title: Thyroid hormone receptors: lessons from knockout and knock-in mutant mice.
abstract: The genes encoding thyroid hormone receptor alpha and beta (TRalpha and TRbeta) encode four thyroid hormone receptors and four variant isoforms with antagonistic properties. Because of this complexity, numerous models of TR mutation have been developed to understand the functions of specific receptors. In total, 13 mutant strains are now available. Phenotype analysis has shown that the two genes serve distinct functions: TRalpha is crucial for postnatal development and cardiac function, whereas TRbeta mainly controls inner ear and retina development, liver metabolism and thyroid hormone levels. These mouse mutant strains also provide us with the unique opportunity to address the respective contribution of each receptor isoform and isotype in vivo and highlight the in vivo importance of the ligand-independent function of the TR gene products.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon UMR CNRS 5665 LA INRA 913, 46 Allée d'Italie 69364 Lyon CEDEX07, France. frederic.flamant@ens-lyon.fr
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Flamant
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Samarut
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout / Q000235:genetics; D008822:Mice, Transgenic / Q000235:genetics; D010641:Phenotype; D011988:Receptors, Thyroid Hormone / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D037021:Thyroid Hormone Receptors alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D037042:Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta
chemical_list: D011988:Receptors, Thyroid Hormone; D037021:Thyroid Hormone Receptors alpha; D037042:Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta