title: Inhibitory effect of clotrimazole on angiogenesis associated with bladder epithelium proliferation in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Up-regulation of epithelial vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression was recently reported at an early stage of bladder carcinogenesis in rats. Subsequently, clotrimazole (CLT) was reported to exert an inhibitory effect on the in vitro proliferation of vascular endothelial cells stimulated by VEGF. The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of CLT on the initial stage of N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN)-induced carcinogenesis of the urinary bladder in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven-week-old-female Wistar rats were divided into both a control group and the other four groups that were allowed free access to drinking water containing 0.05%BBN. Two groups of rats (10-CLT and 20-CLT) received CLT (100 mg/kg per day) once daily by gavage for 10 and 20 weeks, respectively. The other two groups of rats (10-BBN and 20-BBN) were maintained on the same BBN-containing drinking water for 10 and 20 weeks, respectively, without receiving CLT. After removing the urinary bladder of each rat, expression of VEGF and VEGF receptor FLT1, and new capillaries were examined by immunohistochemical staining. VEGF mRNA was detected by the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ratio of VEGF-positive cells and the expression of VEGF mRNA were lower in the 20-CLT group than in the 10-BBN group. Newly formed capillaries in the 20-CLT group were significantly decreased compared with those in the 10-BBN group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These quantitative data suggested that CLT can inhibit VEGF expression in vivo and hence inhibit angiogenesis in the early stages of bladder carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Saiseikai Matsuyama Hospital, Ehime, Japan. takei@matsuyama.saiseikai.or.jp
authors.forename: Shunsaku
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takei
authors.forename: Tokuhiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Iseda
authors.forename: Masayoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002085:Butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine; D002455:Cell Division; D003022:Clotrimazole / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000032:analysis*; D004848:Epithelium / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000032:analysis* / Q000187:drug effects; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011336:Probability; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012016:Reference Values; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1 / Q000032:analysis* / Q000187:drug effects; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008222:Lymphokines; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D002085:Butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1; D003022:Clotrimazole