title: Highlights in the evolution of diagnosis and treatment of laryngeal cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present selected highlights from the evolution of diagnosis of laryngeal disease and treatment of laryngeal cancer from ancient Greece until the 20th century.
  
  
  METHODS
  Historical study of diagnosis of laryngeal disease and treatment of laryngeal cancer from the ancient Greek medical scriptures until the most recent evolutional steps in the 20th century.
  
  
  METHODS
  Original Greek-language texts of ancient and Byzantine medical writers were studied and literature on history of medicine was investigated to reveal early knowledge of diagnostic and therapeutic techniques for laryngeal disease and cancer of the larynx.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diseases of the upper aerodigestive tract were known and treated by ancient Greek physicians, and, later, Byzantine doctors, apart from preserving ancient medical concepts, contributed their own ideas, mainly about surgery and postoperative care. The initial therapeutic approach for the disorders caused by laryngeal tumors was either tracheotomy or endotracheal intubation in an attempt to prevent suffocation. In more recent times, construction of the laryngoscope and other modern examination instruments, as well as the final acceptance of histological diagnosis based on tissue biopsy, has allowed for accurate diagnosis and successful treatment of laryngeal lesions. Preoperational biopsy, application of pharyngoesophageal speech and advanced vocal devices for the laryngectomees, and invention of antibiotic and anesthetic agents had led, by the middle of the 20th century, to the establishment of extended and radical surgical techniques as optional treatment for laryngeal cancer. In addition, the discovery of x-rays and radium introduced radiotherapy as an alternative in the treatment procedure for cancer of the larynx.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Progress in the evolution of laryngological diagnosis and practice demanded efforts by many daring and courageous investigators and surgeons, contributing new ideas and techniques in the development of modern laryngology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece. dassimak@cc.uoi.gr
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Assimakopoulos
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Patrikakos
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lascaratos
mesh_terms: D049668:History, 15th Century; D049669:History, 16th Century; D049670:History, 17th Century; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049690:History, Ancient; D049691:History, Medieval; D007822:Laryngeal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000266:history* / Q000628:therapy; D007828:Laryngoscopy / Q000266:history