title: The influence of water vapour on the determination of glutaraldehyde vapour concentrations using an electrochemical fuel cell sensor.
abstract: The effects of relative humidity (40-90% RH) and varying glutaraldehyde vapour concentrations (< 0.1 ppm) on the response of an electrochemical fuel cell sensor have been investigated over time (0-400 s). These studies have identified changes in the response of the fuel cell with time after sampling. In particular, it has been found that the maximum cell output for water vapour occurs ca. 10 s after sampling whilst the response to glutaraldehyde occurs much later (> 100 s). For mixtures containing different ratios of water and glutaraldehyde vapours, the time taken to reach maximum fuel cell response varies between 10 and 100 s, depending on the ratio of the two vapours. For instance, glutaraldehyde vapour containing higher % RH has been found to result in shorter times to reach maximum fuel cell response. A comparison was made between measuring glutaraldehyde vapour concentrations in the presence of water vapour at the maximum fuel cell response and also at a fixed interval (240 s) after sampling. Such a comparison resulted in a reduction in the standard error from 36% to 5% for a glutaraldehyde vapour sample (0.023 ppm) measured at different values of relative humidity (40 to 80%). Examination of the effect of the sample volume (30-60 ml) on the response of the fuel cell shows, as expected, an approximate doubling of the fuel cell response. Optimisation of the fuel cell measurement parameters to measure a 60 ml sample leads to a lowering of the limit of detection from 0.083 ppm (for data taken at the maximum cell response) to 0.017 ppm for data measured 240 s after sampling. In the light of recent reductions in the legal limits for exposure to glutaraldehyde, this has important implications for the measurement of glutaraldehyde vapour in the workplace.
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Department, University of Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd, UK LL57 2UW. p.j.holliman@bangor.ac.uk
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Holliman
authors.forename: Maher
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kalaji
authors.forename: Robyn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wheldon-Williams
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Thomas P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D004202:Disinfectants / Q000032:analysis*; D004563:Electrochemistry; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005976:Glutaral / Q000032:analysis*; D006813:Humidity; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014835:Volatilization; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D014867:Water; D005976:Glutaral