title: Visualization of oleic acid-induced transdermal diffusion pathways using two-photon fluorescence microscopy.
abstract: In a novel application of dual-channel high-speed two-photon fluorescence microscopy, the skin autofluores-cence and the transdermal fluorescent model drug spatial distributions were imaged simultaneously over precisely the same spatial coordinates. The dual channels enable the detection of the fluorescence emission wavelengths characteristic of the endogenous (intrinsic) skin fluorophores, as well as of the rhodamine-based model drug intensity emission at a different wavelength range of the fluorescence emission spectrum. These fluorescent model drugs delineate the oleic acid induced changes in permeant diffusion with respect to the skin structural features over the 0.3 mm by 0.3 mm skin area imaged per skin sample. The dual-channel high-speed two-photon fluorescence microscopy studies presented here provide evidence for the existence of intracorneocyte diffusion in addition to the commonly cited lipid multilamellar transdermal pathway. The image quantification analysis methodology introduced in this paper reveals that intracorneocyte diffusion exists for the hydrophobic (rhodamine B hexyl ester) and for the hydrophilic (sulforhodamine B) model drugs, in the absence of oleic acid chemical enhancer action. The mechanism of oleic acid chemical enhancer action, however, depends on the model drug physicochemical properties, where the oleic acid induces hydrophobic model drug localization to the lipid multilamellar region, while increasing the hydrophilic model drug lipid to corneocyte partitioning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Betty
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Ki Hean
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Peter T C
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: So
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Blankschtein
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Langer
mesh_terms: D001692:Biological Transport; D004058:Diffusion; D000078404:Epidermal Cells; D004817:Epidermis / Q000378:metabolism; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D036641:Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton; D019301:Oleic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017785:Photons; D012235:Rhodamines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D012867:Skin / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D012235:Rhodamines; C022027:lissamine rhodamine B; D019301:Oleic Acid