title: Thrombin induces nitric-oxide synthase via Galpha12/13-coupled protein kinase C-dependent I-kappaBalpha phosphorylation and JNK-mediated I-kappaBalpha degradation.
abstract: An imbalance between thrombin and antithrombin III contributed to vascular hyporeactivity in sepsis, which can be attributed to excess NO production by inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS). In view of the importance of the thrombin-activated coagulation pathway and excess NO as the culminating factors in vascular hyporeactivity, this study investigated the effects of thrombin on the induction of iNOS and NO production in macrophages. Thrombin induced iNOS protein in the Raw264.7 cells, which was inhibited by a thrombin inhibitor, LB30057. Thrombin increased NF-kappaB DNA binding, whose band was supershifted with anti-p65 and anti-p50 antibodies. Thrombin elicited the phosphorylation and degradation of I-kappaBalpha prior to the nuclear translocation of p65. The NF-kappaB-mediated iNOS induction was stimulated by the overexpression of activated mutants of Galpha(12/13) (Galpha(12/13)QL). Protein kinase C depletion inhibited I-kappaBalpha degradation, NF-kappaB activation, and iNOS induction by thrombin or the iNOS induction by Galpha(12/13)QL. JNK, p38 kinase, and ERK were all activated by thrombin. JNK inhibition by the stable transfection with a dominant negative mutant of JNK1 (JNK1(-)) completely suppressed the NF-kappaB-mediated iNOS induction by thrombin. Conversely, the inhibition of p38 kinase enhanced the expression of iNOS. In addition, JNK and p38 kinase oppositely controlled the NF-kappaB-mediated iNOS induction by Galpha(12/13)QL. Hence, iNOS induction by thrombin was regulated by the opposed functions of JNK and p38 kinase downstream of Galpha(12/13). In the JNK1(-) cells, thrombin did not increase either the NF-kappaB binding activity or I-kappaBalpha degradation despite I-kappaBalpha phosphorylation. These results demonstrated that thrombin induces iNOS in macrophages via Galpha(12) and Galpha(13), which leads to NF-kappaB activation involving the protein kinase C-dependent phosphorylation of I-kappaBalpha and the JNK-dependent degradation of phosphorylated I-kappaBalpha.
authors.affiliation: National Research Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Sillim-dong, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
authors.forename: Keon Wook
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: So Yeon
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Min Kyung
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Chang Ho
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Sang Geon
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D044365:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, G12-G13; D020962:Heterotrimeric GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4; D051379:Mice; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013917:Thrombin / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C083487:I kappa B beta protein; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; D013917:Thrombin; D044365:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, G12-G13; D020962:Heterotrimeric GTP-Binding Proteins