title: Tissue factor regulation and cytokine expression in monocyte-endothelial cell co-cultures: effects of a statin, an ACE-inhibitor and a low-molecular-weight heparin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mounting evidence implies beneficial properties of statins and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitors beyond those of their original indications in the treatment of coronary artery disease (CAD). Less is known of the mechanisms by which low-molecular-weight (LMW) heparin, also used in unstable CAD, affects the cellular micro-environment. The effects of these drugs in monocyte-endothelial cell co-culture systems have so far been sparsely investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied the expression of tissue factor (TF) and the cytokines tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 in a co-culture model with monocytic, vitamin D(3)(vitD(3))-differentiated U-937 cells and human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC), and the effects of the above-mentioned drugs in this system. Cells were co-cultured for 18 h, with or without pre-stimulation of the HCAEC with interferon (IFN)-gamma, and in the presence or absence of simvastatin, enalapril or dalteparin. Analyses of surface tissue factor and intracellular cytokines were done by flow cytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Co-culture with activated HCAEC induced tissue factor expression in U-937 cells but not in the endothelial cells. All three drugs significantly reduced tissue factor up-regulation (p<0.001 for each). Co-culture also induced IL-6 expression in U-937 cells and an increase in IL-10 production by HCAEC, none of which was affected by drugs. When cultured separately, both cell types expressed TNF-alpha. This was attenuated in U-937 cells by all three drugs (p<0.001 for each), whereas only enalapril reduced the TNF-alpha content of activated HCAEC (p=0.02). Enalapril also down-regulated the basal expression of IL-6 (p=0.01) and IL-10 (p<0.01) in HCAEC, which simvastatin and dalteparin failed to do.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, we demonstrated for the first time that a statin, an ACE-inhibitor and an LMW-heparin all suppress tissue factor up-regulation in monocyte-endothelial cell co-cultures, thus adding new information regarding the cellular effects of these drugs that may be of importance in the treatment of CAD.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Coagulation Research, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala S-751 85, Sweden.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lindmark
authors.forename: Agneta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Siegbahn
mesh_terms: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000494:pharmacology; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D017985:Dalteparin / Q000494:pharmacology; D004656:Enalapril / Q000494:pharmacology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D019821:Simvastatin / Q000494:pharmacology; D013925:Thromboplastin / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D020298:U937 Cells
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000925:Anticoagulants; D016207:Cytokines; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D004656:Enalapril; D013925:Thromboplastin; D019821:Simvastatin; D017985:Dalteparin