title: Researching on new species of "Mate": Ilex brevicuspis: phytochemical and pharmacology study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ilex paraguariensis St. Hilaire (Aquifoliaceae) ("Mate" or "Yerba mate") is one of the most commercialized plants of South America which grows naturally in NE Argentina, Uruguay, SE Brazil and E Paraguay, where it is also cultivated. It is used to prepare a tea-like beverage (infusions or decoctions) appreciated for its peculiar flavor, stimulation and nutritional properties. Ilex brevicuspis Reisseck grows in the same habitat and is widely used as a substitute or adulterant of Ilex paraguariensis. In a previous work, methylxanthines (caffeine, theobromine and theophylline) were not detected in it by HPLC.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was undertaken in order to isolate, identify and quantify the polyphenolic compounds (caffeoyl derivatives and flavonoids) and to investigate some of the pharmacological activities of I. brevicuspis, related with the traditional use of the "Mate" (choleretic, intestinal propulsion and antioxidant activities). Acute toxicity was also investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Decoctions, like extracts, were prepared in order to compare the results with preparations commonly used by the local people. For the phytochemical analysis, the extracts were analyzed by HPLC with a diode array detector. Choleretic and intestinal propulsion activities were assayed in rats. Sodium dehydrocholate (DHC) was used as a choleretic reference standard. Antioxidant activity was tested in liposomes that were oxidized by the free radical generator 2,2'-azobis [amidinopropane] chloride (AAPH).
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the first time in I. brevicuspis the following compounds were isolated and quantified: A) caffeoyl derivative compounds (chlorogenic acid; caffeic acid; 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid; 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid. B) flavonoids (rutin, quercetin and kaempferol). Biological activity assays demonstrated that I. brevicuspis extracts produced a significant increase of bile flow (BF) in rats in the first 30 min period and in the percentage of BF increase accumulated at 120 min. It also produced an increase in the intestinal propulsion activity. Moreover, this species showed a high antioxidant activity. The acute toxicity test showed that Ilex brevicuspis did not produce any sign of toxicity at the analyzed doses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An Argentinean Ilex specie ( I. brevicuspis) has choleretic, intestinal propulsion, antioxidant activities and these results may lead to the potential development of a new "Yerba Mate" and/or phytopharmaceutical products, without central nervous system (CNS) stimulant activity.
authors.affiliation: Chair of Pharmacognosy, IQUIMEFA, (Institute of Drug Chemistry and Metabolism), UBA-CONICET-National Research Council, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Junín 956-1113, Argentina. rfilip@ffyb.uba.ar
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Filip
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Ferraro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D001647:Bile Acids and Salts / Q000378:metabolism; D002756:Cholagogues and Choleretics / Q000494:pharmacology; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005419:Flavonoids; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility / Q000187:drug effects; D005772:Gastrointestinal Transit / Q000187:drug effects; D030017:Ilex / Q000737:chemistry*; D030019:Ilex paraguariensis / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D059808:Polyphenols; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001647:Bile Acids and Salts; D002756:Cholagogues and Choleretics; D005419:Flavonoids; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011108:Polymers; D059808:Polyphenols