title: Decreased carotenoid concentrations due to dietary sucrose polyesters do not affect possible markers of disease risk in humans.
abstract: Excessive consumption of energy and fat increases the risk for obesity. Snacks containing sucrose polyesters (SPE) as a dietary fat replacer are on the market in the United States. SPE products have been shown to lower concentrations of serum carotenoids in short-term studies. Experimental studies on the longer-term effects on health of decreased carotenoid concentrations are lacking. A 1-y randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel trial was performed. Subjects (n = 380) with a habitual low or high fruit and vegetable intake were assigned to the treatments (0, 7, 10 or 17 g/d SPE). SPE was given in the form of spreads, chips or both. The groups were compared for serum carotenoids, vitamins and markers of oxidative damage, eye health, cardiovascular health and immune status. After 1 y, serum lipid-adjusted carotenoids showed the largest decrease in the SPE chips and spread group (17 g/d) compared with the control group [alpha-carotene 33%; beta-carotene 31%, lycopene 24%, beta-cryptoxanthin 18%, lutein 18% (all P < 0.001) and zeaxanthin 13% (P < 0.05)]. Consumption of SPE spread (10 g/d SPE) decreased carotenoid concentrations by 11-29% (all P < 0.05). SPE chips (7 g/d SPE) decreased zeaxanthin (11%), beta-carotene (12%) and alpha-carotene (21%; all P < 0.05). Serum lipid adjusted alpha-tocopherol decreased significantly by 6-8% (all P < 0.001) in all SPE groups. No negative effects were observed on markers of oxidation, eye health, cardiovascular health or immune status. This study shows that decreases in serum carotenoid concentrations do not affect possible markers of disease risk.
authors.affiliation: TNO Nutrition and Food Research, Department of Nutritional Physiology, PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Wendy M R
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Broekmans
authors.forename: Ineke A A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Klöpping-Ketelaars
authors.forename: Jan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Weststrate
authors.forename: Lilian B M
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Tijburg
authors.forename: Geert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: van Poppel
authors.forename: Ard A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Vink
authors.forename: Tos T J M
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Berendschot
authors.forename: Michiel L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bots
authors.forename: Wim A M
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Castenmiller
authors.forename: Alwine F M
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Kardinaal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001835:Body Weight; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000097:blood*; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000502:physiology; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007109:Immunity; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008266:Macula Lutea / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010919:Placebos; D012307:Risk Factors; D013395:Sucrose / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D024341:Xanthophylls; D065146:Zeaxanthins; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol / Q000097:blood; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; D005227:Fatty Acids; D008055:Lipids; D010919:Placebos; D024341:Xanthophylls; D065146:Zeaxanthins; D019207:beta Carotene; D002338:Carotenoids; C041635:alpha-carotene; D013395:Sucrose; C013692:sucrose polyester; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol