title: Efficacy and safety of remifentanil in coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a randomized, double-blind dose comparison study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the efficacy and safety of 3 doses of remifentanil as part of a total intravenous anesthesia technique with low-dose propofol in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multicenter, multinational, double-blind, randomized, dose comparison study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine hospitals in 5 countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred forty-one patients undergoing first-time elective CABG surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were premedicated with a short-acting oral benzodiazepine up to 2 h before surgery and randomized to receive continuous infusions of remifentanil 1.0 microg/kg/min (n = 45), 1.5 microg/kg/min (n = 44), or 2.0 microg/kg/min (n = 43), in combination with propofol 3 mg/kg/h. Nine patients received remifentanil 1.0 microg/kg/min on an open-label basis. Three different induction sequences (IS) were used. In IS 1 (n = 31), induction was started with remifentanil infusion followed 5 minutes later by propofol 0.5 mg/kg bolus and infusion at 3 mg/kg/h. Further bolus doses of propofol (10 mg) were given if loss of consciousness (LOC) was not attained after 5 minutes; pancuronium, 0.04 to 0.1 mg/kg, was administered at LOC. In IS 2 (n = 68), a priming dose of pancuronium, 0.015 mg/kg, was administered just before starting remifentanil. In IS 3 (n = 42), bolus doses of propofol, 10 mg every 10 seconds, were given until LOC, followed by pancuronium, 0.04 to 0.1 mg/kg, and the remifentanil and propofol infusions were started.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences among the remifentanil dose groups with regard to the primary outcome measure, responses to sternotomy/sternal spread/maximal sternal spread. Responses to these stimuli were recorded in 11%, 11%, and 14% of patients in the remifentanil 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 microg/kg/min dose groups, respectively. Similarly, there were no significant differences in the responses to other surgical stimuli. There was a high incidence of muscle rigidity when remifentanil was used to induce anesthesia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All 3 remifentanil dose regimens provided profound suppression of responses to surgical stimuli in the majority of patients. There was no apparent advantage in starting the remifentanil infusion rate above 1.0 microg/kg/min. Remifentanil is not suitable for use as a sole induction agent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Ignatius Ziekenhuis Breda, Breda, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ferd E A
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Geisler
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: de Lange
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Royston
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Demeyere
authors.forename: David J R
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Duthie
authors.forename: Jean-Jacques
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lehot
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Adt
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Dupeyron
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mansfield
authors.forename: Andrew J T
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Kirkham
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009127:Muscle Rigidity / Q000139:chemically induced; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D010880:Piperidines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015742:Propofol / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077208:Remifentanil; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D010880:Piperidines; D000077208:Remifentanil; D015742:Propofol