title: Thyroid function and incidentalomas in kidney transplant recipients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ultrasound (US) is currently the best method for detecting thyroid nodules, especially those less than 1 cm in diameter, known as 'incidentaloma'. The ultimate diagnosis of non-palpable masses is done by fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB), especially sonographically controlled (S-FNAB). Because of the increasing prevalence of thyroid nodules in Poland, it is essential to assess the nodules for FNAB and S-FNAB, especially in persons at high risk for thyroid carcinoma (patients after transplant with immunosuppression, persons with endemic goiter).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective sonographic, color Doppler and power Doppler tests of the thyroid were performed in 44 kidney allograft recipients. The TSH level and urine iodide level was assessed in each patient. The control group included 35 healthy volunteers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TSH levels were normal. The urine iodide concentration was over 30 mg/100 ml in 5 cases. In the rest of the group and in the controls it was below 30 mg/100 ml. In each case the thyroid was enlarged when compared to volunteers. There were thyroid nodules in 19 cases, single in 6 cases and multiple in 13. Of these nodules, 31 were smaller than 1 cm, 20 nodules were 1-2 cm in diameter, and none was greater than 2 cm. Nodules were classified according to whether or not there was flow within the nodule with eventual perinodular flow. FNAB revealed malignancies in 5 cases (nodules with flow).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Goiter was observed in all patients after thyroid transplant. In five of 44 cases malignancies were detected. In patients after transplant the US picture and the TSH and iodide levels should be checked.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Medical University in Białystok, Poland. wleb@amb.bialystok.pl
authors.forename: Urszula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Łebkowska
authors.forename: Jacek S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Małyszko
authors.forename: Jolanta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Małyszko
authors.forename: Janusz
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dziecioł
authors.forename: Jerzy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Walecki
authors.forename: Michał
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Myśliwiec
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001379:Azathioprine / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006042:Goiter / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007454:Iodides / Q000652:urine; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D011241:Prednisone / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D016606:Thyroid Nodule / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000097:blood; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D007454:Iodides; D016572:Cyclosporine; D013972:Thyrotropin; D001379:Azathioprine; D011241:Prednisone