title: Induction chemotherapy followed by concomitant chemoradiotherapy in the treatment of locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Since 1990, we have treated patients with advanced nasopharyngeal cancer with induction chemotherapy and concomitant chemoradiotherapy. We herein report the results of our experience.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1990 to 1999, 27 patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal cancer were treated with induction chemotherapy followed by concomitant chemoradiotherapy. Using the American Joint Committee on Cancer's 1992 stage classification, all patients were stage III (11%) or IV (89%). By histology, 63% were poorly differentiated carcinoma and 37% squamous cell carcinoma. The median age was 42 years. Three cycles of induction chemotherapy consisting of cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin and interferon-alpha2b were administered, followed by concomitant chemoradiotherapy consisting of seven cycles of 5-fluorouracil, hydroxyurea and once-daily radiotherapy (FHX) on a week-on week-off schedule. The median radiotherapy dose was 70 Gy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinical response to induction chemotherapy was 100%, 54.2% complete response (CR) and 45.8% partial response. Clinical and/or pathological (37% of all patients had post-treatment biopsy with or without neck dissection) CR after FHX was 100%. At a median follow-up of 52 months, three failures were observed. Two patients have died of disease, one of local failure and one of distant metastases. One patient is alive with an isolated rib metastasis. At 5 years, actuarial locoregional control is 93% and actuarial distant control 92%. The overall survival at 3 and 5 years is 88% and 77%, respectively. Four patients died of unrelated illnesses and had no evidence of disease with respect to their nasopharyngeal cancer. The progression-free survival at 3 and 5 years is 92% and 86%, respectively. Thirty-three per cent of patients required a reduction in the chemotherapy dose due to acute toxicity. Chronic toxicity was not observed, with all patients able to eat orally without dietary restrictions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment of locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal cancer with induction chemotherapy followed by concomitant chemoradiotherapy resulted in excellent overall survival with acceptable toxicity. These results are encouraging and warrant further investigation of intensified approaches.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA. jlo91@hotmail.com
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Vokes
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kies
authors.forename: B B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Mittal
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Witt
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Weichselbaum
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Haraf
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D006918:Hydroxyurea / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002955:Leucovorin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009303:Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D016898:Interferon-alpha; D002945:Cisplatin; D002955:Leucovorin; D005472:Fluorouracil; D006918:Hydroxyurea