title: Progressive changes in ophthalmic blood velocities in Beagles with primary open angle glaucoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure changes in the ocular and orbital blood flow velocities by color Doppler imaging (CDI) in beagles with primary open angle glaucoma as the disease progressed from early to advanced stages.
  
  
  METHODS
  CDI measurements were performed periodically on 13 glaucomatous Beagles during the nontreated mild, moderate and advanced stages of POAG over the course of 4 years. CDI was performed with the dogs lightly anesthetized (butorphanol 0.1 mg/kg IV, acepromazine maleate 0.02 mg/kg IV, and atropine sulfate 0.05 mg/kg) while the CD transducer was placed directly on the cornea anesthetized with 0.5% tetracaine hydrochloride. Intraocular pressure (IOP) by pneumatonography or TonoPen XL, heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure were measured at the beginning, middle and end of each study. The ophthalmic vessels examined included: external ophthalmic arteries and veins, long and short posterior ciliary arteries, anterior ciliary arteries and veins, primary retinal arteries, and vortex veins. Recordings of each vessel included peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV) and time averaged velocity (TAV), and when possible the resistive index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) were computed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CDI abnormalities were present before intraocular pressure exceeded the normal range. As the animals aged, and the glaucoma progressed with higher levels of IOP, significant changes occurred in nearly all vessels, and generally included a major increase in RI (P < 0.001) and an increase in the PI (P < 0.001). Mean arterial blood pressure (105 +/- 18 mmHg) and heart rate (118 +/- 33/min) remained reasonably constant. The IOP gradually increased as the disease progressed (early and normotensive: 19.4 +/- 3.9 mmHg; moderate: 29.7 +/- 2 mmHg; and advanced: 44.5 +/- 6 mmHg). The ocular veins seemed most influenced early on in the disease. Late in the disease, ocular venous blood flow could not be consistently demonstrated. An increase in the PI of ocular veins occurred in the moderately and severely affected glaucomatous Beagles. As the IOP increased, there were trends of increasing resistive index and pulsatility index in most arteries, and periods of marked decreased velocities of the vortex and external ophthalmic veins in severe cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CDI measurements in Beagles with primary open angle glaucoma during the course of 4 years indicate easily measurable and repeatable progressive blood flow abnormalities before the elevation of IOP and, thereafter, with gradually increased levels of IOP.
authors.affiliation: Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610-0126, USA. Gelattk@mail.vetmed.ufl.edu
authors.forename: K N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Gelatt
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miyabayashi
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Gelatt-Nicholson
authors.forename: E O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: MacKay
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000662:veterinary; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004285:Dogs; D005902:Glaucoma, Open-Angle / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D011673:Pulsatile Flow; D012160:Retina / Q000502:physiology*; D012161:Retinal Artery / Q000502:physiology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index