Knowledge dissemination and utilization in gerontology: an organizing framework.
OBJECTIVE
Enabling valuable research findings to be used by the field requires a strategic approach to dissemination and utilization rather than simply making constituencies aware of the information. This article describes a conceptual framework for the dissemination and utilization of information, along with examples of its use by the Boston University Roybal Center for Enhancement of Late Life Function.


METHODS
The framework identifies dissemination/utilization goals of exposure, experience, expertise, and embedding ("4 E") and relates each goal to strategies targeted for specific users.


CONCLUSIONS
The Boston University center exposed the field to information through presentations, print- and Web-based information, provided consumers and family members with new findings through motivational videotapes, developed expertise-level training programs, and embedded the new findings within organizations and systems. The 4 E framework can translate critical research outcomes into useful information to assist the field to better care and support available for individuals in late life.
Farkas
Marianne
M
Roybal Center for the Enhancement of Late Life Functioning, Sargent College of Health and Rehabilitation Scences, Boston University, MA 02215, USA. mfarkas@bu.edu
Jette
Alan M
AM
Tennstedt
Sharon
S
Haley
Stephen M
SM
Quinn
Virginia
V
D000368:Aged; D001900:Boston; D015444:Exercise; D005853:Geriatrics / Q000193:education* / Q000379:methods / Q000458:organization & administration; D006302:Health Services Research / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007255:Information Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019359:Knowledge; D011050:Policy Making