title: Stroke after cardiac surgery: a risk factor analysis of 16,184 consecutive adult patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stroke remains a devastating complication after cardiac surgical procedures despite advances in perioperative monitoring and management. The purpose of this study was to determine the predictors of stroke in a large, contemporary cardiac surgery population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective data on 16,184 consecutive patients undergoing cardiac surgery (coronary artery bypass grafting [CABG], n = 8,917; beating heart CABG, n = 1,842; aortic valve surgery, n = 1,830; mitral valve surgery, n = 708; double or triple valve surgery, n = 381; CABG and valve surgery, n = 2,506) between April 1996 and August 2001 were subjected to univariate and multivariate analysis. Stroke was defined as any new permanent (manifest stroke) or temporary neurologic deficit or deterioration (transient ischemic attack or prolonged reversible ischemic neurologic deficit) and was confirmed by computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging whenever possible.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall incidence of stroke was 4.6% and varied between surgical procedures (CABG 3.8%; beating-heart CABG 1.9%; aortic valve surgery 4.8%; mitral valve surgery 8.8%; double or triple valve surgery 9.7%; CABG and valve surgery 7.4%). Of 63 patient-specific and treatment variables, 54 were found to have a significant univariate association with postoperative stroke. Multivariable analysis revealed 10 variables that were independent predictors of stroke: history of cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, previous cardiac surgery, preoperative infection, urgent operation, CPB time more than 2 hours, need for intraoperative hemofiltration, and high transfusion requirement. Beating heart CABG was associated with a lower incidence of stroke in this multivariable analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Identification of predictors for stroke is important for understanding the pathogenesis of this devastating complication as well as for developing preventative strategies. Although retrospective analyses can be subject to selection bias we believe beating heart CABG is associated with a lower incidence of stroke and may therefore improve patient outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Surgery, Heart Center, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. bucerj@medizin.uni-leipzig.de
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bucerius
authors.forename: Jan F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Gummert
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Borger
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Walther
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Doll
authors.forename: Jörg F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Onnasch
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Metz
authors.forename: Volkmar
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Falk
authors.forename: Friedrich W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Mohr
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology