title: Effects of ropivacaine on human neutrophil function: comparison with bupivacaine and lidocaine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Neutrophils are important both for the immunological defence system and for the inflammatory tissue autoinjury mechanism. However, many local anaesthetics impair certain neutrophil functions. The aim was to assess the effects of ropivacaine, bupivacaine and lidocaine on human neutrophils from adult volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chemotaxis, phagocytosis, reactive oxygen species production, intracellular calcium ion ([Ca2+]i) concentrations and protein kinase C activity were measured in the absence and presence of ropivacaine, bupivacaine or lidocaine. The lowest concentrations of the local anaesthetics were similar to those clinically observed in the plasma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bupivacaine did not affect any neutrophil function (P > 0.05). Ropivacaine failed to change chemotaxis or phagocytosis, while lidocaine suppressed both these neutrophil functions. Ropivacaine (15, 150 microg mL(-1)) and lidocaine (20, 200 microg mL(-1)) impaired neutrophil production of O2-, H2O2 and OH- (P < 0.05) at similar rates (by 7-10%). These same concentrations of ropivacaine and lidocaine suppressed [Ca2+1i elevation. Finally, neither ropivacaine nor bupivacaine inhibited protein kinase C activity, while lidocaine did.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Suppression of the [Ca2+]i response in neutrophils by ropivacaine may represent one of the mechanisms responsible for the impairment of neutrophil functions. It should be emphasized that the inhibitory effects of ropivacaine are minor and are attained only at high concentrations, which may minimize the clinical implication of ropivacaine-associated impairment of reactive oxygen species production. Further studies using in vivo systems are required to identify the inhibitory effects of ropivacaine on reactive oxygen species production in clinical settings.
authors.affiliation: Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kobe, Japan. katz@post.med.kobe-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mikawa
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Akamarsu
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishina
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shiga
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Obara
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Niwa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000577:Amides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002633:Chemotaxis / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012016:Reference Values; D000077212:Ropivacaine
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D008012:Lidocaine; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D002118:Calcium; D002045:Bupivacaine