title: Development and preventative effect against pine wilt disease of a novel liquid formulation of emamectin benzoate.
abstract: Injection of the poorly water-soluble emamectin benzoate (EB) into pine trunks required the development of an efficient liquid formulation. For injection into big trees in forests a good rate of injection and a high active content were required. Tests on the viscosity and EB-solubilizing ability of 14 various solubilizers in diethylene glycol monobutyl ether (DGMBE) led to the selection of Sorpol SM-100PM as the solubilizer of the formulation. Relationships between the solubilizing ability and amounts of Sorpol SM-100PM and DGMBE relative to that of EB, and between the concentration of the latter and the viscosity or the injection rate of the formulation led to a novel 40 g litre(-1) emamectin benzoate formulation (Shot Wan Liquid Formulation), which was composed of EB (40), Sorpol SM-100PM (120), DGMBE (160) and distilled water (50 g litre(-1)) in methanol. Injection of this formulation at a dose of 10 g EB per unit volume of pine tree prevented over 90% of the trees from wilting caused by pine wood nematode, and this preventative effect continued for 3 years. Neither discolouration of the leaves nor injury around the injection hole on the trees was observed after injection of the formulation.
authors.affiliation: Development Department, Izutsuya Chemical Industry Co Ltd, 1-11-30 Hanazono, Kumamoto 860-0072, Japan. izuchem@ruby.ocn.ne.jp
authors.forename: Kazuya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takai
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Kazuyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawazu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009348:Nematoda / Q000187:drug effects; D028223:Pinus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000469:parasitology*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000469:parasitology*
chemical_list: D007559:Ivermectin; C108024:emamectin benzoate