title: Violent traumatic brain injury: occurrence, patient characteristics, and risk factors from the Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems project.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the occurrence of and characteristics associated with violent traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems (TBIMS) project for 4 of the 5 original Model Systems centers and to determine the patient characteristics of this group, as well as the risk factors for sustaining such an injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective evaluation of individuals with violent TBI over a 10-year period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four TBIMS centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1,229 individuals who received acute hospitalization and inpatient rehabilitation care for TBI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  The occurrence of a violent TBI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-six percent of the participants in the TBIMS project sustained a violent TBI. This type of injury was more common in African-American men who were single and slightly older than the average TBI patient, were unemployed before injury, and had had a previous TBI. A higher injury rate was noted in the earlier part of the evaluation period. Those who sustained a violent TBI had higher levels of caregiver burden and disability, as well as decreased productivity and community reintegration at rehabilitation discharge and at 1 and 2 years postinjury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The occurrence of violent TBI in the TBIMS project is consistent with national trends of decreasing incidence of violent injuries in the 1990s. These results present a profile of those who have been injured through violence. The relative risks for sustaining such an injury appear to be well defined when considering demographic and temporal factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Robin A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hanks
authors.forename: Deborah L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Millis
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Harrison-Felix
authors.forename: Christopher A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Pierce
authors.forename: Mitchell
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
authors.forename: Tamara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bushnik
authors.forename: Walter M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: High
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kreutzer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology