Permanent small groups: group dynamics, learning, and change.
BACKGROUND
The concept of "communities of practice," a special facet of social constructivist learning theory, provides a new template against which we can examine the learning that goes on within permanent small groups of physicians. We interviewed participants and facilitators about the dynamics of these groups, their learning in conjunction with these groups, and the role the facilitator played to see the extent to which they captured the essence of communities of practice.


METHODS
Semistructured interviews were conducted with physicians known to be participants or facilitators of small groups that met regularly. A constant comparative method was used for data gathering and analysis leading to coded themes, categories, and subcategories. The coding schemas were tested, the analyses were reviewed, and data were recoded as necessary. To ensure accuracy, interviewees were provided with a preliminary copy of the manuscript to ensure that the interpretation of the data was appropriately handled.


RESULTS
Interviews were conducted with 10 facilitators and 22 group members representing 24 different groups of physicians. The groups appeared to function as communities of practice in which the members were supportive of each other's learning and respectful of one another, reporting little conflict. Members preferred to agree to disagree rather than pursue a "right" answer or consensus. Most of the discussion focused on scientific information and the way in which their colleagues approached common problems. Practice refinement rather than new directions in patient care appeared to be the goal. The facilitators in these groups played a key role in providing administrative support for the group and often the energy needed to sustain them.


CONCLUSIONS
Small groups that meet regularly provide a supportive network to share knowledge and validate clinical experience. There is some evidence that the groups have the potential to become communities of practice but do not actually achieve that level of sharing. Research needs to be done to determine how these groups could become more powerful as communities of practice and vehicles for more substantive learning and change.
Pereles
Lauretta
L
Department of Family Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1.
Lockyer
Jocelyn
J
Fidler
Herta
H
D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002170:Canada; D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D004502:Education, Medical, Continuing / Q000379:methods*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine / Q000193:education*; D005260:Female; D006126:Group Processes; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D017145:Models, Educational; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D018794:Problem-Based Learning