title: The early response of the postmenopausal endometrium to tamoxifen: expression of estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, and Ki-67 antigen.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To enlighten the early response of endometrium to tamoxifen by assessing the expression of estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, Ki-67, and the histological response in endometria from normal postmenopausal women treated for 21 days with tamoxifen.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 40 women, scheduled to undergo vaginal hysterectomy because of uterine prolapse, were randomly assigned to the tamoxifen group (20 mg/day; 20 women) or the control group (20 women). Samples were obtained from the upper and the lower thirds of the uterine cavity. Standard immunohistochemical staining of estrogen and progesterone receptors and of Ki-67 was performed on frozen sections. Staining was assessed using semiquantitative immunoreactivity scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Simple endometrial hyperplasia was diagnosed in 18 of the 20 samples exposed to tamoxifen compared with only 2 of the 20 controls ( P< 0.0005). Staining was increased in both the epithelium and stroma in the tamoxifen samples, a difference that was significant for estrogen receptors in glandular epithelium (180 +/- 80 v 110 +/- 110; P< 0.05). Also, Ki-67 antigen was expressed more frequently in both glandular epithelium ( P< 0.05) and stroma ( P< 0.05) in the tamoxifen samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tamoxifen rapidly up-regulated the cell proliferation markers, an effect that was associated with enhanced growth as confirmed by increased expression of estrogen receptors and Ki-67, in addition to a high incidence of glandular hyperplasia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: María-Luisa
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Tregón
authors.forename: Juan-Enrique
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Blümel
authors.forename: Juan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Tarín
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cano
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D004717:Endometrium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000378:metabolism; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; D013629:Tamoxifen