title: Mathematical analysis of atelectasis formation in middle ears with sealed ventilation tubes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A mathematical model was developed to identify time periods of atelectasis induction in middle ear (ME) ventilated via ventilating tubes (VT). Atelectatic ears are characterized by a total gas pressure lower than 760 mmHg.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ventilating tubes were deliberately sealed and ME gas content changed in the presence of a preset blood gas pressure. Once sealed, CO2 rapidly diffuses out of the blood via lining tissues into the ME cleft. This results in initially a total ME pressure rise followed by a decrease in subatmospheric pressures. Time periods for atelectasis reformation was determined once ME pressure crossed the 760 mmHg value and continued to decline as the atelectasis reached higher grades.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Time periods calculated by the model varied from 18 to 125 min in ME cavities ranging in volume from 0.5 to 3.5 mL, respectively. These results were calculated for conditions of venous blood in the lining mucosa blood and are consistent with prior clinical tests that measured an induced return to previous atelectasis state following the closure of the VT in 33 tested ears within 25-120 min (43 min on average).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The model demonstrates that under the above conditions, diffusive gas transfer in relation to blood gas content is the leading mechanism to alterations in ME pressure and volume. It may be used as a tool to determine ME physiological cavity volume of ears with VT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fink
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ar
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sadé
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Barnea
mesh_terms: D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000502:physiology; D004058:Diffusion; D004432:Ear, Middle / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008433:Mathematics; D008876:Middle Ear Ventilation; D008954:Models, Biological; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000502:physiology; D010100:Oxygen / Q000502:physiology; D010313:Partial Pressure; D011312:Pressure
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D009584:Nitrogen; D010100:Oxygen