title: Inactivation of bacteria and spores by pulse electric field and high pressure CO2 at low temperature.
abstract: The common methods for inactivation of bacteria involve heating or exposure to toxic chemicals. These methods are not suitable for heat-sensitive materials, food, and pharmaceutical products. Recently, a complete inactivation of many microorganisms was achieved with high-pressure carbon dioxide at ambient temperature and in the absence of organic solvent and irradiation. The inactivation of spores with CO(2) required long residence time and high temperatures, such as 60 degrees C. In this study the synergistic effect of pulsed electric field (PEF) in combination with high-pressure CO(2) for inactivation was investigated. The bacteria Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus were suspended in glycerol solution and treated in the first step with PEF (up to 25 KV/cm) and then with high-pressure CO(2) not higher than 40 degrees C and 200 bar. The inactivation efficiency was determined by counting the colony formation units of control and sample. Samples of the cells subjected to PEF treatment alone and in combination with CO(2) treatment were examined by scanning electron microscopy to determine the effect of the processes on the cell wall. Experimental results indicate that the viability decreased with increasing electrical field strength and number of pulses. A further batch treatment with supercritical CO(2) lead to complete inactivation of bacterial species and decreased the count of the spores by at least three orders of magnitude, the inactivation being enhanced by an increase of contact time between CO(2) and the sample. A synergistic effect between the pulsed electric field and the high-pressure CO(2) was evident in all the species treated. The new low temperature process is an alternative for pasteurization of thermally labile compounds such as protein and plasma and minimizes denaturation of important nutrient compounds in the liquid media.
authors.affiliation: University of Padova, Department of Chemical Engineering, via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy. Sara.Spilimbergo@unipd.it
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Spilimbergo
authors.forename: Fariba
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dehghani
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bertucco
authors.forename: Neil R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Foster
mesh_terms: D001409:Bacillus cereus; D001419:Bacteria / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D004866:Equipment Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control; D004926:Escherichia coli; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus; D013242:Sterilization / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide