title: Diversity of tetracycline resistance genes in bacteria from Chilean salmon farms.
abstract: Twenty-five distinct tetracycline-resistant gram-negative bacteria recovered from four Chilean fish farms with no history of recent antibiotic use were examined for the presence of tetracycline resistance (tet) genes. Sixty percent of the isolates carried 1 of the 22 known tet genes examined. The distribution was as follows. The tet(A) gene was found in six isolates. The tet(B) gene was found in two isolates, including the first description in the genus Brevundimonas: Two isolates carried the tet(34) and tet(B) genes, including the first description of the tet(34) gene in Pseudomonas and Serratia and the first description of the tet(B) gene in Pseudomonas: The tet(H) gene was found in two isolates, which includes the first description in the genera Moraxella and Acinetobacter: One isolate carried tet(E), and one isolate carried tet(35), the first description of the gene in the genus Stenotrophomonas: Finally, one isolate carried tet(L), found for the first time in the genus Morganella: By DNA sequence analysis, the two tet(H) genes were indistinguishable from the previously sequenced tet(H) gene from Tn5706 found in Pasteurella multocida. The Acinetobacter radioresistens isolate also harbored the Tn5706-associated 1,063-bp IS element IS1597, while the Moraxella isolate carried a 1,026-bp IS-like element whose 293-amino-acid transposase protein exhibited 69% identity and 84% similarity to the transposase protein of IS1597, suggesting the presence of a novel IS element. The distribution of tet genes from the Chilean freshwater ponds was different than those that have previously been described from other geographical locations, with 40% of the isolates carrying unidentified tetracycline resistance genes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquaculture, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile.
authors.forename: Claudio D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.forename: Corinna
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kehrenberg
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ulep
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.forename: Marilyn C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000382:microbiology; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D002677:Chile; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements / Q000235:genetics; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D015345:Oligonucleotide Probes; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012474:Salmon; D012722:Sewage / Q000382:microbiology; D013753:Tetracycline Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D013754:Tetracyclines / Q000494:pharmacology; D014169:Transformation, Bacterial; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D015345:Oligonucleotide Probes; D012722:Sewage; D013754:Tetracyclines