title: Socioeconomic status variables predict cardiovascular disease risk factors and prospective mortality risk among women with chest pain. The WISE Study.
abstract: This study examined the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES), coronary artery disease (CAD) risk factors, and all-cause mortality in a cohort of women with chest pain. A total of 743 women (mean age = 59.6 years) with chest pain who were referred for coronary angiography completed a diagnostic protocol including CAD risk factor assessment, ischemic testing, psychosocial testing, and queries of SES. Patients were followed for about 2 years to track subsequent all-cause mortality. Results indicated that low SES was associated with CAD risk factors, including higher BMI and waist-hip ratios, cigarette smoking, lower reported activity levels, and a greater probability of hypertension. Low income also predicted all-cause mortality (RR = 2.7, 95% CI 1.4, 5.2), including after adjusting for proposed psychosocial and behavioral variables (RR = 5.9, 95% CI 1.2-29.7). Future research will require a thorough a priori focus on potential mechanisms to better understand SES effects on health.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh, USA. thomas.rutledge@med.va.gov
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rutledge
authors.forename: Steven E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.forename: Marian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Owens
authors.forename: Sheryl F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Kelsey
authors.forename: Carl J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Pepine
authors.forename: Nathaniel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Reichek
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: C Noel
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Bairey-Merz
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sopko
authors.forename: Carol E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Cornell
authors.forename: Karen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Matthews
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002423:Cause of Death; D002637:Chest Pain / Q000175:diagnosis*; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality*; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012923:Social Class; D014481:United States