title: Craniofacial skeletal deviations following in utero exposure to the anticonvulsant phenytoin: monotherapy and polytherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify and quantify the craniofacial effects from prenatal exposure to phenytoin monotherapy and polytherapy using cephalometric, hand-wrist, and panoramic radiographs and to determine if such deviations persist with age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Craniofacial structures of 28 anticonvulsant-exposed individuals were evaluated using 20 landmarks in lateral cephalometric radiographs and 19 landmarks in frontal cephalometric radiographs. Skeletal maturity was assessed using hand-wrist radiographs. Dental maturity and the presence of dental anomalies were evaluated using panoramic radiographs. Eleven individuals were re-evaluated 7 years later, on average, to determine the persistence of any measured deviations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Department of Growth and Development, Harvard School of Dental Medicine and Massachusetts General Hospital. Patients were recruited from several sources.
  
  
  METHODS
  The evaluated dimensions included linear, angular, and proportional measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most common deviations were decreased height and length of the maxilla, decreased length of the posterior cranial base, length of the mandible, cranial width and level of the cribriform plate, and a decrease in the Wits Appraisal assessment. The deviations were more significant in the polytherapy-exposed individuals than in the monotherapyexposed individuals. These deviations, especially in the maxilla, persisted with age as revealed in a re-evaluation of 11 individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The craniofacial skeletal findings among individuals exposed in utero to phenytoin monotherapy or phenytoin polytherapy, when considered in aggregate, suggest a mild pattern of maxillary hypoplasia that becomes more pronounced with age.
authors.affiliation: The Department of Growth and Development, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. downorup@aol.com
authors.forename: H I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Orup
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Keith
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Coull
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D000293:Adolescent; D000365:Age Determination by Skeleton; D000366:Age Determination by Teeth; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002508:Cephalometry; D002648:Child; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005004:Ethmoid Bone / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008437:Maxilla / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D010672:Phenytoin / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D011862:Radiography, Panoramic; D012886:Skull / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D019291:Skull Base / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014071:Tooth Abnormalities / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D004338:Drug Combinations; D010672:Phenytoin