title: Anatomical guides to precisely localize the frontal branch of the facial nerve.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define the relationship between the frontal branch of the facial nerve and a series of blood vessels that are encountered during endoscopic forehead procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anatomical study using 6 fresh cadavers (12 sides).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 11 of 12 dissected specimens, the blood vessels in the temporal region were found to lie within 2 mm of the frontal branch of the facial nerve.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We believe that a series of veins encountered during endoscopic forehead procedures provide the surgeon with the ability to identify the precise location of the frontal branch of the facial nerve. During endoscopic surgery, these vessels are found in a plane between the deep temporal fascia (below) and the superficial temporal fascia (above). We believe that these vessels can be thought of as arrows pointing superiorly to a frontal branch of the facial nerve as it courses through the superficial temporal fascia.
authors.affiliation: Division of Otolaryngology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14607, USA.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sabini
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Wayne
authors.forename: Vito C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Quatela
mesh_terms: D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods; D005154:Facial Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005546:Forehead / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D015361:Rhytidoplasty / Q000379:methods