title: NPAT expression is regulated by E2F and is essential for cell cycle progression.
abstract: NPAT is an in vivo substrate of cyclin E-Cdk2 kinase and is thought to play a critical role in coordinated transcriptional activation of histone genes during the G(1)/S-phase transition and in S-phase entry in mammalian cells. Here we show that NPAT transcription is up-regulated at the G(1)/S-phase boundary in growth-stimulated cells and that the NPAT promoter responds to activation by E2F proteins. We demonstrate that endogenous E2F proteins interact with the promoter of the NPAT gene in vivo and that induced expression of E2F1 stimulates NPAT mRNA expression, supporting the idea that the expression of NPAT is regulated by E2F. Consistently, we find that the E2F sites in the NPAT promoter are required for its activation during the G(1)/S-phase transition. Moreover, we show that the expression of NPAT accelerates S-phase entry in cells released from quiescence. The inhibition of NPAT expression by small interfering RNA duplexes impedes cell cycle progression and histone gene expression in tissue culture cells. Thus, NPAT is an important E2F target that is required for cell cycle progression in mammalian cells. As NPAT is involved in the regulation of S-phase-specific histone gene transcription, our findings indicate that NPAT links E2F to the activation of S-phase-specific histone gene transcription.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
authors.forename: Guang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Adrian P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Bracken
authors.forename: Karina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Burkard
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pasini
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Classon
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Attwooll
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sagara
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Imai
authors.forename: Kristian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Helin
authors.forename: Jiyong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002460:Cell Line; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050684:E2F Transcription Factors; D050687:E2F1 Transcription Factor; D016193:G1 Phase / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006657:Histones / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D034622:RNA Interference; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D016196:S Phase / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050684:E2F Transcription Factors; D050687:E2F1 Transcription Factor; C493753:E2F1 protein, human; C493754:E2f1 protein, mouse; D006657:Histones; C101693:NPAT protein, human; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011506:Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D014157:Transcription Factors; D004247:DNA