title: Laypersons' expectation of the sequelae of whiplash injury: a cross-cultural comparative study between Canada and Greece.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of the present study is to compare the frequency and nature of expected 'whiplash' symptoms in Greece [a country where the chronic whiplash syndrome is rare or unknown] with that in Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  A symptom checklist was administered to 2 subject groups selected from local companies in Patras Greece, and Edmonton, Canada, respectively. Subjects were asked to imagine having suffered a neck sprain [whiplash injury] with no loss of consciousness in a motor vehicle collision, and to check which, of a variety of symptoms, they would expect might arise from the injury. For symptoms they anticipated, they were asked to select the period of time they expected those symptoms to persist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both the Greek and Edmontonian groups, the pattern of symptoms anticipated closely resembled the acute symptoms commonly reported by accident victims with acute neck sprain, but while up to 50% of Edmontonians also anticipated symptoms to last months or years, very few Greek subjects selected any symptoms as likely to persist.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Greece, despite the documented occurrence of neck sprain symptoms in individuals following motor vehicle collisions, there is a very low rate of expectation of any sequelae from this injury. What current or previous aspects of society that underlie this remain uncertain. This lack of expectation of chronicity in Greece may, in part, determine the low prevalence of the chronic whiplash syndrome there. Further studies of symptom expectation as an etiologic factor in the chronic whiplash syndrome are needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. rferrari@shaw.ca
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: Constantine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Constantoyannis
authors.forename: Nikolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Papadakis
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D000328:Adult; D002170:Canada; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005260:Female; D006115:Greece; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013577:Syndrome; D013997:Time Factors; D014911:Whiplash Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*