title: American trypanosomiasis (Chagas' disease): an unrecognised cause of stroke.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  American trypanosomiasis, known as Chagas' disease (CD) is a major cause of cardiomyopathy in South America. Irreversible damage to the heart can appear 10 to 20 years after chagasic infection. The frequency of cerebrovascular complications in chronic CD is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe a group of patients with chronic or latent CD affected by ischaemic stroke and identify predictive variables for stroke in CD patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case series of stroke patients with CD was studied using a cross sectional, descriptive design. CD was confirmed by positive immunofluorescence and haemaglutination serology. Data were collected on age, sex, vascular risk factors, previous history of CD, diagnostic stroke subtype, electrocardiograph and echocardiography findings. Frequency of vascular risk factors were compared with a control group of 239 non-chagasic stroke patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  136 consecutive CD stroke patients, mean age 56 years, 72 women and 64 men were identified. Vascular risk factors were observed in 81.6% of CD patients. Hypertension (70.29% versus 51.47%; p=0.0004), diabetes mellitus (15.9% versus 6.61%; p=0.0143), and tobacco use (53.98% versus 30.88%; p=0.00002) were significantly less frequent in the CD stroke group. Cardiomyopathy was significantly higher in CD stroke patients (45.58% versus 24.69%; p=0.00005). Abnormal electrocardiograms was observed in 82% of chagasic patients (right bundle branch block 39.5%, left anterior fascicular block 35.8%). Left ventricle (LV) diastolic dysfunction (61.47%), LV systolic dysfunction (51.18%), congestive cardiomyopathy (29.92%), and apical aneurysm (15.74%) were the most frequent echocardiographic findings. Aetiologies were cardioembolism (52.2%), undetermined (36.76%), atherothrombotic (8.82%), and small vessel stroke (2.2%). A diagnosis of CD was established after presentation with stroke in 38.23% of the patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CD should be included in the differential diagnosis of stroke in patients of South American origin.
authors.affiliation: Neurology Department, Sarah Hospital, SMHS quadra 501, conjuntoA, Brasilia, Brazil 70330-150. fjcarod@aol.com.
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Carod-Artal
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Vargas
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Melo
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Horan
mesh_terms: D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D014355:Chagas Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D013997:Time Factors