title: Novel prostaglandin D(2)-derived activators of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma are formed in macrophage cell cultures.
abstract: Incubation of RAW 264.7 murine macrophages with 9,15-dihydroxy-11-oxo-, (5Z,9alpha,13E,15(S))-Prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid [prostaglandin D(2) (PGD(2))] induced formation of considerable peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) activity [Nature 391 (1998) 79]. Because PGD(2) itself is a poor PPARgamma ligand, we incubated RAW 264.7 macrophage cultures with prostaglandin D(2) for 24 h and studied the ability of the metabolites formed to activate PPARgamma. PGD(2) products were extracted and fractionated by reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Chemical identification was achieved by UV spectroscopy, gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and chemical syntheses of reference compounds. PGD(2) was converted to eight products, six of which were identified. Ligand-induced interaction of PPARgamma with steroid receptor coactivator-1 was determined by glutathione-S-transferase pull-down assays and PPARgamma activation was investigated by transient transfection of RAW 264.7 macrophages. In addition to the previously known ligand 11-oxo-(5Z,9,12E,14Z)-Prosta-5,9,12,14-tetraen-1-oic acid (15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-PGJ(2)), a novel PPARgamma ligand and activator viz. 9-hydroxy-11-oxo-, (5Z,9alpha,12E,14Z)-Prosta-5,12,14-trien-1-oic acid (15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-PGD(2)) was identified. The biological significance of these results is currently under investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Linköping University, S-581 85, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Mats
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Söderström
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wigren
authors.forename: Sailesh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Surapureddi
authors.forename: Christopher K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Glass
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hammarström
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D051548:Histone Acetyltransferases; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D015394:Molecular Structure; D056920:Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 1; D015230:Prostaglandin D2 / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D014157:Transcription Factors; D051548:Histone Acetyltransferases; C538861:Ncoa1 protein, mouse; D056920:Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 1; D015230:Prostaglandin D2