title: The role of L-alanyl-L-glutamine in the immune response in vitro.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The amino acid glutamine plays an important role in the immune system by providing energy and precursors for biosynthetic processes. For lack of stability it could not so far be generally supplied in total parenteral nutrition. The development of dipeptides consisting of glutamine and a second amino acid offers a solution to this problem.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro effects of the dipeptide L-alanyl-L-glutamine on different cells of the immune system are assessed and compared to those of glutamine on its own.
  
  
  RESULTS
  T-lymphocyte proliferation stimulated with mitogens and alloantigens increased significantly and dose-dependently after addition of L-alanyl-L-glutamine or glutamine. Maximal effects were observed with a concentration of 2 mmol/l of either substance. The stimulatory effects were partly attributed to enhanced cytokine production following glutamine or L-alanyl-L-glutamine treatment. In contrast, the activity of natural killer and cytotoxic T-cells was not influenced by neither amino acid at concentrations of 0.2 and 2 mmol/l, and suppressed at 20 mmol/l. In all experiments, early addition of the amino acids to the cultures proved crucial.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this series of in vitro experiments the dipeptide L-alanyl-L-glutamine exerted almost identical immunostimulatory activities to glutamine alone. Its provision in parenteral nutrition appears commendable.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Immunobiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Innsbruck University Hospital, Innsbruck, Austria. brigitte.eibl@uklibk.ac.at
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kircher
authors.forename: Günther
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Eibl
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Enrich
authors.forename: Karla
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lätzer
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Herold
authors.forename: Dietger
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Niederwieser
mesh_terms: D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D003602:Cytotoxicity, Immunologic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D004151:Dipeptides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005973:Glutamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance / Q000187:drug effects; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000187:drug effects*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D020014:K562 Cells; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D015458:Leukemia, T-Cell; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D007959:Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed; D010288:Parenteral Nutrition; D013268:Stimulation, Chemical; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D004151:Dipeptides; D005973:Glutamine; C054122:alanylglutamine