title: Mechanism-based in vitro screening of potential cancer chemopreventive agents.
abstract: Identification and use of effective cancer chemopreventive agents have become an important issue in public health-related research. For identification of potential cancer chemopreventive constituents we have set up a battery of cell- and enzyme-based in vitro marker systems relevant for prevention of carcinogenesis in vivo. These systems include modulation of drug metabolism (inhibition of Cyp1A activity, induction of NAD(P)H:quinone reductase (QR) activity in Hepa1c1c7 murine hepatoma cell culture), determination of radical scavenging (DPPH scavenging) and antioxidant effects (scavenging of superoxide anion-, hydroxyl- and peroxyl-radicals), anti-inflammatory mechanisms (inhibition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated nitric oxide (NO) generation by inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in Raw 264.7 murine macrophages, cyclooxygenase-1 (Cox-1) inhibition), and anti-tumor promoting activities (inhibition of phorbol ester-induced ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity in 308 murine keratinocytes). We have tested a series of known chemopreventive substances belonging to several structural classes as reference compounds for the identification of novel chemopreventive agents or mechanisms. These include organosulfur compounds (phenethylisothiocyanate (PEITC), diallylsulfide, diallyldisulfide), terpenes (limonene, perillyl alcohol, oleanolic acid, 18-beta-glycyrrhetinic acid), short-chain fatty acids (sodium butyrate), indoles (indole-3-carbinol), isoflavonoids (quercetin, silymarin, genistein), catechins ((-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)), simple phenols (ellagic acid, resveratrol, piceatannol, curcumin), pharmaceutical agents (piroxicam, acetylsalicylic acid, tamoxifen), and vitamins/derivatives (ascorbic acid, Trolox). We confirmed known chemopreventive mechanisms of these compounds. Additionally, we could demonstrate the usefulness of our approach by identification of hitherto unknown mechanisms of selected agents. As an example, we detected anti-inflammatory properties of PEITC, based on NF-kappaB-mediated inhibition of NO production. Further, PEITC inhibited phorbol ester-induced superoxide anion radical production in granulocytes, and ODC induction in the 308 cell line. These mechanisms might contribute to the chemopreventive potential of PEITC.
authors.affiliation: Division of Toxicology and Cancer Risk Factors, C010-2 Chemoprevention, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. c.gerhauser@dkfz.de
authors.forename: Clarissa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gerhäuser
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Klimo
authors.forename: Elke
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Heiss
authors.forename: Isabell
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Neumann
authors.forename: Amira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gamal-Eldeen
authors.forename: Jutta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Knauft
authors.forename: Guang-Yaw
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Somkid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sitthimonchai
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Frank
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015197:Carcinogenicity Tests; D002392:Catechin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D018922:HL-60 Cells; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000187:drug effects; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D013481:Superoxides; D002392:Catechin; C045651:epigallocatechin gallate; C496319:NOS2 protein, human; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1