title: Biotransformation of 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile under denitrifying, Fe(III)-reducing, sulfidogenic, and methanogenic conditions.
abstract: Bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile) is a halogenated aromatic nitrile herbicide used on a variety of crops for the postemergence control of annual broad-leaved weeds. The anaerobic biodegradability of bromoxynil and its aerobic transformation product, 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoate, were examined in enrichment cultures established with anaerobic sediment under denitrifying, Fe(III)-reducing, sulfidogenic, and methanogenic conditions. Bromoxynil (100 microM) was depleted in 20 to 30 d in the methanogenic, sulfidogenic, and Fe(IIi)-reducing enrichments but was stable under denitrifying conditions. The 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoate (100 microM) was depleted within 20 to 35 d under all four anaerobic conditions. Both compounds were stable in sterile controls. Bromoxynil and 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoate were readily utilized upon respiking of the cultures. During utilization of bromoxynil, stoichiometric release of bromide was observed with transient accumulation of metabolites identified as bromocyanophenol, cyanophenol, and phenol. Bromoxynil heptanoate and octanoate were rapidly hydrolyzed to bromoxynil, which was further degraded. These results indicate that bromoxynil and 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoate are degraded under different anaerobic conditions. Anaerobic degradation of bromoxynil proceeds via reductive debromination to 4-cyanophenol, which is further transformed to phenol and can ultimately be degraded to carbon dioxide.
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Center for Agriculture and the Environment, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA.
authors.forename: Victoria K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Knight
authors.forename: Mitchell H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Berman
authors.forename: Max M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Häggblom
mesh_terms: D000332:Aerobiosis; D000693:Anaerobiosis; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D019605:Euryarchaeota; D005290:Ferric Compounds; D005293:Ferritins / Q000737:chemistry; D009566:Nitrates / Q000737:chemistry; D009570:Nitriles / Q000737:chemistry*; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D013431:Sulfates / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D005290:Ferric Compounds; D009566:Nitrates; D009570:Nitriles; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D013431:Sulfates; C012036:sodium sulfate; C092844:ferric oxyhydroxide; C031618:sodium nitrate; D005293:Ferritins; C006826:bromoxynil