title: Mutations in the COL4A4 gene in thin basement membrane disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with thin basement membrane disease (TBMD) are often from families where hematuria segregates with the COL4A3 and COL4A4 genes. These genes also are affected in autosomal recessive Alport syndrome. The aim of this study was to demonstrate COL4A4 mutations in TBMD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-eight unrelated individuals with TBMD who had no family members with autosomal recessive Alport syndrome were examined for COL4A4 mutations. The diagnosis of TBMD had been confirmed by renal biopsy (43/48, 90%) or by a family history of hematuria but without a renal biopsy (5/48, 10%). The 47 coding exons of COL4A4 were screened for mutations with the methods of enzyme mismatch cleavage or single stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis, and exons that demonstrated electrophoretic abnormalities were sequenced.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine variants that altered the coding sequences were identified. These were nonsense and frameshift mutations that resulted in stop codons (N = 3), and glycine (N = 3) and non-glycine missense variants (N = 3). Four intronic variants and three neutral polymorphisms were also detected. In total, four variants were considered 'pathogenic' principally because they resulted in stop codons or were not present in non-hematuric normal subjects. Three variants were considered 'possibly pathogenic' but two of these were each present in one of 46 non-hematuric normal subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pathogenic COL4A4 mutations were demonstrated in three of the nine (33%) families in whom hematuria segregated with the COL4A3/COL4A4 locus. Two stop codons (R1377X and 2788/91delG) and a glycine substitution (G960R) resulted in hematuria in all 16 members who were tested from these three families. The S969X mutation described here in TBMD for the first time, as well as the R1377X mutation, also occur in autosomal recessive Alport syndrome.
authors.affiliation: University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre, Heidelberg, Australia.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Buzza
authors.forename: Hayat
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dagher
authors.forename: Yan Yan
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Jeffrey J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Babon
authors.forename: Richard G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Cotton
authors.forename: Judy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Savige
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D001485:Basement Membrane / Q000473:pathology*; D002648:Child; D018389:Codon, Nonsense; D018388:Codon, Terminator; D024141:Collagen Type IV / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D016368:Frameshift Mutation; D005998:Glycine; D006417:Hematuria / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation
chemical_list: C466620:COL4A4 protein, human; D018389:Codon, Nonsense; D018388:Codon, Terminator; D024141:Collagen Type IV; D005998:Glycine