title: Functional disability and school activity limitations in 41,300 school-age children: relationship to medical impairments.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our purpose was to examine the contribution of medical impairments to functional disability and school activity limitations in 41,300 school-age children participating in the 1994-1995 National Health Interview Survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 1994 and 1995 National Health Interview Survey and Disability Interview Supplement samples provide International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision medical impairment codes for children with functional limitations or school activity limitations in a nationally representative US sample. Functional limitations were distributed as follows: mobility 12.4/1000 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 11.1-13.6), self-care 8.8/1000 (95% CI: 7.7-9.8), communication 52.9/1000 (95% CI: 50.2-55.5), and learning 104.6/1000 (95% CI: 100.7-108.4). Functional disability status was classified as 4.1% mild, 5.9% major, and 1.9% multiple. School activity limitations included 4.1% needing or receiving special education, 0.7% unable to attend, and 0.9% limited attendance. We categorized International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision impairment codes reported in conjunction with medical usage as physical disorders (n = 1251; eg, leukemia, diabetes), asthma (n = 916), neurodevelopmental disorders (n = 802; eg, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, mental retardation, autism, blindness, deafness), and learning-behavior disorders (n = 806; eg, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, learning disability, anxiety) for children with functional or school activity limitations. Of children with multiple functional disabilities, 29.9% had neurodevelopmental disorders, 27.1% had learning-behavior disorders, 18.1% had physical disorders, 4.2% had asthma, and 20.8% did not have an identified medical impairment because they had not received medical services in the past year. Among children requiring special education, physical disorders accounted for 9.4%, neurodevelopmental disorders for 16.7%, learning and behavior disorders for 17%, asthma for 3.4%, and 53.4% did not have an identified medical impairment because they had not received medical services in the past year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic health impairments, neurodevelopmental disorders, learning-behavior disorders, and functional limitations in essential activities are required to understand the complexity of disability in school-age children. A large number of children with functional disability or school activity limitations have not received ongoing medical services.
authors.affiliation: Child Development Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, USA. michael_msall@brown.edu
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Msall
authors.forename: Roger C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Avery
authors.forename: Michelle R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Tremont
authors.forename: Julie C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.forename: Michelle L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: Dennis P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Hogan
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000592:standards; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000453:epidemiology; D019988:Children with Disabilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004519:Education, Special / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006296:Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000453:epidemiology; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013334:Students / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology