title: Bacteraemia in adults due to glucose non-fermentative Gram-negative bacilli other than P. aeruginosa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glucose non-fermentative Gram-negative bacilli other than P. aeruginosa (NF) are emerging pathogens.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, predictors of acquisition, and outcome of bacteraemia due to NF.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of prospectively recorded data.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed episodes of NF bacteraemia in patients older than 14 years, recorded through a blood culture surveillance program. Patients were identified at the time of their bacteraemia and prospectively followed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between January 1991 and December 2000, 296 episodes of NF bacteraemia were detected: 87% were due to Acinetobacter sp., Pseudomonas sp. other than P. aeruginosa, or Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. The global incidence (0.87 cases per 1000 discharges) remained stable during the study period. Patients were of all ages and both sexes, and 282/296 (95.3%) had some predisposing underlying disease or condition, the most common being haematological malignancies without transplantation (85/296, 28.7%), treatment with steroids (78/296, 26.3%), and transplantation (bone marrow or solid organ) (70/296, 23.6%). Fifty (16.9%) were neutropenic. The most common sources of bacteraemia were central venous catheter infection (117/296, 39.5%) and unknown primary site (97/296, 32.8%). Sixty-one episodes (20.6%) were community-acquired and 235 (79.4%) were nosocomial. Forty-three patients (14.5%) died. Pneumonia (RR 1.5, 95%CI 1.1-14.2), age<65 (RR 3.1, 95%CI 1.4-10.3), hospitalization in the intensive care unit (ICU) (RR 3.2, 95%CI 1.3-9.8), rapidly fatal disease (RR 4.9, 95%CI 3.1-12.6), and severe sepsis (RR 9.8, 95%CI 1.6-19.7) were independent predictors of death. Factors predicting the probability that an episode of nosocomial bacteraemia was due to NF included: rapidly fatal disease (RR 1.23, 95%CI 1.02-4.1), age<65 (RR 2.05, 95%CI 1.4-3), hospitalization in the ICU (RR 2.06, 95%CI 1.4-3, and pneumonia (RR 2.1, 95%CI 1.05-4.8).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NF bacteraemia mainly affects patients with malignant haematological disease, with and without transplantation, and patients in the ICU. The most common known source is a central venous catheter, though many sources are unknown. Mortality is relatively low, and depends on the severity of the underlying disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain. fvidal@comt.es
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vidal
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mensa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Almela
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Olona
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Marco
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: López
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Soriano
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Horcajada
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gatell
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Richart
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D003428:Cross Infection; D005260:Female; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors