title: Antibiotic susceptibility and serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from Hungary.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hungary has reported one of the highest incidences of penicillin resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae in Europe since the 1970s and is still cited accordingly. However, since the end of the 1990s the resistance of pneumococci in Hungary has not been investigated. In this study we assessed the current situation, particularly to establish whether the incidence of resistance is increasing and if this could be related to the spread of specific strain types.
  
  
  METHODS
  Isolates of S. pneumoniae (n = 304) were collected by five diagnostic laboratories in Hungary in 2000-2002. Their identity was confirmed and their susceptibilities to 16 antibiotics were determined by the agar dilution method according to NCCLS guidelines. Representative strains were serotyped (n = 112).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found significantly lower resistance rates for penicillin compared with the data previously reported from Hungary, but the intermediate resistance was high, at 37%. Macrolide resistance was a bigger problem ( approximately 40% for erythromycin), although there was full susceptibility to telithromycin. The strains with the highest MICs were isolated from carriers and young children. The fluoroquinolones were very effective, especially moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin. There was full susceptibility to vancomycin and linezolid. We found inconsistencies with previous reports in the survey of the resistance and identification of S. pneumoniae in the country. The serotype distribution of the isolates showed a much greater diversity than had previously been reported; however, there was correlation between serotype and resistance.
authors.affiliation: Medical Microbiology, Medical School, Teviot Place, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.
authors.forename: Orsolya
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Dobay
authors.forename: Ferenc
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rozgonyi
authors.forename: Edit
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hajdú
authors.forename: Erzsébet
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nagy
authors.forename: Márta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knausz
authors.forename: Sebastian G B
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Amyes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D006814:Hungary / Q000453:epidemiology; D007223:Infant; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D010403:Penicillin Resistance; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D012703:Serotyping; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents