title: Obesity-associated hypertension and kidney disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The worldwide prevalence of obesity and its associated metabolic and cardiovascular disorders has risen dramatically during the past two decades. Our objective is to review the mechanisms that link obesity with hypertension and altered kidney function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Current evidence suggests that excess weight gain may be responsible for 65-75% of the risk for essential hypertension. Abnormal renal pressure natriuresis, due initially to increased renal tubular sodium reabsorption, is a key factor linking obesity with hypertension. Obesity increases renal sodium reabsorption by activating the renin-angiotensin and sympathetic nervous systems, and by altering intrarenal physical forces. Adipose tissue functions as an endocrine organ, secreting hormones/cytokines (e.g. leptin) that may activate the sympathetic nervous system and alter kidney function. Excess visceral adipose tissue may physically compress the kidneys, increasing intrarenal pressures and tubular reabsorption. Sustained obesity eventually causes structural changes in the kidneys and loss of nephron function, further increasing arterial pressure and leading to severe renal disease in some cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite considerable progress in understanding the pathophysiology of obesity, there are still no specific guidelines for the treatment of obesity hypertension other than weight reduction. Special considerations for obese hypertensive patients, in addition to controlling blood pressure, are correcting the metabolic abnormalities and protecting the kidneys from injury. This remains an important area for further research, especially in view of the current 'epidemic' of obesity in most industrialized countries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Center of Excellence in Cardiovascular-Renal Research, Jackson, Mississippi, USA. jehall@physiology.umsmed.edu
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Jay J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: Alexandre A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.forename: Rogerio B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: de Paula
authors.forename: Jiankang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Lakshmi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tallam
mesh_terms: D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015994:Incidence; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index