title: Retinopathy in sickle cell trait: does it exist?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with sickle cell trait and concomitant systemic disease are known to be at risk for proliferative retinopathy. However, there are reports of retinopathy in patients with sickle cell trait without systemic disease. There are no population-based studies addressing the risk of sickle cell retinopathy in this group. We performed a study to clarify the relation between sickle cell trait and retinopathy in healthy subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the medical records of 100 children with sickle cell disease who attended the Sickle Cell Clinic at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto. We then contacted 200 parents with sickle cell trait, of whom 32 agreed to participate in the study. All participants were proven to have hemoglobin AS status with prior hemoglobin electrophoresis. An ophthalmologic history was obtained, and a complete ophthalmologic examination was performed. We defined sickle cell retinopathy as any salmon patch hemorrhages, iridescent spots, black sunbursts, retinal neovascularization or retinal detachment. The evaluation also included attempts to identify the more subtle signs of sickle cell retinopathy, such as optic nerve head vascular changes, vascular tortuosity, macular changes (e.g., microaneurysms and vascular loops) and peripheral arteriovenous anastamoses. Blood samples were obtained for complete blood count, reticulocyte count and smear.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found no cases of sickle cell retinopathy among the 32 subjects. Ten of 30 subjects had a high reticulocyte count (greater than 120 x 10(9)/L); however, there were no associated eye findings in this subgroup.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that there is no increased risk of retinopathy in healthy people with sickle cell trait.
authors.affiliation: University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nia
authors.forename: Wai-Ching
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Kleinman
authors.forename: Malanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kirby
authors.forename: Eugene S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Kenneth T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Eng
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006451:Hemoglobin, Sickle / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012805:Sickle Cell Trait / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D006451:Hemoglobin, Sickle; C028671:hemoglobin AS