title: Are there gender differences in self-reported smoking practices? Correlation with thiocyanate and cotinine levels in smokers and nonsmokers from the Pawtucket Heart Health Program.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study compared serum cotinine and thiocyanate in assessment of self-reported smoking behavior among 1400 men and 1809 women from two New England communities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum thiocyanate and serum cotinine levels were analyzed on 2411 and 798 survey respondents, respectively, in an attempt to provide an objective measurement for validation of self-reported smoking behaviors that were obtained through an in-home interviewer-administered questionnaire. Cross-sectional household surveys were conducted with randomly selected men and women, aged 18-65, between 1981 and 1993 as part of the evaluation of the Pawtucket Heart Health Program.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among smokers, the thiocyanate test had similar rates of agreement for women(88.0%) and for men (89.3%). However, among nonsmokers, thiocyanate had higher rates of agreement for women (91.5%) than for men (85.2%). For cotinine, the rates of agreement among smokers were higher for women (91.6%) than for men (89.7%). Similarly, the rates of agreement among nonsmokers were also higher for women (93.9%) than for men (91.9%). Overall,serum cotinine had a higher concordance rate than serum thiocyanate for both men and women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although our results suggested that there were some differences in self-reporting of smoking status by gender, results were quite similar between self-reports of smoking and both biochemical tests. The results obtained from this large population-based study from two New England communities lend credibility to the use of self-reports as a low-cost accurate approach to obtaining information on smoking behaviors among both men and women in large population-based health surveys.
authors.affiliation: Center for Primary Care and Prevention, Memorial Hospital of RI, Pawtucket, Rhode Island 02860, USA. Annlouise_Assaf@brown.edu
authors.forename: Annlouise R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Assaf
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: Kate L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Lapane
authors.forename: Joyce L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: McKenney
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Carleton
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003367:Cotinine / Q000097:blood*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007202:Indicators and Reagents / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood* / Q000523:psychology; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013861:Thiocyanates / Q000097:blood*; D014342:Truth Disclosure
chemical_list: D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D013861:Thiocyanates; D003367:Cotinine; C031760:thiocyanate