title: Transforming growth factor beta 1 stimulates vascular endothelial growth factor gene transcription in human cholangiocellular carcinoma cells.
abstract: The expression pattern and functional interaction of proangiogenic factors in human cholangiocellular carcinoma (CCC) have not been fully defined. We therefore investigated the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 1 as well as their respective receptors in human CCC tumor samples and further analyzed their functional interaction in vitro. Expression of VEGF, TGF-beta 1, and their receptors was examined by immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, quantitative competitive reverse transcription-PCR, and ELISA. VEGF promoter analysis and identification of transcription factors involved in promoter regulation were investigated using transient transfection and electrophoretic mobility shift assays. We observed strong expression of VEGF in CCC tumor cells and localization of VEGF receptors 1 and 2 in endothelial cells; in addition, coexpression of TGF-beta 1 and its receptors in tumor cells suggests a possible functional interaction between both cytokines. In vitro studies confirmed a paracrine/autocrine stimulation of VEGF by TGF-beta 1 at a transcriptional level. Additional molecular studies using 5' deletion and mutational analysis of the human VEGF promoter revealed that TGF-beta 1 stimulates VEGF through Sp1-dependent transcriptional activation. These data suggest that overexpression and functional interaction of TGF-beta 1 and VEGF might contribute to the "angiogenic switch" and the malignant phenotype in human CCC.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Charité, Humboldt-University, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Benckert
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jonas
authors.forename: Thorsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cramer
authors.forename: Zofia
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Von Marschall
authors.forename: Georgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schäfer
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Karola
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Cornelia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Radke
authors.forename: Bertram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wiedenmann
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Neuhaus
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Höcker
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rosewicz
mesh_terms: D001650:Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001653:Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D001665:Binding Sites; D018281:Cholangiocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D051705:Sp3 Transcription Factor; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008222:Lymphokines; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor; C508960:TGFB1 protein, human; D014157:Transcription Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D051705:Sp3 Transcription Factor; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor