title: Effects of polyether-modified poly(acrylic acid) microgels on doxorubicin transport in human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cell layers.
abstract: Novel microgels composed of cross-linked copolymers of poly(acrylic acid) and Pluronics were evaluated as possible permeation enhancers for doxorubicin transport using Caco-2 cell monolayers as a gastrointestinal model. Pluronic, triblock copolymers of ethylene oxide (EO) and propylene oxide (PO), were chosen to represent the most hydrophobic (Pluronic L61 and L92 with average compositions of EO(3)PO(30)EO(3) and EO(8)PO(52)EO(8), respectively) and the relatively hydrophilic (Pluronic F127 with average formula EO(99)PO(67)EO(99)) extremes of this class of block copolymers. The weight ratio of Pluronic to poly(acrylic acid) in the microgels was set at 45:55. By inhibiting the P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated doxorubicin efflux from the cells and enhancing the passive influx, the microgels were shown to enhance the overall cell absorption of doxorubicin. The enhancement effect was more pronounced than with a known penetration enhancer, Pluronic L61, and was comparable to that of Pluronic L92. Microgels exhibited synergism of the doxorubicin transport enhancement with Verapamil, a known inhibitor of the P-gp. The effects of the microgels were studied using the hydrophilic marker ([14C]mannitol) test and the MTT assay. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) studies demonstrated that the microgels decreased TEER to about 80% of initial values, but these minor effects were fully reversible, indicating viability of the cells after incubation with microgels. No significant enhancement of [14C]mannitol transport by microgels was observed, relative to Carbopol 934NF (control polymer). Cytotoxicity studies confirmed that the transport-enhancing properties of the microgels were not due to damage of the Caco-2 cell monolayers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Room 66-325, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. cpbrolev@mit.edu
authors.forename: Lev
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bromberg
authors.forename: Valery
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Alakhov
mesh_terms: D018435:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B / Q000378:metabolism; D000180:Acrylic Resins / Q000737:chemistry*; D000465:Algorithms; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism*; D001693:Biological Transport, Active; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003124:Colorimetry; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism*; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D004848:Epithelium / Q000378:metabolism; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005782:Gels; D006801:Humans; D008353:Mannitol / Q000378:metabolism; D010539:Permeability; D020442:Poloxamer / Q000737:chemistry*; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D019108:Tight Junctions / Q000187:drug effects; D014700:Verapamil / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D018435:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B; D000180:Acrylic Resins; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D005782:Gels; D020442:Poloxamer; D008353:Mannitol; C006903:carbopol 940; D004317:Doxorubicin; D014700:Verapamil