title: Increased daytime sleepiness in Parkinson's disease: a questionnaire survey.
abstract: We evaluated the frequency and severity of excessive daytime sleepiness in an outpatient population with Parkinson's disease in comparison to age-matched controls and examined its relationship with antiparkinsonian drug therapy and sleep history. Increased daytime sleepiness and involuntary sleep episodes have been described in Parkinson's disease, but the etiology is not completely understood. The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), a validated questionnaire for daytime sleepiness, was prospectively administered to 99 consecutive outpatients with Parkinson's disease and 44 age-matched controls. In addition, a short sleep-screening questionnaire was used. The ESS revealed significantly increased daytime sleepiness in PD patients compared to controls (7.5 +/- 4.6 vs. 5.8 +/- 3.0, P = 0.013). The ESS score was abnormally high (10 or more) in 33 % of PD patients and 11.4% of controls (P = 0.001). ESS was not different between PD patients on levodopa monotherapy and those on levodopa and dopamine agonists, or between patients taking ergoline or non-ergoline dopamine agonists. In PD patients and in controls, sleepiness was significantly associated with reported heavy snoring. Increased daytime sleepiness is more frequent in patients with PD than in elderly controls. Similar to controls, increased daytime sleepiness in PD patients is correlated with heavy snoring.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Högl
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Seppi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brandauer
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Glatzl
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Frauscher
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Niedermüller
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Gregor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wenning
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Poewe
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D006970:Disorders of Excessive Somnolence / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D018491:Dopamine Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012890:Sleep; D012913:Snoring; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D018491:Dopamine Agonists