title: Chemical changes in different types of coal ash during prolonged, large scale, contact with seawater.
abstract: In this study, we followed the chemical changes occurring in coal ash exposed to prolonged (300 days), large scale, contact with running seawater. Four major components (Al, Ca, Mg, Fe) and seven minor and trace elements (Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Zn, Pb, Hg) were measured in four coal ash types: fly and bottom ash freshly obtained from coal-fired power plant, and old ash (crushed and blocks) recovered from the sea after 3-5 years contact with seawater. Changes occurred in the chemical composition of the coal ash along the experiment: Fe increased in fresh ash, Al increased in old ash and Ca increased in all ash types except old ash blocks. Cu and Hg decreased in fresh fly ash while Cr increased, Cd decreased in all ash types except bottom ash, and Mn decreased in bottom ash. Most of the changes occurred in the fresh fly ash, and not in the old ash, indicating equilibrium after prior exposure to seawater. In addition, more changes occurred in fresh fly ash than in bottom ash, emphasizing the differences between the two ash types. While the changes in the concentrations of the major elements may be an indication of the integrity of the ash matrix, the only elements of environmental significance released to the environment were Hg and Cd. However, calculated seawater concentrations were much lower than seawater quality criteria and therefore the coal ash was considered suitable for marine applications concerning seawater quality.
authors.affiliation: Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, Tel-Shikmona, PO Box 8030, Haifa 31080, Israel. efrat@ocean.org.il
authors.forename: Efrat
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shoham-Frider
authors.forename: Gedaliah
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shelef
authors.forename: Nurit
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kress
mesh_terms: D003031:Coal; D017745:Incineration; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis*; D012037:Refuse Disposal; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D003031:Coal; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D014873:Water Pollutants; D014867:Water