title: A preliminary investigation into the relationship between anabolic-androgenic steroid use and the symptoms of reverse anorexia in both current and ex-users.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To establish whether the symptoms of reverse anorexia continue with the cessation of anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use in male body builders.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether current and ex-AAS-using body builders score higher on the modified (for reverse anorexia) eating disorders inventory (EDI) than both non-AAS-using body builders and regular aerobic exercisers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A random sample of regular aerobic exercisers, current, ex-, and non-AAS-using body builders were recruited from four local gyms and a syringe exchange in the Merseyside area. A total of 137 male subjects with an average age of 29 years (range 17-49 years) were recruited. Fifty subjects were classed as aerobic exercisers, 39 subjects were classed as non-AAS-using body builders, 29 subjects were current AAS users and 19 subjects were ex-AAS users. All subjects undertook an anonymous questionnaire consisting of the modified EDI, the severity of dependence scale (SDS) for both exercising and AAS use, and questions about body weight, dieting, and substance use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AAS-using bodybuilders were striving towards an exaggerated mesomorphic physique. Both current and ex-AAS users had higher scores on all sections of the EDI than both groups of non-AAS users. There was a significant positive correlation between the SDS scores for AAS and scores on the EDI for current AAS users.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AAS use, but not body building per se, was associated with increased symptoms of reverse anorexia, and this symptomatology was higher in those who had higher scores on the SDS for AAS. It remains to be determined whether symptoms of reverse anorexia are either a cause or an effect of AAS use.
authors.affiliation: Psychology Department, Liverpool University, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK. joncole@liv.ac.uk
authors.forename: Jon C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Jason C G
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Halford
authors.forename: Graham F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Wagstaff
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D045930:Anabolic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000855:Anorexia / Q000139:chemically induced*; D001828:Body Image; D015444:Exercise; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D045930:Anabolic Agents