title: Prostate innervation and local anesthesia in prostate procedures.
abstract: The nerve supply of the human prostate is very abundant, and knowledge of the anatomy contributes to successful administration of local anesthesia. However, the exact anatomy of extrinsic neuronal cell bodies of the autonomic and sensory innervation of the prostate is not clear, except in other animals. Branches of pelvic ganglia composed of pelvic (parasympathetic) and hypogastric (sympathetic) nerves innervate the prostate. The autonomic nervous system plays an important role in the growth, maturation, and secretory function of this gland. Prostate procedures under local anesthesia, such as transurethral prostatic resections or transrectal ultrasound-guided prostatic biopsy, are safe, simple, and effective. Local anesthesia can be feasible for many special conditions including uncomplicated prostate surgery and may be particularly useful for the high-risk group of patients for whom inhalation or spinal anesthesia is inadvisable.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine of the ABC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alexandre Oliveira
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.forename: Marcos Tobias
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.forename: Eric Roger
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Wroclawski
mesh_terms: D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000379:methods; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011467:Prostate / Q000294:innervation* / Q000601:surgery*; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional