title: The Union Carbide disaster in Bhopal: a review of health effects.
abstract: The authors have reviewed studies of human health effects that resulted from exposure to methyl isocyanate gas that leaked from the Union Carbide plant in Bhopal, India, in 1984. The studies were conducted during both the early and late recovery periods. Major organs exposed were the eyes, respiratory tract, and skin. Although mortality was initially high, it declined over time, but remained elevated among the most severely exposed population. Studies conducted during the early recovery period focused primarily on ocular and respiratory systems. Major findings included acute irritant effects on the eyes and respiratory tract. In follow-up studies, investigators observed persistent irritant effects, including ocular lesions and respiratory impairment. Studies conducted during the late recovery period focused on various systemic health endpoints. Significant neurological, reproductive, neurobehavioral, and psychological effects were also observed. Early and late recovery period studies suffered from several clinical and epidemiological limitations, including study design, bias, and exposure classification. The authors herein recommend long-term monitoring of the affected community and use of appropriate methods of investigation that include well-designed cohort studies, case-control studies for rare conditions, characterization of personal exposure, and accident analysis to determine the possible components of the gas cloud.
authors.affiliation: rdhara@aol.com
authors.forename: V Ramana
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Dhara
authors.forename: Rosaline
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dhara
mesh_terms: D000062:Accidents, Occupational; D015982:Bias; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002423:Cause of Death; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000145:classification / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D015340:Epidemiologic Research Design; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005740:Gases; D015386:Hazardous Substances / Q000032:analysis / Q000506:poisoning*; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007220:Industrial Waste / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D017953:Isocyanates / Q000032:analysis / Q000506:poisoning*; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008297:Male; D009017:Morbidity; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D005740:Gases; D015386:Hazardous Substances; D007220:Industrial Waste; D017953:Isocyanates; C008461:methyl isocyanate