title: Sudden, unexpected cardiac or unexplained death in England: a national survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Post-mortem examinations of adults who were apparently healthy but died suddenly and unexpectedly sometimes reveal no morphological abnormalities to explain their deaths. The frequency of such unexplained deaths in relation to other causes of sudden cardiac death is not known.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the frequency of sudden unexpected cardiac or unexplained death in England.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective survey using a stratified random sample of 83 of the 132 H.M. Coroner's jurisdictions in England.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive White Caucasians, aged 16-64 years, with no medical history of cardiac disease, seen alive within 12 h of death, on whom autopsy found either a cardiac or no identifiable cause of death, were included. The coroner's officer sent a copy of the post-mortem report and a completed case registration form to the investigators, with tissue samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-seven (81%) coroners participated, each maintaining prospective surveillance for 4 months. Of 692 ascertained cases, case registration forms were received for 650 (94%), post-mortem reports for 682 (99%), blood samples for 569 (82%), myocardial slices for 517 (75%) and whole hearts for 47 (7%). In cases with myocardial tissue, death was ascribed to ischaemic heart disease in 465 (82.4%). In 43.1% the ischaemia was acute, in 19.1% there was myocardial scarring but no acute ischaemia, and 20.2% had coronary atheroma only. Death was due to left ventricular hypertrophy in 32 (5.7%), to other cardiac causes in 30 (5.3%) and in 23 (4.1%) there was no clear cause. Those with cardiac causes were 81% male, median ages 55.9 (male) and 56.6 (female) years. The 23 unexplained deaths were 57% female, median ages 40.5 (male) and 54.9 (female) years. The estimated annual frequency of sudden unexpected death due to cardiac or unidentified causes, in English adults of employment age, was 11/100,000 (3481 annual deaths).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In 4.1% of sudden unexpected deaths under 65 years, no cause was found. Until it becomes accepted practice to identify these cases by a name, such as Sudden Adult Death Syndrome (SADS), it will not be possible to study their aetiology systematically.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Epidemiology, The Royal Brompton and Harefield Campus, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College School of Medicine, University of London. bowkert@bhf.org.uk
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Bowker
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Sheppard
authors.forename: N R B
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Cary
authors.forename: J D K
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Burton
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Chambers
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dawling
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Hobson
authors.forename: S D M
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Pyke
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Riemersma
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D002423:Cause of Death; D003645:Death, Sudden / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000453:epidemiology; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution