title: Echocardiographic predictors of aortopulmonary collaterals in infants with tetralogy of fallot and pulmonary atresia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to identify echocardiographic predictors of aortopulmonary collaterals (APCs) in infants with tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary atresia (TOF/PA) and to prospectively validate these predictors.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  In patients with TOF/PA, routine preoperative diagnostic cardiac catheterization is usually performed to determine the presence and distribution of APCs and the anatomy of the branch pulmonary arteries.
  
  
  METHODS
  The clinical and diagnostic imaging data of infants with TOF/PA treated between 1990 and 2000 were reviewed. Patients were classified into two groups based on cineangiographic findings: 1) no APCs (n = 34), and 2) >or=1 APCs (n = 59). Echocardiographic variables were examined for their ability to identify patients having >or=1 APCs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median branch pulmonary artery diameter Z scores were significantly larger in patients without APCs compared with those having >or=1 APCs: -0.56 versus -3.24 for the left pulmonary artery and -0.76 versus -3.46 for the right pulmonary artery (p < 0.001). The presence of a branch pulmonary artery diameter Z score <or=-2.5 was 88% sensitive and 100% specific for the presence of >or=1 APCs. Detection of APCs by color Doppler was 93% sensitive and 91% specific. A combination of branch pulmonary artery diameter Z score <or=-2.5 or patent ductus arteriosus diameter <or=2 mm was 97% sensitive and 100% specific for the presence of >or=1 APCs. The diagnostic accuracy of these echocardiographic variables was subsequently validated in a prospective study of 11 infants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Echocardiography is a sensitive and specific test for the detection of >or=1 APCs in infants with TOF/PA. These data can be used to select patients who can undergo complete repair of TOF/PA without further preoperative diagnostic imaging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Mackie
authors.forename: Kimberlee
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gauvreau
authors.forename: Stanton B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: Pedro J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: del Nido
authors.forename: Tal
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Geva
mesh_terms: D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003097:Collateral Circulation; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D018618:Echocardiography, Doppler, Color / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D011336:Probability; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D018633:Pulmonary Atresia / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D012372:ROC Curve; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013771:Tetralogy of Fallot / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome