title: Enteral naloxone reduces gastric tube reflux and frequency of pneumonia in critical care patients during opioid analgesia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Opioid analgesia impairs gastrointestinal motility. Enteral administration of naloxone theoretically allows selective blocking of intestinal opioid receptors caused by extensive presystemic metabolism. Therefore, we studied the effect of enteral naloxone on the amount of gastric tube reflux, the frequency of pneumonia, and the time until first defecation in mechanically ventilated patients with fentanyl analgesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized, double-blinded study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University hospital intensive care unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-four mechanically ventilated, fentanyl-treated patients without gastrointestinal surgery or diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were assigned to receive 8 mg naloxone or placebo four times daily via a gastric tube during fentanyl administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-eight patients received naloxone and 43 placebo; three patients were excluded because of protocol violation. Median gastric tube reflux volume (54 vs. 129 mL, p =.03) and frequency of pneumonia (34% vs. 56%, p =.04) were significantly lower in the naloxone group. In both groups, time until first defecation, ventilation time, and length of intensive care unit stay did not differ. There was no difference in fentanyl requirements between the naloxone and the placebo group (7 vs. 6.5 microg/kg/hr, p =.15).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results provide evidence that the administration of enteral opioid antagonists in ventilated patients with opioid analgesia might be a simple-and possibly preventive-treatment of increased gastric tube reflux and reduces frequency of pneumonia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Winfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Meissner
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dohrn
authors.forename: Konrad
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Reinhart
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003672:Defecation / Q000187:drug effects; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004750:Enteral Nutrition / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005746:Gastric Emptying / Q000187:drug effects; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods; D007441:Intubation, Gastrointestinal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009270:Naloxone / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D011015:Pneumonia, Aspiration / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009270:Naloxone; D005283:Fentanyl