title: Metabolic fingerprinting of salt-stressed tomatoes.
abstract: The aim of this study was to adopt the approach of metabolic fingerprinting through the use of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and chemometrics to study the effect of salinity on tomato fruit. Two varieties of tomato were studied, Edkawy and Simge F1. Salinity treatment significantly reduced the relative growth rate of Simge F1 but had no significant effect on that of Edkawy. In both tomato varieties salt-treatment significantly reduced mean fruit fresh weight and size class but had no significant affect on total fruit number. Marketable yield was however reduced in both varieties due to the occurrence of blossom end rot in response to salinity. Whole fruit flesh extracts from control and salt-grown tomatoes were analysed using FT-IR spectroscopy. Each sample spectrum contained 882 variables, absorbance values at different wavenumbers, making visual analysis difficult and therefore machine learning methods were applied. The unsupervised clustering method, principal component analysis (PCA) showed no discrimination between the control and salt-treated fruit for either variety. The supervised method, discriminant function analysis (DFA) was able to classify control and salt-treated fruit in both varieties. Genetic algorithms (GA) were applied to identify discriminatory regions within the FT-IR spectra important for fruit classification. The GA models were able to classify control and salt-treated fruit with a typical error, when classifying the whole data set, of 9% in Edkawy and 5% in Simge F1. Key regions were identified within the spectra corresponding to nitrile containing compounds and amino radicals. The application of GA enabled the identification of functional groups of potential importance in relation to the response of tomato to salinity.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Sciences, Cledwyn Building, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3DD, Wales, UK. ars@aber.ac.uk
authors.forename: Helen E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Broadhurst
authors.forename: Royston
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Goodacre
authors.forename: Aileen R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010935:Plant Diseases; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
chemical_list: D012965:Sodium Chloride