title: Is the benefit of early recanalization sustained at 3 months? A prospective cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Early arterial recanalization can lead to dramatic recovery (DR) during intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) therapy. However, it remains unclear whether this clinical recovery is sustained 3 months after stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied consecutive patients treated with intravenous tPA (0.9 mg/kg within 3 hours) who had M1 or proximal M2 middle cerebral artery occlusion on pretreatment transcranial Doppler according to previously validated criteria. Patients were continuously monitored for 2 hours after tPA bolus to determine complete, partial, or no early recanalization with the Thrombolysis in Brain Ischemia (TIBI) flow grading system. A neurologist obtained the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores independently of transcranial Doppler results. DR was defined as a total NIHSS score of 0 to 3 points, and early recovery (ER) was defined improvement by > or =10 points at 2 hours after tPA bolus. Good long-term outcome was defined as an NIHSS score of 0 to 2 or an mRS score of 0 to 1 at 3 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-four patients with proximal middle cerebral artery occlusion had a median prebolus NIHSS score of 16 (range, 6 to 28; 90% with > or =10 points). The tPA bolus was given at 130+/-32 minutes (median, 120 minutes; 57% treated within the first 2 hours). DR+ER was observed in 50% of patients with early complete recanalization (n=18), 17% with partial recanalization (n=18), and 0% with no early recanalization (n=18) (P=0.025). Overall, DR+ER was observed in 12 patients (22%), and 9 (75%) had good outcome at 3 months in terms of NIHSS (P=0.009) and mRS (P=0.006) scores compared with non-DR and non-ER patients. If early recanalization was complete, 50% of these patients had good outcome at 3 months, and 78% with DR+ER sustained early clinical benefit. If recanalization was partial, 44% had good long-term outcome, and 66% of patients with DR+ER sustained the benefit. If no early recanalization occurred, 22% had good long-term outcome despite the lack of DR within 2 hours of tPA bolus (P=0.046). Mortality was 11%, 11%, and 39% in patients with complete, partial, and no early recanalization, respectively (P=0.025). Reasons for not sustaining DR in patients with early recanalization were subsequent symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage and recurrent ischemic stroke.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DR or ER after recanalization within 2 hours after tPA bolus was sustained at 3 months in most patients (75%) in our study. Complete or partial early recanalization leads to better outcome at 3 months after stroke. Fewer patients achieve good long-term outcome without early recanalization.
authors.affiliation: Center for Noninvasive Brain Perfusion Studies, Stroke Program, University of Texas, Houston Medical School, Houston, USA.
authors.forename: Lise A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Labiche
authors.forename: Fahmi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Al-Senani
authors.forename: Anne W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Wojner
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Grotta
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Malkoff
authors.forename: Andrei V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Alexandrov
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000187:drug effects*; D012008:Recurrence; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013995:Time; D013997:Time Factors; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator