title: Analysis of primate genomic variation reveals a repeat-driven expansion of the human genome.
abstract: We performed a detailed analysis of both single-nucleotide and large insertion/deletion events based on large-scale comparison of 10.6 Mb of genomic sequence from lemur, baboon, and chimpanzee to human. Using a human genomic reference, optimal global alignments were constructed from large (>50-kb) genomic sequence clones. These alignments were examined for the pattern, frequency, and nature of mutational events. Whereas rates of single-nucleotide substitution remain relatively constant (1-2 x 10(-9) substitutions/site/year), rates of retrotransposition vary radically among different primate lineages. These differences have lead to a 15%-20% expansion of human genome size over the last 50 million years of primate evolution, 90% of it due to new retroposon insertions. Orthologous comparisons with the chimpanzee suggest that the human genome continues to significantly expand due to shifts in retrotransposition activity. Assuming that the primate genome sequence we have sampled is representative, we estimate that human euchromatin has expanded 30 Mb and 550 Mb compared to the primate genomes of chimpanzee and lemur, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
authors.forename: Ge
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Shaying
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: S Cenk
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Sahinalp
authors.forename: Can
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alkan
authors.forename: Eray
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tuzun
authors.forename: Eric D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Evan E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Eichler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics*; D016678:Genome; D015894:Genome, Human; D006801:Humans; D007900:Lemur / Q000235:genetics; D010215:Papio / Q000235:genetics; D017354:Point Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D011148:Pongo pygmaeus / Q000235:genetics; D011323:Primates / Q000235:genetics*; D018626:Retroelements / Q000235:genetics; D016415:Sequence Alignment / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D018626:Retroelements