title: Factors influencing faecal contamination in coastal marinas.
abstract: Recreational pleasure and fishing boats are potential sources of human faecal contamination because the sanitary wastes from boat occupants may be discharged into the surrounding water. The impacts of such faecal contamination from boats is potentially high in marinas where boats are often kept and occupied for varying periods of time. The nature and extent of such faecal contamination from boats in marinas of different design and use is still inadequately understood. In this study the levels of faecal coliform (FC) bacteria were measured in the waters of a confined and an open water marina over a 6 d period encompassing a holiday weekend. Levels of FC rose with increasing occupancy by boats and boaters during the study period and then declined again. FC levels were higher in waters of a confined or basin marina than in waters of an open or unconfined marina. In both confined and open water marinas, FC levels were highest in water samples collected near boats but they also became elevated on occasion in water samples taken a distance of 305 m from boats. Concentrations of FC in marina waters exceeded the standards and guidelines for shell-fishing and primary contact recreation waters. Therefore, greater consideration of human health risks from enteric microbes in marina waters and shellfish is recommended.
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina, Dept of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7400, USA. sobsey@email.unc.edu
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Sobsey
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Perdue
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Overton
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fisher
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D005506:Food Contamination; D006801:Humans; D011157:Population Dynamics; D011634:Public Health; D011998:Recreation; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012758:Shellfish; D012767:Ships; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014881:Water Supply