title: Drug-exposed infants and developmental outcome: effects of a home intervention and ongoing maternal drug use.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of a home intervention and ongoing maternal drug use on the developmental outcome of drug-exposed infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal randomized cohort study of a home intervention with substance-abusing mothers and their infants. Mother-infant dyads were randomly assigned to a control or intervention group at 2 weeks' post partum. Control families received brief monthly tracking visits. Intervention families received weekly home visits from 0 to 6 months and biweekly visits from 6 to 18 months by trained lay visitors.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred eight low-income, inner-city, drug-exposed children (control, 54; intervention, 54) who underwent developmental testing at 6, 12, and 18 months post partum and who remained with their biological mothers through 18 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  Infant scores from the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) at 6, 12, and 18 months post partum. Maternal report of drug use during the pregnancy and ongoing drug use through 18 months post partum was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the repeated-measures analyses, intervention infants had significantly higher BSID Mental Developmental Index (MDI) and Psychomotor Developmental Index scores than control infants. Ongoing maternal cocaine and/or heroin use was associated with lower MDI scores. Finally, MDI scores decreased significantly in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ongoing maternal drug use is associated with worse developmental outcomes among a group of drug-exposed infants. A home intervention led to higher BSID scores among drug-exposed infants. However, BSID MDI scores decreased during the first 18 months post partum among inner-city, low-socioeconomic-status infants in the present study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 W Lombard St, Suite 311, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. mschuler@peds.umaryland.edu
authors.forename: Maureen E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Schuler
authors.forename: Prasanna
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.forename: Laurie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kettinger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002657:Child Development / Q000187:drug effects; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006699:Home Care Services; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008425:Maternal Behavior; D011181:Postnatal Care; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders; D014505:Urban Population