title: Validation of habitual energy intake.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide a framework for use of the doubly labelled water method to measure energy expenditure in order to validate dietary instruments for the assessment of energy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review and description of the use of doubly labelled water method for use as a biomarker for habitual energy intake.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The doubly labelled water method has a relative accuracy of 1% and within-subject precision of 5 to 8%. Comparison of self-reported energy intake with energy expenditure demonstrated that over one-third of individuals may underreport energy intake by more than 25%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The doubly labelled water method, although expensive and dependent on non-routine laboratory instrumentation, is an excellent biomarker of energy intake.
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, 1415 Linden Drive, Madison 53706, USA. dschoell@nutrisci.wisc.edu
authors.forename: Dale A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Schoeller
authors.forename: Dale A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Schoeller
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers; D004032:Diet; D002149:Energy Intake; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D011247:Pregnancy; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers