title: Efficacy of acute administration of nicotine gum in relief of cue-provoked cigarette craving.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute cravings, often provoked by exposure to smoking cues, appear to be important triggers for smoking relapse. Relief of acute craving may therefore be an important step in preventing relapse.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of nicotine gum in relieving acute craving.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multi-center, randomized, placebo-controlled study was conducted with smokers ( n=296) who quit by using either active or inactive gum for 3 days. On their third day of abstinence, smokers participated in a laboratory session in which they were exposed to a provocative smoking cue, chewed active or inactive gum, and then rated their craving at 5-min intervals for 35 min.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Craving initially decreased in both groups. After 15 min, however, the smokers using active nicotine gum experienced significantly greater craving reductions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that nicotine gum can effectively reduce acute craving following exposure to smoking cues.
authors.affiliation: Pinney Associates and the University of Pittsburgh, 201 North Craig Street, Suite 320, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. shiffman@pinneyassociates.com
authors.forename: Saul
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shiffman
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Shadel
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Niaura
authors.forename: Moise A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Khayrallah
authors.forename: Douglas E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Jorenby
authors.forename: Charles F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: Clifford L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Ferguson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002638:Chewing Gum; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002638:Chewing Gum; D009538:Nicotine