title: Identification of catabolite repression as a physiological regulator of biofilm formation by Bacillus subtilis by use of DNA microarrays.
abstract: Biofilms are structured communities of cells that are encased in a self-produced polymeric matrix and are adherent to a surface. Many biofilms have a significant impact in medical and industrial settings. The model gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis has recently been shown to form biofilms. To gain insight into the genes involved in biofilm formation by this bacterium, we used DNA microarrays representing >99% of the annotated B. subtilis open reading frames to follow the temporal changes in gene expression that occurred as cells transitioned from a planktonic to a biofilm state. We identified 519 genes that were differentially expressed at one or more time points as cells transitioned to a biofilm. Approximately 6% of the genes of B. subtilis were differentially expressed at a time when 98% of the cells in the population were in a biofilm. These genes were involved in motility, phage-related functions, and metabolism. By comparing the genes differentially expressed during biofilm formation with those identified in other genomewide transcriptional-profiling studies, we were able to identify several transcription factors whose activities appeared to be altered during the transition from a planktonic state to a biofilm. Two of these transcription factors were Spo0A and sigma-H, which had previously been shown to affect biofilm formation by B. subtilis. A third signal that appeared to be affecting gene expression during biofilm formation was glucose depletion. Through quantitative biofilm assays and confocal scanning laser microscopy, we observed that glucose inhibited biofilm formation through the catabolite control protein CcpA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
authors.forename: Nicola R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Stanley
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Britton
authors.forename: Alan D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Grossman
authors.forename: Beth A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Lazazzera
mesh_terms: D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C069286:catabolite control proteins, bacteria; D005947:Glucose