title: Pregnancy rates in mares after a single fixed time hysteroscopic insemination of low numbers of frozen-thawed spermatozoa onto the uterotubal junction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To compensate for the wide variation in the freezability of stallion spermatozoa, it has become common veterinary practice to carry out repeated ultrasonography of the ovaries of oestrous mares in order to be able to inseminate them within 6-12 h of ovulation with a minimum of 300-500 x 10(6) frozen-thawed spermatozoa. Furthermore, in order to achieve satisfactory fertility, this requirement for relatively high numbers of spermatozoa currently limits our ability to exploit recently available artificial breeding technologies, such as sex-sorted semen, for which only 5-20 x 10(6) spermatozoa are available for insemination.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to evaluate and compare the efficacy of hysteroscopic vs. conventional insemination when low numbers of spermatozoa are used at a single fixed time after administration of an ovulation-inducing agent.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the present study, pregnancy rates were compared in 86 mares inseminated once only with low numbers of frozen-thawed spermatozoa (3-14 x 10(6)) at 32 h after treatment with human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), either conventionally into the body of the uterus or hysteroscopically by depositing a small volume of the inseminate directly onto the uterotubal papilla ipsilateral to the ovary containing the pre-ovulatory follicle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pregnancy rates were similarly high in mares inseminated conventionally or hysteroscopically with 14 x 10(6) motile frozen-thawed spermatozoa (67% vs. 64%). However, when the insemination dose was reduced to 3 x 10(6) spermatozoa, the pregnancy rate was significantly higher in the mares inseminated hysteroscopically onto the uterotubal junction compared to those inseminated into the uterine body (47 vs. 15%, P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When inseminating mares with <10 x 10(6) frozen-thawed stallion spermatozoa, hysteroscopic uterotubal junction deposition of the inseminate is the preferred method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Satisfactory pregnancy rates are achievable after insemination of mares with frozen-thawed semen from fertile stallions 32 h after administration of human chorionic gonadotrophin (Chorulon). Furthermore, these results were obtained when mares were inseminated with 14 x 10(6) progressively motile frozen-thawed spermatozoa from 2 stallions of proven fertility.
authors.affiliation: University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine Equine Fertility Unit, Mertoun Paddocks, Woodditton Road, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 9BH, UK.
authors.forename: L H A
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tiplady
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Allen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006736:Horses / Q000502:physiology*; D015907:Hysteroscopy / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D007315:Insemination, Artificial / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D010062:Ovulation Induction / Q000662:veterinary; D011247:Pregnancy; D018873:Pregnancy Rate; D012662:Semen Preservation / Q000662:veterinary; D012743:Sex Preselection / Q000662:veterinary; D013076:Sperm Count / Q000662:veterinary; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin