title: Antinociceptive synergy between delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol and opioids after oral administration.
abstract: The analgesic effects of opioids, such as morphine and codeine, in mice are enhanced by oral administration of the cannabinoid delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta(9)-THC). However, isobolographic analysis has never been done to confirm a synergy between delta(9)-THC and morphine or codeine via oral routes of administration. To determine the nature of the interaction between these drugs for pain relief and extend previous experimental results, we performed an isobolographic analysis to evaluate for additivity or synergy in the tail-flick test. Fixed-ratio combinations of delta(9)-THC with either morphine or codeine were tested for antinociceptive effects. The experimentally derived ED(50) for each combination was compared with the theoretical additive ED(50), using an isobolographic analysis. All of the fixed-ratio combinations tested produced greater antinociception (synergy) than predicted from simple additivity. These findings suggest that the use of a low-dose combination of analgesics is a valid and effective approach for the treatment of pain and necessitates further study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA. dcichewi@hsc.vcu.edu
authors.forename: Diana L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Cichewicz
authors.forename: Erin A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: McCarthy
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D003061:Codeine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D013759:Dronabinol / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D009020:Morphine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009294:Narcotics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D009294:Narcotics; D009020:Morphine; D013759:Dronabinol; D003061:Codeine