title: Effects of quercetin and rutin on vascular preparations: a comparison between mechanical and electrophysiological phenomena.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several studies have indicated that quercetin promotes relaxation of vascular smooth muscle both in vivo and in vitro. However, Saponara et al. [(2002) Br J Pharmacol 135: 1819-1827] have demonstrated that quercetin is an activator of vascular L-type Ca(2+) channels.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the mechanical and electrophysiological properties of quercetin and its rutoside, rutin, in an attempt to clarify how Ca(2+) channel activation might be related to the myorelaxing activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Aorta ring preparations and single tail artery myocytes were employed for functional and patch-clamp experiments, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rutin was found to relax intact rat aorta rings, which had been precontracted with phenylephrine (pIC(50) = 5.65 +/- 0.31) but in contrast had no effect on depolarised (60 mM K(+)) preparations or on those from which the endothelium had been removed. Furthermore, rutin did not affect L-type Ca(2+) current recorded in rat tail artery myocytes. The quercetin-induced relaxation of intact rings precontracted with phenylephrine exhibited two components characterised by 6.23 +/- 0.38 and 4.66 +/- 0.09 pIC(50), respectively. Removal of the endothelium abolished the first component, leaving the second unaltered. Moreover, quercetin was found to relax 60 mM K(+) depolarised rings with a pIC(50) of 4.59 +/- 0.03. The application of quercetin in isolated smooth muscle cells brought about a marked increase of L-type Ca(2+) current (pEC(50) = 5.09 +/- 0.05). Unlike quercetin, Bay K 8644 contracted aorta rings preincubated with 10, 20 or 30 mM K(+). The myotonic effect of Bay K 8644 was observed both in the absence or presence of 30 microM quercetin. The application of Bay K 8644 (10-100 nM) caused a further significant increase in L-type Ca(2+) current in rat tail artery myocytes stimulated with 30 microM quercetin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Quercetin is a naturally occurring L-type Ca(2+) channel agonist. This effect, however, is overwhelmed by quercetin-induced vasorelaxation taking place via pathways which are more relevant than L-type Ca(2+) influx in the hierarchy of functional competencies.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Scienze Farmacologiche, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, Italy.
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fusi
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saponara
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pessina
authors.forename: Beatrice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gorelli
authors.forename: Giampietro
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sgaragli
mesh_terms: D001498:3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta; D002120:Calcium Channel Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004594:Electrophysiology; D008297:Male; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D011794:Quercetin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012431:Rutin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002120:Calcium Channel Agonists; D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type; D015221:Potassium Channels; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D012431:Rutin; D001498:3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester; D011794:Quercetin