title: Early craniofacial morphology and growth in children with nonsyndromic Robin Sequence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Craniofacial morphology and growth comparisons in children with untreated nonsyndromic Robin Sequence (RS) and a control group with unilateral incomplete cleft lip (UICL) in which the lip was surgically closed at 2 months of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 52 children (7 RS and 45 UICL) included in the study were drawn from a group representing all Danish cleft children born 1976 through 1981. The ages of the children were 2 and 22 months at the time of examination 1 and 2, respectively.
  
  
  METHODS
  The method of investigation was three-projection cephalometry. Craniofacial morphology was analyzed by means of linear, angular, and area variables. Growth at a specific anatomical location in a patient was defined as the displacement vector from the coordinate of the corresponding landmark at examination 1 to its coordinate at examination 2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most striking findings in the RS group were markedly increased posterior maxillary width, increased width of the nasal cavity, short maxilla with reduced posterior height, short mandible, bimaxillary retrognathia, and severe reduction in size of the pharyngeal airway. The amount of facial growth was similar in the two groups; however, a tendency toward a more vertical growth direction was observed in the RS group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Facial morphology in children with RS differed significantly from that of children with UICL at both 2 and 22 months of age. The magnitude of facial growth was similar in the two groups, whereas a tendency toward a more vertical facial growth direction was observed in the RS group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Clinical Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. nh@lab3d.odont.ku.dk
authors.forename: N V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Hermann
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kreiborg
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Darvann
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dahl
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bolund
mesh_terms: D002508:Cephalometry; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000503:physiopathology; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007569:Jaw Abnormalities / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008445:Maxillofacial Development; D010614:Pharynx / Q000002:abnormalities*; D010855:Pierre Robin Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019291:Skull Base / Q000002:abnormalities