title: Worsening renal function: what is a clinically meaningful change in creatinine during hospitalization with heart failure?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Worsening renal function during hospitalization for heart failure, defined as elevation in creatinine during admission, predicts adverse outcomes. Prior studies define worsening renal function using various creatinine elevations, but the relative value of definitions is unknown.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a prospective cohort of 412 patients hospitalized for heart failure, we compared a spectrum of worsening renal function definitions (absolute creatinine elevations >/=0.1 to >/=0.5 mg/dL and 25% relative elevation from baseline) and associations with 6-month mortality, readmission, and functional decline. Creatinine elevation >/=0.1 mg/dL occurred in 75% of patients, and elevation >/=0.5 mg/dL occurred in 24% of patients. Risk of death rose with higher creatinine elevations (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 0.89, 1.19, 1.67, 1.91, and 2.90 for elevations >/=0.1 to >/=0.5 mg/dL). Maximum sensitivity of any definition for predicting mortality was 75% and maximum specificity was 79%. High creatinine elevation was a more important predictor of death than was a single measure of baseline creatinine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Larger creatinine elevations predict highest risk of death, yet even minor changes in renal function are associated with adverse outcomes. The choice of a "best definition" for worsening renal function has implications for the number of patients identified with this risk factor and the magnitude of risk for mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
authors.forename: Grace L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Viola
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vaccarino
authors.forename: Mikhail
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kosiborod
authors.forename: Judith H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lichtman
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Suzanne G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Watnick
authors.forename: Harlan M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Krumholz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003237:Connecticut; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003404:Creatinine