title: Amphetamine increases schedule-induced drinking reduced by negative punishment procedures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  d-Amphetamine has been reported to increase schedule-induced drinking punished by lick-dependent signalled delays in food delivery. This might reflect a drug-behaviour interaction dependent on the type of punisher, because no such effect has been found when drinking was reduced by lick-contingent electric shocks. However, the anti-punishment effect of amphetamine could be mediated by other behavioural processes, such as a loss of discriminative control or an increase in the value of delayed reinforcers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test the effects of d-amphetamine on the acquisition and maintenance of schedule-induced drinking reduced by unsignalled delays in food delivery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats received 10-s unsignalled delays initiated by each lick after polydipsia was induced by a fixed-time 30-s food reinforcement schedule or from the outset of the experiment. Yoked-control rats received these same delays but independently of their own behaviour. d-Amphetamine (0.1-3.0 mg/kg) was then tested IP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  d-Amphetamine dose-dependently increased and then decreased punished schedule-induced drinking. The drug led to dose-dependent reductions when the delays were not contingent or when they were applied from the outset of training.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support the contention that d-amphetamine has an increasing effect on schedule-induced drinking that has been previously reduced by a negative punishment procedure. This effect cannot be attributed to other potentially involved processes, and therefore support the idea that drug effects on punished behaviour depend on punishment being delays in food or shock deliveries.
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Angeles
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pérez-Padilla
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pellón
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003213:Conditioning, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects; D003913:Dextroamphetamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004327:Drinking Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*; D005508:Food Deprivation; D008297:Male; D011678:Punishment / Q000523:psychology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012055:Reinforcement Schedule
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D003913:Dextroamphetamine