title: Modulation of motor cortex excitability by pallidal stimulation in patients with severe dystonia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the influence of continuous high-frequency electrical stimulation with electrodes implanted in the globus pallidus internus (GPi) on motor cortex excitability in nine patients with dystonia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Short-term effects related to switching off and on the deep brain stimulator were investigated >3 months after electrode implantation. Activation of motor cortical excitatory and inhibitory neurons was examined with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) by analysis of electromyographic activity in the hand muscles. Parameters of corticospinally mediated excitatory motor responses included latency, threshold, and response sizes with increasing stimulus intensities (stimulus-response curves). Other measures of motor cortex excitability comprised the duration of the contralateral silent period and intracortical inhibition and facilitation in a paired-pulse paradigm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Switching off GPi stimulation led to a decrease of motor cortex excitability, as reflected by an increase in motor thresholds (GPi stimulation on 37.5 +/- 6.1%, mean +/- SD; GPi stimulation off for 15 to 120 minutes, 40.5 +/- 6.7% of maximum stimulator output), and reduced the size of contralateral responses in the stimulus-response curves established for relaxed muscles. The changes were reversible within minutes after switching on GPi stimulation. They were associated with mild changes of dystonia. By contrast, measures of intracortical inhibition were not altered by switching off GPi stimulation. Spinal excitability did not change as assessed by H-reflex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GPi stimulation influences motor cortex excitability by a rapid modulation of thalamocortical outputs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Charité, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Humboldt University Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Kühn
authors.forename: B-U
authors.initials: BU
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Trottenberg
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Brandt
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kupsch
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004056:Differential Threshold; D004421:Dystonia / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D005917:Globus Pallidus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006181:H-Reflex / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D011712:Pyramidal Tracts / Q000503:physiopathology; D011930:Reaction Time; D011999:Recruitment, Neurophysiological; D012016:Reference Values