title: N-acetylcysteine ameliorates renal microcirculation: studies in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  N-acetylcysteine (NAC) administration has been shown to ameliorate experimental acute renal failure induced by ischemia-reflow, and was found to prevent radiocontrast nephropathy in high-risk patients. While the protective effect of NAC has been primarily attributed to scavenging oxygen free radicals, improving renal microcirculation also may play a role in the prevention of acute renal failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was designed to explore the effect of NAC on renal microcirculation. Blood pressure, total renal blood flow and selective regional cortical and outer medullary blood flow were continuously monitored in anesthetized Sprague Dawley rats with ultrasonic and laser-Doppler probes during the infusion of NAC (60 mg/kg).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In control intact rats blood pressure and renal microcirculation were unaffected by NAC. By contrast, following renal vasoconstriction induced by the radiocontrast agent iothalamate meglumine, NAC decreased total, cortical and medullary vascular resistance by 7 to 10% (P < 0.05). NAC also reduced renal vascular resistance by 16% when given during angiotensin II infusion (P < 0.05). Altered renal microcirculation, induced by the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin, by the nitric oxide synthase-inhibitor, Nomeganitro-l-arginine (L-NAME), or with their combination was partially restored by NAC. Nevertheless, NAC administration failed to attenuate renal function and morphology in a rat model of acute renal failure with selective outer medullary hypoxic injury, induced by indomethacin, L-NAME and iothalamate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NAC ameliorates renal vasoconstriction, an effect that seems to be mediated by mechanisms other than prostaglandins and nitric oxide. The potential renoprotective outcome of NAC and the role of its vasodilating effect on the pre-constricted renal vasculature should be evaluated further.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Hadassah University Hospital, Mt. Scopus and the Hebrew University Medical School, and Nephrology Unit, Bikur Holim Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel. Heyman@cc.huji.ac.il
authors.forename: Samuel N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Heyman
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goldfarb
authors.forename: Ahuva
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shina
authors.forename: Fanny
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Karmeli
authors.forename: Seymor
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rosen
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D000818:Animals; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007672:Kidney Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007679:Kidney Medulla / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000187:drug effects; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012079:Renal Circulation / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D015232:Dinoprostone; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; D000111:Acetylcysteine