title: The memory effects of general anesthesia persist for weeks in young and aged rats.
abstract: Studies demonstrate lasting cognitive impairment in elderly persons after anesthesia and surgery. We tested the hypothesis that general anesthesia contributes to this cognitive impairment. Six- and 18-mo-old Fischer 344 rats were trained in a 12-arm radial arm maze and were then randomized to anesthesia for 2 h with 1.2% isoflurane/70% nitrous oxide/30% oxygen or a control treatment consisting of 30% oxygen. Rats recovered for 24 h and then were tested daily on the radial arm maze for 8 wk. Performance of young control rats was stable throughout the experiment. In contrast, aged control rats improved their performance as measured by time to complete the maze but not by error rate. After anesthesia, time to complete the maze did not change in young rats, but error rate decreased (P < 0.05 at 1 and 3 wk), indicating improved performance. In contrast, previously anesthetized aged rats failed to improve with repeated testing and took longer to complete the maze than aged control rats (P < 0.05 at 1 and 3 wk). These data demonstrate that general anesthesia with isoflurane and nitrous oxide improves the memory performance on an established spatial memory task in young rats, but in aged rats it attenuates the improvement in performance that otherwise occurs with repeated testing. Therefore, isoflurane and nitrous oxide anesthesia produces a sustained learning impairment in aged rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that general anesthesia with isoflurane and nitrous oxide improves spatial memory in young rats but impairs it in aged rats for at least 3 wk, indicating that it can influence memory for much longer than previously recognized and may adversely affect memory processes in the aged.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Anesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and †Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Deborah J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Culley
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baxter
authors.forename: Rustam
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yukhananov
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Crosby
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000818:Animals; D006935:Hypercapnia / Q000523:psychology; D007022:Hypotension / Q000523:psychology; D002534:Hypoxia, Brain / Q000523:psychology; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000523:psychology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D013997:Time Factors