title: Selective stimulation of collagen synthesis in the presence of costimulatory insulin signaling by connective tissue growth factor in scleroderma fibroblasts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the mechanism of collagen induction by connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), a profibrotic cytokine overexpressed in the skin of patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc).
  
  
  METHODS
  Dermal fibroblasts from 7 SSc patients and 7 matched healthy adult donors were stimulated with CTGF in the presence or absence of the culture-medium supplement, insulin-transferrin-selenium (ITS). Expression of collagen protein was analyzed by a (3)H-proline incorporation assay. To identify the signaling pathways mediating CTGF induction of collagen, pharmacologic inhibitors were used, including rottlerin, a protein kinase C delta (PKC delta) inhibitor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Collagen levels in both SSc and normal fibroblasts were increased after treatment with transforming growth factor beta in serum-free medium, whereas no stimulation was observed following addition of CTGF. In the presence of ITS, CTGF (2.5 ng/ml) potently stimulated collagenous protein levels in SSc cell lines (n = 5); however, CTGF was not stimulatory in the majority of normal fibroblasts (n = 6). ITS alone induced collagen levels in normal fibroblasts to the levels observed in SSc skin fibroblasts, thereby diminishing the hallmark difference in basal collagen levels in these cell types. Insulin was the ITS component responsible for promoting the basal and CTGF stimulation of collagenous proteins. Rottlerin, the PKC delta inhibitor, down-regulated collagen synthesis in normal and SSc fibroblasts cultured in ITS, and inhibited the stimulatory effects of CTGF in cooperation with insulin or of insulin (500 ng/ml) alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased responsiveness of SSc fibroblasts to CTGF-mediated collagen synthesis requires the costimulatory activation of insulin signaling pathways to induce matrix production. Blockade of this effect via rottlerin may suggest that PKC delta is a downstream signaling molecule necessary for CTGF stimulation of collagen synthesis.
authors.affiliation: Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, 29425, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gore-Hyer
authors.forename: Jaspreet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pannu
authors.forename: Edwin A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Grotendorst
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trojanowska
mesh_terms: D000098:Acetophenones / Q000494:pharmacology; D001578:Benzopyrans / Q000494:pharmacology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003094:Collagen / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D055513:Connective Tissue Growth Factor; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011392:Proline / Q000378:metabolism; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D051745:Protein Kinase C-delta; D012595:Scleroderma, Systemic / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D012643:Selenium / Q000494:pharmacology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D014168:Transferrin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000098:Acetophenones; D001578:Benzopyrans; C526317:CCN2 protein, human; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins; D007328:Insulin; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D014168:Transferrin; D055513:Connective Tissue Growth Factor; D003094:Collagen; D011392:Proline; C085746:rottlerin; C497258:PRKCD protein, human; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D051745:Protein Kinase C-delta; D012643:Selenium