title: The importance of indirect costs in primary cardiovascular disease prevention: can we save lives and money with statins?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The losses in productivity due to cardiovascular disease (CVD) are substantial but rarely considered in health economic analyses. We compared the cost-effectiveness of lipid level modification in the primary prevention of CVD with and without these indirect costs.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the Cardiovascular Life Expectancy Model to estimate the long-term benefits and cost-effectiveness of lipid level modification with atorvastatin calcium, including 28% and 38% reductions in total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, respectively, and a 5.5% increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level. The direct costs included all medical care costs associated with CVD. The indirect costs represented the loss of employment income and the decreased value of housekeeping services after different manifestations of CVD. All costs were expressed in 2000 Canadian dollars.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When only direct medical care costs were considered, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios for lifelong therapy with atorvastatin calcium, 10 mg/d, were generally positive, ranging from a few thousand to nearly $20 000 per year of life saved. When the societal point of view was adopted and indirect costs were included, the total costs were generally negative, representing substantial cost savings (up to $50 000) and increased life expectancy for most groups of individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lipid therapy with statins can reduce CVD morbidity and mortality as demonstrated in a number of clinical trials. Adding the indirect CVD costs associated with productivity losses at work and home can result in forecasted cost savings to society as a whole such that lipid therapy could potentially save lives and money.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Epidemiology, The Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Ave, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1A4. steven.grover@mcgill.ca
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Grover
authors.forename: Vivian
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lavoie
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Coupal
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zowall
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pilote
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000069059:Atorvastatin; D002170:Canada; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000191:economics* / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004180:Direct Service Costs; D004526:Efficiency; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000145:classification*; D005102:Health Expenditures; D006538:Heptanoic Acids / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008017:Life Expectancy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011322:Primary Prevention / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods*; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D006538:Heptanoic Acids; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents; D011758:Pyrroles; D000069059:Atorvastatin