title: Hand-assisted laparoscopic vs the open (flank incision) approach to radical nephrectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the outcome in contemporaneous groups of patients undergoing hand-assisted laparoscopic radical nephrectomy (HALRN) or open (flank) radical nephrectomy (ORN), as many series worldwide have confirmed the feasibility and advantages of LRN in managing renal cell carcinoma (RCC).
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively evaluated 44 patients who underwent radical nephrectomy for RCC from 1999 to 2001, 22 by HALRN and 22 by ORN, through an extraperitoneal 11th or 12th rib flank incision. Standard perioperative variables were assessed; a validated questionnaire was also sent to each patient after surgery, allowing them to report their overall satisfaction and the period needed for them to return to both routine and full activities. The outcomes of HALRN and ORN were compared using Wilcoxon rank-sum analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a statistically significant difference between HALRN and ORN in operative duration, length of hospital stay, total narcotic requirement, pain scores at 1 week and 1 month after surgery, and the time to resume routine and full activity, with all variables (except operative duration) lower in the HALRN group. There were no significant differences between the groups in pain at 1-3 days, estimated blood loss or overall satisfaction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with ORN, HALRN is associated with lower narcotic requirement, pain scores, a shorter hospital stay and earlier resumption of routine and full activities. However, several obstacles remain, including increased operative duration and the increased equipment costs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Busby
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: H S G
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Rao Tunuguntla
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001835:Body Weight; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome