title: Cellular and humoral immune system in schizophrenia: a conceptual re-evaluation.
abstract: Immune alterations in schizophrenia have been described for decades. However, modern immunological methods and new insights into the highly developed and functionally differentiated immune system allow an integrative view of both the older and also more recent findings of immunological abnormalities in schizophrenia. The conceptual advances in immunology require the re-evaluation of elder immunological findings in schizophrenia. In this overview, recent advances in immunological research regarding the differentiation between T-Helper-1 and T-Helper-2 cells and between the so-called specific and unspecific arms of the immune system are discussed. The unspecific "innate" immune system shows signs of an over-activation in unmedicated schizophrenic patients, as increased monocytes and gamma delta-cells point to. Increased levels of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and the activation of the IL-6 system in schizophrenia might be the result of the activation of monocytes/macrophages, too. In contrast, several parameters of the specific cellular immune system are blunted, e.g. the decreased T-helper-1 (TH-1) related immune parameters in schizophrenic patients, both in vitro and in vivo. It seems that a TH-1-TH-2 imbalance with a shift to the TH-2 system is associated with schizophrenia. During therapy with antipsychotics, the specific TH-1 related immune answer becomes activated, but the B-cell system and the antibody production become activated too.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Nussbaumstr. 7, 80336 Munich, Germany. nmueller@psy.med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Riedel
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ackenheil
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Schwarz
mesh_terms: D000917:Antibody Formation / Q000276:immunology; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000276:immunology*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000276:immunology*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology*; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D015850:Interleukin-6; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D015847:Interleukin-4