title: Prevalence and correlates of intravenous methadone syrup administration in Adelaide, Australia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of methadone syrup injecting in Adelaide, South Australia and to characterize methadone injectors, including their heroin use and risk behaviours associated with heroin overdose.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community setting, principally metropolitan Adelaide.
  
  
  METHODS
  Current heroin users (used heroin in the last 6 months), recruited through snowballing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Structured questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 365 participants, 18.4% reported having ever injected methadone syrup and 11.0% had injected methadone in the last 6 months. Those that had injected methadone were more likely to be male, and were more likely to be receiving methadone maintenance. They were also maintained on higher doses of methadone than subjects not injecting methadone. A history of methadone injection was associated with more heroin overdose experiences and greater dependence on heroin. Methadone injectors were also more likely to engage in risky behaviours associated with heroin overdose, including using heroin when no other people were present, not trial-tasting new batches of heroin and polydrug use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Methadone syrup injectors appear to be at greater risk of a series of harms than subjects not injecting methadone. The prevalence of methadone syrup injecting in Adelaide, South Australia was 11%, which was lower than prevalence in Sydney, New South Wales, but higher than in Melbourne, Victoria. Jurisdictional differences concerning the prevalence of methadone syrup injecting may reflect differing policies by each state to methadone dispensing.
authors.affiliation: Drug and Alcohol Services Council, Parkside, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Humeniuk
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McGregor
authors.forename: Shane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Darke
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D003932:Heroin / Q000009:adverse effects; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone; D008875:Middle Aged; D009294:Narcotics; D015995:Prevalence; D012309:Risk-Taking; D013021:South Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D003932:Heroin; D008691:Methadone