and bipolar II disorders in the general population of the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ), a validated screening instrument for bipolar I and II disorders, was sent to a sample of 127,800 people selected to represent the U.S. adult population by demographic variables. 85,358 subjects (66.8% response rate) that were 18 years of age or above returned the survey and had usable data. Of the nonrespondents, 3404 subjects matched demographically to the 2000 U.S. Census data completed a telephone interview to estimate nonresponse bias.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall positive screen rate for bipolar I and II disorders, weighted to match the 2000 U.S. Census demographics, was 3.4%. When adjusted for the nonresponse bias, the rate rose to 3.7%. Only 19.8% of the individuals with positive screens for bipolar I or II disorders reported that they had previously received a diagnosis of bipolar disorder from a physician, whereas 31.2% reported receiving a diagnosis of unipolar depression. An additional 49.0% reported receiving no diagnosis of either bipolar disorder or unipolar depression. Positive screens were more frequent in young adults and low income households. The rates of migraine, allergies, asthma, and alcohol and drug abuse were substantially higher among those with positive screens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The positive MDQ screen rate of 3.7% suggests that nearly 4% of American adults may suffer from bipolar I and II disorders. Young adults and individuals with lower income are at greater risk for this largely underdiagnosed disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, 77555-188, USA. rohirsch@utmb.edu
authors.forename: Robert M A
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hirschfeld
authors.forename: Joseph R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Calabrese
authors.forename: Myrna M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Weissman
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: Marilyn A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Frye
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Keck
authors.forename: Lydia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Susan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: McElroy
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: McNulty
authors.forename: Karen D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Wagner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019352:Censuses; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011203:Poverty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology