title: Nutritional deficiencies in German middle-class male alcohol consumers: relation to dietary intake and severity of liver disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the present study was to compare the nutrient intake and the nutritional status between German middle-class alcohol consumers and non-drinkers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study using patients with different stages of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and healthy volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Southern Germany.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-six hospitalized German middle-class alcohol consumers with different stages of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and 22 healthy control subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects and controls were nutritionally assessed and mineral and vitamin content was measured in blood and urine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When compared with controls, alcohol consumers had significantly higher intakes of total calories, but intake of non-alcoholic calories did not differ between groups (P<0.05). Among drinkers, there was a decrease in percentage of energy derived from protein and fat and a significant increase in carbohydrates (P<0.05). With the exception of vitamin E, micronutrient intake of alcoholics was equal to that of controls; however, blood vitamin (vitamin C, retinol, lycopene, alpha- and gamma-carotene) and trace element (selenium, zinc) concentrations of alcohol-drinking patients were lower than those of non-drinkers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From the results of this study it is concluded that in German middle-class male alcohol consumers the status of several micronutrients is disturbed, although dietary intake hardly differs from that in non-alcoholic controls.
authors.affiliation: Robert-Bosch-Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bergheim
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Parlesak
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dierks
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Bode
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bode
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D002149:Energy Intake; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D008108:Liver Diseases, Alcoholic / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008903:Minerals / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D009748:Nutrition Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000652:urine; D009752:Nutritional Status; D012643:Selenium / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D015032:Zinc / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D008903:Minerals; D014815:Vitamins; D012643:Selenium; D015032:Zinc