title: Autonomous T cell trafficking examined in vivo with intravital two-photon microscopy.
abstract: The recirculation of T cells between the blood and secondary lymphoid organs requires that T cells are motile and sensitive to tissue-specific signals. T cell motility has been studied in vitro, but the migratory behavior of individual T cells in vivo has remained enigmatic. Here, using intravital two-photon laser microscopy, we imaged the locomotion and trafficking of naive CD4(+) T cells in the inguinal lymph nodes of anesthetized mice. Intravital recordings deep within the lymph node showed T cells flowing rapidly in the microvasculature and captured individual homing events. Within the diffuse cortex, T cells displayed robust motility with an average velocity of approximately 11 microm x min(-1). T cells cycled between states of low and high motility roughly every 2 min, achieving peak velocities >25 microm x min(-1). An analysis of T cell migration in 3D space revealed a default trafficking program analogous to a random walk. Our results show that naive T cells do not migrate collectively, as they might under the direction of pervasive chemokine gradients. Instead, they appear to migrate as autonomous agents, each cell taking an independent trafficking path. Our results call into question the role of chemokine gradients for basal T cell trafficking within T cell areas and suggest that antigen detection may result from a stochastic process through which a random walk facilitates contact with antigen-presenting dendritic cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Sindy H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Cahalan
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Parker
mesh_terms: D019264:Adoptive Transfer; D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D015704:CD4 Antigens / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D002465:Cell Movement; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*; D008954:Models, Biological; D017785:Photons; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015704:CD4 Antigens