title: Extensive linkage disequilibrium, a common 16.7-kilobase deletion, and evidence of balancing selection in the human protocadherin alpha cluster.
abstract: Regions of extensive linkage disequilibrium (LD) appear to be a common feature of the human genome. However, the mechanisms that maintain these regions are unknown. In an effort to understand whether gene density contributes to LD, we determined the degree of promoter sequence variation in a large tandem-arrayed gene family, the human protocadherin alpha cluster, on chromosome 5. These genes are expressed at synaptic junctions in the developing brain and the adult brain and may be involved in the determination of synaptic complexity. We sequenced the promoters of all 13 alpha protocadherin genes in 96 European Americans and identified polymorphisms in the promoters alpha 1, alpha 3, alpha 4, alpha 5, alpha 7, alpha 9, alpha 11, and alpha 13. In these promoters, 11 common SNPs are in extensive LD, forming two 48-kb haplotypes of equal frequency, in this population, that extend from the alpha1 through alpha 7 genes. We sequenced these promoters in East Asians and African Americans, and we estimated haplotype frequencies and calculated LD statistics for all three populations. Our results indicate that, although extensive LD is an ancient feature of the alpha cluster, it has eroded over time. SNPs 3' of alpha 7 are involved in ancestral recombination events in all populations, and overall alpha-cluster LD is reduced in African Americans. We obtained significant positive values for Tajima's D test for all alpha promoter SNPs in Europeans (D=3.03) and East Asians (D=2.64), indicating an excess of intermediate-frequency variants, which is a signature of balancing selection. We also discovered a 16.7-kb deletion that truncates the alpha 8 gene and completely removes the alpha 9 and alpha 10 genes. This deletion appears in unaffected individuals from multiple populations, suggesting that a reduction in protocadherin gene number is not obviously deleterious.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Noonan
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Loan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Chenier
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Caoile
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dickson
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grimwood
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schmutz
authors.forename: Marcus W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Feldman
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Myers
mesh_terms: D001208:Asia / Q000208:ethnology; D044466:Asian People / Q000235:genetics; D001483:Base Sequence; D044383:Black People / Q000235:genetics; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology; D015820:Cadherins / Q000235:genetics*; D002872:Chromosome Deletion; D002895:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5; D017931:DNA Primers; D005060:Europe / Q000208:ethnology; D005787:Gene Frequency; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D013569:Synapses / Q000502:physiology; D014481:United States; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D015820:Cadherins; D017931:DNA Primers