title: Effects of exercise on cardiovascular outcomes in monkeys with risk factors for coronary heart disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Exercise reduces the risk for coronary heart disease. However, the mechanisms mediating the beneficial effects of exercise remain ambiguous. In particular, it is uncertain whether exercise inhibits the development of atherosclerosis, a major pathobiologic process underlying heart disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To address this question, adult male monkeys were fed an atherogenic diet while assigned to one of four experimental conditions for 34 months: 1) runner/no group disruption, ie, "stable" (n=19); 2) runner plus frequent social group disruption, ie, "unstable" (n=19); 3) sedentary/stable (n=15); or 4) sedentary/unstable (n=18). Neither exposure to exercise nor social group disruption significantly affected the resulting coronary artery atherosclerosis extent or lumen areas (all ANOVA values, P>0.05). When compared with sedentary individuals, exercise animals had lower resting heart rates (119.0+/-3 vs 132.0+/-3 bpm, P=0.002), greater echocardiographically measured left ventricular ejection fractions (77.2+/-0.01% vs 73.8+/-0.01%, P=0.02), greater quantitative angiographically measured dilation of coronary arteries to phenylephrine (2.6+/-1% vs -3.7+/-1% change from baseline diameter, P=0.003), and a reduced cortisol response to an adrenocorticotropin challenge. These measures were not significantly affected by social condition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thus, exercise improved some measures of cardiovascular health and reduced stress responsivity but did not inhibit progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis or promote positive artery remodeling. It is concluded that exercise may exert cardioprotective effects without influencing atherosclerosis extent.
authors.affiliation: Comparative Medicine Clinical Research Center, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA. kwilliam@wfubmc.edu
authors.forename: J Koudy
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Jay R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: Irma H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Suparto
authors.forename: Jamie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Manuck
mesh_terms: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004036:Diet, Atherogenic; D018450:Disease Progression; D006339:Heart Rate; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008297:Male; D010656:Phenylephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D012307:Risk Factors; D012919:Social Behavior; D013318:Stroke Volume; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D010656:Phenylephrine; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D006854:Hydrocortisone