title: Bilateral congenital diaphragmatic hernia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  CDH occurs in approximately 1 in 2,450 live births. Bilateral CDH, previously identified through a limited number of case reports, is extremely rare. The care of CDH patients is a challenge for neonatologists and surgeons. This report details the management and outcome of patients with bilateral CDH.
  
  
  METHODS
  Records of all liveborn patients with CDH between 1995 and 2001 in 83 hospitals were entered into the CDH database. Those with bilateral CDH were reviewed retrospectively. Data were analyzed using the Chi;(2) test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1833 patients were entered in the database, 17 of these had bilateral CDH (0.9%). Eleven were boys. The average birth weight was 2.6 kg. The average gestational age was 36.8 weeks. Sixteen patients experienced early distress requiring intubation (12 immediately), and 4 were placed on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Seven patients were diagnosed prenatally. Twelve patients (70%) were found to have other anomalies, 3 had chromosomal abnormalities and 7 had cardiac anomalies. These included tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), VSD, absence of the pericardium, coarctation of the aorta (2), accessory SVC with aortic coarctation, and ASD with TOF. Only 9 of 17 (53%) patients underwent surgical repair (6 primary, 3 patch). Mortality rate was 65% compared with 33% of patients with unilateral CDH (P = 0.01). Seven patients died within 48 hours of birth. There was no significant difference in survival based on gender, weight, gestational age, presence of anomalies, or prenatal diagnosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The management of infants with bilateral congenital diaphragmatic hernia remains a difficult problem with a significant mortality. Bilateral congenital diaphragmatic hernia is associated more frequently with other major anomalies than unilateral congenital diaphragmatic hernia and should prompt an evaluation for further anomalies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Holly L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Neville
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jaksic
authors.forename: Jay M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Pamela A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Lally
authors.forename: William D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Hardin
authors.forename: Ronald B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Hirschl
authors.forename: Kevin P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Lally
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000453:epidemiology; D025063:Chromosome Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000453:epidemiology; D006548:Hernia, Diaphragmatic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D065630:Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008168:Lung / Q000002:abnormalities; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D013577:Syndrome; D013781:Texas / Q000453:epidemiology