title: Free neurovascular transfer of latisstmus dorsi muscle for the treatment of bladder acontractility: II. Clinical results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Until now patients with bladder acontractility were destined to lifelong clean intermittent catheterization with all of its inherent risks. Previous experimental studies demonstrated that voluntary voiding can be restored by microneurovascular free transfer of a carefully selected muscle flap. We present the selection criteria, modifications in technique, followup schedule and long-term results in 20 patients treated with transplantation of latissimus dorsi muscle to the bladder.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 20 patients with bladder acontractility requiring intermittent catheterization for at least 2 years we performed latissimus dorsi detrusor myoplasty. Preoperative evaluation included urodynamic assessment, cystoscopy, upper tract imaging and electromyography of the rectus muscle. The procedure involves transfer of a free neurovascular latissimus dorsi muscle flap to the pelvis where it is anastomosed to the lowest motor branches of the intercostal nerve and deep inferior epigastric vessels. Patients were instructed to attempt voluntary voiding 3 months postoperatively. Followup included urodynamic evaluation, biannual Doppler ultrasonography and annual dynamic computerized tomography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Annual dynamic computerized tomography and/or biannual Doppler ultrasonography demonstrated vascularization and contractility of all transplanted muscle flaps. Mean followup is 44 months (range 18 to 74). Of the 20 patients 14 were able to void spontaneously within 4 months postoperatively with post-void residual volumes of less than 100 cc, voluntary voiding was restored by bladder neck incision in 4 and 2 (10%) still require self-catheterization. Postoperative detrusor pressures ranged from 5 to 218 cm. H2O (mean 72, median 55). None of the patients had morphological and functional changes of the upper tract, or de novo incontinence postoperatively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Functioning free muscle transplantation was able to restore voluntary voiding in patients who had previously been dependent on long-term catheterization. Voluntary voiding has been maintained several years postoperatively without deterioration of upper tract function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Unit of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Innsbruck Medical Center, Austria.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ninkovic
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stenzl
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schwabegger
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bartsch
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Prosser
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ninkovic
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008866:Microsurgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D009123:Muscle Hypotonia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation / Q000637:transplantation; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000294:innervation*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler; D001745:Urinary Bladder Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D014563:Urodynamics / Q000502:physiology