title: Heterozygosity for a mutation in the parkin gene leads to later onset Parkinson disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The vast majority of the parkin mutations previously identified have been found in individuals with juvenile or early onset PD. Previous screening of later onset PD cohorts has not identified substantial numbers of parkin mutations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Families with at least two siblings with PD were ascertained to identify genes contributing to PD susceptibility. Screening of the parkin gene, by both quantitative PCR and exon sequencing, was performed in those families with either early onset PD (age onset < or =50 years) or positive lod score with a marker in intron 7 of the parkin gene.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 25 different mutations in the parkin gene were identified in 103 individuals from 47 families. Mutations were found in both parkin alleles in 41 of the individuals, whereas a single mutation in only one of the two parkin alleles was observed in 62 individuals. Thirty-five of the subjects (34%) with a parkin mutation had an age at onset of 60 years or above with 30 of these 35 (86%) having a detectable mutation on only one parkin allele. Few significant clinical differences were observed among the individuals with two, one, or no mutated copies of the parkin gene.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mutations in the parkin gene occur among individuals with PD with an older age at onset (> or =60 years) who have a positive family history of the disease. In addition, the clinical findings of parkin-positive individuals are remarkably similar to those without mutations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, USA. tforoud@iupui.edu
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Foroud
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Uniacke
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pankratz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rudolph
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Halter
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shults
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Marder
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Conneally
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Nichols
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D005820:Genetic Testing; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D009656:North America / Q000453:epidemiology; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; C111567:parkin protein