title: Modifying children's food preferences: the effects of exposure and reward on acceptance of an unfamiliar vegetable.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate two interventions (one reward-based and one exposure-based) for increasing children's acceptance of an unfamiliar vegetable compared with a no-treatment control. It was predicted that the exposure condition would increase liking for, and consumption of, the vegetable relative to either the reward or control group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a randomized controlled design, participants were assigned to one of two intervention groups (exposure or reward) or to a no-treatment control condition, for a 2 week period. Liking for, and consumption of, red pepper was assessed before and after the treatment period.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted in three primary schools in London.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parental consent was obtained for 49 out of a possible 72 children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interventions comprised eight daily sessions during which participants in the exposure group were offered a taste of sweet red pepper and told that they could eat as much as they liked. Participants in the reward group were shown a sheet of cartoon stickers and told that they could choose one of them on condition that they ate at least one piece of the pepper.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The exposure-based intervention significantly increased both liking (P=0.006) and consumption (P=0.03) compared with the control group. The outcome of the reward intervention was intermediate and did not differ significantly from the exposure or control conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Repeated exposure to the taste of unfamiliar foods is a promising strategy for promoting liking of previously rejected foods in children.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research UK Health Behaviour Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK. j.wardle@ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wardle
authors.forename: M-L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Herrera
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cooke
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Gibson
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004435:Eating / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005518:Food Preferences / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012201:Reward; D014675:Vegetables