title: Bronchodilator premedication does not decrease respiratory adverse events in pediatric general anesthesia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Upper respiratory infections (URI) presage perioperative respiratory complications, but thresholds to cancel surgery vary widely. We hypothesized that autonomically-mediated complications seen during emergence from anesthesia would be predicted by capnometry and reduced with preoperative bronchodilator administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Afebrile outpatient tertiary-care children (age two months to 18 yr, n = 109) without lung disease or findings, having non-cavitary, non-airway surgery for under three hours, were randomized to bronchodilator premedication vs placebo and had preoperative capnometry. After halothane via mask, laryngeal mask airway, or endotracheal tube, and regional anesthesia as appropriate, patients recovered breathing room air while cough, wheeze, stridor, laryngospasm, and cumulative desaturations were recorded for 15 min.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this specific population, there was no association between adverse events and either URI within six weeks (n = 76) or URI within seven days (n = 21). Neither albuterol nor ipratropium premedication decreased adverse events. Endotracheal intubation was associated with increased emergence desaturations and placebo nebulized saline increased emergence coughing. Neither anesthesiologists nor preoperative capnometry predicted adverse events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adverse events were neither predicted nor prevented. In afebrile outpatient ASA I and II children with no lung disease or findings, having non-cavitary, non-airway surgery for under three hours, there was no association between either recent URI or active URI and desaturation, wheeze, cough, stridor, or laryngospasm causing desaturation (all P > 0.05). In this highly selected population of afebrile patients, the results suggest that anesthesiologists may proceed with surgery using specific criteria in the presence of a URI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA. tomelwood@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Elwood
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Lynn D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Mary-Kay
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Nespeca
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Lee A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Fleisher
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Robotham
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Nichols
mesh_terms: D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007826:Laryngismus / Q000517:prevention & control; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D001993:Bronchodilator Agents