title: Comparative study of cochlear damage with three perimodiolar electrode designs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe intracochlear insertion trauma caused by three perimodiolar cochlear implant electrodes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive histological study of 15 human cadaver temporal bones.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen cadaver temporal bones underwent surface preparation and were implanted with one of the following perimodiolar electrode arrays: Combi 40+PM (MedEl Corporation), HiFocus II (Advanced Bionics Corporation), or Contour (Cochlear Corporation). A cryosectioning technique was used to study horizontal sections at 200 microm intervals with the electrode in place. Image-enhanced videofluoroscopy and computer-assisted morphometrics were used to assess the mechanism of insertion trauma and to determine electrode position within the modiolus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Histological examination revealed varying degrees of damage to the spiral ligament, basilar membrane, and osseous spiral lamina. Using a novel grading system for electrode trauma, there was no statistically significant difference among the three electrodes. A literature search of histological studies of a commonly used "standard" electrode showed damage equal to or greater than that seen in the current study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Insertion trauma caused by periomodiolar electrodes occurs to an acceptable degree. Refinement of electrodes based on mechanisms of trauma may be able to further reduce damage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Medical School, University of Miami Ear Institute, Miami, FL 33131, USA.
authors.forename: Adrien A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Eshraghi
authors.forename: Nathaniel W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Balkany
mesh_terms: D001489:Basilar Membrane / Q000293:injuries; D003051:Cochlea / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology; D046508:Culture Techniques; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D013137:Spiral Lamina / Q000293:injuries; D013701:Temporal Bone / Q000473:pathology