title: Financial and health costs of uncontrolled blood pressure in the United Kingdom.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Uncontrolled hypertension is associated with an elevated risk of all cardiovascular disease, especially stroke. However, many patients with hypertension do not achieve agreed targets for blood pressure.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the cost and morbidity consequences of uncontrolled hypertension in the UK.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive epidemiological study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study used a burden-of-disease model combining data on the prevalence of hypertension, the incidence of major cardiovascular (CV) events and the costs of treating these events. The prevalence of uncontrolled hypertension was taken from the 1998 Health Survey for England. The incidences of three CV events, acute myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure and stroke, at different levels of achieved blood pressure, were estimated using results from the Hypertension Optimal Treatment study. Costs were taken from published sources. We estimated the number of major CV events and acute hospital costs that would be avoided if all people with hypertension had blood pressure treated to target levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The model estimated that in the UK 5.7 million adults (12% of the population aged >16 years) have actual blood pressure above 160/95 mm Hg, and a further 10.3 million (21%) have blood pressure in the range 140/90-160/95 mm Hg. An estimated 58000 major CV events per year occur in these patients that would be avoided if their blood pressure was at target levels. If all patients had blood pressure treated to target, the cost to the NHS of managing major CV events would fall by pound 97.2 million per year at 2000/01 prices (95% CI: pound 56- pound 144 million).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Failure to achieve blood pressure targets contributes substantially to avoidable NHS costs and to the number of CV events in the UK.
authors.affiliation: Fourth Hurdle Consulting Ltd, London, UK. Adamlloyd@FourthHurdle.com
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schmieder
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Marchant
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018803:Models, Economic; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D006113:United Kingdom