title: First-trimester C-reactive protein and subsequent gestational diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Systemic inflammation is associated with the development of type 2 diabetes. We tested the hypothesis that increased inflammation, measured early in pregnancy, is associated with the subsequent development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), a precursor of type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a prospective nested case-control study in a pregnancy cohort. First-trimester C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were measured using a high-resolution assay in 43 women who subsequently developed GDM and in a random sample of 94 women who remained euglycemic throughout pregnancy. Median CRP levels were compared using Wilcoxon's rank-sum test. Logistic regression was used to compute unadjusted and multivariable-adjusted odds ratios for developing GDM among CRP tertiles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  First-trimester CRP levels were significantly increased among women who subsequently developed GDM compared with control subjects (3.1 vs. 2.1 mg/l, P < 0.01). The risk of developing GDM among women in the highest CRP tertile compared with the lowest tertile was 3.2 (95% CI 1.2-8.8). After adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, smoking, parity, blood pressure, and gestational age at CRP sampling, the risk of developing GDM among women in the highest compared with the lowest tertile was 3.6 (95% CI 1.2-11.4). When BMI was included in the model, however, the association between increased CRP and GDM was attenuated (odds ratio for the highest compared with lowest tertile 1.5 [95% CI 0.4-5.5]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In women who develop GDM, there is evidence of increased inflammation during the first trimester. This association is mediated in part by increased BMI. Larger studies are needed to verify these results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. mswolf@partners.org
authors.forename: Myles
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sandler
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vossen-Smirnakis
authors.forename: Jeffrey L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ecker
authors.forename: Ravi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thadhani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002097:C-Reactive Protein