title: Application of the headspace CO2 method (ISO 14 593) to the assessment of the ultimate biodegradability of surfactants: results of a calibration exercise.
abstract: In the recent review of the control of marketing surfactants used in detergents, the EU decided to increase the severity of the testing procedure by using the criterion of ultimate biodegradability (mineralization) rather than primary biodegradation (removal of the parent molecule) to ensure that possible harmful organic metabolites do not reach the environment. The relatively new ISO headspace CO2 test, considered to be an improvement on the OECD 301B (Sturm CO2) test was chosen. The method was subjected to a ring test by 11 laboratories using one of each of four classes of surfactants plus a poorly degradable reference surfactant; all laboratories satisfactorily applied the method. The necessary addition of silica gel to the medium containing the cationic surfactant, known as a class to be more inhibitory than other classes, was confirmed as a technique for avoiding inhibition of the inoculum. The biodegradability of the surfactants was in general agreement with results reported in the literature and the often reported variable values of % inorganic carbon (IC) produced of the theoretical was found. The anionic and cationic surfactants were readily biodegradable (%IC > 60), the non-ionic surfactant was well below the pass value, while the amphoteric was borderline. The IC production by the blank controls, one of the validity criteria, was about 0.3 mg C/100 ml test medium, equivalent to 3 mg C/l, as recommended in the ISO text. Mild conditions of pre-exposure of the inoculum to the test surfactant did not produce consistent worthwhile effects on either the percentage biodegradation or on its variability.
authors.affiliation: Freshfield Analysis Ltd., Caxton Villa Park Lane, Knebworth SG3 6PF, UK. freshfield@dial.pipex.com
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Painter
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Comber
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002138:Calibration; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D012722:Sewage; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002245:Carbon Dioxide