title: Lysophosphatidylcholine inhibits endothelial cell migration by increasing intracellular calcium and activating calpain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Endothelial cell (EC) migration, essential for reestablishing arterial integrity after vascular injury, is inhibited by oxidized LDL (oxLDL) and lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC) that are present in the arterial wall. We tested the hypothesis that a mechanism responsible for lysoPC-induced inhibition is increased intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)).
  
  
  RESULTS
  LysoPC, at concentrations that inhibit in vitro EC migration to 35% of control, increased [Ca(2+)](i) levels 3-fold. These effects of lysoPC were concentration dependent and reversible. LysoPC induced Ca(2+) influx within 10 minutes, and [Ca(2+)](i) remained elevated for 2 hours. The calcium ionophore A23187 also increased [Ca(2+)](i) and inhibited EC migration. Chelators of intracellular Ca(2+) (BAPTA/AM and EGTA/AM) and nonvoltage-sensitive channel blockers (lanthanum chloride and gadolinium chloride) blunted the lysoPC-induced [Ca(2+)](i) rise and partially preserved EC migration. After lysoPC treatment, calpain, a calcium-dependent cysteine protease, was activated, and cytoskeletal changes occurred. Calpain inhibitors (calpastatin, MDL28170, and calpeptin) added before lysoPC prevented cytoskeletal protein cleavage and preserved EC migration at 60% of control levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LysoPC increases [Ca(2+)](i). In turn, activating calpains that can alter the cytoskeleton are activated and EC migration is inhibited.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Pinaki
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chaudhuri
authors.forename: Scott M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Colles
authors.forename: Derek S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Damron
authors.forename: Linda M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Graham
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D000001:Calcimycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002154:Calpain / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D002417:Cattle; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004151:Dipeptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D004533:Egtazic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000502:physiology*; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000378:metabolism; D016257:Fura-2 / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D007476:Ionophores / Q000494:pharmacology; D008244:Lysophosphatidylcholines / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type; D002614:Chelating Agents; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors; D004151:Dipeptides; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D007476:Ionophores; D008244:Lysophosphatidylcholines; C049925:fura-2-am; C070379:1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester; D000001:Calcimycin; D004533:Egtazic Acid; C046770:EGTA acetoxymethyl ester; D002154:Calpain; C025603:1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid; D002118:Calcium; D016257:Fura-2; C058076:calpain inhibitor III