title: Bridging the gap: a hybrid model to link efficacy and effectiveness research in substance abuse treatment.
abstract: Many behavioral and pharmacologic treatments for which there is strong empirical support are rarely used in clinical practice in the treatment of substance dependence. In an effort to facilitate greater emphasis on issues such as utility, practicality, and cost earlier in the evaluation of promising therapies, the authors propose a hybrid model to link efficacy and effectiveness research. A hybrid model may foster broader use of empirically validated treatments in substance abuse treatment programs and enhance the scientific yield of effectiveness research. The hybrid model retains essential features of efficacy research (randomization, use of control conditions, independent assessment of outcome, and monitoring of treatment delivery) while expanding the research questions to also address issues of importance in effectiveness studies. Such issues include diversity in settings, clinicians, and patients; cost-effectiveness of treatment; training issues; and patient and clinician satisfaction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry at Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, Connecticut, USA. kathleen.carroll@yale.edu
authors.forename: Kathleen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: Bruce J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Rounsaville
mesh_terms: D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D017146:Models, Organizational; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D012107:Research Design; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States