title: Flow cytometry and conventional enumeration of microorganisms in ships' ballast water and marine samples.
abstract: Conventional methods for bacteriological testing of water quality take long periods of time to complete. This makes them inappropriate for a shipping industry that is attempting to comply with the International Maritime Organization's anticipated regulations for ballast water discharge. Flow cytometry for the analysis of marine and ship's ballast water is a comparatively fast and accurate method. Compared to a 5% standard error for flow cytometry analysis the standard methods of culturing and epifluorescence analysis have errors of 2-58% and 10-30%, respectively. Also, unlike culturing methods, flow cytometry is capable of detecting both non-viable and viable but non-culturable microorganisms which can still pose health risks. The great variability in both cell concentrations and microbial content for the samples tested is an indication of the difficulties facing microbial monitoring programmes. The concentration of microorganisms in the ballast tank was generally lower than in local seawater. The proportion of aerobic, microaerophilic, and facultative anaerobic microorganisms present appeared to be influenced by conditions in the ballast tank. The gradual creation of anaerobic conditions in a ballast tank could lead to the accumulation of facultative anaerobic microorganisms, which might represent a potential source of pathogenic species.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Engineering Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Block N1, #01 a-09, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
authors.forename: Eva L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Joachimsthal
authors.forename: Volodymyr
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ivanov
authors.forename: Joo-Hwa
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Tay
authors.forename: Stephen T-L
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Tay
mesh_terms: D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D012767:Ships; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial