title: Study of low-intensity 2450-MHz microwave exposure enhancing the genotoxic effects of mitomycin C using micronucleus test and comet assay in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the interaction between 2450-MHz microwaves (MW) radiation and mitomycin C (MMC).
  
  
  METHODS
  The synergistic genotoxic effects of low-intensity 2450-MHz microwave and MMC on human lymphocytes were studied using single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assay (comet assay) and cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus (CBMN) test in vitro. The whole blood cells from a male donor and a female donor were either only exposed to 2450-MHz microwaves (5.0 mW/cm2) for 2 h or only exposed to MMC (0.0125 microgram/mL, 0.025 microgram/mL and 0.1 microgram/mL) for 24 h; and the samples were exposed to MMC for 24 h after exposure to MW for 2 h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the comet assay, the comet lengths (29.1 microns and 25.9 microns) of MW were not significantly longer than those (26.3 microns and 24.1 microns) of controls (P > 0.05). The comet lengths (57.4 microns, 68.9 microns, 91.4 microns, 150.6 microns, 71.7 microns, 100.1 microns, 145.1 microns) of 4 MMC groups were significantly longer than those of controls (P < 0.01). The comet lengths (59.1 microns, 92.3 microns, 124.5 microns, 182.7 microns and 57.4 microns, 85.5 microns, 137.5 microns, 178.3 microns) of 4 MW plus MMC groups were significantly longer than those of controls too (P < 0.01). The comet lengths of MW plus MMC groups were significantly longer than those of the corresponding MMC doses (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) when the doses of MMC were > or = 0.025 microgram/mL. In the CBMN, the micronucleated cell (MNC) rates of MW were 5@1000 and 6@1000, which showed no difference compared with those (4@1000 and 4@1000) of controls (P > 0.05). The MNC rates of 4 MMC groups were 8@1000, 9@1000, 14@1000, 23@1000 and 8@1000, 8@1000, 16@1000, 30@1000 respectively. When the doses of MMC were > or = 0.05 microgram/mL, MNC rates of MMC were higher than those of controls (P < 0.05). MNC rates of 4 MW plus MMC groups were 12@1000, 13@1000, 20@1000, 32@1000 and 8@1000, 9@1000, 23@1000, 40@1000. When the doses of MMC were > or = 0.05 microgram/mL, MNC rates of MW plus MMC groups were much higher than those of controls (P < 0.01). MNC rates of 4 MW plus MMC groups were not significantly higher than those of the corresponding MMC doses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The low-intensity 2450-MHz microwave radiation can not induce DNA and chromosome damage, but can increase DNA damage effect induced by MMC in comet assay.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Occupational and Environmental Health, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310031, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Mei-Bian
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ji-Liang
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Li-Fen
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: De-Qiang
authors.initials: DQ
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations / Q000139:chemically induced*; D020552:Comet Assay; D004249:DNA Damage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008214:Lymphocytes; D008297:Male; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D008872:Microwaves / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016685:Mitomycin / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests
chemical_list: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D016685:Mitomycin