title: A rapid and accurate method for the determination of plutonium in food using magnetic sector ICP-MS with an ultra-sonic nebuliser and ion chromatography.
abstract: In the event of a nuclear incident it is essential that analytical information on the distribution and level of contamination is available. An ICP-MS method is described which can provide data on plutonium contamination in food within 3 h of sample receipt without compromising detection limits or accuracy relative to traditional counting methods. The method can also provide simultaneous determinations of americium and neptunium. Samples were prepared by HNO3 closed-vessel microwave digestion, evaporated to dryness and diluted into a mobile phase comprising 1.5 M HNO3 and 0.1 mM 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid. A commercially available polystyrene-divinylbenzene ion chromatography column provides on-line separation of 239Pu and 238U reducing the impact of the 238U1H interference. Oxidation of the sample using H2O2 ensures all Pu is in the Pu(+4) state. The oxidation also displaces Np away from the solvent front by changing the oxidation state from Np(+3) to Np(+4) and produces the insoluble Am(+4) ion. Simultaneous Pu, Am and Np analyses therefore require omission of the oxidation stage and some loss of Pu data quality. Analyses were performed using a magnetic sector ICP-MS (Finnigan MAT Element). The sample is introduced to the plasma via an ultrasonic nebuliser-desolvation unit (Cetac USN 6000AT+). This combination achieves an instrumental sensitivity of 238U > 2 x 10(7) cps/ppb and removes hydrogen from the sample gas, which also inhibits the formation of 238U1H. The net effect of the improved sample introduction conditions is to achieve detection levels for Pu of 0.020 pg g(-1) (4.6 x 10(-2) Bq kg(-1)) which is significantly below 1/10th of the most stringent EU (European Union) legislation, currently 0.436 pg g(-1) (1 Bq kg(-1)) set for baby food. The new method was evaluated with a range of biological samples ranging from cabbage to milk and meat. Recovery of Pu agrees with published values (100% +/- 20%).
authors.affiliation: LGC Ltd, Queens Road, Teddington, UK TW11 0LY. Peter.Evans@lgc.co.uk
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Elahi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fairman
mesh_terms: D002852:Chromatography, Ion Exchange; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005506:Food Contamination; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D011005:Plutonium / Q000737:chemistry*; D018788:Radioactive Hazard Release; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014465:Ultrasonics
chemical_list: D011005:Plutonium