title: Expression of apoptosis-related genes during human preimplantation embryo development: potential roles for the Harakiri gene product and Caspase-3 in blastomere fragmentation.
abstract: In order to resolve the mechanisms and reasons of cellular fragmentation it is crucial to understand what genes may be responsible for regulation of this process. We report herein that human oocytes and preimplantation embryos possess abundant levels of transcripts encoding cell death suppressors, Mcl-1, Bcl-x and Bag-1, and the cell death inducer genes, Bax and Caspase-2. Lower but detectable levels of mRNA expression for the Bfl-1/a1, Bcl-w, Harakiri (Hrk) and Caspase-3 genes were also detected during all developmental stages. We also performed analysis of gene expression in single human embryos exhibiting various degrees of fragmentation at the 2-, 4- and 8-cell stages. At the 4-cell stage, embryos displaying 30-50% fragmentation showed a significant increase in Hrk mRNA levels (P = 0.016). Immunostaining with anti-Hrk antibody confirmed increased staining in some, but not all, fragmented embryos. While Caspase-3 transcripts were elevated in both 4- and 8-cell embryos exhibiting a severe degree of fragmentation, this difference did not reach statistical significance. However, accumulation of Caspase-3 mRNA in fragmented embryos was paralleled by an induction of Caspase-3-like activity. These findings suggest that cellular fragmentation in a subset of human preimplantation embryos could be regulated by certain components of a genetic programme of cell death.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. jurisicova@mshri.on.ca
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jurisicova
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Antenos
authors.forename: Sue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Varmuza
authors.forename: Jonathan L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Tilly
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Casper
mesh_terms: D017398:Alternative Splicing; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000166:cytology / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D001757:Blastomeres / Q000378:metabolism*; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D053143:Caspase 2; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D047108:Embryonic Development; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009865:Oocytes / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D051020:bcl-X Protein
chemical_list: C494826:BAX protein, human; C494811:BCL2L1 protein, human; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D051020:bcl-X Protein; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; D053143:Caspase 2; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases