title: Maternal serum cytokine levels in women with hyperemesis gravidarum in the first trimester of pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare serum cytokine levels in patients with hyperemesis gravidarum with levels in healthy pregnant and nonpregnant women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical and academic research center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty women with hyperemesis gravidarum, 30 healthy women in the first trimester of pregnancy, and 30 healthy nonpregnant women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum levels of interleukin-1beta, interleukin-2 receptor, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median serum levels of interleukin-2 receptor and interleukin-8 did not differ significantly among the three groups. Serum levels of interleukin-1beta and interleukin-6 were significantly higher in healthy pregnant women than in healthy nonpregnant women. Median TNF-alpha levels were significantly higher in women with hyperemesis (25.8 pg/mL [range, 4.9-140 pg/mL]) than in healthy pregnant and nonpregnant women (10.85 pg/mL [range, 4.1-35.8 pg/mL] and 12 pg/mL [4.3-68.2 pg/mL], respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Levels of TNF-alpha were significantly higher in patients with hyperemesis gravidarum than in healthy pregnant and nonpregnant women. Thus, TNF-alpha may be involved in the etiology of hyperemesis gravidarum.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey. petekkaplan@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Petek Balkanli
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: Fatih
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gücer
authors.forename: N Cenk
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Sayin
authors.forename: Mahmut
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yüksel
authors.forename: M Ali
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Yüce
authors.forename: Turgut
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yardim
mesh_terms: D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006939:Hyperemesis Gravidarum / Q000097:blood*; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000097:blood; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D015375:Receptors, Interleukin-2 / Q000097:blood; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D015375:Receptors, Interleukin-2; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha