title: Helicobacter DNA in bile: correlation with hepato-biliary diseases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Helicobacter has been identified in isolated cases of hepato-biliary diseases, but its role in the pathogenesis of these conditions remains unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether Helicobacter could be detected in bile obtained at endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, and to evaluate the prevalence of this infection in patients with hepato-biliary diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bile was collected from 125 patients with various hepato-biliary diseases undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Among them, 75 were diagnosed with biliary stones, 15 with pancreatico-biliary malignancies and four with primary sclerosing cholangitis. The detection of Helicobacter in DNA extracted from these bile samples was performed using Helicobacter genus-specific primers (capable of detecting 100-1000 organisms/mL).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Helicobacter was detected in all positive controls. Only three samples had polymerase chain reaction inhibitors. All remaining bile samples (122 patients with hepato-biliary diseases) were negative for Helicobacter DNA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Helicobacter can be detected in bile samples using polymerase chain reaction. This infection, however, was not present in any of our patients diagnosed with gallstones or hepato-biliary malignancies, raising doubt as to the possible association between Helicobacter and these entities. Given the low sample size of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis, more studies are required to determine whether an association exists with this condition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, West Montreal, Quebec, Canada. cfallone@lan1.molonc.mcgill.ca
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Fallone
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Semret
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Discepola
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Behr
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Barkun
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001646:Bile / Q000382:microbiology*; D001660:Biliary Tract Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde / Q000379:methods; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D016998:Helicobacter / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000150:complications*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial