title: Calcium entry via Na/Ca exchange during the action potential directly contributes to contraction of failing human ventricular myocytes.
abstract: Prolongation of the Ca2+ transient and action potential (AP) durations are two characteristic changes in myocyte physiology in the failing human heart. The hypothesis of this study is that Ca2+ influx via reverse mode Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) or via L-type Ca2+ channels directly activates contraction in failing human myocytes while in normal myocytes this Ca2+ is transported into the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) to regulate SR Ca2+ stores.
  
  
  METHODS
  Myocytes were isolated from failing human (n=6), nonfailing human (n=3) and normal feline hearts (n=9) and whole cell current and voltage clamp techniques were used to evoke and increase the duration of APs (0.5 Hz, 37 degrees C). Cyclopiazonic acid (CPA 10(-6) M), nifedipine (NIF;10(-6) M) and KB-R 7943 (KB-R; 3x10(-6) M) were used to reduce SR Ca2+ uptake, Ca2+ influx via the L-type Ca2+ current and reverse mode NCX, respectively. [Na+)i was changed by dialyzing myocytes with 0, 10 and 20 mM Na(+) pipette solutions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prolongation of the AP duration caused an immediate prolongation of contraction and Ca2+ transient durations in failing myocytes. The first beat after the prolonged AP was potentiated by 21+/-5 and 27+/-5% in nonfailing human and normal feline myocytes, respectively (P<0.05), but there was no significant effect in failing human myocytes (+5+/-4% vs. steady state). CPA blunted the potentiation of the first beat after AP prolongation in normal feline and nonfailing human myocytes, mimicking the failing phenotype. NIF reduced steady state contraction in feline myocytes but the potentiation of the first beat after AP prolongation was unaltered (21+/-3% vs. base, P<0.05). KB-R reduced basal contractility and abolished the potentiation of the first beat after AP prolongation (2+/-1% vs. steady state). Increasing [Na+]i shortened AP, Ca2+ transient and contraction durations and increased steady state and post AP prolongation contractions. Dialysis with 0 Na+ eliminated these effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ca2+ enters both normal and failing cardiac myocytes during the late portion of the AP plateau via reverse mode NCX. In (normal) myocytes with good SR function, this Ca(2+) influx helps maintain and regulate SR Ca2+ load. In (failing) human myocytes with poor SR function this Ca2+ influx directly contributes to contraction. These studies suggest that the Ca2+ transient of the failing human ventricular myocytes has a higher than normal reliance on Ca2+ influx via the reverse mode of the NCX during the terminal phases of the AP.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3400 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
authors.forename: Jutta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weisser-Thomas
authors.forename: Valentino
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Piacentino
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Gaughan
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Margulies
authors.forename: Steven R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Houser
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002415:Cats; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D012519:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism; D019831:Sodium-Calcium Exchanger / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D019831:Sodium-Calcium Exchanger; D002118:Calcium