title: The use of multiple informants in identifying the risk factors of depressive and disruptive disorders--are they interchangeable?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to asses whether children and their parents identify the same risk factors for disruptive and depressive disorders and to analyze whether combining informant data with a rule that classifies the diagnosis as present if confirmed by at least one informant (OR rule) masks distinctive patterns identified in informant-specific analyses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bivariate logistic regression equations were estimated using the diagnostic classification, based on DISC 2.1, as the outcome variable and informant (parent or child), characteristics of the youth (gender and age), indicators of the context of the interview (site), and family characteristics (income, parental monitoring, and adverse family environment) as predictors. The same predictors were also analyzed with the combined informant (OR rule) as outcome variable.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence of all diagnoses varied with informant. Depressive disorders were more prevalent when the informant was the youth and disruptive disorders when the informant was the parent. The effect of age varied with informant. Odds of being classified as having a DISC disorder increased with age when the informant was the youth but the same effect was not observed when the parent was the informant. When information from parents and youth are combined (with an OR rule) the age effect for disruptive disorders vanishes, and its effect for depressive disorders weakens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Informants are not interchangeable. Parent- and youth-based estimates of the prevalence of disruptive and depressive disorders were different and showed distinctive age relationships. Combining information from different sources (parents and youths) obscures the apparent effect of age noted in the two informant groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Economic, University of Puerto Rico & Behavioral Sciences Research Institute, 135 alheli, Urb. San Francisco, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00927, USA.
authors.forename: Maritza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rubio-Stipec
authors.forename: Garrett
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fitzmaurice
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Walker
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D003863:Depression / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology