title: Effects of 9,10 anthraquinone on ruminal fermentation, total-tract digestion, and blood metabolite concentrations in sheep.
abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of adding 9,10 anthraquinone, a known inhibitor of methanogenesis and sulfate reduction, on blood metabolites, digestibility, and distribution of gas in sheep. In all experiments, we fed a complete pelleted diet that contained 17.5% crude protein and 24.5% acid detergent fiber. In an 8-wk study, feeding up to 66 ppm (dry matter basis) of 9,10 anthraquinone had no adverse effects on blood metabolites including indicators of normal enzyme function, mineral concentrations, and hematological measurements. Feeding 9,10 anthraquinone had no effect on average daily gain, although sheep fed a diet containing 66 ppm of 9,10 anthraquinone numerically gained the least weight. The ruminal molar proportions of acetic acid were decreased (P < 0.05) and the molar proportions of propionic acid were increased (P < 0.05) in sheep fed 1.5 and 66 ppm 9,10 anthraquinone when compared to those fed an unsupplemented diet. In a digestion trial, 9,10 anthraquinone (33 and 66 ppm) had no effect on the apparent digestion of nutrients in the total gastrointestinal tract. In a metabolism study, ruminal gasses were collected by rumenocentesis and analyzed for methane and hydrogen concentrations. Feeding 500 ppm of 9,10 anthraquinone to sheep resulted in a decrease (P < 0.07) in the concentration of methane, but an increase (P < 0.05) in hydrogen concentration of ruminal gas throughout the 19 d of feeding. There was no indication of ruminal adaptation throughout this time. These results are the first to show that 9,10 anthraquinone can partially inhibit in vivo rumen methanogenesis, which supports previous in vitro findings. In addition, at the concentrations used in this study, 9,10 anthraquinone was not toxic to ruminants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Delaware, Newark 19717-1303, USA. lkung@udel.edu
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kung
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Smagala
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Endres
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Bessett
authors.forename: N K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Ranjit
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yaissle
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000880:Anthraquinones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004063:Digestion / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005285:Fermentation / Q000187:drug effects; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008297:Male; D008697:Methane / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D011897:Random Allocation; D012417:Rumen / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D012756:Sheep / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D000880:Anthraquinones; C042834:9,10-anthraquinone; D008697:Methane