title: Dendritic cells exposed to nacystelyn are refractory to maturation and promote the emergence of alloreactive regulatory t cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Drugs blocking dendritic cell (DC) maturation might be useful in transplantation by inhibiting the induction of primary alloimmune responses and promoting the emergence of regulatory T lymphocytes (Treg). We investigated the effects of Nacystelyn (NAL), an N-acetyl-L-cysteine derivative, on human DCs, paying attention to the T-cell responses elicited by NAL-treated DCs in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to induce the maturation of DCs naturally present in blood or generated from human monocytes cultured in interleukin-4 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating activity. We first analyzed the consequences of NAL on cytokine production and expression of major histocompatibility complex class II and costimulatory molecules. Monocyte-derived DCs were then used as stimulators in mixed leukocyte cultures with naive CD4 T cells. Cytokine levels were measured in culture supernatants; the phenotype of T cells and their capacity to inhibit the proliferation of third-party T-cell responders was determined at the end of the culture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NAL proved to be a potent inhibitor of DC maturation in whole blood experiments and on monocyte-derived DCs. Alloreactive T cells stimulated with DCs pretreated with LPS in the presence of NAL produced much less interferon-gamma but similar levels of interleukin-13 compared with DCs treated with LPS alone. Immature DCs induced Treg, which was not observed with mature DCs. DCs cultured with LPS in the presence of NAL were as efficient as immature DCs to generate alloreactive T cells with regulatory activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NAL is a potent inhibitor of DC maturation, which might be useful to promote allograft acceptance by inducing the differentiation of allospecific Treg.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Vosters
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nève
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: De Wit
authors.forename: Fabienne
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Willems
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goldman
authors.forename: Valerie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Verhasselt
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance / Q000187:drug effects*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008239:Lysine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D014181:Transplantation Immunology / Q000187:drug effects; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; C086501:N-acetylcysteine lysinate; D008239:Lysine; D000111:Acetylcysteine