title: Evidence of participation of soluble CD14 in the host response to microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity and intra-amniotic inflammation in term and preterm gestations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Endotoxin has been implicated in the mechanism responsible for the setting of infection in preterm labor. To exert its biological effects, endotoxin binds to a circulating protein known as lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) and presents endotoxin monomers to CD14, which may be a membrane-bound receptor or a soluble molecule. The endotoxin-LBP-CD14 complex interacts with Toll-like receptor 4 and other regulatory proteins leading to cellular activation and an inflammatory response. The purpose of this study was to determine whether microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (MIAC)/intra-amniotic inflammation (both preterm and term) and parturition at term are associated with changes in the amniotic fluid and umbilical plasma soluble concentrations of CD14 (sCD14).
  
  
  METHODS
  Amniotic fluid was retrieved by amniocentesis from 88 patients in the following groups: group 1, preterm labor with intact membranes with MIAC/intra-amniotic inflammation (n = 18) and without these conditions (n = 26); group 2, term gestations not in labor without MIAC/intra-amniotic inflammation (n = 11), in labor without MIAC/intra-amniotic inflammation (n = 12) and in labor with MIAC/intra-amniotic inflammation (n = 13); and group 3, patients who underwent genetic amniocentesis at mid-trimester (n = 8). A sample of cord blood was obtained after delivery in all patients except those in group 3. sCD14 was assayed with a sensitive and specific immunoassay. Non-parametric statistics were used for analysis. A p value of < 0.05 was considered significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  sCD14 was detectable in 97% (85/88) of the amniotic fluid samples. Amniotic fluid sCD14 concentrations were lower in patients at term than in the mid-trimester of pregnancy (mid-trimester: median 482 ng/ml, range 258-838 ng/ml vs. term no labor: median 7 ng/ml, range 2-274 ng/ml, p = 0.01). Among patients with preterm labor with intact membranes, the median amniotic fluid sCD14 level of patients with MIAC/intra-amniotic inflammation was higher than in patients without these conditions (median 1568 ng/ml, range 98-5887 ng/ml vs. median 645 ng/ml, range 0-3961 ng/ml, respectively; p = 0.01). Among women at term in labor, those with MIAC/intra-amniotic inflammation had a higher median amniotic fluid sCD14 concentration than those without these conditions (median 85 ng/ml, range 2-1113 ng/ml vs. median 17 ng/ml, range 0-186 ng/ml; p = 0.01). MIAC/intra-amniotic inflammation in women with preterm labor with intact membranes was associated with a higher median umbilical venous plasma sCD14 concentration (median 744 ng/ml, range 0-3620 ng/ml vs. median 0 ng/ml, range 0-2060 ng/ml; p = 0.04). sCD14 was undetectable in plasma from umbilical cords of all neonates born to women at term. An increase in amniotic fluid concentration of sCD14 was observed in cases of intrauterine infection, not only by gram-negative bacteria, but also gram-positive bacteria and Ureaplasma spp.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  sCD14 is a physiological constituent of amniotic fluid, and its concentrations at term are lower than in the mid-trimester. Intrauterine infection/inflammation is associated with a higher median amniotic fluid sCD14 concentration in both preterm and term parturition. Neonates born from mothers with preterm labor with intact membranes and MIAC/intra-amniotic inflammation had a higher median concentration of sCD14 in umbilical cord plasma than those without these conditions. sCD14 concentrations are increased in the amniotic fluid and umbilical cord blood even in the absence of a microbiologically proven gram-negative infection. CD14 appears to participate in the host response to intrauterine infection even in cases involving genital mycoplasmas.
authors.affiliation: Perinatology Research Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Espinoza
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chaiworapongsa
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gomez
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yoshimatsu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Edwin
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rathnasabapathy
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Yoon
mesh_terms: D000649:Amniocentesis; D000650:Amnion / Q000382:microbiology; D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D002821:Chorioamnionitis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007743:Labor, Obstetric / Q000276:immunology*; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology*; D007752:Obstetric Labor, Premature / Q000276:immunology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors