title: Estimation of confusion prevalence in hospice patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Confusion is common among ill patients and has broad consequences for their care and well-being. The prevalence of confusion in hospice patients is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Describe the prevalence, severity, and manifestations of nurse-identified confusion and estimate the prevalence of delirium in hospice patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional descriptive study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen hospices in the Population-based Palliative Care Research Network (PoPCRN).
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult patients receiving care from participating hospices, February 15 to April 1, 2000. MEASUREMENT/ANALYSIS: Hospice nurses estimated prevalence, severity, behavioral manifestations, and consequences of confusion during the preceding week. Confused and nonconfused patients were compared using standard bivariate and stratification techniques. Logistic regression identified manifestations associated with problematic confusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median age of the 299 patients was 78 years; 59% were female, 52% lived at home, and cancer was the most common diagnosis (54%). Fifty percent were confused during the preceding week, 36% of those were severely confused or disabled by confusion. Compared with nonconfused patients, confused patients were less likely to have cancer (64% vs. 43%, p < or = 0.001) and more likely to live in nursing home/assisted living (21% vs. 33%, p < or = 0.01). Disorientation to time or place, impaired short-term memory, drowsiness, and easy distractibility were common manifestations of confusion. When present, confusion caused a problem for the patient, someone else, or both 79% of the time. Inappropriate mood, cancer diagnosis, agitation, and age were the variables predicting problematic confusion. Only 14% of confused patients met criteria for delirium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Confusion among hospice patients was common, frequently severe, and usually problematic.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, USA. David.Nowels@uchsc.edu
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Nowels
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bublitz
authors.forename: Cordt T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Kassner
authors.forename: Jean S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kutner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003120:Colorado; D003221:Confusion / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000451:nursing; D005260:Female; D017051:Hospice Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012720:Severity of Illness Index