title: Wind tunnel studies on spray deposition on leaves of tree species used for windbreaks and exposure of honey bees.
abstract: A wind tunnel study was conducted to determine pesticide deposition on commonly used windbreak tree species used as spray drift barriers and associated exposure of honey bees. Although it has been known that windbreaks are effective in reducing chemical drift from agricultural applications, there is still an enormous information and data gap on details of the dependence of the mechanism on the biological materials of the barriers and on standardization of relevant assessment methods. Beneficial arthropods like honey bees are adversely affected by airborne drift of pesticides. A study was initiated by first establishing a wind tunnel to create a controlled environment for capture efficiency work. Suitable spray parameters were determined after a preliminary study to construct and develop a wind tunnel protocol. A tracer dye solution was sprayed onto the windbreak samples and honey bees located in the wind tunnel at various simulated wind speeds. Analysis of data from this work has shown that needle-like foliage of windbreak trees captures two to four times more spray than broad-leaves. In addition, it was determined that, at lower wind speeds, flying bees tend to capture slightly more spray than bees at rest.
authors.affiliation: Yuzuncu Yil University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Machinery, Van 65080, Turkey.
authors.forename: Tamer
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ucar
authors.forename: Franklin R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Tew
authors.forename: James K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Hacker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees; D007306:Insecticides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018515:Plant Leaves; D014197:Trees; D014919:Wind
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides