title: Evaluation of vascular endothelial growth factor blockade and matrix metalloproteinase inhibition as a combination therapy for experimental human pancreatic cancer.
abstract: Blockade of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are promising therapies for cancer. This study assessed the effects of a neutralizing anti-VEGF antibody (A4.6.1) and an MMP inhibitor (BB-94) on pancreatic cancer (PaCa) in vivo. Five million cells of two human PaCa cell lines (AsPC-1 and HPAF-2) were injected subcutaneously into nude mice; 1 mm(3) fragments of the resulting tumors were implanted into the pancreas of other mice. Animals were randomized into a control group and three treatment groups: A4.6.1 (100 microg intraperitoneally twice weekly); BB-94 (50 mg/kg every other day); and combination (A4.6.1 plus BB-94). Treatment was started after 3 days and continued for 14 weeks. Tumor volume, local and distant spread (score), and ascites were determined at autopsy. Microvessel density as a parameter of neoangiogenesis was analyzed in CD31-stained tumor sections. Both monotherapies reduced tumor volume (HPAF-2: -89% by A4.6.1 and -75% by BB-94; AsPC-1: -48% by A4.6.1 and -72% by BB-94), spread (HPAF-2: -76% by A4.6.1 and -58% by BB-94; AsPC-1: -32% by A4.6.1 and -54% by BB-94), and microvessel density (HPAF-2: -75% by A4.6.1 and -30% by BB-94; AsPC-1: -59% by A4.6.1 and -30% by BB-94), resulting in a tendency toward increased survival (HPAF-2: 8 of 8 animals by A4.6.1 or BB-94 vs. 4 of 8; AsPC-1: 3 of 8 by A4.6.1, 4 of 8 by BB-94 vs. 1 of 8). Combination therapy yielded additional effects in the HPAF-2 group with regard to tumor volume (-95%) and development of ascites (0 of 8 vs. 2 of 8 by A4.6.1 or BB-94 vs. 5 of 8 control mice). Both VEGF blockade and MMP inhibition reduce primary tumor size, metastasis, and angiogenesis, thereby increasing survival in experimental pancreatic cancer. Combination treatment results in additive effects in moderately differentiated HPAF-2 tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Hubert G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Hotz
authors.forename: O Joe
authors.initials: OJ
authors.lastname: Hines
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hotz
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Foitzik
authors.forename: Heinz J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Buhr
authors.forename: Howard A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Reber
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000187:drug effects*; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology; D010649:Phenylalanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011336:Probability; D012016:Reference Values; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008222:Lymphokines; D013876:Thiophenes; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D010649:Phenylalanine; C080985:batimastat; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases