title: Endoscopic sclerotherapy for bleeding oesophageal varices: experience in Sudan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bleeding due to oesophageal varices is the commonest cause of upper gastrointestinal tract haemorrhage in Sudan. Endoscopic injection sclerotherapy (EST) is a valuable therapeutic modality for the management of variceal bleeding. Other options for treatment such as variceal banding are either expensive or unavailable.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  A retrospective study to evaluate the outcome of EST in the management of bleeding oesophageal varices due to portal hypertension in a developing country (Sudan).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1070 patients over a period of 10 years (1986-1996) were studied. Inclusion criteria was bleeding oesophageal varices consequent to portal hypertension. EST was performed using a standard technique. Ethanolamine oleate 5% was the sclerosing agent utilized. The procedure was done on a day- case basis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 904 males (84.5%) and 166 females (15.5%). The cause of portal hypertension was schistosomal periportal fibrosis (PPF) in 999 (93.3%) patients, liver cirrhosis 59 (5.5%), mixed PPF and cirrhosis 5 (0.46%), portal vein thrombosis 6 (0.64%) and congenital hepatic fibrosis was present in 1 patient. A total of 100 (9.4%) patients presented with bleeding which occurred after surgery. Full obliteration of varices required a mean of 4 sessions with a range of 2-6. 462 (43.2%) have been followed up until complete sclerosis of varices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides evidence that endoscopic injection sclerotherapy is an essential component in the management of bleeding oesophageal varices caused by portal hypertension. It is a feasible and a cost-effective therapeutic strategy in developing countries.
authors.affiliation: National Centre for Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease, Ibn Sina Hospital Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan. bahagasm@mailcity.com
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gasim
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Fedail
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Musaad
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Salih
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ibn-Ouf
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004724:Endoscopy; D004932:Esophageal and Gastric Varices / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D006975:Hypertension, Portal / Q000209:etiology; D007267:Injections; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009829:Oleic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012555:Schistosomiasis mansoni / Q000150:complications; D012597:Sclerosing Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015911:Sclerotherapy / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D009829:Oleic Acids; D012597:Sclerosing Solutions; C033343:ethanolamine oleate