title: Breast milk fatty acids, eicosanoids, and cytokines in mothers with and without allergic disease.
abstract: Allergic disease (AD), including atopic eczema, asthma, allergic rhinitis, and food allergy, is characterized by an imbalance between cytokines produced by distinct T-helper cell subtypes. Whether this imbalance can be transferred from mother to breast milk remains to be established. The objective was to investigate the concentrations and interactions of nutritional and inflammatory factors in breast milk. Breast milk samples were collected from mothers with AD (n = 43) and without AD (n = 51). The concentrations of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta2, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-4, IL-10, prostaglandin E2, and cysteinyl leukotrienes were measured by immunoassays and fatty acid composition by gas chromatography. Mothers with AD had a lower concentration of TGF-beta2 in breast milk [median (interquartile range), 420 (278-701) ng/L] compared with those without AD [539 (378-1108) ng/L; p = 0.003], whereas other cytokines, prostaglandin E2, and cysteinyl leukotriene concentrations or fatty acid composition were not significantly different between the groups. The breast milk inflammatory factors and fatty acid composition were shown to be related. A positive association was observed between TGF-beta2 and the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (p = 0.038) and a negative association between TGF-beta2 and the proportion of saturated fatty acids (p = 0.029) in breast milk. The reduced TGF-beta2 concentration in the breast milk of mothers with AD may interfere with the development of the mucosal immune system of the breast-fed infant. The observed associations between nutritional and inflammatory factors in breast milk suggest that it may be possible to influence the immunologic properties of breast milk by dietary intervention of the mother.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku, Finland. kirsi.laiho@utu.fi
authors.forename: Kirsi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Laiho
authors.forename: Anna-Maija
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lampi
authors.forename: Mari
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hamalainen
authors.forename: Eeva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Moilanen
authors.forename: Vieno
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Piironen
authors.forename: Taina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Arvola
authors.forename: Stina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Syrjanen
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Isolauri
mesh_terms: D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis*; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000032:analysis*; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000378:metabolism*; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000032:analysis; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000032:analysis; D015289:Leukotrienes / Q000032:analysis; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000276:immunology; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000032:analysis; D053781:Transforming Growth Factor beta2; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000032:analysis; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D005227:Fatty Acids; D015289:Leukotrienes; C509041:TGFB2 protein, human; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053781:Transforming Growth Factor beta2; D014280:Triglycerides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D015847:Interleukin-4; D015232:Dinoprostone