title: What happens when cardiac Na channel function is compromised? 2. Numerical studies of the vulnerable period in tissue altered by drugs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The fate of an impulse arising from stimulation is determined by the ability of the wave front to recruit sufficient Na channels from adjacent cells. Previous numerical studies of mutant Na channels revealed both the velocity of a conditioning wave and the recruiting capacity of the front as determinants of the vulnerable period (VP), an interval within which excitation results in unidirectional conduction. Drugs that block excitatory Na channels in a voltage dependent manner, such as antiarrhythmics, abused substances and antidepressants, slow the restoration of Na conductance trailing an action potential and are associated with proarrhythmia and sudden cardiac death. We hypothesized that drug-induced slowing of Na conductance recovery would flatten the Na conductance restoration gradient thereby reducing the recruiting capacity of a front, extending the VP and increasing the probability of unidirectional propagation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cable of ventricular cells, we explored the sensitivity of the VP to voltage-dependent blockade. While varying the unbinding time constant from 100 ms to 5 s, we measured the Na conductance restoration gradient, the liminal length, the refractory period (RP) and the VP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reducing the rate of drug unbinding flattened the restoration gradient, diminished the recruiting capacity of a premature impulse and extended the liminal length, RP and the VP. The VP was linearly dependent on the drug unbinding time constant. Rapidly unbinding drugs (time constant <1 s) reduced the liminal length below that of a quiescent cable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Slowing the unbinding rate of voltage-dependent drug block of Na channels extended the RP and the VP. Drugs with unbinding time constants greater than 1 s dramatically increased the probability of unidirectional propagation, reflecting increases in both the RP and the VP. This study provides a new mechanism linking Na channel function, compromised by voltage-dependent Na channel drug block, with proarrhythmic conditions that can lead to sudden cardiac death following premature stimulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biometry/Epidemiology, Charleston, SC 29425, USA. starmerf@musc.edu <starmerf@musc.edu>
authors.forename: C Frank
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Starmer
authors.forename: A O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Colatsky
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D012032:Refractory Period, Electrophysiological; D026941:Sodium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D015222:Sodium Channels / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D026941:Sodium Channel Blockers; D015222:Sodium Channels