title: Hydroxypyridinium collagen crosslinks in serum, urine, synovial fluid and synovial tissue in patients with rheumatoid arthritis compared with osteoarthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship between inflammation markers and content of pyridinium crosslinks in hydrolysates of synovial tissue and to specify the significance of urinary excreted pyridinoline, released primarily from collagen I and II of bone and cartilage, and deoxypyridinoline released especially from collagen I of bone and dentin, dependent on disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Synovial tissue and fluid from knee endoprosthesis surgery, as well as simultaneously obtained serum and urine, were collected from 12 patients with inactive RA or RA with low disease activity [iRA: C-reactive protein (CRP) <28 mg/l], 10 with active RA (aRA: CRP > or =28 mg/l) and 21 with OA. After preparation of the synovial tissue, including hydrolysis, completely released synovial pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline crosslinks as well as those from synovial fluid, serum and urine were investigated using a gradient ion-paired reversed-phase HPLC method. Crosslink levels in synovial tissue are expressed as mol/mol collagen, assuming 300 residues of hydroxyproline per collagen molecule, also measured by HPLC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the synovial tissue of aRA patients we found significantly elevated total pyridinoline concentrations and pyridinoline/deoxypyridinoline (Pyr/Dpyr) quotients compared with the iRA and OA controls, indicating an elevated crosslinking density of mature synovial tissue collagen with increased activity of RA. Pyridinoline levels and the Pyr/Dpyr ratio were correlated with those of urine and with acute-phase reactants in RA patients. Compared with serum crosslink levels, which were unrelated to disease activity, the urinary concentration of pyridinoline was increased by a factor of 2 and showed a simultaneous increase with increasing synovitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both crosslinking density and degradation of mature collagen from synovial tissue depend on the disease activity in RA. Urinary excretion of associated crosslinks, expressed as the Pyr/Dpyr ratio, correlates with those in synovial tissue and may be confirmed as a marker of synovial tissue collagen degradation. We suggest that increased crosslinking of mature collagen in the synovial tissue of RA is related to an inflammation-dependent regulation of collagen synthesis in activated synovial fibroblasts, in which lysyl oxidase represents the final enzymatic step for crosslinking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Jena, Germany. joerg.kaufmann@med.uni-jena.de
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kaufmann
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Voigt
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Carl
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gursche
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zacher
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000378:metabolism*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000378:metabolism*; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013582:Synovial Fluid / Q000378:metabolism; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D015415:Biomarkers; C015484:pyridinoline; C036020:deoxypyridinoline; D003094:Collagen; D002097:C-Reactive Protein