Hydrodynamic properties of extraventricular drainage systems.
OBJECTIVE
Extraventricular drains (EVDs) are intended to control intracranial pressure for patients with acute disorders of the cerebrospinal fluid circulation. We tested five commercially available EVDs to assess their fundamental hydrodynamic properties, which determine the quality of this control.


METHODS
The five most frequently used drainage systems were tested. The pressure responses to water flow from a computer-controlled infusion pump were studied in the rig constructed in the UK Shunt Evaluation Laboratory (Cambridge, England). EVDs were studied under normal conditions and after brief (20-s) contact of the vent located in the drip chamber with the test reagent. Pure water and water with 10% rat blood content were used for testing.


RESULTS
All of the tested EVDs demonstrated low hydrodynamic resistance [<3.5 mm Hg/(ml/min)], indicating their ability to control intracranial pressure. When the drip chamber vents were in brief contact with the reagent, the hydrodynamic properties of two models were unaffected. For the three other EVDs, blockage of the drip chamber was observed, leading to increases in the inlet pressure to more than 150 mm Hg. All three models that demonstrated obstruction have the same vent configuration, which allows cerebrospinal fluid to accumulate close to the filter when the drip chamber is held horizontally. This feature was confirmed to be the cause of the blockage.


CONCLUSIONS
In clinical practice, special care should be taken to avoid contact of the drip chamber vents with cerebrospinal fluid, which causes obstruction and may lead to the development of gross intracranial hypertension. Specific configurations, as identified in this testing program, are safer than others in this respect.
Czosnyka
Marek
M
Academic Neurosurgical Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, England. MC141@MEDSCHL.CAM.AC.UK
Czosnyka
Zofia H
ZH
Richards
Hugh K
HK
Pickard
John D
JD
D000818:Animals; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D015170:Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D002557:Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D004322:Drainage; D004867:Equipment Design; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006801:Humans; D011786:Quality Control; D051381:Rats; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012212:Rheology