title: Supported employment for persons with traumatic brain injury: a preliminary investigation of long-term follow-up costs and program efficiency.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the long-term follow-up costs of supported employment as well as the wage and employment characteristics for individuals with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) who participated in supported employment services over a 14-year time period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal design with prospectively collected data.
  
  
  METHODS
  A university-based supported employment program that uses the individual placement model of supported employment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-nine individuals with moderate to severe TBI who were consecutively referred for supported employment services. The sample was restricted to individuals who were placed into a least 1 supported employment position during the study period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected on clients placed into at least 1 competitive supported employment position from 1985 to 1999. Analyses were performed to examine the costs of supported employment, employment characteristics (eg, wages, length of employment), and benefit-cost ratios of supported employment for individuals with TBI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average length of employment for the current sample was 42.58 months. Average gross earnings were US dollars 26,129.74 for individuals during their entire duration of employment. Billing charges accrued for employment services averaged US dollars 10,349.37. Individuals with TBI earned an average of US dollars 17,515 more than the costs associated with their supported employment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our investigation provides additional support for the conclusion that supported employment is cost effective for individuals with disabilities, including individuals with TBI, and that the costs of supported employment decrease over time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University/Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, VA, USA. pwehman@atlas.vcu.edu
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wehman
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kregel
authors.forename: Lori
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Keyser-Marcus
authors.forename: Pam
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sherron-Targett
authors.forename: Leanne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: David X
authors.initials: DX
authors.lastname: Cifu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000191:economics / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D017598:Efficiency, Organizational; D016832:Employment, Supported / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D008297:Male; D014768:Virginia