Ethical issues raised by genetic testing with oligonucleotide microarrays.
Because genes and alterations within them determine the identity, characteristics, and inheritance of every individual, the application of genetic science to humans has long been surrounded by apprehension, controversy, and real or perceived potential for abuse. Crude eugenics practices of the past now find a theoretical rebirth and transformation through the use of modern molecular genetic technologies for mutation detection, predictive and prenatal diagnosis, and, ultimately, gene replacement. The advent of oligonucleotide microarray analysis, in which hundreds or thousands of genes and mutations can be tested in parallel, offers tremendous promise for more accurate, sensitive, and efficient genetic testing. At the same time, however, this powerful technology dramatically increases the number and scope of ethical concerns accompanying each individual test request. This article considers the evolution and implications of these concerns, from the initial ordering of a microarray test by the physician to such issues as informed consent, privacy, confidentiality, clinical utility, discrimination, stigmatization, ethnic and population impact, and reimbursement.
Grody
Wayne W
WW
Divisions of Medical Genetics and Molecular Pathology, Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Pediatrics, and Human Genetics, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA. wgrody@mednet.ucla.edu
D003219:Confidentiality / Q000941:ethics*; D005053:Eugenics / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005817:Genetic Counseling / Q000941:ethics; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000941:ethics*; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent / Q000941:ethics*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000941:ethics*; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000941:ethics; D011247:Pregnancy; D011287:Prejudice; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000941:ethics; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis / Q000941:ethics