title: Aspergillus infections after lung transplantation: clinical differences in type of transplant and implications for management.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Invasive aspergillosis is a serious opportunistic infection in lung transplant recipients. It has not been fully discerned whether there are differences in the characteristics, risk factors and outcome of Aspergillus infection in single as compared with bilateral lung transplant recipients.
  
  
  METHODS
  English-language articles identified by a MEDLINE search through December 2000 and bibliographies were used as data sources to identify cases of Aspergillus infections in lung transplant recipients. The studies selected had to have provided a definition of invasive aspergillosis to distinguish colonization from infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median incidence of Aspergillus infections in lung transplant recipients was 6.2%. In total, 58% (45 of 78) of the Aspergillus infections were tracheobronchitis or bronchial anastomotic infections, 32% (25 of 78) were invasive pulmonary, and 22% (25 of 78) were disseminated infections. Single lung transplant recipients with Aspergillus infections were significantly older (p = 0.006), more likely to have had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as an underlying illness (p = 0.05), more likely to have developed Aspergillus infections later after transplantation (p = 0.019), and tended to have a higher incidence of invasive aspergillosis (p = 0.11) than all other lung transplant recipients. Overall mortality in lung transplant recipients with Aspergillus infections was 52%. Single lung transplant recipients (p = 0.03), and patients with late-onset infections (occurring at least 3 months after transplantation ([p = 0.045]) infections had significantly higher mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Single lung transplant recipients with Aspergillus infections had an overall greater morbidity and poorer outcome than other types of lung transplant recipients. Recognition of the unique characteristics of Aspergillus infections in single lung (vs bilateral or heart-lung) transplant recipients has implications relevant for the management of lung transplant recipients with aspergillosis.
authors.affiliation: Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Thomas E Starzl Transplantation Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15240, USA. nis5+@pitt.edu
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Shahid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Husain
mesh_terms: D001228:Aspergillosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008172:Lung Diseases, Fungal / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D016040:Lung Transplantation / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity; D012307:Risk Factors