title: Music decreases anxiety and provides sedation in extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy of music on sedation in extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) treatment to compare its anxiolytic effects with those of midazolam.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-eight urolithiasis patients were randomly divided into two groups. Hemodynamic parameters, including mean arterial pressure, heart rate, respiration rate, and oxygen saturation, were recorded in all patients. In 50 patients (group 1), 2 mg of midazolam was administered intravenously 5 minutes before ESWL. In group 2 (n = 48), music chosen by the patients was listened to with a headset and continued during the treatment. The visual analog scale (0 to 100 mm), Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale, State and Trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait Anxiety test, and State and Trait Anxiety Inventory-State Anxiety test were administered for the evaluation of pain, sedation level, and patient anxiety.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the hemodynamic parameters, a statistically significant decrease in mean arterial pressure was noted at the end of the ESWL procedure in group 2 and in oxygen saturation from the 10th minute to the end of the treatment in group 1. Although the visual analog scale, Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale, and State and Trait Anxiety Inventory-State Anxiety test did not show statistically significant differences, the State and Trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait Anxiety score was found to be lower in the music group (group 2) than in the midazolam group (group 1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the anxiolytic effects of music, ESWL can be performed more effectively with the patient in a comfortable state. Listening to music by patients during the ESWL session is a feasible and convenient alternative to sedatives and anxiolytics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Kirikkale University Medical Faculty, Kirikkale, Turkey.
authors.forename: Erdal
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yilmaz
authors.forename: Saziye
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ozcan
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Basar
authors.forename: Hulya
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Basar
authors.forename: Ertan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Batislam
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferhat
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000758:Anesthesia / Q000379:methods*; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001007:Anxiety / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D009146:Music; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control; D010555:Personality Inventory; D012143:Respiratory Physiological Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D008874:Midazolam; D005283:Fentanyl