title: Nasal drug delivery--possibilities, problems and solutions.
abstract: This paper discusses the problems associated with nasal drug delivery and how it is possible, sometimes by means of quite simple concepts, to improve transport across the nasal membrane. In this way it is feasible to deliver efficiently challenging drugs such as small polar molecules, peptides and proteins and even the large proteins and polysaccharides used in vaccines or DNA plasmids exploited for DNA vaccines. The transport of drugs from the nasal cavity directly to the brain is also described and examples of studies in man, where this has been shown to be feasible, are discussed. Recent results from Phase I/II studies in man with a novel nasal chitosan vaccine delivery system are also described. Finally, the author's thoughts about the future for nasal drug delivery are also depicted.
authors.affiliation: West Pharmaceutical Services, Drug Delivery and Clinical Research Centre Ltd, Albert Einstein Centre, Nottingham Science and Technology Park, Nottingham, UK. lisbeth.illum@ccinternet.co.uk
authors.forename: Lisbeth
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Illum
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000818:Animals; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014612:Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D014612:Vaccines