title: NF-kappaB blockade and oncogenic Ras trigger invasive human epidermal neoplasia.
abstract: The nuclear factor NF-kappaB and oncogenic Ras can alter proliferation in epidermis, the most common site of human cancer. These proteins are implicated in epidermal squamous cell carcinoma in mice, however, the potential effects of altering their function are uncertain. Whereas inhibition of NF-kappaB enhances apoptosis in certain tumours, blockade of NF-kappaB predisposes murine skin to squamous cell carcinoma. Because therapeutics inhibiting Ras and NF-kappaB pathways are being developed to treat human cancer, it is essential to assess the effects of altering these regulators. The medical relevance of murine studies is limited, however, by differences between mouse and human skin, and by the greater ease of transforming murine cells. Here we show that in normal human epidermal cells both NF-kappaB and oncogenic Ras trigger cell-cycle arrest. Growth arrest triggered by oncogenic Ras can be bypassed by IkappaBalpha-mediated blockade of NF-kappaB, generating malignant human epidermal tissue resembling squamous cell carcinoma. Human cell tumorigenesis is dependent on laminin 5 and alpha6beta4 integrin. Thus, IkappaBalpha circumvents restraints on growth promotion induced by oncogenic Ras and can act with Ras to induce invasive human tissue neoplasia.
authors.affiliation: Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System and the Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Maya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dajee
authors.forename: Mirella
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lazarov
authors.forename: Jennifer Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ti
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Cheryl L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Alan J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: M Peter
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Marinkovich
authors.forename: Shiying
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.forename: Qun
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Yoshiaki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kubo
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Khavari
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000378:metabolism; D002455:Cell Division; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D004817:Epidermis / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D011905:Genes, ras / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D039161:Integrin alpha6beta4 / Q000378:metabolism; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000637:transplantation; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D016513:Mice, SCID; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D015689:Oncogene Protein p21(ras) / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016615:Telomere / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014161:Transduction, Genetic; D000097794:Kalinin
chemical_list: D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D039161:Integrin alpha6beta4; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D016328:NF-kappa B; D015689:Oncogene Protein p21(ras); D000097794:Kalinin; C000606204:NFKBIA protein, human; C000606205:Nfkbia protein, mouse