title: The male menopause: possible causes, symptoms and treatment.
abstract: This article discusses the controversial concept of the male menopause, by explaining what the literature reveals about this condition. It does not wish to put forward a case for treating men with the male menopause with hormone replacement therapy, merely to provide information to nurses who may nurse men with the symptoms associated with the disorder. Definitions of key terms, i.e. male menopause, are considered and the endocrinological changes that occur with ageing are outlined. Assessment of the extent of the problem is confounded by the concept of definition. Some middle-aged men often describe similar symptoms that women describe associated with the menopause; therefore it may be reasonable to suggest that an andropause with an endocrine basis does exist. The investigations undertaken to make a diagnosis are described and treatments available are discussed. A shared approach to the care for men with menopausal symptoms is advocated. The role the nurse plays is described and recommendations for practice suggested. Finally, a conclusion is offered and a call is made for further empirical investigations to be made available, to ensure that men are provided with safe effective care based on the best available evidence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Adult Nursing and Human Sciences, University of Hertfordshire.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Peate
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D002979:Climacteric / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D013739:Testosterone / Q000172:deficiency / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D013739:Testosterone