title: Between myth and reality: genetically modified maize, an example of a sizeable scientific controversy.
abstract: Maize is a major crop plant with essential agronomical interests and a model plant for genetic studies. With the development of plant genetic engineering technology, many transgenic strains of this monocotyledonous plant have been produced over the past decade. In particular, field-cultivated insect-resistant Bt-maize hybrids are at the centre of an intense debate between scientists and organizations recalcitrant to genetically modified organisms (GMOs). This debate, which addresses both safety and ethical aspects, has raised questions about the impact of genetically modified (GM) crops on the biodiversity of traditional landraces and on the environment. Here, we review some of the key points of maize genetic history as well as the methods used to stably transform this cereal. We describe the genetically engineered Bt-maizes available for field cultivation and we investigate the controversial reports on their impacts on non-target insects such as the monarch butterfly and on the flow of transgenes into Mexican maize landraces.
authors.affiliation: Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, UMR 5667 CNRS-INRA-ENSL-UCBL, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46, allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon cedex 7, France. jpwisnie@ens-lyon.fr
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Wisniewski
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Frangne
authors.forename: Agnès
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Massonneau
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dumas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002080:Butterflies; D005818:Genetic Engineering / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D030781:Organisms, Genetically Modified / Q000378:metabolism; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D014170:Transformation, Genetic; D003313:Zea mays / Q000235:genetics*