title: Toxicology and toxicokinetics of acute and subchronic administration of histamine dihydrochloride in rats.
abstract: Histamine dihydrochloride is currently being evaluated as an adjuvant to immunotherapy regimens in neoplastic and infectious diseases. The no-observed-effect-level (NOEL), no-observable-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL), and pharmacokinetics of subcutaneously administered histamine dihydrochloride were determined via 5 and 28 day repeated dose studies in Sprague-Dawley rats. In the five day study, male rats received 0 (vehicle), 5, 30, 500, or 1000 mg/kg BID. Acute tissue damage was observed at one or more injection sites in the two highest dose groups after 24 h. At five days, animals in these groups displayed indications of pathological inflammation at the injection sites. In the 28 day study, male and female rats received 0 (vehicle), 0.5, 5, or 100 mg/kg BID. The most significant treatment-related pathological findings were signs of inflammation at the injection sites for animals in the 100 mg/kg BID group. Hematology and clinical chemistry changes in the highest dose groups in both studies were consistent with inflammation and anemia but were found to be reversible following a 14-day recovery. Plasma histamine levels were quantified from male and female animals receiving 0.5, 5, and 100 mg/kg injections on Day 1 and 28 of the twenty-eight day study. Cmax was achieved within 0.25 h and was dose-proportional. The elimination half-life and tmax were longer at the 100 mg/kg dose than the lower doses. No marked differences between genders or between Day 1 and 28 were found. Based on these findings, the NOEL and NOAEL were established at 0.5 mg/kg BID and 5 mg/kg BID, respectively. When converted to human equivalent dose, the NOAEL is 0.81 mg/kg which is 54 times the intended human dose. These studies support a wide safety margin for histamine dihydrochloride.
authors.affiliation: Maxim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 8899 University Center Lane, Suite 400, San Diego, CA 92122.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Karavodin
authors.forename: Rodney
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sarno
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gehlsen
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006632:Histamine / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D008297:Male; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute; D036401:Toxicity Tests, Chronic
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D006632:Histamine