title: Polymorphisms of the tumour necrosis factor alpha gene at position -308 and TNFd microsatellite in primary IgA nephropathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The development of glomerular inflammation in immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) has been associated with various cytokines, including tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha). A biallelic polymorphism in the promoter region of the TNFalpha gene (TNFA), at position -308, has been described (TNFA-1 and TNFA-2) and is associated with increased TNFalpha production for the TNFA-2 allele. Another microsatellite polymorphism has been described for TNFd, which is functional and associated with increased production of TNFalpha for the d3 allele.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have studied these two polymorphisms in 242 Caucasian patients with biopsy-proven IgAN (169 male, 73 female), who were followed from 1990 to 1999, and in 210 appropriate local Caucasian controls (133 male, 77 female) for comparison of genotypes and allelic distribution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The respective frequencies of A1/A1, A1/A2 and A2/A2 TNFA genotypes were 76.4, 22.3 and 1.3% in IgAN vs 78.1, 19.5 and 2.4% in controls (P=NS). For TNFd, the frequencies of the respective genotypes d3/d3, d3/non-d3 and non-d3/non-d3 were significantly different (chi(2)=12.30, P=0.002, Pc=0.013) with an increased frequency of the low-producer genotype non-d3/non-d3 in IgAN patients (24 vs 12%). The combination of TNFA and TNFd polymorphisms demonstrated that compared with controls, patients with non-A2 and non-d3 alleles (low producers) were more common (18 vs 9%; P=0.006). In the genotype/clinical phenotype correlations, we could not demonstrate significant differences between the different subgroups of patients. However, high-producer TNFalpha patients (A2 and d3 alleles) had more chronic renal failure than others (36.6 vs 22.9%) at last follow-up and their survival without chronic renal failure (Kaplan-Meier) was lower. Nevertheless, TNFalpha polymorphisms were not an independent risk factor for the progression of the disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TNFA and TNFd polymorphisms seem to influence the occurrence or initiation of the disease, but do not play a significant role, if any, in the progression of IgA nephritis.
authors.affiliation: Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation Department, University North Hospital, Saint Etienne, France.
authors.forename: Serhan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tuglular
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Berthoux
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Berthoux
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D001483:Base Sequence; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D005922:Glomerulonephritis, IGA / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011336:Probability; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012016:Reference Values; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015996:Survival Rate; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha