title: Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and retinoid X receptor results in net depletion of cellular cholesteryl esters in macrophages exposed to oxidized lipoproteins.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), a ligand-activated transcription factor, has pleiotropic effects, including regulation of macrophage differentiation and lipid homeostasis. The PPARgamma ligands, thiazolidinediones (TZDs), attenuate atherosclerosis in mice by uncertain mechanisms. The objective of this study was to determine whether activation of PPARgamma or its obligate heterodimer, retinoid X receptor (RXR), modulates macrophage foam cell formation induced by oxidized (ox) lipoproteins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incubation of THP-1 macrophages with oxHTG-VLDL, oxREM, or oxLDL increased cellular cholesteryl ester over 6-fold. Preincubation with the TZD, ciglitazone, the RXR-specific ligand, 9-cis retinoic acid (9cRA) or the combination reduced CE mass accumulation by up to 65%. Ciglitazone and 9cRA increased CD36 mRNA (up to 4-fold); however, uptake of [125I]oxLDL was only modestly enhanced (up to 1.8-fold) becaues of a concomitant PPARgamma:RXR-induced decrease in SRAI/II activity (up to 40%). This suggested that PPARgamma:RXR activation inhibited cholesteryl ester accumulation by enhancing cholesterol efflux. Ciglitazone and 9cRA were found to increase the expression of ATP-binding cassette proteins A1 and G1, resulting in enhanced cholesterol efflux to lipoprotein-deficient serum, apoAI and HDL3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PPARgamma and/or RXR activation inhibit foam cell formation through enhanced cholesterol efflux despite increased oxLDL uptake. These observations explain the reduced atherosclerosis in TZD-treated mice and may extend the therapeutic implications of these ligands.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5K8.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Argmann
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Sawyez
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: McNeil
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hegele
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Huff
mesh_terms: D064286:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism*; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000378:metabolism*; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D064286:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D008074:Lipoproteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D014157:Transcription Factors; D002784:Cholesterol