title: Hand-arm vibration syndrome in Swedish car mechanics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the occurrence of hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) in Swedish car mechanics, and the relation between HAVS and duration of exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 806 mechanics answered a questionnaire on vascular and neurological symptoms, and exposure to vibrations. Mechanics with symptoms, and some mechanics without symptoms, were invited to a clinical examination, including also a timed Allen test. Vascular and neurological symptoms were classified using the Stockholm Workshop scales. The mean daily exposure (mainly using nut-runners) was 14 minutes and the mean exposure duration, 12 years. Published data have shown vibration levels in nut-runners of about 3.5 m/s(2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the questionnaire, 24% reported cold induced white finger (WF), 25% persistent numbness, and 13%, reduced grip force. The clinical examination showed a prevalence of vibration induced white finger (VWF) of about 15%, mainly in stage 2, and after 20 years, of 25%. A survival analysis showed similar results. We found that the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) model underestimates the risk of VWF. The incidence after 1975 was 19 cases per 1000 person-years. Slow refill times in the timed Allen test were common (15% had a refill time of >20 seconds), and associated with the presence of VWF. The clinical examination revealed neurological symptoms in the hands in about 25% of subjects, mainly at stage 2. After 20 years, the prevalence was 40%. The questionnaire items on WF and numbness both showed likelihood ratios of 13.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HAVS is common among Swedish car mechanics in spite of short daily exposure times. This underlines the need for preventive measures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, Sweden. lars.barregard@ymk.gu.se
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Barregard
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ehrenström
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Marcus
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001336:Automobiles; D006225:Hand / Q000294:innervation; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D015995:Prevalence; D011928:Raynaud Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D014732:Vibration / Q000009:adverse effects*