title: Effect of water activity and temperature on germination and growth of Penicillium digitatum, P. italicum and Geotrichum candidum.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study compares the effect of temperature (4-37 degrees C) and water activity (aw: 0.99-0.87) and their interactions on the germination rates, lag times prior to germination and mycelial growth 'in vitro' of Penicillium digitatum, P. italicum and Geotrichum candidum, the main postharvest pathogens affecting citrus fruits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Germination and growth were markedly influenced by temperature and aw. Generally, lag times were longer and germination and growth rates were slower when conditions of temperature and aw were far from optimum. All the studied species were able to germinate over a range of 4-30 degrees C at 0.995 aw, although in non-optimal conditions P. digitatum only reached 40-60% of germinated conidia. At low temperatures, P. italicum germinated and grew faster than P. digitatum and G. candidum, particularly at 0.95 aw. Penicillium italicum was also able to germinate and grow in the driest studied conditions (0.87 aw), while G. candidum did not germinate under 0.95 aw.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Knowledge of the ecological requirements of these fungi is important in order to understand their behaviour in natural situations and to predict fungal spoilage on citrus fruits.
authors.affiliation: Postharvest Unit, CeRTA, Centre UdL-IRTA, Rovira Roure Avenue, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain. pilar.plaza@irta.es
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Plaza
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Usall
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Teixidó
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Viñas
mesh_terms: D002957:Citrus / Q000382:microbiology*; D003470:Culture Media; D005848:Geotrichum / Q000254:growth & development*; D018525:Germination; D010407:Penicillium / Q000254:growth & development*; D013172:Spores, Fungal / Q000254:growth & development; D013696:Temperature; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D014867:Water