title: Case-control study of vulvar vestibulitis risk associated with genital infections.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the risk of vulvar vestibulitis syndrome (VVS) associated with genital infections in a case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diagnosed cases with VVS (n = 69) and age-frequency-matched healthy controls (n = 65) were enrolled from gynecology clinics in a university medical hospital during 1999. They were compared for potential risk factors and symptoms of disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VVS cases had a significantly higher risk of physician-reported bacterial vaginosis (BV) (odds ratio, OR = 9.4), Candida albicans (OR = 5.7), pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) (OR = 11.2), trichomoniasis (OR = 20.6), and vulvar dysplasia (OR = l5.7) but no risk associated with human papillomavirus (HPV), ASCUS, cervical dysplasia, genital warts, chlamydia, genital herpes or gonorrhea. Genital symptoms reported significantly more often with VVS included vulvar burning (91 vs. 12%), dyspareunia (81 vs. 15%), vulvar itching (68 vs. 23%) and dysuria (54 vs. 19%) (p < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A history of genital infections is associated with an increased risk of VVS. Long-term follow-up case-control studies are needed to elucidate etiologic mechanisms, methods for prevention and effective treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. elaine-smith@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Elaine M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Justine M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ritchie
authors.forename: Rudolph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Galask
authors.forename: Erica E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Pugh
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ricks-McGillan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007484:Iowa / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014845:Vulvar Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000382:microbiology