title: Depression and adverse drug reactions among hospitalized older adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depression is a common disorder among hospitalized older adults, and it has been associated with adverse outcomes during hospital stays, including increased risk of morbidity and mortality and reduced recovery rates from illness and disability. The aim of this study was to assess whether depression may be a risk factor for adverse drug reactions (ADRs) among hospitalized older adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 3134 older patients admitted to 23 hospitals throughout Italy between May 1 and June 30 and September 1 and October 31, 1998, entered the study. Patients with a short-form Geriatric Depression Scale score of 5 or greater were considered depressed. Adverse drug reactions observed during hospital stays and classified as definite or probable on the basis of the Naranjo algorithm were considered for this study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the hospital stays, 192 ADRs were identified in 183 patients (5.8% of the sample). Cardiovascular and arrhythmic complications (20.3% of all ADRs) were the most frequent ADRs, followed by gastrointestinal (18.8%), dermatologic and allergic (12.5%), hemorrhagic (11.5%), and electrolyte (9.9%) disturbances. Adverse drug reactions were recorded in 101 (7.4%) of 1363 depressed patients and in 82 (4.6%) of 1771 nondepressed patients (P =.001). After adjusting for potential confounders, depression was associated with a significantly higher rate of ADRs (odds ratio, 1.58; 95% confidence interval, 1.14-2.20; P =.006). This effect seemed more pronounced in women (odds ratio, 1.85; 95% confidence interval, 1.16-2.95) than in men (odds ratio, 1.38; 95% confidence interval, 0.85-2.34).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In older hospitalized patients, depression seems to be associated with a greater occurrence of ADRs.
authors.affiliation: Centro Medicina dell'Invecchiamento, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Policlinico A. Gemelli, L.go Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy. graziano_onder@rm.unicatt.it
authors.forename: Graziano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Onder
authors.forename: Brenda W J H
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Penninx
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Landi
authors.forename: Hal
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Atkinson
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cesari
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bernabei
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pahor
mesh_terms: D016907:Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000368:Aged; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D004077:Digoxin / Q000009:adverse effects; D004232:Diuretics / Q000009:adverse effects; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000925:Anticoagulants; D004232:Diuretics; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D004077:Digoxin