Development in pain and neurologic complaints after whiplash: a 1-year prospective study.
OBJECTIVE
To prospectively examine the course of pain and other neurologic complaints in patients with acute whiplash injury and in controls with acute ankle injury.


METHODS
Patients with acute whiplash (n = 141) and ankle-injured controls (n = 40) were consecutively sampled, and underwent interview and examination after 1 week and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. Outcome measures were pain intensity, pain frequency, and associated symptoms.


RESULTS
Initial overall pain intensity above lower extremities (pain in neck, head, shoulder-arm, and low back) was similar in patients with whiplash (median Visual Analogue Scale [VAS](0-100) of 20 [25th and 75th percentile, 4, 39]) and ankle-injured controls (median VAS(0-100) of 15 [5, 34]). Whiplash-injured patients reported median overall VAS(0-100) pain intensity above lower extremities of 23 (12, 40) after 11 days and 14 (12, 40) after 1 year. Controls reported pain intensity of 0 (0, 4) after 12 days and 0 (0, 9) after 1 year. Reported overall pain frequency above lower extremities was 96% after 11 days and 74% after 1 year in whiplash-injured patients and 33% after 12 days and 47% after 1 year in controls. Associated neurologic symptoms were two to three times more common after whiplash injury. Correlation was found between pain intensity and associated symptoms in whiplash-injured patients but not controls.


CONCLUSIONS
Pain occurs with high frequency but low intensity after whiplash and ankle injury. Associated neurologic symptoms were not correlated to pain in ankle-injured controls, but were correlated to pain in patients with whiplash injury. Persistent symptoms in whiplash-injured patients may be caused by both specific neck injury-related factors and nonspecific post-traumatic reactions. Disability was only encountered in the whiplash group.
Kasch
Helge
H
Danish Pain Research Center, Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark. helge.kasch@dadlnet.dk
Bach
Flemming W
FW
Stengaard-Pedersen
Kristian
K
Jensen
Troels S
TS
D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000150:complications; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010146:Pain / Q000145:classification / Q000209:etiology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014911:Whiplash Injuries / Q000150:complications*