title: Hydralazine may induce autoimmunity by inhibiting extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway signaling.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether hydralazine might decrease DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) expression and induce autoimmunity by inhibiting extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway signaling.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect of hydralazine on DNMT was tested in vitro using enzyme inhibition studies, and in vivo by measuring messenger RNA (mRNA) levels and enzyme activity. Effects on ERK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and p38 pathway signaling were tested using immunoblotting. Murine T cells treated with hydralazine or an ERK pathway inhibitor were injected into mice and anti-DNA antibodies were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro, hydralazine did not inhibit DNMT activity. Instead, hydralazine inhibited ERK pathway signaling, thereby decreasing DNMT1 and DNMT3a mRNA expression and DNMT enzyme activity similar to mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitors. Inhibiting T cell ERK pathway signaling with an MEK inhibitor was sufficient to induce anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies in a murine model of drug-induced lupus, similar to the effect of hydralazine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hydralazine reproduces the lupus ERK pathway signaling abnormality and its effects on DNMT expression, and inhibiting this pathway induces autoimmunity. Hydralazine-induced lupus could be caused in part by inducing the same ERK pathway signaling defect that occurs in idiopathic lupus.
authors.affiliation: Astrozeneca, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Chun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: Qianjin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Zhiyong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Tharaknath
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Attwood
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yung
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Richardson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015551:Autoimmunity; D000076123:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase 1; D004248:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000187:drug effects*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006830:Hydralazine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D019169:Jurkat Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000139:chemically induced; D051379:Mice; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011342:Procainamide / Q000009:adverse effects; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology*; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D006830:Hydralazine; D000076123:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase 1; D004248:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases; C000619380:DNMT1 protein, human; C000619381:Dnmt1 protein, mouse; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D011342:Procainamide