title: Fibrinogen gene promoter -455 A allele as a risk factor for lacunar stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Elevated fibrinogen levels are suggested to increase the risk of myocardial infarction and stroke. Carriers of the A allele of the fibrinogen -455G/A polymorphism have increased plasma fibrinogen levels. We studied the association of this polymorphism with stroke subtype in the Stroke Aging Memory (SAM) cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  The SAM cohort comprises 486 consecutive patients 55 to 85 years of age who, 3 months after ischemic stroke, completed a detailed stroke assessment. Stroke subtypes were examined with MRI. -455G/A genotype was determined by polymerase chain reaction. MRI and genotype data were available for the 299 patients who constitute the present study population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Genotype distributions were 64.9% (GG), 31.8% (GA), and 3.3% (AA). In a logistic regression model with age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation, peripheral arterial disease, and smoking as possible confounders, there was a significant association between A+ genotype and >or=3 lacunar infarcts (odds ratio [OR], 2.57; 95% CI, 1.23 to 5.36; P=0.01). Hypertensive patients carrying the A allele had increased risk (OR, 4.24; 95% CI, 1.29 to 13.99; P=0.02) for >or=3 lacunar infarcts. A similar increase in risk was observed among smokers with the A+ genotype (OR, 2.67; 95% CI, 0.92 to 7.77; P=0.07).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stroke patients carrying the A allele of the Bbeta-fibrinogen -455G/A polymorphism frequently presented with multiple lacunar infarcts. This association was stronger among hypertensives and smokers. These associations suggest that the A allele may predispose to atherothrombotic events in cerebrovascular circulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martiskainen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pohjasvaara
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mikkelsson
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mäntylä
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kunnas
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Laippala
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ilveskoski
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaste
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Karhunen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Erkinjuntti
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000483:Alleles; D020520:Brain Infarction / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000235:genetics*; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C115499:BBeta fibrinogen; D005340:Fibrinogen