Can health care quality indicators be transferred between countries?
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the transferability of primary care quality indicators by comparing indicators for common clinical problems developed using the same method in the UK and the USA.


METHODS
Quality indicators developed in the USA for a range of common conditions using the RAND-UCLA appropriateness method were applied to 19 common primary care conditions in the UK. The US indicators for the selected conditions were used as a starting point, but the literature reviews were updated and panels of UK primary care practitioners were convened to develop quality indicators applicable to British general practice.


RESULTS
Of 174 indicators covering 18 conditions in the US set for which a direct comparison could be made, 98 (56.3%) had indicators in the UK set which were exactly or nearly equivalent. Some of the differences may have related to differences in the process of developing the indicators, but many appeared to relate to differences in clinical practice or norms of professional behaviour in the two countries. There was a small but non-significant relationship between the strength of evidence for an indicator and the probability of it appearing in both sets of indicators.


CONCLUSIONS
There are considerable benefits in using work from other settings in developing measures of quality of care. However, indicators cannot simply be transferred directly between countries without an intermediate process to allow for variation in professional culture or clinical practice.
Marshall
M N
MN
National Primary Care Research and Development Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK. martin.marshall@man.ac.uk
Shekelle
P G
PG
McGlynn
E A
EA
Campbell
S
S
Brook
R H
RH
Roland
M O
MO
D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D004194:Disease / Q000145:classification; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care; D006113:United Kingdom; D014481:United States