title: The stromal derived factor-1/CXCL12-CXC chemokine receptor 4 biological axis in non-small cell lung cancer metastases.
abstract: Non-small cell lung cancer is characterized by a specific metastatic pattern. The mechanism for organ-specific metastasis is poorly understood, although evidence has suggested that the chemokine stromal derived factor-1 (CXCL12) and its cognate receptor CXCR4 may regulate breast cancer metastasis. We hypothesized that the CXCL12-CXCR4 biological axis is important in mediating non-small cell lung cancer metastases. Our results indicate that both non-small cell lung cancer tumor specimens resected from patients and non-small cell lung cancer cell lines express CXCR4, but not CXCL12. Non-small cell lung cancer cell lines undergo chemotaxis in response to CXCL12. CXCL12-CXCR4 activation of non-small cell lung cancer cell lines showed intracellular calcium mobilization and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation with enhanced extracellular signal-related kinase-1/2 phosphorylation without change in either proliferation or apoptosis. Target organs in a murine model that are the preferred destination of human non-small cell lung cancer metastases elaborate higher levels of CXCL12 than does the primary tumor, and suggest the generation of chemotactic gradients. The administration of specific neutralizing anti-CXCL12 antibodies to severe combined immunodeficient mice expressing human non-small cell lung cancer abrogated organ metastases, without affecting primary tumor-derived angiogenesis. These data suggest that the CXCL12-CXCR4 biological axis is involved in regulating the metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 90024, USA.
authors.forename: Roderick J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Marie D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Burdick
authors.forename: Marin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lutz
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Belperio
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Keane
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Strieter
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000473:pathology*; D054377:Chemokine CXCL12; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000032:analysis* / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000473:pathology*; D051379:Mice; D016513:Mice, SCID; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4 / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018183:Transplantation Chimera; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: C515255:CXCL12 protein, human; D054377:Chemokine CXCL12; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; C515256:Cxcl12 protein, mouse; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4