title: Management of occult adrenocorticotropin-secreting bronchial carcinoids: limits of endocrine testing and imaging techniques.
abstract: The differential diagnosis and the identification of the source of ACTH in occult ectopic Cushing's syndrome due to a bronchial carcinoid still represents a challenge for the endocrinologist. We report our experience in six patients with occult bronchial carcinoid in whom extensive hormonal, imaging, and scintigraphic evaluation was performed. All patients presented with hypercortisolism associated with high plasma ACTH values. The CRH test and high dose dexamethasone suppression test suggested an ectopic source of ACTH in three of six patients. During bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling, none of the patients showed a central to peripheral ACTH gradient. At the time of diagnosis, none of the patients had radiological evidence of the ectopic source of ACTH, whereas pentetreotide scintigraphy identified the lesion in two of four patients. Finally, a chest computed tomography scan revealed the presence of a bronchial lesion in all patients, and pentetreotide scintigraphy identified four of six lesions. In all patients a bronchial carcinoid was found and removed. In one patient with scintigraphic evidence of residual disease after two operations, radioguided surgery, using a hand-held gamma probe after iv administration of radiolabeled pentetreotide, was performed; this allowed detection and removal of residual multiple mediastinal lymph node metastases. In conclusion, our data show that there is not a single endocrine test or imaging procedure accurate enough to diagnose and localize occult ectopic ACTH-secreting bronchial carcinoids. Radioguided surgery appears to be promising in the presence of multiple tumor foci and previous incomplete removal of the tumor.
authors.affiliation: Endocrine Unit, Niguarda Hospital, 20162 Milan, Italy. ploli@iol.it
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Loli
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vignati
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Grossrubatscher
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dalino
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Possa
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zurleni
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lomuscio
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rossetti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ravini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vanzulli
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bacchetta
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Galli
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Valente
mesh_terms: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001984:Bronchial Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy; D002276:Carcinoid Tumor / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007205:Indium Radioisotopes; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013004:Somatostatin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007205:Indium Radioisotopes; D013004:Somatostatin; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; C081788:pentetreotide