title: Developing strategies for psychopharmacological studies in preschool children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify the obstacles and special challenges-ethical, practical, scientific, and regulatory-faced by investigators who attempt to conduct psychopharmacological studies in preschoolers.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a workshop held at the 47th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, featuring interactive sessions designed to elicit discussion of the theory and feasibility of research in this young population, several key domains were identified: diagnosis and assessment, ethics, research design, special considerations for preschoolers, regulatory/industry issues, and education/training.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A Pediatric Psychopharmacology Initiative is needed to consolidate recommendations from this and other workshops and current federal, research, and regulatory committees. A scholarly review and a guide for institutional review boards and investigators should be prepared on issues related to preschoolers. Developmental specialists provide valuable expertise that can strengthen studies of pediatric psychopharmacology. "N of 1" case studies can provide valuable information to clinicians. Only preschoolers with severe symptoms that occur in several interpersonal contexts should be entered into trials. Indications for the study of symptom complexes (e.g., aggression) rather than specific diagnoses should be examined and considered for regulatory activities. Psychopharmacology practice parameters for preschoolers are needed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With preschoolers being increasingly treated with psychopharmacological agents, the need for investigations to address the safety and efficacy of these medications is becoming a central issue for researchers from many disciplines.
authors.affiliation: New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA. LarryLGreenhill@cs.com.
authors.forename: Laurence L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Greenhill
authors.forename: Peter S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Abikoff
authors.forename: Jeffery L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Blumer
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Deveaugh-Geiss
authors.forename: Celia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hoagwood
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kratochvil
authors.forename: Benjamin B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Lahey
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Laughren
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leckman
authors.forename: Theodore A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Petti
authors.forename: Kayla
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pope
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shaffer
authors.forename: Beneditto
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vitiello
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zeanah
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002665:Child Psychiatry / Q000592:standards*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000592:standards*; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012106:Research / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D011619:Psychotropic Drugs