title: Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of microencapsulated citral in rats and mice.
abstract: Citral, a widely used natural ingredient, is added to foods and cosmetics as a flavoring and fragrance agent. Male and female F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice were exposed to microencapsulated citral in the feed for 14 weeks or two years. All studies included untreated and vehicle control groups. In the 14-week studies, rats and mice were given diets containing 3,900, 7,800, 15,600, or 31,300 ppm citral. In rats, food consumption was reduced in the two highest dose groups. In mice an apparent increase in food consumption was observed, but was due to mice scattering the feed. Body weights of all treated animals were less than controls. All rats and four male mice were killed moribund in the high dose groups. In rats, forestomach and kidney lesions were observed. At the higher doses, lesions observed in the bone marrow, testes, and thymus in rats and in the ovary in mice were considered related to inanition and resultant moribundity. In the two-year studies, rats were exposed to 1,000, 2,000, or 4,000 ppm citral. Body weights were reduced in the 4,000 ppm rats. Mice were exposed to 500, 1,000, or 2,000 ppm citral. Body weights in the 1,000 and 2,000 ppm groups were reduced. No neoplasms were attributed to citral in rats or mice. Malignant lymphoma occurred with a positive trend and was significantly greater than controls in female mice in the 2,000 ppm group. However, the incidences were within the NTP historical control range and could not be clearly related to citral administration.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
authors.forename: N B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Ress
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hailey
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Maronpot
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Bucher
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Travlos
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Haseman
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Orzech
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Hejtmancik
mesh_terms: D000080462:Acyclic Monoterpenes; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D015197:Carcinogenicity Tests; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D004032:Diet; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004339:Drug Compounding; D005260:Female; D005421:Flavoring Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D013270:Stomach / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000080462:Acyclic Monoterpenes; D002273:Carcinogens; D005421:Flavoring Agents; D039821:Monoterpenes; C007076:citral