title: Differential effects of saturated and monounsaturated fats on postprandial lipemia and glucagon-like peptide 1 responses in patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Postprandial lipemia is important in the development of coronary artery disease because of elevated postprandial triacylglycerol-rich plasma lipoproteins and suppressed HDL-cholesterol concentrations. We showed in healthy subjects a possible association between postprandial lipid metabolism and the responses of the duodenal incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and gastric inhibitory polypeptide after meals rich in saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (oleic acid), respectively.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to compare the postprandial responses (8 h) of glucose, insulin, fatty acids, triacylglycerol, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, and GLP-1 to saturated- and monounsaturated-rich test meals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve overweight patients with type 2 diabetes ingested 3 meals randomly: an energy-free soup with 50 g carbohydrate (control meal), the control meal plus 100 g butter, and the control meal plus 80 g olive oil. Triacylglycerol responses were measured in total plasma and in a chylomicron-rich and a chylomicron-poor fraction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences in the glucose, insulin, or fatty acid responses to the 2 fat-rich meals were seen. The plasma triacylglycerol and chylomicron triacylglycerol responses were highest after the butter meal. HDL-cholesterol concentrations decreased significantly after the butter meal but did not change significantly after the olive oil meal. GLP-1 responses were highest after the olive oil meal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Olive oil induced lower triacylglycerol concentrations and higher HDL-cholesterol concentrations than did butter, without eliciting significant changes in glucose, insulin, or fatty acids. Furthermore, olive oil induced higher concentrations of GLP-1, which may indicate a relation between fatty acid composition, incretin responses, and triacylglycerol metabolism postprandially in patients with type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: University Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Aarhus Amtssygehus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark. claus.thomsen@dadlnet.dk
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thomsen
authors.forename: Hanne
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Storm
authors.forename: Jens J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Holst
authors.forename: Kjeld
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hermansen
mesh_terms: D019540:Area Under Curve; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002079:Butter; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D002914:Chylomicrons / Q000097:blood; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide / Q000097:blood; D005934:Glucagon / Q000097:blood*; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity; D000069463:Olive Oil; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000097:blood*; D010938:Plant Oils; D019518:Postprandial Period; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000097:blood*; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D002914:Chylomicrons; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D007328:Insulin; D000069463:Olive Oil; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D010938:Plant Oils; D011498:Protein Precursors; D014280:Triglycerides; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide; D002079:Butter; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D005934:Glucagon