title: Stimulus-induced drop episodes in Coffin-Lowry syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Coffin-Lowry syndrome (CLS) is a rare disorder characterized by moderate to severe mental retardation, facial dysmorphism, tapering digits, and skeletal deformity. Paroxysmal drop attacks occur in patients with CLS, characterized by sudden loss of muscle tone induced by unexpected tactile or auditory stimuli. Our objective is to characterize these attacks better using neurophysiologic studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report 2 teenage boys with CLS and stimulus-induced drop episodes (SIDEs). Simultaneous surface electromyogram (EMG) and video electroencephalogram were performed during SIDEs on our 2 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both patients had SIDEs stimulated by a loud noise, unexpected light touch stimulation, or visual threat that were characterized by abrupt episodes of complete or partial loss of lower extremity tone. These events were not associated with impairment of consciousness, and immediate recovery was noted. Simultaneous surface EMG and video electroencephalogram revealed no epileptiform discharges in either patient. In the first patient, after unexpected tactile or auditory stimulation, tonic EMG activity in paraspinal muscles was lost briefly, similar to that seen in cataplexy. In the second patient, at 6 years of age, sudden nonepileptic drop episodes were induced by an unexpected tactile, auditory, or visual stimulation. At 11 years of age, his episodes had changed to brief myoclonic jerk and tonic spasm that were triggered by unexpected tactile and auditory stimuli. An increase in tonic EMG activity occurred during the attacks, consistent with hyperekplexia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that SIDEs in CLS are a heterogeneous group of nonepileptic events that may manifest features of both cataplexy and hyperekplexia, even in the same patient.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
authors.forename: Gregg B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Jin S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Hahn
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000293:Adolescent; D002385:Cataplexy / Q000175:diagnosis*; D038921:Coffin-Lowry Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009622:Noise; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D013575:Syncope / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014743:Videotape Recording