title: A preliminary study on the effect of adding yeast extract to cheese curd on proteolysis and flavour development of reduced-fat Cheddar.
abstract: Yeast extract was used as a nutrient for growing lactobacilli in reduced-fat Cheddar cheese as early growth of non-starter lactic acid bacteria (NSLAB) in Cheddar cheese is suppressed by pasteurization of milk and the hostile environment of the cheese. Reduced-fat Cheddar cheese was manufactured from 100 kg standardized milk on two occasions. After milling, the curd was divided into two portions, C and E. To control portion, C, salt was added at normal levels. A mixture of salt and yeast extract was added to the experimental, E. The cheeses were ripened for 7 months at 8 degrees C and assessed for proteolysis and NSLAB growth during ripening. Mean % moisture, fat, protein, salt and pH were 40.6, 20.5, 31.1, 1.72 and 5.22 respectively, in E cheeses, and 39.5, 20.5, 30.9, 1.68 and 5.22, respectively, in C cheese. NSLAB counts in E cheeses were 10(1), 10(3), 10(5) cfu/g compared with 0, 10(1), 10(4) cfu/g in C respectively, after 1, 7 and 30 d of ripening. After 60 d, cell densities of NSLAB were similar (approximately 10(6) cfu/g) in C and E cheese. Addition of yeast extract to curd affected neither the electrophoretic patterns of cheese nor its water-soluble N content during ripening. However, the total free amino acids were significantly higher in E cheese than C cheese throughout ripening, suggesting faster secondary proteolysis in the former cheeses. A 6-member trained descriptive panel evaluated the cheese at 7 months and found that the E cheeses had higher intensities of whey, fruity, sulphur, nutty, sweet and sour flavours, but had lower intensities of brothy flavours as compared to C cheeses. Also, the E cheeses were perceived to be more mature than corresponding C cheese. Results show that addition of yeast extract to cheese curd is a promising method of enhancing flavour development in ripened cheeses.
authors.affiliation: Dairy Products Technology Center, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93407, USA.
authors.lastname: Shakeel-Ur-Rehman
authors.forename: Nana Y
authors.initials: NY
authors.lastname: Farkye
authors.forename: Ebenezer R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Vedamuthu
authors.forename: Mary A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Drake
mesh_terms: D002611:Cheese / Q000032:analysis / Q000382:microbiology*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D010450:Endopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism*; D005285:Fermentation; D005524:Food Technology; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000254:growth & development*; D008055:Lipids / Q000032:analysis; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000378:metabolism*; D013649:Taste
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D011506:Proteins; D010450:Endopeptidases