title: Factors associated with detection of bromoxynil in a sample of rural residents.
abstract: In regions of intensive crop production residents may be exposed to herbicides through direct contact or environmental sources.  The environmental herbicide exposures of rural populations and resultant potential health effects are not well understood.  Epidemiologic studies or herbicides have focused on occupational exposures using, primarily, self-reported data (e.g., information on occupational and non-occupational herbicide use, agricultural practices and exposures, farm residence).  Herbicide exposure characterization in epidemiologic research would be strengthened by the use of self-reported data and biological monitoring (e.g. measuring the herbicide parent compound or its metabolites in blood or urine specimens) to classify individual exposures,  identify factors associated with exposure, and obtain integrated estimates of exposure.  As both exposure metrics are susceptible to measurement error and some self-reported and biological monitoring data might not be correlated, a worthwhile first step is to identify self-reported data that are statistically associated with biological measures or exposure.  This study use gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis to measure blood  plasma concentrations of target herbicides in a sample of rural residents (men, women, and youths) of Saskatchewan, Canada, and identified factors, based on self-reported data, associated with detection.  The questionnaire data and blood specimens were collected in February/March 1996 during winter (frozen soil and water and snow cover) conditions.  Sixty-four of the 332 study participants (19.3%) had detectable levels of the herbicide bromoxynil although herbicide application in the region had not occurred for approximately 5 mo and bromoxynil has a relatively short environmental half-life.  The prevalence of detection of other target herbicides (2,4-D, triallate, trifluralin, dicamba, fenoxaprop, MCPA, and ethalfluralin) varied from 0.3% to 2.7%. Self reported factors identified in the multiple-variable analysis as statistically significant predictors of bromoxynil detection included recent exposure to grain production as the main farming operation (statistically significant for producers and for non-farming  family members of producers), a history of bromoxynil use, a history of  having felt ill with a pesticide exposure and a history of pesticide spill on skin or clothing, with apparent gender differences in the relative importance of these factors.  Detection of bromoxynil in this rural sample, 3-4 mo after freeze-up and winter snow cover, suggests either that bromoxynil is very slowly metabolized/excreted from the body or study participants were environmentally or occupationally exposed tothe herbicide during this period.  Further research is needed to elucidate the pathways of exposure, biological half-life, and potentialhuman health effects of bromoxynil.
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing and Institute of Agricultural, Rural, and Environmental Health (I.ARE.H), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. semchuk@sask.usask.ca
authors.forename: Karen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Semchuk
authors.forename: Helen H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: McDuffie
authors.forename: Ambikaipakan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Senthilselvan
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Dosman
authors.forename: Allan J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Cessna
authors.forename: Donald G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Irvine
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000383:Agriculture; D002648:Child; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006540:Herbicides / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009570:Nitriles / Q000097:blood*; D015995:Prevalence; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012423:Rural Health; D012525:Saskatchewan / Q000453:epidemiology; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D009570:Nitriles; C006826:bromoxynil