title: Induction of c-Fos expression in specific areas of the fear circuitry in rat forebrain by anxiogenic drugs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The fact that induction of anxiety- and panic-related symptoms is a property common to a range of drugs suggests that common neural substrates underlie their behavioral effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used Fos immunocytochemistry to test the effects of four anxiogenic drugs (FG-7142, yohimbine, m-chlorophenylpiperazine [mCPP], and caffeine) on anxiety-related circuitry in rat forebrain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All four drugs commonly increased Fos-like immunoreactivity in 7 of 41 brain areas investigated, namely, central nucleus of the amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral septum, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, lateral hypothalamus, infralimbic and prelimbic cortex. All drugs but one (mCPP) also increased Fos expression in the basolateral and medial amygdala, the dorsomedial hypothalamus, cingulate cortex, and parts of the motor cortex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that the anxiogenic drugs selected activate a restricted set of forebrain areas. Most of these areas have previously been shown to be activated by environmentally evoked anxiety and to have anatomic connections with hindbrain regions that are activated by the same drugs and by environmentally evoked anxiety. Together, these data are consistent with the theory of an integrated forebrain and hindbrain neuronal system that is important for anxiety states evoked by both drug and environmental manipulations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Singewald
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Salchner
authors.forename: Trevor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sharp
mesh_terms: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000679:Amygdala / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001007:Anxiety / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology*; D002110:Caffeine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002243:Carbolines / Q000494:pharmacology; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000494:pharmacology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects; D005239:Fear / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D018756:GABA Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000187:drug effects; D010879:Piperazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D016548:Prosencephalon / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020665:Septum of Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D015016:Yohimbine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D002243:Carbolines; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D018756:GABA Antagonists; D010879:Piperazines; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D015016:Yohimbine; D002110:Caffeine; C035874:FG 7142; C015068:1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine