title: Psychological treatment of reported sleep disorder in adults with intellectual disability using a multiple baseline design.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The literature on sleep disturbance in adults with intellectual disability (ID) is sparse. Although prevalence rates for sleep disorders appear similar to those of non-disabled populations, previous treatment studies have largely been comprised of uncontrolled cases. Therefore, the present study adopted a single-case experimental methodology to evaluate behavioural sleep intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  A screening questionnaire was posted to 384 adults with ID and the sleep pattern of respondents with possible sleep disorders was further assessed using a structured diagnostic schedule. From the sleep-disordered subgroup, 12 participants were selected for a 4-week behavioural sleep intervention that was evaluated using randomly allocated, multiple-baseline, across-subjects designs and within-subject interrupted time series analyses (ITSAs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 155 adults with ID (83 females and 72 males; mean age = 32 years, SD = 16.5 years), or their carers, completed the questionnaire (return rate = 40%). The application of sleep diagnostic criteria revealed that 17% had clinically significant difficulty getting to sleep and 11% had difficulty remaining asleep. Nine out of the 12 participants recruited for the intervention completed all the experimental phases, thus providing three sets of three multiple-baseline designs. Visual inspection of within- and between-subject effects suggested beneficial treatment-specific effects across a range of target variables. The ITSA confirmed significant effects (P < 0.05) or trends (P < 0.10) for six out of the nine participants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Behavioural sleep management may improve sleep pattern or sleep-related functioning in the majority of adults with ID who have significant sleep problems. The single-case methodology is helpful in addressing the heterogeneity of individual presentation, although clinical trial methodology is required to confirm these findings on a larger scale.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology, Arrol Park Resource Centre, Ayr, UK.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Gunning
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Espie
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D008297:Male; D019989:Persons with Intellectual Disabilities / Q000523:psychology*; D017286:Polysomnography; D013811:Psychotherapeutic Processes; D012064:Relaxation Therapy; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*