title: FKRP gene mutations cause congenital muscular dystrophy, mental retardation, and cerebellar cysts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Congenital muscular dystrophies (CMD) are autosomal recessive disorders that present within the first 6 months of life with hypotonia and a dystrophic muscle biopsy. CNS involvement is present in some forms. The fukutin-related protein gene (FKRP) is mutated in a severe form of CMD (MDC1C) and a milder limb girdle dystrophy (LGMD2I). Both forms have secondary deficiencies of laminin alpha2 and alpha-dystroglycan immunostaining. Structural brain involvement has not been observed in patients with FKRP gene mutations.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors studied two unrelated patients who had a pattern of muscle involvement identical to MDC1C, mental retardation, and cerebellar cysts on cranial MRI. The FKRP gene was analyzed along with the skeletal muscle expression of laminin alpha2 and alpha-dystroglycan.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The muscle biopsy of both patients showed severe dystrophic findings, a reduction in laminin alpha2, and profound depletion of alpha-dystroglycan. Both patients had homozygous FKRP gene mutations not previously reported (C663A [Ser221Arg] and C981A [Pro315Thr]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mutations within the FKRP gene can result in CMD associated with mental retardation and cerebellar cysts. This adds structural brain defects to the already wide spectrum of abnormalities caused by FKRP mutations. The severe depletion of alpha-dystroglycan expression suggests that FKRP is involved in the processing of alpha-dystroglycan.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Neurology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Topaloglu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brockington
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yuva
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Talim
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Haliloglu
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Blake
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Torelli
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Muntoni
mesh_terms: D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D002526:Cerebellar Diseases / Q000235:genetics*; D003560:Cysts / Q000235:genetics*; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism; D049030:Dystroglycans; D005808:Genes, Recessive; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000235:genetics*; D007797:Laminin / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology; D009136:Muscular Dystrophies / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D010430:Pentosyltransferases; D017354:Point Mutation; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; C483081:DAG1 protein, human; D007797:Laminin; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D011506:Proteins; C102645:laminin alpha 2; D049030:Dystroglycans; C443107:FKRP protein, human; D010430:Pentosyltransferases