title: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 reduce bile canalicular contractions of rat hepatocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surgeons sometimes encounter hyperbilirubinemia without mechanical obstruction of the biliary tree postoperatively. Many of these patients have bacterial infections and endotoxemia. Kupffer's cells stimulated by endotoxin secrete inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-6. We hypothesized that TNF-alpha and IL-6 might be involved in the pathogenesis of hyperbilirubinemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Effects of TNF-alpha and IL-6 on the contractions of bile canaliculi (BC) of rat hepatocyte couplets were examined and time-lapse images using phase-contrast microscopy were taken. Bile was collected from rats treated with or without the cytokines. The livers, perfused with lanthanum after the injection of cytokines, were examined ultrastructurally using electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of BC contractions decreased in the couplets treated with both cytokines. The rapid movement of a droplet from BC was observed at the intercellular space of the hepatocyte couplet treated with TNF-alpha. Systolic blood pressure and hepatic tissue blood flow of rats injected with TNF-alpha were not changed, whereas the hepatic tissue blood flow of rats treated with IL-6 decreased (Dunnett test, P <.05). Bile secretion was reduced in both groups of rats (Dunnett test, P <.05). In rats treated with TNF-alpha the total serum bile acid concentration increased and lanthanum temporarily accumulated in BC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that TNF-alpha and IL-6 may reduce BC contractions and thereby decrease bile flow.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Surgery, Cancer Research Institute, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: Toshihiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mitaka
authors.forename: Keisuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Harada
authors.forename: Fumihiko
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Yohichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mochizuki
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hirata
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001646:Bile / Q000378:metabolism; D001647:Bile Acids and Salts / Q000097:blood; D001648:Bile Canaliculi / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008102:Liver Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D019108:Tight Junctions / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001647:Bile Acids and Salts; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha