title: Occupational risk in health care and research.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Working in the health care and research sectors has been linked to various hazards.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies published in the peer-reviewed literature that are pertinent to the exposures or diseases relevant to these fields were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most important exposures include infectious agents, formaldehyde, anesthetic agents, antineoplastic drugs, and ethylene oxide. The best-documented evidence is that of infectious risk primarily among clinical personnel. Monitoring studies of persons occupationally exposed to anesthetics clearly demonstrate behavioral effects, possible risk of reproductive problems, as well as cytogenetic effects of unknown significance. The latter two impairments are also observed among those exposed to antineoplastic drugs and ethylene oxide. Exposure to formaldehyde appears to be associated with nasopharyngeal tumors. Whereas increased risk of cancer of certain sites, particularly the brain and lymphohematopoietic system, is found among research and health care personnel, no specific exposure has been linked to these neoplasms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although some results are inconsistent, continued environmental and biological monitoring will allow better assessment of exposures and of implemented protection measures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Epidemiology, PRALV, National Cancer Research Institute, Genova, Italy. daniela.vecchio@istge.it
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vecchio
authors.forename: Annie J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Sasco
authors.forename: Cristina I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Cann
mesh_terms: D000777:Anesthetics / Q000009:adverse effects; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental / Q000009:adverse effects; D005027:Ethylene Oxide / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000009:adverse effects; D006282:Health Personnel; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017056:Medical Laboratory Personnel; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010564:Personnel, Hospital; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012306:Risk; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000777:Anesthetics; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental; D037521:Virulence Factors; D005557:Formaldehyde; D005027:Ethylene Oxide