title: A candidate metastasis-associated DNA marker for ductal mammary carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Molecular genetic markers to identify the 13% lymph node-negative mammary carcinomas that are prone to develop metastases would clearly be of considerable value in indicating those cases in need of early aggressive therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Representational difference analysis was used in an attempt to identify genetic alterations related to breast cancer metastasis by comparing genomic DNA from microdissected normal cells and from metastatic cells of ductal breast carcinoma patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Representational difference analysis products yielded 10 unique metastasis-associated DNA sequences (MADS), i.e. products apparently lost in metastatic cell DNA. Of these sequences, MADS-IX was found to be lost in the transition from primary to metastasis in two out of five ductal breast carcinoma cases. This sequence was localized on chromosome 10q21 by radiation hybrid mapping and fluorescence in situ hybridization. The PTEN gene, which is also located on chromosome 10q, was detected to be present by PCR in all five cases. On the contrary, a breast carcinoma cell line, HCC-1937, which has homozygous loss of a region encompassing the PTEN gene, showed the presence of MADS-IX. PCR screening of three additional breast carcinoma cell lines with known losses in specific chromosomal regions also showed the presence of MADS-IX.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that MADS-IX possibly is part of a novel candidate metastasis-associated gene located close to the PTEN gene on chromosome 10q. The first set of PCR screening in five patient samples indicates that it could be used as a molecular marker for ductal mammary metastasis.
authors.affiliation: Metastasis Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA. achary@aecom.yu.edu
authors.forename: Patnala Mohan R
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Achary
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Zuoheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Swarna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gogineni
authors.forename: Venkat R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Pulijaal
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Herbst
authors.forename: Panna S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Mahadevia
authors.forename: Joan G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Harold P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Klinger
authors.forename: Bhadrasain
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vikram
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005819:Genetic Markers / Q000235:genetics; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D008875:Middle Aged; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase; D010744:Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases / Q000235:genetics; D021101:Radiation Hybrid Mapping; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D005819:Genetic Markers; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D010744:Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase; C494929:PTEN protein, human