title: Zinc sulfate addition to glass-ionomer-based cements: influence on physical and antibacterial properties, zinc and fluoride release.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of ZnSO(4) addition to a conventional glass ionomer and a resin-modified glass ionomer on solubility, flexural strength, zinc and fluoride (F) release, and Streptococcus mutans growth inhibition.
  
  
  METHODS
  5 or 10% ZnSO(4) was added to Vitremer and Ketac-Fil powders. Solubility test was performed based on ISO 7489. Flexural strength was determined by 3-point bending test based on ISO 4049. Zn release/uptake was determined by atomic emission spectrometry; F release/uptake was measured using a F-specific electrode. Both release measurements were performed for 15 d before and 15 d after recharging. Antibacterial test was conducted according to agar plate methods against S. mutans, by measuring the inhibition halos in 1-h and 15-d specimens. Data were analyzed by ANOVA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Solubility increased with higher ZnSO(4) content, but remained below the ISO 7489 limit. Flexural strength was not affected by ZnSO(4) addition, and Vitremer performed better than Ketac-Fil. The control materials released no zinc. Vitremer with 10% ZnSO(4) released the highest amount of zinc. Fluoride release was similar for Ketac-Fil and Vitremer. In both cases, the highest amounts were released in the first 24 h. The growth inhibition halo of S. mutans was similar for both materials with highest content of ZnSO(4) and occurred only with 1-h specimens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Zinc addition decreased microorganisms growth and improved fluoride release, without significantly affecting the materials' flexural strength and solubility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Prudencio W R
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Osinaga
authors.forename: Rosa Helena M
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Grande
authors.forename: Rafael Y
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Ballester
authors.forename: Maria Regina L
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Simionato
authors.forename: Célia Regina M
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Delgado Rodrigues
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Muench
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D004058:Diffusion; D005459:Fluorides / Q000737:chemistry*; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008298:Maleates / Q000737:chemistry; D008422:Materials Testing; D018583:Pliability; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D012995:Solubility; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors; D015032:Zinc / Q000737:chemistry*; D019287:Zinc Sulfate / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D003188:Composite Resins; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; D008298:Maleates; D019279:Resin Cements; C084550:Vitremer; D019287:Zinc Sulfate; C040964:Ketac-Fil; D015032:Zinc; D005459:Fluorides