title: Inhibition of enterovirus 71-induced apoptosis by allophycocyanin isolated from a blue-green alga Spirulina platensis.
abstract: Enterovirus 71 infection causes significant morbidity and mortality in children, yet there is no effective treatment. In this study, a protein-bound pigment, allophycocyanin purified from blue-green algae is first reported to exhibit anti-enterovirus 71 activity. Allophycocyanin neutralized the enterovirus 71-induced cytopathic effect in both human rhabdomyosarcoma cells and African green monkey kidney cells. The 50% inhibitory concentration of allophycocyanin for neutralizing the enterovirus 71-induced cytopathic effect was approximately 0.045 +/- 0.012 microM in green monkey kidney cells. The cytotoxic concentrations of allophycocyanin for rhabdomyosarcoma cells and African green monkey kidney cells were 1.653 +/- 0.003 microM and 1.521 +/- 0.012 microM, respectively. A plaque reduction assay showed that the concentrations of allophycocyanin for reducing plaque formation by 50% were approximately 0.056 +/- 0.007 microM and 0.101 +/- 0.032 microM, when allophycocyanin were added at the state of viral adsorption and post-adsorption, respectively. Antiviral activity was more efficient in cultures treated with allophycocyanin before viral infection compared with that in the cultures treated after infection. Allophycocyanin was also able to delay viral RNA synthesis in the infected cells and to abate the apoptotic process in enterovirus 71-infected rhabdomyosarcoma cells with evidence of characteristic DNA fragmentation, decreasing membrane damage and declining cell sub-G1 phase. It is concluded that allophycocyanin possesses antiviral activity and has a potential for development as an anti-enterovirus 71 agent.
authors.affiliation: School of Medical Technology, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shin-Ru
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Shih
authors.forename: Kun-Nan
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Yi-Shuane
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Chuang-Chun
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chueh
authors.forename: Err-Cheng
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis; D000458:Cyanobacteria / Q000737:chemistry*; D003588:Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral / Q000187:drug effects*; D004770:Enterovirus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D010798:Phycocyanin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D018233:Rhabdomyosarcoma, Embryonal / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D010948:Viral Plaque Assay
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D012367:RNA, Viral; C002497:allophycocyanin; D010798:Phycocyanin