title: Investigation of the mechanisms of therapy-related hypoglycaemia in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the mechanisms of fasting hypoglycaemia occurring during maintenance therapy (MT) for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-five children and adolescents with ALL, aged 2.4-17.4 y, were fasted for up to 16 h during MT. Nineteen of the children developed hypoglycaemia after 11 to 16 h of fasting. Blood samples for determination of metabolic changes were taken on completion of fasting. Nineteen patients underwent a glucagon stimulation test after 4 to 16 h of fasting during MT. Erythrocyte concentrations of the metabolites of methotrexate (E-MTX) and 6-mercaptopurine (E-TGN) were measured at the time of fasting. Fifteen out of 19 patients who became hypoglycaemic were re-studied 3 to 4 mo after cessation of therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the hypoglycaemia group, plasma levels of gluconeogenic amino acids alanine and glutamine were lower (medians 117 vs 190 micromol L(-1), p = 0.009, and medians 396 vs 448 micromol L(-1), p = 0.031, respectively) than in the normoglycaemia group. Serum levels of free carnitine were lower (medians 20.3 vs 29.8 micromol L(-1), p = 0.027), free fatty acids higher (medians 3.09 vs 1.23 mmol L(-1), p < 0.001) and marked dicarboxylic aciduria was more common in the patients with hypoglycaemia (in 14/16 vs in 2/14, p < 0.001). Impaired responses to glucagon stimulation occurred in 36% (4/11) in the hypoglycaemia group and in 12.5% (1/8) in the normoglycaemia group (p = 0.243). No significant differences were detected in E-MTX and E-TGN between the groups. Most of the metabolic abnormalities returned to normal after cessation of chemotherapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low levels of gluconeogenic amino acids, especially of alanine, are associated with hypoglycaemia. Reduced hepatic glycogen stores may also be involved in the aetiology.
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Research Centre, Medical School, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland. paivi.halonen@kotiposti.net
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Halonen
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Salo
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schmiegelow
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mäkipernaa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000409:Alanine / Q000097:blood; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002331:Carnitine / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005973:Glutamine / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008297:Male; D054198:Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D005973:Glutamine; D000409:Alanine; D002331:Carnitine