title: A study of the morbidity, mortality and long-term survival following radical cystectomy and radical radiotherapy in the treatment of invasive bladder cancer in Yorkshire.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the morbidity of radical cystectomy and radical radiotherapy in the treatment of patients with invasive carcinoma of the bladder and to report the long-term survival following these treatments.
  
  
  METHODS
  398 patients with invasive carcinoma of the bladder treated between 1993 and 1996 in the Yorkshire region were studied. Of 398 patients studied, 302 patients received radical radiotherapy and 96 underwent radical cystectomy. A retrospective review of patients' case notes was performed to construct a highly detailed database. Crude estimates of survival differences were derived using Kaplan-Meier methods. Log-rank tests (or, where appropriate, Wilcoxon tests) were used to test for the equality of these survivor functions. These functions were produced as all-cause survival. The proportional hazards regression modelling was used to assess the impact of definitive treatment on survival. A backwards-stepwise approach was used to derive a final predictive model of survival, with likelihood ratio tests to assess the statistical significance of variables to be included in the model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients undergoing radiotherapy were significantly older (mean age: 71 years versus 66 years), but no difference was identified in the distribution of American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) grades in the two treatment groups. The stage distribution of cases in the treatment groups was not significantly different. Significant treatment delays were observed in both treatment groups. The median time from being seen in the clinic to transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT) and subsequent radical treatment (cystectomy or radiotherapy) was 4.3 and 9 weeks, respectively. Age was the most significant independent factor accounting for treatment delays (p < 0.001). The 30-day and 3-month treatment-associated mortality for radical cystectomy and radiotherapy was 3.1% and 8.3% and 0.3% and 1.65%. Of the patients who received radiotherapy, 57 (18.8%) were subsequently subjected to a salvage cystectomy. For these 57 patients, 30-day and 3-month mortality after the salvage cystectomy were 8.8% and 15.7%. Gastrointestinal complications were the major source of early morbidity after primary and salvage cystectomy. Bowel leakage occurred in 3% following radical and 8.7% after salvage cystectomy. Bowel complications (leakage and obstruction) were the major cause of death following salvage cystectomy. No specific cause was predominant in those undergoing radical cystectomy with intestinal anastomotic leakage and urinary leakage accounting for one death each. Exacerbation of co-morbid conditions accounted for the remaining causes of mortality. Urinary leakage occurred in 4% following both forms of cystectomy. Recurrent pyelonephritis and intestinal obstruction were responsible for the majority of complications in the follow-up period. Bladder and gastrointestinal complications accounted for the majority of complications following radical radiotherapy. Some degree of irritative bladder and rectal were noted commonly. Severe bladder problems, which rendered the bladder non-functional or required surgical correction, occurred in 6.3% of patients. 2.3% of patients underwent surgery for bowel obstruction related to radiotherapy induced bowel strictures. Following radiotherapy, 43.6% of patients had a recurrence in the bladder at varying intervals post-treatment. Of these, 40% had > or =T2 disease. The 5-year survival following radiotherapy (with or without salvage cystectomy) was 37.4% while 36.5% of patients were alive 5 years after radical cystectomy. There was no statistically significant difference in the overall 5-year survival figures between the two primary treatments. Tumour stage, ASA grade and sex were the only independent predictors of 5-year survival on multivariate analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This retrospective regional study shows that there is no significant difference in the 5-year survival of patients with invasive bladder cancer treated with either radical radiotherapy or radical cystectomy. All forms of radical treatment for bladder cancer are associated with a significant treatment-associated morbidity and mortality. Gastrointestinal complications were responsible for the majority of complications. The treatment-associated mortality at 3 months was two- or three-fold higher than the 30-day mortality; emphasising its importance as an indicator of the true risks of cystectomy. The clinical T stage, the sex and the ASA grade of the patient were the only independent predictors of survival. The data in this series suggests that radical radiotherapy and radical cystectomy should be both considered as valid primary treatment options for the management of invasive bladder cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Orchard House, Pinderfields and Pontefract NHS Trust, Wakefield, West Yorkshire WF1 4DG, UK.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chahal
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Sundaram
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Iddenden
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Forman
authors.forename: P M T
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Weston
authors.forename: S C W
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Harrison
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015897:Comorbidity; D015653:Cystectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D011379:Prognosis; D011881:Radiotherapy, Computer-Assisted / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery*