title: Pelvic or lumbar fixation for the surgical management of scoliosis in duchenne muscular dystrophy.
abstract: METHODS
  This retrospective study evaluates two groups of patients with scoliosis and Duchenne muscular dystrophy, treated with two different surgical stabilization methods.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether fixation to the sacropelvis is always necessary for adequate stabilization of scoliosis in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Pelvic fixation is generally recommended for scoliosis in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Recent studies describe a more selective approach toward lumbar or pelvic fixation. Pelvic fixation is reserved for larger curves and established pelvic tilt.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty cases of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, operated in two different centers and followed up for a minimum of 3 years, were reviewed. In the first group (Oswestry), 31 patients had fixation to the pelvis, using standard Luque instrumentation and pelvic fixation. The Galveston technique was used in 9 cases and L-rod configuration in 22 cases. In the second group (Nottingham), 19 cases had fixation to L5 using pedicle screws in the lumbar spine and sublaminar wires in the thoracic spine. These cases were operated on early, usually shortly after becoming wheelchair dependent.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the pelvic fixation group, the mean age at the time of surgery was 14 years, and forced vital capacity was 44%. The mean Cobb angle and pelvic obliquity were 48 degrees and 19.8 degrees at the time of surgery, 16.7 degrees and 7.2 degrees immediately after surgery, and 22 degrees and 11.6 degrees at the final follow-up (mean 4.6 years), respectively. The mean blood loss was 4.1 L, and the average hospital stay was 17 days. There were five major complications, including a deep wound infection in one case, revision of instrumentation prominence at the proximal end in two cases, and loosening of pelvic fixation in two cases. In the lumbar fixation group, the mean age at the time of surgery was 11.7 years, and forced vital capacity was 58%. The mean Cobb angle and pelvic obliquity were 19.8 degrees and 9 degrees at the time of surgery, 3.2 degrees and 2.2 degrees immediately after surgery, and 5.2 degrees and 2.9 degrees at the final follow-up (mean 3.5 years), respectively. The mean estimated blood loss (3.3 L) and mean hospital stay (7.7 days) were much less compared with the pelvic fixation group. Pelvic obliquity was corrected and maintained below 10 degrees in all but two cases, who had an initial pelvic obliquity exceeding 20 degrees. One patient had instrumentation failure at the proximal end, and one had a deep wound infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lumbar fixation to L5 is adequate if the surgery is performed early, soon after becoming wheelchair bound, and with smaller curves and minimal pelvic obliquity. Use of pedicle screws in lumbar spine provides a solid foundation to maintain the correction over the period of relatively short life expectancy of these children. Pelvic fixation may be necessary in older children, who have larger curves and established pelvic obliquity. In the presence of deteriorating lung function, this is associated with a greater morbidity and higher complication rate.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Spinal Studies and Surgery, Queen's Medical Centre, University Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom. dksg@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Dilip K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Sengupta
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Mehdian
authors.forename: Jeffrey R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: McConnell
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Eisenstein
authors.forename: John K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Webb
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D008161:Lumbosacral Region; D008297:Male; D020388:Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne / Q000150:complications*; D010388:Pelvis / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012445:Sacrococcygeal Region; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000209:etiology; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome