title: Controversies in the use of the vacuum extractor.
abstract: Operative pelvic delivery is an important component of obstetrical care. Vacuum extraction assumes a prominent role, and when appropriately performed, has been proven safe and effective. However, controversies continue to exist. Historical background and review of the latest literature are presented to delineate these issues and promote consensus and direct research to continue to provide the safest means of delivery for the mother and baby.
authors.affiliation: Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Burlington Memorial Hospital, Burlington, WI 53105, USA.
authors.forename: Mary Ames
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.forename: Steven D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Hoey
authors.forename: Dena
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Towner
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007752:Obstetric Labor, Premature; D009772:Obstetrical Forceps / Q000009:adverse effects; D011247:Pregnancy; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014620:Vacuum Extraction, Obstetrical / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000639:trends