title: A cohort study of the incidence of serious acute liver injury in diabetic patients treated with hypoglycemic agents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The incidence of acute liver failure or serious liver injury in diabetic patients is needed to evaluate the safety of hypoglycemic drug therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 5 health maintenance organizations. Study patients were 171,264 health plan members 19 years or older when they received oral hypoglycemic drugs or insulin between April 1, 1997, and June 30, 1999. We searched for hospital discharge diagnoses and procedures potentially indicative of acute liver injury and reviewed the full-text medical records. Acute liver failure was defined as acute liver disease and (1) hepatic encephalopathy, (2) prothrombin time prolongation greater than 3 seconds or international normalized ratio greater than 1.5, and (3) a total bilirubin level greater than 3.0 mg/dL (>51 micro mol/L). Acute liver injury was diagnosed in individuals who did not meet 1 or more of the criteria for acute liver failure but had alanine transaminase or aspartate transaminase levels greater than 500 U/L.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 35 cases of acute liver failure or injury not clearly attributable to a known cause other than use of hypoglycemic agents. The age- and sex-standardized incidence per 1000 person-years was 0.15 for insulin users, 0.08 for sulfonylurea users, 0.12 for metformin users, and 0.10 for troglitazone users. The incidence was higher (on the order of 0.3 per 1000) during the first 6 months of exposure to all hypoglycemic agents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acute liver failure or injury not clearly attributable to other known causes occurred on the order of 1 per 10,000 person-years among diabetic patients treated with oral hypoglycemic drugs or insulin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass., USA.
authors.forename: K Arnold
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Truman
authors.forename: Jerry H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Gurwitz
authors.forename: Judith S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Hurley
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Martinson
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Platt
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Everhart
authors.forename: Richard H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Moseley
authors.forename: Norah
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Terrault
authors.forename: Lynn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ackerson
authors.forename: Joe V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Selby
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D002839:Chromans / Q000009:adverse effects; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015994:Incidence; D007328:Insulin / Q000009:adverse effects; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects*; D017093:Liver Failure / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008687:Metformin / Q000009:adverse effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000009:adverse effects; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D000077288:Troglitazone
chemical_list: D002839:Chromans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds; D013844:Thiazoles; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D008687:Metformin; D000077288:Troglitazone