title: Evaluation of extensibility, passive torque and stretch reflex responses in triceps surae muscles following serial casting to correct spastic equinovarus deformity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Spastic equinovarus deformity of the ankle in adults with acquired brain injury can severely limit the achievement of rehabilitation goals. This study examined changes in triceps surae muscle extensibility, passive resistive torque and soleus stretch reflex responses in 10 adult brain injured subjects undergoing serial casting to correct ankle equinovarus deformity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Goniometric measurement of maximal passive dorsiflexion was used to evaluate extensibility of the triceps surae muscles. Computer controlled ankle dynamometry and surface electromyography were used to identify passive resistive torque and soleus stretch reflex onset angle in response to stretches at two velocities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean casting period was 5 weeks. Casting was discontinued in one subject due to failure to achieve measurable gain in ankle range over three consecutive cast changes. Median improvements in maximal ankle dorsiflexion, with the knee flexed or extended, of 30 degrees and 15 degrees, respectively, were achieved in the remaining nine subjects (p < 0.0001). The median passive ankle range in response to a displacing torque of 10 Nm increased 4.3 degrees over the intervention period (p < 0.0001). Consistent soleus reflex activity in response to passive stretches at 25 degrees x s(-1) was elicited in only four subjects. A trend for the stretch reflex onset to move further into the available range was demonstrated in these subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the present study, serial casting contributed to significant change in triceps surae extensibility and passive resistive torque, corresponding with improved maximal passive ankle dorsiflexion range and an increase in the angle achieved with a displacing torque of 10 N.m. Increased stretch reflex threshold was observed in some subjects. The use of pre-determined outcome criteria and careful measurement of responses to this intervention were important to prevent premature discontinuation of casting when gains were slower than expected.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Musculoskeletal Studies, Department of Surgery, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia. kps@cms.uwa.edu.au
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Singer
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Singer
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Allison
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002370:Casts, Surgical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000628:therapy*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012026:Reflex, Stretch / Q000502:physiology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D019415:Torque