title: Squalene and noncholesterol sterols in serum and lipoproteins of children with and without familial hypercholesterolemia.
abstract: Squalene and noncholesterol sterols, e.g. lathosterol and plant sterols, the respective markers of cholesterol synthesis and absorption, are transported with cholesterol in serum lipoproteins. Their concentrations and ratios to cholesterol in serum and lipoproteins have not been carefully compared, especially in children and in marked hypercholesterolemia. Thus, we measured these variables with gas-liquid chromatography in 18 children with and 29 without familial hypercholesterolemia, all aged 5-17 y. Concentrations of most noncholesterol sterols were higher in serum, LDL, and intermediate density lipoprotein in the children with than those without familial hypercholesterolemia. Despite accumulation of noncholesterol sterols mainly in LDL (75% in familial hypercholesterolemia and 55% in non-familial hypercholesterolemia, p < 0.001), their ratios were mostly similar in serum and lipoproteins of the two groups. The ratios of squalene and lathosterol were higher in VLDL and intermediate density lipoprotein, whereas in LDL that of lathosterol was lower than the respective serum values in both groups. Absorption marker sterol ratios were highest in HDL in both groups. Thus, even though the ratios of noncholesterol sterols to cholesterol in serum reflect, in general, synthesis and absorption of cholesterol, their ratios in different lipoproteins could give additional information of cholesterol metabolism.
authors.affiliation: Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ketomäki
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gylling
authors.forename: Martti A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Siimes
authors.forename: Alpo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vuorio
authors.forename: Tatu A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Miettinen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D015243:Cholesterol, VLDL / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D006938:Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D010641:Phenotype; D010840:Phytosterols / Q000097:blood*; D013185:Squalene / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D015243:Cholesterol, VLDL; D008074:Lipoproteins; D010840:Phytosterols; C030104:lipoprotein cholesterol; D013185:Squalene; C001521:lathosterol; D002784:Cholesterol