title: Camptothecin analogs in malignant gliomas: comparative analysis and characterization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors compared and characterized several new classes of camptothecin (CPT) analogs (a total of 22 drugs) directed against human and murine glioma cell lines in vitro, trying to identify CPT analogs that can be used for local therapy in future clinical trials. Camptothecin is a naturally occurring alkaloid that inhibits the DNA-replicating enzyme topoisomerase I. Moreover, CPT and its analogs have shown promising antitumor activity against both systemic and intracranial neoplasms. Because the CPTs have poor bioavailability and are unable to cross the blood-brain barrier, they may best be delivered to the central nervous system by polymers. The authors have previously shown that local delivery of Na-CPT by implantable polymers prolongs survival in a rat intracranial glioma model. In recent years, a number of newly synthesized CPT analogs have been developed that exhibit more potency and stability than Na-CPT.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cytotoxicities of the drugs were tested using modified clonogenic and monotetrazolium assays in three glioma cell lines. A potassium chloride-sodium dodecyl sulfate coprecipitation assay was used to determine the frequency of drug-stabilized cleavable complexes. Of the CPT analogs analyzed, the 10,11-methylenedioxy (MD) class consistently demonstrated the greatest cytotoxicity. Three of these analogs, 10,11-MD-20(RS)-CPT, 10,11-MD-20(S)-CPT-glycinate ester (Gly).HCl, and 9-amino-10,11-MD-20(S)-CPT-Gly, exhibit significantly greater antiproliferative activities than CPT, Na-CPT, or 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) against all three glioma cell lines. In addition, the 10,11-MD-20(RS)-CPT analog induces more cleavable complexes than Na-CPT at every concentration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increased potency and greater stability of CPT analogs hold promise for more effective local antitumor treatments against malignant intracranial brain tumors. The greater cytotoxicity of 10,11-MD CPTs in comparison with other CPT analogs as well as CPT, BCNU, or Na-CPT, may present an ideal candidate drug class for development against both primary and metastatic brain tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Brown Medical School, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, USA. Prakash_Sampath@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Prakash
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sampath
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Amundson
authors.forename: Monroe E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Wall
authors.forename: Betty M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Tyler
authors.forename: Mansukh C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Wani
authors.forename: Lloyd M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Alderson
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Colvin
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Brem
authors.forename: Jon D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Weingart
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000494:pharmacology; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002166:Camptothecin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002330:Carmustine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D005910:Glioma / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D051381:Rats; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; C066731:10,11-methylenedioxy-20-camptothecin; C085084:NSC 100880; D002330:Carmustine; D002166:Camptothecin