title: Histone deacetylase inhibitors stimulate mitochondrial HMG-CoA synthase gene expression via a promoter proximal Sp1 site.
abstract: The expression of mitochondrial HMG-CoA synthase in the colon has been correlated with the levels of butyrate present in this tissue. We report here that the effect of butyrate on mitochondrial HMG-CoA synthase gene expression is exerted in vivo at the transcriptional level, and that trichostatin A (TSA), a specific histone deacetylase inhibitor, also induces transcriptional activity and mRNA expression of the gene in human cell lines derived from colon carcinoma. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we show that histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) is associated with the endogenous mitochondrial HMG-CoA synthase promoter and that TSA induction correlates with hyperacetylation of H4 histone associated with the 5' flanking region of the gene. Overexpression of HDAC1 activity leads consistently to mitochondrial HMG-CoA synthase promoter hypoacetylation and reduces its transcriptional activity. The effect of butyrate and TSA maps to a single Sp1 site present in the proximal promoter of the gene, which is able to bind Sp1 and Sp3 proteins. Interestingly, the binding affinity of Sp1 and Sp3 proteins to the Sp1 site correlates with the TSA responsiveness of the promoter. Using a one-hybrid system (GAL4-Sp1 and GAL4-Sp3), we show that both proteins can mediate responsiveness to TSA in CaCo-2 cells employing distinct mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Nuria
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Camarero
authors.forename: Alícia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nadal
authors.forename: María José
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Barrero
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Haro
authors.forename: Pedro F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Marrero
mesh_terms: D000107:Acetylation / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D002087:Butyrates / Q000494:pharmacology; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D003066:Coenzyme A Ligases / Q000235:genetics*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects; D019073:HT29 Cells; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006655:Histone Deacetylases / Q000378:metabolism; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D006904:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Synthase; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000201:enzymology*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000187:drug effects; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D051705:Sp3 Transcription Factor; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D002087:Butyrates; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006657:Histones; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; C497121:SP3 protein, human; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor; C497122:Sp3 protein, mouse; D014157:Transcription Factors; D051705:Sp3 Transcription Factor; C012589:trichostatin A; D006904:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Synthase; D006655:Histone Deacetylases; D003066:Coenzyme A Ligases