title: A retrospective analysis of gunshot injuries to the maxillo-facial region.
abstract: This study analysed the prevalence, demography, soft- and hard-tissue injury patterns, management and complications of gunshot injuries to the maxillo-facial region in 301 patients treated at Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town. The number of patients presenting with maxillo-facial injuries caused by gunshot increased over the 15-year study period. The majority were caused by civilian type low-velocity hand-guns and were purposefully and intentionally inflicted by others. Males in their third decade of life and of low socioeconomic status were most often the victims. The wounding effects of these low-velocity injuries were characteristic--small rounded entrance wounds, causing fragmentation of teeth and comminution of the underlying bone, usually without any exit wounds. A comminuted displaced type of fracture pattern was most frequently observed. Special investigations included plain film radiographs with more sophisticated investigations being requested where indicated. Definitive surgical management was initiated by early soft-tissue debridement. Both the mandibular and maxillary fractures had more open than closed reductions. Bone continuity defects as a result of the initial injury were usually reconstructed secondarily using free autogenous bone grafts. All the patients received anti-tetanus toxoid on admission and the majority received antibiotic treatment. The most common complications were sepsis, ocular and neurological complications and limitation of mouth opening. The postoperative sepsis rate was high (19%). The wounding effects of these low-velocity missile injuries are devastating and pose a treatment challenge to the maxillo-facial surgeon.
authors.affiliation: Department of Maxillo-facial and Oral Surgery, WHO Collaborating Centre, University of the Western Cape, Mitchells Plain. ashwink@netactive.co.za
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Kassan
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lalloo
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kariem
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016025:Bone Transplantation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D003646:Debridement / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003710:Demography; D005151:Facial Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005592:Fracture Fixation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018460:Fractures, Comminuted / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007572:Jaw Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008446:Maxillofacial Injuries / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012923:Social Class; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000453:epidemiology; D014082:Tooth Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology; D014754:Violence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000453:epidemiology*