title: Emergency nurse practitioners: a three part study in clinical and cost effectiveness.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the clinical effectiveness and costs of minor injury services provided by nurse practitioners with minor injury care provided by an accident and emergency (A&E) department.
  
  
  METHODS
  A three part prospective study in a city where an A&E department was closing and being replaced by a nurse led minor injury unit (MIU). The first part of the study took a sample of patients attending the A&E department. The second part of the study was a sample of patients from a nurse led MIU that had replaced the A&E department. In each of these samples the clinical effectiveness was judged by comparing the "gold standard" of a research assessment with the clinical assessment. Primary outcome measures were the number of errors in clinical assessment, treatment, and disposal. The third part of the study used routine data whose collection had been prospectively configured to assess the costs and cost consequences of both models of care.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The minor injury unit produced a safe service where the total package of care was equal to or in some cases better than the A&E care. Significant process errors were made in 191 of 1447 (13.2%) patients treated by medical staff in the A&E department and 126 of 1313 (9.6%) of patients treated by nurse practitioners in the MIU. Very significant errors were rare (one error). Waiting times were much better at the MIU (mean MIU 19 minutes, A&E department 56.4 minutes). The revenue costs were greater in the MIU (MIU pound 41.1, A&E department pound 40.01) and there was a great difference in the rates of follow up and with the nurses referring 47% of patients for follow up and the A&E department referring only 27%. Thus the costs and cost consequences were greater for MIU care compared with A&E care (MIU pound 12.7 per minor injury case, A&E department pound 9.66 per minor injury case).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A nurse practitioner minor injury service can provide a safe and effective service for the treatment of minor injury. However, the costs of such a service are greater and there seems to be an increased use of outpatient services.
authors.affiliation: Accident and Emergency Department, Northern General Hospital, Herries Road, Sheffield S5 7AU, UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sakr
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kendall
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Angus
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nicholl
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wardrope
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saunders
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D016529:Emergency Nursing / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009722:Nurse Practitioners / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016526:Workload; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000191:economics / Q000451:nursing*