title: Evaluation of two new ecological interface approaches for the anesthesia workplace.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Currently, vital parameters are commonly displayed as trends along a timeline. However, clinical decisions are more often based upon concepts, such as the depth of anesthesia, that are derived by combining parameter relationships and additional context information. The current displays do not visualize such concepts and therefore do not optimally support the decision process. A new display should present an ecological interface (EI). The principle of EI design is to visualize all of the information necessary for decision making in one single display.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the first approach, we developed an EI that visualizes 35 relevant parameters for anesthesia monitoring. All of the parameters are generated by an anesthesia software simulator. Sixteen anesthetists had to administer two simulated general anesthetics: in one setting working only with the simulator's monitors ("Sim Only"), and in another setting working with the simulator's monitors in combination with the EI ("Combi1"). During each experiment, one unexpected critical incident (either blood loss or a cuff leakage) had to be identified. The control and monitoring behavior was analyzed by recording the subjects' eye movements and think-aloud protocol. With the help of the eye-tracking results, we re-designed the EI. The new EI was then tested with no eye tracking ("Combi2") on eight anesthetists under analogous conditions as in "Combi1."
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cuff leakage was identified significantly quicker in "Combi1" (7 of 8 cases; time (T): 65 s +/- 73 s) than in "SimOnly" (6 of 8 cases; T: 222 s +/- 187 s). Blood loss was identified in 5 of 8 cases (T: 215 s +/- 76 s) in "Combi1" as quickly as in "SimOnly" (all cases; T: 217 s +/- 72 s). In "Combi1," the EI was used as the main source of information (in 43 +/- 19% of time) and was frequently favored when identifying an evolving critical incident. In "Combi2," cuff leakage was identified in 7 of 8 cases (T: 70 s +/- 111 s) as quickly as in "Combi1." Blood loss was identified significantly quicker in all cases (T: 147 s +/- 62 s) in "Combi2" than in "Combi1" and in "SimOnly."
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results have shown that appropriately designed EIs may improve the anesthetist's decision making and focus attention on specific problems. Now, the findings have to be tested in future studies by widening the scope using other simulated scenarios and being closer to reality under real conditions in the OR. Eye tracking proved to be a useful method to analyze the anesthetists' decision making and appropriately re-design interfaces.
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering at the Aachen University of Technology, Aachen, Germany. jungk@hia.rwth-aachen.de
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jungk
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Thull
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hoeft
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rau
mesh_terms: D000768:Anesthesia, General; D000776:Anesthesiology / Q000379:methods*; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical; D003626:Data Display; D020000:Decision Support Systems, Clinical; D006804:Ergonomics; D005133:Eye Movements; D006801:Humans; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D017132:Workplace