title: Association of the CTLA-4 gene 49 A/G polymorphism with type 1 diabetes and autoimmune thyroid disease in Japanese children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To clarify the role of the T-lymphocyte-associated-4 (CTLA-4) polymorphism in the susceptibility to child-onset type 1 diabetes with regard to its clinical characteristics and complications with autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) in the Japanese population.
  
  
  METHODS
  The CTLA-4 49 A/G polymorphism was detected by the PCR-restriction fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP) method in 97 type 1 diabetic subjects and 20 patients with Graves' disease, a cohort which included 4 patients who also had type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The genotypes and allele frequencies of this polymorphism did not differ between the type 1 diabetic subjects and the control subjects. The G allele frequency was 63.9% in the type 1 diabetic subjects. The G allele frequency in the subgroup of patients with a high titer of autoantibodies to the GAD antibody (Ab) was 72.9% (P = 0.0499 vs. control subjects); in the subgroup of patients without HLA DRB1*0405, it was 72.6% (P = 0.0271 vs. control subjects); and in the subgroup of patients with a residual beta-cell function, it was 78.6% (P = 0.0391 vs. control subjects). The G allele frequency in the patients with Graves' disease was also significantly higher at 78.1% (P = 0.0405 vs. control subjects). Furthermore, the frequency in our diabetic subjects complicated with Graves' disease was even higher (87.5%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have demonstrated that a distinct association exists between the G allele of CTLA-4 and high values of GAD Ab, residual beta-cell function, and the absence of HLA-DRB1*0405.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan.
authors.forename: Mie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mochizuki
authors.forename: Shin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Amemiya
authors.forename: Kisho
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Yoshie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shimura
authors.forename: Toshihide
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishihara
authors.forename: Yoshiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakagomi
authors.forename: Kazumichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Onigata
authors.forename: Shinya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tamai
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kasuga
authors.forename: Shinpei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nanazawa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015703:Antigens, CD; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation / Q000235:genetics*; D001323:Autoantibodies; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006111:Graves Disease / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens / Q000235:genetics; D059811:HLA-DRB1 Chains; D006801:Humans; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000502:physiology; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation; D001323:Autoantibodies; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; C556706:CTLA4 protein, human; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens; D059811:HLA-DRB1 Chains