title: Peripheral interactions between dextromethorphan, ketamine and amitriptyline on formalin-evoked behaviors and paw edema in rats.
abstract: The local, peripheral administration of antidepressants and excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists can cause analgesia in a number of conditions. The present study examined the effects of combinations of dextromethorphan and ketamine, two clinically used N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists, with amitriptyline on formalin-evoked behaviors and paw edema. Pretreatment with amitriptyline or dextromethorphan (10-300 nmol) resulted in suppression of flinching behaviors induced by 2.5% formalin, but ketamine had no intrinsic effect. Combination of an inactive dose of dextromethorphan with amitriptyline, and vice versa, resulted in an increase of analgesia so that previously inactive doses now caused significant analgesia. Combinations of multiple doses of ketamine with amitriptyline did not modify the response to amitriptyline. Both dextromethorphan and ketamine increased the paw edema induced by formalin, and this was blocked by low doses of amitriptyline. In the absence of formalin, amitriptyline (1-100 nmol) caused a dose-related suppression of the paw edema produced by dextromethorphan and ketamine. Amitriptyline also blocked paw edema produced by 5-hydroxytryptamine and compound 48/80. Each of the drugs used in this study exerts multiple pharmacological effects. Increased analgesia by drug combinations (amitriptyline/dextromethorphan) could show the involvement of a number of these mechanisms (e.g. NMDA receptor blockade, blockage of sodium channels, blockage of biogenic amine receptors), while a lack of intensification (amitriptyline/ketamine) could reflect occluded actions due to expression of similar actions by the other drug. Paw edema induced by dextromethorphan and ketamine involves inhibition of biogenic amine reuptake, and the ability of amitriptyline to block biogenic amine receptors likely accounts for its inhibiton of these actions. Combinations of these particular agents could represent a method for augmented analgesia and minimization of local adverse reactions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Halifax, Canada B3H 4H7. jana.sawynok@dal.ca
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sawynok
authors.forename: Allison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reid
mesh_terms: D000639:Amitriptyline / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D003915:Dextromethorphan / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000009:adverse effects; D006614:Hindlimb; D006632:Histamine / Q000009:adverse effects; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012701:Serotonin / Q000009:adverse effects; D017366:Serotonin Receptor Agonists / Q000009:adverse effects; D013997:Time Factors; D003189:p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D017366:Serotonin Receptor Agonists; D000639:Amitriptyline; D005557:Formaldehyde; D012701:Serotonin; D003189:p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine; D007649:Ketamine; D003915:Dextromethorphan; D006632:Histamine