title: [Three lessons learned from the first double hand transplantation].
abstract: The first double hand transplantation was performed in Lyon in a 33 year-old recipient with bilateral amputation following an explosive handling accident. At 2 years, the global and the functional results were considered as very satisfactory. Three aspects are presented in this article: (1) immunosuppressive protocol was efficient and well tolerated. Only 2 skin rejection episodes on post operative days 53 and 82 were easily reversed with an increase in Prednisone doses and local applications of steroid cream; (2) successive functional magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a global remodelling of the limb cortical map and a reversal of the functional reorganisation induced by amputation; (3) the psychological appropriation of "alien" hands improved with time. These grafts, permanently visible by the patient and others, induced a psychic defence mechanism: "denial", a lack of perception of some features of reality or a perception of reality that is immediately neglected or rejected. Denial tended to lessen as the new grafted hands gained in sensitivity and motricity.
authors.affiliation: Service d'Urologie et de Chirurgie de la Transplantation-Hôpital Edouard Herriot-Pavillon V, Place d'Arsonval-69473 Lyon.
authors.forename: Jean-Michel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Dubernard
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Burloux
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Giraux
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bachman
authors.forename: Palmina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Petruzzo
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kanitakis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000673:Amputation, Traumatic / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006230:Hand Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D063987:Hand Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000379:methods