title: Lead poisoning in pregnancy: a case study with implications for midwives.
abstract: Lead poisoning remains a significant problem in the United States affecting the health of women and children. Although the damage is greatest at higher levels of accumulation, no level of lead has been found to be safe. Over the last 25 years, the blood level of lead thought to be associated with toxicity has dropped dramatically, from to 60 mcg/dL in 1960 to 10 mcg/dL today. Studies confirm that exposure to lead causes kidney damage, encephalopathy, and impaired cognitive function in children and in adults. Recent evidence indicates children with levels less than 10 mcg/dL may suffer from compromised development and intellectual performance later in life. This article discusses the case of a woman found to have lead poisoning during pregnancy. Environmental sources of lead, implications for the immediate and future health of the fetus and mother, and techniques clinicians can use in their practice to minimize the adverse effect of lead on their clients are reviewed.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hackley
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Katz-Jacobson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007855:Lead Poisoning / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000451:nursing / Q000517:prevention & control; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D008880:Midwifery / Q000379:methods*; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000451:nursing / Q000517:prevention & control; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D014481:United States