title: "Stress" and coronary heart disease: psychosocial risk factors.
abstract: An Expert Working Group of the National Heart Foundation of Australia undertook a review of systematic reviews of the evidence relating to major psychosocial risk factors to assess whether there are independent associations between any of the factors and the development and progression of coronary heart disease (CHD), or the occurrence of acute cardiac events. The expert group concluded that (i) there is strong and consistent evidence of an independent causal association between depression, social isolation and lack of quality social support and the causes and prognosis of CHD; and (ii) there is no strong or consistent evidence for a causal association between chronic life events, work-related stressors (job control, demands and strain), Type A behaviour patterns, hostility, anxiety disorders or panic disorders and CHD. The increased risk contributed by these psychosocial factors is of similar order to the more conventional CHD risk factors such as smoking, dyslipidaemia and hypertension. The identified psychosocial risk factors should be taken into account during individual CHD risk assessment and management, and have implications for public health policy and research.
authors.affiliation: National Heart Foundation, 411 King Street, West Melbourne, VIC 3003, Australia. steve.bunker@heartfoundation.com.au
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Bunker
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Colquhoun
authors.forename: Murray D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Esler
authors.forename: Ian B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Hickie
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: V Michael
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Jelinek
authors.forename: Brian F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Oldenburg
authors.forename: Hedley G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Peach
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ruth
authors.forename: Christopher C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Tennant
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Tonkin
mesh_terms: D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000150:complications; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000209:etiology*; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications*; D006791:Hostility; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000150:complications; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D008016:Life Change Events; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000150:complications; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D012934:Social Isolation; D012944:Social Support; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications*; D014434:Type A Personality; D014937:Work