title: One hundred twenty-five concomitant endovascular and open procedures for lower extremity arterial disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although the results of staged endovascular and open surgical reconstructions have been well documented, the safety and efficacy of concomitant procedures in the operating room are less well defined. Suboptimal performance of endovascular procedures in an operative setting, or inappropriate reliance on endovascular techniques, might theoretically compromise graft patency. We questioned whether late graft thrombosis is frequently attributable to failure at the endovascularly treated site in this setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between May 1, 1993, and June 30, 2001, we performed 125 concomitant endovascular and open arterial reconstructions (73 primary reconstructions, 52 graft revisions) in 106 patients. Endovascular techniques were used to treat inflow lesions in 72 cases, outflow lesions in 14 cases, both in four cases, and the graft itself in 35 cases. Fifty-five iliac, 18 femoral, 13 popliteal, six tibial, and 35 graft lesions were treated. For primary bypasses, 33 were to the popliteal level (21 prosthetic, 12 autogenous), 19 were to the tibial or pedal arteries (16 autogenous, three prosthetic or composite), and 12 were to the femoral arteries (one autogenous, 11 prosthetic). Nine patch angioplasties (eight femoral, one popliteal) were performed. For graft revisions, endovascular intervention was for inflow in 13 cases, outflow in three cases, both in one case, and of the graft itself in 35 cases. Surgical revisions involved segmental grafts in 33 cases, patch angioplasty in 18 cases, and both in one case.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the primary group, the initial technical success rate of the endovascular procedure was 93% (68/73), with five patients needing open conversion. The 30-day mortality rate was 1.4%, and the morbidity rate was 11.0%. Of the 19 grafts in the primary group that occluded during the follow-up period (mean, 11.9 months), five thromboses could possibly be attributed to failure at the endovascular site. In the revision group, the initial technical success rate of the endovascular procedure was 88% (46/52), with six patients undergoing conversion to open procedure. The 30-day mortality rate was 0%, and the morbidity rate was 15.4%. Of 22 late graft occlusions in the revision group, only three were attributed to failure at the endovascular site.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This largest report to date of concomitant lower extremity endovascular and open revascularization procedures shows the approach to be safe. Few late graft occlusions were attributable to failure at the endovascularly treated site. The concomitant approach offers the efficiency and convenience of single stage therapy and allows immediate treatment for inadequate endovascular results or their complications and potential cost savings.
authors.affiliation: Section of Vascular Surgery, Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19106, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Dougherty
authors.forename: Laurence P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Keith D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Calligaro
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001158:Arteries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D019917:Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006083:Graft Occlusion, Vascular / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014654:Vascular Patency / Q000502:physiology