title: Pyridines in cigarette smoke inhibit hamster oviductal functioning in picomolar doses.
abstract: Past studies showed that chemicals in cigarette smoke inhibit oviductal functioning in vivo and in vitro. The purposes of this study were to identify individual toxicants in cigarette smoke solutions that inhibit various aspects of oviductal functioning and to determine their effective doses using in vitro bioassays. Solid phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to identify individual chemicals in mainstream (MS) and sidestream (SS) cigarette smoke solutions. Pyridines, which were the most abundant class of compounds identified, were purchased, assayed for purity, and tested in dose-response studies on hamster oviducts. The lowest observable adverse effect level was determined for each pyridine derivative using the oocyte pick-up rate, ciliary beat frequency, and infundibular muscle contraction assays. 2-Methylpyridine, 4-methylpyridine, 2-ethylpyridine, 3-ethylpyridine, and 4-vinylpyridine were inhibitory at picomolar concentrations in all assays. This work shows picomolar doses of pyridines with single methyl or ethyl substitutions significantly inhibit oviductal functioning raising questions regarding the safety of these compounds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California Riverside, 92521, Riverside, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Riveles
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iv
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Arey
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Talbot
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002923:Cilia / Q000187:drug effects; D006224:Cricetinae; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005187:Fallopian Tubes / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D008647:Mesocricetus; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000187:drug effects; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; D009865:Oocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D010847:Picolines / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D011247:Pregnancy; D011725:Pyridines / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D010847:Picolines; D011725:Pyridines; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; C051672:2-ethylpyridine; C039675:3-ethylpyridine; C053603:3-methylpyridine