title: A microscopic, continuous, optical monitor for interstitial electrolytes and glucose.
abstract: Ions, such as hydrogen (pH), sodium, or potassium, as well as metabolites, such as glucose or lactate, diffuse easily between blood in the capillaries and the interstitial fluid (ISF) residing between cells, and tissues. This work represents a synthesis of several unique concepts to achieve accurate, continuous, in vivo monitoring of critical ions and glucose in the ISF under the human skin. Ionic levels are monitored using optode technology that translates the respective concentrations into variable colors of ionophore/dye/polymeric liquid membranes. Glucose is monitored indirectly, by coupling through immobilized glucose oxidase with pH, that is then detected using a similar color scheme. The monitor consists of a tiny plastic bar ("sliver sensor"), 100-300 microns wide and 1-15 mm long, placed just under the skin, with optical spots or stripes for each analyte as well as blanks for calibration. The colors are read and translated into concentration values by a watchlike device placed above the skin. Direct optical coupling between the in vivo sensing bar and the ex vivo detector device requires negligible power, and eliminates the need for wires or optical fibers crossing the skin. The microminiature sliver penetrates the skin easily and painlessly, so that the user could insert it him- or herself. No risk of track infection exists. We are reporting here on the first successful in vitro tests of this approach.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tohda
authors.forename: Miklós
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gratzl
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D004563:Electrochemistry; D004573:Electrolytes / Q000032:analysis*; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000737:chemistry*; D005947:Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D005949:Glucose Oxidase; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D008853:Microscopy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D004573:Electrolytes; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D005949:Glucose Oxidase; D005947:Glucose