The CAG repeat polymorphism within the androgen receptor gene and maleness.
The androgen testosterone and its metabolite dihydrotestosterone exert their effects on gene expression and thus effect maleness via the androgen receptor (AR). A diverse range of clinical conditions starting with complete androgen insensitivity has been correlated with mutations in the AR. Subtle modulations of the transcriptional activity induced by the AR have also been observed and frequently assigned to a polyglutamine stretch of variable length within the N-terminal domain of the receptor. This stretch is encoded by a variable number of CAG triplets in exon 1 of the AR gene located on the X chromosome. First observations of pathologically elongated AR CAG repeats in patients with X-linked spino-bulbar muscular atrophy showing marked hypoandrogenic traits were supplemented by partially conflicting findings of statistical significance also within the normal range of CAG repeat length: an involvement of prostate tissue, spermatogenesis, bone density, hair growth, cardiovascular risk factors and psychological factors has been demonstrated. The highly polymorphic nature of glutamine residues within the AR protein implies a subtle gradation of androgenicity among individuals within an environment of normal testosterone levels providing relevant ligand binding to ARs. This modulation of androgen effects may be small but continuously present during a man's lifetime and, hence, exerts effects that are measurable in many tissues as various degrees of androgenicity and represents a relevant effector of maleness. It remains to be elucidated whether these insights are important enough to become part of individually useful laboratory assessments.
Zitzmann
Michael
M
Institute of Reproductive Medicine of the University, Münster, Germany.
Nieschlag
Eberhard
E
D000505:Alopecia / Q000235:genetics; D015519:Bone Density / Q000235:genetics; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009134:Muscular Atrophy, Spinal / Q000235:genetics; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011467:Prostate / Q000502:physiology; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000235:genetics*; D012098:Reproduction; D012307:Risk Factors; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D018911:Trinucleotide Repeats
D011944:Receptors, Androgen