title: Volatile compounds produced by Lactobacillus fermentum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida krusei in single starter culture fermentations of Ghanaian maize dough.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify and compare the volatile compounds associated with maize dough samples prepared by spontaneous fermentation and by the use of added starter cultures in Ghana.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The starter cultures examined were Lactobacillus fermentum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida krusei. For identification of aroma volatiles, extracts by the Likens-Nickerson simultaneous distillation and extraction technique were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and using a trained panel of four judges by GC-Olfactometry (GC-sniffing). Compounds identified by GC-MS in maize dough samples after 72 h of fermentation included 20 alcohols, 22 carbonyls, 11 esters, seven acids, a furan and three phenolic compounds. Of the total 64 volatile compounds, 51 were detected by GC-sniffing as contributing to the aroma of the different fermented dough samples. Spontaneously fermented maize dough was characterized by higher levels of carbonyl compounds while fermentations with added L. fermentum recorded the highest concentration of acetic acid. S. cerevisiae produced higher amounts of fusel alcohols and increasing levels of esters with fermentation time and C. krusei showed similarity to L. fermentum with lower levels of most volatiles identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study has given a detailed picture of the aroma compounds in fermented maize and demonstrated that the predominant micro-organisms in fermented maize dough can be used as starter cultures to modify the aroma of fermented maize dough.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study has documented the advantage of using starter cultures in African traditional food processing and provided a scientific background for introducing better controlled fermentations.
authors.affiliation: Food Research Institute (CSIR), Accra, Ghana.
authors.forename: N T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Annan
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Poll
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sefa-Dedeh
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Plahar
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jakobsen
mesh_terms: D000438:Alcohols / Q000378:metabolism; D000447:Aldehydes / Q000378:metabolism; D002175:Candida / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003470:Culture Media; D004952:Esters / Q000378:metabolism; D005285:Fermentation / Q000502:physiology; D005516:Food Microbiology; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D005869:Ghana; D007659:Ketones / Q000378:metabolism; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D010636:Phenols / Q000378:metabolism; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D012903:Smell; D003313:Zea mays / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000438:Alcohols; D000447:Aldehydes; D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D003470:Culture Media; D004952:Esters; D007659:Ketones; D010636:Phenols