title: Psychiatric emergency services and the system of care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Admissions to psychiatric emergency services have frequently been cited as a gauge of how well a mental health system manages behavioral disorders. However, few measurements of the longitudinal association between psychiatric emergencies and characteristics of a mental health system have been described. The purpose of this study was to assess whether weekly admissions to psychiatric emergency services would increase when outpatient services were reduced, whether weekly admissions would increase when greater effort was made to identify and treat persons with acute mental illness, and whether weekly admissions would decrease when emergency services were enhanced to include postrelease case management.
  
  
  METHODS
  Time-series methods were applied to approximately 29,010 admissions to three psychiatric emergency services of the San Francisco Department of Public Health over a 180-week period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reduced outpatient services, efforts to identify acutely ill persons, and changes in emergency services themselves were found to affect admissions to emergency services. However, community events such as extreme weather, holidays, job loss, and the scheduling of receipt of income also affected the workload of the emergency service.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The causes and course of mental illness inextricably tie a psychiatric emergency service to the overall mental health system and to events in the community it serves. These connections make it possible for managers to anticipate the use of emergency services and to detect disruptions in the remainder of the mental health services systems.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley 94720, USA. rayc@uclink4.berkeley.edu
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Catalano
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: McConnell
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Forster
authors.forename: Bentson
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: McFarland
authors.forename: Dorothy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Thornton
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D019090:Case Management; D003156:Community Mental Health Services / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D004637:Emergency Services, Psychiatric / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010343:Patient Admission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012495:San Francisco; D016526:Workload