title: Bond failure at dentin-composite interfaces with 'single-bottle' adhesives.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Significant differences in interfacial fracture toughness (intK(1c)) among six dentinal adhesives have been reported. Resulting fractured test specimens were examined under SEM to determine differences in micromorphology, which might account for the respective intK(1c) results.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interfacial fracture toughness specimens were assembled from bovine dentin and P50 resin composite under moist conditions, using one of five 'single-bottle' adhesives; either Single Bond, One Step, Optibond Solo, Prime & Bond 2.1, Bond 1 or a resin-modified glass ionomer, Fuji Bond LC. After fracture toughness testing, four fractured specimens from each group were sectioned transversely, critical-point dried and examined under SEM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most bond failures occurred at the interface between adhesive resin and the top of the hybrid layer. Single Bond and One Step gave the highest intK(1c) results and showed good resin infiltration at this interface. Average film thickness of unfilled adhesives was 30 microm. When this intermediate adhesive layer was too thin, resin infiltration was poor and associated with low fracture toughness. Filled adhesives, Optibond Solo and Fuji Bond LC, formed thick films varying from 60 to 250 microm which failed cohesively, effectively sealing the dentin surface despite moderate fracture toughness results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most bond failures occurred between the adhesive and hybrid layers. Good resin infiltration at the top of the hybrid layer combined with an intermediate adhesive layer of adequate width produced a fracture-resistant interface. Filled adhesives failed cohesively, providing a good dentin seal, despite material fracture.
authors.affiliation: Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. paula.walshaw@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Walshaw
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Tam
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McComb
mesh_terms: D000096:Acetone / Q000737:chemistry; D000268:Adhesiveness; D000818:Animals; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate / Q000737:chemistry; D002417:Cattle; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry*; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D003804:Dentin / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D008422:Materials Testing; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D055116:Self-Curing of Dental Resins; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: C115611:BOND-1 adhesive; C103506:Bis-GMA, BPDM, HEMA dental-bonding resin; D003188:Composite Resins; D003764:Dental Materials; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; D008689:Methacrylates; C428805:OptiBond SOLO; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids; C444444:prime and bond 2.1; C115612:single bond; C065771:P50 composite resin; C084541:Fuji glass-ionomer lining cement; D000096:Acetone; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate