title: Clinical outcomes and fiscal consequences of bilateral neck exploration for primary idiopathic hyperparathyroidism without preoperative radionuclide imaging or minimally invasive techniques.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Radionuclide imaging-directed, minimally invasive parathyroid operation is promoted in the surgical literature and public domain as the fastest, most successful, and cheapest means of treating primary idiopathic hyperparathyroidism. The validity of these claims is unproven. This study reviews the treatment outcome results of a large series of patients treated with standard parathyroid operation without preoperative localization studies. Cost comparisons are made between this series and previous reports of selected patients in whom preoperative radionuclide imaging preceded minimally invasive parathyroid operation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diagnosis, treatment, and outcome data for 688 consecutive patients undergoing first neck exploration for primary idiopathic hyperparathyroidism were prospectively collected. All patients in our series underwent standard bilateral neck exploration without preoperative localization studies. Intraoperative methylene blue was used to aid identification of all parathyroid glands. Surgical findings, pathological diagnosis, operative time, length-of-stay, and treatment success data were collected. Cost data were calculated for our series using the identical calculations used in previous reports. Our outcome and calculated cost data were compared with previous reports by centers advocating scan-directed, minimally invasive parathyroid operation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 2,752 predicted total glands, 2,520 (91.6%) were identified using standard neck exploration without radionuclide localization studies. Single adenoma, with at least 1 normal gland, was found in 542 patients (78.8%), with 8 in a fifth gland. Multiple-gland hyperplasia was identified in 98 patients (14.2%) and of these 22 (3.2%) were double adenomas. Ten patients had parathyroid carcinoma (1.5%), and all received definitive surgical treatment during the primary operation. Cure rates were assessed by measurement of normal serum calcium and parathyroid hormone levels at 3 and 12 months after operation, and were 97.7% in our series. Mean operating time for the entire series was 65 minutes, decreased to 35 minutes in patients with single adenomas, and mean recovery room time was 30 minutes. Mean total costs for patients undergoing standard exploration for single adenoma was US dollars 1,107, and increased to US dollars 1,243 when patients with multigland disease, hyperplasia, or malignancy were included.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our series demonstrates operative times and treatment outcomes with costs that are approximately one-third less than those for scan-directed, minimally invasive operation for primary idiopathic hyperparathyroidism. Thus, claims that scan-directed parathyroid operation is the cheapest, fastest, and most successful means of treatment are not supported by these data.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Fla 32610-0286, USA.
authors.forename: Scott R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Schell
authors.forename: Nicholas E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Dudley
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000191:economics / Q000601:surgery; D017046:Cost Savings; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006801:Humans; D006961:Hyperparathyroidism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000191:economics* / Q000601:surgery*; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D009333:Neck / Q000601:surgery; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010282:Parathyroid Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000191:economics / Q000601:surgery; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000191:economics*