title: The effects of single-dose fexofenadine, diphenhydramine, and placebo on cognitive performance in flight personnel.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sedation and functional impairments are side effects associated with the use of first-generation antihistamines that preclude their use in aviation. Selected second-generation antihistamines do not have such side effects and have been proposed for use in aircrew.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-two healthy naval aviation personnel served as subjects in this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study. Subjective drowsiness, cognitive performance, and vigilance were measured under three conditions: 180 mg fexofenadine (F), 50 mg diphenhydramine (D) as a positive control, or placebo (P).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects receiving F vs. D tended to have a faster mean hit reaction time (adjusted mean difference +/- SE, -10.5 +/- 6.8 ms, p = 0.127). Subjects performed faster and better with F vs. D on measures of omission errors and commission errors (p < 0.05). Variable symbol digit coding delayed recall accuracy was better for F vs. D (p = 0.023), and approached significance for shifting attention and divided attention tasks (p = 0.062 and p = 0.057, respectively). Subjects reported significantly more drowsiness (p < 0.005) with D than F.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diphenhydramine administration resulted in significant psychomotor decrements compared with fexofenadine, while the effects of fexofenadine were similar to placebo. These results provide additional support for the safe use of fexofenadine by aviation personnel.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Naval Hospital Pensacola, FL 32512-0003, USA. eabower@pcola.med.navy.mil
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Bower
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moss
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Selby
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Austin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meeves
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004155:Diphenhydramine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010919:Placebos; D011930:Reaction Time; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000187:drug effects; D016593:Terfenadine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists; D010919:Placebos; D016593:Terfenadine; D004155:Diphenhydramine; C093230:fexofenadine