title: Investigating the nasal cycle using endoscopy, rhinoresistometry, and acoustic rhinometry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cyclic congestion and decongestion in the two nasal cavities is seen in connection with the respiratory function of the nose. The turbulent behavior of nasal airflow is a prerequisite for adequate contact of inspired air particles with the mucosa. The aim of this study was to gain insight into this turbulent behavior of nasal airflow during the nasal cycle.
  
  
  METHODS
  The nasal cycle in 10 healthy human subjects was investigated using endoscopic imaging, rhinoresistometry, and acoustic rhinometry every 20 minutes over a time period of up to 15 hours. The following parameters were recorded for each nasal cavity: airflow resistance, hydraulic diameter, friction coefficient lambda as an indicator for the wall configuration triggering turbulence, transition from laminar to turbulent flow, and the minimal cross-sectional areas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In addition to the known cyclic change of flow resistance and nasal width, a periodic change in the turbulence behavior was observed. In the resting phase, mainly laminar flow was found. During the working phase, the onset of turbulence occurred already at low flow velocities. The increase of turbulence during the working phase is caused by the increase in cross-sectional area in the anterior cavum due to decongestion of the mucosa of the head of the inferior turbinate and the septal tuberculum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rhinoresistometry and acoustic rhinometry complement each other. The combination of the two methods provides insight into the functional changes during the nasal cycle and into nasal physiology in general. The authors therefore advocate a combination of the two methods for functional evaluation of the nasal airway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Walther-Rathenau-Strasse 43-45, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany. lang@uni-greifswald.de
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grützenmacher
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mlynski
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Plontke
authors.forename: Gunter
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mlynski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000403:Airway Resistance; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000502:physiology*; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000502:physiology; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation; D025363:Rhinomanometry; D023842:Rhinometry, Acoustic