title: A prospective study of the complication rate of use of patient restraint in the emergency department.
abstract: Patients are frequently involuntarily, physically restrained in the emergency department (ED). The purpose of this study was to determine the type and rate of complications experienced by patients physically restrained in the ED. A prospective, observational study was performed on consecutive patients who were restrained in a community, inner-city teaching hospital ED for a 1-year period. The ED nurses or physicians completed a restraint study checklist. The checklist included the reasons for restraints, restraint duration, method and number of restraints, use of chemical restraint, and complications resulting from the use of restraints. The 298 patients were accumulated during a 1-year period. The mean age was 36.5 years (range 14-89). Sixty-eight percent were men; 73% were African-Americans, 16% Hispanic, and 11% Caucasian. One hundred six patients had more than one indication for patient restraint. Patients were restrained for a mean of 4.8 h (range 0.2-25.0 h), with psychosis being the most frequent discharge diagnosis (33%). Patients were most frequently restrained on a cart with two restraints (59%), in the supine position (86%), and 27.5% had chemical restraint added. There were 20 complications (7%); getting out of restraints was the most common (10) and the remainder included vomiting (3), injured others (2), spitting (2), injured self (1), increased agitation (1), and other (1). These complications were not correlated with age, gender, race, number of restraints, use of chemical restraint, diagnosis, or duration of restraint. This study demonstrates a low rate of minor complications. We found that male patients were most often restrained for violent and disruptive behavior. Most commonly, two restraints were used in combination with chemical restraints for a duration of almost 5 h.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Finch University/Chicago Medical School, Mount Sinai Hospital, Chicago, Illinois 60608, USA.
authors.forename: Leslie S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Zun
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006786:Hospitals, Urban; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012149:Restraint, Physical; D012307:Risk Factors