title: Association of an IL-1A 3'UTR polymorphism with end-stage renal disease and IL-1 alpha expression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We evaluated polymorphisms in the interleukin-1 alpha 3'-untranslated region (IL-1A 3'[UTR]) for association with type 2 diabetes-associated (DM) and nondiabetic-associated (non-DM) end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in two ethnic groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  IL-1A 3'UTR polymorphisms were identified by alignment of overlapping human expressed sequence tags (ESTs). Sequence ambiguities were experimentally confirmed and variants genotyped to test for association with ESRD in 75 unrelated Caucasians with DM ESRD, 95 unrelated Caucasian controls and, in a parallel study, 92 unrelated African Americans with type 2 DM ESRD, 95 unrelated African Americans with non-DM ESRD, and 86 unrelated African American controls. IL-1A 3' UTR genotype and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated IL-1 alpha protein levels were measured in healthy Caucasians (N = 112) and African Americans (N = 101) to evaluate association between genotype and protein level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A polymorphism in the 3' UTR of the human IL-1A gene was associated with ESRD and IL-1 alpha protein expression. The polymorphism consists of two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and an insertion/deletion generating four different haplotypes: TN7TTCAA, AN7TTCAA, TN7TTCAG and an allele deleted for four internal bases, TN7(delTTCA)A. The 4 bp deletion allele, TN7(delTTCA)A, was significantly less common among Caucasian DM ESRD and African American non-DM ESRD patients (recessive model; P = 0.0364 and P = 0.0293, respectively). In vitro, this polymorphism is associated with the amount of IL-1 alpha protein synthesized in LPS-stimulated lymphocytes from healthy subjects (P = 0.0013, additive model), with the TN7(delTTCA)A haplotype associated with higher levels of stimulated IL-1 alpha.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The association of the TN7(delTTCA)A haplotype with higher levels of IL-1 alpha expression and reduced risk for ESRD is consistent with involvement of cytokines in risk for developing nephropathy.
authors.affiliation: The Center for Human Genomics and Department of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA. jbensen@wfubmc.edu
authors.forename: Jeannette T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Bensen
authors.forename: Carl D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Langefeld
authors.forename: Liwu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Charles E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: McCall
authors.forename: Susan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Cousart
authors.forename: Bonnie N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Dryman
authors.forename: Barry I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Freedman
authors.forename: Donald W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Bowden
mesh_terms: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions / Q000235:genetics; D001483:Base Sequence; D017353:Gene Deletion; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005787:Gene Frequency; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000235:genetics*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D018807:Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions; D007375:Interleukin-1