title: Groundwater arsenic contamination, its health impact and mitigation program in Nepal.
abstract: About 47% of Nepal's total population is living in Terai region and 90% of them are relying on groundwater as their major source of drinking water. About 200,000 shallow tubewells have been installed by different agencies in 20 Terai districts, serving 11 million people. Recently, arsenic contamination of groundwater has been recognized as a public health problem in Nepal. This has sensitized government, national and international nongovernment organizations working on water quality sector to carry out water quality assessment for arsenic in the affected communities. So far, 15,000 tubewells has been tested where 23% samples exceeded World Health Organization guideline value of 10 microg/L and 5% exceeded "Nepal Interim Arsenic Guideline" of 50 microg/L. It is estimated that around 0.5 million people in Terai are living at risk of arsenic poisoning (>50 microg/L). Some recent studies have reported the prevalence of dermatosis related to arsenicosis from 1.3 to 5.1% and the accumulation of arsenic in biological samples like hair and nail much higher than the acceptable level. Though some steps are being taken by government and private organizations to combat the problem, it has not been able to cover all the affected communities. Nepal still needs more research work on arsenic occurrence and effects and mitigation programs simultaneously.
authors.affiliation: ENPHO, Kathmandu, Nepal. rshrestha@mos.com.np
authors.forename: Roshan R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Shrestha
authors.forename: Mathura P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Shrestha
authors.forename: Narayan P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Upadhyay
authors.forename: Riddhi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pradhan
authors.forename: Rosha
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Khadka
authors.forename: Arinita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maskey
authors.forename: Makhan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maharjan
authors.forename: Sabita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tuladhar
authors.forename: Binod M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Dahal
authors.forename: Kabita
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shrestha
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001151:Arsenic / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis*; D020261:Arsenic Poisoning / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009262:Nails / Q000737:chemistry; D009390:Nepal; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D014876:Water Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D001151:Arsenic