title: Pramlintide as an adjunct to insulin therapy improves long-term glycemic and weight control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a 1-year randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mealtime amylin replacement with the human amylin analog pramlintide, as an adjunct to mealtime insulin replacement, reduces postprandial glucose excursions in patients with type 2 diabetes. The aim of the present study was to assess the long-term efficacy and safety of pramlintide in this patient population.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a 52-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicenter study, 656 patients with type 2 diabetes (age 57 +/- 10 years, diabetes duration 12 +/- 7 years, BMI 34.0 +/- 7.0 kg/m(2), HbA(1c) 9.1 +/- 1.2%, mean +/- SD) treated with insulin (alone or in combination with sulfonylureas and/or metformin) were randomized to receive additional preprandial subcutaneous injections of either placebo or pramlintide (60 micro g TID, 90 microg BID, or 120 microg BID).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment with pramlintide 120 micro g BID led to a sustained reduction from baseline in HbA(1c) (-0.68 and -0.62% at weeks 26 and 52, respectively), which was significantly greater than that seen with placebo (P < 0.05). The proportion of patients achieving an HbA(1c) <8% was approximately twofold greater with pramlintide (120 microg BID) than with placebo (46 vs. 28%, P < 0.05). The glycemic improvement with pramlintide 120 micro g BID was accompanied by a mean weight loss (-1.4 kg vs. +0.7 kg with placebo at week 52, P < 0.05) and occurred without an overall increase in the severe hypoglycemia event rate. The most common adverse event associated with pramlintide use was transient, mild-to-moderate nausea.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mealtime amylin replacement with pramlintide 120 microg BID, as an adjunct to insulin therapy, improves long-term glycemic and weight control in patients with type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Priscilla A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Hollander
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Fineman
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Maggs
authors.forename: Larry Z
authors.initials: LZ
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Susan A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Strobel
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Weyer
authors.forename: Orville G
authors.initials: OG
authors.lastname: Kolterman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000682:Amyloid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D015994:Incidence; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D058228:Islet Amyloid Polypeptide; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000682:Amyloid; D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D058228:Islet Amyloid Polypeptide; C105254:pramlintide