title: Association of life activities with cerebral blood flow in Alzheimer disease: implications for the cognitive reserve hypothesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Regional cerebral blood flow (CBF), a good indirect index of cerebral pathologic changes in Alzheimer disease (AD), is more severely reduced in patients with higher educational attainment and IQ when controlling for clinical severity. This has been interpreted as suggesting that cognitive reserve allows these patients to cope better with the pathologic changes in AD.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether premorbid engagement in various activities may also provide cognitive reserve.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated intellectual, social, and physical activities in 9 patients with early AD and 16 healthy elderly controls who underwent brain H(2)(15)O positron emission tomography. In voxelwise multiple regression analyses that controlled for age and clinical severity, we investigated the association between education, estimated premorbid IQ, and activities, and CBF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In accordance with previous findings, we replicated an inverse association between education and CBF and IQ and CBF in patients with AD. In addition, there was a negative correlation between previous reported activity score and CBF in patients with AD. When both education and IQ were added as covariates in the same model, a higher activity score was still associated with more prominent CBF deficits. No significant associations were detected in the controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At any given level of clinical disease severity, there is a greater degree of brain pathologic involvement in patients with AD who have more engagement in activities, even when education and IQ are taken into account. This may suggest that interindividual differences in lifestyle may affect cognitive reserve by partially mediating the relationship between brain damage and the clinical manifestation of AD.
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Neuroscience Division of the Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA. ns257@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Scarmeas
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zarahn
authors.forename: Karen E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Christian G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Habeck
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hilton
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Flynn
authors.forename: Karen S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Marder
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: Harold A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Sackeim
authors.forename: Ronald L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Van Heertum
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Moeller
authors.forename: Yaakov
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Stern
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D003071:Cognition; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007899:Leisure Activities; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012044:Regression Analysis