title: The efficacy of 9-cis-retinoic acid (aliretinoin) as a chemopreventive agent for cervical dysplasia: results of a randomized double-blind clinical trial.
abstract: 9-Cis-retinoic acid (aliretinoin) is a pan-retinoid receptor agonist and has been demonstrated in preclinical models to have potent chemoprevention effects. The purpose of this study was to determine the utility of using aliretinoin as a chemoprevention agent in cervical dysplasia. Patients with histological evidence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2/3 were randomized in a double-blind manner to receive high-dose aliretinoin (50 mg), low-dose of aliretinoin (25 mg), or placebo daily for 12 weeks. Compliance and side effects were monitored at various time points during therapy. At the completion of therapy, all of the patients underwent a loop procedure. Histology of pretreatment biopsies was compared with that of loop specimens. One-hundred and fourteen patients with CIN 2/3 were enrolled in the study. In the 112 patients evaluable for toxicity, headache was the most common clinical side effect and was experienced more frequently (74%) in the high-dose aliretinoin group. Eight patients withdrew from the study before completion of study medication because of unacceptable side effects. In the 104 patients evaluable for efficacy, there was no statistical difference in the rate of regression among the placebo (32%), the low-dose aliretinoin (32%), and the high-dose aliretinoin (36%) groups. (P = not significant; power 0.06). Aliretinoin at these dosages and this schedule does not appear to result in significant regression rates in CIN 2/3 patients when compared with placebo. Headache is encountered frequently and may thwart efforts to increase the dose or duration of aliretinoin in future cervical cancer chemoprevention studies. The rate of histological regression in biopsied CIN 2/3 patients is high even over a short time interval, and emphasizes the importance of having a placebo arm and an adequate sample size in cervical dysplasia chemoprevention studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35233-7333, USA. rdalvarez@aol.com
authors.forename: Ronald D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Conner
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Patricia M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Klug
authors.forename: Santosh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Niwas
authors.forename: Upender
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Manne
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bacus
authors.forename: Valeriy
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kagan
authors.forename: Katherine C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Sexton
authors.forename: Clinton J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Grubbs
authors.forename: Isam-Eldin
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Eltoum
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Grizzle
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000407:Alabama; D000077556:Alitretinoin; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D018890:Chemoprevention; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004341:Drug Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D010349:Patient Compliance; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D002578:Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000188:drug therapy; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D006454:Hemoglobins; D014280:Triglycerides; D000077556:Alitretinoin; D014212:Tretinoin