title: Sustained activation of nuclear factor kappa B and activator protein 1 in chronic heart failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Innate immune response proteins such as inflammatory cytokines, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and toll like receptors are implicated in myocardial depression and left ventricular (LV) remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI). Although all these innate immunity proteins share the downstream activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB (nuclear factor kappa B) and activator protein 1 (AP-1), the involvement of NF-kappaB and AP-1 in LV remodeling has not been demonstrated so far.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB and AP-1 was studied by electrophoretic mobility shift assays and ELISA 10 weeks after large experimental MI in rats, the chronic phase of LV remodeling. In the non-infarcted myocardium of MI rats, NF-kappaB and AP-1 were significantly activated (2.5-fold) as compared to sham-operated animals. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated NF-kappaB activation mainly in cardiac myocytes. Treatment with the ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) inhibitor trandolapril led to a further 2-fold increase in the activation of NF-kappaB and AP-1 when compared to placebo-treated animals with the same MI size (P<0.001). Human failing hearts explanted at the time of heart transplantation exhibited marked nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB in cardiac myocytes when compared to control hearts. NF-kappaB as well as AP-1 were both significantly activated in congestive heart failure due to ischemic or dilated cardiomyopathy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In experimental and human heart failure, both NF-kappaB and AP-1 are chronically activated in cardiac myocytes. These findings suggest an important involvement of NF-kappaB and AP-1 in the cardiac remodeling process.
authors.affiliation: Medizinische Universitätsklinik Würzburg, Germany. s.frantz@mail.uni-wuerzburg.de
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Frantz
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fraccarollo
authors.forename: Helga
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Behr
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Christiane E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Angermann
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ertl
authors.forename: Johann
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bauersachs
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D015153:Blotting, Western; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D000077405:Irbesartan; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013777:Tetrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D007211:Indoles; D007375:Interleukin-1; D016328:NF-kappa B; D013777:Tetrazoles; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C052035:trandolapril; D000077405:Irbesartan