title: The effect of noradrenergic drugs on the recovery of walking after spinal cord injury.
abstract: Clonidine, a noradrenergic agonist has been associated with improved walking in both spinal cat and spinal cord injured (SCI) subjects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this brief review is to compare the effects of clonidine on walking capabilities in SCI subjects with functionally complete and incomplete spinal cord injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Both oral administration and intrathecal injection of clonidine were investigated. A motorized treadmill was used and harness support provided in most of the SCI subjects as no walking capabilities could be observed overground. A single subject design was used in these chronic SCI subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Canada and France.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In complete SCI subjects while receiving clonidine, none of the subjects was able to initiate independent stepping. In contrast, the greatest effects were found in SCI subjects with injuries that are incomplete but still severely disabling while minimal effects could be observed in the more functional SCI subjects. These effects on walking are observed in measures of walking speed, and electromyographic and kinematic patterns. Regardless of effects on walking, however, a consistent decrease of the flexor reflex amplitude could be observed in all SCI subjects independent of the severity of the lesion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review demonstrated that clonidine could be a powerful anti-spasmodic drug in addition to improving locomotion in a limited number of SCI subjects. The mechanism, significance and implications of these results will be discussed.
authors.affiliation: School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1Y5.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Barbeau
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Norman
mesh_terms: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D003000:Clonidine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000502:physiology; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D003000:Clonidine; D009638:Norepinephrine