title: Effect of light exercise on renal hemodynamics in patients with hypertension and chronic renal disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Increased physical activity is followed by a stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system and this effect is probably more pronounced in patients with chronic renal failure and hypertension than in healthy controls. The role of sustained exercise in hypertensive patients with chronic renal failure, with and without antihypertensive therapy, is unclear, as is hormonal regulation of the renal hemodynamics. We hypothesized that prolonged low-intensity bicycle exercise would have a greater effect in patients with chronic renal failure than in controls, and that antihypertensive treatment would ameliorate these effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), norepinephrine (NE) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) were measured in the upright position before and during low-intensity exercise for 2 h in healthy controls (n = 8) and in hypertensive patients with moderately reduced renal function who were not taking antihypertensives (n = 7) or who were receiving treatment with captopril (n = 10), enalapril (n = 6) or verapamil (n = 9).
  
  
  RESULTS
  GFR tended to decrease and ERPF decreased significantly in healthy individuals when exercise duration was prolonged from 1 to 2 h. An earlier decline in GFR and ERPF was seen in the renal failure patients compared with the controls. Filtration fraction (FF) increased during exercise in all groups except the group taking enalapril. MAP increased in the captopril group during exercise but was unchanged in the other groups. Treatment with captopril produced a more pronounced and earlier fall in exercise-induced GFR than in untreated controls, while verapamil treatment completely blunted the decline in GFR, with a concomitant increase in plasma ANP. No significant changes were seen in plasma NE levels, but urinary NE excretion increased in controls and captopril-treated patients during exercise.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that prolonged low-intensity exercise has a substantially greater effect on renal hemodynamics in hypertensive renal failure patients than in healthy controls, with negligible changes in plasma NE levels. Verapamil treatment seems to ameliorate the renal effects of exercise on GFR in these patients, and this may in part be mediated via a stimulatory effect on ANP.
authors.affiliation: Renal Research Group, Institute of Medicine, Bergen, Norway. einar.svarstad@haukeland.no
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Svarstad
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Myking
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ofstad
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Iversen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor / Q000097:blood; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002216:Captopril / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004656:Enalapril / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D012079:Renal Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D017596:Renal Plasma Flow, Effective / Q000502:physiology; D014700:Verapamil / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D004656:Enalapril; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor; D002216:Captopril; D014700:Verapamil; D009638:Norepinephrine