title: Inconstant sun: how solar evolution has affected cosmic and ultraviolet radiation exposure over the history of life on Earth.
abstract: Four billion years ago, sea-level UV exposure was more than 400 times as intense as today, the dose from solar cosmic rays was five times present levels, and galactic cosmic rays accounted for only about 10% their current contribution to sea-level radiation doses. Exposure to cosmic radiation accounts for about 10% of natural background radiation exposure today and includes dose from galactic cosmic rays and solar charged particles. There is little exposure to ionizing wavelengths of UV due to absorption by ozone. The sun has evolved significantly over its life; in the past there were higher levels of particulate radiation and lower UV emissions from the sun, and a stronger solar wind reduced radiation dose in the inner solar system from galactic cosmic rays. Finally, since the early atmosphere contained little to no oxygen, surface levels of UV radiation were far higher in the past.
authors.affiliation: University of Rochester, Department of Environmental Medicine, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box HPH, Rochester, NY 14642, USA. Andrew_Karam@URMC.Rochester.edu
authors.forename: P Andrew
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Karam
mesh_terms: D001256:Astronomy / Q000379:methods; D001417:Background Radiation; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003359:Cosmic Radiation; D018534:Earth, Planet; D017753:Ecosystem; D019419:Evolution, Planetary; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010126:Ozone / Q000528:radiation effects; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D019445:Solar Activity; D016082:Solar System; D013997:Time Factors; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D010126:Ozone