title: Experimental thermoradiotherapy in malignant hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The human liver is known to be a relatively radiosensitive organ that develops clinically relevant late radiation hepatitis subsequent to whole liver treatment with total doses above 30 Gy in conventional fractionation. Experimental data, as well as clinical series, have demonstrated that hyperthermia of solid tumors in addition to radiotherapy enhances tumor growth inhibition and tumor control probability. We therefore developed an experimental model for combined radiotherapy and hyperthermia of the liver in transplantable rat Morris hepatoma 3924A.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cube of approximately 8 mm(3) was implanted subcapsularly into the middle liver lobe of 59 male syngenic ACI rats weighing approximately 180-200 g. On Day 16 after tumor implantation, irradiation of the tumor-bearing liver with either 0 Gy/25 Gy/35 Gy/45 Gy total dose in 10 fractions +/- hyperthermia (target temperature 40-42 degrees C) twice a week was initiated. Energy deposition was monitored by temperature probes in the liver and esophagus of the rats. Determination of tumor volume with magnetic resonance imaging was performed 2 to 5 weeks after the end of therapy. The tumor growth rates could be estimated for 44 rats. If the growth rate was positive (37 rats), the inverse of the growth rate was interpreted as the time to 10-fold tumor volume. Otherwise the maximum observation time was considered as a censored value in a parametric survival analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intrahepatic temperature probes showed a temperature plateau of greater than 40 degrees C after 5 to 8 min subsequent to initiation of hyperthermia. The target temperatures could be maintained for at least 22 min > or =40 degrees C and 10 min > or =41 degrees C, respectively. Median plateau temperature in liver, esophagus, and epicutaneously was 41.2 degrees C (standard deviation [SD] 0.7 degrees C; range 38.2 to 43.3 degrees C), 40.4 degrees C (SD 1.08 degrees C; range 38.9 to 41.8 degrees C), and 40.8 degrees C (SD 0.8 degrees C; range 38.2 to 42.7 degrees C), respectively. Elevation of the temperature in the esophagus correlated with intrahepatic temperatures in the range of 39-42 degrees C, r = 0.957. The increase in time to 10-fold tumor volume for each step of irradiation dosage was by 34% (95% confidence interval [CI] 20% to 49%) without hyperthermia and by 60% (95% CI 47% to 80%) with hyperthermia (p < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment outcome after experimental percutaneous thermoradiotherapy in intrahepatically implanted Morris hepatoma 3924A was related to total dose of irradiation and concurrently administered regional hyperthermia. An increased radiosensitivity due to hyperthermia (<42 degrees C) has to be assumed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Eberhard-Karls University, Tübingen, Germany. thomas.hehr@med.uni-tuebingen.de
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hehr
authors.forename: Wilfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Budach
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Lamprecht
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Belka
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Classen
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Trübenbach
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wehrmann
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dietz
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bamberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D006505:Hepatitis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced / Q000295:instrumentation; D008099:Liver / Q000528:radiation effects; D008102:Liver Circulation; D008114:Liver Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011833:Radiation Injuries, Experimental / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011846:Radio Waves; D011882:Radiotherapy, High-Energy / Q000009:adverse effects; D051381:Rats; D011912:Rats, Inbred ACI