title: The biomechanical effects of spondylolysis and its treatment.
abstract: METHODS
  Biomechanical analysis of the level above pars defects was performed using calf lumbar spines.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether complete spondylolysis contributes to the pathology of the upper adjacent motion segment to the pars defect.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  It is well recognized that patients with spondylolysis show a higher incidence of spondylolisthesis or degenerative disc changes at the level of the pars defects. However, some authors have referred to the fact that disc damage may occur at the level above the defect and give rise to symptoms. However, no previous studies have been directed to the kinematic influence on the upper adjacent segment to pars defects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine fresh-frozen calf lumbar spines were used for this study. The bony defects were created on the L4 pars articularis bilaterally. Three linear extensometers and one specially designed angular extensometer were mounted across the L3-L4 and L4-L5 motion units. Nondestructive static loads, including axial compression, flexion-extension, and axial rotation, were applied on the specimens in four different conditions as follows: 1) intact spine; 2) bilateral pars defects on the L4 laminae; 3) pars defect repair with Buck technique; and 4) pedicle screw-rod fixation at L4-L5 after removal of the interarticular screws. Testing was performed on a material testing machine (MTS 858 Bionix test system, Minneapolis, MN), and load-displacement curves were recorded with the extensometers. Each test was performed for over five full sinusoidal loading cycles, and data from the fifth cycle were collected and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After creating the pars interarticularis defects at L4, mobility at both the L3-L4 and L4-L5 motion units were increased in all loading conditions. The normalized range of motion (% ROM) as compared with the intact specimens showed that the pars defects increased the mobility at the upper adjacent level (L3-L4) to 106.4% in flexion-extension and to 120.1% in axial rotation; the differences were significant (P < 0.01). Consequently, the increased mobility was stabilized by applying Buck screws through the defects on both sides; however, the effect was not statistically significant. Furthermore, pedicle screw-rod fixation applied at the L4-L5 segment increased the intervertebral motion at the upper adjacent level, and % ROM in axial rotation was significantly increased to 119.2% of the intact spine (P < 0.05). Comparing the treatments' effects on the L3-L4 segment and that on L4-L5, the Buck screws restored the stability of both segments to the level of the intact spine, whereas the pedicle screw system limited the motion of L4-L5 motion and, on the contrary, increased the L3-L4 motion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This biomechanical study exhibited that bilateral pars interarticularis defects increased the intervertebral mobility, not only at the involved level but also at the upper adjacent level to the lysis. The increased mobility at the upper segment was reduced by the Buck screw technique. However, this was increased again by the pedicle screw system applied on the involved segment. If clinically applicable, fixation of the pars defect alone appears to cause less adjacent level mechanical stress than pedicle screw-rod motion segment fixation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics & Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin Hospital, Madison, USA.
authors.forename: Hisanori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mihara
authors.forename: Katsuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Onari
authors.forename: Boyle C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: David
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Zdeblick
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001863:Bone Screws; D002417:Cattle; D016268:Internal Fixators; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000295:instrumentation; D013169:Spondylolysis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed