title: Do urbanicity and familial liability coparticipate in causing psychosis?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The urban environment and familial liability are risk factors for psychotic illness, but it is not known whether a biological synergism exists between these two proxy causes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The amount of biological synergism between familial liability (defined as a family history of delusions and/or hallucinations necessitating psychiatric treatment) and a five-level rating of population density of place of residence was estimated from the additive statistical interaction in a general population risk set of 5,550 individuals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both the level of urbanicity (adjusted summary odds ratio=1.57, 95% CI=1.30-1.89) and familial liability (adjusted odds ratio=4.59, 95% CI=2.41-8.74) increased the risk for psychotic disorder, independently of each other. However, the effect of urbanicity on the additive scale was much larger for individuals with evidence of familial liability (risk difference=2.58%) than in those without familial liability (risk difference=0.40%). An estimated 60%-70% of the individuals exposed to both urbanicity and familial liability had developed psychotic disorder because of the synergistic action of the two proxy causes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given that familial clustering of psychosis is thought to reflect the effect of shared genes, the findings support a mechanism of gene-environment interaction in the causation of psychosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Neuropshchology, azM/Mondriaan/Riagg/RIBW/Vijverdal Academic Centre, EURON, Maastricht University, The Netherlands. j.vanos@sp.unimaas.nl
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Os
authors.forename: Manon
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hanssen
authors.forename: Maarten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bak
authors.forename: Rob V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Bijl
authors.forename: Wilma
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Vollebergh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003702:Delusions / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D004777:Environment; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D014505:Urban Population