title: Dehalogenation potential of municipal waste incineration fly ash. I. General principles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is well known that the fly ash from filters of municipal waste incinerators (MWI-FA) shows dehalogenation properties after heating it to 240-450 degrees C. However, this property is not general, and fly ash samples do not possess dehalogenation ability at all in many cases. Fly ash has a very variable composition, and the state of the fly ash matter therefore plays the decisive role. In the present paper, the function of important components responsible for the dehalogenation activity of MWI-FA is analysed and compared with the model fly ash.
  
  
  METHODS
  With the aim of accounting for the dehalogenation activity of MWI-FA, the following studies of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) dechlorination were performed: The role of copper in dehalogenation experiments was evaluated for five types of metallic copper. The gasification of carbon in MWI-FA was studied in the 250-350 degrees C temperature range. Five different kinds of carbon were used, combined with conventional Cu(o) and activated nanosize copper powder. The dechlorination experiments were also carried out with Cu(II) compounds such as CuO, Cu(OH)2, CuCl2 and CuSO4. The results were discussed from the standpoint of thermodynamics of potential reactions. Based on these results, the model of fly ash was proposed, containing silica gel, metallic copper and carbon. The dechlorination ability of MWI-FA and the model fly ash are compared under oxygen-deficient atmosphere.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show that, under given experimental conditions, copper acts in the dechlorination as a stoichiometric agent rather than as a catalyst. The increased surface activity of copper enhances its dechlorination activity. It was found further that the presence of copper leads to a decrease in the temperature of carbon gasification. The cyclic valence change from Cu(o) to Cu+ or Cu2+ is a prerequisite for the dehalogenation to take place.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thermodynamic analysis of the dechlorination effect, as well as the comparison of dechlorination pathways on MWI-FA and model fly ash, can provide a deeper understanding of the studied reaction.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 135, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic. pekarek@icpf.cas.cz
authors.forename: Vladimír
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pekárek
authors.forename: Jindrich
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Karban
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fiserová
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bures
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pacáková
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vecerníková
mesh_terms: D002384:Catalysis; D017606:Chlorine Compounds; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000737:chemistry*; D006581:Hexachlorobenzene / Q000737:chemistry*; D017745:Incineration; D007536:Isomerism; D008956:Models, Chemical; D012037:Refuse Disposal; D013816:Thermodynamics
chemical_list: D017606:Chlorine Compounds; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D006581:Hexachlorobenzene