title: Effect of silica sand on activation energy for diffusion of sodium ions in montmorillonite and silica sand mixture.
abstract: The effect of silica sand on the diffusion of sodium ions in mixtures of montmorillonite and silica sand was studied by measuring the apparent diffusion coefficients, activation energies for diffusion, and the basal spacing of the mixed samples. These diffusion experiments suggest that the apparent diffusion coefficients of sodium ions in the mixed samples were almost the same as those of pure montmorillonite samples having the same partial dry densities of montmorillonite. The activation energy dependence for diffusion of sodium ions on the partial dry density was different between the mixed samples and the pure montmorillonite samples. The activation energy increased by adding silica sand at the partial dry density of 1.0 Mg m(-3), and decreased by adding silica sand at the partial dry densities higher than 1.2 Mg m(-3). A change in the XRD profile was observed after adding silica sand at the partial dry density of 1.6 Mg m(-3). Here, a three-water-layer hydrate state of montmorillonite was found in the mixed sample whereas only a two-water-layer hydrate state was observed in the pure montmorillonite sample. These experimental results suggest that silica sand changed the montmorillonite microstructure in the mixed samples, which then altered the sodium-ion diffusion process.
authors.affiliation: Division of Quantum Energy Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13 W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan.
authors.forename: Jinhong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Hiromichi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Tamotsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kozaki
authors.forename: Seichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ohashi
mesh_terms: D001546:Bentonite / Q000737:chemistry*; D004058:Diffusion; D007477:Ions / Q000737:chemistry; D011850:Radioactive Waste; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D012964:Sodium / Q000737:chemistry*; D018505:Waste Management; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D007477:Ions; D011850:Radioactive Waste; D001546:Bentonite; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D012964:Sodium