title: Urinary aquaporin-2 in healthy humans and patients with liver cirrhosis and chronic heart failure during baseline conditions and after acute water load.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with liver cirrhosis and chronic heart failure (CHF) have a reduced capacity to excrete water. Studies in healthy humans have shown that an acute water load reduces the excretion of aquaporin-2 in urine (u-AQP-2). We wanted to test the hypothesis that an acute water load reduces u-AQP-2 less in patients with liver cirrhosis or CHF than in healthy humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen healthy subjects, 14 patients with liver cirrhosis, and 14 patients with CHF were given an oral water load of 20 mL/kg. Urine was collected every 30 minutes for 4 hours for analysis of u-AQP-2. Blood samples were drawn at the beginning and at the end of the study for analysis of arginine vasopressin (AVP). u-AQP-2 was determined by radioimmunoassay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the study period, urinary output was 22.8% higher than water intake in the healthy controls and increased 14-fold from baseline, but in patients with liver cirrhosis and CHF urinary output was 14% and 24% less than the intake, while urinary output increased 7- and 19-fold from baseline, respectively. u-AQP2 decreased significantly more in patients with CHF (39%) than in healthy controls (17%) but it was unchanged in those with liver cirrhosis. AVP decreased 46% in patients with CHF, but was unchanged in healthy controls and those with liver cirrhosis. A 24-hour urinary excretion of AQP-2 was significantly elevated in patients with CHF (median, 25.7 nmol/mol creatinine) compared to healthy controls (15.7 nmol/mol creatinine) and those with liver cirrhosis (17 nmol/mol creatinine).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The excretion of AQP-2 in urine is abnormal both in liver cirrhosis in which we find less suppression of u-AQP2 by an acute water load and in CHF in which we find a high baseline level and an exaggerated suppression of u-AQP2 by an acute water load.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Holstebro Hospital, Holstebro, Denmark. arsp@ringamt.dk
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bentzen
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Bech
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Nyvad
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Pedersen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000450:Aldosterone / Q000097:blood; D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000097:blood; D051399:Aquaporin 2; D051403:Aquaporin 6; D020346:Aquaporins / Q000652:urine*; D001127:Arginine Vasopressin / Q000097:blood; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor / Q000097:blood; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004326:Drinking / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain / Q000097:blood; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D012083:Renin / Q000097:blood; D014556:Urine; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: C496023:AQP2 protein, human; D051399:Aquaporin 2; D051403:Aquaporin 6; D020346:Aquaporins; D000804:Angiotensin II; D001127:Arginine Vasopressin; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain; D000450:Aldosterone; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor; D012083:Renin