title: Prognostic indicators of early and late death in children admitted to district hospital in Kenya: cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify clinical indicators of immediate, early, and late mortality in children at admission to a sub-Saharan district hospital and to develop prognostic scores.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  One district hospital in Kenya.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children aged over 90 days admitted to hospital from 1 July 1998 to 30 June 2001.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prognostic indicators of mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 8091 children admitted up to 1 June 2000, 436 (5%) died. Sixty (14%) died within four hours after admission (immediate), 193 (44%) after 4-48 hours (early), and 183 (42%) after 48 hours (late). There were marked differences in the clinical features associated with immediate, early, and late death. Seven indicators (neurological status, respiratory distress (subcostal indrawing or deep breathing), nutritional status (wasting or kwashiorkor), severe anaemia, jaundice, axillary temperature, and length of history) were included in simplified prognostic scores. Data from 4802 children admitted from 1 July 2000 to 30 June 2001 were used to validate the scores. For simplified prognostic scores the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves were 0.93 (95% confidence interval 0.92 to 0.94), 0.82 (0.80 to 0.83), and 0.82 (0.81 to 0.84) for immediate, early, and late death, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In children admitted to a sub-Saharan hospital, the prognostic indicators of early and late deaths differ but a small number of simple clinical signs predict outcome well.
authors.affiliation: KEMRI Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), PO Box 230, Kilifi, Kenya. jberkley@kilifi.mimcom.net
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Berkley
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mwangi
authors.forename: F H A
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Osier
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mohammed
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shebbe
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Lowe
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Marsh
authors.forename: C R J C
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Newton
mesh_terms: D002423:Cause of Death; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006767:Hospitals, District / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012423:Rural Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data