title: Percutaneous management of renal pelvic urothelial tumors: long-term followup.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We present the long-term outcome of percutaneous resection of renal urothelial tumor.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 24 patients underwent primary percutaneous resection of renal urothelial tumor. Patients with low stage pT0-1 disease were treated primarily with percutaneous surgery. All pelvicaliceal tumors were taken for biopsy and treated with percutaneous resection. Patients with multi-segmental pelvicaliceal system involvement, stage greater than pT1, high grade histology or additional ureteral tumors were considered for nephroureterectomy. Topical chemotherapy (mitomycin C or epirubicin) was administered via nephrostomy tube or intravesical instillation after Double-J stent (Medical Engineering Corp., New York, New York) insertion. Surveillance included upper tract cytology, nephroscopy or fiberoptic ureterorenoscopy. Long-term followup was correlated with histopathology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 24 cases 2 had squamous cell carcinoma, 5 had grade III transitional cell carcinoma, 15 had grade I to II transitional cell carcinoma and 2 had no tumor. Control was established with initial percutaneous resection in 18 (75%) cases and second look nephroscopy in 4. Early recurrences were detected by excretory urography (IVP) in 3 cases, small pelvic recurrences by IVP in 2, fiberoptic ureterorenoscopy in 2 and bladder tumors by flexible cystoscopy in 3 after 1 year. A total of 10 nephroscopies were performed in 5 cases, 24 flexible uretereorenoscopies in 9 and IVP in 6. Three synchronous, grade I bladder tumors were managed conventionally. All patients with high grade disease died of malignancy except one (with no further treatment) and 6 of the 15 patients with low grade noninvasive transitional cell carcinoma underwent nephroureterectomy during followup either due to progression of disease, concomitant tumor or complications. Two patients with solitary kidneys died of renal failure unrelated to malignancy. High grade tumors or tumors greater than T1 were treated with nephroureterectomy early during management. There was no perioperative mortality and 9 (60%) of the low grade cases the kidneys were preserved at a mean followup +/- SD of 64 +/- 15 months. All excised tracks from patients who underwent nephroureterectomy and the renal fossae were free of tumor on histopathological examination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Percutaneous resection of transitional cell tumor should be considered primarily in patients with early stage disease excluding tumors crossing caliceal infundibula, ureteropelvic junction tumor, tumor extending over multiple calices and synchronous ureteral tumors. The long-term outcome of low grade tumors is good and they should be managed by either form of minimally invasive surgery. Nephron sparing is possible in a large percentage of low grade disease but high grade tumors should be treated with nephroureterectomy.
authors.affiliation: Ysbyty Gwynedd Bangor and Carmarthenshire NHS Trust, Wales, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Mahesh C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Goel
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mahendra
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000628:therapy; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D007682:Kidney Pelvis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D009392:Nephrectomy; D014513:Ureter / Q000601:surgery