title: Effect of micronutrient fortified beverage on nutritional anaemia during pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy of a multiple micronutrient fortified beverage containing eleven nutrients at physiological levels in prevention of anaemia and improving iron and vitamin A status during pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomised double blind placebo controlled study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mpwapwa and Kongwa Districts in Dodoma Region of Tanzania.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five hundred and seventy nine pregnant women were screened for entry into the study and 439 women who met the study criteria were enrolled.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study participants received either a fortified (F) or non-fortified (NF) orange flavoured drinks identical in appearance, provided in two self administered servings per day for an eight week period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparison of haemoglobin (Hb), serum ferritin (SF) and serum retinol (SR) at baseline and follow up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After eight weeks of supplementation, the F group (n=129) had a significantly higher Hb increase of 0.86 g/dL compared to 0.45 g/dL in the NF group (n=130) p<0.0001. Gestational age at entry into the study, moderated the effect on Hb of the fortified drink. Women at earlier gestational age upon entry, had a higher rise in Hb than women of late gestational age (0.8 g/dL versus 0.04 g/dL rise respectively, p=0.038, n=188). The risk of being anaemic at the end of the study for those in the F group was reduced by 51% (RR=0.49, CI=0.28 to 0.85). Iron stores (by serum ferritin levels) increased by 3 microg/L in the F group (p=0.012) and a decrease of 2 microg/L in the NF group (p=0.115). The follow up ferritin concentration depended on initial ferritin level. Regardless of treatment group, serum retinol concentrations were significantly higher in mothers who had delivered. Mothers who had adequate levels at entry benefited more from the supplement than those with low levels (0.26 micromol/L versus no significant difference).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The multiple micronutrient-fortified beverage given for eight weeks to pregnant women improved their haemoglobin, serum ferritin and retinol status. The risk for anaemia was also significantly reduced. The important predictors of Hb increase at follow up were the fortified beverage, baseline Hb, serum retinol, baseline ferritin and gestational age at entry into study. Anthropological research showed that the beverage was highly acceptable and well liked.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre, PO Box 977, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Tatala
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ash
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Makola
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Latham
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ndosi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Grohn
mesh_terms: D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000178:diet therapy*; D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood; D005296:Ferrous Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005527:Food, Fortified / Q000032:analysis; D005865:Gestational Age; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000032:analysis / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011250:Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000178:diet therapy*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012423:Rural Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013636:Tanzania; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000097:blood; D014815:Vitamins / Q000032:analysis / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D005296:Ferrous Compounds; D006454:Hemoglobins; D018977:Micronutrients; D014815:Vitamins; D014801:Vitamin A; D005293:Ferritins