title: Mechanisms of anemia in SHP-1 protein tyrosine phosphatase-deficient "viable motheaten" mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Viable motheaten mice (abbreviated gene symbol me(v)) are deficient in SHP-1, a critical negative regulator of signal transduction in hematopoietic cells. These mice exhibit severe immune dysfunction accompanied by hyperproliferation of myeloid cells, widespread inflammatory lesions, and regenerative anemia. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms underlying anemia in me(v)/me(v) mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multiple hematologic parameters, osmotic fragility, and erythropoietin levels were measured to characterize the anemia in me(v)/me(v) mice. B-cell-deficient me(v)/me(v) Igh-6(null) mice were generated to assess the role of anti-erythrocyte antibodies. Coombs assays and flow cytometry were carried out for detection of anti-erythrocyte antibodies. Oxidant production by macrophages, glutathione levels, and lipid peroxidation products in erythrocytes were measured, as was the impact of oxidant on the ultrastructure of me(v)/me(v) erythrocytes. Erythroid maturation and erythrocyte plasma membrane integrity were assessed with flow cytometry by evaluating CD71 expression and annexin V labeling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The regenerative anemia of me(v)/me(v) mice was associated with erythrocyte changes that were independent of the presence of anti-erythrocyte antibodies. Erythrocytes from me(v)/me(v) mice had increased fragility and heightened susceptibility to oxidant damage. Macrophages from me(v)/me(v) mice demonstrated a higher basal level of oxidant production and enhanced production after stimulation. Oxidant damage in me(v)/me(v) erythrocytes was evidenced by a significant elevation of lipid peroxidation and diminished levels of glutathione.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results support the hypothesis that as a consequence of severe inflammatory disease, me(v)/me(v) erythrocytes are subject to exceptionally high oxidative stress resulting in oxidation of phospholipids in the erythrocyte membrane with subsequent hemolysis.
authors.affiliation: The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Me 04609, USA. lds@jax.org
authors.forename: Bonnie L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Lyons
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lynes
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Burzenski
authors.forename: Melissa J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Joliat
authors.forename: Nacima
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hadjout
authors.forename: Leonard D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Shultz
mesh_terms: D000743:Anemia, Hemolytic / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D001323:Autoantibodies; D004910:Erythrocyte Membrane / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006720:Homozygote; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008563:Membrane Lipids / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D009996:Osmotic Fragility; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D053824:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008563:Membrane Lipids; D053824:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; C509248:Ptpn6 protein, mouse