Atopic dermatitis and asthma: parallels in the evolution of treatment.
OBJECTIVE
To review epidemiologic correlations between asthma and atopic dermatitis (AD), identify common features in disease pathophysiology, and review steps involved in the development of asthma therapy guidelines to assess the appropriateness of a similar process and approach for AD.


METHODS
A 7-member panel representing specialists in dermatology, allergy, asthma, immunology, and pediatrics from around the United States convened to review the current literature and evolving data on AD. Participants presented reviews to the panel on the epidemiology of asthma and AD, the genetic predisposition to allergic disease, the current understanding of the immunopathophysiology of AD, interrelationships between the pathologic pathways of asthma and AD, evolving treatment concepts and options in AD, and the applicability of the asthma treatment model and how it may be adapted for guideline development for AD. Commentary and criticism were recorded for use in document preparation.


RESULTS
There are clear epidemiologic parallels in asthma and AD. Importantly, AD frequently is the first manifestation of an atopic diathesis, which occurs in genetically predisposed individuals and also includes asthma and allergic rhinitis. Up to 80% of children with AD will eventually develop allergic rhinitis or asthma later in childhood. This classic "atopic triad" has numerous pathophysiologic elements in common, including cyclic nucleotide regulatory abnormalities, immune cell alterations, and inflammatory mediators and allergic triggers. New therapeutic options that target underlying immune mechanisms are available, and their place among treatments for AD is becoming established. Guidelines of care have been developed for asthma. The panel noted that the National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute guidelines for diagnosis and management of asthma, first issued in 1991, had a tremendous positive impact on many aspects of asthma treatment. It not only created a heightened awareness that asthma is a disease of chronic inflammation, but it also provided unified approaches for therapy and opened new areas of basic science and clinical research. In addition, the guidelines spurred interactions among physicians of various specialties and stimulated a great quantity of research in asthma therapy. It is anticipated that AD therapy guidelines would have similar positive outcomes.


CONCLUSIONS
The panel concluded that, on the basis of current information and evolving therapeutic options, a clear rationale exists to support AD guideline development. The many parallels between AD and asthma suggest that processes and approaches used for the asthma therapy guidelines would be appropriate for AD.
Eichenfield
Lawrence F
LF
Pediatric and Adolescent Dermatology, Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123, USA. leichenfield@ucsd.edu
Hanifin
Jon M
JM
Beck
Lisa A
LA
Lemanske
Robert F
RF
Sampson
Hugh A
HA
Weiss
Scott T
ST
Leung
Donald Y M
DY
D000287:Administration, Topical; D000293:Adolescent; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D003876:Dermatitis, Atopic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy*; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic / Q000592:standards; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014481:United States
D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D016559:Tacrolimus