title: Intrathecal morphine and clonidine for coronary artery bypass grafting.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  After cardiac surgery adequate postoperative analgesia is necessary. We assessed analgesia using intrathecal morphine and clonidine.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a double-blind randomized study, 45 patients having coronary artery bypass graft surgery were allocated randomly to receive i.v. patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) morphine (bolus, 1 mg; lock-out interval, 7 min) (control group), either alone or combined with intrathecal morphine 4 microg kg(-1) or with both intrathecal morphine 4 microg kg(-1) and clonidine 1 microg kg(-1). Intrathecal injections were performed before the induction of general anaesthesia. Pain was measured after surgery using a visual analogue scale (VAS). We recorded i.v. PCA morphine consumption during the 24 h after operation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Morphine dosage [median (25th-75th percentiles)] was less in the first 24 h in the patients who were given intrathecal morphine + clonidine [7 (0-37) mg] than in other patients [40.5 (15-61.5) mg in the intrathecal morphine group and 37 (30.5-51) mg in the i.v. morphine group]. VAS scores were lower after intrathecal morphine + clonidine compared with the control group. Time to extubation was less after intrathecal morphine + clonidine compared with the i.v. morphine group [225 (195-330) vs 330 (300-360) min, P<0.05].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intrathecal morphine and clonidine provide effective analgesia after coronary artery bypass graft surgery and allow earlier extubation.
authors.affiliation: Institut Arnault Tzanck, Saint Laurent du Var, Nice, France.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lena
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Balarac
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Arnulf
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Teboul
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bonnet
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled / Q000379:methods; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003000:Clonidine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000379:methods*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009020:Morphine; D003000:Clonidine