title: Fruit, vegetables, and antioxidants in childhood and risk of adult cancer: the Boyd Orr cohort.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine associations between food and nutrient intake, measured in childhood, and adult cancer in a cohort with over 60 years follow up.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study is based on the Boyd Orr cohort. Intake of fruit and vegetables, energy, vitamins C and E, carotene, and retinol was assessed from seven day household food inventories carried out during a study of family diet and health in 16 rural and urban areas of England and Scotland in 1937-39.
  
  
  METHODS
  4999 men and women, from largely working class backgrounds, who had been children in the households participating in the pre-war survey. Analyses are based on 3878 traced subjects with full data on diet and social circumstances.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over the follow up period there were 483 incident malignant neoplasms. Increased childhood fruit intake was associated with reduced risk of incident cancer. In fully adjusted logistic regression models, odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) with increasing quartiles of fruit consumption were 1.0 (reference), 0.66 (0.48 to 0.90), 0.70 (0.51 to 0.97), 0.62 (0.43 to 0.90); p value for linear trend=0.02. The association was weaker for cancer mortality. There was no clear pattern of association between the other dietary factors and total cancer risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Childhood fruit consumption may have a long term protective effect on cancer risk in adults. Further prospective studies, with individual measures of diet are required to further elucidate these relations.
authors.affiliation: MRC Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, London, UK. maria@msoc.mrc.gla.ac.uk
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maynard
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gunnell
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Emmett
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Frankel
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Davey Smith
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet; D002149:Energy Intake; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality*; D012423:Rural Health; D012606:Scotland / Q000453:epidemiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000401:mortality; D014504:Urban Health; D014675:Vegetables; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D014815:Vitamins