title: Iatrogenic punctate chorioretinopathy after internal limiting membrane peeling.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define the chorioretinal lesions created unintentionally during grasping the internal limiting membrane (ILM) with end-gripping forceps.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interventional case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective review of a consecutive series of 15 patients (15 eyes) who underwent macular hole repair was performed. All patients underwent a three-port pars plana vitrectomy with ILM peeling. Fundus photographs, fluorescein angiography, and indocyanine green angiography were performed in all patients before and after surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all eyes, small punctate barely seen chorioretinal lesions in the macular region were detected after surgery. These punctate lesions corresponded to the area where ILM was grasped with forceps. The lesions ranged from 100 to 400 microm in diameter. Their number ranged between 8 and 15 (mean, 12.6). In the early phase of fluorescein angiography, the lesions appeared hypofluorescent; in the late phase, there was slight staining of the margin of the lesions extending from the adjacent choriocapillaris, causing indistinct borders. In the early phase of indocyanine green angiogram, the lesions were hypofluorescent and in some larger lesions choroidal vessels were visible due to the thinning and atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium and choriocapillaris. In the late phase, the homogenous hypofluorescent areas had well-delineated margins and were usually round or oval. This angiographic finding was independent of the age of the lesion, and neither enlargement of the lesions nor development of choroidal neovascularization were noted during follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Iatrogenic punctate chorioretinopathy is the chorioretinal lesion created unintentionally during grasping the ILM with end-gripping forceps. It must be reported as one of the complications of ILM peeling. These small punctate lesions did not appear to affect the surgical outcome. However, the lesions should be followed to detect any long-term complication such as choroidal neovascularization.
authors.affiliation: Istanbul Retina Institute, Istanbul, Turkey. retina@pobox.com
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karacorlu
authors.forename: Serra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karacorlu
authors.forename: Hakan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ozdemir
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001485:Basement Membrane / Q000601:surgery; D015862:Choroid Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D004396:Coloring Agents; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease; D007208:Indocyanine Green; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D012167:Retinal Perforations / Q000601:surgery*; D014821:Vitrectomy
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D007208:Indocyanine Green