title: Titin determines the Frank-Starling relation in early diastole.
abstract: Titin, a giant protein spanning half the sarcomere, is responsible for passive and restoring forces in cardiac myofilaments during sarcomere elongation and compression, respectively. In addition, titin has been implicated in the length-dependent activation that occurs in the stretched sarcomere, during the transition from diastole to systole. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of titin in the length-dependent deactivation that occurs during early diastole, when the myocyte is shortened below slack length. We developed a novel in vitro assay to assess myocyte restoring force (RF) by measuring the velocity of recoil in Triton-permeabilized, unloaded rat cardiomyocytes after rigor-induced sarcomere length (SL) contractions. We compared rigor-induced SL shortening to that following calcium-induced (pCa) contractions. The RF-SL relationship was linearly correlated, and the SL-pCa curve displayed a characteristic sigmoidal curve. The role of titin was defined by treating myocytes with a low concentration of trypsin, which we show selectively degrades titin using mass spectroscopic analysis. Trypsin treatment reduced myocyte RF as shown by a decrease in the slope of the RF-SL relationship, and this was accompanied by a downward and leftward shift of the SL-pCa curve, indicative of sensitization of the myofilaments to calcium. In addition, trypsin digestion did not alter the relationship between SL and interfilament spacing (assessed by cell width) after calcium activation. These data suggest that as the sarcomere shortens below slack length, titin-based restoring forces act to desensitize the myofilaments. Furthermore, in contrast to length-dependent activation at long SLs, length-dependent deactivation does not depend on interfilament spacing. This study demonstrates for the first time the importance of titin-based restoring force in length-dependent deactivation during the early phase of diastole.
authors.affiliation: Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
authors.forename: Michiel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Helmes
authors.forename: Chee Chew
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Ronglih
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Ajit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bharti
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Douglas B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Sawyer
mesh_terms: D008841:Actin Cytoskeleton / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D048429:Cell Size; D064211:Connectin; D003971:Diastole / Q000502:physiology*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000166:cytology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012518:Sarcomeres / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014357:Trypsin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D064211:Connectin; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D011494:Protein Kinases; D014357:Trypsin; D002118:Calcium