title: Quantitative ultrasound of the calcaneus in Arabian women: relation to anthropometric and lifestyle factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine factors influencing quantitative ultrasound (QUS) parameters of the calcaneus in a population-based sample of United Arab Emirates (UAE) women, and to compare QUS parameters of the calcaneus for healthy young UAE women with the manufacturer's reference ranges for other populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  All subjects completed a questionnaire on reproductive and life style factors. Height and weight were measured, and body composition was determined by bioelectric impedence. Estimated bone mineral density (BMD), Speed of sound (SOS), broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) and quantitative ultrasound index (QUI) of the right calcaneus were determined by Sahara ultrasound.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In premenopausal women (n=330), age, weight, body mass index (BMI), lean weight, fat weight, education, age at menarche, and number of pregnancies, correlated significantly with QUS parameters. Multiple regression analysis showed that age at menarche, number of pregnancies, and BMI, were the best predictors of QUS parameters although these factors explained only small amounts of the variance (R(2)=0.05). In postmenopausal women (n=81), age, BMI and physical activity were the best predictors of BUA (R(2)=0.35), SOS (R(2)=0.39), and QUI (R(2)=0.43). Mean estimated BMD, QUI and SOS for healthy young UAE women were significantly lower than the manufacturer's reference ranges for U.S. Caucasian, European Caucasian, and Chinese Asian healthy young women of the same age range (P<0.001 for all comparisons). Mean BUA was not significantly different, however.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Menopausal status, age, BMI and physical activity are strong predictors of QUS parameters of the calcaneus in Arabian women. Healthy young Arabian women have lower estimated calcaneal BMD compared with the manufacturer's reference ranges for other populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates. saadih@uaeu.ac.ae
authors.forename: H F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Saadi
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: A O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: E V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Qazaq
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Al-Suhaili
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000328:Adult; D001823:Body Composition; D001824:Body Constitution; D015519:Bone Density; D002111:Calcaneus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006887:Hydroxycholecalciferols / Q000097:blood; D008019:Life Style; D008875:Middle Aged; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000453:epidemiology; D010298:Parity; D017698:Postmenopause; D017697:Premenopause; D012016:Reference Values; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D006887:Hydroxycholecalciferols