title: Intrathecal hyperbaric bupivacaine 3 mg + fentanyl 10 microg for outpatient knee arthroscopy with tourniquet.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Combination of local anesthetic and opioid enables the use of less spinal anesthetic and increases the success of anesthesia. Intrathecal opioid does not prolong motor recovery and thus should not delay discharge home. We hypothesized that 3 mg of hyperbaric bupivacaine with 10 microg of fentanyl permits fast-tracking or shorter stay in post anesthesia care unit (PACU), and earlier discharge home, compared with 4 mg of hyperbaric bupivacaine.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this double-blind study, 100 outpatients undergoing knee arthroscopy received randomly either 4 mg of bupivacaine (B4) or 3 mg of bupivacaine + 10 microg fentanyl (B3F) intrathecally. The volume of 0.8 ml was injected at the L2/3 interspace over a 2-min period. A lateral decubitus position was maintained for 10 min. The sensory block was recorded by using thermal stimuli, and motor block was assessed according to a modified Bromage scale. Fast-tracking criteria were complete recovery of motor block, sensory block Th12 or lower and stable vital signs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One block (1%) failed. Motor recovery was faster in the B3F group: 60% of the patients recovered in 80 min or less compared with 28% in group B4 (P = 0.002). The PACU-time was shorter: 36 (10-103) vs. 55 (10-140) min, respectively (P = 0.005). Seventeen (B3F) vs. nine patients (B4) could bypass PACU (NS). Time to discharge home was similar in both groups. In the B3F group, 75% of the patients developed pruritus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both solutions produced reliable spinal anesthesia for outpatient knee arthroscopy. The PACU-time was shorter in the bupivacaine-fentanyl group, but both groups reached home-readiness equally.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Lapland Central Hospital, Rovaniemi, Finland. anna-maija.korhonen@hus.fi
authors.forename: A-M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Korhonen
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Valanne
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Jokela
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ravaska
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Korttila
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000556:Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal / Q000009:adverse effects; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000009:adverse effects; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000009:adverse effects; D001182:Arthroscopy; D017217:Blood Patch, Epidural; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000009:adverse effects; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007717:Knee / Q000601:surgery*; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011997:Recovery Room; D014111:Tourniquets
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D005283:Fentanyl; D002045:Bupivacaine