title: The effect of caffeine reduction on sleep quality and well-being in persons with HIV.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  With reports of high rates of sleep disruption in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) + persons, this study tested whether there were differences in sleep quality and well-being between a group of HIV+ persons who reduced their caffeine intake from baseline by 90% or greater for 30 days (n=44) versus a group of HIV+ persons who continued their usual caffeine consumption (n=44).
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were administered pre- and post-Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Perceived Well-being Scale-Revised (PWB-R) and MOS-HIV Health Survey instruments, with MOS-HIV summary scores used as a covariate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On ANCOVA analysis for sleep quality (F=14.032, P<.001), a 35% improvement in sleep among experimental subjects was identified. There was no significant difference between the two groups on ANCOVA analysis for well-being (F=0.111. P=.739).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High levels of caffeine consumption may have an exacerbating effect on already prevalent HIV-related sleep pattern disturbances, and significant reductions of caffeine may improve sleep quality.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA. hmd@nursing.upenn.edu
authors.forename: H Michael
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Dreher
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002110:Caffeine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D002110:Caffeine