title: Phototoxic effects of 635-nm light on canine transitional cell carcinoma cells incubated with 5-aminolevulinic acid.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) cells incubated in media containing 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) would produce sufficient protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) to cause lethal phototoxic effects when exposed to 635-nm light.
  
  
  METHODS
  Canine TCC cells (K9TCC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cultured K9TCC cells were exposed to graded doses of ALA, and PpIX concentrations were determined. Cells then were exposed to various doses of 635-nm light from a diode laser, and cell viability was assayed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Production of PpIX was dependent on time and dose of ALA. The K9TCC cells incubated with ALA produced sufficient PpIX to cause lethal phototoxic effects when exposed to 635-nm light. Phototoxic effects were dependent on time and dose of ALA. Increasing laser power density and energy density decreased cell survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ALA is an effective photosensitizer for in vitro photodynamic treatment of K9TCC cells. Further studies are warranted to assess the safety and efficacy of ALA as a photosensitizer for use in treating dogs with TCC. Impact for Human Medicine-On the basis of this study, dogs with TCC may be useful in the development of protocols for ALA-based photodynamic therapy of humans affected with muscle-invasive bladder cancer.
authors.affiliation: Comparative Biophotonics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
authors.forename: Tisha D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Ridgway
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Lucroy
mesh_terms: D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D004285:Dogs; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007834:Lasers; D008027:Light; D010778:Photochemotherapy; D011524:Protoporphyrins / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D011524:Protoporphyrins; D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid; C028025:protoporphyrin IX