title: Loss of expression of tuberin and hamartin in tuberous sclerosis complex-associated but not in sporadic angiofibromas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Angiofibromas occur sporadically, and they develop in most patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), which is associated with alterations of the tumor suppressor genes TSC1 or TSC2. Loss of tuberin, the protein product of TSC2, has been shown in the interstitial fibroblast compartment of TSC-associated angiofibromas. It is unclear whether there is also a loss of hamartin, the product of TSC1 in TSC-associated and sporadic angiofibromas.
  
  
  METHODS
  The expression of hamartin and tuberin was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in 59 TSC-associated and 12 sporadic angiofibromas using affinity-purified antibodies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Loss of expression of both tuberin and hamartin was detected in 14 angiofibromas, loss of only tuberin in three, and loss of only hamartin in four TSC-associated angiofibromas; but there was no loss in the sporadic angiofibromas. Only the interstitial cells, but not the vascular cells, showed a loss of expression of tuberin or hamartin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Loss of tuberin or hamartin occurred in a minority of the TSC-linked angiofibromas, but not in the sporadic angiofibromas. The absence of both tuberin and hamartin in some of the tumors suggests that the stability of tuberin and hamartin, which are believed to form an active complex in vivo, is negatively affected by the absence of either of the partners.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fackler
authors.forename: Jeffrey E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: DeClue
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rust
authors.forename: Phuong-Anh
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Vu
authors.forename: Heinz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kutzner
authors.forename: Arno
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rütten
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaddu
authors.forename: Christian A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Sander
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Volkenandt
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Harry V
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Vinters
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wienecke
mesh_terms: D018322:Angiofibroma / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D014402:Tuberous Sclerosis / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D000077004:Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 1 Protein; D000077005:Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 Protein; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins
chemical_list: D011506:Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; C000624650:TSC1 protein, human; C000624653:TSC2 protein, human; D000077004:Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 1 Protein; D000077005:Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 Protein; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins