title: The reversed ipsilateral acoustic reflex: clinical features and kinetic analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The reversed ipsilateral acoustic reflex (RIAR) has been the subject of few studies in the past literature and the nature of this "reflex" response is not yet completely understood. It can be observed in different diseases, all of which result from inactivity of the stapedial reflex (SR). We aimed to investigate the occurrence of the RIAR in different diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  An extensive clinical investigation of the RIAR was carried out.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The RIAR was found to be present in 100% of ears lacking an effective SR arc. Its amplitude is modulated by the air pressure level in the external ear canal whilst its sign is constantly positive and never reverses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Kinetic analysis of the RIAR suggests the existence of a single underlying phenomenon while the interaction of the RIAR with the SR may explain the complex morphology frequently observed in the normal ipsilateral acoustic reflex.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Bassini Hospital, San Gerardo di Monza, Monza, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ciardo
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Garavello
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rossetti
authors.forename: P V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Manghisi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Merola
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Gaini
mesh_terms: D000158:Acoustic Impedance Tests / Q000379:methods*; D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000328:Adult; D001301:Audiometry, Pure-Tone; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D001309:Auditory Threshold / Q000502:physiology; D003638:Deafness / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005158:Facial Paralysis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010040:Otosclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012021:Reflex, Abnormal / Q000502:physiology*; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D012984:Software; D013719:Tensor Tympani / Q000503:physiopathology