title: PA26 is a candidate gene for heterotaxia in humans: identification of a novel PA26-related gene family in human and mouse.
abstract: Heterotaxia is an aetiologically heterogeneous condition caused by an abnormal left-right axis formation, resulting in reversed left-right polarity of one or more organ systems. In a patient with heterotaxia and a de novo reciprocal translocation t(6;18)(q21;q21), we found that the PA26 gene was disrupted by the 6q21 breakpoint. Northern blot analysis showed decreased expression of the PA26 gene in an Epstein-Barr virus-transformed cell line of this patient. During early embryogenesis of Xenopus, the orthologue of PA26, XPA26 is exclusively expressed in the notochord, a midline structure. This further supports a possible role of PA26 in human situs determination. Mutation analysis of human PA26 gene in 40 unrelated individuals with unexplained heterotaxia failed to identify mutations, indicating that PA26 mutations are not a frequent cause of heterotaxia in humans. Analysis of the PA26 gene structure resulted in the identification of a novel PA26-related gene family, which we have named the sestrin family, and which comprises three closely related genes in human and in mouse.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Peeters
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Debeer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bairoch
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Wilquet
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huysmans
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Parthoens
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Fryns
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gewillig
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Niikawa
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Van de Ven
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Devriendt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002896:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D005810:Multigene Family; D020161:Physical Chromosome Mapping; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D012857:Situs Inversus / Q000235:genetics*; D014178:Translocation, Genetic; D000084622:Sestrins
chemical_list: D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D011506:Proteins; C117338:SESN1 protein, human; D000084622:Sestrins; C485523:SESN3 protein, human