title: Immunolocalization and quantification of advanced glycation end products in retinal neovascular membranes and serum: a possible role in ocular neovascularization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Earlier studies have revealed the association of advanced glycation end products (AGE) with the pathogenesis of various micro and macro vascular complications. The purpose of the present study is to localize AGEs, namely carboxy methyl lysine (CML-AGE) and methyl glyoxal-derived AGEs (MG-AGE), in retinal neovascular membranes and to quantify them in serum samples.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surgically excised retinal neovascular membranes and serum samples obtained from patients with diabetic retinopathy, Eales' disease and nondiabetics were studied. Immunolocalization of AGEs namely CML-AGE and MG-derived AGEs was done using avidin biotin complex method and quantification was done by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  CML-AGE immunoreactivity was detected in all cases of Eales' disease and 61% cases of diabetic retinopathy and none in idiopathic epiretinal membrane (ERM). MG-AGE immunoreactivity was observed in approximately 15% of diabetic retinopathy and none in Eales' disease and and idiopathic ERM. Quantification of AGEs in serum samples revealed statistically significant increased levels of MG-AGE in diabetes, in relation to nondiabetics with idiopathic ERM and CML-AGE in Eales' disease, in relation to diabetics and nondiabetics with idiopathic ERM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results from this study suggest that AGEs formed through glycation and glycoxidation may play an important role in the development of retinal neovascularization. The immunoreactivity of CML-AGEs in neovascular membrane and its increased levels in serum suggest that inspite of the normoglycemic status, glycoxidation and lipid peroxidation due to oxidative stress may trigger retinal neovascularization in Eales' disease, while MG-AGEs in diabetic membrane and serum suggest the role of glycation. Thus the mechanism of neovascularization in different pathological conditions could be different.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, State University of West Georgia, Carrollton, GA, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Swamy-Mruthinti
authors.forename: K Coral
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Miriam
authors.forename: S Krishna
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Jyotirmay
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Biswas
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramakrishnan
authors.forename: Ram H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Nagaraj
authors.forename: K N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Sulochana
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000378:metabolism; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D019773:Epiretinal Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008239:Lysine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011765:Pyruvaldehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D015861:Retinal Neovascularization / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D031300:Retinal Vasculitis / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; C048496:N(6)-carboxymethyllysine; D011765:Pyruvaldehyde; D008239:Lysine