title: Beating heart revascularization with minimal extracorporeal circulation in patients with a poor ejection fraction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Coronary artery bypass grafting with cardioplegia in patients with a low ejection fraction carries a risk of myocardial ischemia. Beating heart surgery is associated with hemodynamic changes when the heart is manipulated. We assessed an alternative: minimal extracorporeal circulation for coronary artery bypass grafting on a beating heart in patients with a poor ejection fraction.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 2000 to January 2002, 50 patients with an ejection fraction of less than 35%, who represented 10% of all patients undergoing coronary artery procedures, underwent revascularization on a beating heart with assistance. We used a closed cardiopulmonary bypass system with a centrifugal pump without reservoir, and the surgical strategy was modified to avoid aortic cross-clamping and to decrease bypass time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The main preoperative characteristics were: age (mean +/- SD) of 64 +/- 11.2 years (range, 41-87 years), 35 male patients (70%), mean left ejection fraction of 24.8% +/- 11.2%, and a mean EuroSCORE of 5.8 +/- 2.7. Revascularizations of 146 distal anastomoses (2.9 +/- 0.7 grafts/patient) were completed. Twelve percent were double bypass, 86% were triple bypasses, and 2% were quadruple bypasses; the mean bypass time was 64.2 +/- 26.2 minutes. The mean graft number was 2.9, and the hospital mortality was 2%. Perioperative hematocrit levels were 30.1%, and 26% of patients received transfusions. Postoperative data showed a median extubation time of 9 hours, a median intensive care unit stay of 48 hours, and a hospital stay of 8 +/- 2 days. Postoperative complications included inotropic support (14%), cerebrovascular events (2%), reoperation for homeostasis (4%), delayed sternal closure (2%), and mediastinitis (2%). Peak troponin Ic level remained a low 2.4 +/- 1.9  g/mL. Follow-up at 6 months was complete with 1 late mortality and with a mean ejection fraction of 30.5% +/- 10.8% for the survivors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Coronary revascularization on a beating heart with extracorporeal assistance can be done in patients with a low ejection fraction. It avoids the myocardial injury associated with aortic cross-clamping and allows safe and complete coronary revascularization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardio-Vascular Surgery, L'Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, Paris, France. thierry.folliguet@imm.fr
authors.forename: Thierry A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Folliguet
authors.forename: Francois
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Philippe
authors.forename: Fabrice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Larrazet
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dibie
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Czitrom
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Le Bret
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bachet
authors.forename: Francois
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Laborde
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical / Q000379:methods; D002303:Cardiac Output, Low / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000379:methods*; D005112:Extracorporeal Circulation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced; D006353:Heart-Assist Devices; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013318:Stroke Volume