title: Stretching and breaking characteristics of cerebrospinal fluid shunt tubing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunt system malfunction due to silastic tubing fracture necessitates revision surgery in shunt-dependent individuals. The goal of this study was to examine the mechanical stretching and breaking characteristics of new and used CSF shunt tubing catheters to determine if any inherent physical properties predispose the tubing to fracture.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-millimeter segments of new and retrieved (used) CSF shunt tubing were stretched to 120 mm in a hydraulic press to determine modulus values (modulus = stress/strain) and to measure permanent tubing deformation imparted by the applied stress and strain. Similar 50-mm tubing segments were also stretched in an electromechanical material testing system until fracture occurred; the force and strain needed to break the tubing was recorded at the time of failure. The results demonstrate that shunt tubing with a greater cross-sectional area requires greater force to fracture, and that catheters become weaker the longer they are implanted. Barium-impregnated shunt tubing, compared with translucent tubing. appears to require less applied stress and strain to break and may fracture more easily in vivo. The variety of modulus values obtained for the new catheters tested indicates that the various companies may be using materials of different quality in tubing manufacture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A CSF shunt catheter design that incorporates tubing with a greater cross-sectional area may lead to fewer fractures of indwelling catheters and a reduction in shunt revision surgery.
authors.affiliation: Section of Neurosurgery and Department of Orthopedics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-2035, USA. djtomes@unmc.edu
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Tomes
authors.forename: Leslie C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Hellbusch
authors.forename: L Russell
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Alberts
mesh_terms: D002557:Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004867:Equipment Design; D004868:Equipment Failure; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D013718:Tensile Strength