title: Evaluation of the influence of supplemental feeding of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in the Michigan wild deer population.
abstract: A retrospective study was conducted to test the hypothesis that supplemental feeding of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from 1995 to 1997 was associated with the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (TB) in free-ranging deer in northeastern Michigan. Bovine TB prevalence data were obtained from an ongoing surveillance program, while data relating to supplemental feeding and other risk factors were collected via in-person interviews. A multivariable Poisson regression modeling approach was used to test the stated hypothesis while controlling for other risk factors. Of the 389 potential participants, 59% agreed to participate in the study. Results showed that supplemental feeding of deer was associated with bovine TB in white-tailed deer. Specific risk factors associated with increasing risk for bovine TB were locating feed sites in areas with high levels of hardwood forests (O.R. = 1.8, 95% C.I. = 1.3-2.4), other large-scale feeding sites in the area (O.R. = 1.1, 95% C.I. = 1.0-1.2), the number of deer fed per year (O.R. = 3.9, 95% C.I. = 1.4-11.4), the numbers of feed sites spreading grain (O.R. = 14.7, 95% C.I. = 2.2-98.9), the quantity of grains provided at the site (O.R. = 1.4, 95% C.I. = 1.1-1.7), and the quantity of fruits and vegetables provided (O.R. = 1.4, 95% C.I. = 1.2-1.7). Conversely, factors associated with decreasing risk of bovine TB were locating feed sites in areas with high levels of hardwood forests (O.R. = 0.1, 95% C.I. = 0.02-0.4), locating feed sites in forests (O.R. = 0.05, 95% C.I. = 0.01-0.4), and the level of sites providing grain (O.R. = 0.1, 95% C.I. = 0.01-0.3). The results of this study suggest that banning the practice of supplemental feeding is a valid policy for control of bovine tuberculosis in free-ranging white-tailed deer.
authors.affiliation: Population Medicine Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1314, USA.
authors.forename: RoseAnn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: John B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Kaneene
authors.forename: Scott D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Schmitt
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild; D003670:Deer; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D008824:Michigan / Q000453:epidemiology; D009163:Mycobacterium bovis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary*