title: The effect of nitrous oxide on cerebral blood flow velocity in children anesthetized with propofol.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Propofol for maintenance of anesthesia by continuous infusion is gaining popularity for use in pediatric patients. Nitrous oxide (N2O) has been shown to increase cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) in both children and adults. To determine the effects of N2O on middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity (Vmca) during propofol anesthesia in children, Vmca was measured with and without N2O using transcranial Doppler (TCD) sonography.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty ASA I or II children aged 18 months to 6 years undergoing elective urological surgery were enrolled. Anesthesia comprised propofol aimed at producing an estimated steady-state serum concentration of 3 micro g.ml-1 and a caudal epidural block. A transcranial Doppler probe was used to measure middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity. Each patient was randomized to receive a sequence of either Air/N2O/Air or N2O/Air/N2O in 35% oxygen. Fifteen min after each change in the N2O concentration, three measurements of cerebral blood flow velocity, blood pressure and heart rate were recorded. Ventilatory parameters and EtCO2 were kept constant throughout the study period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CBFV increased by 12.4% when air was replaced by N2O, and returned to baseline when N2O was subsequently removed. There was a 14% decrease in CBFV when N2O was replaced with air, which increased to baseline when air was subsequently replaced with N2O. Mean heart rate and blood pressure remained constant throughout the study period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effects of nitrous oxide on CBFV are preserved in children during propofol anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Hospital for Sick Children and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wilson-Smith
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Karsli
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Luginbuehl
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bissonnette
mesh_terms: D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D020768:Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D015742:Propofol; D013268:Stimulation, Chemical; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D015742:Propofol