title: What do tender points measure? Influence of distress on 4 measures of tenderness.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship between current pain, distress, and ascending and random measures of tenderness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Manual tender point counts and dolorimeter measures of the pressure pain threshold were determined in a sample of 47 women representative of the general population with respect to tenderness. In addition, discrete pressure stimuli of varying intensities to the left thumb were applied in random fashion. Distress was measured with the Brief Symptom Inventory and the Beck Depression Inventory, and pain was evaluated with the Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only the random measure of tenderness was relatively independent of an individual's current psychological state. The respective correlation coefficients between measures of tenderness and psychological state were generally greatest for the manual tender point count and also significant for the dolorimeter measures. In contrast, all measures were highly correlated with ratings of spontaneous pain, again with the manual tender point count showing the strongest, and the random method the weakest, correlations. Linear regression analysis replicated the results of the correlational analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As a measure of tenderness, the number of positive tender points is clearly influenced by an individual's distress. Other more sophisticated measures of tenderness that randomly present stimuli in an unpredictable fashion appear to be relatively immune to these biasing effects, although our results obtained in a research setting have yet to be replicated in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Petzke
authors.forename: Richard H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Gracely
authors.forename: Karen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ambrose
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Clauw
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000175:diagnosis; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005356:Fibromyalgia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000592:standards; D011601:Psychophysics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index