title: Development of a semi-automatic alignment tool for accelerated localization of the prostate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Delivering high dose to prostate with external beam radiation has been shown to improve local tumor control. However, it has to be carefully performed to avoid partial target miss and delivering excessive dose to surrounding normal tissues. One way to achieve safe dose escalation is to precisely localize prostate immediately before daily treatment. Therefore, the radiation can be accurately delivered to the target. Once the prostate position is determined with high confidence, planning target volume (PTV) safety margin might be reduced for further reduction of rectal toxicity. A rapid computed tomography (CT)-based online prostate localization method is presented for this purpose.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immediately before each treatment session, the patient is immobilized and undergoes a CT scan in the treatment position using a CT scanner situated in the treatment room. At the CT console, posterior, anterior, left, and right extents of the prostate are manually identified on each axial slice. The translational prostate displacements relative to the planned position are estimated by simultaneously fitting these identified extents from this CT scan to a template created from the finely sliced planning CT scan. A total of 106 serial CT scans from 8 prostate cancer patients were performed immediately before treatments and used to retrospectively evaluate the precision of this daily prostate targeting method. The three-dimensional displacement of the prostate with respect to its planned position was estimated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five axial slices from each treatment CT scan were sufficient to produce a reliable correction when compared with prostate center of gravity (CoG) displacements calculated from physician-drawn contours. The differences (mean +/- SD) between these two correction schemes in the right-left (R/L), posterior-anterior (P/A), and superior-inferior (S/I) directions are 0.0 +/- 0.4 mm, 0.0 +/- 0.7 mm, and -0.4 +/- 1.9 mm, respectively. With daily CT extent-fitting correction, 97% of the scans showed that the entire posterior prostate gland was covered by PTV given a margin of 6 mm at the rectum-prostate interface and 10 mm elsewhere. In comparison, only 74% and 65% could be achieved by the corrections based on daily and weekly bony matching on portal images, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results show that daily CT extent fitting provides a precise correction of prostate position in terms of CoG. Identifying prostate extents on five axial CT slices at the CT console is less time-consuming compared with daily contouring of the prostate on many slices. Taking advantage of the prostate curvature in the longitudinal direction, this method also eliminates the necessity of identifying prostate base and apex. Therefore, it is clinically feasible and should provide an accelerated localization of the prostate immediately before daily treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA. huac@mskcc.org
authors.forename: Chiaho
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.forename: D Michael
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Lovelock
authors.forename: Gikas S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Mageras
authors.forename: Matthew S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mechalakos
authors.forename: Eugene P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Lief
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hollister
authors.forename: Wendell R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Lutz
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Zelefsky
authors.forename: Clifton C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Ling
mesh_terms: D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011467:Prostate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000532:radiotherapy; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011859:Radiography; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D012002:Rectal Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012189:Retrospective Studies