title: Implanted functional electrical stimulation: an alternative for standing and walking in pediatric spinal cord injury.
abstract: METHODS
  Post intervention, repeated measures design, comparing two interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Orthopedic pediatric hospital specializing in spinal cord injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine subjects, ages 7-20 years, received an eight-channel implanted lower extremity functional electrical stimulation (FES) system for standing and walking. Electrodes were placed to stimulate hip and knee extension, and hip abduction and adduction. Standing and walking were achieved through constant stimulation to the implanted muscles, allowing a swing through gait pattern with an assistive device. After training with FES and long leg braces (LLB), subjects were tested in eight upright mobility activities, which were scored based upon completion time and level of independence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven subjects completed data collection. These subjects completed four activities faster (P<0.02) and five activities more independently (P<0.025) with FES as compared to LLB. Transitions between sitting and standing, which were scored in isolation for two mobility activities, were achieved faster and with more independence with FES. In addition, subjects reported preferring FES for the majority of activities. No activity required more time or more assistance to complete with FES as compared to LLB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The implanted FES system provided these subjects with enhanced functional abilities over traditional LLB and decreased the need for physical assistance by a caregiver, suggesting that it is a realistic alternative for upright mobility in a pediatric population with spinal cord injury.
authors.affiliation: Shriners Hospitals for Children, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Betz
authors.forename: B T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Mulcahey
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001915:Braces; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000293:injuries; D002648:Child; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000534:rehabilitation* / Q000601:surgery; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000293:injuries; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*