title: The prevalence of cardiorenal risk factors in patients prescribed nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: data from managed care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been shown to cause abnormalities in renal function. This is an important concern in patients with cardiorenal risk factors, including hypertension, congestive heart failure, edema, renal impairment, and advanced age.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goals of this study were to determine the prevalence of cardiorenal risk factors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or osteoarthritis and ascertain whether these risk factors are associated with prescribing patterns of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2-selective inhibitors and other NSAIDs.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective, longitudinal claims analysis using data from 19 large independent-practice-model managed care health plans in the United Stated. Three cohorts were identified based on claims for celecoxib, rofecoxib, or other NSAIDs from October 1, 1999, through September 30, 2000. Logistic regression models were used to explore whether baseline cardiorenal risk factors were related to choice of therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 77,552 patients received celecoxib (n = 6779 [8.74%]), rofecoxib (n = 7189 [9.27%]), or other NSAIDs (n = 63,584 [81.99%]). Patients prescribed COX-2-selective inhibitors were older than those receiving other NSAIDs and had a diagnosis of RA more often. Overall, 42% of patients had >or=1 cardiorenal risk factor, and approximately one third had hypertension. Cardiorenal risk factors were not related to physicians' prescribing of celecoxib or rofecoxib, but the presence of any cardiorenal risk factor was associated with an increase in the use of COX-2-selective inhibitors compared with other NSAIDs, from 12% for cerebrovascular disease (point estimate, 1.124; P<0.001) to 74% for chronic renal failure/nephritis (point estimate, 1.738; P=0.025). RA and advanced age were associated with the use of celecoxib rather than rofecoxib.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of cardiorenal risk factors was found to be similar in patients prescribed celecoxib or rofecoxib for arthritis. Patients with these risk factors were more likely to receive a COX-2-selective inhibitor than other NSAIDs.
authors.affiliation: Ingenix, Economic and Outcomes Research, Eden Prairie, MN 55344, USA. carolyn.harley@ingenix.com
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Harley
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wagner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000068579:Celecoxib; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007783:Lactones / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008329:Managed Care Programs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008875:Middle Aged; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D011720:Pyrazoles; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013450:Sulfones; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D007783:Lactones; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides; D013450:Sulfones; C116926:rofecoxib; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D000068579:Celecoxib