title: Risk factors for conjunctival squamous cell neoplasia: a matched case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify roles of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and solar elastosis as the risk factors for conjunctival squamous cell neoplasia (CSCN).
  
  
  METHODS
  30 consecutive pathological specimens, ranging from conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia, carcinoma in situ, to invasive squamous cell carcinoma were retrieved from tissue archives. 30 controls were disease free conjunctiva from age and sex matched patients undergoing extracapsular cataract extraction. Two masked pathologists studied haematoxylin and eosin stains on paraffin embedded conjunctival tissues. Elastic stain for solar elastosis was blindly interpreted in comparison with negative and positive controls. HPV infection was studied by polymerase chain reaction and dot hybridisation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of CSCN patients was 54.9 years. The male to female ratio was 1:1. Solar elastosis was seen in 53.3% of CSCN and in 3.3% of controls with an odds ratio of 16.0 (95% CI, 2.49 to 670.96; p value = 0.0003). HPV DNA were not detected in any of the specimens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Solar elastosis is much more frequently found in CSCN cases than in their matched controls and is a risk factor for CSCN. These data are insufficient to conclude that HPV infection is a risk factor for CSCN.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. wasee@softhome.net
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tulvatana
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bhattarakosol
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sansopha
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sipiyarak
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kowitdamrong
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Paisuntornsug
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karnsawai
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002278:Carcinoma in Situ / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003230:Conjunctival Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D018307:Neoplasms, Squamous Cell / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000150:complications*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013472:Sunlight / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral