title: CT findings and temporal course of persistent pulmonary interstitial emphysema in neonates: a multiinstitutional study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the CT appearance, management, and temporal course of persistent pulmonary interstitial emphysema in neonates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Criteria for inclusion in the study group included neonates with a history of prematurity who required ventilation for lung disease, development of hyperexpanded radiolucent lung lesions after typical radiographic findings of pulmonary interstitial emphysema, and CT documentation of lung abnormalities. Radiographs and CT scans were reviewed for the anatomic distribution, appearance, and presence of classic lines or dots within a radiolucent mass. We compared the management (surgical vs nonsurgical) and the temporal course in nonsurgical cases for patients in the United States and patients outside the United States.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From seven institutions, we identified 17 patients who had persistent pulmonary interstitial emphysema with CT documentation. On CT, all lesions consisted of hyperexpanded cystic radiolucencies. Distribution was single-lobe in nine patients (left upper lobe, n = 5; left lower lobe, n = 3; right middle lobe, n = 1), multilobar in eight patients, and bilateral in six patients. Fourteen patients (82%) showed the characteristic line-and-dot pattern. All patients were initially treated conservatively; nine eventually underwent surgical resection with confirmation at pathology. Of 10 patients who underwent nonsurgical treatment for at least 1 year, lesions resolved in four patients, decreased in size in three asymptomatic patients, and enlarged in three patients, with eventual resection in two. Surgical resection was performed in 89% (8/9) of patients treated in the United States and in 13% (1/8) of patients treated outside the United States.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study found that 82% of patients with persistent pulmonary interstitial emphysema had characteristic CT findings (central lines and dots surrounded by radiolucency). Although most patients in this series eventually underwent surgical resection, initial treatment can be conservative. The decision to perform surgery may have reflected the local medical culture.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA.
authors.forename: Lane F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Donnelly
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lucaya
authors.forename: Vanildo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ozelame
authors.forename: Donald P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Frush
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Strouse
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Sumner
authors.forename: Harriet J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Paltiel
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D019568:Lung, Hyperlucent / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011656:Pulmonary Emphysema / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed