title: Treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma less than 2 centimeters by transcatheter arterial chemoembolization with autologous blood clot.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the efficacy of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization using autologous blood clot as an embolizing agent (short-TAE [S-TAE]) for the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma less than 2 cm.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight consecutive patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma less than 2 cm in diameter were treated by S-TAE alone. All patients had documented cirrhosis (Child class B:C = 20:8). S-TAE was performed by injecting a mixture of iodized oil and anticancer drugs followed by embolization of hepatic arteries with autologous blood clot.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 147 sessions of embolization with clots were performed. S-TAE maintained patency of hepatic arteries. The overall survival rates at 1, 3, 5, and 8 years were estimated to be 89%, 52%, 34%, and 17%, respectively, which were better compared with prior records for the gelfoam method. The survival rates for Child class B patients were significantly better than that for Child class C patients (P < 0.05). The Cox proportional hazard model also demonstrated that Child staging of cirrhosis was the sole factor significantly predicting the survival (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The long-term outcomes of S-TAE for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma less than 2 cm are satisfactory. Prognosis of these patients was significantly dependent on clinical stages of coexisting liver cirrhosis.
authors.affiliation: Third Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan. ToshiakiG@intra.niddk.nih.gov
authors.forename: Toshiaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gunji
authors.forename: Nobuo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kawauchi
authors.forename: Masao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akahane
authors.forename: Kiyotaka
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kanamori
authors.forename: Shin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ohnishi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D002404:Catheterization; D016461:Chemoembolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005781:Gelatin Sponge, Absorbable; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000379:methods*; D011336:Probability; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012494:Sampling Studies; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016019:Survival Analysis; D019452:Terminally Ill; D016896:Treatment Outcome