title: Amifostine as radioprotective agent for the rectal mucosa during irradiation of pelvic tumors. A phase II randomized study using various toxicity scales and rectosigmoidoscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the cytoprotective effect of amifostine against radiation-induced acute toxicity to the rectal mucosa.
  
  
  METHODS
  36 patients irradiated for prostate or gynecologic cancer were randomized to receive amifostine (n = 18, group A) or not (n = 18, group B). The radiation-induced acute rectal toxicity was evaluated by using three different toxicity scales: WHO scale, EORTC/RTOG toxicity criteria, and a modified toxicity scale based on the LENT-SOMA grading scale and the endoscopic terminology of the World Organization for Digestive Endoscopy. The objective measurements were coming from flexible rectosigmoidoscopy performed at baseline and 1-2 days after completion of the radiotherapy schedule. Anterior-posterior fields were used in the gynecologic patients while 3-D conformal 4-field technique was applied in the prostate cancer patients. The area under the curve (AUC) for dose-volume histograms (DVHs) of the rectum was also assessed during a 3-D treatment planning schedule, and no significant differences were assessed between the two groups, indicating a homogeneous dose-volume effect.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Amifostine was well tolerated. No grade 2 or higher WHO and EORTC/RTOG acute toxicity was noted in group A, while acute rectal toxicity (> or = grade 1) was observed in 16/18 patients of group B versus 2/18 of group A (p < 0.001). The onset as well as the duration of acute rectal toxicity were significantly improved in group A (p = 0.002). Rectosigmoidoscopy revealed more severe rectal mucositis in noncytoprotected patients (group B), and modified LENT-SOMA overall mucositis grading score was significantly lower in group A (p = 0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Amifostine seems to have a significant cytoprotective efficacy in acute radiation-induced rectal mucositis in terms of symptomatic and objective endpoints.
authors.affiliation: Radiology-Radiotherapy Department, National Technical University of Athens, Greece. jkouv@otenet.gr
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kouvaris
authors.forename: Vassilis
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kouloulias
authors.forename: Elias
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Malas
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Antypas
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kokakis
authors.forename: Spyros
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Michopoulos
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Matsopoulos
authors.forename: Lambros
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vlahos
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004999:Amifostine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012007:Rectum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D012812:Sigmoidoscopy; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*
chemical_list: D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents; D004999:Amifostine