title: Thyroid size and goiter prevalence after introduction of iodized salt: a 5-y prospective study in schoolchildren in Côte d'Ivoire.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The long-term goal of salt iodization is elimination of iodine deficiency and reduction of the goiter rate to < 5% in school-aged children. Normalization of the goiter rate probably indicates disappearance of iodine deficiency disorders as a public health problem. However, thyroid size may not return to normal for months or years after correction of iodine deficiency.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We described the time course and pattern of changes in thyroid size and goiter rate in response to the introduction of iodized salt in an area of severe endemic goiter.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a 5-y prospective study, we measured thyroid size by ultrasonography and urinary iodine and thyroid hormone concentrations in schoolchildren 6 mo before the introduction of iodized salt and annually for 4 y thereafter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four years after the introduction of iodized salt and normalization of the median urinary iodine concentration, mean thyroid size had decreased 56% (P < 0.0001). However, 29% of the children remained goitrous, with a significant age shift in the distribution of goiter. At baseline, the goiter rate was significantly higher in younger (age: 5-9 y) than in older (age: 10-14 y) children (P < 0.0001). At 2, 3, and 4 y after salt iodization, the goiter rate was significantly higher in the older than in the younger children (at 4 y: 52% compared with 19%), and the difference increased with time (P < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The goiter rate in school-aged children may remain sharply elevated for up to 4 y after successful introduction of iodized salt, primarily because of persistent goiter in older children.
authors.affiliation: Human Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, Switzerland. michael.zimmermann@ilw.agrl.ethz.ch
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.forename: Sonja Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Hess
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Adou
authors.forename: Toni
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Toresanni
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wegmüller
authors.forename: Richard F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Hurrell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D007560:Cote d'Ivoire / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006043:Goiter, Endemic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007455:Iodine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000172:deficiency / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000652:urine; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000097:blood; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary; D013963:Thyroid Hormones; C034024:iodized salt; D007455:Iodine