title: Visual risk factors for hip fracture in older people.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the association between poor vision and risk of hip fracture in the Blue Mountains Eye Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective population-based cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two post code areas in the Blue Mountains, west of Sydney, Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three thousand six hundred fifty-four community-dwelling Australians aged 49 and older.
  
  
  METHODS
  At baseline, subjects had an extensive eye examination, including refraction, contrast sensitivity and visual field testing, photographs of the lens and retina, and an interview. Hip fractures during the 5-year follow-up were identified by self-report and review of medical records and were radiologically confirmed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For 2-year follow-up (17 hip fractures), the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for risk of hip fracture in those with corrected visual acuity worse than 20/60 was 8.4 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.5-48.5, population attributable risk (PAR) = 27%); for presence of posterior subcapsular cataract, the adjusted HR was 5.0 (95% CI = 1.1-23.0, PAR = 24%); and for visual field loss, the adjusted HR was 5.5 (95% CI = 1.0-29.8, PAR = 55%). In those aged 75 and older, visual acuity worse than 20/60 gave an adjusted HR of 40.6 (95% CI = 5.6-292.5, PAR = 49%). Visual impairment of any type did not predict risk of hip fracture after a 2-year follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Visual impairment is strongly associated with risk of hip fracture in the next 2 years but not over a longer period of time.
authors.affiliation: Institute for International Health, School of Public Health, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Sydney, PO Box 576, Newtown NSW 2042, Australia. rivers@iih.usyd.edu.au
authors.forename: Rebecca Q
authors.initials: RQ
authors.lastname: Ivers
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Cumming
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Judy M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Peduto
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000150:complications*