title: The effect of locomotor training combined with functional electrical stimulation in chronic spinal cord injured subjects: walking and reflex studies.
abstract: With the new developments in traumatology medicine, the majority of spinal cord injuries sustained are clinically incomplete and the proportion is likely to continue to rise. Thus, it is necessary to continue to develop new treatment and rehabilitation strategies and understand the factors that can enhance recovery of walking following spinal cord injury (SCI). One new development is the use of functional electrical stimulation (FES) device to assist locomotion. The objective of this review is to present findings from some recent studies on the effect of long-term locomotor training with FES in subjects with SCI. Promising results are shown in all outcome measures of walking, such as functional mobility, speed, spatio-temporal parameters, and the physiological cost of walking. Furthermore, the change in the walking behavior could be associated with plasticity in the CNS organization, as seen by the modification of the stretch reflex and changes in the corticospinal projection to muscles of the lower leg. In conclusion, recovery of walking is an increasing possibility for a large number of people with SCI. New modalities of treatment have become available for this population but most still need to be evaluated for their efficacy. This review has focused on FES assisted walking as a therapeutic modality in subjects with chronic SCI, but it is envisaged that the care and recovery of SCI in the early phase of recovery could also be improved.
authors.affiliation: School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, 3630 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Montreal, QC, Canada H3G 1Y5. hugues.barbeau@mcgill.ca
authors.forename: Hugues
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Barbeau
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ladouceur
authors.forename: Mehdi M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Mirbagheri
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Kearney
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D008124:Locomotion / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology*; D012026:Reflex, Stretch / Q000502:physiology; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*