title: Health risk for children from lead and cadmium near a non-ferrous smelter in Bulgaria.
abstract: In an interdisciplinary approach the exposure to lead and cadmium of the population living in the vicinity of a Bulgarian non-ferrous metallurgical plant was studied to determine the routes of exposure. Two exposed villages situated 4 and 6 km SW and W, respectively,--in the plume of the plant's emissions--and a village for comparison situated 14 km SE of the plant were selected for the study. The blood of children aged 3-13 years from the exposed villages (n = 111) and the village for comparison (n = 18) was analyzed for lead (PbB) and cadmium (CdB) as well as for free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP) and haematological parameters. A personal questionnaire concerning nutrition habits and life-style was filled in by interviewers of the children's parents. The cadmium levels in blood were within the variation range stated for Bulgaria. The exposed children had a mean CdB of 0.38 +/- 0.18 microgram/l (range 0.10-0.90 microgram/l) and the comparison group 0.31 +/- 0.35 microgram/l (0.06-1.42 micrograms/l). The mean PbB value measured in the exposed children was 240 +/- 96 micrograms/l (77-631 micrograms/l), while the mean value of PbB for the reference group was 149 +/- 57 micrograms/l (63-285 micrograms/l). Individual PbB levels > 150 and > 200 micrograms/l were found in 85% and 62%, respectively, of the exposed children and FEP > 80 micrograms/dl erythrocytes was detected in 21%. There was a concentration-response and a concentration-effect relationship (r = 0.51, D > 0.001) between PbB and FEP. According to the questionnaire only 10.3% of the interviewed families in the two exposed villages buy all food from the market, the others produce a significant part of their food themselves. The PbB levels of children who consume certain foods of local production (cabbage, cereals, poultry, and beef) were significantly higher compared to the PbB values of children whose families purchase these foods from the market. No significant relationship between lead in children's blood and the use of tin and ceramic utensils, drinking and irrigation water, hygiene habits, family tobacco smoking habits, playgrounds and traffic intensity were revealed. There was a significantly higher incidence of prematurely born babies in the exposed population. The proven relationship between lead intake via the food chain and existing significant health risks is the basis for risk communication. Measures aimed at healthier nutrition and life-style intend to contribute to decreasing the risk of the population living in the smelter region.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Friedrichstr. 16, D-35392 Giessen, Germany. Anna.B.Fischer@hygiene.med.uni-giessen.de
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Georgieva
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nikolova
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Halkova
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bainova
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hristeva
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Penkov
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Alandjiisk
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002031:Bulgaria; D002104:Cadmium / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D002648:Child; D002669:Child Welfare; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination; D006403:Hematologic Tests; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011524:Protoporphyrins / Q000032:analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D011524:Protoporphyrins; D002104:Cadmium; D007854:Lead