title: In vitro and in vivo induction of antiangiogenic activity by plasminogen activators and captopril.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many antiangiogenic molecules are proteolytically cleaved from larger plasma proteins. For example, plasminogen activators cleave plasminogen into plasmin, and plasmin is converted into angiostatin in the presence of sulfhydryl donors. We thus investigated whether the antiangiogenic activity in plasma could be increased by treatment with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) and the sulfhydryl donor captopril.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human plasma was treated with rt-PA (10 micro g/mL) and/or captopril (1 micro M). Angiogenesis was measured in vitro by human endothelial cell tube formation and endothelial cell proliferation and in vivo in mice with the Matrigel plug assay. Angiostatin was removed from treated plasma by affinity chromatography, immunoprecipitation, or ion-exchange chromatography, and the antiangiogenic activity of the depleted plasma was assessed by tube formation. Three cancer patients were treated with rt-PA and captopril, and their pretreatment and post-treatment plasmas were tested for antiangiogenic activity in vitro.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Angiogenesis in vitro was stimulated by untreated plasma and inhibited by plasma that had been treated with rt-PA and captopril but was not affected by treatment with rt-PA and/or captopril alone. In vivo angiogenesis in Matrigel plugs was substantially lower in mice treated with rt-PA and captopril than in untreated control mice. Antiangiogenic activity in treated plasma was largely retained after angiostatin was removed: treated plasma inhibited angiogenesis by 64.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 46.4% to 82.2%), relative to untreated plasma, and treated plasma depleted of angiostatin by affinity chromatography or immunoprecipitation inhibited angiogenesis by 65.1% (95% CI = 53.8% to 76.4%) or 63.7% (95% CI = 50.9% to 76.5%), respectively. Antiangiogenic activity of plasma from three cancer patients was higher after treatment with rt-PA and captopril than before such treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment with rt-PA and captopril induced antiangiogenic activity in vitro and in vivo that appears to be independent of angiostatin.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and the Center for Study of the Tumor Microenvironment, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Jaime R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Merchan
authors.forename: Barden
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Sujata
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kale
authors.forename: Lowell E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Schnipper
authors.forename: Vikas P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Sukhatme
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D043168:Angiostatins; D000818:Animals; D002216:Captopril / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002845:Chromatography; D003094:Collagen; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007797:Laminin; D051379:Mice; D008875:Middle Aged; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010949:Plasma / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D010958:Plasminogen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010960:Plasminogen Activators / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011233:Precipitin Tests; D011509:Proteoglycans; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D004338:Drug Combinations; D007797:Laminin; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011509:Proteoglycans; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C059485:matrigel; D043168:Angiostatins; D010958:Plasminogen; D003094:Collagen; D002216:Captopril; D010960:Plasminogen Activators