title: Surface chemistry effects of topographic modification of titanium dental implant surfaces: 2. In vitro experiments.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine, in vitro, cytotoxicity and cell adhesion on 3 different implant surfaces.
  
  
  METHODS
  All samples had machined surfaces, but they were subjected to different cleaning procedures, which produced 3 different surface chemistries. One of the samples was "as-produced" from the machining tools. The other samples were subjected to partial and total cleaning routines. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using mouse fibroblast cultures, and cell adhesion was evaluated with osteoblast-like SaOS-2 cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The "as-produced" sample showed a pronounced surface contamination by lubricating oils. For partially and totally cleaned samples, an increasing amount of titanium and a decreasing carbon/titanium ratio was observed as cleaning became more complete.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differences in surface chemistry such as those normally found on titanium implant surfaces (see part 1 of this series) can lead to those same effects which, in in vitro experiments, are normally accounted for in terms of surface topography alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Effects related to surface chemistry can operate over and above surface topography, making it impossible, without proper characterization, to make definite statements about the role of topography alone.
authors.affiliation: Nobil Bio Ricerche, Villafranca d'Asti, Italy. cclara@tin.it
authors.forename: Clara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cassinelli
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morra
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bruzzone
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carpi
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Santi
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Giardino
authors.forename: Milena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fini
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D048429:Cell Size / Q000187:drug effects; D015921:Dental Implants; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D003902:Detergents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004577:Electron Probe Microanalysis; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D013385:Succinate Dehydrogenase / Q000187:drug effects; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D015921:Dental Implants; D003764:Dental Materials; D003902:Detergents; D002244:Carbon; D014025:Titanium; D013385:Succinate Dehydrogenase