title: Tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibition of hepatitis B virus replication involves disruption of capsid Integrity through activation of NF-kappaB.
abstract: Chronic infection by hepatitis B virus results from an inability to clear the virus, which is associated with liver disease and liver cancer. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) is associated with noncytopathic clearance of hepatitis B virus in animal models. Here we demonstrate that the nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) signaling pathway is a central mediator of inhibition of hepatitis B virus by TNF-alpha and we describe the molecular mechanism. TNF-alpha is shown to suppress hepatitis B virus DNA replication without cell killing by disrupting the formation or stability of cytoplasmic viral capsids through a pathway requiring the NF-kappaB-activating inhibitor of kappaB kinase complex IKK-alpha/beta and active transcription factor NF-kappaB. Hepatitis B virus replication could also be inhibited and viral capsid formation could be disrupted in the absence of TNF-alpha solely by overexpression of IKK-alpha/beta or strong activation of NF-kappaB. In contrast, inhibition of NF-kappaB signaling stimulated viral replication, demonstrating that HBV replication is both positively and negatively regulated by the level of activity of the NF-kappaB pathway. Studies are presented that exclude the possibility that HBV inhibition by NF-kappaB is carried out by secondary production of gamma interferon or alpha/beta interferon. These results identify a novel mechanism for noncytopathic suppression of hepatitis B virus replication that is mediated by the NF-kappaB signaling pathway and activated by TNF-alpha.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Biermer
authors.forename: Robyn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Puro
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Schneider
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002213:Capsid / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D004261:DNA Replication / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D007372:Interferons / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014162:Transfection; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D016328:NF-kappa B; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D007372:Interferons