title: Development of congestive heart failure in type 2 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria or proteinuria: observations from the DIABHYCAR (type 2 DIABetes, Hypertension, CArdiovascular Events and Ramipril) study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The DIABHYCAR (type 2 DIABetes, Hypertension, CArdiovascular Events and Ramipril) study allowed investigators to analyze factors leading to the development of congestive heart failure (CHF) in type 2 diabetic patients with abnormal urinary albumin concentration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Type 2 diabetic subjects of both sexes aged >or=50 years who had a urinary albumin concentration >or=20 mg/l were randomly allocated to 1.25 mg/day ramipril or placebo in addition to their usual treatment and treated for 3-6 years in a double-blind fashion. Major outcomes including hospitalization for CHF were recorded during the follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 4912 included patients, 187 developed CHF during the study. There was no significant difference in the incidence of CHF between the two treatment groups. Using a multivariate analysis, independent risk factors for the occurrence of CHF were age, history of cardiovascular disease, baseline urinary albumin concentration, baseline HbA(1c), and smoking habits. A total of 68 of the 187 patients (36.4%) died during the 12 +/- 11-month period after the first hospitalization for CHF, whereas the annual mortality rate of the population who did not develop CHF was 3.2%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Presence of atherosclerotic disease, baseline urinary albumin concentration, and HbA(1c) level were indicators for further development of CHF. Occurrence of CHF is a major prognostic turn in a diabetic patient's life.
authors.affiliation: Medical Department, Aventis, Paris, France. laurent.vaur@aventis.com
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vaur
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gueret
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lievre
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chabaud
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Passa
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001786:Blood Glucose; D001794:Blood Pressure; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D006977:Hypertension, Renal / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018579:Patient Selection; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D017257:Ramipril / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D001786:Blood Glucose; D017257:Ramipril