title: Cardiac contractility modulation with nonexcitatory electric signals improves left ventricular function in dogs with chronic heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nonexcitatory electrical, signals termed cardiac contractility modulation (CCM) have been shown to improve contractile force of isolated papillary muscles. In this study, we examined the effects of CCM signal delivery on left ventricular function in dogs with chronic heart failure (HF).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chronic HF (ejection fraction </=35%) was produced in 7 dogs by intracoronary microembolizations. The CCM signal was delivered during the absolute refractory period using a lead implanted in the anterior coronary vein. A right ventricular and an atrial lead were implanted and used for timing of the CCM signal delivery. Hemodynamic measurements were made at baseline and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 hours after initiating CCM signal delivery. Ejection fraction increased from 31 +/- 1% at baseline to 41 +/- 1% at 1 hour (P <.05), 42 +/- 1% at 3 hours (P <.05), and 44 +/- 2% at 6 hours (P <.05). Similarly, stroke volume increased from 26 +/- 2 mL to 31 +/- 3 mL at 1 hour (P <.05), 33 +/- 3 mL at 3 hours (P <.05), and 34 +/- 3 mL at 6 hours (P <.05). There were no significant changes compared to baseline in ejection fraction or stroke volume in 5 HF control dogs studied for up to 4 hours.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In dogs with HF, CCM signal delivery for 6 hours elicited marked improvement in LV function. This novel approach may represent a useful adjunctive therapy for the treatment of patients with HF.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Heart and Vascular Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Morita
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Walid
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Haddad
authors.forename: Yuval
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mika
authors.forename: Elaine J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Tanhehco
authors.forename: Victor G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Sharov
authors.forename: Sidney
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: Shlomo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ben-Haim
authors.forename: Hani N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Sabbah
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D004452:Echocardiography; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*; D017725:Ventricular Pressure / Q000502:physiology