title: A prospective randomized controlled trial on ureteral stenting after ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A prospective randomized controlled trial was conducted to evaluate whether postoperative ureteral stenting is necessary after ureteroscopic laser lithotripsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 58 patients with unilateral ureteral stones were randomized into either stented or unstented groups. Ureteroscopic laser lithotripsy was performed using a semirigid ureteroscope (6.5/7Fr) and holmium laser without ureteral orifice dilation. There were no selection criteria regarding stone size, location, preoperative ureteral obstruction and hydronephrosis. Endoscopic evidence of stone impaction or mucosal edema/damage did not exclude a patient from the study. Ureteral perforation on completion retrograde pyelogram was the only intraoperative criterion for study exclusion. Postoperative pain scores and symptoms were recorded. Excretory urography was performed to document stone-free status and stricture formation. Radionuclide scan was performed selectively to exclude functional obstruction when ureteral narrowing was found on excretory urogram.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean stone size +/- SD was 9.7 +/- 4.0 mm. (range 4 to 27). Proximal ureteral stones accounted for 43% of all stones. Stented and unstented groups were comparable with respect to demographic data, stone parameters, preoperative obstruction and hydronephrosis. There was no significant difference in operating time, laser energy used, stone impaction and mucosal edema/damage between the 2 groups. Postoperative pain and symptoms were more severe and frequent (p <0.05) in the stented group. However, there was no difference in the incidence of postoperative sepsis and unplanned medical visits. The stone-free and stricture formation rates showed no statistical difference between the 2 groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ureteral stenting is not necessary after uncomplicated ureteroscopic laser lithotripsy for ureteral stones. Ureteral stent increases the incidence of pain and urinary symptoms but does not prevent postoperative urinary sepsis and unplanned medical visits. Severity of preoperative obstruction and intraoperative ureteral trauma were not shown to be determining factors for stenting.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Tung Wah Hospital, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Y L
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: B B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Tam
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D017602:Lithotripsy, Laser; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015607:Stents; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D014517:Ureteral Obstruction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D020709:Ureteroscopes; D014567:Urography