title: Cell polarity and PIN protein positioning in Arabidopsis require STEROL METHYLTRANSFERASE1 function.
abstract: Plants have many polarized cell types, but relatively little is known about the mechanisms that establish polarity. The orc mutant was identified originally by defects in root patterning, and positional cloning revealed that the affected gene encodes STEROL METHYLTRANSFERASE1, which is required for the appropriate synthesis and composition of major membrane sterols. smt1(orc) mutants displayed several conspicuous cell polarity defects. Columella root cap cells revealed perturbed polar positioning of different organelles, and in the smt1(orc) root epidermis, polar initiation of root hairs was more randomized. Polar auxin transport and expression of the auxin reporter DR5-beta-glucuronidase were aberrant in smt1(orc). Patterning defects in smt1(orc) resembled those observed in mutants of the PIN gene family of putative auxin efflux transporters. Consistently, the membrane localization of the PIN1 and PIN3 proteins was disturbed in smt1(orc), whereas polar positioning of the influx carrier AUX1 appeared normal. Our results suggest that balanced sterol composition is a major requirement for cell polarity and auxin efflux in Arabidopsis.
authors.affiliation: Developmental Genetics, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Viola
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Willemsen
authors.forename: Jirí
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Friml
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grebe
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van den Toorn
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Palme
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Scheres
mesh_terms: D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D016764:Cell Polarity / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000187:drug effects; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000187:drug effects; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D008780:Methyltransferases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation; D010840:Phytosterols / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators / Q000494:pharmacology; D018518:Plant Root Cap / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C100794:AUX1 protein, Arabidopsis; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; C116363:PIN1 protein, Arabidopsis; C449300:PIN3 protein, Arabidopsis; D010840:Phytosterols; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators; D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid; D008780:Methyltransferases; C474634:SMT1 protein, Arabidopsis