title: The prevalence and severity of coronary artery calcification on coronary artery computed tomography in black and white subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We studied the relationship between coronary artery calcium (CAC) and race in asymptomatic, active-duty personnel in the Prospective Army Coronary Calcium (PACC) project.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Valid cardiovascular risk assessments in black Americans using coronary artery computed tomography (coronary CT) require the generalizability of population-based CAC score distributions derived from primarily white patient populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Among 1,000 consecutive participants (mean age, 42 +/- 2 years; range, 40 to 45 years), 999 participants underwent coronary CT and indicated a specific racial affiliation. This included white, non-Hispanic in 699 (69.9%) participants and black, non-Hispanic in 194 (19.4%) participants. Univariate associations between race and cardiovascular risk variables were entered into a logistic regression model for CAC that also controlled for socioeconomic status and education.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Coronary artery calcium was nearly twice as prevalent in white (19.2%) than in black participants (10.3%) (p = 0.004). Black individuals had a threefold greater prevalence of hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, ST-T-wave abnormalities, and current cigarette smoking. Black subjects also had significantly greater blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, glycosylated hemoglobin, lipoprotein(a) and fibrinogen levels, and lower triglyceride levels and waist girth than white subjects. After adjustment for these differences, and socioeconomic adjusters, black individuals were 39% as likely to have any CAC present (odds ratio, 0.39; 95% confidence interval, 0.20 to 0.78; p = 0.007).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite a worse cardiovascular risk profile, black Americans have significantly less CAC than white Americans. The use of coronary CT as an accurate risk prediction tool in black Americans will require ethnic-specific data on the presence and severity of CAC.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC 20307, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Patrick G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: O'Malley
authors.forename: Irwin
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Feuerstein
authors.forename: Allen J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044383:Black People; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology*; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D044465:White People; D001741:Black or African American