title: Gender differences in drug effects: implications for anesthesiologists.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The gender aspect in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of anesthetics has attracted little attention. Knowledge of previous work is required to decide if gender-based differences in clinical practice is justified, and to determine the need for research.
  
  
  METHODS
  Basis for this paper was obtained by Medline searches using the key words 'human' and 'gender' or 'sex,' combined with individual drug names. The reference lists of these papers were further checked for other relevant studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Females have 20-30% greater sensitivity to the muscle relaxant effects of vecuronium, pancuronium and rocuronium. When rapid onset of or short duration of action is very important, gender-modified dosing may be considered. Males are more sensitive than females to propofol. It may therefore be necessary to decrease the propofol dose by 30-40% in males compared with females in order to achieve similar recovery times. Females are more sensitive than males to opioid receptor agonists, as shown for morphine as well as for a number of kappa (OP2) receptor agonists. On this basis, males will be expected to require 30-40% higher doses of opioid analgesics than females to achieve similar pain relief. On the other hand, females may experience respiratory depression and other adverse effects more easily if they are given the same doses as males.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These examples illustrate that gender should be taken into account as a factor that may be predictive for the dosage of several anesthetic drugs. Moreover, there is an obvious need for more research in this area in order to further optimize drug treatment in anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Anesthesia & Intensive Care, St Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pleym
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Spigset
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Kharasch
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Dale
mesh_terms: D018663:Adrenergic Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D000777:Anesthetics / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013256:Steroids
chemical_list: D018663:Adrenergic Agents; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000777:Anesthetics; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D013256:Steroids