title: Risperidone augmentation decreases rapid eye movement sleep and decreases wake in treatment-resistant depressed patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The atypical antipsychotic agent risperidone has beneficial effects on mood in patients with schizophrenia. This study aimed to assess whether risperidone produced typical antidepressant-like effects in the polysomnogram of healthy subjects and in depressed patients unresponsive to antidepressant medication.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured the effect of a single dose of risperidone (1 mg) on the polysomnogram of 8 healthy volunteers in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover design. We also measured the effects of open-label risperidone treatment (0.5-1.0 mg daily) on the polysomnogram of 8 patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for major depressive disorder who had received therapeutic doses of an antidepressant with an unsatisfactory response. Sleep was recorded at baseline and following 2 weeks of risperidone addition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the healthy volunteers, risperidone significantly decreased rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (p =.04). After 2 weeks of risperidone treatment, depressed patients had significantly less wake (p =.02) and REM sleep (p =.02). Scores on depression rating scales for the depressed patients showed a significant decline (p <.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Risperidone administration decreases REM sleep in both healthy volunteers and medication-resistant depressed patients, an action characteristic of conventional antidepressant medication. In depressed patients, risperidone also decreased wake. The utility of risperidone as an augmentation agent in depressed patients merits controlled study.
authors.affiliation: University Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK. ann.sharpley@psych.ox.ac.uk
authors.forename: Ann L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Sharpley
authors.forename: Zubin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Bhagwagar
authors.forename: Sepehr
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hafizi
authors.forename: W Richard
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Whale
authors.forename: Harm J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Gijsman
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Cowen
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010555:Personality Inventory; D010919:Placebos; D017286:Polysomnography / Q000187:drug effects; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D018967:Risperidone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000187:drug effects*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D010919:Placebos; D018967:Risperidone