title: Treatment of spinal fractures in children and adolescents: long-term results in 44 patients.
abstract: METHODS
  The authors examined a case series of patients younger than 16 years who had sustained a traumatic spine injury.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate clinical and radiologic findings and the effectiveness of conservative versus surgical treatment at long-term follow-up.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Although injuries to children have received increasing coverage in the literature over the last several years, few reports have focused on the long-term results of conservative versus surgical treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-four patients who had sustained a traumatic spine injury at the average age of 14 years (range 3-16 years) were clinically and radiographically reviewed. The fractures were separated into three groups: stable (n = 20) and unstable (n = 13) injuries without cord lesion and fractures with spinal cord lesion (n = 11). Mean follow-up was 18 years (range 9-23 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Conservative treatment was successful in all stable fractures, whereas it failed in the unstable injuries. The surgical treatment stabilized without significant deformity in five of the seven unstable fractures. Of 11 with spinal cord injuries, the 4 children conservatively treated developed a severely progressive, paralytic scoliosis. Only three of the seven surgically treated patients were stabilized without any deformity at follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In children and adolescents, conservative treatment is an available option for stable fractures without neurologic lesion. Early surgical treatment (instrumentation and fusion) is mandatory for unstable fractures and injuries associated with spinal cord lesion. In children, a traumatic spinal cord lesion may develop a deformity that is mainly scoliotic, kyphotic, or lordotic in >90% of the cases.
authors.affiliation: Spine Surgery Department, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy. parisini.p@tiscalinet.it
authors.forename: Patrizio
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Parisini
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Di Silvestre
authors.forename: Tiziana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Greggi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002370:Casts, Surgical; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D009989:Orthotic Devices; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery; D013995:Time; D016896:Treatment Outcome