title: Spatially resolved wavefront aberrations of ophthalmic progressive-power lenses in normal viewing conditions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure the wavefront aberration at different locations in progressive-power lenses (PPL's) isolated and in situ (PPL's plus eye).
  
  
  METHODS
  A Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor was used to measure progressive-power lenses and human eyes either independently or in combination. In each selected zone, the lens was placed and tilted accordingly to simulate natural viewing conditions. We measured 21 relevant locations across an isolated PPL (plano lens of power addition of 2 D). In six of the locations, the wavefront aberration of the eye plus PPL were obtained in two ways: (1) by direct measurement of the system and (2) by adding the individual wavefront aberrations of the eye and the lens for each appropriate zone. In every case, we obtained the wavefront aberration as Zernike polynomials expansions, the root mean square error, the point-spread function, and the Strehl ratio.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Along the corridor of the PPL, third-order coma and trefoil, and astigmatism were the dominant aberrations. In areas of the PPL outside the corridor, astigmatism increased, whereas other aberrations remained similar to the lens center. Small differences were found between the direct and calculated methods used to obtain the wavefront aberration of the eye with the lens, and the possible sources of errors were discussed. In some lenses zones, the aberrations of the lens may be compensated by the particular aberrations of the eye, yielding improved optical performance over that present in the lens alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We designed and built a wavefront sensor to perform spatially resolved aberration measurements in ophthalmic lenses, in particular in PPL's, either isolated or in combination with the eye. The aberrations appearing in the PPL were compared with those in normal aged eyes.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Optica, Dept. de Física, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain. villegas@um.es
authors.forename: Eloy A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Villegas
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Artal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003941:Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological; D005139:Eyeglasses; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D012029:Refraction, Ocular; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D014792:Visual Acuity