title: Three-dimensional structures of thermophilic beta-1,4-xylanases from Chaetomium thermophilum and Nonomuraea flexuosa. Comparison of twelve xylanases in relation to their thermal stability.
abstract: The crystal structures of thermophilic xylanases from Chaetomium thermophilum and Nonomuraea flexuosa were determined at 1.75 and 2.1 A resolution, respectively. Both enzymes have the overall fold typical to family 11 xylanases with two highly twisted beta-sheets forming a large cleft. The comparison of 12 crystal structures of family 11 xylanases from both mesophilic and thermophilic organisms showed that the structures of different xylanases are very similar. The sequence identity differences correlated well with the structural differences. Several minor modifications appeared to be responsible for the increased thermal stability of family 11 xylanases: (a) higher Thr : Ser ratio (b) increased number of charged residues, especially Arg, resulting in enhanced polar interactions, and (c) improved stabilization of secondary structures involved the higher number of residues in the beta-strands and stabilization of the alpha-helix region. Some members of family 11 xylanases have a unique strategy to improve their stability, such as a higher number of ion pairs or aromatic residues on protein surface, a more compact structure, a tighter packing, and insertions at some regions resulting in enhanced interactions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Joensuu, Finland; Helsinki University of Technology, Finland. Nina.Hakulinen@joensuu.fi
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hakulinen
authors.forename: Ossi
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Turunen
authors.forename: Janne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jänis
authors.forename: Matti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leisola
authors.forename: Juha
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rouvinen
mesh_terms: D000192:Actinomycetales / Q000201:enzymology*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D002597:Chaetomium / Q000201:enzymology*; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D004220:Disulfides; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D006860:Hydrogen Bonding; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D043325:Xylan Endo-1,3-beta-Xylosidase; D014995:Xylosidases / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004220:Disulfides; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D014995:Xylosidases; D043325:Xylan Endo-1,3-beta-Xylosidase