title: Effect of perineural anesthesia on the ultrasonographic appearance of equine palmar metacarpal structures.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to describe ultrasonographic changes of the equine palmar metacarpal area attributed to the infiltration of local anesthetic solution and to determine whether these changes were noted immediately or at 24 h. The palmar metacarpal region of one forelimb in each of six horses was examined ultrasonographically with a 10-MHz linear array transducer and a 7.5-MHz curvilinear transducer. Transverse and longitudinal images were recorded at 5-cm intervals distal to the accessory carpal bone. High and low palmar and palmar metacarpal nerve blocks were performed with a 2% mepivacaine hydrochloride solution. Ultrasonographic examinations similar to the initial examination then were performed immediately, 1 h and 24 h postinjection. Cross-sectional area and mean pixel value were determined for the superficial and deep digital flexor tendons, the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon, the suspensory ligament, and the suspensory branches at each level and time period. Subjective ultrasonographic changes also were noted. No significant difference was noted in the cross-sectional area or mean pixel value of any structure at any level or time period compared to baseline. Subjective changes in the tendons and ligaments were not noted. There was mild hypoechoic swelling of the surrounding soft tissues and gas in the region of the injections. Gas could interfere with the evaluation of the origin of the suspensory ligament and the proximal portion of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon within the first hour but was not detectable ultrasonographically at 24 h. Based on these findings, if gas interferes with an ultrasonographic examination performed temporally close to perineural anesthesia, a repeat examination at 24 h is recommended.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Zekas
authors.forename: Lisa J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Forrest
mesh_terms: D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000662:veterinary*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006736:Horses; D008619:Mepivacaine / Q000494:pharmacology; D008663:Metacarpus / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000187:drug effects; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008619:Mepivacaine