title: Thermal composting of faecal matter as treatment and possible disinfection method--laboratory-scale and pilot-scale studies.
abstract: When using toilets where the urine and faeces are collected separately for reuse as nutrients in agriculture, the collected matter should be disinfected. One way to do this is by thermal composting. Composting of different material mixes was investigated in a laboratory-scale experiment. This showed that the best mixture for dry thermal composting was a mix of faeces, food waste and amendment. The urine was collected separately by use of urine-diverting toilets. A new method was developed to mathematically evaluate and estimate the safety margins of pathogen inactivation during thermal composting. The method is based upon a mathematical calculation of the number of times total inactivation (at least 12log(10) reduction) of the organisms is achieved. In a pilot-scale experiment, the disinfection of a faeces/food waste mix was performed with a calculated safety margin of more than 37 times the total die-off of Enteroviruses and some 550 times that of Ascaris. Thus, well functioning composting seems to be effective for disinfection of faecal matter. To get a high temperature in all of the material, the reactor has to have sufficient insulation. A major disadvantage is the initial need for handling the raw un-disinfected material. The degradation of the organic matter in the compost was almost 75%, resulting in a small final volume that could safely be recycled.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Engineering, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7032, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden. bjorn.vinneras@lt.slu.se
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vinnerås
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Björklund
authors.forename: Håkan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jönsson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001200:Ascaris / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D004770:Enterovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D012037:Refuse Disposal / Q000379:methods*; D012499:Sanitation / Q000379:methods*; D013696:Temperature; D014038:Toilet Facilities