title: Utilization of carbonate and ammonia-based treatments to eliminate Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 from cattle manure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to investigate alkaline treatments of cattle manure to kill coliforms, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 based on their inhibition by carbonate ion and ammonia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pure cultures of S. Typhimurium DT104 and E. coli O157:H7 strains were treated with sodium carbonate and ammonia to determine threshold inhibitory concentrations. Fresh cattle manure samples were inoculated with the same strains and their survival was determined after addition of sodium hydroxide, ammonium sulphate, sodium carbonate and/or urea. Control of CO and NH3 concentrations in manure by pH adjustment to 9.5 with sodium hydroxide to more than 5 and 30 mmol l-1, respectively, killed more than 106 cells g-1 in 7 days. Addition of sodium carbonate enhanced the killing effect of NaOH by increasing the CO and NH3 concentrations. Addition of 100 mmol l-1 urea, produced high levels of CO and NH3 and decreased all bacterial counts by at least 106 cells g-1 after 7 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reduction of food-borne pathogens in manure can be achieved by a combination of high concentrations of CO and NH3 which are pH-dependent parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Addition of urea could provide a simple manure treatment by combining both antimicrobial factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St Paul, USA.
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Diez-Gonzalez
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002254:Carbonates / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002417:Cattle; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D019453:Escherichia coli O157 / Q000187:drug effects*; D005516:Food Microbiology; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008372:Manure / Q000382:microbiology*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects*; D014508:Urea / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002254:Carbonates; D008372:Manure; C005686:sodium carbonate; D000641:Ammonia; D014508:Urea