title: Sensitivity pattern of Salmonella serotypes in Northern India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Enteric fever continues to be a major public health problem, especially in the developing countries of the tropics. We determined the incidence of Salmonella bloodstream infections and their antimicrobial resistance patterns from May to August in the years 1997-2001 in Haryana, a large state of India. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was also determined for 60 isolates of S. typhi to various commonly used antimicrobial agents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood cultures of 6,956 patients (PUO/septicemia) were processed by standard procedures and the Salmonella spp. isolates were identified with specific antisera and with standard biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibilities were determined by Stokes disc diffusion method. The MIC of 60 randomly isolated strains of S. typhi was determined by agar dilution method using Mueller Hinton Agar medium.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Isolation rates of Salmonella spp. increased in 2000 and 2001. Multidrug resistance (MDR) in S. typhi had increased while in S. paratyphi it had decreased markedly. Ninety per cent chloramphenicol sensitivity was seen in S. typhi by MIC method. There was a decrease in the susceptibility to ciprofloxacin of S. typhi with MIC showing an upward trend. All S. typhi tested were sensitive to third generation cephalosporins and aminoglycosides with MIC well below the breakpoint.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study indicates that MDR in S. typhi is on the rise in our area. There is also re-emergence of chloramphenicol sensitivity. Rising MIC values of ciprofloxacin may lead to prolonged treatment, delayed recovery or pose treatment failure. Thus, sensitivity pattern of causative organism must be sought before instituting appropriate therapy to prevent further emergence of drug resistance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, PGIMS, Rohtak, India.
authors.forename: Vikas
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gautam
authors.forename: Naveen Kumar
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Uma
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Chaudhary
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Arora
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D012475:Salmonella / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects*; D012482:Salmonella paratyphi A / Q000187:drug effects; D012485:Salmonella typhi / Q000187:drug effects; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects; D012703:Serotyping; D014435:Typhoid Fever / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents