title: Aldosterone and specific aldosterone receptor antagonists in hypertension and cardiovascular disease.
abstract: Recent preclinical and clinical studies indicate that aldosterone, independent of angiotensin II and elevated blood pressure, may play a role in health and disease. In addition to its role in fluid and electrolyte balance and circulatory homeostasis, more recent studies have identified aldosterone as a critical mediator of vascular damage. In animal studies, aldosterone is implicated in cardiac and vascular fibrosis, renal disease, and cerebrovascular damage. These lesions are prevented by specific aldosterone receptor blockade. In clinical studies, aldosterone receptor antagonism is associated with decreased hospitalization, symptomatology, and mortality, and improvement of endothelial dysfunction in patients with chronic heart failure. A better understanding of aldosterone's actions in nonepithelial tissues should pave the way to better protection of organs at risk such as the kidneys, heart, and brain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue - Desk A51, OH 44195, USA. bronofs@ccf.org
authors.forename: Emmanuel L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Bravo
mesh_terms: D000450:Aldosterone / Q000502:physiology*; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists; D000450:Aldosterone