title: Carbon dioxide elimination during laparoscopy in children is age dependent.
abstract: The absorption of carbon dioxide (CO2) used for positive pressure pneumoperitoneum may lead to an increased CO2 load. CO2 elimination during laparoscopy has not been investigated previously in paediatrics. The aim of this study was to characterise the pattern of CO2 elimination during laparoscopic surgery in infants and children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty children undergoing laparoscopy and 19 children undergoing laparotomy for elective abdominal operations were studied. Pneumoperitoneum was achieved using insufflation of unheated CO2. CO2 elimination (metabolically produced + absorbed; milliliters per kilogram per minute) was measured minute by minute during the operation by indirect calorimetry. End-tidal CO2 (kPa) was recorded every 10 minutes. The above variables were assessed before CO2 insufflation, during pneumoperitoneum, and after desufflation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Before insufflation, CO2 elimination was 4.6 +/- 0.3 ml/kg/min and increased after 15 minutes of pneumoperitoneum to 5.2 +/- 0.3 (P <.001). Post desufflation, CO2 elimination decreased toward preinsufflation values, but did not return to baseline by the end of operation (5.8 +/- 0.3; P <.001). End-tidal CO2 was 4.7 +/- 0.2 preinsufflation, peaked at 1 hour (5.3 +/- 0.2; P <.001) and subsequently decreased in response to ventilatory adjustments. The total amount of CO2 insufflated was positively correlated with patient age (r2 = 0.27; P <.01). CO2 elimination was age related, as indicated by multilevel model analysis and by negative correlations between maximum increase in CO2 elimination and both age (r2 = 0.27; P <.01) and weight (r2 = 0.29; P <.01). These data suggest that the younger or smaller the child, the larger the increase in CO2 elimination. Seven patients (35%) responded to desufflation with a sharp transient increase in CO2 elimination, which did not appear to be related to patient age, length of pneumoperitoneum, abdominal pressure, or type of operation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During pneumoperitoneum, younger children absorb proportionately more CO2 than older individuals. The short-lived increase in CO2 elimination postdesufflation may be related to an increase in venous return from the lower limbs after release of the abdominal pressure. These findings suggest that small children warrant close monitoring during laparoscopy and during the immediate postoperative period.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Institute of Child Health, London, England.
authors.forename: Merrill
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McHoney
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Corizia
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eaton
authors.forename: Edward M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Kiely
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Drake
authors.forename: Hock L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Lewis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Spitz
authors.forename: Agostino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pierro
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D001824:Body Constitution / Q000502:physiology; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003082:Colectomy; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures; D018662:Fundoplication; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007327:Insufflation; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D011028:Pneumoperitoneum, Artificial
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide