title: MDC1 is required for the intra-S-phase DNA damage checkpoint.
abstract: MRE11, RAD50 and NBS1 form a highly conserved protein complex (the MRE11 complex) that is involved in the detection, signalling and repair of DNA damage. We identify MDC1 (KIAA0170/NFBD1), a protein that contains a forkhead-associated (FHA) domain and two BRCA1 carboxy-terminal (BRCT) domains, as a binding partner for the MRE11 complex. We show that, in response to ionizing radiation, MDC1 is hyperphosphorylated in an ATM-dependent manner, and rapidly relocalizes to nuclear foci that also contain the MRE11 complex, phosphorylated histone H2AX and 53BP1. Downregulation of MDC1 expression by small interfering RNA yields a radio-resistant DNA synthesis (RDS) phenotype and prevents ionizing radiation-induced focus formation by the MRE11 complex. However, downregulation of MDC1 does not abolish the ionizing radiation-induced phosphorylation of NBS1, CHK2 and SMC1, or the degradation of CDC25A. Furthermore, we show that overexpression of the MDC1 FHA domain interferes with focus formation by MDC1 itself and by the MRE11 complex, and induces an RDS phenotype. These findings reveal that MDC1-mediated focus formation by the MRE11 complex at sites of DNA damage is crucial for the efficient activation of the intra-S-phase checkpoint.
authors.affiliation: The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Institute of Cancer and Developmental Biology and Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK.
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stucki
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Falck
authors.forename: Damien
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: D'Amours
authors.forename: Dinah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.forename: Darryl
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pappin
authors.forename: Jiri
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bartek
authors.forename: Stephen P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Jackson
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000818:Animals; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D064447:Checkpoint Kinase 2; D002868:Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone / Q000378:metabolism; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000528:radiation effects; D045643:DNA Repair Enzymes; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D000076228:MRE11 Homologue Protein; D051379:Mice; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000528:radiation effects; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011839:Radiation, Ionizing; D016196:S Phase / Q000528:radiation effects; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D020687:cdc25 Phosphatases / Q000378:metabolism; D000098550:Structural Maintenance of Chromosome Protein 1
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002868:Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C413163:MDC1 protein, human; C121766:MRE11 protein, human; C512689:Mre11a protein, mouse; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; D000098550:Structural Maintenance of Chromosome Protein 1; D011494:Protein Kinases; D064447:Checkpoint Kinase 2; C578634:CHEK2 protein, human; C578633:Chek2 protein, mouse; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D000076228:MRE11 Homologue Protein; C517004:CDC25A protein, human; C517005:Cdc25a protein, mouse; D020687:cdc25 Phosphatases; D045643:DNA Repair Enzymes