title: Variable effects of American ginseng: a batch of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) with a depressed ginsenoside profile does not affect postprandial glycemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We have repeatedly reported that American ginseng (AG) with a specific ginsenoside profile significantly decreases postprandial glycemia. Whether this effect is reproducible using AG with a different profile is unknown. We therefore investigated the effect of a different batch of AG on glycemia following a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a randomized, single blind design, 12 normal subjects (six males and six females, aged 31+/-3 y, body mass index (BMI) 28+/-2 kg/m(2)) received 6 g AG or placebo 40 min before a 75 g OGTT. The protocol followed the guidelines for the OGTT, with venous blood samples drawn at -40, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min. Ginsenosides in the AG were assessed by established methods for HPLC-UV.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Repeated measures analysis of variance demonstrated that there was no significant effect of the AG on incremental plasma glucose (PG) or insulin (PI) or their areas under the curve Indices of insulin sensitivity (insulin sensitivity index (ISI)) and release (deltaPI(30-0)/deltaPG(30-0)) calculated from the OGTT were also unaffected. The AG contained 1.66% total ginsenosides, 0.90% (20S)-protopanaxadiol (PPD) ginsenosides, and 0.75% (20S)-protopanaxatriol (PPT) ginsenosides, with the following key ratios: PPD:PPT of 1.2, Rb(1):Rg(1) of 8.1, and Rb(2):Rc of 0.18.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present batch of AG was unable to reproduce the postprandial hypoglycemic effects we observed previously. Possible explanations for this discrepancy include marked decrements in total ginsenosides and the key ratios PPD:PPT, Rb(1):Rg(1), and Rb(2):Rc. These data suggest that the ginsenoside profile of AG might play a role in its hypoglycemic effects. The involvement of other components cannot, however, be precluded.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Sievenpiper
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Arnason
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Leiter
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vuksan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D005894:Panax; D008517:Phytotherapy; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019518:Postprandial Period / Q000187:drug effects*; D012016:Reference Values; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D036145:Ginsenosides; D007328:Insulin; D028321:Plant Preparations