title: Etiology of traumatic brain injury: characterization of differential outcomes up to 1 year postinjury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize outcomes after traumatic brain injury (TBI) resulting from vehicular crashes, violence, falls, or other causes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, multicenter, longitudinal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1,170 individuals with moderate to severe TBI with data from initial medical and rehabilitation stays and 1-year follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  At rehabilitation discharge, FIM instrument, Disability Rating Scale (DRS), and Rancho Los Amigo Levels of Cognitive Functioning Scale. At 1 year postinjury, FIM, DRS, Community Integration Questionnaire (CIQ), employment, residence, marital status, and seizure occurrence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 4 etiology groups could be distinguished based on premorbid characteristics. Severity of injury indices indicated that individuals in vehicular crashes showed a trend toward incurring more severe injuries than the other 3 groups. At rehabilitation discharge, there were no functional differences between groups. At 1 year postinjury, the groups could be differentiated: individuals in violence-related TBI had higher unemployment rates and lower CIQ scores; persons in vehicular crashes reported the best functional and psychosocial outcomes; and individuals in the falls and other groups had outcomes lying between the vehicular and violence groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study elucidated important differences between persons with violence-related TBI and those with non-violence-related TBI. Further research is needed to find effective interventions to address these differences.
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Research Center and Deptartment of PM&R, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, CA 95128, USA. tamara@tbi-sci.org
authors.forename: Tamara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bushnik
authors.forename: Robin A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hanks
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kreutzer
authors.forename: Mitchell
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls; D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014478:Unemployment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014754:Violence