title: Tibial plafond fractures. How do these ankles function over time?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The intermediate outcome of fractures of the tibial plafond treated with current techniques has not been reported, to our knowledge. The purpose of this study, performed at a minimum of five years after injury, was to determine the effect of these fractures on ankle function, pain, and general health status and to determine which factors predict favorable and unfavorable outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-six ankles (fifty-two patients) with a tibial plafond fracture were treated with a uniform technique consisting of application of a monolateral hinged transarticular external fixator coupled with screw fixation of the articular surface. Thirty-one patients with thirty-five involved ankles returned between five and twelve years after the injury for a physical examination, assessment of ankle pain and function with the Iowa Ankle Score and Ankle Osteoarthritis Scale, assessment of general health status with the Short Form-36 (SF-36), and radiographic examination of the ankle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Arthrodesis had been performed on five of the forty ankles for which the outcome was known at a minimum of five years after the injury. Other than removal of prominent screws (two patients), no other surgical procedure had been performed on any patient. The average Iowa Ankle Score was 78 points (range, 28 to 96 points). The scores on the SF-36 and Ankle Osteoarthritis Scale demonstrated a long-term negative effect of the injury on general health and on ankle pain and function when compared with those parameters in age-matched controls. The degree of osteoarthrosis was grade 0 in three ankles, grade 1 in six, grade 2 in twenty, and grade 3 in six. The majority of patients had some limitation with regard to recreational activities, with an inability to run being the most common complaint (twenty-seven of the thirty-one patients). Fourteen patients changed jobs because of the ankle injury. Fifteen ankles were rated by the patient as excellent; ten, as good; seven, as fair; and one, as poor. Nine patients with previously recorded ankle scores had better scores after the longer follow-up interval. The patients perceived that their condition had improved for an average of 2.4 years after the injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although tibial plafond fractures have an intermediate-term negative effect on ankle function and pain and on general health, few patients require secondary reconstructive procedures and symptoms tend to decrease for a long time after healing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242, USA. j-marsh@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: J Lawrence
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Marsh
authors.forename: Dennis P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Weigel
authors.forename: Douglas R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Dirschl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000534:rehabilitation* / Q000628:therapy*; D001174:Arthrodesis / Q000379:methods; D016267:External Fixators; D005260:Female; D005592:Fracture Fixation / Q000379:methods* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology; D011859:Radiography; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013978:Tibial Fractures / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000534:rehabilitation* / Q000628:therapy*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome