title: Genomic organization and promoter characterization of the murine dopamine receptor regulating factor (DRRF) gene.
abstract: To study the transcriptional mechanisms by which expression of the dopamine receptor regulating factor (DRRF) gene is regulated, a murine genomic clone was isolated using a DRRF cDNA as probe. A 24 kb genomic fragment which comprises 13 kb upstream of the transcription initiation site was sequenced. The promoter region lacks a TATA box and CAAT box, is rich in G+C content, and has multiple putative binding sites for the transcription factor Sp1. The DRRF gene also has consensus sequences for AP1 and AP2 binding sites. The transcriptional activity of five deletion mutants of a 1.5 kb fragment was analyzed by modulating transcription of the heterologous chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene in the promoterless plasmid pCAT-Basic. All mutants showed significant transcriptional activity in the murine neuroblastoma cell line NB41A3, except the construct stretching from -901 to +17. These transient expression assays suggested the presence of positive regulators between -1153 and -901 and between -118 and -93 while a negative regulator was found in the region between -901 and -118. Comparison among cell types revealed strong transcriptional activity of the DRRF promoter in neuronal NB41A3 cells and moderate activity in hepatic HepG2 and renal OK cells, but none in skeletal muscle C2C12 or glial C6 cells. These findings confirm the tissue-specific activity of the DRRF promoter and suggest that this gene shares structural and functional similarities with the dopamine receptor genes that it regulates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Silla University, San 1-1, Kwaebop-dong, Sasang-gu, 617-736, Busan, South Korea. slee@silla.ac.kr
authors.forename: Sang-Hyeon
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Yong-Man
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Shunsuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yajima
authors.forename: Jong-Myung
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.forename: Bae Jin
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.forename: Ok Soo
authors.initials: OS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Kanju
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohsawa
authors.forename: M Maral
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Mouradian
mesh_terms: D024506:5' Flanking Region / Q000235:genetics; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D005796:Genes / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D024363:Transcription Initiation Site; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D016335:Zinc Fingers / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C431279:KLF16 protein, human; C486609:Klf16 protein, mouse; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D004247:DNA; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase