title: Stricture of the proximal esophagus in head and neck carcinoma patients after radiotherapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is well recognized that many patients with head and neck carcinoma have problems with food intake and malnutrition. The objective of the current study was to determine the clinical pattern of patients with nonneoplastic stricture of the upper esophagus after radiotherapy for head and neck carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart study of 22 patients with stricture of the proximal esophagus diagnosed between 1993 and 1999 at Karolinska Hospital was performed. The dose volume histograms of the first 2 cm and 5 cm, respectively, of the proximal esophagus were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five of the patients (23%) had total obliteration. The first 2 cm of the esophagus received at least 60 grays (Gy) in > 80% of the volume. Radiation injury was not reported to occur at doses < 60 Gy. There was a correlation found between dysphagia during radiotherapy and the development of proximal esophageal stricture. Stricture was diagnosed 1-60 months (median, 6 months) after radiotherapy. In 18 patients, the stricture was treated with single or repeated endoscopic dilation. These treatments allowed a nearly normal diet in 78% of the patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stricture of the upper esophagus is one deglutition disorder that is reported to occur after radiotherapy for head and neck carcinoma. In the current study, the authors emphasize the importance of knowing the tolerance of the normal esophagus to irradiation as well as early diagnosis of stricture of the proximal esophagus because this condition may lead to physical and emotional distress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. goran.laurell@ks.se
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Laurell
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kraepelien
authors.forename: Panayiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mavroidis
authors.forename: Bengt K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Lind
authors.forename: Jan-Olof
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Fernberg
authors.forename: Mats
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beckman
authors.forename: Magnus G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Lind
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004724:Endoscopy; D004940:Esophageal Stenosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D004947:Esophagus / Q000528:radiation effects; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology*; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012189:Retrospective Studies