title: Geographic contiguity and genetic affinity among five ethnic populations of Manipur, India: further molecular studies based on VNTR and STR loci.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Apart from traditional markers studied among a few numerically small, geographically defined surveys among Mongoloid populations in northeastern parts of India, very little is known about their genomic diversity at the molecular level.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study seeks to investigate how best the variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) and short tandem repeat (STR) loci together can detect the patterns of the genetic affinity among five geographically contiguous, linguistically and socio-culturally diverse Mongoloid-affiliated populations of Manipur in northeastern regions of India.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples were collected from unrelated and randomly selected volunteers of five ethnic populations (Meitei, Kuki, Naga, Hmar and Manipuri Muslim) from different parts of the state. Allelic variation in four minisatellite loci (D1S7, D4S139, D5S110 and D17S79) and three STR loci (vWA, FESFPS and F13AO1) was studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average heterozygosity values among the five groups for the minisatellite range from 68% to 94%, while the hypervariable three STR loci were between 60% and 88%. In the populations, all the studied loci were highly polymorphic, with almost no departure from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The gene differentiation for the VNTR loci was lower and moderate (G(st) = 0.030) in comparison with microsatellites (G(st) = 0.043). The neighbour-joining method of clustering based on both type of molecular markers reveals a close cluster for the tribal groups of Kuki, Naga and Hmar, while Manipur Muslim stand distinct in both the trees. The clustering pattern obtained from the combined DNA marker loci matches more closely the pattern from STR loci than that obtained from VNTR loci.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results reinforce that using both VNTR and STR loci in detecting regional genetic affinity among the populations is more effective than using VNTR or STR independently, and also confirm the results obtained from the serological and electrophoretic data. However, the clustering pattern obtained from combined DNA markers is more in conformity with the pattern obtained by STR loci rather than with VNTR loci. Despite linguistic, geographical and cultural barriers, the populations show genetic affinity among the four populations except in the case of the migrant Manipur Muslim group.
authors.affiliation: Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Calcutta, India.
authors.forename: Dutta
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ranjan
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Trivedi
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Vasulu
authors.forename: V K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Kashyap
mesh_terms: D044466:Asian People / Q000235:genetics*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting / Q000379:methods; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000235:genetics*; D005819:Genetic Markers; D005828:Genetics, Population; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D018598:Minisatellite Repeats; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D020080:Tandem Repeat Sequences
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers