title: Analyzing risk factors for late posttraumatic seizures: a prospective, multicenter investigation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To ascertain the natural history and to stratify risks for the development of late posttraumatic seizures in individuals with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, observational study of individuals with TBI admitted to 4 trauma centers within 24 hours of injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four tertiary care trauma centers in urban areas.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 647 individuals (>/=16 y) with any of the following abnormal computed tomography (CT) scan findings: extent of midline shift and/or cisternal compression or presence of any focal pathology (eg, punctate, subarachnoid, or intraventricular hemorrhage; cortical or subcortical contusion; extra-axial lesions) during the first 7 days postinjury or best Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of </=10 during the first 24 hours post-TBI. Subjects were enrolled from August 1993 through September 1997 and followed for up to 24 months, until death or their first late posttraumatic seizures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cumulative probability, relative risk, and survival analyses were used to stratify risks for development of late postttraumatic seizures on the basis of demographic factors, etiology of injury, initial GCS, early posttraumatic seizures, time post-TBI, types of intracerebral lesion by CT scan, and number and types of intracranial procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-six individuals had a late posttraumatic seizures; 337 had no late posttraumatic seizures during full 24-month follow-up; 167 had no late posttraumatic seizures during time followed (<24 mo); and 54 were placed on anticonvulsants without a late posttraumatic seizures, whereas 23 died before their first late posttraumatic seizures. The highest cumulative probability for late posttraumatic seizures included biparietal contusions (66%), dural penetration with bone and metal fragments (62.5%), multiple intracranial operations (36.5%), multiple subcortical contusions (33.4%), subdural hematoma with evacuation (27.8%), midline shift greater than 5mm (25.8%), or multiple or bilateral cortical contusions (25%). Initial GCS score was associated with the following cumulative probabilities for development of late posttraumatic seizures at 24 months: GCS score of 3 to 8, 16.8%; GCS score of 9 to 12, 24.3%; and GCS score of 13 to 15, 8.0%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stratification by CT scan findings and neurosurgical procedures performed were the most useful findings in defining individuals at highest risk for late posttraumatic seizures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, CA 95128, USA. Jeffrey.Englander@hhs.co.santa-clara.ca.us
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Englander
authors.forename: Tamara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bushnik
authors.forename: Thao T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Duong
authors.forename: David X
authors.initials: DX
authors.lastname: Cifu
authors.forename: Ross
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zafonte
authors.forename: Jerry
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bergman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D004834:Epilepsy, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014193:Trauma Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants