title: Enhancing the effectiveness of drug-based cancer therapy by electroporation (electropermeabilization).
abstract: Many conventional chemotherapeutic drugs, as well as DNA for cancer gene therapy, require efficient access to the cell interior to be effective. The cell membrane is a formidable barrier to many of these drugs, including therapeutic DNA constructs. Electropermeabilization (EP, often used synonymously with "electroporation") has become a useful method to temporarily increase the permeability of the cell membrane, allowing a broad variety of molecules efficient access to the cell interior. EP is achieved by the application of short electrical pulses of relatively high local field strength to the target tissue of choice. In cancer therapy, EP can be applied in vivo directly to the tumor to be treated, in order to enhance intracellular uptake of drugs or DNA. Alternatively, EP can be used to deliver DNA into cells of healthy tissue to achieve longer-lasting expression of cancer-suppressing genes. In addition, EP has been used in ex vivo therapeutic approaches for the transfection of a variety of cells in suspension. In this paper, we communicate results related to the development of a treatment for squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck, using electropermeabilization to deliver the drug bleomycin in vivo directly into the tumor cells. This drug, which is not particularly effective as a conventional therapeutic, becomes highly potent when the intracellular concentration is enhanced by EP treatment. In animal model experiments we found a drug dose of 1 U/cm(3) tumor tissue (delivered in 0.25 mL of an aqueous solution/cm3 tumor tissue) and an electrical field strength of 750 V/cm or higher to be optimal for the treatment of human squamous cell tumors grown subcutaneously in mice. Within 24-48 hours, the majority of tumor cells are rapidly destroyed by this bleomycin-electroporation therapy (B-EPT). This raises the concern that healthy tissue may be similarly affected. In studies with large animals we showed that normal muscle and skin tissue, normal tissue surrounding major blood vessels and nerves, as well as healthy blood vessels and nerves themselves, are much less affected than tumor tissue. Normal tissues did show acute, focal, and transitory effects after treatment, but these effects are relatively minor under standard treatment conditions. The severity of these effects increases with the number of electric pulse cycles and applied voltage. The observed histological changes resolved 20 to 40 days after treatment or sooner, even after excessive EP treatment. Thus, B-EPT is distinct from other ablative therapies, such as thermal, cryo, or photodynamic ablation, which equally affect healthy and tumor tissue. In comparison to surgical or radiation therapy, B-EPT also has potential as a tissue-sparing and function-preserving therapy. In clinical studies with over 50 late stage head and neck cancer patients, objective tumor response rates of 55-58%, and complete tumor response rates of 19-30% have been achieved.
authors.affiliation: Genetronics, Inc., 11199 Sorrento Valley Road, San Diego CA 92121, USA. dietmarr@genetronics.com
authors.forename: Dietmar P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Rabussay
authors.forename: Gurvinder S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Nanda
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Goldfarb
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001158:Arteries / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D001761:Bleomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D018274:Electroporation / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D005355:Fibrosis; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D008875:Middle Aged; D009132:Muscles / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D009336:Necrosis; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D013552:Swine; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001761:Bleomycin