title: Prediction of mortality in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy by clinical, exercise stress, and echocardiographic data.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the clinical, exercise stress test, and echocardiographic predictors of mortality and cardiac events in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Left ventricular hypertrophy is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Symptom-limited treadmill exercise echocardiography was performed for evaluation of coronary artery disease in 483 patients (age, 66 +/- 11 years; 281 men) with LVH. End points during follow-up were all-cause mortality and hard cardiac events (cardiac death and nonfatal myocardial infarction [MI]).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-six patients died and 14 had nonfatal MI. The cumulative mortality rate was higher in patients with abnormal exercise echocardiography (3% vs. 0.4% at one year, 11.7% vs. 3.7% at three years, and 18.3% vs. 9.5% at five years, p < 0.001). In a sequential multivariate analysis model of clinical, exercise test, and rest and exercise echocardiographic data, incremental predictors of mortality were workload (hazard ratio [HR], 0.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.3 to 0.9), rate pressure product (HR, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.5 to 0.9), left ventricular (LV) mass index (HR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1 to 1.8), and failure to increase ejection fraction (EF) with exercise (HR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.1 to 3.8). Predictors of cardiac events were history of coronary artery bypass grafting (HR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.2 to 5.4), lower exercise rate-pressure product (HR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.5 to 0.8), resting wall motion score index (HR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1 to 1.8), and failure to increase EF with exercise (HR, 3.3; 95% CI, 1.6 to 6.9).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with LVH, LV mass index and EF response to exercise are independent predictors of mortality, incremental to clinical and exercise test data and resting LV function. A normal exercise echocardiogram predicts a relatively low mortality rate during the following three years.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Abdou
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elhendy
authors.forename: Karen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Modesto
authors.forename: Douglas W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Mahoney
authors.forename: Bijoy K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Khandheria
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Seward
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Pellikka
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004452:Echocardiography; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis