title: RNA bacteriophage capsid-mediated drug delivery and epitope presentation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To use our knowledge of the three-dimensional structure and self-assembly mechanism of RNA bacteriophage capsids to develop novel virus-like particles (VLPs) for drug delivery and epitope presentation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Site-directed mutagenesis of a recombinant MS2 coat protein expression construct has been used to generate translational fusions encompassing short epitope sequences. These chimeric proteins still self-assemble in vivo into T = 3 shells with the foreign epitope in an accessible location. Covalent conjugation has also been used to generate RNA stem-loops attached to the toxin, ricin A chain, or to nucleotide-based drugs, that are still capable of stimulating self-assembly of the capsid in vitro. These packaged drugs can then be directed to specific cells in culture by further covalent decoration of the capsids with targeting molecules.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chimeric VLPs are strongly immunogenic when carrying either B or T cell epitopes, the latter generating cytokine profiles consistent with memory responses. Immune responses to the underlying phage epitopes appear to be proportional to the area of the phage surface accessible. Phage shells effectively protect nucleic acid-based drugs and, for the toxin construct, make cell-specific delivery systems with LD50 values in culture sub-nanomolar.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VLP technology has potential for therapeutic and prophylactic intervention in disease.
authors.affiliation: Ashbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: William L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Mastico
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Karen G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Heal
authors.forename: Chris J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Jeremy C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: J Michael
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lord
authors.forename: Andrew W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Taylor-Robinson
authors.forename: Peter G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Stockley
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D036022:Capsid Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D018985:Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte / Q000276:immunology*; D018984:Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte / Q000276:immunology*; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D018796:Immunoconjugates / Q000276:immunology; D017909:Levivirus / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic / Q000276:immunology*; D014771:Virion / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D036022:Capsid Proteins; D016207:Cytokines; D018985:Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte; D018984:Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte; D018796:Immunoconjugates; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic