title: The cost effectiveness of universal antenatal screening for HIV in New Zealand.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To model the incremental costs and benefits of a universal antenatal HIV screening programme in New Zealand (NZ).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cost effectiveness analysis, including only health service costs, using secondary data sources and expert opinion. Uncertainty assessed in multi-way sensitivity analyses.
  
  
  METHODS
  The NZ Health Care System.
  
  
  METHODS
  Antenatal population of NZ.
  
  
  METHODS
  Universal antenatal HIV screening programme.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incremental cost per true-positive HIV case detected in mothers; incremental cost per HIV case avoided in babies; and incremental cost per discounted life-year gained, for mothers and babies, due to screening.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using base case values the application of universal screening would cost an additional $NZ 723 607 ($US 307 917) and would lead to the identification of an additional 6.25 true-positive women. After terminations have been excluded, the screening programme would detect five HIV exposed babies. There would be 1.15 avoided cases of HIV infection in babies and a net gain of 41.97 discounted life-years, for mothers and babies combined. The cost per incremental HIV-positive woman detected was $NZ 115 859 ($US 49 301), HIV infected baby avoided $NZ 629 669 ($US 267 944) and discounted life-year gained $NZ 17 241 ($US 7336).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The discounted cost per life gained in NZ compares favourably to estimates reported in studies of similar interventions in other developed countries and other health care interventions in NZ. The decision of whether to implement universal screening in NZ would be clarified if the prevalence of antenatal HIV infection was known and policy makers identified their willingness to pay for an additional life-year gained.
authors.affiliation: University of Auckland, New Zealand. dale.bramley@waitematadhb.govt.nz
authors.forename: Dale
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bramley
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Graves
authors.forename: Damian
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Walker
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics*; D009520:New Zealand; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis / Q000191:economics*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D026712:Value of Life / Q000191:economics