title: Anxiety and substance use comorbidity among inpatients with schizophrenia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the association between lifetime anxiety symptoms and anxiety disorders and substance use disorders among patients with schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 184 inpatients with schizophrenia at the Schizophrenia Research Unit (SRU) at the New York State Psychiatric Institute (NYSPI). Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to determine the relationship between specific anxiety symptoms and anxiety disorders and substance use disorders among inpatients with schizophrenia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anxiety symptoms and anxiety disorders were prevalent among 31.5% of the sample. Panic attacks were associated with a significantly increased odds (OR=7.4 (1.2, 47.1)) of comorbid alcohol or substance use disorders (lifetime). This association was specific to panic attacks and persisted after adjusting for differences in sociodemographic characteristics and comorbid anxiety symptoms and anxiety disorders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings are consistent with and extend previous data by providing evidence of an association between panic attacks and increased likelihood of substance use disorders among inpatients with schizophrenia. Future studies that determine the nature of this relationship, the sequence of symptom onsets, and examine whether treatment of anxiety can influence the onset or outcome associated with substance use are needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit #43, New York 10032, USA. rdg66@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Renee D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Goodwin
authors.forename: Xavier F
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Amador
authors.forename: Dolores
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Malaspina
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Yale
authors.forename: Raymond R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Goetz
authors.forename: Jack M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gorman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*