title: Plasma lipids and lipoproteins in hypercholesterolemic men fed a lipid-lowering diet containing lean beef, lean fish, or poultry.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To reach desirable lipid and lipoprotein concentrations, patients with hypercholesterolemia are often told to replace the consumption of beef with that of fish and poultry.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to compare the effects on lipoprotein profiles in hypercholesterolemic men of the incorporation of lean beef, poultry (without skin), and lean fish into an American Heart Association diet with a high polyunsaturated-to-saturated fatty acid ratio and a high fiber content.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three groups of subjects each rotated in a crossover design through 3 experimental periods that lasted 26 d each. The diets were planned to provide 11 713 kJ/d, of which 18% came from protein, 53% from carbohydrate, and 30% from lipids (polyunsaturated-to-monounsaturated-to-saturated fatty acid ratio: 1.0:1.1:1.0); 268 mg cholesterol/d; and 29 g fiber/d.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The lean beef, lean fish, and poultry diets reduced plasma total and LDL cholesterol by 5-9%, LDL apolipoprotein B by 16-19%, VLDL triacylglycerols by 22-31%, and the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol by 6-11%; they also increased the ratio of LDL cholesterol to apolipoprotein B by 18-28%. No significant difference was found in these lipid variables between the 3 experimental diets. However, the lean fish diet increased HDL(2) cholesterol significantly more (P < 0.05) than did the lean beef diet and the ratio of HDL(2) to HDL(3) cholesterol significantly more (P < 0.05) than did the lean beef and poultry diets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that an American Heart Association diet with a high polyunsaturated-to-saturated fatty acid ratio and high fiber content induced numerous favorable changes in coronary artery disease risk factors in hypercholesterolemic men, regardless of the protein source.
authors.affiliation: Département des sciences des aliments et de nutrition, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, Université Laval and the Centre de recherche sur les maladies lipidiques, Centre Hosptalier de l'Université, Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Edith
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Beauchesne-Rondeau
authors.forename: Annie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gascon
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bergeron
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jacques
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D001053:Apolipoproteins / Q000097:blood; D002417:Cattle; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D018752:Diet, Fat-Restricted; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D005399:Fishes; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy*; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat; D008875:Middle Aged; D011200:Poultry; D017747:Seafood
chemical_list: D001053:Apolipoproteins; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D008055:Lipids; D008074:Lipoproteins