Group B streptococcus: prevention of early-onset neonatal sepsis.
Group B streptococcus (GBS) was recognized as a major pathogen of neonatal disease in the 1970s. With a case-fatality rate of 5% to 20%, prevention of GBS neonatal disease has been an ongoing concern. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) published guidelines for preventive strategies in 1996. These strategies, either a risk-based or a culture-based program, have been responsible for reduced incidence of GBS-newborn disease from 1.7 to 0.4 per 1,000 live births in the years 1993 to 1999. However, there has been considerable variability in practice patterns. Reanalysis now shows that a culture-based prevention strategy provides greater reduction in early-onset neonatal disease than a risk-based protocol. The CDC replacement guidelines of August 2002 recommend culture-based GBS prevention; the risk-based strategy is no longer supported. Continued efforts to eradicate GBS-newborn disease require an understanding of the pathogen, colonization, and transmission, GBS sampling and detection methods, and maternal therapy. Until a reliable vaccination against GBS is developed, prevention of neonatal GBS disease will rely upon intrapartum treatment of maternal carriers.


BACKGROUND
Obstetricians & Gynecologists, Family Physicians


OBJECTIVE
After completion of this article, the reader will be able to define the pathogen, describe the methods of transmission and detection, and outline the current recommendations for maternal group B streptococcus therapy.
Platt
Julie S
JS
Division of Obstetrics and Maternal Fetal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA. mdpjsp@earthlink.net
O'Brien
William F
WF
D015169:Colony Count, Microbial / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018805:Sepsis / Q000151:congenital* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000151:congenital / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013292:Streptococcus agalactiae; D014481:United States