title: Appearance of the frequency doubling stimulus in normal subjects and patients with glaucoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the spatial structure of the frequency doubling technology (FDT) perimetry stimulus is visible at detection-contrast threshold in normal observers and those with glaucoma and to assess its perceived spatial frequency at threshold and suprathreshold contrast.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three subject groups were assessed: 10 young normal observers (aged <40 years), 10 older normal observers (aged >50 years), and 10 subjects with glaucoma. Detection thresholds for centrally and eccentrically presented 10 degrees squares, 0.25-cyc/deg, 25-Hz counterphase flicker sine-wave gratings were obtained by using a yes-no staircase procedure. Eccentric locations were in areas of loss of FDT sensitivity (< or =21 degrees ) in subjects with glaucoma, or at 7 degrees or 21 degrees inferonasally in normal observers. Resolution-contrast thresholds were determined by a two-alternative, forced-choice staircase procedure in which subjects selected the orientation of the grating stimulus tilted at +/-45 degrees. Perceived spatial frequency was determined by having subjects alter the spatial frequency of a temporally interleaved stationary sine-wave grating to match the FDT stimulus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant difference was found between detection- and resolution-contrast thresholds, implying that spatial structure was visible at detection threshold. In general, subjects perceived the spatial structure to have a spatial frequency closer to doubled than to veridical, although the young normal subjects reported a lower apparent spatial frequency than older individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When instructed as for clinical testing, subjects respond to the presence of the structure of the grating, and perceive the FDT stimulus to have a spatial frequency greater than its true spatial frequency. These findings were consistent across both normal observers and those with glaucoma, at both central and eccentric test locations.
authors.affiliation: Discoveries in Sight, Devers Eye Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA. allisonm@psy.uwa.edu.au
authors.forename: Allison M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: McKendrick
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Chris A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Brad
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fortune
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015350:Contrast Sensitivity / Q000502:physiology*; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D058609:Visual Field Tests / Q000379:methods; D014794:Visual Fields / Q000502:physiology; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*