title: Vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor expression in esophageal adenocarcinoma and Barrett esophagus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was undertaken to investigate the role of the angiogenic factors vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor in the development and progression of Barrett esophagus and adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor messenger RNA expression levels, relative to the control gene encoding beta-actin, were measured by using a quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction method (ABI 7700 Sequence Detector system) in specimens of Barrett intestinal metaplasia (n = 16), dysplasia (n = 11), adenocarcinoma (n = l 5), and matching normal squamous esophageal tissues (n = 35). Vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor protein expression and CD31(+) microvessel density were assessed by means of immunohistochemistry in 25 tissue sections that included representative areas for each of these Barrett stages.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Expression levels were significantly increased in adenocarcinoma compared with in either normal squamous mucosa (P <.0001 for both genes) or intestinal metaplasia (vascular endothelial growth factor, P =.002; basic fibroblast growth factor, P <.0001). Vascular endothelial growth factor levels were also significantly higher in cancer tissues compared with dysplasia tissues (P =.024, Mann-Whitney U test). Basic fibroblast growth factor expression was also significantly increased in Barrett dysplastic mucosa compared with in intestinal metaplasia or normal esophageal mucosa. Microvessel density was generally higher in adenocarcinoma compared with in preneoplastic Barrett tissues. The pattern of vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor protein expression was similar to the messenger RNA expression pattern, with the exception that mucin-containing goblet cells stained intensely for vascular endothelial growth factor and only weak vascular endothelial growth factor staining was present in some adenocarcinomas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor messenger RNA expression levels are significantly upregulated in esophageal and gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinomas, suggesting a role for these angiogenic factors in the development of these cancers. Vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor messenger RNA expression levels are also increased in some Barrett esophagus tissues, with this increase occurring at an earlier stage for basic fibroblast growth factor than for vascular endothelial growth factor. Basic fibroblast growth factor protein expression pattern is similar to the messenger RNA expression pattern, but unlike the messenger RNA findings, vascular endothelial growth factor protein expression is strongest in goblet cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA.
authors.forename: Reginald V N
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Lord
authors.forename: Ji Min
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Kumari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wickramasinghe
authors.forename: Steven R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: DeMeester
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oberg
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Salonga
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Singer
authors.forename: Jeffrey H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Kathleen D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Danenberg
authors.forename: Tom R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Demeester
authors.forename: Peter V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Danenberg
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D001471:Barrett Esophagus / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis*; D018450:Disease Progression; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D004943:Esophagogastric Junction; D004945:Esophagoscopy; D004947:Esophagus / Q000473:pathology; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D020397:Goblet Cells / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000235:genetics*; D008679:Metaplasia; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008222:Lymphokines; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2