Gamma-tubulin distribution during cortical microtubule reorganization at the M/G1 interface in tobacco BY-2 cells.
Cortical microtubules are considered to regulate the direction of cellulose microfibril deposition. Despite their significant role in determining cell morphology, cortical microtubules completely disappear from the cell cortex during M phase and become reorganized at G1 phase. The mechanism by which these microtubules become properly formed again is, however, still unclear. We have proposed that the origin of cortical microtubules is on the daughter nuclear surface, but further cortical microtubule reorganization occurs at the cell cortex. Hence it is probable that the locations of microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) are actively changing. However, the actual MTOC sites of cortical microtubules were not clearly determined. In this paper, we have examined the distribution of gamma-tubulin, one of the key molecules of MTOCs in various organisms, during cortical microtubule reorganization using both immunofluorescence and a GFP reporter system. Using a monoclonal antibody (clone G9) that recognizes highly conserved residues in y-tubulin, y-tubulin was found to be constitutively expressed and to be clearly localized to microtubule structures, such as the preprophase bands, spindles, and phragmoplasts, specific to each cell cycle stage. This distribution pattern was confirmed by the GFP reporter system. During cortical microtubule reorganization at the M to G1 transition phase, gamma-tubulin first accumulated at the daughter nuclear surfaces, and then seemed to spread onto the cell cortex along with microtubules elongating from the daughter nuclei. Based on the results, it was confirmed that daughter nuclear surfaces acted as origins of cortical microtubules, and that further reorganization occurred on the cell cortex.
Kumagai
Fumi
F
Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan. kumagai@k.u-tokyo.ac.jp
Nagata
Toshiyuki
T
Yahara
Natsuko
N
Moriyama
Yohsuke
Y
Horio
Tetsuya
T
Naoi
Kuniko
K
Hashimoto
Takashi
T
Murata
Takashi
T
Hasezawa
Seiichiro
S
D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000502:physiology*; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism*; D005057:Eukaryotic Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D007399:Interphase / Q000502:physiology; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D008870:Microtubules / Q000378:metabolism*; D008938:Mitosis / Q000502:physiology; D009685:Nuclear Envelope / Q000378:metabolism; D020648:Peptide Elongation Factor 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D014404:Tubulin / Q000378:metabolism*
D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D020648:Peptide Elongation Factor 1; D014404:Tubulin; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins