title: Usefulness of pre-emptive peribulbar block in pediatric vitreoretinal surgery: a prospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vitreoretinal (VR) surgery with or without scleral buckling is associated with significant postoperative pain and emesis in adults, and recent studies have addressed the effect of retro or peribulbar block on these parameters. VR surgery in children has received little attention regarding the incidence of pain and emesis, and the role of regional anesthesia in modifying these parameters. In this study, we compared peribulbar block with conventional opioid analgesia in children undergoing VR surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective, randomized, single-blind study, 85 children (ages 6 to 13 years) were allocated to receive peribulbar block (n = 42) or intravenous meperidine 1 mg/kg (n = 43) after induction of general anesthesia. Parameters compared were: intraoperative incidence of oculocardiac reflex and requirement for additional analgesic; postoperative pain intensity; incidence of postoperative emesis; time to first analgesic, total number of postoperative analgesic supplements; and parental assessment of the child's postoperative comfort at 24 hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of intraoperative oculocardiac reflex was significantly less in the peribulbar group (P =.0001). Significantly more children receiving peribulbar block were pain free on awakening (P =.0004) and throughout the postoperative period. The number of children requiring opioid was significantly lower with peribulbar block (P =.008), and a significant number of children did not vomit throughout the postoperative period (P =.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Peribulbar block appears to be a safe and clinically superior alternative to intravenous opioid for pediatric VR surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. rajeshwarisubramaniam@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Rajeshwari
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Subramaniam
authors.forename: Subramanyam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Subbarayudu
authors.forename: Vimi
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rewari
authors.forename: Rajendra P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Rashmi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Madan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D000772:Anesthesia, Local; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002045:Bupivacaine; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008012:Lidocaine; D008297:Male; D008614:Meperidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000009:adverse effects; D013508:Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D020250:Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012024:Reflex, Oculocardiac / Q000187:drug effects; D012160:Retina / Q000601:surgery*; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine; D008614:Meperidine; D002045:Bupivacaine