title: Sexual networks of pregnant women with and without HIV infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the relationship of HIV infection in pregnant women to sexual network size and other risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study of women attending the public maternity hospital in Lima, Peru.
  
  
  METHODS
  We interviewed 75 HIV-seropositive women, 41 of their most recent male partners, and two control groups totaling 137 uninfected pregnant women and 70 of their most recent male partners. Each woman's sexual network size was estimated through second and third-generation partnerships over the past year, 5 years and lifetime.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Few HIV-seropositive women reported behavioral risk factors for HIV infection, but 79% of male partners were HIV seropositive. Risk factors in male partners included sex with a female sex worker (FSW) or with another man (MSM). The mean 5-year sexual network sizes through the second generation (8.4 persons for HIV-seropositive women, and 2.5 and 1.9 for women in the two control groups) predicted HIV in the women, independently of her own number of partners. These differences were largely attributable to the number of partners reported by male partners. Using data from concurrent studies of FSW and MSM, estimates of 5-year sexual network sizes through the third-generation, excluding contacts with FSW which were protected by consistent condom use, were 672 persons for HIV-seropositive women, and 160 and 224 for women in the two control groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIV infection risk among pregnant women in Lima depends largely on their male partners' risk behaviors. Even monogamous women had very large sexual networks.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Washington, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington 98108, USA.
authors.forename: Kay M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alarcón
authors.forename: Douglas M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Watts
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Velasquez
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sanchez
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lockhart
authors.forename: Bradley P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Stoner
authors.forename: King K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Holmes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D015528:HIV Seroprevalence; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010568:Peru / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012747:Sexual Partners