title: Prolonged exercise induces angiogenesis and increases cerebral blood volume in primary motor cortex of the rat.
abstract: Plastic changes in motor cortex capillary structure and function were examined in three separate experiments in adult rats following prolonged exercise. The first two experiments employed T-two-star (T(2)*)-weighted and flow-alternating inversion recovery (FAIR) functional magnetic resonance imaging to assess chronic changes in blood volume and flow as a result of exercise. The third experiment used an antibody against the CD61 integrin expressed on developing capillaries to determine if motor cortex capillaries undergo structural modifications. In experiment 1, T(2)*-weighted images of forelimb regions of motor cortex were obtained following 30 days of either repetitive activity on a running wheel or relative inactivity. The proton signal intensity was markedly reduced in the motor cortex of exercised animals compared with that of controls. This reduction was not attributable to alterations of vascular iron levels. These results are therefore most consistent with increased capillary perfusion or blood volume of forelimb regions of motor cortex. FAIR images acquired during experiment 2 under normocapnic and hypercapnic conditions indicated that resting cerebral blood flow was not altered under normal conditions but was elevated in response to high levels of CO(2), suggesting that prolonged exercise increases the size of a capillary reserve. Finally, the immunohistological data indicated that exercise induces robust growth of capillaries (angiogenesis) within 30 days from the onset of the exercise regimen. Analysis of other regions failed to find any changes in perfusion or capillary structure suggesting that this motor activity-induced plasticity may be specific to motor cortex.These data indicate that capillary growth occurs in motor areas of the cerebral cortex as a robust adaptation to prolonged motor activity. In addition to capillary growth, the vascular system also experiences heightened flow under conditions of activation. These changes are chronic and observable even in the anesthetized animal and are measurable using noninvasive techniques.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, 61801, Urbana, IL, USA. rswain@uwm.edu
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Swain
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Wiener
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Dutka
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Theien
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Konda
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Engberg
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Lauterbur
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Greenough
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001810:Blood Volume / Q000502:physiology; D002196:Capillaries / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006935:Hypercapnia / Q000378:metabolism; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000502:physiology; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000502:physiology*; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide