title: Trypanosoma cruzi sensitizes mice to fulminant SEB-induced shock: overrelease of inflammatory cytokines and independence of Chagas' disease or TCR Vbeta-usage.
abstract: Trypanosoma cruzi-infected mice display increased susceptibility to shock induced by injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), anti-CD3, or resulting from interleukin (IL)-10-defective response to the parasite itself, but the basis of such susceptibility remains unknown. Herein, we tested the susceptibility of mice inoculated with virulent and avirulent T. cruzi to staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE), potent inducers of inflammatory cytokine secretion. Mice infected with T. cruzi CL-strain or inoculated with the avirulent clone CL-14, a clone that does not induce disease or polyclonal lymphocyte activation, succumb suddenly to low doses of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), but not to staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA). High plasma levels of TNF, IFN-gamma, and liver transaminases alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were found in these mice, indicating lethal toxic shock. Sensitization to shock required inoculation of live avirulent trypomastigotes and a time interval before challenge with SEB. We found no prior skewing of T cell receptor (TCR) Vbeta-repertoire in CL-14-inoculated mice that could be responsible for sensitization. Splenocytes from CL-14-inoculated mice proliferated more under anti-Vbeta8 than anti-TCRbeta stimulation when compared with normal mice, but were suppressed to SEB stimulation. Both SEB and anti-Vbeta8 antibodies stimulated splenocytes from T. cruzi-inoculated mice to secrete higher levels of inflammatory cytokines than normal controls. Taken together, our results show that T. cruzi inoculation can sensitize mice to lethal SEB-induced shock even in the absence of tissue damage, polyclonal lymphocyte activation, or previously increased levels of inflammatory cytokines, and they suggest that altered reactivity of Vbeta8 lymphocytes may be involved in the phenomenon.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil 21949-900.
authors.forename: Cláudia N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Paiva
authors.forename: Alexandre S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Pyrrho
authors.forename: Joseli
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lannes-Vieira
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vacchio
authors.forename: Milena B P
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.forename: Cerli R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Gattass
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D017252:CD3 Complex / Q000096:biosynthesis; D002455:Cell Division; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000097:blood; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D018805:Sepsis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000469:parasitology; D012769:Shock / Q000469:parasitology*; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000469:parasitology; D013997:Time Factors; D014349:Trypanosoma cruzi / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D017252:CD3 Complex; D016207:Cytokines; D004768:Enterotoxins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; C031818:enterotoxin B, staphylococcal; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase