title: Cellular mechanisms of interleukin-12-mediated neuroblastoma regression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a proinflammatory cytokine with potent antitumor effects. Previous studies from the authors laboratory showed regression of established neuroblastoma in mice vaccinated with IL-12 transduced dendritic cells (DC). Although regression was associated with intense T cell infiltration, the precise role of T cells is unknown. The purpose of this work is to study the cellular mechanisms in IL-12-mediated tumor regression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three groups of mice (n = 12) received subcutaneous inoculation with 1 x 10(6) murine neuroblastoma cells (TBJ). Anti-CD4 (T helper), anti-CD8 (T cytotoxic), or antiasialo-GM1 (natural killer) antibodies were injected intravenously at 3-day intervals to deplete various immune effector cell populations. Mice in each depletion group and the control (nondepleted) group were injected intratumorally on day 7 with 1 x 10(6) DC IL-12-transduced DC. Tumors were harvested for morphometry and immunohistochemistry at 21 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CD4 depletion had no effect on tumor growth in either control or IL-12-vaccinated animals. In contrast, CD8-depleted animals treated with IL-12-transduced DC underwent initial regression followed by progressive tumor growth (P <.01). These tumors were smaller in size at the same time-point. However, NK cell depletion (antiasialo GM1) completely abrogated the antitumor effects of IL-12-transduced DC, leading to progressive tumor growth from the outset. There was no difference between the control and treated animals in this group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Contrary to our hypothesis that IL-12 DC primarily function to stimulate a T cell-mediated response, these data suggest that NK cells are essential for the initial antitumor response of animals treated with IL-12-transduced DC. CD8+ T cells appear to be necessary effector cells for complete rejection of tumor and possibly memory. NK cells are responsible for the early immune response. Furthermore, CD4+ (T helper) cells did not play any role in IL-12-induced regression. These results imply that for DC to generate an effective antitumor response against neuroblastoma both acquired and innate effector cells are required.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Redlinger
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Remy
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alber
authors.forename: Simon C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Watkins
authors.forename: Edward M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Barksdale
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D003601:Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008805:Mice, Inbred A; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; D013154:Spleen / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D018664:Interleukin-12; D007371:Interferon-gamma