title: Impairment of antimicrobial activity and nitric oxide production in alveolar macrophages from smokers of marijuana and cocaine.
abstract: Human alveolar macrophages (AMs) were recovered from the lungs of healthy nonsmokers (NS) or smokers of tobacco (TS), marijuana (MS), or crack cocaine (CS) and challenged in vitro with Staphylococcus aureus. AMs from NS and TS exhibited potent antibacterial activity that correlated with the production of nitric oxide (NO) and induction of NO synthase without the requirement for priming with exogenous cytokines. In contrast, AMs from MS and CS exhibited minimal antibacterial activity and failed to produce NO unless primed with additional cytokines. These results confirm that NO plays a significant role as an effector molecule used by normal human AMs, but this capacity is suppressed in AMs from MS and CS because of a lack of intrinsic cytokine priming.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
authors.forename: Angela Hanchi
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Shay
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Whittaker
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Salehi
authors.forename: Christina M R
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Kitchen
authors.forename: Donald P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Tashkin
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: Gayle Cocita
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Baldwin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016676:Macrophages, Alveolar / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008385:Marijuana Smoking / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000096:biosynthesis; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D010587:Phagocytosis; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000276:immunology; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C496319:NOS2 protein, human; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II