title: Effect of nalbuphine on the motility of the sphincter of Oddi in patients with suspected sphincter of Oddi dysfunction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nalbuphine is an ideal supplementary analgesic drug for midazolam-induced conscious sedation during operative endoscopy because it has no cardiovascular effect and only a moderate depressive effect on respiration. However, no data are available as to whether nalbuphine is suitable as an analgesic drug during endoscopic sphincter of Oddi manometry. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of nalbuphine on the sphincter of Oddi motility in patients with a suspected sphincter of Oddi dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen patients who were suspected clinically to have SOD after cholecystectomy were prospectively investigated. Five mg of midazolam was administered intravenously before the procedure to induce conscious sedation. After approximately 5 minutes of stationary sphincter of Oddi manometry recording (baseline), either 10 mg of nalbuphine or saline solution (placebo) was administered intravenously in random fashion and pressure was recorded for a further 5 minutes. Maximum sphincter of Oddi basal pressure and average phasic contraction amplitude and frequency were measured before and after the infusion of the drug or saline solution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nalbuphine administration effectively enhanced the sedation obtained with midazolam without any adverse effect. When the sphincter of Oddi manometric periods before and after the administration of nalbuphine versus placebo were compared, there was a significantly increased basal sphincter of Oddi pressure only in the nalbuphine group: respectively, 49 (18) and 77 (29) mm Hg (p = 0.003) versus 51 (24) and 49 (23) mm Hg (p = 0.9). The phasic contraction amplitude did not change in response to nalbuphine, but the phasic contraction frequency increased significantly, from 5 (3) to 8 (4) per minute (p = 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nalbuphine has a stimulatory effect on sphincter of Oddi motility in patients with a suspected sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. Nalbuphine should not be used as premedication before endoscopic ERCP if sphincter of Oddi manometry is to be performed.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
authors.forename: László
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Madácsy
authors.forename: Viktória
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bertalan
authors.forename: Attila
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Szepes
authors.forename: János
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lonovics
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003137:Common Bile Duct Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D005260:Female; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry; D008875:Middle Aged; D009266:Nalbuphine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009803:Sphincter of Oddi / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013268:Stimulation, Chemical
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009266:Nalbuphine