title: Use of emergency observation and assessment wards: a systematic literature review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Observation and assessment wards allow patients to be observed on a short-term basis and permit patient monitoring and/or treatment for an initial 24-48 hour period. They should permit concentration of emergency activity and resources in one area, and so improve efficiency and minimise disruption to other hospital services. These types of ward go under a variety of names, including observation, assessment, and admission wards. This review aims to evaluate the current literature and discuss assessment/admission ward functionality in terms of organisation, admission criteria, special patient care, and cost effectiveness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Search of the literature using the Medline and BIDS databases, combined with searches of web based resources. Critical assessment of the literature and the data therein is presented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The advantages and disadvantages of the use of assessment/admission wards were assessed from the current literature. Most articles suggest that these wards improve patient satisfaction, are safe, decrease the length of stay, provide earlier senior involvement, reduce unnecessary admissions, and may be particularly useful in certain diagnostic groups. A number of studies summarise their organisational structure and have shown that strong management, staffing, organisation, size, and location are important factors for efficient running. There is wide variation in the recommended size of these wards. Observation wards may produce cost savings largely relating to the length of stay in such a unit.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All types of assessment/admission wards seem to have advantages over traditional admission to a general hospital ward. A successful ward needs proactive management and organisation, senior staff involvement, and access to diagnostics and is dependent on a clear set of policies in terms of admission and care. Many diagnostic groups benefit from this type of unit, excluding those who will inevitably need longer admission. Vigorous financial studies have yet to be undertaken in the UK. Definitions of observation, assessment, and admission ward are suggested.
authors.affiliation: Emergency Medicine Research Group, Centre for Primary Health Care Studies, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK. m.w.cooke@Warwick.ac.uk
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Cooke
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kidd
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D019370:Observation; D010343:Patient Admission; D010362:Patients' Rooms