title: Maternal serum hCG and alpha-fetoprotein levels in pregnancies conceived after IVF or ICSI with fresh and frozen-thawed embryos.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies have shown that levels of serum markers of Down's syndrome were altered in pregnancies conceived after IVF, though the reason for this remains unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Second-trimester maternal serum levels of hCG and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in pregnancies conceived with fresh and frozen-thawed embryos after assisted reproduction were compared with those conceived spontaneously.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 203 pregnancies with fresh embryo transfers (130 IVF cases, 73 ICSI cases) and 98 pregnancies with frozen-thawed embryo transfers (61 IVF cases, 37 ICSI cases). The controls consisted of 17 145 spontaneous pregnancies. The median hCG multiples of the median (MoM) was significantly increased to 1.24 in 98 pregnancies conceived after frozen embryo transfer. This elevation was observed only in the IVF-frozen embryo transfer subgroup (P < 0.001), but not in the ICSI-frozen embryo transfer subgroup. The median AFP MoM for 203 pregnancies after fresh embryo transfer was 0.90. Among the subgroups, the median AFP MoM was significantly reduced to 0.90 and 0.86 in IVF-embryo transfer (P = 0.04) and ICSI-embryo transfer (P = 0.001) pregnancies respectively, and significantly raised to 1.20 in the IVF-frozen embryo transfer subgroup.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The degree of alterations in maternal serum hCG and AFP levels varied between fresh and frozen-thawed embryos, and also between the mode of fertilization. Pregnancies resulting from ICSI or frozen embryo transfer should be regarded as distinct entities from those of IVF-embryo transfer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China. pwhui@hkusua.hku.hk
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Hui
authors.forename: M H Y
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Y H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: E H Y
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: W S B
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Yeung
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Ho
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin / Q000097:blood*; D015925:Cryopreservation; D004624:Embryo Transfer; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000097:blood*; D020554:Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins