title: Association of damage with autoantibody profile, age, race, sex and disease duration in systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if there is any association between autoantibody profile and damage in a cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort of SLE patients attending two SLE clinics in Birmingham was analysed. All patients fulfilled ARA criteria for SLE. Detailed clinical and serological information was recorded at each visit. Damage according to the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index (SLICC/ACR DI) was recorded 6-monthly and the last score in the year 2000 or prior to death was used in the analysis. Univariate analysis was performed with the chi(2) test, Fisher's exact test or univariate analysis of variance. Multivariate analysis was done with binary logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 348 patients (326 females) were studied, comprising 208 Caucasians, 65 Afro-Caribbeans, 59 Asians, four Orientals and 12 others. There were 32 (9.2%) deaths and 156 (44.8%) patients had damage recorded during follow-up. The presence of damage showed no significant association with race, sex or anti-cardiolipin, anti-Ro, anti-La, anti-Sm, anti-RNP and anti-dsDNA antibodies. Only age, disease duration and other antibodies to extractable nuclear antigens (ENA) were found to be associated with the presence of damage. When individual organ damage was analysed, the only significant associations were of anti-Ro with ocular damage and of other anti-ENA antibodies (anti-Scl-70 and/or anti-Jo-1) with premature gonadal failure. Other autoantibodies were not predictive of damage in individual organs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although autoantibodies are useful in diagnosis and predicting disease activity in SLE, they do not appear to be useful in predicting damage in SLE.
authors.affiliation: University of Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: C-S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Yee
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hussein
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Skan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bowman
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Situnayake
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gordon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000208:ethnology / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D015415:Biomarkers