title: Immunonutrients and neonates.
abstract: The gastrointestinal tract is the largest surface area of the body and the primary site for microorganisms, foreign antigens and toxins to gain entry to the host's internal milieu. The use of enteral feedings enriched with immune-enhancing ingredients is attracting considerable interest because there is increasing application of enteral feeding and appreciation of the role of the gut in the development of infection and of multiple organ failure in critically ill patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  in this review, we will discuss nutrients, such as glutamine, arginine, omega 3 fatty acids, nucleotides, probiotics, and lactoferrin, and how they might be used as immunonutrients in neonatal clinics.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiao Mei
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Florida College of Medicine, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, Florida 32610, HD 513 , USA. neuj@peds.ufl.edu.
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Neu
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004064:Digestive System / Q000276:immunology*; D004750:Enteral Nutrition / Q000379:methods*; D005973:Glutamine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D007781:Lactoferrin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019936:Probiotics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018746:Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D005973:Glutamine; D007781:Lactoferrin