title: Measurement of tubular enzymuria facilitates early detection of acute renal impairment in the intensive care unit.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Early detection of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) could permit implementation of salvage therapies and improve patient outcomes in acute renal failure (ARF). The utility of single and combined measurements of urinary tubular enzymes in predicting ARF in critically ill patients has not been evaluated using the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) plot method.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective pilot study, 26 consecutive critically ill adult patients admitted to the intensive-care unit were studied. Urine samples were collected twice daily for up to 7 days. ARF was defined as an increase in plasma creatinine of > or = 50% and > or = 0.15 mmol/l. ROC plot analysis was applied to the tubular marker data to derive optimum cut-offs for ARF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four of the 26 study subjects (15.4%) developed ARF. Indexed to urinary creatinine concentration, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma GT), alkaline phosphatase (AP), N-acetyl-glucosaminidase (NAG), and alpha- and pi-glutathione S-transferase (alpha- and pi-GST) but not lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were higher in the ARF group on admission (P<0.05). gamma GT, and alpha- and pi-GST remained elevated at 24 h. The onset of ARF based on changes in plasma creatinine varied from 12 h to 4 days (median 36 h). ROC plot analysis showed that gamma GT, pi-GST, alpha-GST, AP and NAG had excellent discriminating power for ARF (AUC 0.950, 0.929, 0.893, 0.863 and 0.845, respectively). The discriminating strength of creatinine clearance, while lower, was still significant (AUC 0.796). Positive and negative predictive values for ARF on admission were 67/100% for gamma GT, 67/90% for AP, 60/95% for alpha-GST, and 67/100% for pi-GST indices. Positive and negative predictive values for ARF for creatinine clearance < or = 23 ml/min were 50 and 91%, respectively. Creatinine clearances tended to be lower in ARF than in non-ARF patients on admission (P=0.06) and were significantly lower (P=0.008) after 12 h. Plasma urea and fractional sodium excretion were unhelpful.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tubular enzymuria on admission to the ICU is useful in predicting ARF. The cheapness and wide availability of automated assays for gamma GT and AP suggests that estimation of these enzymes in random urine samples may be particularly useful for identifying patients at high risk of ARF.
authors.affiliation: Conjoint Renal Laboratory, Queensland Health Pathology Service, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, Australia.
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Westhuyzen
authors.forename: Zoltan H
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Endre
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Reece
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Reith
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Saltissi
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Morgan
mesh_terms: D000118:Acetylglucosaminidase / Q000652:urine*; D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000517:prevention & control; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000652:urine*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007683:Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute / Q000150:complications* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012372:ROC Curve; D012964:Sodium / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D013997:Time Factors; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D012964:Sodium; D003404:Creatinine; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D000118:Acetylglucosaminidase