title: Pattern of excretion of arsenic compounds [arsenite, arsenate, MMA(V), DMA(V)] in urine of children compared to adults from an arsenic exposed area in Bangladesh.
abstract: Urinary arsenic is generally considered as the most reliable indicator of recent exposure to inorganic arsenic and is used as the main bio-marker of exposure. However, due to the different toxicity of arsenic compounds, speciation of arsenic in urine is generally considered to be more convenient for health risk assessment than measuring total arsenic concentration. Additionally, it can give valuable information about the metabolism of arsenic species within the body. In our study, for exposed group--42 urine samples were collected from Datterhat (South) village of Madaripur district, Bangladesh and an average arsenic concentration in their drinking water was 376 microg/L (range 118 to 620 microg/L). For control group, 27 urine samples were collected from a non-affected district, Badhadamil village of Medinipur district, West Bengal, India, where arsenic concentration in their drinking water is below 3 microg/L. The arsenic species in the urine were separated and quantified by using HPLC-ICP-MS. The sum of inorganic arsenic and its metabolites was also determined by FI-HG-AAS. Results indicate that average total urinary arsenic metabolites in children's urine is higher than adults and total arsenic excretion per kg body weight is also higher for children than adults. For arsenic species between adults and children, it has been observed that inorganic arsenic (In-As) in average is 2.36% and MMA is 6.55% lower for children than adults while DMA is 8.91% (average) higher in children than adults. The efficiency of the methylation process is also assessed by the ratio between urinary concentration of putative product and putative substrate of the arsenic metabolic pathway. Higher values mean higher methylation capacity. Results show the values of the MMA/In-As ratio for adults and children are 0.93 and 0.74 respectively. These results indicate that first reaction of the metabolic pathway is more active in adults than children. But a significant increase in the values of the DMA/MMA ratio in children than adults of exposed group (8.15 vs. 4.11 respectively) indicates 2nd methylation step is more active in children than adults. It has also been shown that the distribution of the values of DMA/MMA ratio to exposed group decrease with increasing age (2nd methylation process). Thus from these results we may infer that children retain less arsenic in their body than adults. This may also explain why children do not show skin lesions compared to adults when both are drinking same contaminated water.
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India.
authors.forename: Uttam Kumar
authors.initials: UK
authors.lastname: Chowdhury
authors.forename: Mohammad Mahmudur
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.forename: Mrinal Kumar
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Sengupta
authors.forename: Dilip
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lodh
authors.forename: Chitta Ranjan
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Chanda
authors.forename: Shibtosh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.forename: Quazi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Quamruzzaman
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tokunaga
authors.forename: Masanori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ando
authors.forename: Dipankar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chakraborti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001149:Arsenates / Q000652:urine; D001151:Arsenic / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine*; D020261:Arsenic Poisoning / Q000503:physiopathology; D018053:Arsenites / Q000652:urine; D001459:Bangladesh; D002648:Child; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008745:Methylation; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D001149:Arsenates; D018053:Arsenites; C015001:arsenite; D001151:Arsenic; C025657:arsenic acid