title: Cytokine regulation by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in human endometrial cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma ligands can affect the expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and cytokines related to the pathogenesis of endometriosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro study to determine whether PPARs are expressed in human endometrial cells and determine the effects of various PPAR-gamma ligands on IL-6 and other cytokine expression in these cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women presenting for infertility workup.
  
  
  METHODS
  Endometrial cell cultures were treated with PPAR-gamma ligands.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interleukin-6, IL-8, colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) and macrophage chemotactic factor (MCP-1) protein secretion, messenger RNA expression of IL-6, PPAR-alpha, -beta, and -gamma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using a human endometrial cell line (EM42), as well as primary stromal and epithelial endometrial cells, we show the presence of PPAR-alpha, -beta, and -gamma by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in these cells. PPAR-gamma ligands stimulated IL-6 secretion and induced enhancement of IL-6 mRNA levels. These ligands also stimulated the secretion of IL-8 and CSF-1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PPAR-gamma may play a role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis related to the production of IL-6 and some other cytokines.
authors.affiliation: Division of Research, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Thitikorn
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wanichkul
authors.forename: Shouwei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Ruo-Pan
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sidell
mesh_terms: D001577:Benzophenones / Q000494:pharmacology; D003115:Colony-Stimulating Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism; D004717:Endometrium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D008024:Ligands; D010648:Phenylacetates / Q000494:pharmacology; D015230:Prostaglandin D2 / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D040081:Protein Array Analysis; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C097240:15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2; D001577:Benzophenones; D003115:Colony-Stimulating Factors; D016207:Cytokines; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008024:Ligands; D010648:Phenylacetates; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D013844:Thiazoles; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014443:Tyrosine; C025136:phenylacetic acid; D015230:Prostaglandin D2; C039671:ciglitazone; C120099:GW 1929