title: Effect of adverse drug reactions on length of stay in surgical intensive care units.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the frequency of adverse drug reactions in surgical intensive care units and evaluate their effect on the length of stay.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study. Between May 1997 and December 1999, while the patients were staying in the surgical intensive care unit, data were gathered regarding suspected adverse drug reactions and on different variables related to the length of stay.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surgical intensive care units of our hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 401 patients hospitalized in the surgical intensive care unit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 37 of the 401 patients seen (9.2%; 95% confidence interval, 6.6-12.5), 39 different adverse drug reactions were detected. The adverse drug reactions were most frequently caused by the following drugs: morphine hydrochloride (n = 13), meperidine hydrochloride (n = 9), and metamizole (n = 7). Five adverse drug reactions were severe, the suspected medication had to be discontinued in 14 cases, and new drugs were necessary to manage the adverse drug reaction in 28 cases. The crude estimation of the effect of adverse drug reactions performed on the length of stay with a bivariant regression model indicated that each adverse drug reaction was related to an increase of 3.39 days (95% confidence interval, 1.47-5.31) in the length of stay. This estimation was reduced to 2.31 days (95% confidence interval, 0.64-3.99) when considering other variables that might cause confusion for analysis, although it is still important.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adverse drug reactions are a significant clinical and economic problem in surgical intensive care units.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Pharmacology Service, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vargas
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Terleira
authors.forename: Florentino
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hernando
authors.forename: Elia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Perez
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cordón
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Portolés
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hernando
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects; D004177:Dipyrone / Q000009:adverse effects; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D005260:Female; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006786:Hospitals, Urban / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008614:Meperidine / Q000009:adverse effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000009:adverse effects; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013030:Spain; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D004177:Dipyrone; D009020:Morphine; D008614:Meperidine