title: Growth retardation induced by dexamethasone is associated with increased apoptosis of the growth plate chondrocytes.
abstract: Glucocorticoids cause significant growth retardation in mammals and humans and decreased proliferation of chondrocytes has been considered as the main local mechanism. Death by apoptosis is an important regulator of homeostasis in multicellular organisms. Here we chose to study the role of apoptosis in growth retardation caused by glucocorticoid treatment. We treated 7-week-old male rats with dexamethasone (5 mg/kg/day) for 7 days. Apoptosis was studied in tibiae growth plates by the TUNEL method. Immunoreactivity for parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP), caspase-3, and the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-x was also studied. Apoptosis was mainly localized in terminal hypertropic chondrocytes (THCs) in both control and dexamethasone-treated animals. Dexamethasone caused an increase in apoptosis which was fourfold in THCs (2.45+/-0.12 vs 0.62+/-0.09 apoptotic cells/mm growth plate, P<0.001), and 18-fold in proliferative chondrocytes (0.18+/-0.04 vs 0.01+/-0.007 apoptotic cells/mm growth plate, P<0.001). Increased apoptosis after dexamethasone treatment was accompanied by increased immunoreactivity for caspase-3 and decreased immunoreactivity for the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-x, which further supports our apoptosis results. Dexamethasone also decreased the immunoreactivity for PTHrP, suggesting a role in the mechanism by which glucocorticoids induce apoptosis in the growth plate. We conclude that apoptosis is one mechanism involved in growth retardation induced by glucocorticoids. Premature loss of resting/proliferative chondrocytes by apoptosis could contribute to incomplete catch-up seen after prolonged glucocorticoid treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Woman and Child Health, Pediatric Endocrine Unit, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden. Dionisios.Chrysis@kbh.ki.se
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chrysis
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Ritzen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sävendahl
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000032:analysis; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019254:Genes, bcl-2; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006132:Growth Plate / Q000166:cytology*; D008297:Male; D044162:Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein; D036361:Peptide Hormones / Q000032:analysis; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013977:Tibia; D051020:bcl-X Protein
chemical_list: C494813:Bcl2l1 protein, rat; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D044162:Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein; D036361:Peptide Hormones; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051020:bcl-X Protein; D003907:Dexamethasone; C505410:Casp3 protein, rat; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases