title: Psychosocial versus biomedical risk factors in Kevorkian's first forty-seven physician-assisted deaths.
abstract: This article examines biomedical and psychosocial data on the first forty-seven cases of physician-assisted suicide (PAS) of Kevorkian as collected by means of both a physical autopsy and a preliminary psychological autopsy. The following patterns emerge: 1) The physical condition of these PAS patients was not typical of the conditions that lead to death in the United States. 2) Consistent with the above findings, our pilot data indicate that only 31.1 percent of these patients were terminal. While 73.9 percent were described as reporting pain, only 42.6 percent were revealed at autopsy to have a specific anatomical basis for their pain. However 36 percent were described as depressed, 66 percent as having some disability, and perhaps of key importance, 90 percent expressed a fear of dependency. Most important, our pilot data suggest the possibility of large gender differences, since 3) 68.1 percent of these forty-seven PAS's are women and only 31.9 percent are men. This represents the reverse of the gender pattern for completed suicides in the United States in 1995, resembling instead the approximate pattern for unsuccessful suicide attempts. 4) Approximately 75 percent of both men and women in the above sample were described as reporting pain. Men were almost twice as likely to have had an anatomical basis for the pain and three times as likely to be terminal. Our pilot data indicate PAS women are more likely to be described as depressed and twice as likely to have had a history of previous unsuccessful suicide attempts. 5) Kevorkian's patients were older than the typical unaided suicides in America. Reported pain decreases with age as does depression; however anatomical basis for pain increases slightly with age, and no age effect emerges for terminality. 6) Approximately two-thirds of those physician-assisted suicides were at middle SES levels. History of disability was the biggest risk factor for the low SES patients and fear of dependency for the high SES patients.
authors.affiliation: Michale Reese Hospital and Medical Center, 2929 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60616-3390, USA.
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lachenmeier
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Harrow
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: O'Dell
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Uziel
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schneiderhan
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cheyfitz
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001344:Autopsy; D003858:Dependency, Psychological; D003863:Depression; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000523:psychology; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009017:Morbidity; D009042:Motivation; D010146:Pain; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013405:Suicide / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017236:Suicide, Assisted / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019452:Terminally Ill / Q000523:psychology; D014481:United States