title: Anterior drawer test for acute anterior talofibular ligament injuries of the ankle. How much load should be applied during the test?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a lack of consensus regarding the magnitude of load for performing the anterior drawer test in evaluating acute ankle injuries.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine how much load should be applied during the anterior drawer test to detect the integrity of the anterior talofibular ligament.
  
  
  METHODS
  First, the anterior-posterior load-displacement response of nine cadaveric ankles was measured. Second, anterior displacement of the ankle was measured at 30 and 60 N of anterior load in 14 patients with acute tears of the anterior talofibular ligament.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the cadaver study, the increased displacement by sectioning of the ligament measured at 10, 20, 30, and 40 N of anterior load were significantly greater than those measured at 60 N. In vivo examination of the subjects without anesthesia demonstrated that the injured-to-normal displacement value at 30 N of anterior load was significantly greater than the value at 60 N.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that a large magnitude of anterior load is not necessary to detect the integrity of the ligament during the anterior drawer test.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When evaluating the integrity of the anterior talofibular ligament in cases of acute ankle ligament injury, a relatively low-magnitude load should be applied.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Bioengineering and Sports Medicine, Department of Advanced Surgery, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Harukazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tohyama
authors.forename: Kazunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yasuda
authors.forename: Yasumitu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohkoshi
authors.forename: Bruce D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Beynnon
authors.forename: Per A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Renstrom
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000503:physiopathology; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000293:injuries*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012016:Reference Values; D012399:Rotation; D013718:Tensile Strength / Q000502:physiology; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology*