title: IL-1 is required for tumor invasiveness and angiogenesis.
abstract: Here, we describe that microenvironmental IL-1 beta and, to a lesser extent, IL-1 alpha are required for in vivo angiogenesis and invasiveness of different tumor cells. In IL-1 beta knockout (KO) mice, local tumor or lung metastases of B16 melanoma cells were not observed compared with WT mice. Angiogenesis was assessed by the recruitment of blood vessel networks into Matrigel plugs containing B16 melanoma cells; vascularization of the plugs was present in WT mice, but was absent in IL-1 beta KO mice. The addition of exogenous IL-1 into B16-containing Matrigel plugs in IL-1 beta KO mice partially restored the angiogenic response. Moreover, the incorporation of IL-1 receptor antagonist to B16-containing plugs in WT mice inhibited the ingrowth of blood vessel networks into Matrigel plugs. In IL-1 alpha KO mice, local tumor development and induction of an angiogenic response in Matrigel plugs was less pronounced than in WT mice, but significantly higher than in IL-1 beta KO mice. These effects of host-derived IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta were not restricted to the melanoma model, but were also observed in DA/3 mammary and prostate cancer cell models. In addition to the in vivo findings, IL-1 contributed to the production of vascular endothelial cell growth factor and tumor necrosis factor in cocultures of peritoneal macrophages and tumor cells. Host-derived IL-1 seems to control tumor angiogenesis and invasiveness. Furthermore, the anti-angiogenic effects of IL-1 receptor antagonist, shown here, suggest a possible therapeutic role in cancer, in addition to its current use in rheumatoid arthritis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Cancer Research Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Voronov
authors.forename: Dror S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Shouval
authors.forename: Yakov
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Krelin
authors.forename: Emanuela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cagnano
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Benharroch
authors.forename: Yoichiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Iwakura
authors.forename: Charles A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Dinarello
authors.forename: Ron N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Apte
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D003094:Collagen / Q000494:pharmacology; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D007797:Laminin / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000378:metabolism; D015674:Mammary Neoplasms, Animal / Q000473:pathology; D008546:Melanoma, Experimental; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008833:Microcirculation; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000494:pharmacology; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D007375:Interleukin-1; D007797:Laminin; D011509:Proteoglycans; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C059485:matrigel; D003094:Collagen; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor