title: The confidence in diabetes self-care scale: psychometric properties of a new measure of diabetes-specific self-efficacy in Dutch and US patients with type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine psychometric properties of the Confidence in Diabetes Self-Care (CIDS) scale, a newly developed instrument assessing diabetes-specific self-efficacy in Dutch and U.S. patients with type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reliability and validity of the CIDS scale were evaluated in Dutch (n = 151) and U.S. (n = 190) outpatients with type 1 diabetes. In addition to the CIDS scale, assessment included HbA(1c), emotional distress, fear of hypoglycemia, self-esteem, anxiety, depression, and self-care behavior. The Dutch sample completed additional measures on perceived burden and importance of self-care. Test-retest reliability was established in a second Dutch sample (n = 62).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.86 for Dutch patients and 0.90 U.S. patients) and test-retest reliability (Spearman's r = 0.85, P < 0.0001) of the CIDS scale were high. Exploratory factor analysis showed one strong general factor. Spearman's correlations between the CIDS scale and other measures were moderate and in the expected directions, and high HbA(1c) levels were associated with low CIDS scores in the U.S. sample only. Low CIDS scores were positively associated with self-care but not with glycemic control in the original samples. CIDS scores in the U.S. and Dutch samples did not show any statistically significant differences. U.S. men had higher CIDS scores than U.S. women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CIDS scale is a reliable and valid measure of diabetes-specific self-efficacy for use in patients with type 1 diabetes. High psychometric similarity allows for cross-cultural comparisons.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. ncw.van_der_ven.psychol@med.vu.nl
authors.forename: Nicole C W
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Van Der Ven
authors.forename: Katie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Weinger
authors.forename: Joyce
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.forename: Frans
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pouwer
authors.forename: Herman
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Adèr
authors.forename: Henk M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Van Der Ploeg
authors.forename: Frank J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Snoek
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012648:Self Care; D020377:Self Efficacy; D014481:United States