title: Analysis of intra-uterine cytokine concentration and matrix-metalloproteinase activity in women with recurrent failed embryo transfer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In all IVF programmes, some patients fail to achieve an ongoing pregnancy, even after numerous embryo transfer procedures. An unfavourable environment within the uterus might be a contributory factor to such recurrent implantation failure. This question was addressed by measuring cytokine concentrations and matrix metalloproteinase activities in fluid derived from uterine irrigation of such patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The uterine cavities of 22 patients who had previously undergone embryo transfer of at least 10 embryos without ongoing pregnancy were irrigated during the luteal phase. The resultant fluid was assayed for the concentration of interleukin (IL)-1beta, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interferon (IFN)-gamma, leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF), IL-10 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) -2 and -9 activity. The results were compared with those of a control population of women known to be previously fertile (n = 16) and also with women with recurrent spontaneous abortion (n = 13). In the recurrent implantation failure group, the MMP score and IL-1beta concentration were significantly higher than those in the control group, whereas concentrations of IFN-gamma and IL-10 were significantly lower.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In IVF patients with recurrent implantation failure, an altered pattern of intra-uterine cytokine concentration and MMP activity was observed.
authors.affiliation: Reproductive Biology Unit, The Royal Women's Hospital, 132 Grattan Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Inagaki
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McBain
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lopata
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kornman
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
mesh_terms: D000026:Abortion, Habitual / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D004624:Embryo Transfer; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism*; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D012008:Recurrence; D017211:Treatment Failure; D014599:Uterus / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007375:Interleukin-1; D016753:Interleukin-10; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9