title: Design and synthesis of some substituted 1H-pyrazolyl-thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidines as anti-inflammatory-antimicrobial Agents.
abstract: The synthesis of two novel series of structurally related 1H-pyrazolyl derivatives of thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidines is described. All the newly synthesised compounds were examined for their in vivo anti-inflammatory activity in two different bioassays namely; cotton pellet-induced granuloma and carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. The in vitro inhibitory activity of the most active compounds towards human COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes was also estimated. In addition, the ulcerogenic effects and acute toxicity (LD(50)) values of these compounds were determined. The same compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, as an example of Gram negative bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus as an example of Gram positive bacteria, and Candida albicans as a representative of fungi. The results revealed that compounds 5a, 9a, 9b, 10b and 12a exhibited anti-inflammatory activity comparable to that of indomethacin in both local and systemic in vivo animal models with no or minimal ulcerogenic effects (0-10%) and high safety margin (LD(50) > 500 mg kg(-1)). In addition, most of them displayed appreciable antibacterial activities when compared with ampicillin, especially against S. aureus. Compounds 9a and 12a are the most distinctive derivatives identified in the present study because of their remarkable in vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity in addition to their pronounced antibacterial activities comparable to ampicillin against Gram positive and -negative bacteria. Therefore, they are considered as successful dual anti-inflammatory-antimicrobial candidates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, Alexandria 21521, Egypt. adnbekhit@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Adnan A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Bekhit
authors.forename: Hesham T Y
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Fahmy
authors.forename: Sherif A F
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Rostom
authors.forename: Azza M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Baraka
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D015195:Drug Design; D004487:Edema / Q000517:prevention & control; D006099:Granuloma / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008956:Models, Chemical; D015394:Molecular Structure; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute; D014456:Ulcer / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011720:Pyrazoles; D011743:Pyrimidines; D013844:Thiazoles; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496511:PTGS1 protein, human; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; C496513:Ptgs1 protein, rat