title: Occupational risk of infection by human immunodeficiency and hepatitis B viruses among health workers in south-eastern Nigeria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the occupational risk of infection by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as well as hepatitis B virus (HBV) among healthcare workers in south-eastern Nigeria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three tertiary health institutions in south-eastern Nigeria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Doctors, nurses, laboratory staff and cleaners.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observation of the availability and use of protective equipment and materials in the various departments of the hospitals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Materials and equipments needed for protective and hygienic practices (adequate water supply, protective clothing and availability of disinfectants) were inadequate in all hospitals. Where available, they were found to be inconsistently used. Health workers in the three institutions were thus constantly exposed unnecessarily to blood and other body fluids which might be potentially infectious as well as injury from used sharps.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk of acquiring HIV and HBV infections by health workers in this region of Nigeria in the course of performing their duties is therefore still apparently high. Though distinct viruses, they share similar mode of transmission and risk factors. Use of personal protective equipment and adoption of standard hygienic practices among health workers must be encouraged. Supply of protective materials and equipment should be greatly improved. It is recommended that reduction of occupational risks among health workers using this approach should form part of control strategies for both infections in the country.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, P.M.B. 1278 Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: V O
authors.initials: VO
authors.lastname: Ansa
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Udoma
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Umoh
authors.forename: M U
authors.initials: MU
authors.lastname: Anah
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003906:Developing Countries; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D015528:HIV Seroprevalence; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D006801:Humans; D006920:Hygiene; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016602:Needlestick Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D020380:Needs Assessment; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010564:Personnel, Hospital / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012307:Risk Factors