title: Peyronie's disease: a review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We provide a current review of Peyronie's disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the world peer reviewed literature on the pathology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of Peyronie's disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of Peyronie's disease has continuously increased during the last 30 years. However, fewer patients need prosthesis surgery as the sole treatment option because of earlier diagnosis, improved medical therapy, refinement in surgical technique and better understanding of the basic sciences of the disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Currently patients with Peyronie's disease have had improvements in prognosis and experienced an expansion of the available therapeutic options.
authors.affiliation: Knupps Molecular Urology Laboratory, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 94143, USA.
authors.forename: Shahram S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Gholami
authors.forename: Nestor F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Cadavid
authors.forename: Ching-Shwu
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rajfer
authors.forename: Tom F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Lue
mesh_terms: D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics; D002455:Cell Division / Q000235:genetics; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000473:pathology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055435:Myostatin; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010411:Penile Induration / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D010413:Penis / Q000473:pathology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1
chemical_list: C525911:MSTN protein, human; D055435:Myostatin; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C508960:TGFB1 protein, human; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1