title: Combined treatment, TACE and RF ablation, in HCC: preliminary results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a combination of percutaneous radiofrequency thermal ablation (RF), stop-flow and transcatheter arterial chemo-embolisation (TACE) in the treatment of hepatic neoplasms.
  
  
  METHODS
  From December 1997 to September 2000, 34 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) underwent radiofrequency thermoablation treatment. The choice of method was based on the type of lesion (HCC vs metastasis) and the following dimensional criteria: 1. RF without stop-flow associated with the injection of diagnostic Lipiodol in the case of a single nodule with a maximum diameter smaller than 3 cm; 2. RF with stop-flow of the hepatic artery associated with TACE in the case of a single nodule with a diameter greater than 3 cm; 3. RF with stop-flow of the hepatic artery associated with TACE in the case of 2-3 nodules, a subdivision was made into 2 groups according to the volume: smaller or greater than 80 ml.
  
  
  RESULTS
  10 out of 34 patients affected by HCC with a diameter smaller than 3cm, treated only with RF, demonstrated 100% necrosis in the follow-up period, which varied between 6 and 24 months (average 10 months). The remaining 24 patients affected by HCC and treated with RF associated with stop-flow and TACE showed responses related to the volume of the tumour: 1. patients with a single nodule with a diameter of 3-5 cm showed 100% necrosis; 2. patients affected by multifocal HCC with a maximum of 3 nodules and/or total tumour mass smaller than 80 ml, for a total of 9 lesions, showed 95% necrosis; 3. patients affected by multifocal HCC with more than 3 nodules (total mass less than 40% of liver volume) or tumour mass greater than 80ml, for a total of 13 lesions, showed 90% necrosis. In the group of patients affected by multiple nodules with volumes smaller than 80ml, the technique did not show complete effectiveness, thus these patients cannot be considered cured. Such aspects are even clearer in the more advanced stages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our case study, radiofrequency proved effective with lesions up to 3cm in diameter. By reducing thermal dispersion, the association of the stop-flow technique with radiofrequency ablation, determines a greater volume of necrosis, which allows effective treatment of single nodules with a diameter of up to 5cm and/or multiple nodules. The association with TACE: 1. provided a way to highlight and treat lesions not recognizable through other imaging techniques; 2. increased the accumulation of lipid contrast in the tissue surrounding the lesion and in the vessels not occluded by thermal ablation in the lesions with diameters greater than 3 cm; 3. enabled further treatment of tumour residue possibly left untouched by thermal ablation in large tumours; 4. increased the amount of Lipiodol accumulated in normal tissue surrounding the lesion, made evident through the comparison of the dimensions of the nodule's blush between angiography and Lipiodol CT.
authors.affiliation: U. O. di Radiologia, S. O di Radiologia Vascolare e Intervenzionistica, Azienda Ospedaliera Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy. gasparini.daniele@aoud.sanita.fvg.it
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gasparini
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sponza
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marzio
authors.forename: Romeo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zanardi
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bazzocchi
authors.forename: Yeliz
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cemal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods*; D016461:Chemoembolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged