title: Three-dimensional imaging in orthognathic surgery: the clinical application of a new method.
abstract: Many 3-dimensional (3D) techniques have been utilized to register and analyze the face in 3 dimensions, but each system has its own merits and disadvantages. C3D is a relatively new 3D imaging system that was developed to capture the 3D geometry of the face. Landmark identification on 3D facial models is facilitated by a software-based facial analysis tool developed by the authors. The reproducibility of landmark identification was high for 20 of the chosen points (standard deviations of repeated placements of landmarks around their centroids were 0.5 mm or less). The method is useful in studying facial soft tissue changes following orthognathic surgery and other types of facial surgery, as well as assessing facial soft tissue growth and development of the craniofacial complex.
authors.affiliation: University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Mohammad Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Hajeer
authors.forename: Ashraf F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Ayoub
authors.forename: Declan T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Millett
authors.forename: Mitchum
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bock
authors.forename: J Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Siebert
mesh_terms: D002508:Cephalometry; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D007834:Lasers; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D015903:Moire Topography; D019647:Oral Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D010780:Photogrammetry / Q000379:methods; D023861:Photography, Dental; D012015:Reference Standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods