title: Dysregulated brain development in adult men with schizophrenia: a magnetic resonance imaging study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent imaging evidence suggests that normal brain development/maturation of the frontal lobes and association areas is a well-regulated process consisting of continued myelination and expansion of white matter volumes into the late 40s accompanied by complementary reductions in gray matter volumes. The possibility that a dysregulation of this process may contribute to the syndrome of schizophrenia was investigated using magnetic resonance imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-two normal adult males and 35 males with schizophrenia underwent magnetic resonance imaging. Coronal images were acquired using pulse sequences that maximized myelin signal. The age-related change in the gray to white matter ratio was used as a measure of developmental dysregulation in the schizophrenic subjects and contrasted to the age-related changes of the normal control group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regression analyses on frontal and temporal gray to white matter ratio yielded highly significant interactions of diagnosis and age for both regions (p =.0003 and p =.01, respectively). In the normal group, both frontal and temporal gray to white matter ratios decreased significantly and linearly across the age range. In contrast, neither ratio showed meaningful age-related change in the schizophrenia group. Thus, differences in gray to white matter ratio between the groups increased markedly with age, driven primarily by the absence of a white matter volume expansion in the patient group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The absence of the normal complementary volume changes in the gray and white matter with age in the schizophrenic sample suggests that this dynamic developmental process is dysregulated in adult schizophrenic subjects. The importance of myelination to the continued maturation and normal functioning of the brain has implications for the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of California School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90095-1769, USA.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bartzokis
authors.forename: Keith H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Nuechterlein
authors.forename: Po H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gitlin
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mintz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001931:Brain Mapping; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009186:Myelin Sheath / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology*