title: Effect of four monthly oral vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) supplementation on fractures and mortality in men and women living in the community: randomised double blind controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of four monthly vitamin D supplementation on the rate of fractures in men and women aged 65 years and over living in the community.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised double blind controlled trial of 100 000 IU oral vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) supplementation or matching placebo every four months over five years.
  
  
  METHODS
  2686 people (2037 men and 649 women) aged 65-85 years living in the general community, recruited from the British doctors register and a general practice register in Suffolk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fracture incidence and total mortality by cause.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After five years 268 men and women had incident fractures, of whom 147 had fractures in common osteoporotic sites (hip, wrist or forearm, or vertebrae). Relative risks in the vitamin D group compared with the placebo group were 0.78 (95% confidence interval 0.61 to 0.99, P=0.04) for any first fracture and 0.67 (0.48 to 0.93, P=0.02) for first hip, wrist or forearm, or vertebral fracture. 471 participants died. The relative risk for total mortality in the vitamin D group compared with the placebo group was 0.88 (0.74 to 1.06, P=0.18). Findings were consistent in men and women and in doctors and the general practice population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Four monthly supplementation with 100 000 IU oral vitamin D may prevent fractures without adverse effects in men and women living in the general community.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Gerontology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ.
authors.forename: Daksha P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Trivedi
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Doll
authors.forename: Kay Tee
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Khaw
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002112:Calcifediol / Q000097:blood; D002762:Cholecalciferol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006365:Heel / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood; D012307:Risk Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D002762:Cholecalciferol; D002112:Calcifediol