title: The striking effect of the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) on ramipril prescribing in Ontario.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE), a Canadian-led, multicentre, randomized controlled trial, demonstrated the effectiveness of the ACE inhibitor ramipril in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease in patients who were at high risk for cardiovascular events but did not have left ventricular dysfunction or heart failure. We studied whether HOPE affected the prescribing of ACE inhibitors generally, and ramipril specifically, in Ontario, where the trial was coordinated.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used linked administrative databases to examine prescribing patterns for ACE inhibitors in the 1.29 million to 1.54 million elderly (aged 66 and over) residents of Ontario during the study period and specifically those with diabetes or congestive heart failure. For all new prescriptions for these drugs filled between Jan. 1, 1993, and Mar. 31, 2001, we conducted time-series analyses to measure any association with the release of the HOPE results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The monthly number of new prescriptions for ramipril from the time it was introduced in 1995 until HOPE's early termination, in April 1999, peaked at 58 per 100,000 elderly Ontario residents. The rate increased to 92/100,000 in May, coincident with newspaper coverage of the trial's early termination, then fell back to 63/100,000 in August. After HOPE's results were formally released, starting Aug. 31, the rate increased significantly; it peaked at 304/100,000 in May 2000 (p < 0.01). The market share of ramipril among ACE inhibitors also increased significantly (p < 0.01), both overall and among patients with diabetes or congestive heart failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HOPE led to a striking and unprecedented increase, over 400%, in ramipril prescribing to elderly Ontario residents, including those not eligible for the trial. Many physicians are now prescribing ramipril for patients with diabetes or congestive heart failure.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, University Health Network-Toronto Western Hospital Family Medicine Center and Department of Family and Community Health-Family Health Research Unit, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON. karen@ices.on.ca
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tu
authors.forename: Muhammad M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Mamdani
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Jacka
authors.forename: Natalie J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Forde
authors.forename: Deanna M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Rothwell
authors.forename: Jack V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Tu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004363:Drug Utilization; D006801:Humans; D009864:Ontario; D017257:Ramipril / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D017257:Ramipril