title: Weight loss associated with a daily intake of three apples or three pears among overweight women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the effect of fruit intake on body weight change.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hypercholesterolemic, overweight (body mass index > 25 kg/m2), and non-smoking women, 30 to 50 y of age, were randomized to receive, free of charge, one of three dietary supplements: apples, pears, or oat cookies. Women were instructed to eat one supplement three times a day in a total of six meals a day. Participants (411 women) were recruited at a primary care center of the State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Fifty-one women had fasting blood cholesterol levels greater than 6.2 mM/L (240 mg/dL) and 49 were randomized. Subjects were instructed by a dietitian to eat a diet (55% of energy from carbohydrate, 15% from protein, and 30% from fat) to encourage weight reduction at the rate of 1 kg/mo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 12 wk of follow-up, the fruit group lost 1.22 kg (95% confidence interval = 0.44-1.85), whereas the oat group had a non-significant weight loss of 0.88 kg (0.37-2.13). The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P = 0.004). To explore further the body weight loss associated with fruit intake, we measured the ratio of glucose to insulin. A significantly greater decrease of blood glucose was observed among those who had eaten fruits compared with those who had eaten oat cookies, but the glucose:insulin ratio was not statistically different from baseline to follow-up. Adherence to the diet was high, as indicated by changes in serum triacylglycerols, total cholesterol, and reported fruit intake. Fruit intake in the oat group throughout treatment was minimal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intake of fruits may contribute to weight loss.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Medicina Social, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Conceição de Oliveira
authors.forename: Rosely
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sichieri
authors.forename: Anibal
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sanchez Moura
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018554:Avena; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D004038:Diet, Reducing; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy*; D027845:Malus; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy*; D010349:Patient Compliance; D031989:Pyrus; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol