title: Effect of continuous low-dose intravenous diltiazem on epidural fentanyl analgesia after lower abdominal surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The postoperative opioid-sparing effects of systemic L-type calcium channel blockers are controversial. We investigated whether the postoperative analgesic effect of epidural fentanyl was enhanced by i.v. infusion of diltiazem at a rate that would minimize any cardiovascular depressant effect.
  
  
  METHODS
  After elective lower abdominal gynaecological surgery, 30 patients were randomized to receive continuous i.v. diltiazem 1 micro g kg(-1) min(-1) (diltiazem group) or the same volume of saline (control group) for 24 h. Cumulative postoperative epidural fentanyl consumption, visual analogue scale (VAS) scores and verbal rating scores (VRS) at rest and during mobilization, sedation scores, incidence of side-effects and overall patient satisfaction were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant difference in cumulative epidural fentanyl consumption between the groups at any period. Although there were no statistically significant differences in VAS scores, VRS, sedation scores, incidence of side-effects and overall patient satisfaction, there was a trend to an increased incidence of nausea in the diltiazem group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Continuous i.v. infusion of diltiazem did not reduce epidural fentanyl consumption when administered at dosages having minimal haemodynamic depressant effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan. nitihara@fukuoka-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nitahara
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsunaga
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Katori
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yotsui
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Higuchi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Higa
mesh_terms: D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000379:methods*; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004110:Diltiazem / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013509:Gynecologic Surgical Procedures; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D004110:Diltiazem; D005283:Fentanyl