title: Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and interleukin-6 activity in children with head trauma and syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Arginine vasopressin (AVP; anti-diuretic hormone) and corticotropin-releasing hormone are the two major secretagogues of hypophyseal adrenocorticotropin (ACTH). Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a potent stimulator of the human hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) and a secretagogue of both parvocellular and magnocelullar AVP. We have previously suggested that IL-6-stimulated AVP secretion may be the origin of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) in inflammatory conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  To further elucidate the relationship between IL-6 and SIADH as well as IL-6 and HPA axis activity, we studied eight previously healthy children (age 6.3 +/- 4.8 [mean +/- SD] years, weight 23.8 +/- 10.5 kg) who--after sustaining head trauma--presented SIADH during hospitalization (for 7.1 +/- 3.8 days) in the pediatric intensive care unit (P-ICU). Routine blood samples were taken twice daily at 08:00 and 20:00 hours. All children but one survived. Measurements included blood and urine osmolality (BlOsm and UrOsm, respectively), serum cortisol (F) and IL-6, plasma ACTH and AVP. Correlations were assessed with linear regression among the areas under the curve (AUC) of BlOsm, UrOsm, ACTH, F, IL-6 and AVP, separately for BlOsm values <280 mOsm (SIADH phase) and > or = 280 mOsm (non-SIADH phase).
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the SIADH phase AVP-AUC correlated positively with IL-6-AUC (r = +0.96, p<0.05), BlOsm-AUC correlated positively with AVP-AUC and F-AUC (r = +0.95 and +0.98, p<0.05, respectively) and F-AUC correlated positively with ACTH-AUC (r = +0.99, p<0.05). During the non-SIADH phase ACTH-AUC correlated positively with BlOsm-AUC (r = +0.96, p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IL-6 secreted during an aseptic inflammatory state, such as sustaining head trauma with SIADH, is quantitatively correlated to AVP, indicating that this cytokine is directly and/or indirectly involved in the pathogenesis of SIADH.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Aglaia Kyriakou Children 's Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Demetrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gionis
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ilias
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moustaki
authors.forename: Emilia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mantzos
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Papadatos
authors.forename: Demetrios A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Koutras
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mastorakos
mesh_terms: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000097:blood; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001127:Arginine Vasopressin / Q000097:blood; D001769:Blood / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007177:Inappropriate ADH Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000652:urine; D007223:Infant; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D001127:Arginine Vasopressin; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D006854:Hydrocortisone