title: Evaluation of the new ADA and WHO criteria for classification of diabetes mellitus in young adult people (15-34 yrs) in the Diabetes Incidence Study in Sweden (DISS).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to evaluate how an aetiology-based classification, as recommended in the ADA and WHO guidelines for classification of diabetes mellitus, matches clinical judgement in the Diabetes Incidence Study in Sweden (DISS), a study covering incident cases of diabetic patients aged 15 to 34 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  During a 1-year period (1998), blood samples were taken at diagnosis and 4 months (median) thereafter. Patients were classified according to clinical judgement by the reporting physicians and assessments of islet antibodies (ICA, GADA, and IA-2A) and plasma C-peptide.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 1998, 422 patients were registered in DISS. Among the 313 patients participating in the follow-up, most with clinical Type 1 diabetes (185/218, 85%, 95% CI 79-89%) were islet antibody positive (ab+) at diagnosis. In addition, 14 out of 58 (24%, 14-37%) with clinical Type 2 diabetes and 21 out of 37 (57%, 40-73%) with unclassifiable diabetes were antibody positive at diagnosis. Further to this, 4 out of 33 (12%, 3-28%) were antibody negative with clinical Type 1 diabetes and 4 out of 44 (9%, 3-22%) with Type 2 had converted to antibody positive at follow-up. Among those who were constantly antibody negative, 10 out of 29 (34%, 18-54%) with clinical Type 1 and 1 out of 16 (6%, 0-30%) with unclassifiable diabetes had fasting plasma C-peptide concentrations below the normal range (<0.25 nmol/l) at follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most young adults with clinical Type 1 diabetes (199/218, 91%) had objective Type 1 (ab+ at diagnosis/follow-up and/or low fasting plasma C-peptide concentrations at follow-up), as did one third (18/58, 31%) with clinical Type 2 diabetes and more than half (22/37, 59%) with unclassifiable diabetes. About 10% of those who were antibody negative converted to antibody positive. Our study underlines that a classification considering aetiology is superior to clinical judgement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Wallenberg Laboratory, Entrance 46 2nd Floor, Malmö University Hospital, 205-02 Malmö, Sweden. Henrik.Borg@endo.mas.lu.se
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Borg
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Arnqvist
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Björk
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bolinder
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Eriksson
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nyström
authors.forename: J-O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Jeppsson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sundkvist
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000032:analysis; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000145:classification* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000503:physiopathology; D012955:Societies, Medical; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States; D014944:World Health Organization
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D002096:C-Peptide; C024211:islet cell antibody