title: Pulse pressure and risk of Alzheimer disease in persons aged 75 years and older: a community-based, longitudinal study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Elevated blood pressure has been found to increase the risk of dementia, including Alzheimer disease. We sought to investigate whether pulse pressure was predictive of Alzheimer disease and dementia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A community-based, dementia-free cohort (n=1270) aged > or =75 years was clinically examined twice over 6 years to detect incident dementia with the use of the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Revised Third Edition. Cox proportional hazards models were used to analyze pulse pressure in association with incident Alzheimer disease and dementia after adjustment for several potential confounders, including systolic pressure and diastolic pressure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the 5464.6 person-years (median, 4.7 years) of follow-up, 339 subjects developed dementia, including 256 Alzheimer disease cases. Pulse pressure as a continuous variable was not statistically related to the risk of Alzheimer disease and dementia. In the categorical analysis, however, in comparison with median tertile of pulse pressure (70 to 84 mm Hg), subjects with higher pulse pressure had adjusted relative risks (95% CI) of 1.4 (1.0 to 2.0; P=0.04) for Alzheimer disease and 1.3 (0.9 to 1.7) for dementia. The corresponding figures related to lower pulse pressure were 1.7 (1.2 to 2.3) for Alzheimer disease and 1.4 (1.0 to 1.9; P=0.03) for dementia. This association was particularly pronounced among women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher pulse pressure is associated with increased risk for Alzheimer disease and dementia in old adults, which is probably due to artery stiffness and severe atherosclerosis. Poor cerebral perfusion related to decreased pulse pressure may explain the association between lower pulse pressure and increased dementia risk.
authors.affiliation: Aging Research Center, Division of Geriatric Epidemiology and Medicine, Department of Neurotec, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.. chengxuan.qiu@neurotec.ki.se
authors.forename: Chengxuan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.forename: Bengt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Winblad
authors.forename: Matti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Viitanen
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fratiglioni
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015897:Comorbidity; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D003971:Diastole; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012306:Risk; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012737:Sex Factors; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D013599:Systole