title: The antioxidant acetylcysteine reduces cardiovascular events in patients with end-stage renal failure: a randomized, controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with end-stage renal failure have increased oxidative stress and show elevated cardiovascular mortality. Whether increased cardiovascular events can be prevented by the administration of antioxidants is unknown.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We evaluated the effects of acetylcysteine, a thiol-containing antioxidant, on cardiovascular events in patients undergoing hemodialysis. A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was conducted between October 1, 1999, and September 30, 2001, in 134 patients (76 male and 58 female) with a mean age of 62+/-16 years (mean+/-SD) who had been undergoing maintenance hemodialysis for a minimum of 3 months 3 times weekly in an ambulatory center. Median (range) follow-up was 14.5 (1 to 24) months. Patients were randomly assigned either to receive acetylcysteine (600 mg BID) or placebo. The primary end point was a composite variable consisting of cardiac events including fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction, cardiovascular disease death, need for coronary angioplasty or coronary bypass surgery, ischemic stroke, peripheral vascular disease with amputation, or need for angioplasty. Secondary end points included each of the component outcomes, total mortality, and cardiovascular mortality. A total of 18 (28%) of the 64 hemodialysis patients assigned to acetylcysteine group and 33 (47%) of the 70 hemodialysis patients assigned to control group had a primary end point (relative risk, 0.60 [95% CI, 0.38 to 0.95], P=0.03). No significant differences in secondary end points or total mortality were detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In hemodialysis patients, treatment with acetylcysteine (600 mg BID) reduces composite cardiovascular end points.
authors.affiliation: Med Klinik IV, Univ.-Klinik Benjamin Franklin, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany. Tepel@zedat.fu-berlin.de
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tepel
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van der Giet
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Statz
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jankowski
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zidek
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D023381:Endpoint Determination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D000111:Acetylcysteine