title: Changes in paracetamol, antidepressants and opioid poisoning in Scotland during the 1990s.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Overdose is one of the commonest causes of medical admissions to UK hospitals. In Scotland (pop. 5.1 million), all NHS hospital discharge data is uniquely linked to enable identification of individuals re-presenting with the same diagnosis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine trends in discharges for poisoning, in particular paracetamol, antidepressants and opioids from 1990-99.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Discharge data from the Scottish Morbidity Record (SMR01) and mortality data from the General Register Office for Scotland (GROS) were analysed for 1990-99 by age and gender for the relevant codes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall discharge rates increased until 1997, after which they fell. This pattern was seen in paracetamol-related discharges, but not for antidepressants or for opioids. Overdose was more common in females, except for opioids. Discharges related to opioids increased in an exponential manner over the decade, five-fold in women and six-fold in men in 10 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increases in opioid-related presentations are of major concern. Changes in paracetamol pack-size have been associated with reduced discharge rates. In Scotland the age group with the highest rate of discharge (15-24 years) with paracetamol overdose is not the one with the highest mortality.
authors.affiliation: Scottish Poisons Information Bureau, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, UK. spib@luht.scot.nhs.uk
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Bateman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bain
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gorman
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Murphy
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000506:poisoning*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000506:poisoning*; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000506:poisoning*; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009294:Narcotics / Q000506:poisoning*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012606:Scotland / Q000453:epidemiology; D017678:Sex Distribution
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D009294:Narcotics; D000082:Acetaminophen