title: [Myosonographic evaluation of rectus abdominis muscle function after DIEP flap breast reconstruction].
abstract: Donor-site morbidity following autologous breast reconstruction is a well-known disadvantage of free or pedicled TRAM flaps. Bulging and weakness of the abdominal wall and sometimes even hernias occur. Due to recent technical advances in microsurgery, there are different possibilities for breast reconstruction like the deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap which is harvested without rectus muscle. First studies describe good aesthetic results without the complication of hernias and disadvantage of abdominal wall weakness. Myosonography is a new method to test the dynamic rectus muscle function and evaluate the donor-site morbidity after DIEP flap breast reconstruction. This study aims to analyze the value of myosonographic measurements to evaluate the donor-site morbidity following perforator flap elevation of the abdominal wall. Between November 2000 and August 2001, 34 patients at the Markus Hospital in Frankfurt/Main, Germany received breast reconstruction with a DIEP flap. Myosonographic examinations pre- and postoperatively were performed. Furthermore, clinical testing of rectus muscle function with the Janda score in combination with a questionnaire about impairment in daily activities and subjective opinion about discomfort took place. Two months postoperatively, myosonography showed almost identical rectus muscle function at the side of the vessel preparation compared to the contralateral side. Good aesthetic results were also achieved. The absolute muscle thickness at maximum contraction and the difference of muscle thickness between relaxation and contraction were almost identical on both sides. Myosonography is a non-invasive and inexpensive method to test rectus muscle function providing exact and reliable data. Results of this study confirm the hypothesis of lower donor-site morbidity caused by DIEP flaps compared to free or pedicled TRAM flaps. The DIEP flap method for autologous breast reconstruction is highly accepted by patients because of good aesthetic results combined with the lowest possible donor-site morbidity. After more than 180 DIEP flaps with good aesthetic results without abdominal wall hernias this method has become the "gold standard" for autologous breast reconstruction in our department.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Plastische, Wiederherstellungs- und Handchirurgie, Markus-Krankenhaus, Akademisches Lehrkrankenhaus der Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-Universität in Frankfurt am Main. CKaessmann@web.de
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kässmann
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Peek
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Luxenhofer
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Scheufler
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Exner
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000145:classification; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D019074:Epigastric Arteries / Q000601:surgery; D004954:Esthetics; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D016462:Mammaplasty / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009133:Muscular Atrophy / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D017568:Rectus Abdominis / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000098:blood supply; D020858:Tissue and Organ Harvesting; D014463:Ultrasonography