title: New CNS-active drugs which are second-generation valproic acid: can they lead to the development of a magic bullet?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Valproic acid (VPA) is one of the four first line antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). VPA is also an effective drug in migraine prophylaxis and in treatment of bipolar disorders. The use of VPA is limited by its two rare but potentially life-threatening side effects, teratogenicity and hepatotoxicity, and it is the least potent of the established AEDs. Consequently, there is an incentive to develop a second-generation VPA. A successful, second-generation VPA would need to possess the following characteristics: broad-spectrum antiepileptic activity; better potency than VPA; and lack of teratogenicity and hepatotoxicity. These characteristics would give such a drug the potential to be utilized in epilepsy and other CNS disorders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intensive research has been carried out in order to develop a second-generation VPA that would be more potent and safer than VPA. Amide derivatives of VPA have shown particular value as potential follow-up compounds and have better in-vivo performance than VPA. Several CNS-active valproylamides are more potent as antiepileptics than VPA, they possess broad-spectrum antiepileptic activity, and have been found to be nonteratogenic in animal models. The amide analogues of VPA that emerged from structure-pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship studies as promising second-generation compounds are: N-methyl-tetramethylcyclopropane carboxamide, (2S,3S)-valnoctamide, (R)-propylisopropyl acetamide and valproyl glycinamide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At present there are three compounds in clinical trials in patients with epilepsy that can be regarded as second-generation VPA: valproyl glycinamide, 3-methylbutanamide or isovaleramide and SPD421 (DP-VPA). For any one of these second-generation valproic acids to become a successful follow-up compound to VPA, it has to fulfil the above criteria and also possess favorable pharmacokinetics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12065, Ein Karem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Isoherranen
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yagen
authors.forename: Meir
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bialer
mesh_terms: D000577:Amides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D000927:Anticonvulsants; D014635:Valproic Acid; C038165:isovaleramide; C004651:dipropylacetamide