title: The effect of spinal bupivacaine in combination with either epidural clonidine and/or 0.5% bupivacaine administered at the incision site on postoperative outcome in patients undergoing lumbar laminectomy.
abstract: Spinal anesthesia has numerous advantages over general anesthesia for patients undergoing lumbar laminectomy and microdisk surgery. In this study, we evaluated the addition of epidural clonidine and/or bupivacaine, injected at the incision site, on postoperative outcome variables in patients undergoing lower spine procedures using spinal anesthesia. One hundred twenty patients having lumbar spine surgery received bupivacaine spinal anesthesia supplemented by 150 microg of epidural clonidine with or without incisional bupivacaine, epidural placebo plus incisional bupivacaine, or placebo with incisional saline. Demographic data, intraoperative hemodynamics, blood loss, pain, nausea, urinary retention, hospital discharge, and other variables were compared by using either analysis of variance or chi(2) analysis. Demographics were similar. IV fluids, blood loss, incidence of intraoperative bradycardia, and hypotension were not different among groups. Postanesthesia care unit pain scores were lower and demand for analgesics was less in patients who received both the clonidine and subcutaneous bupivacaine. Patients who received epidural clonidine also had improved postoperative hemodynamics. Hospital discharge, urinary retention, and other variables were not different. We conclude that epidural clonidine as a supplement to spinal anesthesia produced no perioperative complications and improved postoperative pain and hemodynamic stability in patients undergoing lower spine procedures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Spinal anesthesia with supplemental epidural clonidine in combination with incision site subcutaneous bupivacaine was evaluated both intra- and postoperatively and compared with spinal anesthesia alone for lower lumbar spine procedures. Both epidural clonidine and subcutaneous incisional bupivacaine, added to spinal anesthesia for lumbar spine surgery, improves pain relief and reduces the need for postoperative opioids with their associated side effects.
authors.affiliation: Departments of *Anesthesiology and †Neurosurgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois.
authors.forename: W Scott
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Jellish
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abodeely
authors.forename: Elaine M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Fluder
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shea
mesh_terms: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D000368:Aged; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural / Q000009:adverse effects; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal / Q000009:adverse effects; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D003000:Clonidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007796:Laminectomy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D020250:Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / Q000453:epidemiology; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D003000:Clonidine; D002045:Bupivacaine