title: The Maudsley Bipolar Disorder Project: the effect of medication, family history, and duration of illness on IQ and memory in bipolar I disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the growing recognition of the importance of cognitive impairment in psychiatric disorders, the effect of clinical factors, such as medication use and family history of affective disorders, on cognition in bipolar I disorder patients still remains unclear. This study examines the contribution of known and potential predictors to both general intellectual function and memory in a representative population of bipolar I disorder patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of the 425 patients receiving treatment within a defined catchment area, 63 were identified as having bipolar I disorder. Of these patients, 43 were enrolled in the study and participated in a personal interview by a psychiatrist. All patients were invited to participate in a personal interview by a psychiatrist, and information on family history, past psychiatric history, past and current treatments, duration of illness, and age at onset was collected, in addition to demographic data. Cognitive performance was assessed using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised, the National Adult Reading Test, and the Wechsler Memory Test III.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-three patients with DSM-IV bipolar I disorder were enrolled into the Maudsley Bipolar Disorder Project. Patients on treatment with antipsychotic drugs had a lower current full scale IQ, lower general memory scores, and lower working memory scores. A family history of affective disorders was associated with a higher full scale IQ, but not with either general or working memory measures. Duration of illness was negatively associated with general memory scores, but had no effect on either IQ or working memory measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current antipsychotic medication, duration of illness, and family history of affective disorder were the most significant predictors of IQ and memory function in bipolar I disorder patients.
authors.affiliation: Section of Neurobiology of Psychosis, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London, England.
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Donaldson
authors.forename: Laura H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Landau
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Raymont
authors.forename: Sophia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Frangou
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D007361:Intelligence Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents