title: Effects of the Er:YAG laser irradiation on titanium implant materials and contaminated implant abutment surfaces.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine the morphological changes and temperature increases of the titanium after Er:YAG laser irradiation, and also to investigate the effect of this laser on debridement of contaminated healing abutments.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Mechanical instruments have been used for the cleaning of implant abutment surfaces, however, most of them are not appropriate for the application to titanium surface. Recently, the Er:YAG laser has been expected to have a promising ability for the debridement of implant surface.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experiments were composed of three parts. At first, ten titanium round plates were exposed to the Er:YAG laser irradiation at 30-200 mJ/pulse and the surface changes were observed by stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope. Secondly, the surface temperature changes of 60 titanium plates during and after Er:YAG laser irradiation at 30 and 50 mJ/pulse were measured by thermographic equipment. At last, calculus on the surface of six contaminated healing abutments was removed by Er:YAG laser or ultrasonic scaler, and the treated surfaces were examined by stereomicroscope.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Under 50 mJ/pulse, distinct morphological changes were not observed and the elevation of surface temperature was minimal, especially in the use of water-cooling. The Er:YAG laser at 30 mJ/pulse and 30 Hz with water spray was capable of effectively removing plaque and calculus on the implant abutments without injuring their surfaces.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicates that the Er:YAG laser can be a novel technical modality for the debridement of implant abutment surface.
authors.affiliation: Section of Periodontology, Department of Hard Tissue Engineering, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-4-5 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan. tomoko.peri@tmd.ac.jp
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsuyama
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aoki
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oda
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoneyama
authors.forename: Isao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
mesh_terms: D000044:Dental Abutments; D015921:Dental Implants; D012534:Dental Scaling / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D004871:Erbium; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007834:Lasers; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D013696:Temperature; D013817:Thermography; D014025:Titanium / Q000528:radiation effects*
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants; D004871:Erbium; D014025:Titanium