title: How did the recent increase in the supply of coronary operations in Finland affect socioeconomic and gender equity in their use?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore how the increased supply of coronary bypass operations and angioplasties from 1988 to 1996 influenced socioeconomic and gender equity in their use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Register based linkage study; information on coronary procedures from the Finnish Hospital Discharge Register in 1988 and 1996 was individually linked to national population censuses in 1970-1995 to obtain patients' socioeconomic data. Data on both hospitalisations and mortality attributable to coronary heart disease obtained from similar linkage schemes were used to approximate the relative need of procedures in socioeconomic groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Finland, 2,094,846 inhabitants in 1988 and 2,401,027 in 1996 aged 40 years and older, and Discharge Register data from all Finnish hospitals offering coronary procedures in 1988 and 1996.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall rate of coronary revascularisations in Finland increased by about 140% for men and 250% for women from 1988 to 1996. Over the same period, socioeconomic and gender disparities in operation rates diminished, as did the influence of regional supply of procedures on the extent of these differences. However, men, and better off groups in terms of occupation, education, and family income, continued to receive more operations than women and the worse off with the same level of need.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although revascularisations in Finland increased 2.5-fold overall, some socioeconomic and gender inequities persisted in the use of cardiac operations relative to need. To improve equity, a further increase of resources may be needed, and practices taking socioeconomic and gender equity into account should be developed for the referral of coronary heart disease patients to hospital investigations.
authors.affiliation: National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health (STAKES), Outcome and Equity Research, Helsinki, Finland. tiina.hetemaa@stakes.fi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hetemaa
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Keskimäki
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Manderbacka
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Leyland
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koskinen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009204:Myocardial Revascularization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors