title: Experimental pneumococcal pleural empyema model: the effect of moxifloxacin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pleural empyema is a serious complication of pneumonia, the optimal therapy of which is still unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of moxifloxacin in this condition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pleural empyema was induced in rabbits by intrapleural administration of Pasteurella multocida (10(5-6) cfu) or turpentine (0.3 mL) followed 3 h later by instillation of Streptococcus pneumoniae (ATCC 49619) (10(6) cfu) into the pleural cavity. The MICs of moxifloxacin for S. pneumoniae and P. multocida were 0.4 and 0.05 mg/L, respectively. Starting 30 h following S. pneumoniae challenge intramuscular moxifloxacin 12.5 and 25 mg/kg was administered x 4 (every 12 h). Pleural empyema fluid samples were obtained for bacterial count at 12 h intervals following the first three moxifloxacin administrations. Moxifloxacin levels in pleural empyema and serum samples were obtained at 0, 30, 60, 120, 240, 360 and 480 min and 12 h after the 4th dose and determined by bioassay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In control animals, S. pneumoniae (and P. multocida) persisted in the pleural empyema. S. pneumoniae also persisted in the pleural empyema fluid when moxifloxacin was administered at 12.5 mg/kg (x4 administrations). Mean serum and pleural empyema peak moxifloxacin levels (following the 25 mg/kg dose) were 7.6 (+/-3.2) and 4.8 (+/-2.5) mg/L, respectively. Pleural empyema peak moxifloxacin concentration lagged 1 h after serum moxifloxacin. Serum and pleural empyema half-lives were approximately 1.5 and approximately 6 h, respectively. Serum AUC(1-12) was 29.4 (+/-6.8) mg.h/L and serum area under the inhibitory concentration curve (AUIC) was 73.5 mg.h/L. Pleural empyema AUC(1-12) was 34.3 (+/-11.7) mg/L and pleural empyema AUIC was 85.8 mg.h/L. S. pneumoniae was eradicated from pleural empyema following a single dose of moxifloxacin 25 mg/kg in 52% of the animals and in 96% following four doses. Moxifloxacin was also effective in eradication of P. multocida. The rate of pleural empyema sterilization was related to moxifloxacin serum AUIC (r = 0.82) as well as serum peak moxifloxacin level (r = 0.84), but not to pleural empyema AUIC (r = 0.19) or pleural empyema peak levels. The results were similar for both methods of induction of pleural empyema.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Moxifloxacin appears to penetrate well into experimental pleural empyema and effectively sterilize it from S. pneumoniae. Sterilization of S. pneumoniae is related to serum AUIC rather than to moxifloxacin pharmacokinetics in pleural empyema.
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel. starahil@post.tau.ac.il
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Strahilevitz
authors.forename: Avram
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lev
authors.forename: Itzchak
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Levi
authors.forename: Eduard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fridman
authors.forename: Ethan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rubinstein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001372:Aza Compounds; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D016724:Empyema, Pleural / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D008297:Male; D000077266:Moxifloxacin; D010994:Pleura / Q000187:drug effects; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D011804:Quinolines; D011817:Rabbits; D014425:Turpentine / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D001372:Aza Compounds; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D011804:Quinolines; D000077266:Moxifloxacin; D014425:Turpentine