title: Experimental verification of conditions for near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  in vitro assessment of the reproducibility and the optimal separation and position of the optodes in continuous wave (CW-) NIRS measurement of local inhomogeneities in absorption and/or scattering.
  
  
  METHODS
  a CW- NIRS system (OXYMON) was used with laser diodes at wavelengths of 767 nm, 845 nm, 905 nm, 945 nm and 975 nm. For practical considerations (dimensions of neonatal head) the measurements were performed on a cylindrical tissue-equivalent phantom (70 mm diameter of base material with mua = 0.01 mm(-1) (800 nm) and mu's = 1.00 mm(-1) (800 nm)), containing rods with 10 x absorption, or 10 x scattering, and 5 x both Monte Carlo simulations were carried out of a cylinder with transport scattering coefficient mu's = 0.525 mm(-1) and absorption coefficient mua = 0.075 mm(-1) and two optode positions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  reproducibility of repeated measurements (n = 10) was +/- 0.005 OD. Maximum OD in case of absorbing rod, and of absorbing + scattering rod was measured with optodes separated by 90 degrees and rod position angle symmetrically (45 degrees ) in between. Minimum OD for these rods was obtained with optodes at 150 degrees angle and rod position at 240 degrees (i.e. relative to transmitting optode position at 0 degrees ). A second maximum OD was obtained at an optode angle 180 degrees and rod position at 180 degrees. Maximum OD (i.e. attenuation) for the scattering rod was at optode separation angle of 90 degrees and rod at 0 degrees. Minimum OD for this case was obtained with optode angle of 180 degrees and rod positions around 80 degrees and 280 degrees. Maximum OD changes by absorbing rod were in the order of +0.12 OD and -0.04 OD, respectively. Simulations at an optode separation angle of 90 degrees showed a spatial sensitivity path enclosing the rod position at maximum absorption found experimentally.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  when considering the phantom as a realistic geometrical model for the neonatal head, it can be concluded that the optode position at 90 degrees angle would be optimal for detecting an inhomogeneity at 15 mm depth, i.e. the location of the periventricular white matter. Since the rods are relatively strongly different from the base material the question remains to be answered whether local ischemia, which might lead to irreversible brain damage, can be detected by CW-NIRS
authors.affiliation: Clinical Physics Laboratory, University Children's Hospital Nijmegen, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands. j.klaessens@cukz.umcn.nl
authors.forename: J H G M
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Klaessens
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Thijssen
authors.forename: J C W
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hopman
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Liem
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007969:Leukomalacia, Periventricular / Q000175:diagnosis; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared / Q000379:methods*