title: Recombinant antithrombin attenuates pulmonary inflammation following smoke inhalation and pneumonia in sheep.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The interaction between coagulation and inflammation has become one of the major topics in critical care medicine. In the present study, we investigated the effect of posttreatment of sepsis with recombinant human antithrombin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental laboratory in a university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  University laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female merino ewes (n = 16).
  
  
  METHODS
  After 1 wk of recovery from the surgical preparation, a tracheotomy was performed followed by insufflation of 48 breaths of cotton smoke (<40 degrees C). Afterward, a stock solution of live (5 x 10(11) colony-forming units) was instilled in the both lung lobes through a bronchoscope. All sheep were mechanically ventilated employing 100% oxygen. An infusion of recombinant human antithrombin (100 units x kg(-1) x 24 hrs(-1), intravenously; n = 6) or saline (n = 6) was started 1 hr after injury. Sham control animals (n = 4) were surgically prepared but not insufflated with smoke and bacteria. Lung histologic changes were evaluated by a scoring system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The infusion of recombinant human antithrombin maintained the baseline antithrombin activity throughout the study; in the saline-treated group, antithrombin activity decreased significantly. The lung wet/dry weight ratio and the histology score (combined scores for congestion, edema, inflammation, and hemorrhage) were significantly increased by the insult, but recombinant human antithrombin attenuated these responses. More than 30% of both bronchi and bronchioles were obstructed by cast formation after smoke inhalation and pneumonia. The cast was composed of epithelial cells, neutrophils, mucus, and fibrin. The obstruction was significantly improved by recombinant human antithrombin infusion. Arterial pressure and urine output were also attenuated in recombinant human antithrombin-treated animals. The increases in plasma nitrate/nitrite concentrations and pulmonary shunt fraction after the injury were not attenuated by recombinant human antithrombin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Posttreatment by recombinant human antithrombin was effective in treating acute lung injury after smoke inhalation and pneumonia in sheep. We hypothesize that the decrease in antithrombin activity during sepsis might induce severe airway obstruction and that supplementation with antithrombin inhibits this decrease.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Medical Branch and Shriners Burns Hospital, Galveston 77555-0833, USA.
authors.forename: Kazunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.forename: Roy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McGuire
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: Jeffrey M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Jodoin
authors.forename: Frank C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Schmalstieg
authors.forename: Lillian D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Traber
authors.forename: Hal K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Hawkins
authors.forename: David N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Herndon
authors.forename: Daniel L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Traber
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000991:Antithrombins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012756:Sheep; D015208:Smoke Inhalation Injury / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000991:Antithrombins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins