title: Complete atrioventricular septal defect, Down syndrome, and surgical outcome: risk factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study was conducted to evaluate surgical outcome and to identify risk factors for hospital mortality and reoperation after repair of complete atrioventricular septal defect.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 147 consecutive children underwent repair between January 1986 and December 1998. Of those, 106 had Down syndrome, 37% had normal chromosomes, and 4 had other syndromes; 108 underwent primary repair, 19 had prior pulmonary artery banding, and 20 had additional tetralogy of Fallot. The median weight at primary repair was 4.5 kg. A two-patch technique was used in 88%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 30-day mortality was 15% (70% confidence interval [CI] 12% to 19%). A double orifice atrioventricular valve was found to be a significant risk factor (p = 0.002), with 6 of 11 patients dying. If double orifice atrioventricular valve patients are excluded, the mortality rate falls to 12% (70% CI 9% to 15%). No difference in mortality was found between Down syndrome and chromosomally normal children but the latter more commonly required reoperation. Chromosomally normal children frequently have a dysplastic common atrioventricular valve (24% versus 3% in Down children, p < 0.001). In a multivariate Cox model including both variables, the presence of a dysplastic atrioventricular valve was a significant risk factor for reoperation. After controlling for the presence of a dysplastic atrioventricular valve, Down syndrome retained a significant protective effect but the upper limit of the confidence interval was close to 1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of a double orifice atrioventricular valve emerged as an unforeseen risk factor for death.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, NHLI, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom. amira_alhay@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Amira A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Al-Hay
authors.forename: Stephanie J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: MacNeill
authors.forename: Magdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yacoub
authors.forename: Darryl F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Shore
authors.forename: Elliot A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Shinebourne
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000601:surgery; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006343:Heart Septal Defects / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D006351:Heart Valves / Q000002:abnormalities; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013771:Tetralogy of Fallot / Q000150:complications; D016896:Treatment Outcome