title: Dipyridamole enhances NO/cGMP-mediated vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein phosphorylation and signaling in human platelets: in vitro and in vivo/ex vivo studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dipyridamole and in particular dipyridamole in combination with low-dose aspirin are very effective in preventing recurrent stroke. However, the mechanism(s) underlying this dipyridamole effect have not been elucidated. Since dipyridamole inhibits the cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase type V in vitro, we hypothesized and tested whether therapeutically relevant dipyridamole concentrations enhance NO/cGMP-mediated effects in intact human platelets studied ex vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Phosphorylation of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), an established marker of NO/cGMP effects in human platelets, was quantified by phosphorylation-specific antibodies and Western blots. Serotonin secretion and thromboxane synthase activity were determined by fluorometric quantification of derivatized serotonin and synthase products, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Endothelium-derived factors such as NO and prostaglandin I2 are known to elevate both cGMP and cAMP levels with concomitant platelet inhibition and VASP phosphorylation. In our in vitro experiments, therapeutically relevant concentrations (3.5 micromol/L) of dipyridamole amplified only cGMP-mediated VASP phosphorylation due to the NO donor sodium nitroprusside, but not cAMP-mediated effects. Furthermore, thromboxane synthase activity and serotonin secretion, events important for initial platelet activation, were inhibited by sodium nitroprusside, an effect also enhanced by dipyridamole, demonstrating the functional relevance of these observations. Finally, the ex vivo enhancement of NO/cGMP effects was also observed with platelets obtained from healthy volunteers treated with extended-release dipyridamole.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Under therapeutically relevant conditions, dipyridamole enhances platelet inhibition by amplifying the signaling of the NO donor sodium nitroprusside. These data support the concept that enhancement of endothelium-dependent NO/cGMP-mediated signaling may be an important in vivo component of dipyridamole action.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider Strasse 2, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Barsom
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Aktas
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Utz
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hoenig-Liedl
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.forename: Joerg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Geiger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000527:Alprostadil / Q000494:pharmacology; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000378:metabolism*; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000378:metabolism*; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000494:pharmacology; D004176:Dipyridamole / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D008840:Microfilament Proteins; D008875:Middle Aged; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors / Q000494:pharmacology; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000494:pharmacology; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D012016:Reference Values; D012701:Serotonin / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000098662:Vasodilator-Stimulated Phosphoprotein
chemical_list: D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D008840:Microfilament Proteins; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D000098662:Vasodilator-Stimulated Phosphoprotein; D009599:Nitroprusside; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D012701:Serotonin; D004176:Dipyridamole; D000527:Alprostadil; D006152:Cyclic GMP