Assessing UV reactor performance for treatment of finished water.
Recently, use of low levels of medium- and low-pressure ultraviolet light for successful inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts has generated tremendous excitement in the water industry. Accurate delivery of the target dose, lamp performance, sensor stability and impact of water characteristics are some factors that could impact disinfection efficacy, in turn influencing decisions on application of this technology. To this end, American Water Systems, the largest investor owned water utility in the US, has responded to some of these challenges by ascertaining the long-term feasibility of applying UV for treatment of finished water. A 4 x 1 UV reactor with a 12 inch (0.3 m) diameter was installed after granular activated carbon filtration and was operated with a finished water flow rate of 600 gpm (2,700 L/min). Over a 12-month period, various chemical (THM, HAA, UV254, DOC, TOC, metals, nitrate, nitrites) and physical measurements (lamp voltage, current, sensor measurements) were monitored to define their impact (if any) on the operation of the reactor. MS2 bacteriophage challenge studies were conducted with various lamp configurations and lamp age. These inactivation data demonstrated high levels of correlation with controlled bench scale inactivation data. For C. parvum oocysts, bench scale studies were performed with a modified in vitro infectivity assay using HCT-8 cells, an enhanced infectivity protocol and with either immunofluorescence or quantitative PCR based detection. While both assays indicated increasing infections levels of HCT-8 cells with increasing oocyst inocula, UV treatment of oocysts produced markedly different infectivity responses. Based on the data generated in this study, one in vitro infectivity assay was selected to demonstrate > 3 logs inactivation with low UV doses (5 mJ/cm(20-10 mJ/cm2).
Bukhari
Z
Z
American Water Works Service Company, Inc., Quality Control and Research Laboratory, 1115 South Illinois Street, Belleville, IL 62220, USA. zbukhari@bellevillelab.com
LeChevallier
M
M
D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay; D003458:Cryptosporidium / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000032:analysis; D033661:Oocysts; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014871:Water Microbiology; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*; D014881:Water Supply
D016054:DNA, Protozoan