title: Discriminative stimulus and antinociceptive effects of dihydroetorphine in rhesus monkeys.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although dihydroetorphine has micro opioid agonist activity there is evidence to suggest that it is not identical to that of morphine.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study compared dihydroetorphine to other opioids under behavioral conditions that are sensitive to micro opioid agonism.
  
  
  METHODS
  The acute effects of dihydroetorphine, etorphine and morphine were evaluated using two procedures. In one procedure, monkeys received 3.2 mg/kg per day of morphine and discriminated naltrexone from saline while responding under a fixed-ratio 5 schedule of stimulus shock termination. In addition, a warm-water, tail-withdrawal procedure was used in untreated monkeys.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When acutely deprived of morphine, monkeys responded on the naltrexone lever, and this effect was reversed by dihydroetorphine, etorphine and morphine. Each agonist produced the maximum (20-s latency) antinociceptive effect in 50 degrees C water. Naltrexone antagonized the discriminative stimulus and antinociceptive effects of dihydroetorphine and etorphine, although Schild analyses yielded large variability in slopes and pA(2) values. Naltrexone reversed established effects of dihydroetorphine and morphine in both procedures and pretreatment with dihydroetorphine (2, 6 or 24 h) did not alter the discriminative stimulus effects of morphine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, these data support the notion that dihydroetorphine is a micro agonist with a short duration of action; however, variability in antagonism of dihydroetorphine and morphine might be a manifestation of differences that have been reported for these drugs at the cellular level.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1901 Perdido Street, New Orleans, LA 70112-1393, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Gerak
authors.forename: Cheryl R A
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Gauthier
authors.forename: Charles R A P
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: France
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D004193:Discrimination Learning / Q000187:drug effects*; D005048:Etorphine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D005048:Etorphine; D009271:Naltrexone; D009020:Morphine; C034765:18,19-dihydroetorphine