title: An intronic alternative promoter of the human lactoferrin gene is activated by Ets.
abstract: Lactoferrin expresses in a variety of tissues and involves in various aspects of host defense mechanisms. The lactoferrin gene is differentially regulated through multiple signaling pathways. Recently, an alternative form of human lactoferrin mRNA (Delta LF) was found in normal human tissues but absent from the tumor cells. In this study, we identified the transcription start sites of the Delta LF in mammary gland and bone marrow and demonstrated that the Delta LF is the product of an alternative (P2) promoter present in the first intron of the lactoferrin gene. The P2 promoter has high activity in Jurkat and U937 and low activity in RL95-2 and HEC-1B cell lines. Nonetheless, the promoter activity in HEC-1B cells was dramatically enhanced with overexpression of the Ets-1 transcription factor. The GFP-tagged lactoferrin is present in the cytoplasm whereas GFP-tagged Delta LF is found in both nucleus and cytoplasm as examined by fluorescence and confocal microscopy.
authors.affiliation: Gene Regulation Section, Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, P.O. Box 12233, MD E2-01, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
authors.forename: Dianxin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Zhiping
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Christina T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Teng
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D005091:Exons; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D006801:Humans; D007438:Introns; D007781:Lactoferrin / Q000235:genetics*; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D050784:Proto-Oncogene Protein c-ets-1; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D050783:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ets; D012313:RNA / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: C494041:ETS1 protein, human; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D050784:Proto-Oncogene Protein c-ets-1; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D050783:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ets; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D012313:RNA; D007781:Lactoferrin