title: Risk of perforation after colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy: a population-based study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although the risk of bowel perforation is often cited as a major factor in the choice between colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy for colorectal screening, good estimates of the absolute and relative risks of perforation are lacking.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a large population-based cohort that consisted of a random sample of 5% of Medicare beneficiaries living in regions of the United States covered by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program registries to determine rates of perforation in people aged 65 years and older. We identified individuals who were cancer-free and had undergone colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy between 1991 and 1998, calculated both the incidence and risk of perforation within 7 days of the procedure, and explored the impact on incidence and risk of perforation of age, race/ethnicity, sex, comorbidities, and indication for the procedure. We also estimated the risk of death after perforation. Risks were calculated with odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). All statistical tests were two-sided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 77 perforations after 39 286 colonoscopies (incidence = 1.96/1000 procedures) and 31 perforations after 35 298 sigmoidoscopies (incidence = 0.88/1000 procedures). After adjustment, the OR for perforation from colonoscopy relative to perforation from sigmoidoscopy was 1.8 (95% CI = 1.2 to 2.8). Risk of perforation from either procedure increased in association with increasing age (P(trend)<.001 for both procedures) and the presence of two or more comorbidities (P(trend)<.001 for colonoscopy and P(trend) =.03 for sigmoidoscopy). Compared with those who were endoscopied and did not have a perforation, the risk of death was statistically significantly increased for those who had a perforation after either colonoscopy (OR = 9.0, 95% CI = 3.0 to 27.3) or sigmoidoscopy (OR = 8.8, 95% CI = 1.6 to 48.5). The risk of perforation after colonoscopy, especially for screening procedures, declined during the 8-year study period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk of perforation after colonoscopy is approximately double that after sigmoidoscopy, but this difference appears to be decreasing. These observations should be useful to clinicians making screening and diagnostic decisions for individual patients and to policy officials setting guidelines for colorectal cancer screening programs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Joseph L. Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Nicolle M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Gatto
authors.forename: Harold
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Frucht
authors.forename: Vijaya
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sundararajan
authors.forename: Judith S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: Victor R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Grann
authors.forename: Alfred I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Neugut
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003113:Colonoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007416:Intestinal Perforation / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D018426:SEER Program; D012812:Sigmoidoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology