title: Suprascapular nerve block or a piroxicam patch for shoulder tip pain after day case laparoscopic surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The reported incidence of shoulder tip pain following laparoscopic surgery varies from 35 to 63%. This study evaluated the analgesic efficacy of either performing a prophylactic suprascapular nerve block with bupivacaine or applying a piroxicam patch to the skin over both shoulders for the relief of shoulder tip pain after laparoscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty healthy informed female patients were randomly assigned to one of three groups: (a) a control group (n = 20), no treatment; (b) a suprascapular nerve block group (n = 20) in which a bilateral suprascapular nerve block was performed before induction of anaesthesia with 5 mL 0.5% bupivacaine with epinephrine; and (c) a piroxicam patch group (n = 20) in which a 48 mg piroxicam patch on the skin of each shoulder was applied before induction of anaesthesia. All patients received a total intravenous anaesthesia technique with propofol, fentanyl and vecuronium. Shoulder tip and wound pain were recorded on a visual analogue pain scale at five time intervals for 24 h after surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 80% of patients in the control group, 75% in the suprascapular nerve block group and 45% in the piroxicam patch group complained of shoulder tip pain during the recording period (P < 0.05). The scores for shoulder tip pain in the piroxicam patch group were significantly lower compared with the control group at 3, 6 and 12 h, and compared with the suprascapular nerve block group at 6 and 12 h. The need for analgesics was also significantly lower in the piroxicam patch group compared with the other two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prophylactic piroxicam patches are effective and safe for the relief of shoulder tip pain after laparoscopy. Bilateral suprascapular nerve block is not effective in this setting.
authors.affiliation: Sungkyunku'an University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Samsung Cheil Hospital, Seoul, South Korea. jenyhong@samsung.co.kr
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: I H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000328:Adult; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009068:Movement; D009407:Nerve Block; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010894:Piroxicam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012146:Rest; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D010894:Piroxicam; D002045:Bupivacaine