title: Risk factors for adverse postoperative outcomes in children presenting for cardiac surgery with upper respiratory tract infections.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Otherwise healthy children who present for elective surgery with an upper respiratory infection (URI) may be at risk for perioperative respiratory complications. This risk may be increased in children with congenital heart disease who undergo cardiac surgery while harboring a URI because of their compromised cardiopulmonary status. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the incidence of peri- and postoperative complications in children undergoing cardiac surgery while harboring a URI.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population consisted of 713 children scheduled to undergo cardiac surgery. Of these, 96 had symptoms of URI, and 617 were asymptomatic. Children were followed prospectively from induction of anesthesia to discharge from the hospital to determine the incidence of postoperative respiratory, cardiovascular, neurologic, and surgical adverse events. Duration of postoperative ventilation, time in the intensive care unit (ICU), and length of hospital stay were also recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children with URIs had a significantly higher incidence of respiratory and multiple postoperative complications than children with no URIs (29.2 vs 17.3% and 25 vs 10.3%, respectively; P< 0.01) and a higher incidence of postoperative bacterial infections (5.2 vs 1.0%; P= 0.01). Furthermore, logistic regression indicated that the presence of a URI was an independent risk factor for multiple postoperative complications and postoperative infections in children undergoing open heart surgery. Children with URIs also stayed longer in the intensive care unit than children with no URIs (75.9 +/- 89.8 h vs 57.7 +/- 63.8, respectively; P< 0.01). However, the overall length of hospital stay was not significantly different (8.4 vs 7.8 days, URI vs non-URI groups; P> 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of a URI was predictive of postoperative infection and multiple complications in children presenting for cardiac surgery. Despite this, the presence of a URI does not appear to affect the patient's overall length of hospital stay nor the development of long-term sequelae.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor 48109, USA. smalviya@umich.edu
authors.forename: Shobha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Malviya
authors.forename: Terri
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Voepel-Lewis
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Siewert
authors.forename: Uma A
authors.initials: UA
authors.lastname: Pandit
authors.forename: Lori Q
authors.initials: LQ
authors.lastname: Riegger
authors.forename: Alan R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Tait
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007902:Length of Stay; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology*; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000150:complications*; D012307:Risk Factors