title: Hereditary, familial, and idiopathic chronic pancreatitis are not associated with polymorphisms in the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) promoter region or the TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) gene.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Genetic alterations that are associated with acute and chronic pancreatitis remain to be identified.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors investigated two functionally active tumor necrosis factor (TNF) promoter region polymorphisms at positions -238 and -308 and the entire coding region of the corresponding TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) gene in 54 patients with hereditary, familial, and idiopathic chronic pancreatitis who were previously tested negative for cationic trypsinogen mutations by direct DNA sequencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In three patients, we detected novel DNA variants in the TNFR1 gene that did not segregate with the disease. The genotype frequencies of the TNF promoter polymorphisms were similar between patients and controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These polymorphisms are not associated with hereditary, familial, or idiopathic chronic pancreatitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Kay
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pogue-Geile
authors.forename: M Michael
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Barmada
authors.forename: Erica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Myers-Fong
authors.forename: Bryan S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Whitcomb
mesh_terms: D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000235:genetics*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000235:genetics*; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D017931:DNA Primers; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha