title: Strategies in pain management: new and potential indications for COX-2 specific inhibitors.
abstract: The role of the coxibs in the management of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis has been widely discussed, but there are other potential applications for the coxibs that have received less attention. Here we consider the use of the coxibs in acute pain syndromes such as primary dysmenorrhea and the pain associated with dental extraction, as well as considering their application in chronic low back pain and cancer pain. Another area where the coxibs may prove particularly beneficial is in the management of post-surgical pain. Traditional post-surgical analgesia has involved the use of non-selective NSAIDs and opioids, but these agents can be associated with side effects such as post-operative bleeding, gastrointestinal problems, nausea, and constipation. Because the coxibs do not inhibit COX-1 dependent platelet aggregation like traditional NSAIDs, the risk of post-surgical bleeding is reduced. The careful application of coxibs as part of a multi-modal approach to pain management in the perioperative period can reduce the requirement for opioid medications and thus reduce the risk of post-operative complications such as ileus. In the future, coxibs are likely to play an important role in multi-modal perioperative analgesic regimens with the aim of reducing post-operative periods of convalescence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Practice, Michigan State University College of Medicine, East Lansing, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ruoff
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lema
mesh_terms: D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004412:Dysmenorrhea / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000379:methods*; D019990:Perioperative Care / Q000379:methods; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D014081:Tooth Extraction / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases