title: The relentless spread of tuberculosis in Zambia--trends over the past 37 years (1964-2000).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review trends in the rates of tuberculosis (TB) case notifications over a 37-year period.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study of Ministry of Health records on TB notifications between 1 January 1964 and 31 December 2000.
  
  
  METHODS
  Zambia, sub-Saharan Africa.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of case-notification data for TB of the Zambia Ministry of Health annual returns.
  
  
  METHODS
  Annual TB case-notification rates and trends over the past 37 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TB case-notification data from 1964 to 2000 show a 12-fold increase over the past two decades, and apparent gains in controlling TB seen in the 1960s and 1970s have been reversed over the past two decades. A stable situation during the period 1964-1984 (case-notification rate remained around 100 per 100,000 population) was followed by an exponential increase since the mid-1980s. The absolute number of new TB cases increased from 8,246 in 1985 (124/100,000) to 38,863 (409/100,000) in 1996 and 52,000 (512/100,000) in 2000. Comparison of case-notification rates over the past 2 decades with neighbouring countries (Zimbabwe, Malawi and Tanzania) show that Zambia has one of the highest case-notification rates in the region.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Zambia, like many countries in Africa, is in the midst of a serious TB epidemic and there are no signs that it is abating. This increase was most likely due to the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic and subsequent breakdown of TB services. Concerted donor-government efforts should invest appropriately in long-term plans for TB control.
authors.affiliation: University of Zambia-University College London (UNZA-UCLMS) Research and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mwaba
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maboshe
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chintu
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Squire
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nyirenda
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sunkutu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zumla
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015528:HIV Seroprevalence; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008295:Malawi / Q000453:epidemiology; D009313:National Health Programs / Q000458:organization & administration; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods; D015995:Prevalence; D011322:Primary Prevention / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013636:Tanzania / Q000453:epidemiology; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015024:Zambia / Q000453:epidemiology