title: Health beliefs, perceived self-efficacy, and breast self-examination among Thai migrants in Brisbane.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Women in Thailand have a relatively low risk of developing breast cancer; however, death rates from breast cancer are increasing. Rates in many migrant groups are also known to be on the increase. Little is known about breast cancer screening, particularly breast self-examination (BSE), among Thai migrant women in other countries. In Australia, non-English-speaking-background migrants are known to be low users of preventive health services.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate, using the health belief model (HBM) and self-efficacy as a theoretical framework, the use of BSE in a recent migrant group, Thai women in Australia, and to identify sociodemographic variables that influence the women's regular use of BSE.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 1998, a cross-sectional study was conducted among 145 Thai women in Brisbane recruited through a snowball-sampling method, which used personal contacts and key persons within the Thai community. The study was approved by the University Human Ethics Review Committee. Data were collected through designed closed-ended questions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only 25% of the women performed BSE regularly. HBM indices were strongly associated with BSE. Beliefs in high personal susceptibility to breast cancer strongly increased the likelihood of BSE. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, cues or triggers to undertake BSE and self-efficacy, or the ability to do BSE were found to be important determinants of regular BSE. Study limitations, including data collection methods, are discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A low percentage of women practised BSE regularly. The HBM is a useful framework for identifying factors influencing the use of BSE. Strategies that increase the confidence of women to undertake preventive health behaviour or increase self-efficacy are likely to increase their regular screening for breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing and Health Studies, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia. s.jirojwong@cqu.edu.au
authors.forename: Sansnee
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jirojwong
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: MacLennan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health / Q000208:ethnology*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D016504:Breast Self-Examination / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior / Q000208:ethnology; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011793:Queensland / Q000453:epidemiology; D020377:Self Efficacy; D013785:Thailand / Q000208:ethnology; D014171:Transients and Migrants