title: Freshwater environment affects growth rate and muscle fibre recruitment in seawater stages of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.).
abstract: The influence of freshwater environment on muscle growth in seawater was investigated in an inbred population of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). The offspring from a minimum of 64 families per group were incubated at either ambient temperature (ambient treatment) or in heated water (heated treatment). Growth was investigated using a mixed-effect statistical model with repeated measures, which included terms for treatment effect and random fish effects for individual growth rate (alpha) and the instantaneous growth rate per unit change in temperature (gamma). Prior to seawater transfer, fish were heavier in the heated (61.6+/-1.0 g; N=298) than in the ambient (34.1+/-0.4 g; N=206) treatments, reflecting their greater growth opportunity: 4872 degree-days and 4281 degree-days, respectively. However, the subsequent growth rate of the heated group was lower, such that treatments had a similar body mass (3.7-3.9 kg) after approximately 450 days in seawater. The total cross-sectional area of fast muscle and the number (FN) and size distribution of the fibres was determined in a subset of the fish. We tested the hypothesis that freshwater temperature regime affected the rate of recruitment and hypertrophy of muscle fibres. There were differences in FN between treatments and a significant age x treatment interaction but no significant cage effect (ANOVA). Cessation of fibre recruitment was identified by the absence of fibres of <10 micro m diameter. The maximum fibre number was 22.4% more in the ambient (9.3 x 10(5)+/-2.0 x 10(4) than in the heated (7.6 x 10(5)+/-1.5 x 10(4)) treatments (N=44 and 40 fish, respectively; P<0.001). For fish that had completed fibre recruitment, there was a significant correlation between FN and individual growth rate, explaining 35% of the total variation. The density of myogenic progenitor cells was quantified using an antibody to c-met and was approximately 2-fold higher in the ambient than in the heated group, equivalent to 2-3% of the total muscle nuclei. The number of myonuclei in isolated fibre segments showed a linear relationship with fibre diameter. On average, there were 20.6% more myonuclei in 200-microm-diameter fibres isolated from the ambient (3734 myonuclei cm(-1)) than from the heated (3097 myonuclei cm(-1)) treatments. The maximum fibre diameter was greater in heated than in ambient groups, whereas the age x treatment interaction was not significantly different (ANCOVA). There were also no consistent differences in the rate of hypertrophy of muscle fibres between treatments. It was concluded that freshwater temperature regime affected fibre number and the nuclear content of fast muscle in seawater but not the rate of fibre hypertrophy. The mechanisms and life history consequences of developmental plasticity in fibre number are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Gatty Marine Laboratory, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland, KY16 8LB, UK. iaj@st-andrew.ac.uk
authors.forename: Ian A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: Sujatha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Manthri
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Alderson
authors.forename: Alistair
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Smart
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nickell
authors.forename: Billy
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: Charles G M
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Paxton
authors.forename: M Louise
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Burt
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D017849:Animals, Inbred Strains; D004777:Environment; D005618:Fresh Water; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D024510:Muscle Development / Q000502:physiology; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D020317:Salmo salar / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology*; D012623:Seawater; D013696:Temperature