title: Intraoperative pulmonary embolism during spinal instrumentation surgery. A prospective study using transoesophageal echocardiography.
abstract: Intraoperative pulmonary fat and bone-marrow embolism is a serious complication of bone and joint surgery. We have investigated the occurrence and incidence of intraoperative embolism in patients undergoing elective lumbar spinal surgery with or without instrumentation. Sixty adult patients with lumbar degenerative disease were examined by intraoperative transoesophageal echocardiography while undergoing posterior lumbar surgery. Of these, 40 underwent surgery with instrumentation and 20 without. Moderate to severe (grade 2 or 3 according to the grading scale of Pitto et al) embolic events were seen in 80% of the instrumented patients but in none of the non-instrumented patients (p < 0.001). The insertion of pedicle screws was particularly associated with large numbers of pulmonary emboli, while the surgical approach, laminectomy, disc removal and bone harvesting were associated with small numbers of emboli. We consider that, as in arthroplasty and intramedullary fixation of fractures, these embolic events are relevant to the development of potentially fatal fat embolism during spinal surgery.
authors.affiliation: Nagahama City Hospital, Shiga, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kitagawa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishii
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000209:etiology*; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D013525:Surgical Instruments