title: Promoter polymorphism in the endotoxin receptor (CD14) is associated with increased carotid atherosclerosis only in smokers: the Carotid Atherosclerosis Progression Study (CAPS).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The risk of atherosclerosis from endotoxemia is increased in smokers. Endotoxin is a potent mediator of inflammation, and smokers have elevated plasma levels of endotoxin. The endotoxin receptor CD14 can enhance the endotoxin-neutralization capacity of plasma. A functional polymorphism in the promoter region of the CD14 gene (CD14 -159C/T) was studied to determine its impact on common carotid artery (CCA) intima-media thickness (IMT) and any interactions with environmental inflammatory stimuli.
  
  
  METHODS
  A community population (n=992; aged 50 to 65 years) underwent genotypic examination for the CD14 -159 polymorphism by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The CC genotype was associated with increased CCA IMT. The age- and sex-adjusted odds ratio for IMT above the 75th percentile was 1.63 (95% CI, 1.19 to 2.24; P=0.002) and 1.70 (95% CI, 1.18 to 2.44; P=0.004) after additional adjustment for conventional risk factors. This gene effect was found only in current smokers and ex-smokers. Multivariate analysis in this group (n=503) increased the odds ratio to 2.02 (95% CI, 1.23 to 3.34; P=0.006). No significant interactions were found in nonsmokers or with alcohol consumption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CD14 -159 polymorphism is associated with increased CCA IMT in smokers from a general population. CD14 may modulate the inflammatory effects of smoking in atherogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurosciences, St George's Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terr, Tooting, London SW17 0RE, UK. prisley@sghms.ac.uk
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Risley
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jerrard-Dunne
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sitzer
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Buehler
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: von Kegler
authors.forename: Hugh S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Markus
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D000483:Alleles; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D015897:Comorbidity; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005820:Genetic Testing; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000235:genetics*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; C048071:endotoxin receptor