title: Hearing levels in infants and young children in relation to testing technique, age group, and the presence or absence of middle-ear effusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As part of a prospective study of possible effects of early-life otitis media on speech, language, cognition, and psychosocial development, we evaluated hearing both during episodes of middle-ear effusion (MEE) and when MEE was not present. The objective of this report is to describe age-specific hearing threshold levels in relation to the presence or absence of MEE in a large sample of young children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 1,055 children drawn from a sample of 6,350 children who were enrolled in the larger study by 2 mo of age. Otologic evaluation of each child was conducted at least monthly. The protocol of the larger study called for hearing evaluations 1) after 8 wk of continuous unilateral or bilateral MEE and every 4 wk thereafter until one test had been conducted when MEE was no longer present; 2) immediately before developmental testing; and 3) in a sample of children without MEE to obtain age-specific normative data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results are presented by testing technique, age group, and middle-ear condition. In general, hearing threshold levels were highest in the youngest children tested with visual reinforcement audiometry and lowest in the oldest children tested with conventional audiometry. In general also, thresholds were lowest in children with normal middle-ear status, intermediate in children with unilateral MEE, and highest in children with bilateral MEE. On average, the presence of bilateral MEE was associated with hearing threshold levels 10 to 15 dB higher than the normative values for the corresponding age group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In infants and young children, audiometric results are influenced by testing technique, age group, and the presence or absence of effusion in each ear.
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication Science and Disorders, School of Health and Rehabilitative Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. diane.sabo@chp.edu
authors.forename: Diane L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Sabo
authors.forename: Jack L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Paradise
authors.forename: Marcia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kurs-Lasky
authors.forename: Clyde G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000158:Acoustic Impedance Tests / Q000295:instrumentation; D001301:Audiometry, Pure-Tone / Q000295:instrumentation*; D001309:Auditory Threshold / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006311:Hearing Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D010034:Otitis Media with Effusion / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation; D010988:Play and Playthings; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index