title: Biophysical basis of brain activity: implications for neuroimaging.
abstract: In vivo 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) studies of the brain have quantitatively assessed rates of glutamate-glutamine cycle (Veye) and glucose oxidation (CMRGle(ox)) by detecting 13C label turnover from glucose to glutamate and glutamine. Contrary to expectations from in vitro and ex vivo studies, the in vivo 13C-MRS results demonstrate that glutamate recycling is a major metabolic pathway, inseparable from its actions of neurotransmission. Furthermore, both in the awake human and in the anesthetized rat brain, Veye and CMRGle(ox) are stoichiometrically related, where more than two thirds of the energy from glucose oxidation supports events associated with glutamate neurotransmission. The high energy consumption of the brain measured at rest and its quantitative relation to neurotransmission reflects a sizeable activity level for the resting brain. The high activity of the non-stimulated brain, as measured by cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen use (CMRO2), establishes a new neurophysiological basis of cerebral function that leads to reinterpreting functional imaging data because the large baseline signal is commonly discarded in cognitive neuroscience paradigms. Changes in energy consumption (delta CMRO2%) can also be obtained from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) experiments, using the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) image contrast, provided that all the separate parameters contributing to the functional MRI (fMRI) signal are measured. The BOLD-derived delta CMRO2% when compared with alterations in neuronal spiking rate (delta v%) during sensory stimulation in the rat reveals a stoichiometric relationship, in good agreement with 13C-MRS results. Hence fMRI when calibrated so as to provide delta CMRO2% can provide high spatial resolution evaluation of neuronal activity. Our studies of quantitative measurements of changes in neuroenergetics and neurotransmission reveal that a stimulus does not provoke an arbitrary amount of activity in a localized region, rather a total level of activity is required where the increment is inversely related to the level of activity in the non-stimulated condition. These biophysical experiments have established relationships between energy consumption and neuronal activity that provide novel insights into the nature of brain function and the interpretation of fMRI data.
authors.affiliation: Magnetic Resonance Center for Research in Metabolism and Physiology, Departments of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA. robert.shulman@yale.edu
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Shulman
authors.forename: Fahmeed
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hyder
authors.forename: Douglas L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Rothman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001703:Biophysics / Q000379:methods; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000502:physiology; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D005947:Glucose