title: Combined modality radiotherapy and chemotherapy in nonsurgical management of localized carcinoma of the esophagus: a practice guideline.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To make recommendations regarding combined radiotherapy (RT) and chemotherapy (RTCT), compared with RT alone, when a nonsurgical approach is used for patients with localized esophageal carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Medline, Cancerlit, Cochrane Library databases, and abstracts published in the American Society of Clinical Oncology and the American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology proceedings were searched for evidence. Evidence was evaluated by two members of the Gastrointestinal Cancer Disease Site Group and methodologists.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pooling seven randomized trials detected a statistically significant survival benefit at 1 year for concomitant RTCT compared with RT alone (1-year mortality odds ratio 0.61; 95% confidence interval 0.44-0.84; p <0.00001). Local control also significantly improved with concomitant RTCT compared with RT alone for the available data (odds ratio 0.52; 95% confidence interval 0.31-0.89; p = 0.004), but a significant increase in adverse effects, including life-threatening toxicities, was shown.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Concomitant RT and cisplatin-based CT is recommended over RT alone. Patients should be aware of the increased acute toxicity associated with this approach, and this recommendation should only be made after consideration of the potential risks and benefits and the patient's general condition. Sequential RTCT is not recommended as standard practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Rebecca K S
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Malthaner
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zuraw
authors.forename: R Bryan
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Rumble
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D009325:Nausea / Q000209:etiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013280:Stomatitis / Q000209:etiology; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014839:Vomiting / Q000209:etiology