title: A phase II detoxification enzyme inducer from lemongrass: identification of citral and involvement of electrophilic reaction in the enzyme induction.
abstract: We have developed a simple system for the sensitive detection and measurement of glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity that detoxifies polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using the cultured rat normal liver epithelial cell line, RL34 cells. Citral (3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal) was isolated from the methanol extract of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) and identified as a novel inducer of GST. Citral, a mixture of the two stereoisomers geranial and neral, dose- and time-dependently induced the total and pi-class-specific activities of GST. The structure-activity relationship study revealed that geranial, an E-isomer, was mainly responsible for the inducing activity of citral mixture and the aldehyde group conjugated with a trans-double bond is an essential structural factor. The data were consistent with the in vitro observation that both glutathione (GSH) and protein thiol quickly and specifically reacted with the active isomer geranial, but not neral. Pretreatment of the cells with diethyl maleate significantly enhanced not only the basal activity but also the citral-stimulated activity of GST, while pretreatment with N-acetyl-cysteine inhibited it. Moreover, the treatment of RL 34 cells with geranial for 30 min significantly attenuated the intracellular GSH level, while application for 18 h enhanced it. These results strongly suggested that the electrophilic property characterized by the reactivity with intracellular nucleophiles including protein thiol or glutathione (GSH) plays an important role in the induction of GST. The present study also implied the antioxidant role of GST induction by citral in mouse skin, providing a new insight into skin cancer prevention.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Food and Biodynamics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan. yossan@agr.nagoya-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Yoshimasa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Masaaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.forename: Hajime
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ohigashi
authors.forename: Toshihiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Osawa
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uchida
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D001671:Biochemistry / Q000379:methods*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002244:Carbon / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D031743:Cymbopogon / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D006838:Hydrocarbons; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D008956:Models, Chemical; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D006838:Hydrocarbons; D010936:Plant Extracts; D002244:Carbon; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D005978:Glutathione