title: In vitro refolding of human proinsulin. Kinetic intermediates, putative disulfide-forming pathway folding initiation site, and potential role of C-peptide in folding process.
abstract: Human insulin is a double-chain peptide that is synthesized in vivo as a single-chain human proinsulin (HPI). We have investigated the disulfide-forming pathway of a single-chain porcine insulin precursor (PIP). Here we further studied the folding pathway of HPI in vitro. While the oxidized refolding process of HPI was quenched, four obvious intermediates (namely P1, P2, P3, and P4, respectively) with three disulfide bridges were isolated and characterized. Contrary to the folding pathway of PIP, no intermediates with one- or two-disulfide bonds could be captured under different refolding conditions. CD analysis showed that P1, P2, and P3 retained partially structural conformations, whereas P4 contained little secondary structure. Based on the time-dependent distribution, disulfide pair analysis, and disulfide-reshuffling process of the intermediates, we have proposed that the folding pathway of HPI is significantly different from that of PIP. These differences reveal that the C-peptide not only facilitates the folding of HPI but also governs its kinetic folding pathway of HPI. Detailed analysis of the molecular folding process reveals that there are some similar folding mechanisms between PIP and HPI. These similarities imply that the initiation site for the folding of PIP/HPI may reside in the central alpha-helix of the B-chain. The formation of disulfide A20-B19 may guide the transfer of the folding information from the B-chain template to the unstructured A-chain. Furthermore, the implications of this in vitro refolding study on the in vivo folding process of HPI have been discussed.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zhi-Song
authors.initials: ZS
authors.lastname: Qiao
authors.forename: Cheng-Yin
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Min
authors.forename: Qing-Xin
authors.initials: QX
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: You-Min
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Feng
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000737:chemistry*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002942:Circular Dichroism; D003545:Cysteine / Q000737:chemistry; D004220:Disulfides / Q000737:chemistry; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D010450:Endopeptidases / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008239:Lysine / Q000737:chemistry; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D008970:Molecular Weight; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D010449:Peptide Mapping; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry; D011384:Proinsulin / Q000737:chemistry*; D011485:Protein Binding; D011487:Protein Conformation; D011489:Protein Denaturation; D017510:Protein Folding; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D002096:C-Peptide; D004220:Disulfides; D010455:Peptides; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D011384:Proinsulin; D010450:Endopeptidases; D008239:Lysine; D003545:Cysteine; D010100:Oxygen