title: Transport of organic anions across the basolateral membrane of proximal tubule cells.
abstract: Renal proximal tubules secrete diverse organic anions (OA) including widely prescribed anionic drugs. Here, we review the molecular properties of cloned transporters involved in uptake of OA from blood into proximal tubule cells and provide extensive lists of substrates handled by these transport systems. Where tested, transporters have been immunolocalized to the basolateral cell membrane. The sulfate anion transporter 1 (sat-1) cloned from human, rat and mouse, transported oxalate and sulfate. Drugs found earlier to interact with sulfate transport in vivo have not yet been tested with sat-1. The Na(+)-dicarboxylate cotransporter 3 (NaDC-3) was cloned from human, rat, mouse and flounder, and transported three Na(+) with one divalent di- or tricarboxylate, such as citric acid cycle intermediates and the heavy metal chelator 2,3-dimercaptosuccinate (succimer). The organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1) cloned from several species was shown to exchange extracellular OA against intracellular alpha-ketoglutarate. OAT1 translocated, e.g., anti-inflammatory drugs, antiviral drugs, beta-lactam antibiotics, loop diuretics, ochratoxin A, and p-aminohippurate. Several OA, including probenecid, inhibited OAT1. Human, rat and mouse OAT2 transported selected anti-inflammatory and antiviral drugs, methotrexate, ochratoxin A, and, with high affinities, prostaglandins E(2) and F(2alpha). OAT3 cloned from human, rat and mouse showed a substrate specificity overlapping with that of OAT1. In addition, OAT3 interacted with sulfated steroid hormones such as estrone-3-sulfate. The driving forces for OAT2 and OAT3, the relative contributions of all OA transporters to, and the impact of transporter regulation by protein kinases on renal drug excretion in vivo must be determined in future experiments.
authors.affiliation: Abteilung Vegetative Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Zentrum Physiologie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Burckhardt
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Burckhardt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D027321:Anion Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D000838:Anions; D001692:Biological Transport; D006801:Humans; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000378:metabolism*; D007687:Kidney Tubules, Proximal / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008954:Models, Biological; D027362:Organic Anion Transport Protein 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D029362:Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Independent / Q000378:metabolism; D021381:Protein Transport; D051381:Rats; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D000076988:Sulfate Transporters
chemical_list: D027321:Anion Transport Proteins; D000838:Anions; D027362:Organic Anion Transport Protein 1; D029362:Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Independent; C490280:SLC22A7 protein, human; C473560:SLC26A1 protein, human; C490281:Slc22a7 protein, mouse; C088800:Slc22a7 protein, rat; D000076988:Sulfate Transporters; C114338:organic anion transport protein 3