title: Activation of the prolyl hydroxylase oxygen-sensor results in induction of GLUT1, heme oxygenase-1, and nitric-oxide synthase proteins and confers protection from metabolic inhibition to cardiomyocytes.
abstract: Recently an oxygen-sensing/transducing mechanism has been identified as a family of O2-dependent prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing enzymes (PHD). In normoxia, PHD hydroxylates a specific proline residue that directs the degradation of constitutively synthesized hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha. During hypoxia, the cessation of hydroxylation of this proline results in less degradation and thus increases hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha protein levels. In this study we have examined the consequences of activating the PHD oxygen-sensing pathway in cultured neonatal myocytes using ethyl-3,4 dihydroxybenzoate and dimethyloxalylglycine, inhibitors that, similar to hypoxia, inhibit this family of O2-dependent PHD enzymes. Increased glucose uptake and enhanced glycolytic metabolism are classical cellular responses to hypoxia. Ethyl-3,4 dihydroxybenzoate treatment of cardiomyocyte cultures for 24 h increased [3H]deoxy-4-glucose uptake concurrent with an induction of GLUT1 protein. In addition, ethyl-3,4 dihydroxybenzoate, dimethyloxalylglycine, and hypoxia treatments were found to induce protein levels of nitricoxide synthase-2 and heme oxygenase-1, two important cardioregulatory proteins whose expression in response to hypoxic conditions is poorly understood. In conjunction with these changes in gene expression, activation of the PHD oxygen-sensing mechanism was found to preserve myocyte viability in the face of metabolic inhibition with cyanide and 2-deoxyglucose. These results point to a key role for the PHD pathway in the phenotypic changes that are observed in a hypoxic myocyte and may suggest a strategy to pharmacologically induce protection in heart.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Joshua J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Higgin
authors.forename: Ronald T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Raines
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Steenbergen
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Murphy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D017931:DNA Primers; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006419:Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing) / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D051379:Mice; D009206:Myocardium / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011393:Procollagen-Proline Dioxygenase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011393:Procollagen-Proline Dioxygenase; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; D006419:Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing); D005947:Glucose; D010100:Oxygen