title: Role of human GTP cyclohydrolase I and its regulatory protein in tetrahydrobiopterin metabolism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  GTP cyclohydrolase I (GTPCH I) catalyzes the de novo biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH(4)), an essential cofactor of NO-synthase. The enzyme underlies negative feedback regulation by the end product BH(4). This feedback inhibition is mediated through complex formation with the GTP cyclohydrolase I feedback regulatory protein (GFRP). To further classify the mechanism involved in the regulation of BH(4) synthesis, we measured expression of GTPCH I and GFRP in different human tissues. Furthermore, we looked for the influence of phenylalanine that is known to reverse BH(4)-mediated feedback inhibition of GTPCH I, and of immunostimulation with interferon gamma on the expression of GTPCH I and GFRP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using RT-PCR and northern blot technique, coexpression of GFRP and GTPCH I could be demonstrated in a number of different tissues such as endothelial cells and peripheral blood cells. Following stimulation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) with phenylalanine (1 mM), there was no change of GFRP mRNA. In contrast, the mRNA level of GTPCH I was significantly upregulated with a maximum after 6 hours (p = 0.04). Incubation of HUVEC with interferon-gamma (100 U/ml) showed an increase of GTPCH I mRNA and a significant downregulation of GFRP mRNA after 24 hours (p = 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows for the first time the expression of GFRP in different human tissues. The biosynthesis of BH(4) is not only regulated on the substrate level but also through transcription of the interacting proteins. Phenylalanine stimulates the biosynthesis of BH(4) not only by reversing the negative feedback inhibition of GTPCH I but also by increasing the mRNA level of GTPCH I. Immunostimulation alters protein expression of GTPCH I and GFRP in a way that favors BH(4) synthesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Bergheimer Str. 58, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gesierich
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Niroomand
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Tiefenbacher
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001708:Biopterins / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D006136:GTP Cyclohydrolase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D010649:Phenylalanine / Q000494:pharmacology; D011506:Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014471:Umbilical Veins / Q000166:cytology
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; C101092:GCHFR protein, human; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D011506:Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D001708:Biopterins; D010649:Phenylalanine; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D006136:GTP Cyclohydrolase; C003402:sapropterin