title: Long-term survival of intratesticular porcine islets in nonimmunosuppressed beagles.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The testis is an immunoprivileged organ, and at 37 degrees C, the intratesticular microenvironment supports the survival of allogeneic islets. The objective of this study was to determine whether the immunoprotection afforded by the intratesticular environment is potent enough to prevent the rejection of xenogeneic porcine islets in a large-animal model.
  
  
  METHODS
  A bilateral cryptorchid condition was surgically created in sexually mature beagle dogs. Porcine islets were prepared from neonatal pigs by collagenase digestion and 9 days of culture, after which they were injected into each of the cryptorchid testes. Control dogs received liver subcapsular space transplants of porcine islets and autologous islets. After 100 days, the testes and relevant portions of liver were studied immunohistochemically for the presence of islet tissue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The testicular interstitial space of all dogs contained abundant islet tissue. No evidence of lymphocytic infiltration or inflammation was observed. In contrast, porcine islets transplanted to the liver subcapsular space do not survive, although autologous islets engraft well in that position. This occurs even though the recipient's serum contains preformed cytotoxic antibodies to porcine islets that persist after transplantation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that the microenvironment existing within the surgically repositioned intra-abdominal testis supports the survival of xenogeneic tissue. The survival of xenogeneic tissue in the absence of immunosuppression in this large-animal model raises the possibility that xenogeneic porcine islet tissue will also survive in humans if transplanted into a similar environment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC, USA. pgores@carolinas.org.
authors.forename: Paul F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Gores
authors.forename: Daniel H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.forename: M Jane
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Copeland
authors.forename: Gregory S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Korbutt
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Halberstadt
authors.forename: Shaun A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Kirkpatrick
authors.forename: Ray V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Rajotte
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D035061:Control Groups; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D006085:Graft Survival; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000473:pathology; D016381:Islets of Langerhans Transplantation; D008099:Liver / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D019738:Surgically-Created Structures; D013552:Swine; D013737:Testis / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013997:Time Factors; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D016042:Transplantation, Heterotopic