title: Process utility for imaging in cerebrovascular disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The morbidity associated with a diagnostic test can influence its cost-effectiveness, but the quantification of that morbidity is controversial. Accounting for pain and invasiveness requires the measurement of "process utility" in addition to the expected value of testing. An original time trade-off variant was applied to the imaging evaluation of cerebrovascular disease, for which differences in morbidity are important to patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A "waiting trade-off" (WTO) was used to evaluate the preferences of 89 patients for magnetic resonance (MR) angiography and conventional x-ray angiography. Patients were experienced with both tests. A weighted difference was calculated between the period a patient was willing to wait for a test result and treatment after a hypothetical "ideal" test and the choice to undergo conventional angiography or MR angiography with immediate treatment. A rating scale was used to check the convergent validity of the WTO.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Paired data showed a highly significant difference (P = .0001) between the mean preference for conventional and MR angiography, favoring the latter and translating into a difference of 5 quality-adjusted life days. The more negatively patients judged their conventional angiographic experience, the longer they were willing to wait for the ideal test result.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The WTO provides a reasonable estimate of the relative morbidity of more invasive conventional angiographic procedures and provides a quality-adjustment term for economic analysis. Such an approach may enable more complete evaluation of the effects of other processes on medical care.
authors.affiliation: Section of Health Services Research, Indiana University Department of Radiology, Education and Research Institute, 714 N Senate Ave, Suite 100, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
authors.forename: J Shannon
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Swan
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sainfort
authors.forename: William F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: Vipat
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kuruchittham
authors.forename: Thitima
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kongnakorn
authors.forename: Dennis M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Heisey
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000792:Angiography; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013997:Time Factors