title: A single small dose of postoperative ketamine provides rapid and sustained improvement in morphine analgesia in the presence of morphine-resistant pain.
abstract: It is a common clinical observation that postoperative pain may be resistant to morphine. The analgesic potentials of ketamine have also been well documented. In this study, we evaluated the effects of postoperative coadministration of small doses of ketamine and morphine on pain intensity, SpO(2), and subjectively rated variables in surgical patients who underwent standardized general anesthesia and complained of pain (> or =6 of 10 on a visual analog scale [VAS]) despite >0.1 mg/kg of i.v. morphine administration within 30 min. Patients randomly received up to three boluses of 30 microg/kg of morphine plus saline (MS; n = 114) or 15 microg/kg of morphine plus 250 microg/kg of ketamine (MK; n = 131) within 10 min in a double-blinded manner. The MS group's pain VAS scores were 5.5 +/- 1.18 and 3.8 +/- 0.9 after 10 and 120 min, respectively, after 2.52 +/- 0.56 injections, versus the MK group's VAS scores of 2.94 +/- 1.28 and 1.47 +/- 0.65, respectively (P < 0.001), after 1.35 +/- 0.56 injections (P < 0.001). The 10-min level of wakefulness (1-10 VAS) in the MS group was significantly (P < 0.001) less (6.1 +/- 1.5) than the MK group's (8.37 +/- 1.19). SpO(2) decreased by 0.26% in the MS group but increased by 1.71% in the MK patients at the 10-min time point (P < 0.001). Thirty MS versus nine MK patients (P < 0.001) experienced nausea/vomiting; nine MK patients sustained a 2-min light-headed sensation, and one patient had a weird dream after the second drug injection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A small-dose ketamine and morphine regimen interrupted severe postoperative pain that was not relieved previously by morphine. Ketamine reduced morphine consumption and provided rapid and sustained improvement in morphine analgesia and in subjective feelings of well-being, without unacceptable side effects.
authors.affiliation: Post-Anesthesia Care Unit, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, and the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Avi A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Weinbroum
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004357:Drug Synergism; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011184:Postoperative Period; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000187:drug effects; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D007649:Ketamine; D009020:Morphine