title: Clinical experience and pre-test probability scores in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Geneva and Wells pre-test probability scores are intended to replace empirical assessment of patients with suspected pulmonary embolism (PE). The effect of clinical experience on the inter-rater variability of these scores, and on empirical judgement, is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether medical staff appointment grade affects the inter-rater variability of these pre-test probability scores, or empirical assessment, in patients with suspected PE.
  
  
  METHODS
  Questionnaire survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Doctors were grouped by grade (mean number of years since graduation+/-SEM): house officers 0.7+/-0.2, registrars 6.3+/-0.6, consultants 25+/-4 and applied pre-test probability scores to actual case scenarios.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Geneva score was the most consistent method of determining pre-test probability and was unaffected by clinical experience (Geneva kappa=0.73, Wells kappa=0.38, empirical kappa=0.23, p<0.001 ). With empirical judgement, inter-rater variability was inversely proportional to clinical experience (house officers kappa=0.37, registrars kappa=0.24, consultants kappa= 0.16, p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Geneva score was the least variable method and can be applied by junior or senior doctors. Using empirical judgement, junior doctors were more likely to agree on the pre-test probability of PE than were their more senior colleagues. This may imply that as physicians gain experience, they recognize that the diagnosis of PE can be difficult to assess and are reluctant to exclude it on clinical grounds.
authors.affiliation: Canterbury Respiratory Research Group, Hagley Hostel, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, New Zealand. stephen.iles@chmeds.ac.nz
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iles
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hodges
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Darley
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Frampton
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Epton
authors.forename: L E L
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Beckert
authors.forename: G I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Town
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards*; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008505:Medical Staff, Hospital / Q000592:standards*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000175:diagnosis*