title: Targeting tuberculosis and malaria through inhibition of Enoyl reductase: compound activity and structural data.
abstract: Tuberculosis and malaria together result in an estimated 5 million deaths annually. The spread of multidrug resistance in the most pathogenic causative agents, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Plasmodium falciparum, underscores the need to identify active compounds with novel inhibitory properties. Although genetically unrelated, both organisms use a type II fatty-acid synthase system. Enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase (ENR), a key type II enzyme, has been repeatedly validated as an effective antimicrobial target. Using high throughput inhibitor screens with a combinatorial library, we have identified two novel classes of compounds with activity against the M. tuberculosis and P. falciparum enzyme (referred to as InhA and PfENR, respectively). The crystal structure of InhA complexed with NAD+ and one of the inhibitors was determined to elucidate the mode of binding. Structural analysis of InhA with the broad spectrum antimicrobial triclosan revealed a unique stoichiometry where the enzyme contained either a single triclosan molecule, in a configuration typical of other bacterial ENR:triclosan structures, or harbored two triclosan molecules bound to the active site. Significantly, these compounds do not require activation and are effective against wild-type and drug-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis and P. falciparum. Moreover, they provide broader chemical diversity and elucidate key elements of inhibitor binding to InhA for subsequent chemical optimization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
authors.forename: Mack R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: Hector R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Morbidoni
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Alland
authors.forename: Scott F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Sneddon
authors.forename: Brian B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Gourlie
authors.forename: Mark M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Staveski
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leonard
authors.forename: Jill S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Gregory
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Janjigian
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yee
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Musser
authors.forename: Barry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kreiswirth
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Iwamoto
authors.forename: Remo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Perozzo
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Sacchettini
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Fidock
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004136:Dinitrobenzenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D050753:Enoyl-(Acyl-Carrier-Protein) Reductase (NADH); D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008288:Malaria / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D010879:Piperazines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014260:Triclosan / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004136:Dinitrobenzenes; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; C475580:GENZ10850; C475581:GENZ8575; D007211:Indoles; D010879:Piperazines; D011743:Pyrimidines; D014260:Triclosan; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D050753:Enoyl-(Acyl-Carrier-Protein) Reductase (NADH); C085257:InhA protein, Mycobacterium