title: The role of neuromodulation in the management of urinary urge incontinence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the benefit-risk profile of neuromodulation in treating refractory urinary urge incontinence and other voiding disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  The outcome measures from all patients in pivotal clinical trials who had undergone sacral nerve stimulation were analysed retrospectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neuromodulation was effective in several clinical studies; the response is durable and the benefit-risk profile good.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sacral nerve stimulation is becoming the standard of care for refractory overactive bladder and retention problems. The potential benefit of neuromodulation should be included in female urology and gynaecology training programmes.
authors.affiliation: Bristol Urological Institute, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK. paul_abrams@bui.ac.uk
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Abrams
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Blaivas
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Fourcroy
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Macdiarmid
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Siegel
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Van Kerrebroeck
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy*