title: Role of aromatase and androgen receptor expression in gonadal sex differentiation of ZW/ZZ-type frogs, Rana rugosa.
abstract: To elucidate the mechanisms of amphibian gonadal sex differentiation, we examined the expression of aromatase and androgen receptor (AR) mRNAs for days 17-31 after fertilization. The effects of inhibitors and sex steroid hormones were also examined. In ZZ males, expression of AR decreased after day 19, while aromatase expression was low throughout the sampling period. Males treated with 17beta-estradiol (E2) showed increasing aromatase expression after day 21, and formed ovaries. AR antagonist treatment also induced high-level aromatase expression and ovarian differentiation. In males co-treated with an aromatase inhibitor and E2, the undifferentiated gonads developed into testes despite high-level aromatase expression. Males treated with androgen and E2 before and during an estrogen sensitive period, respectively, also formed testes. In ZW females, AR expression persisted at a low-level, while aromatase expression increased after day 18. Short-term treatment with an aromatase inhibitor was ineffective in preventing ovarian differentiation, whereas long-term treatment resulted in testes developing from ovarian structure. Compared with the ZZ males and ZW females, WW females did not exhibit detectable expression of AR, suggesting that the active AR gene(s) itself, or a putative gene regulating AR gene expression, is located on Z chromosomes. From the time lag of aromatase expression between ZW females and ZZ males treated with E2 and the effect of AR antagonist, it was found that in males elevated AR expression suppresses aromatase expression directly or indirectly. Consequently, endogenous androgens, accumulated by blocking estrogen biosynthesis, induced testicular differentiation. The gonadogenesis of males is dependent on sex hormone, whereas that of females has evolved to hormone-independence.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Amphibian Biology, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima 739-8526, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiromi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ohtani
authors.forename: Ikuo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Miura
authors.forename: Youko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ichikawa
mesh_terms: D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000735:Androstenedione / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001141:Aromatase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D047072:Aromatase Inhibitors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006066:Gonads / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology / Q000201:enzymology; D057850:Hermaphroditic Organisms; D007814:Larva; D008297:Male; D010053:Ovary / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology / Q000201:enzymology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D011898:Ranidae / Q000502:physiology*; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012732:Sex Determination Analysis; D019849:Sex Determination Processes; D012733:Sex Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D013737:Testis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology / Q000201:enzymology
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D047072:Aromatase Inhibitors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D000735:Androstenedione; D004958:Estradiol; D001141:Aromatase; C014594:formestane