title: Prevalence of diabetic eye disease in patients entering a systematic primary care-based eye screening programme.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Large-scale, baseline prevalence measurements in a population at the institution of systematic retinal screening are currently unavailable. We report the prevalence of all grades of retinopathy at entry into a systematic primary care-based diabetic eye screening programme.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary care-based photographic screening utilizing mydriasis and three-field non-stereoscopic photography for all patients with diabetes (except those under continuing care of an ophthalmologist) in Liverpool. Sight-threatening diabetic eye disease (STED) was defined as any of: moderate preproliferative retinopathy or worse, circinate maculopathy or exudates within one disc diameter of the centre of fovea.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) (n = 831): baseline prevalence (95% confidence interval (CI)) of any retinopathy, proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and STED was 45.7% (42.3-49.1), 3.7% (2.4-5.0) and 16.4% (13.9-18.9), respectively. Presence of STED was associated with increased disease duration (odds ratio (OR) 1.09 per year; P < 0.0001) and higher in men (OR 2.15; P = 0.001). Type 2 DM (n = 7231): baseline prevalence (95% CI) of any retinopathy, PDR and STED was 25.3% (24.3-26.3), 0.5% (0.3-0.7) and 6.0% (5.5-6.5), respectively. Presence of STED was associated with longer time since diagnosis of DM (OR 1.03; P < 0.0001) and insulin use (OR 2.46; P < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides baseline information for health providers on prevalence of all grades of retinopathy and STED in a large population at the establishment of systematic screening. Baseline prevalence of STED was high and highest in patients with a longer disease duration in both Type 1 and Type 2 DM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK. naveedy@tinyonline.co.uk
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Younis
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Broadbent
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Harding
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Vora
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010781:Photography / Q000379:methods; D011320:Primary Health Care; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D015351:Vision Screening / Q000379:methods; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology