title: Approaches to pharmacy benefit management and the impact of consumer cost sharing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Numerous mechanisms have been introduced to deliver prescription drug benefits while controlling pharmaceutical costs. An understanding of the most prominent mechanisms of benefit management is an important step in determining the most effective approach to take in future years.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this review were to illustrate the mechanisms by which managed care has attempted to efficiently and equitably deliver pharmacy benefits and to discuss the impact of such programs, including consumer cost sharing.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of the literature was conducted using the PreMedline and MEDLINE databases from the years 1966 to 2002, reference lists from relevant articles, and online sources, including news releases, conference materials, and pharmacy benefit management reports.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Numerous pharmacy benefit management tools and their impact on utilization, expenditures, and health outcomes are reviewed, including disease state management; utilization management (ie, quantity limitations and prior authorization); drug utilization review; formulary management (ie, open and closed); delivery systems (ie, retail and mail order); and mechanisms for implementing consumer cost sharing (ie, generic incentives, multitiered copayments, and co-insurance). Although there is some evidence to suggest that certain benefit management tools have been successful in reducing health plan expenditures, a more thorough investigation of their potential unintended consequences is needed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Implementing adequate levels of consumer cost sharing is necessary if employers and health plans are to continue offering prescription drug benefits. It is important to remember, however, that quality health care cannot be forfeited for the sake of short-term cost savings.
authors.affiliation: The University of Arizona, College of Pharmacy, Center for Health Outcomes and PharmacoEconomic Research, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0207, USA.
authors.forename: Bridget M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Olson
mesh_terms: D003256:Community Participation; D017047:Cost Sharing / Q000639:trends*; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000191:economics; D017723:Drug Utilization Review; D005569:Formularies as Topic; D006264:Health Benefit Plans, Employee / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D019458:Insurance Coverage; D007356:Insurance, Pharmaceutical Services / Q000191:economics*; D008329:Managed Care Programs / Q000191:economics*; D008509:Medication Systems; D011306:Prescription Fees / Q000639:trends; D014481:United States