title: Preoperative cardiopulmonary risk assessment as predictor of early noncancer and overall mortality after radical prostatectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the capability of the preoperative cardiopulmonary risk assessment to predict early noncancer and overall mortality after radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 444 consecutive radical prostatectomy patients, the American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status classification and the presence of cardiac insufficiency (New York Heart Association classification), angina pectoris (Canadian Cardiovascular Society classification), diabetes, hypertension, history of thromboembolism, and chronic obstructive or restrictive pulmonary disease were assessed. Kaplan-Meier time-event curves and Mantel-Haenszel hazard ratios were estimated for noncancer (other deaths were censored) and overall mortality. Cox proportional hazard models were used to analyze possible combined effects of risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During an average follow-up of 4.7 years, 36 patients died: 15 of noncancer causes, 14 of prostate cancer, 6 of other cancers, and 1 in a car accident. The comorbidity scores for American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status classification, New York Heart Association classification, and Canadian Cardiovascular Society classification and combinations between the latter two scores were significantly associated with early noncancer mortality in a dose-response pattern. Furthermore, patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were at increased risk. The association with overall mortality was less strong.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The preoperative cardiopulmonary risk assessment may be used as a predictor of early noncancer and overall mortality after radical prostatectomy and should be evaluated further as a source of prognostic information in surgical oncology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Froehner
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Litz
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oehlschlaeger
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Noack
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Manseck
authors.forename: D Michael
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Albrecht
authors.forename: Manfred P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Wirth
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002423:Cause of Death; D015897:Comorbidity; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011379:Prognosis; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality* / Q000601:surgery*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome