title: The Fibonacci sequence: relationship to the human hand.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The motion path of the digits follows the path of an equiangular spiral in which a constant angle is formed by all radial vectors along the curve. This implies that the lengths of the metacarpals, proximal, middle, and distal phalanges approximate a Fibonacci sequence in which the ratio of any 2 consecutive numbers approaches the number 1.61803 (phi). This study tested the hypothesis that the metacarpal and phalangeal bone lengths follow the Fibonacci relationship.
  
  
  METHODS
  Standardized x-rays were taken of the hands of 100 healthy volunteers. The proximal phalanx length was subtracted from the sum of the lengths of the middle and distal phalanges and the metacarpal length was subtracted from the sum of the lengths of the middle and proximal phalanges. Confidence intervals for the quotients of the measured lengths of the adjacent bones of the hand also were used for statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only 1 of 12 bone length ratios contained the ratio phi in the 95% confidence interval, that of the small finger metacarpal and proximal phalanx. The largest variability was seen in the small finger phalangeal relationships.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The application of the Fibonacci sequence to the anatomy of the human hand, although previously accepted, is a relationship that is not supported mathematically. The difference between individual bone lengths as measured at the joint line and the center of rotation of the joints may explain our finding.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Section of Hand and Elbow Surgery, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schmedders
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005384:Finger Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D006225:Hand / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D012399:Rotation