title: Central nervous system involvement in the antiphospholipid (Hughes) syndrome.
abstract: The antiphospholipid (Hughes) syndrome (APS) is characterized by arterial and/or venous thrombosis and pregnancy morbidity in the presence of anticardiolipin antibodies and/or lupus anticoagulant. APS can occur either as a primary disorder or secondary to a connective tissue disease, most frequently systemic lupus erythematosus. Central nervous system (CNS) involvement is one of the most prominent clinical manifestations of APS, and includes arterial and venous thrombotic events, psychiatric features and a variety of other non-thrombotic neurological syndromes. In this review we focus on the common and some of the less common CNS manifestations that have been reported in association with antiphospholipid antibodies.
authors.affiliation: Lupus Research Unit, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sanna
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bertolaccini
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Cuadrado
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Khamashta
authors.forename: G R V
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Hughes
mesh_terms: D016736:Antiphospholipid Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis*; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis; D020773:Headache Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis