title: Do demographic variables affect the timing of referral to the nephrologist?
abstract: The consequences of late referrals for nephrological care include: increased morbidity, poorer quality of life on dialysis and probably increased mortality. Few studies look at the socio-demographic factors which influence referral to the nephrologist. There is good evidence from studies in other areas of health care that socio-demographic and economic factors influence access to health care. It is important that the nephrology community understand whom the individuals are who likely to be referred late so that we can address any inequality in access to services. We studied all of the patients who started renal replacement therapy in our unit over a five-year period, 1st January 1996 to 31st December 2000 (n = 494). We collected data on gender, age at referral, ethnicity, the date that the individual started dialysis as well as the date they were first seen by a nephrologist. We analysed the data to see if age, gender or ethnicity was associated with timing of referral. If an individual had seen a nephrologist more than three months prior to starting dialysis, they were termed 'early referred', if not they were termed 'late referred' Since this was a sociologically driven research project, we set statistical significance at the 10% (0.1) level. Our data showed that gender did not affect the timing of referral (p = ns), ethnicity affected referral in so much as whites were more likely to be referred late than blacks (p = 0.08) but no more so than non-whites (p = ns). People under the age of 30 were statistically more likely to be referred late than people over the age of 30 years (p = 0.027) as were people under the age of 40 (p = 0.047). We interpret these finding as demonstrating that health care professionals are referring older people and people from the black community in good time and that, in contrast to other studies of inequalities in health, these findings demonstrate that the elderly and ethnic minorities are not being disadvantaged.
authors.affiliation: King's College Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Steel
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ellis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001208:Asia / Q000208:ethnology; D044383:Black People; D005260:Female; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000628:therapy*; D008131:London / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009398:Nephrology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018579:Patient Selection; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data