title: Costs of drug delivery for CHOP, COP/CVP, and fludarabine: an international assessment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this analysis was to assess the real-life direct costs of drug delivery for frequently used chemotherapeutic regimens in patients with relapsed low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL).
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective analysis of direct costs of drug delivery (acquisition plus administration) of relapsed low-grade NHL in 424 patients in Canada, Germany, and Italy. Results were expressed as an average treatment cost per patient for six cycles of chemotherapy. Exchange rates used were $1 (Canada)= currency 0.672, 1 DM (Germany)= currency 0.511, and 1 Lit (Italy)= currency 0.000517.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Direct costs of drug delivery were greater for inpatients receiving fludarabine (Canada currency 12,669; Italy currency 13,027) than for CHOP (Canada currency 7856; Germany currency 7218; Italy currency 4251) or COP/CVP (Canada currency 7360; Germany currency 8449). Treatment administration setting was a major cost driver with inpatient treatment up to 9-fold more expensive than the same regimen given to outpatients. Drug administration costs comprised the largest proportion of the total for each regimen in the inpatient setting (69-98%). Costs of drug delivery in the outpatient setting were 10% to 65% of those in the inpatient setting. Again, fludarabine was more expensive (Italy currency 8493; Canada currency 7269) than CHOP (Canada currency 4403; Germany currency 2150; Italy currency 1264) and COP/CVP (Canada currency 3009; Germany currency 867). Administration costs were 2.5- to 15-fold higher for inpatients compared to outpatients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Costs of drug administration are a major driver for total direct treatment costs in the treatment of relapsed low-grade NHL and are at least as important as drug acquisition costs. Drug administration practices, in terms of inpatient or outpatient treatment, are a major factor in determining overall direct costs. Therapeutic strategies, which offer shortened treatment duration and/or a simple mode of administration, are likely to be economically attractive.
authors.affiliation: HELIOS-Klinikum Erfurt, Erfut, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Herold
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hieke
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002170:Canada; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016527:Drug Costs; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011239:Prednisolone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011241:Prednisone / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014740:Vidarabine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014750:Vincristine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D014750:Vincristine; D004317:Doxorubicin; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D011239:Prednisolone; D014740:Vidarabine; C024352:fludarabine; D011241:Prednisone