title: Differential cortical activation during voluntary and reflexive saccades in man.
abstract: A saccade involves both a step in eye position and an obligatory shift in spatial attention. The traditional division of saccades into two types, the "reflexive" saccade made in response to an exogenous stimulus change in the visual periphery and the "voluntary" saccade based on an endogenous judgement to move gaze, is supported by lines of evidence which include the longer onset latency of the latter and the differential effects of lesions in humans and primates on each. It has been supposed that differences between the two types of saccade derive from differences in how the spatial attention shifts involved in each are processed. However, while functional imaging studies have affirmed the close link between saccades and attentional shifts by showing they activate overlapping cortical networks, attempts to contrast exogenous with endogenous ("covert") attentional shifts directly have not revealed separate patterns of cortical activation. We took the "overt" approach, contrasting whole reflexive and voluntary saccades using event-related fMRI. This demonstrated that, relative to reflexive saccades, voluntary saccades produced greater activation within the frontal eye fields and the saccade-related area of the intraparietal sulci. The reverse contrast showed reflexive saccades to be associated with relative activation of the angular gyrus of the inferior parietal lobule, strongest in the right hemisphere. The frequent involvement of the right inferior parietal lobule in lesions causing hemispatial neglect has long implicated this parietal region in an important, though as yet uncertain, role in the awareness and exploration of space. This is the first study to demonstrate preferential activation of an area in its posterior part, the right angular gyrus, during production of exogenously triggered rather than endogenously generated saccades, a finding which we propose is consistent with an important role for the angular gyrus in exogenous saccadic orienting.
authors.affiliation: The Neuro-ophthalmology Group, Division of Neuroscience and Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, Charing Cross Campus, St Dunstan's Road, London W6 8RP, UK. d.mort@ic.ac.uk
authors.forename: Dominic J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Mort
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: Sabira K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Mannan
authors.forename: Timothy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Hodgson
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Quest
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McRobbie
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McBride
authors.forename: Masud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Husain
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kennard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000502:physiology; D009949:Orientation / Q000502:physiology; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000502:physiology; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000502:physiology; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology*; D012438:Saccades / Q000502:physiology*; D014794:Visual Fields / Q000502:physiology