Dopamine and the kidney: a role in hypertension?
OBJECTIVE
Defective transduction of the dopamine receptor signal in the kidney has been shown to be important in the pathogenesis of hypertension This review will discuss the genetic mechanism for the defective renal dopaminergic function and the interaction with other gene variant products in the pathogenesis of salt sensitivity and essential hypertension.


RESULTS
Single nucleotide polymorphisms of G protein-coupled receptor kinase type 4 (GRK4) phosphorylate, desensitize, and diminish the inhibitory action of D receptors on sodium transport in the kidney. Inhibition of GRK4 expression normalizes renal proximal tubule D receptor function in humans and rodents and ameliorates the hypertension in genetically hypertensive rats. Expression of the GRK4 variant, GRK4gammaA142V, produces hypertension and impairs the natriuretic effect of D receptor stimulation in mice. In humans, GRK4 single nucleotide polymorphisms are associated with essential hypertension, particularly salt sensitive hypertension. The prediction of the hypertensive phenotype is most accurate when elements of the renin-angiotensin system and GRK4 are included in the analysis.


CONCLUSIONS
GRK4 single nucleotide polymorphisms, by preventing the natriuretic function of the dopaminergic system and by allowing the antinatriuretic function of angiotensin II type 1 receptors to predominate, may be responsible for salt sensitivity. Hypertension develops with additional perturbations caused by the variants of other genes (e.g., alpha-adducin, angiotensin converting enzyme, angiotensinogen, angiotensin II type 1 receptor, aldosterone synthase, 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2), the quantitative interaction of which may vary depending upon the genetic background.
Jose
Pedro A
PA
Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA. pjose01@georgetown.edu
Eisner
Gilbert M
GM
Felder
Robin A
RA
D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018450:Disease Progression; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D051381:Rats; D011918:Rats, Inbred SHR; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011954:Receptors, Dopamine / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000502:physiology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000378:metabolism
D011954:Receptors, Dopamine; D000804:Angiotensin II; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D004298:Dopamine