title: Flow cytometry and quantitative immunohistochemical study of cell cycle regulation proteins in invasive breast carcinoma: prognostic significance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Between January 11, 1991 and January 8, 1992, 104 patients with previously untreated, invasive, primitive breast carcinoma were admitted to the authors' hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  For each patient, flow cytometry DNA analyses on frozen samples and on immunohistochemical staining were performed, including Ki-67, cyclin A, p53, and p21(waf1) (p21), with assessment of the percentages of positive nuclei were assessed. Correlations with classic clinicopathologic data and survival (overall, metastasis free, or recurrence free) and a multivariate analysis were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After a multivariate analysis according to a Cox model that was stratified by age, tumor size, tumor grade, lymph node status, and receptor status, among the factors studied, the presence of p21 was the unique remaining prognostic factor for patients with invasive breast carcinoma. Because of the lack of a correlation between p21 and proliferative factors (Ki-67, S-phase, and cyclin A), the authors combined p21 with those markers and found that, for the different combinations, after statistical analysis, only p21 combined with S-phase or with cyclin A and lymph node status were salient survival prognostic factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Immunohistochemical study of proteins involved in the cell cycle and assessment of proliferative activity using flow cytometric DNA analysis aided the authors in singling out correlations of cyclin A and S-phase, along with p21, with metastasis free survival and overall survival in patients with invasive breast carcinoma. These promising results will require confirmation in a larger series of patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Centre François Baclesse, Caen, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Jacques
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Michels
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Duigou
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marnay
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Henry-Amar
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Delozier
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Denoux
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chasle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000473:pathology*; D002453:Cell Cycle; D002455:Cell Division; D019925:Cyclin A / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008875:Middle Aged; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D011379:Prognosis
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D019925:Cyclin A; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm