title: Real-time analysis of tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression: a sensitive and semiquantitative marker for minimal residual disease detection of neuroblastoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to establish a sensitive and semiquantitative method for the detection of minimal residual disease of neuroblastoma, the most common solid tumor in childhood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis was performed on a molecular level by reverse transcription-PCR using a new, real-time detection method. We measured two genes simultaneously, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) as the target gene and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase as a reference gene, in blood and bone marrow samples at diagnosis and after follow-up from six patients with neuroblastoma, one patient with ganglioneuroma, and one patient with ganglioneuroblastoma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sensitivity of the assay was 1:10(6) peripheral WBCs. Four patients with stage IV neuroblastoma and one patient with stage III neuroblastoma were scored positive. The other stage III patient and the other two patients with ganglioneuroma and ganglioneuroblastoma followed by acute lymphoblastic leukemia, respectively, were scored negative. Control bone marrow aspirates were also negative. The TH assay is more sensitive than immunohistochemical detection, and the results of the TH assay corresponded with the results of MYCN amplification.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The described TH assay is specific, sensitive, and semiquantitative and can be used for the detection of neuroblastoma cell involvement in bone marrow and blood at diagnosis and during therapy. Furthermore, the TH assay is a possible prognostic marker for neuroblastoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Nijmegen, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Lambert H J
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Lambooy
authors.forename: Corrie E M
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Gidding
authors.forename: Lambert P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: van den Heuvel
authors.forename: Christina A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hulsbergen-van de Kaa
authors.forename: Marjolijn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ligtenberg
authors.forename: Jos P M
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Bökkerink
authors.forename: Ronney A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: De Abreu
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D017931:DNA Primers; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D016259:Genes, myc; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D018365:Neoplasm, Residual / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D017931:DNA Primers; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase