title: From clinical evidence to everyday practice: implementing findings from a cost-effectiveness analysis for endoscopic injection therapy for upper-gastrointestinal bleeding.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A previous upper-gastrointestinal bleeding trial showed that patients treated with repeated fibrin glue injection for upper-gastrointestinal bleeding have significantly less rebleeding than those treated with polidocanol.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To analyse the cost and effectiveness of repeated fibrin glue injection and to investigate whether these results change physicians' attitudes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective random sample of five hospitals from the previous study, collection of cost identification, and follow-up data on 320 patients (155 in the polidocanol group, 165 in the fibrin glue group).
  
  
  METHODS
  An incremental cost-effectiveness analysis and comparison of outcomes was performed using chi-squared tests and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. A survey was carried out using a questionnaire in the five hospitals on local guidelines for management of ulcer bleeding, and its results were analysed qualitatively. The measure of effectiveness is the number of prevented rebleedings. Further variables were length of hospital stay and length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cost for the prevention of one additional rebleeding by repeated fibrin glue treatment amounts to 14,316 +/- 4981 euros (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio). There were no significant differences in length of stays in ICU or in hospital. The physicians did not change their management plans for patients with upper-gastrointestinal bleeding. In a survey, it was seen that other factors, such as local guidelines, attitudes towards new treatment options, and ease of handling of drugs, are more important than a result of a single study for a behavioural change of the doctors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study was not designed prospectively to address a pharmacoeconomic question. As relevant variables (e.g. length of ICU stay) could not be reliably ascertained retrospectively, this may lead to biased estimates of the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Theoretical Surgery, University of Marburg, Klinikum Lahnberge, Germany. sitter@mailer.uni-marburg.de
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sitter
authors.forename: Wilfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lorenz
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Nicolay
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Krack
authors.forename: Armin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hellenbrandt
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zielke
authors.forename: Hartwig
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gajek
authors.forename: Gertrud
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ledertheil
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D015718:Fibrin Tissue Adhesive / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D005858:Germany; D017048:Health Care Costs; D016558:Hemostasis, Endoscopic / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D015718:Fibrin Tissue Adhesive