title: [Correlation between intrathecal opioids and gynecomastia -- a case report].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The intrathecal application of opioids is promoted as a safe and cost-efficient method to treat chronic pain of nonmalignant origin. But the way of application could trigger the appearance of otherwise rare side-effects. One of those side-effects could be the alteration of androgen hormones. Can a long-time-application of intrathecal opioids result in gynecomastia?
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-report of a 49 year old with chronic back and limb pain. Research for publications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The close link between the begin of intrathecal application of opioids and the onset of gynecomastia in this patient refers to a causal correlation. Historic publications and new findings from animal research are supporting our hypothesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further research is needed to support the clinical suspicion of a correlation between intrathecal opioids and gynecomastia. In case of a opioid-produced gynecomastia tests of the oestrogen-testosterone-ratio should be performed. An early substitution of testosterone could prevent a full fledged gynecomastia.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensiv- und Schmerztherapie, Berufsgenossenschaftliche Kliniken Bergmannsheil Bochum, Universitätsklinikum. hosbach@anaesthesia.de
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hosbach
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zenz
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006177:Gynecomastia / Q000139:chemically induced*; D006801:Humans; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid