title: The essential role of Broca's area in imitation.
abstract: The posterior sector of Broca's area (Brodmann area 44), a brain region critical for language, may have evolved from neurons active during observation and execution of manual movements. Imaging studies showing increased Broca's activity during execution, imagination, imitation and observation of hand movements support this hypothesis. Increased Broca's activity in motor task, however, may simply be due to inner speech. To test whether Broca's area is essential to imitation, we used repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), which is known to transiently disrupt functions in stimulated areas. Subjects imitated finger key presses (imitation) or executed finger key presses in response to spatial cues (control task). While performing the tasks, subjects received rTMS over the left and right pars opercularis of the inferior frontal gyrus (where Brodmann area 44 is probabilistically located) and over the occipital cortex. There was significant impairment in imitation, but not in the control task, during rTMS over left and right pars opercularis compared to rTMS over the occipital cortex. This suggests that Broca's area is a premotor region essential to finger movement imitation.
authors.affiliation: Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, Neuropsychiatric Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heiser
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iacoboni
authors.forename: Fumiko
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.forename: Jake
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marcus
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Mazziotta
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001931:Brain Mapping; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005385:Fingers / Q000502:physiology; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007100:Imitative Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008280:Magnetics; D008297:Male; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*