title: Risk factors for adenotonsillar hypertrophy in children following solid organ transplantation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD), or its precursor, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related lymphoid hyperplasia, may first present in the tonsils and adenoids in the pediatric solid organ transplant population. We sought to identify signs and symptoms of and risk factors for adenotonsillar hypertrophy (ATH), a potential precursor to PTLD in children following solid organ transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a cross-sectional study of 132 consecutive pediatric solid organ transplant patients at our institution. Questionnaire, physical examination, and laboratory data collection were obtained. Correlation of signs and symptoms of ATH with objective laboratory data was conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  132 pediatric transplant recipients (64 renal, 68 liver) were enrolled. Mean age at transplantation was 7.4 (S.D. 6.0) years with a mean follow-up of 49.0 (S.D. 48.4) months post-transplantation. The mean questionnaire score was 8.4 (S.D. 7.9) out of a maximum 65 and the mean physical examination score was 3.9 (S.D. 1.9) out of a maximum 8, with a statistically significant correlation between the two (Pearson's r=0.352, P<0.001). A multivariate linear regression model found recipient EBV seronegativity and younger age at transplantation to be statistically significant risk factors for development of ATH (P=0.024 and 0.035, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Young age and EBV seronegativity confer increased risk for ATH in pediatric patients undergoing solid organ transplantation. As ATH may be the earliest sign of PTLD, long-term surveillance is required to determine the impact of ATH on quality of life and survival in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Head and Neck Surgery, UCLA School of Medicine, 62-158 CHS, 10833 LeConte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. nshapiro@ucla.edu
authors.forename: Nina L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.forename: Ali M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Strocker
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bhattacharyya
mesh_terms: D000234:Adenoids / Q000473:pathology*; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D020031:Epstein-Barr Virus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection; D006085:Graft Survival; D006801:Humans; D006984:Hypertrophy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D015994:Incidence; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D016014:Linear Models; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D008232:Lymphoproliferative Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016377:Organ Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D014066:Palatine Tonsil / Q000473:pathology*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011336:Probability; D011379:Prognosis; D012042:Registries; D018570:Risk Assessment