title: An anthropometric analysis of the key foramina for maxillofacial surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study goal was to determine the location of important maxillofacial foramina relative to frequently encountered surgical landmarks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Measurements (1,120) were made on 80 cadaveric heads of known race and gender to evaluate the position of the supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental foramina relative to surgical landmarks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of the data determined the supraorbital foramen to be an average of 2.5 cm lateral to the nasal midline and 2.6 cm medial to the temporal crest of the frontal bone. Of the supraorbital foramina, 92.5% were notches and not true foramen. The infraorbital foramen was an average of 2.7 cm lateral to the nasal midline, 0.64 cm caudad to the inferior orbital rim, and 0.03 cm medial to the zygomaticomaxillary suture. The mental foramen was an average of 2.2 cm lateral to the mandibular skeletal midline. The average position of the mental foramen, relative to adjacent teeth, was between the first and second premolars for whites and just posterior to the second premolar in blacks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The measurements show small but significant differences in foramen location between whites and blacks and males and females. The knowledge of the distances from surgically encountered anatomic landmarks may be of assistance in locating these important maxillofacial neurologic structures during many procedures. This information may play an even more important role as new techniques for minimally invasive surgery are developed. Understanding the location of these foramina will also assist the clinician in performing local anesthetic blocks.
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cutright
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Quillopa
authors.forename: Warren
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schubert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044383:Black People; D002508:Cephalometry; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D019647:Oral Surgical Procedures; D009915:Orbit / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D012016:Reference Values; D044465:White People