title: Removal of microbes from municipal wastewater effluent by rapid sand filtration and subsequent UV irradiation.
abstract: The elimination of wastewater microbes is often necessary when effluent receiving waters are reused for different purposes e.g. for irrigation or as a raw water source of drinking water. In the present study, rapid sand filtration (SF) combined with the use of polyaluminium chloride coagulation was used as a pre-treatment to improve the quality of wastewater effluent before further treatment with UV irradiation. Pilot-scale experiments were run in four treatment plants in Finland. Treatment performance was followed by measuring physical and microbial parameters. Rapid sand filtration reduced suspended solids, turbidity and colour of effluents by about 90%, 70-80% and 20-50% respectively. It also improved the UV transmittance of water by up to 20%. Microbes and phosphorus were reduced by 90-99% and to 0.05 mg/L respectively. UV irradiation further reduced the number of microbes up to 99.9%. The efficiency of UV doses in pilot UV reactors was confirmed with collimated-beam device determinations and with added FRNA phages. More than 99.9% reduction of MS2 was achieved with the dose of 140mWs/cm2 in pilot UV reactors. Rapid sand filtration and the subsequent UV irradiation reduced the number of all the tested microbes to a low level, often below the detection limit. Suspended solids and the water turbidity were reduced to 1-2 mg/L and approximately 1 NTU respectively.
authors.affiliation: University of Kuopio, Dept of Environmental Sciences, POB 1627, FIN 70211 Kuopio, Finland. ritva.rajala@uku.fi
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Rajala
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pulkkanen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pessi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Heinonen-Tanski
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D005374:Filtration; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D014871:Water Microbiology; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D010758:Phosphorus; D012822:Silicon Dioxide