title: Exploration for testicular remnants: implications of residual seminiferous tubules and crossed testicular ectopia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Testicular remnants identified during exploration for cryptorchidism contain vascularized fibrous nodules at the termination of the vas deferens, hemosiderin, calcification, a pampiniform plexus or occasionally residual seminiferous tubules that may contain germ cells. An absent testis lacks the features of testicular remnants. To our knowledge testicular remnants have not been described in a crossed ectopic location. We reviewed orchiectomy specimens obtained at exploration for a nonpalpable testis to characterize the features of testicular remnants, including the frequency of seminiferous tubules, germ cells and crossed ectopia, as well as to clarify the diagnostic criteria for testicular remnants.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1990 to mid 2000 medical records and histological slides from 101 boys with nonpalpable testes who had undergone inguinal exploration and orchiectomy were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 71 testicular remnants identified 7 (9.8%) contained residual tubules, of which 4 (5.6%) contained germ cells. In 4 boys the testis was deemed absent but 3 did not undergo laparoscopic exploration. There were 2 ectopic remnants (2.8%) on the contralateral side-the pelvis or in the scrotum. Both crossed remnants demonstrated dissociation of the testis from the vas/epididymis which remained on the correct side associated with a pampiniform plexus. No müllerian remnants were encountered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adequate exploration for nonpalpable testis requires laparoscopy with visualization of the contralateral pelvic region because an ectopic remnant may be dissociated from the vas/epididymis and vessels. Identification of a pampiniform plexus, vas and spermatic vessels may not be a reliable indicator of a testicular remnant. Continued removal of testicular remnants is warranted because at least 9.8% contain residual viable tubules.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Pathology, Louisiana State University, Children's Hospital of New Orleans, USA.
authors.forename: Arlene M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: De Luna
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ortenberg
authors.forename: Randall D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Craver
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002828:Choristoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D004822:Epididymis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D009919:Orchiectomy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012671:Seminiferous Tubules; D013737:Testis; D014649:Vas Deferens / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery