title: A multispectral fluorescence imaging system: design and initial clinical tests in intra-operative Photofrin-photodynamic therapy of brain tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intra-operative identification of tumor by fluorescence may improve surgical resection or photodynamic therapy (PDT). A novel instrument was designed, constructed, and tested for this purpose.
  
  
  METHODS
  The instrument was designed to provide high-resolution, multi-spectral (five band) fluorescence imaging, and non-contact point spectroscopy, with long working distance ( approximately 50 cm), large field-of-view ( approximately 3 cm diameter), large depth of view ( approximately 2 cm), and 'point-and-shoot' operation. Its performance was determined in tissue-simulating phantoms and in pilot studies in brain tumor resection patients, with or without intra-operative Photofrin-PDT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In phantoms the imaging resolution was approximately 150 microm, while Photofrin concentrations as low as 0.05 or 0.1 microg/g could be detected at the tissue surface or at 0.5 mm depth, respectively. Red Photofrin fluorescence could be clearly visualized post radical resection in all PDT patients, with biopsy confirmation of residual tumor tissue in regions that were not seen as tumor under white light. Photobleaching of Photofrin during PDT was also demonstrated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The system performed to specification under realistic operating conditions and could reveal unresected residual tumor tissue. It may be used for either PDT dosimetry/monitoring and/or for surgical guidance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Victor X D
authors.initials: VX
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Muller
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Herman
authors.forename: Brian C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D017323:Dihematoporphyrin Ether / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D005910:Glioma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D017323:Dihematoporphyrin Ether