title: The safety, efficacy, and pharmacoeconomics of low-dose alteplase compared with urokinase for catheter-directed thrombolysis of arterial and venous occlusions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy, complications, and costs associated with low-dose (<2 mg/h) alteplase (tissue plasminogen activator [t-PA]) versus urokinase for the catheter-directed treatment of acute peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAO) and deep vein thrombosis (DVT).
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review was performed during sequential time periods on two groups with involved extremities treated with either t-PA with subtherapeutic heparin (TPA group) or urokinase with full heparin (UK group) at a single center. Treatment group characteristics, success rates, complications, dosages, infusion time, and costs were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-nine patients with 93 involved limbs underwent treatment (54 with DVT, 39 with PAO). The treatment groups were statistically identical (TPA: 45 limbs; 24 with DVT, 53.3%; 21 with PAO, 46.7%; UK: 48 limbs; 30 with DVT, 62.5%; 18 with PAO, 37.5%). The overall average hourly infused dose, total dose, infusion time, success rates, and cost of thrombolytic agent were as follows (+/- standard deviation): TPA, 0.86 +/- 0.50 mg/h, 21.2 +/- 15.1 mg, 24.6 +/- 11.2 hours, 89.4%, $466 +/- $331; and UK, 13.5 +/- 5.6 (10(4)) U/h, 4.485 +/- 2.394 million U, 33.3 +/- 13.3 hours, 85.7%, $6871 +/- $3667, respectively. Major and minor complication rates were: TPA, 2.2% and 8.9%; and UK, 2.1% and 10.4%, respectively. No statistical differences in success rates or complications were observed; however, t-PA was significantly (P <.05) less expensive and faster than urokinase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low-dose t-PA combined with subtherapeutic heparin is equally efficacious and safe compared with urokinase. Infusions with t-PA were significantly shorter and less expensive than those with urokinase.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular-Interventional Radiology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California, USA.
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sugimoto
authors.forename: Lawrence V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.forename: Mahmood K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Razavi
authors.forename: Stephen T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Kee
authors.forename: Daniel Y
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Sze
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Dake
authors.forename: Charles P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Semba
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001157:Arterial Occlusive Diseases / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy*; D005121:Extremities / Q000098:blood supply; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics; D006493:Heparin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010960:Plasminogen Activators / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy / Q000191:economics; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D006493:Heparin; D010960:Plasminogen Activators; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator