title: Selective glycogen synthase kinase 3 inhibitors potentiate insulin activation of glucose transport and utilization in vitro and in vivo.
abstract: Insulin resistance plays a central role in the development of type 2 diabetes, but the precise defects in insulin action remain to be elucidated. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) can negatively regulate several aspects of insulin signaling, and elevated levels of GSK-3 have been reported in skeletal muscle from diabetic rodents and humans. A limited amount of information is available regarding the utility of highly selective inhibitors of GSK-3 for the modification of insulin action under conditions of insulin resistance. In the present investigation, we describe novel substituted aminopyrimidine derivatives that inhibit human GSK-3 potently (K(i) < 10 nmol/l) with at least 500-fold selectivity against 20 other protein kinases. These low molecular weight compounds activated glycogen synthase at approximately 100 nmol/l in cultured CHO cells transfected with the insulin receptor and in primary hepatocytes isolated from Sprague-Dawley rats, and at 500 nmol/l in isolated type 1 skeletal muscle of both lean Zucker and ZDF rats. It is interesting that these GSK-3 inhibitors enhanced insulin-stimulated glucose transport in type 1 skeletal muscle from the insulin-resistant ZDF rats but not from insulin-sensitive lean Zucker rats. Single oral or subcutaneous doses of the inhibitors (30-48 mg/kg) rapidly lowered blood glucose levels and improved glucose disposal after oral or intravenous glucose challenges in ZDF rats and db/db mice, without causing hypoglycemia or markedly elevating insulin. Collectively, our results suggest that these selective GSK-3 inhibitors may be useful as acute-acting therapeutics for the treatment of the insulin resistance of type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, California, USA.
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Ring
authors.forename: Kirk W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Erik J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Henriksen
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Nuss
authors.forename: Dane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goff
authors.forename: Tyson R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Kinnick
authors.forename: Sylvia T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Reeder
authors.forename: Isa
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Samuels
authors.forename: Trina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Slabiak
authors.forename: Allan S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Wagman
authors.forename: Mary-Ellen Wernette
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Hammond
authors.forename: Stephen D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Harrison
mesh_terms: D000631:Aminopyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D016466:CHO Cells; D006224:Cricetinae; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000188:drug therapy; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006006:Glycogen Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011924:Rats, Zucker; D011972:Receptor, Insulin / Q000235:genetics; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D000631:Aminopyridines; C473710:Chir 98014; C473711:Chir 99021; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007328:Insulin; D011725:Pyridines; D011743:Pyrimidines; D006006:Glycogen Synthase; D011972:Receptor, Insulin; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3; D005947:Glucose