title: Endoscopy for evaluation and treatment of the ciliary body in hypotony.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the clinical utility of the intraocular videoendoscope for evaluation of the ciliary body in eyes with hypotony and as a visualization tool for surgery of the ciliary body.
  
  
  METHODS
  A gradient index of refraction rod endoscope was used to evaluate the ciliary body in 14 patients. Videotapes and charts were reviewed retrospectively to correlate the appearance of the ciliary body and to analyze the clinical findings and surgical results. Videoendoscopic surgery to remove fibrous tissue from the ciliary processes was performed in nine eyes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The endoscope produced a clear detailed image of the ciliary body in a state that is undisturbed by scleral depression or other forms of mechanical distortion. In eyes without hypotony the normal ciliary processes are uniformly pigmented with a velvet-like surface at high magnification. White surface changes in the peak and crest of individual ciliary processes (white-caps) were seen in 11 of 14 patients with hypotony. At high magnification the white surface changes had a brush-like texture integral to the ciliary processes. Other findings in hypotony were fibrous covering of the ciliary body in 10 patients, loss of pigment epithelium in 5, traction elongation of the ciliary processes in 8, vascular loops in 4, pigmented sheets in 3, and areas of missing ciliary processes in 1. White caps were present in seven of the nine patients who had surgery for fibrous traction of the ciliary processes and hypotony and three patients with hypotony not due to other endoscopically visible abnormalities of the ciliary processes. Endoscopically visualized dissection of ciliary body in 9 patients resulted in normal or elevated tension immediately postoperatively in 7 (78%). At the most recent visit only three of the patients had normal tension, but for these nine patients the pressures were marginally, significantly (P = 0.08) higher compared to the preoperative pressures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The evaluation and management of hypotony is enhanced by the use of intraocular videoendoscopy. Clinical findings of whitecaps and traction elongation of the ciliary processes were associated with ocular hypotony. The endoscope facilitated surgery for dissection and removal of fibrous tissue over the ciliary processes. Further studies are needed to better understand the pathophysiology of ocular hypotony.
authors.affiliation: Retina Associates of Florida, 602 S. Mac Dill Avenue, Tampa, FL 33609-4614, USA. hammermd@ix.netcom.com
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Hammer
authors.forename: W Sanderson
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Grizzard
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002924:Ciliary Body / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015814:Ocular Hypotension / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014603:Uveal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D020535:Video-Assisted Surgery; D014792:Visual Acuity