title: Spasticity in multiple sclerosis.
abstract: The objective of this article is to establish the prevalence of spasticity in a random selection of people with multiple sclerosis (MS) in the city of Newcastle upon Tyne in the Northeast of England. A secondary aim was to assess the adequacy of current pharmacological intervention for spasticity and assess the relationship between spasticity and overall disability. The study design was a simple comparison that examined differences in functional independence in 2 random groups of people with MS subdivided by the presence of clinically significant spasticity. A total of 68 adults with a diagnosis of clinically definite MS were included in the study. Their level of functional independence was assessed using the Newcastle Independence Assessment Form (NIAF), the Functional Independence Measure (FIM), and the Kurtzke Extended Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Spasticity was assessed using the Modified Ashworth Scale. A subjective analysis was made of the appropriateness of oral antispastic medication by a rehabilitation physician. Thirty-two people (47%) had clinically significant spasticity (Modified Ashworth Score of 2, 3, or 4). Seventy-eight percent of the population were receiving some oral antispastic medication, but 50% were deemed to require some drug adjustment or additional treatment. Individuals with spasticity were found to have significantly higher levels of disability than those who had no spasticity or clinically insignificant spasticity. This study has confirmed that spasticity is highly prevalent in the MS population and is significantly associated with a reduced level of functional independence. Treatment of spasticity is suboptimal in a large proportion of the population, and the need for further information and education to health professionals and to people with MS is highlighted.
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit of Neurological Rehabilitation, Hunters Moor Regional Neurological Rehabilitation Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4NR, UK. m.p.barnes@btinternet.com
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Kent
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Semlyen
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: McMullen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018726:Anti-Dyskinesia Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001418:Baclofen / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation
chemical_list: D018726:Anti-Dyskinesia Agents; D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central; D001905:Botulinum Toxins; D001418:Baclofen