title: Barriers to HAART adherence among human immunodeficiency virus-infected adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the barriers to highly active antiretrovial therapy (HAART) adherence among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adolescents and to explore the association of barriers and nonadherence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Structured interviews were conducted to determine the barriers associated with adherence; principal component factor analysis was performed on scores of the 19 barrier variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human immunodeficiency virus-infected adolescents were recruited from 13 US cities into the REACH (Reaching for Excellence in Adolescent Care and Health) Project, the first large-scale disease progression study of HIV-positive adolescents infected through sexual behavior or injection drug use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human immunodeficiency virus-infected adolescents in the REACH cohort who were prescribed HAART (N = 114) were included in the analyses.
  
  
  METHODS
  The main outcome measures were self-report of adherence and barriers to adherence and viral load (HIV-1 RNA level in plasma).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Viral load was significantly associated with self-report of adherence to HAART (P =.02). Only 28.3% of adolescents reported taking all of their prescribed antiretroviral medications in the previous month. Factor analysis of the barriers to adherence indicates there are 2 factors accounting for the largest proportion of the variance: (1) medication-related adverse effects (both physical and psychological) and (2) complications in day-to-day routines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adherence was tied closely with daily routine, which supports the assumption that working closely with adolescents to improve their organizational skills may be necessary to improve adherence. Patient-level intervention, provider-level intervention, and health care system modification may all be necessary to improve HIV-infected adolescents' adherence to HAART.
authors.affiliation: Health Risk Reduction Projects, Integrated SUbstance Abuse Programs, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, 90025-3556, USA. dmurphy@mednet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: Debra A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Moussa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sarr
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Durako
authors.forename: Anna-Barbara
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Moscicki
authors.forename: Craig M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Larry R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Muenz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D016312:Treatment Refusal / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral