title: Distal antenna and distal antenna related encode nuclear proteins containing pipsqueak motifs involved in antenna development in Drosophila.
abstract: Legs and antennae are considered to be homologous appendages. The fundamental patterning mechanisms that organize spatial pattern are conserved, yet appendages with very different morphology develop. A genetic hierarchy for specification of antennal identity has been partly elucidated. We report identification of a novel family of genes with roles in antennal development. The distal antenna (dan) and distal antenna-related (danr) genes encode novel nuclear proteins that are expressed in the presumptive distal antenna, but not in the leg imaginal disc. Ectopic expression of dan or danr causes partial transformation of distal leg structure toward antennal identity. Mutants that remove dan and danr activity cause partial transformation of antenna toward leg identity. Therefore we suggest that dan and danr contribute to differentiation of antenna-specific characteristics. Antenna-specific expression of dan and danr depends on a regulatory hierarchy involving homothorax and Distal-less, as well as cut and spineless. We propose that dan and danr are effector genes that act downstream of these genes to control differentiation of distal antennal structures.
authors.affiliation: Developmental Biology Programme, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: B Starling
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Emerald
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Curtiss
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mlodzik
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D020816:Amino Acid Motifs / Q000235:genetics*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D004330:Drosophila / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005809:Genes, Regulator / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C472925:dan protein, Drosophila; C472926:danr protein, Drosophila; C117261:distal-less protein, insect; C108704:hth protein, Drosophila; C097735:psq protein, Drosophila