title: Treatment of hiccup during general anaesthesia or sedation: a qualitative systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Acute hiccup is a minor complication that can occur during sedation or general anaesthesia. The disorder can disturb the surgical field, might interfere with lung ventilation or could hamper diagnostic procedures. The objective was to perform a systematic search for interventions aimed at treating hiccup occurring during anaesthesia or sedation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search for reports describing interventions to treat hiccup in conjunction with anaesthesia was carried out (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane-Library, manual screening of reference lists and review articles, up to December 2001). Search terms were 'hiccup', 'singultus' or 'hiccough'.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-six reports involving approximately 581 patients focused on hiccup remedies in the anaesthesia setting. Only one report was substantiated by a randomized controlled trial. This investigated methylphenidate 10 mg intravenously in 51 patients, which did not show a beneficial effect compared with placebo. Hiccup was a self-limiting phenomenon. Case series and case reports focused on various systemically applied drugs in 12 reports, stimulating techniques (e.g. pharyngeal stimulation) in seven, topical applied remedies (e.g. intranasal ice-cold water) in four, and ventilation techniques (e.g. continuous positive pressure ventilation) in two.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A large variety of interventions have been proposed for the treatment of hiccup during anaesthesia and sedation. However, perioperative treatment is still based on empirical findings and no treatment is 'evidence-based'. Thus, no valid recommendations for the treatment of hiccup can be derived. Uncontrolled observations are inadequate to establish treatment efficacy.
authors.affiliation: University of Würzburg, Department of Anaesthesiology, Germany. peter.kranke@mail.uni-wuerzburg.de
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kranke
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Eberhart
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Morin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cracknell
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Greim
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Roewer
mesh_terms: D000768:Anesthesia, General; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D006606:Hiccup / Q000628:therapy*; D016239:MEDLINE; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic