title: Control of canine membranous urethra, bulbocavernosus and ischiocavernosus muscles by lumbosacral sympathetic pathways.
abstract: The membranous urethral muscles, bulbocavernosus muscle (BCM) and ischiocavernosus muscle (ICM) play a significant role on expulsion at ejaculation. Projection of the sympathetic pathways in the retroperitoneum to these muscles was investigated in the dog. Intraluminar pressure of the membranous urethra and contractions of the BCM and ICM to electrical stimulation of the lumbar splanchnic nerve (LSN) or the lumbosacral sympathetic chain (LSC) were examined. Stimulation of the LSN was performed after transection of the unilateral hypogastric nerve (HGN) to clarify its cross-innervation. Stimulation of each of the 2nd to 4th LSNs elicited elevation of the intraluminal pressure of the membranous urethra. In eight dogs whose right HGNs were transected, 15 of the 19 right LSNs, and 12 of the 16 left LSNs examined elicited elevation of the membranous urethral pressure, respectively. In five dogs whose left HGNs were transected, 6 of the 9 right LSNs and 10 of the 12 left LSNs stimulated elicited elevation of the pressure. Stimulation of the HGN caused no detectable contractions of the BCM and ICM in all six dogs examined. Stimulation of the LSC elicited responses of the BCM and ICM in all six dogs examined and the membranous urethra in three of six dogs. The maximum value of the response of the BCM was greater than that of the ICM. After consecutive transection of the ipsilateral pelvic nerve, stimulation of the LSC showed no significant changes in the responses of the BCM and ICM. The above results indicate the following: (1). each of the L2-L4 LSNs sends signals to the membranous urethra via two routes, passing through the ipsilateral or contralateral HGN; (2). the above nerve does not send effective signals to the BCM and ICM; (3). the LSC sends signals to the membranous urethra, BCM and ICM; (4). the signals from the LSC mainly pass through the pudendal nerve to the BCM and ICM; and (5). the signals were dominant to the BCM compared with the ICM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology and Reproductive Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan. g-arai.uro@tmd.ac.jp
authors.forename: Gaku
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Arai
authors.forename: Kazunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kihara
authors.forename: Nobuhiko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hyouchi
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Masuda
authors.forename: Junji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yonese
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kageyama
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sato
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003714:Denervation; D004285:Dogs; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005728:Ganglia, Sympathetic / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D007001:Hypogastric Plexus / Q000502:physiology; D008161:Lumbosacral Region; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000294:innervation*; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D011312:Pressure; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000502:physiology*; D013153:Splanchnic Nerves / Q000502:physiology; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology*; D014521:Urethra / Q000294:innervation*