title: Urinary iodine excretion in pregnant women residing in areas with adequate iodine intake.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pregnancy is accompanied by profound alterations in thyroid economy and relative iodine deficiency. The aim of this study was to evaluate urinary iodine excretion of pregnant women in cities with adequate and more than adequate iodine intake.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was performed on schoolchildren and pregnant women in four cities in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Urinary iodine excretion was measured for 438 schoolchildren and 403 pregnant women. In addition, in Isfahan City, thyroid volume was measured by sonography for 30 pregnant women in each trimester of pregnancy and for 90 non-pregnant women who also had urinary iodine measurement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median urinary iodine of schoolchildren was 31.2, 25.0, 20.2 and 19.3 microg/dl in Rasht, Isfahan, Ilam and Tehran, respectively. Corresponding values for pregnant women were 33.8, 21.2, 19.0 and 18.6 microg/dl. The percentage of pregnant women with urinary iodine below 20 microg/dl was 16, 45, 55 and 54, and below 10 microg/dl was 1, 7, 7 and 13, in Rasht, Isfahan, Ilam and Tehran, respectively. In Isfahan, urinary iodine was significantly decreased in the third trimester of pregnancy, compared with controls. Mean thyroid volume was 7.8 +/- 3.1 ml and 7.8 +/- 2.8 ml in pregnant and non-pregnant women, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recommended values for dietary iodine through universal salt iodisation may not be adequate for pregnant women, and the specific problem of iodine and pregnancy should be considered further in the light of the latest recommendations.
authors.affiliation: Endocrine Research Center, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 19395-4763, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran. azizi@erc-iran.com
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Azizi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aminorroya
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hedayati
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rezvanian
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amini
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mirmiran
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006042:Goiter / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007455:Iodine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000172:deficiency / Q000652:urine*; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000652:urine*; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary; C034024:iodized salt; D007455:Iodine