title: Effects of the novel (Pro3)GIP antagonist and exendin(9-39)amide on GIP- and GLP-1-induced cyclic AMP generation, insulin secretion and postprandial insulin release in obese diabetic (ob/ob) mice: evidence that GIP is the major physiological incretin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the biological effects of the GIP receptor antagonist, (Pro3)GIP and the GLP-1 receptor antagonist, exendin(9-39)amide.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cyclic AMP production was assessed in Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts transfected with human GIP or GLP-1 receptors, respectively. In vitro insulin release studies were assessed in BRIN-BD11 cells while in vivo insulinotropic and glycaemic responses were measured in obese diabetic ( ob/ ob) mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In GIP receptor-transfected fibroblasts, (Pro(3))GIP or exendin(9-39)amide inhibited GIP-stimulated cyclic AMP production with maximal inhibition of 70.0+/-3.5% and 73.5+/-3.2% at 10(-6) mol/l, respectively. In GLP-1 receptor-transfected fibroblasts, exendin(9-39)amide inhibited GLP-1-stimulated cyclic AMP production with maximal inhibition of 60+/-0.7% at 10(-6) mol/l, whereas (Pro(3))GIP had no effect. (Pro(3))GIP specifically inhibited GIP-stimulated insulin release (86%; p<0.001) from clonal BRIN-BD11 cells, but had no effect on GLP-1-stimulated insulin release. In contrast, exendin(9-39)amide inhibited both GIP and GLP-1-stimulated insulin release (57% and 44%, respectively; p<0.001). Administration of (Pro(3))GIP, exendin(9-39)amide or a combination of both peptides (25 nmol/kg body weight, i.p.) to fasted (ob/ob) mice decreased the plasma insulin responses by 42%, 54% and 49%, respectively (p<0.01 to p<0.001). The hyperinsulinaemia of non-fasted (ob/ob) mice was decreased by 19%, 27% and 18% (p<0.05 to p<0.01) by injection of (Pro3)GIP, exendin(9-39)amide or combined peptides but accompanying changes of plasma glucose were small.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data show that (Pro(3))GIP is a specific GIP receptor antagonist. Furthermore, feeding studies in one commonly used animal model of obesity and diabetes, (ob/ob) mice, suggest that GIP is the major physiological component of the enteroinsular axis, contributing approximately 80% to incretin-induced insulin release.
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Cromore Road, Coleraine, BT52 1SA Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Gault
authors.forename: F P M
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: O'Harte
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Harriott
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Mooney
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Flatt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000378:metabolism*; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005934:Glucagon / Q000494:pharmacology*; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D004763:Glucagon-Like Peptides; D006801:Humans; D006946:Hyperinsulinism / Q000097:blood; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D051379:Mice; D009765:Obesity; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019518:Postprandial Period; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011498:Protein Precursors; C479120:glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, Pro(3)-; C055453:glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36)amide; C083773:exendin (9-39); D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide; D004763:Glucagon-Like Peptides; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D005934:Glucagon; D000242:Cyclic AMP