title: The cost-effectiveness of acetaminophen, NSAIDs, and selective COX-2 inhibitors in the treatment of symptomatic knee osteoarthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to conduct an economic evaluation of rofecoxib and celecoxib compared with high-dose acetaminophen or ibuprofen with and without misoprostol for patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (OA).
  
  
  METHODS
  A decision analysis model was designed over 6 months using two measures of effectiveness: 1) number of upper gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events averted; and 2) number of patients who achieved perceptible pain relief. Separate analyses were conducted for all patients and for those who did not respond to acetaminophen. Outcome probabilities were obtained from a comprehensive review of randomized controlled trials and observational studies. Costs were derived from actual resource utilization of OA patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In terms of averting GI events, acetaminophen dominates the other options for an average risk patient population. For patients who did not respond to acetaminophen, rofecoxib had the lowest incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) per GI event avoided (32,000 US dollars) relative to ibuprofen. In terms of pain control, ibuprofen had an ICER of 610.77 US dollars per additional patient achieving minimal perceptible clinical improvement (MPCI) relative to acetaminophen, while rofecoxib had an ICER of 12,000 US dollars relative to ibuprofen. For patients who did not respond to acetaminophen and who are at high risk of developing an adverse GI event, rofecoxib dominates ibuprofen as the preferred alternative for both measures of effectiveness. One-way, two-way, and probabilistic sensitivity analyses established that these results were generally robust.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that for average-risk knee OA patients, acetaminophen dominates the other therapies in terms of cost per GI event averted. In terms of pain relief, cost-effectiveness acceptability curves indicate that if one values pain relief below 275 US dollars per patient achieving MPCI, acetaminophen is the therapy most likely to be optimal; between 275 US dollars and 14,150 US dollars, ibuprofen is most likely to be optimal; and above 14,150 US dollars, rofecoxib is most likely to be optimal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Celia C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Kamath
authors.forename: Hilal Maradit
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Kremers
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Vanness
authors.forename: W Michael
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: O'Fallon
authors.forename: Rosa L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Cabanela
authors.forename: Sherine E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Gabriel
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003663:Decision Trees; D006801:Humans; D018803:Models, Economic; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010147:Pain Measurement; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D000082:Acetaminophen