title: Report from a WHO Working Group: standard method for detecting upper respiratory carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Numerous studies evaluating the efficacy of conjugate pneumococcal vaccines are being conducted or planned throughout the world. Some of these studies are evaluating the effect of vaccine on nasopharyngeal (NP) carriage.
  
  
  METHODS
  The World Health Organization established a Working Group comprised of representatives from these trials and other NP colonization experts to establish core, standardized methods for the study of pneumococcal NP colonization that could be used in these trials. The intent was to reduce or eliminate variability in key methods which themselves could contribute to variability of observed pneumococcal NP colonization. In this way variability of vaccine effects between trials on NP colonization could more easily be analyzed for population or vaccine differences without the confounding effect caused by differences in study methodology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This paper presents the evidence base supporting the need for standardized NP colonization study methods, the methods themselves (Core Consensus Methods), including collection techniques, culture media, equipment, serotyping, storage of specimens and transport of isolates agreed on by the Working Group as well as a discussion of research priorities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Core Consensus Methods provide a common methodology to conduct pneumococcal NP colonization studies with minimum interstudy method variability. The intention is to allow more meaningful comparisons of study results from conjugate pneumococcal vaccine trials.
authors.forename: Katherine L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nohynek
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques / Q000592:standards*; D002353:Carrier State / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000382:microbiology; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D015995:Prevalence; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014611:Vaccination; D014944:World Health Organization
chemical_list: D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines