title: General Certificate of Secondary Education performance in very low birthweight infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare children of very low birth weight with matched controls for their performance in the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE).
  
  
  METHODS
  GCSE examination results of 167 children of birth weight < or =1500 g attending mainstream schools and without clinical disability and 167 individually matched classroom controls were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 143 instances, both children of a matched pair were entered for examination in one or more GCSE subjects. The total points score obtained was greater in the comparison group than in the index cases (difference between means 4.45: 95% CI 0.95 to 7.94; p = 0.01). The mean point score per examination subject was also significantly greater in the comparison group than in the index cases (mean of differences 0.43: 95% CI 0.12 to 0.73; p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As the children were closely matched for school and several social variables, factors acting during fetal or early postnatal development of very low birthweight infants probably compromise performance in the GCSE examination to a greater extent than school or childhood social environmental factors.
authors.affiliation: FSID Unit of Perinatal and Paediatric Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GB, UK. p.o.d.pharoah@liv.ac.uk
authors.forename: P O D
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Pharoah
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Stevenson
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: West
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D001724:Birth Weight; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002657:Child Development; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004521:Educational Measurement; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight / Q000523:psychology*; D007360:Intelligence; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male