title: RANTES promoter genotype is associated with diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetic subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of RANTES gene promoter polymorphism and RANTES receptor (CCR5 gene) promoter polymorphism on diabetic nephropathy in Japanese type 2 diabetic subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total 616 Japanese subjects with type 2 diabetes were recruited. Polymorphisms of -28 C/G and -403 G/A in the RANTES gene promoter region, and of 59029 G/A in the CCR5 gene promoter region were detected by PCR-RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism). The association of these genotypes with nephropathy was analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While the RANTES -403 genotype showed no association with nephropathy, the frequency of the -28G allele was significantly higher in the DN2 group (urinary albuminuria-to-creatinine ratio [ACR] >or=300 mg/g creatinine, serum creatinine <2.0 mg/dl) than in the DN0 (ACR <30 mg/g creatinine) and DN1 (ACR >or=30 mg/g creatinine and <300 mg/g creatinine) groups. The frequency of a RANTES -28G-positive genotype (C/G or G/G) was higher in the DN2 group than in the DN0 and DN1 groups (34% vs. 25 and 20%, P = 0.0268, chi(2) = 4.905), and the frequency of a CCR5 59029 A-positive genotype (G/A or A/A) was higher in the DN1 and DN2 groups than in the DN0 group (84 and 85% vs. 76%, P = 0.0123, chi(2) = 6.269). Discriminant analysis showed that the RANTES -28G-positive genotype and CCR5 59029A-positive genotype were independently associated with nephropathy. The percentage of macroalbuminuria was twofold higher in the subjects having -28G or 59029A and threefold higher in the subjects having -28G and 59029A than in the subjects without -28G and 59029A.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The RANTES promoter -28G genotype and CCR5 promoter 59029A genotype may be independent risk factors for diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes and may have an additive effect on nephropathy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kunihiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nomiyama
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ogihara
authors.forename: Fuki
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: Rei
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kanno
authors.forename: Noseki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Iwashita
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.forename: Hirotaka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Watada
authors.forename: Tomio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Onuma
authors.forename: Ryuzo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kawamori
mesh_terms: D000419:Albuminuria / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D018946:Chemokine CCL5 / Q000235:genetics*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D019713:Receptors, CCR5 / Q000235:genetics; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D018946:Chemokine CCL5; D019713:Receptors, CCR5