title: Hypothermia and local cold injuries in combat and non-combat situations--the Israeli experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cold weather has been recognized in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) as a potential medical and operational threat to the soldier. Although regulations have been issued to cope with this situation, every year about 20 cases of hypothermia (T(core) < 35 degrees C) and peripheral cold injuries are reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was aimed at following cold weather injuries (CI) in the IDF in the period 1994-2001. 136 cases were reported to our institute during this period. All patients were from the general population of young (20 +/- 2 yr), male soldiers in the IDF. All were classified a priori as healthy, active subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of these patients, 51% were diagnosed with mild hypothermia and 49% with peripheral CI. Among those soldiers who suffered from peripheral CI, less than 5% were diagnosed with frostbite. Most of the cases (76%) occurred in the winter months; however, 10% occurred in the spring, 13% in autumn, and 2 cases (1%) were reported in the summer. The majority of all CI cases occurred during routine scheduled training (51%), and 15% occurred during routine duties. Of the cases, 34% occurred during combat operations (mainly ambushing and surveillance).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study provides data on CI cases in an army where the awareness of the hazards involved in hostile environments is extensive, and in which detailed regulations aimed to prevent these injuries are common practice. The Israeli experience indicates that CI is preventable in most instances by following a few simple regulations and providing proper education to the soldiers and their commanding officers.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Military Physiology, Heller Institute of Medical Research, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel. dmoran@sheba.health.gov.il
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Moran
authors.forename: Yuval
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Heled
authors.forename: Yoav
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shani
authors.forename: Yoram
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Epstein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003080:Cold Temperature; D005627:Frostbite / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007035:Hypothermia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D015994:Incidence; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012621:Seasons; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014857:Warfare