title: Studies on dialysate mixing in the Genius single-pass batch system for hemodialysis therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Genius single-pass batch system for hemodialysis contains a closed reservoir and dialysate circuit of 75 L dialysate. The unused dialysate is withdrawn at the top of the reservoir and the spent fluid is reintroduced into the container at the bottom. Although it has been claimed that both fractions remain unmixed during the dialysis session, no direct proof of this assumption has yet been provided. In the present study, we investigated whether contamination of the unused dialysate with uremic solutes occurred and at which time point it began. Two different dialysate temperatures were compared.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten chronic hemodialysis patients were dialyzed twice with the Genius system, with dialysate prepared at 37 degrees C and 38.5 degrees C, respectively. The sessions lasted 270 minutes with blood/dialysate flow set at 300 mL/min. Dialysate was sampled at 5, 60, 180, 210, 225, 230, 235, 240, 255, and 270 minutes both from the inlet and outlet dialysate line and blood was sampled from the arterial line predialysis, after 4 hours, and postdialysis. All samples were tested for osmolality, urea, creatinine, p-cresol, hippuric acid, and indoxyl sulfate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Uremic solutes appeared in the inlet dialysate line between 3 hours 50 minutes and 4 hours 10 minutes after the start of dialysis, corresponding to 68.6 and 74.7 L spent dialysate, respectively (37 degrees C vs. 38.5 degrees C; P = NS). No difference in the amount of removed solutes and in the serum levels was observed between 37 degrees C and 38.5 degrees C. A Kt/V of 1.17 +/- 0.20 and 1.18 +/- 0.26, respectively, was reached with the 37 degrees C and 38.5 degrees C dialysate temperature (P = NS).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Contamination with uremic solutes occurred at the dialysate inlet only near the end of the session when small quantities of fresh dialysate were left in the container. Differences in dialysate temperature did not result in a different separation between used and unused dialysate, or in differences in removal of toxins or Kt/V.
authors.affiliation: Renal Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium. annmie.dhondt@rug.ac.be
authors.forename: Annemieke W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Dhondt
authors.forename: Raymond C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Vanholder
authors.forename: Rita V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: De Smet
authors.forename: Stefaan A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Claus
authors.forename: Marie-Anne
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Waterloos
authors.forename: Griet L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Glorieux
authors.forename: Joris R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Delanghe
authors.forename: Norbert H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Lameire
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003408:Cresols / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D015312:Hemodialysis Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D011137:Polystyrenes; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D014508:Urea / Q000097:blood; D014511:Uremia / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D003408:Cresols; D015312:Hemodialysis Solutions; D011137:Polystyrenes; C032538:4-cresol; D014508:Urea; D003404:Creatinine