title: Oral signs and symptoms in relation to disease activity and site of involvement in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An assessment of oral symptoms and signs in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-four patients with IBD, 34 with Crohn's disease (CD) and 20 with ulcerative colitis (UC) participated in the study. Forty-two patients without gastrointestinal disease or complaints attending the orthopedic clinic served as controls. Each patient completed a written questionnaire and was subjected to an oral examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The main findings of this study were the higher prevalence of halitosis (50% vs 10% P < 0.0008), nausea (30% vs 7%, P < 0.017) and reflux (regurgitation) (45% vs 17%, P < 0.017) in patients with UC, and nausea (50% vs 7%, P < 0.026), dry mouth and halitosis (29% vs 10%, P < 0.026) and vomiting (41% vs 5%, P = 0.01) in patients with CD, compared with controls. Patients with active CD had a higher prevalence of dry mouth, nausea and vomiting compared with controls (46, 69 and 54% vs 10, 7 and 5%, respectively, P < 0.001) and of reflux compared with non-active CD (46% vs 5%, P < 0.001). Patients with active UC had a higher prevalence of halitosis and regurgitation (50 and 60% vs 10 and 17%, P < 0.001) compared with controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study demonstrates increased frequency of oral signs and symptoms in patients with IBD. Patients with active CD had more oral signs compared with non-active CD patients. Manifestations such as nausea, vomiting, regurgitation and dry mouth may have detrimental effects on teeth and soft tissues of the oral cavity. Communication between gastroenterologists and dentists is imperative for success of the overall treatment of their patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0416, USA. jkatz@dental.ufl.edu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shenkman
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Stavropoulos
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Melzer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002054:Burning Mouth Syndrome / Q000209:etiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D017742:Dental Care for Chronically Ill; D005260:Female; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000209:etiology; D005929:Glossitis, Benign Migratory / Q000209:etiology; D006209:Halitosis / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009059:Mouth Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D009325:Nausea / Q000209:etiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014077:Tooth Erosion / Q000209:etiology; D014839:Vomiting / Q000209:etiology; D014987:Xerostomia / Q000209:etiology