title: [Urologic interventional therapy of kidney calculi (II)--Endoscopic methods: ureterorenoscopy and percutaneous nephrolitholapaxy].
abstract: Although ESWL allows for the treatment of most urinary stones, there are remaining situations, in which satisfying results cannot be achieved, e.g. large kidney stones or specific anatomy. In such cases endoscopic procedure like ureterorenoscopy (URS) or percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), alone or in combination with ESWL, allow minimally-invasive removal of these stones. Primarily, the development of modern intracorporeal lithotripter probes and extraction instruments along with a reduction of instruments' diameter could improve efficacy and reduce mortality. This article will provide an overview of techniques, application and results of endoscopic urinary stone treatment.
authors.affiliation: Urologische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Mannheim, Mannheim. thomas.knoll@uro.ma.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: Th
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Knoll
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Michel
authors.forename: K U
authors.initials: KU
authors.lastname: Köhrmann
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Alken
mesh_terms: D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000628:therapy*; D020709:Ureteroscopes / Q000009:adverse effects