title: Watching proteins fold one molecule at a time.
abstract: Recent theoretical work suggests that protein folding involves an ensemble of pathways on a rugged energy landscape. We provide direct evidence for heterogeneous folding pathways from single-molecule studies, facilitated by a recently developed immobilization technique. Individual fluorophore-labeled molecules of the protein adenylate kinase were trapped within surface-tethered lipid vesicles, thereby allowing spatial restriction without inducing any spurious interactions with the environment, which often occur when using direct surface-linking techniques. The conformational fluctuations of these protein molecules, prepared at the thermodynamic midtransition point, were studied by using fluorescence resonance energy transfer between two specifically attached labels. Folding and unfolding transitions appeared in experimental time traces as correlated steps in donor and acceptor fluorescence intensity. The size of the steps, in fluorescence resonance energy transfer efficiency units, shows a very broad distribution. This distribution peaks at a relatively low value, indicating a preference for small-step motion on the energy landscape. The time scale of the transitions is also distributed, and although many transitions are too fast to be time-resolved here, the slowest ones may take >1 sec to complete. These extremely slow changes during the folding of single molecules highlight the possible importance of correlated, non-Markovian conformational dynamics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rhoades
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gussakovsky
authors.forename: Gilad
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Haran
mesh_terms: D000263:Adenylate Kinase / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D031541:Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D008958:Models, Molecular; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional; D011487:Protein Conformation; D017510:Protein Folding; D013816:Thermodynamics
chemical_list: D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D000263:Adenylate Kinase