title: Blockade of voltage-operated neuronal and skeletal muscle sodium channels by S(+)- and R(-)-ketamine.
abstract: Besides its general anesthetic effect, ketamine has local anesthetic-like actions. We studied the voltage- and use-dependent interaction of S(+)- and R(-)-ketamine with two different isoforms of voltage-operated sodium channels, with a special emphasis on the difference in affinity between resting and inactivated channel states. Rat brain IIa and human skeletal muscle sodium channels were heterologously expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. S(+)- and R(-)-ketamine reversibly suppressed whole-cell sodium inward currents; the 50% inhibitory concentration values at -70 mV holding potential were 240 +/- 60 microM and 333 +/- 93 microM for the neuronal isoform and 59 +/- 10 microM and 181 +/- 49 microM for the skeletal muscle isoform. S(+)-ketamine was significantly more potent than R(-)-ketamine in the skeletal muscle isoform only. Ketamine had a higher affinity to inactivated than to resting channels. However, the estimated difference in affinity between inactivated and resting channels was only 8- to 10-fold, and the time course of drug equilibration between inactivated and resting channels was too fast to cause use-dependent block at 10 Hz up to a concentration of 300 microM. These results suggest that ketamine is less effective than lidocaine-like local anesthetics in stabilizing the inactivated channel state.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Blockade of sodium channels by ketamine shows voltage dependency, an important feature of local anesthetic action. However, ketamine is less effective than lidocaine-like local anesthetics in stabilizing the inactivated state. Because it does not elicit phasic blockade at small concentrations, its ability to reduce the firing frequency of action potentials may be small.
authors.affiliation: *Anesthesiology, †Neurology and Neurophysiology, and ‡Biometrics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; and §University Department of Anaesthesia, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Gertrud
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Haeseler
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tetzlaff
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bufler
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dengler
authors.forename: Sinikka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Münte
authors.forename: Hartmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hecker
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leuwer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D004594:Electrophysiology; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D015640:Ion Channel Gating / Q000502:physiology; D007649:Ketamine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007700:Kinetics; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects*; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects*; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D026941:Sodium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013237:Stereoisomerism
chemical_list: D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D026941:Sodium Channel Blockers; D007649:Ketamine; C105722:SKM1 protein, S cerevisiae; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases