title: Gunshot femoral shaft fractures: is the current classification system reliable?
abstract: The reliability of the AO/Orthopaedic Trauma Association classification system has not been evaluated for diaphyseal fractures or fractures attributable to gunshot injuries. Therefore, the current authors assessed its reliability for diaphyseal femur fractures and investigated the effect of a gunshot mechanism of injury. Forty-seven diaphyseal femur fractures, 23 caused by gunshots and 24 caused by blunt trauma, were classified by four observers on two occasions. The interobserver and intraobserver reliability of each level of the AO/Orthopaedic Trauma Association classification was assessed with kappa statistics. Determination of fracture type had substantial interobserver and intraobserver reliability for gunshot and blunt injuries. Reliability decreased at the subsequent levels of the classification. Fractures caused by gunshots compared with those caused by blunt trauma were characterized by significantly lower interobserver agreement on fracture group (k = 0.26 versus 0.45) and subgroup (k = 0.21 versus 0.38). The AO/Orthopaedic Trauma Association classification system has substantial interobserver and intraobserver reliability when evaluating the type of diaphyseal femur fractures. Determination of fracture group and subgroup, however, progressively reduces the reliability of the classification, especially for fractures caused by a gunshot. Diaphyseal femur fractures caused by gunshots, by means of their fracture patterns, cannot be classified reliably with the AO/Orthopaedic Trauma Association classification system.
authors.affiliation: LAC + USC Medical Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA. lshepher@usc.edu
authors.forename: Lane E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Shepherd
authors.forename: Charalampos G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Zalavras
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jaki
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shean
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Patzakis
mesh_terms: D005264:Femoral Fractures / Q000145:classification* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D015588:Observer Variation; D011859:Radiography; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000145:classification* / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000150:complications