title: Relation of diabetic macular edema to cytokines and posterior vitreous detachment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether angiotensin II (AII) or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is related to diabetic macular edema (DME) in patients with and without posterior vitreous detachment (PVD).
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Vitreous fluid samples were obtained at vitreoretinal surgery from 28 eyes of 28 DME patients without PVD, 8 eyes of 8 DME patients with PVD, 14 eyes of 14 nondiabetic patients, and 8 eyes of diabetic patients without retinopathy. The VEGF levels in vitreous fluid and plasma were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, while AII levels were measured by radioimmunoassay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The vitreous levels of AII and VEGF were significantly higher in DME patients with or without PVD than in nondiabetic patients or diabetic patients without retinopathy (without PVD: P < .0061, P < .0001, P = .0261, and P < .0001; with PVD: P < .0012, P < .0001, P = .0473, and P < .0001, respectively). There was no significant difference in the vitreous levels of AII or VEGF between patients with or without PVD (P = .4948 and P = .6642, respectively). The vitreous level of AII significantly correlated with that of VEGF in DME patients without PVD (P = .576) or with PVD (P = .488). AII and VEGF levels in vitreous fluid were significantly higher than the respective plasma levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that the vitreous levels of AII and VEGF were elevated in DME patients irrespective of the status of PVD. Angiotensin II and VEGF may be induced in the eyes and be related to the pathogenesis of DME.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Diabetes Center, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. tfunatsu@nifty.com
authors.forename: Hideharu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Funatsu
authors.forename: Hidetoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: Tomohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mimura
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Sadao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hori
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000378:metabolism*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000601:surgery; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D008269:Macular Edema / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D011863:Radioimmunoassay; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D014821:Vitrectomy; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000378:metabolism*; D020255:Vitreous Detachment / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008222:Lymphokines; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D000804:Angiotensin II