title: Circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor correlate with indexes of depressed heart rate variability: a study in patients with mild-to-moderate heart failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with heart failure have increased circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and TNF receptors. It is not known whether TNF, which is known to blunt beta-adrenergic responsiveness in experimental models, contributes to the loss of heart rate variability in patients with heart failure. Therefore, we examined heart rate variability in relation to circulating levels of TNF, TNF receptors, and norepinephrine in patients with heart failure and in control subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Heart rate variability was obtained from 24-h ambulatory ECG recordings in age-matched control subjects (n = 10) and patients with mild (n = 15) to moderate (n = 14) heart failure. Plasma levels of TNF and soluble type 1 and 2 TNF receptors were measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay; plasma norepinephrine levels were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant inverse linear correlation between increased circulating levels of TNF, TNF receptors, and norepinephrine for time-domain and frequency-domain indexes of heart rate variability among patients with heart failure and control subjects. Multiple stepwise linear regression analysis showed that TNF was a stronger independent predictor of frequency-domain indexes of heart rate variability than norepinephrine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TNF is an independent predictor of depressed heart rate variability in patients with heart failure. Insofar as TNF blunts beta-adrenergic signaling, this study suggests the possibility that overexpression of TNF and subsequent loss of beta-adrenergic responsiveness contributes to the decrease in heart rate variability observed in heart failure.
authors.affiliation: Winters Center for Heart Failure Research, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Hector A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Malave
authors.forename: Addison A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Jaggarao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nattama
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Deswal
authors.forename: Douglas L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Mann
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000097:blood; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009638:Norepinephrine