title: Zeolite GdNaY nanoparticles with very high relaxivity for application as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: In this paper we explore Gd(3+)-doped zeolite NaY nanoparticles for their potential application as a contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The nanoparticles have an average size of 80-100 nm, as determined by TEM and XRD. A powdered sample loaded with La3+ was characterised by means of multinuclear solid-state NMR spectroscopy. The NMR dispersion (NMRD) profiles obtained from aqueous suspensions of samples with Gd3+ doping ratios of 1.3-5.4 wt% were obtaining at different temperatures. The relaxivity increases drastically as the Gd3+ loading decreases, with values ranging between 11.4 and 37.7 s-1 mM-1 at 60 MHz and 37 degrees C. EPR spectra of aqueous suspensions of the samples suggest that an interaction between neighbouring Gd3+ ions within the same particle produces a significant increase in the transversal electronic relaxation rates in samples with a high Gd3+ content. The experimental NMRD and EPR data are explained with the use of a model that considers the system as a concentrated aqueous solution of Gd3+ in the interior of the zeolite that is in exchange with the bulk water outside the zeolite. The results obtained indicate that the Gd3+ ion is immobilised in the interior of the zeolite and that the relaxivity is mainly limited by the relatively slow diffusion of water protons from the pores of the zeolite channels into the bulk water.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Platas-Iglesias
authors.forename: Luce
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vander Elst
authors.forename: Wuzong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Robert N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Muller
authors.forename: Carlos F G C
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Geraldes
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maschmeyer
authors.forename: Joop A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Peters
mesh_terms: D003287:Contrast Media / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry*; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000737:chemistry*; D028581:Lanthanoid Series Elements / Q000737:chemistry; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008832:Microchemistry; D011522:Protons; D012996:Solutions / Q000737:chemistry; D017641:Zeolites / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D028581:Lanthanoid Series Elements; D011522:Protons; D012996:Solutions; D017641:Zeolites; D005682:Gadolinium