title: Linking alcohol- and drug-dependent adults to primary medical care: a randomized controlled trial of a multi-disciplinary health intervention in a detoxification unit.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pragmatic approaches to integration of medical care and substance abuse treatment are desired. We assessed the effectiveness of a novel multi-disciplinary clinic for linking patients in a residential detoxification program to primary medical care.
  
  
  METHODS
  We enrolled patients undergoing in-patient detoxification from alcohol, heroin or cocaine who had no primary care physician into a randomized controlled trial. The intervention consisted of a clinical evaluation at the detoxification unit in the health evaluation and linkage to primary care (HELP) clinic by a nurse, social worker and physician and facilitated referral to an off-site primary care clinic. The primary outcome of interest was attendance at a primary care appointment within 12 months. Secondary outcomes assessed over 24 months were addiction severity, health-related quality of life, utilization of medical and addiction services and HIV risk behaviors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 470 subjects enrolled, 235 were randomized to the HELP clinic intervention. Linkage to primary medical care occurred in 69% of the intervention group compared to 53% in the control group (P = 0.0003). The clinic was similarly effective for subjects with alcohol and illicit drug problems. Randomization to the HELP clinic resulted in no significant differences in secondary outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The HELP clinic, a multi-disciplinary clinic located in a detoxification unit, effectively linked alcohol- and drug-dependent individuals to primary medical care. This intervention utilized a 'reachable moment', the period of addiction care, as a window of opportunity for linking substance abusers to medical care.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Addiction Research and Education Unit, Section of General Internal Medicine, the Department of Medicine, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA. jsamet@bu.edu
authors.forename: Jeffrey H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Samet
authors.forename: Mary Jo
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Horton
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Doyle
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Winter
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Saitz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000628:therapy; D003266:Continuity of Patient Care / Q000458:organization & administration; D019033:Delivery of Health Care, Integrated / Q000458:organization & administration*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008404:Massachusetts; D008875:Middle Aged; D010348:Patient Care Team / Q000458:organization & administration; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D016320:Substance Abuse Treatment Centers / Q000458:organization & administration*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000628:therapy*