title: Alcohol high risk drinking, abuse and dependence among tobacco smoking medical care patients and the general population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about the synergies of smoking and alcohol consumption in medical care patients. The objective, therefore, is to estimate the coincidence of hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption as well as alcohol abuse and dependence with tobacco smoking in a general hospital and general practices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three samples of 18-64 year olds include 510 consecutively admitted currently smoking in-patients of a general hospital, 271 patients of a randomized sample of general practices, and 1567 current smokers from a regional population in Germany. Data include the number of cigarettes and a diagnosis of alcohol dependence and abuse (DSM), harmful or hazardous alcohol use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rates of current daily cigarette smokers with an alcohol dependence or abuse, harmful or hazardous alcohol consumption are 47.1% in the general hospital and 32.1% in the general practice sample compared with 18.4% in the general population. The rates increase from nonsmokers to smokers and with the number of cigarettes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings fit into the evidence about alcohol and tobacco interactions in morbidity and mortality. General medical care settings are appropriate for the detection of alcohol dependence or abuse via smoking.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Greifswald, W-Rathenau-Strasse 48, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany. ujohn@uni-greifswald.de
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: John
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: H-J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Rumpf
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hapke
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Meyer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005194:Family Practice / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*