title: Interferon-gamma stimulates the expression of the inducible cAMP early repressor in macrophages through the activation of casein kinase 2. A potentially novel pathway for interferon-gamma-mediated inhibition of gene transcription.
abstract: Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) is a pleiotropic cytokine that modulates the immune function, cell proliferation, apoptosis, macrophage activation, and numerous other cellular responses. These biological actions of IFN-gamma are characterized by both the activation and the inhibition of gene transcription. Unfortunately, in contrast to gene activation, the mechanisms through which the cytokine suppresses gene transcription remain largely unclear. We show here for the first time that exposure of macrophages to IFN-gamma leads to a dramatic induction in the expression of the inducible cAMP early repressor (ICER), a potent inhibitor of gene transcription. In addition, a synergistic action of IFN-gamma and calcium in the activation of ICER expression was identified. The IFN-gamma-mediated activation of ICER expression was not blocked by H89, bisindoylmaleimide, SB202190, PD98059, W7, and AG490, which inhibit protein kinase A, protein kinase C, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, and Janus kinase-2, respectively. In contrast, apigenin, a selective casein kinase 2 (CK2) inhibitor, was found to inhibit response. Consistent with this finding, IFN-gamma stimulated CK2 activity and the level of phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein, which is known to induce ICER gene transcription, and this response was inhibited in the presence of apigenin. These studies, therefore, identify a previously uncharacterized pathway, involving the IFN-gamma-mediated stimulation of CK2 activity, activation of cAMP response element-binding protein, and increased production of ICER, which may then play an important role in the inhibition of macrophage gene transcription by this cytokine.
authors.affiliation: Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, P. O. Box 911, Cardiff CF10 3US, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Mead
authors.forename: Timothy R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Irvine
authors.forename: Nishi N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Dipak P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Ramji
mesh_terms: D015124:8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D047310:Apigenin; D015153:Blotting, Western; D000001:Calcimycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D047390:Casein Kinase II; D002460:Cell Line; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D005576:Colforsin / Q000494:pharmacology; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism*; D051786:Cyclic AMP Response Element Modulator; D054746:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type II; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008301:Maleimides / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011485:Protein Binding; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D019284:Thapsigargin / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D020032:Tyrphostins / Q000494:pharmacology; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005419:Flavonoids; D007093:Imidazoles; D007211:Indoles; D008301:Maleimides; D011725:Pyridines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D013449:Sulfonamides; D020032:Tyrphostins; C095512:alpha-cyano-(3,4-dihydroxy)-N-benzylcinnamide; D051786:Cyclic AMP Response Element Modulator; D005576:Colforsin; D015124:8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate; D000001:Calcimycin; C017967:W 7; D019284:Thapsigargin; D047310:Apigenin; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D004247:DNA; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D047390:Casein Kinase II; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D054746:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type II; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C088060:bisindolylmaleimide; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; C090942:4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)imidazole; C093973:2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one; D002118:Calcium