title: Influence of age on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ximelagatran, an oral direct thrombin inhibitor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the influence of age on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ximelagatran.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was an open-label, randomised, 3 x 3 crossover study with 4 study days, separated by washout periods of 7 days.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects comprised 6 healthy young men (aged 20-27 years) and 12 healthy older men and women (aged 56-70 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  All subjects received a 2mg intravenous infusion of melagatran over 10 minutes followed, in randomised sequence, by a 20 mg immediate-release tablet of ximelagatran with breakfast, a 20 mg immediate-release tablet of ximelagatran while fasting, and a 7.5 mg subcutaneous injection of ximelagatran. The primary variables were the plasma concentration of melagatran, the active form of ximelagatran, and the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), an ex vivo coagulation time measurement used to demonstrate inhibition of thrombin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After oral and subcutaneous administration, ximelagatran was rapidly absorbed and biotransformed to melagatran, its active form and the dominant compound in plasma. The metabolite pattern in plasma and urine was similar in young and older subjects after both oral and subcutaneous administration of ximelagatran clearance of melagatran was correlated with renal function, resulting in about 40% (after intravenous melagatran) to 60% (after oral and subcutaneous ximelagatran) higher melagatran exposure in the older than in the young subjects. Renal clearance of melagatran, was 7.7 L/h and 4.9 L/h in the younger and older subjects, respectively. The interindividual variability inn the area under the melagatran plasma concentration-time curve was low following all regimens (coefficient variation 12-25%). The mean bioavailability of melagatran in young and older subjects was approximately 18 and 12% , respectively, following oral administration of ximalagratan, and 38 and 45%, respectively, following subcutaneous administration of ximelagatran. The bioavailability of melagatran following oral administration of ximelagatran was unaffected by whether subjects were fed or fasting, although the plasma concentration of melagatran peaked about 1 hour later under fed than fasting conditions, due to gastric emptying of the immediate-release tablet formulation used. The APTT as prolonged with increasing melagatran plasma concentration-effect relationship was independent of age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There were no age-dependent differences in the absorption and biotransformation of ximelagatran, and the observed differences in exposure to melagatran can be explained by differences in renal function between the young and older subjects.
authors.affiliation: AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden.
authors.forename: Linda C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Frison
authors.forename: Ulrika
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Logren
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fager
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gustafsson
authors.forename: Ulf G
authors.initials: UG
authors.lastname: Eriksson
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001384:Azetidines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001596:Benzylamines; D001682:Biological Availability; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018565:Food-Drug Interactions; D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D008875:Middle Aged; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013917:Thrombin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D001384:Azetidines; D001596:Benzylamines; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D011355:Prodrugs; C109573:melagatran; C426686:ximelagatran; D013917:Thrombin; D005998:Glycine