title: Comparative economic analyses of minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was undertaken to assess the degree to which published cost comparisons of minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass through a thoracotomy versus conventional coronary artery bypass grafting, off-pump bypass surgery through a sternotomy, or angioplasty with or without stenting adhered to existing guidelines for performing economic analyses.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass (MIDCAB), off-pump bypass surgery, cost-effectiveness, economic analysis, and related keywords to search MEDLINE, other literature databases and article reference lists for English-language economic analyses of minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass procedures versus other procedures that were published from 1990 to February 2002. We critically appraised article adherence to a 10-item methodologic checklist modified to address issues particularly relevant to minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass evaluations. Assessment discordance was reconciled by consensus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten articles published from June 1997 to March 2001 compared costs and (generally) outcomes of minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass with those of other procedures. All were nonrandomized comparisons, generally of concurrent intrainstitutional clinical series. Stated results generally favored minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass, angioplasty, or off-pump bypass surgery through a sternotomy relative to conventional coronary artery bypass grafting. Studies adequately addressed an average of only 24% of applicable checklist items (range 0%-67%). Few studies adequately ensured the comparability of treatment groups, clearly performed intent-to-treat analyses, comprehensively and credibly measured costs that were considered, or clearly addressed costs and results of preprocedural angiography or postprocedural imaging. Only 1 study compared success of revascularization between minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass and competing alternatives. No studies specified the cost-analysis perspective or included costs of physician or physician assistant care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most published comparative economic analyses of minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass have failed to adequately address issues crucial to such evaluations. Future studies should more closely follow well-described principles of clinical epidemiology and cost-effectiveness analysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Research and Community Education, The Hope Heart Institute, Seattle, Wash, USA. tolvadtg@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Darryl T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Veenstra
mesh_terms: D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000601:surgery; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D006801:Humans; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D012107:Research Design / Q000592:standards; D015607:Stents / Q000191:economics; D013673:Technology Assessment, Biomedical / Q000191:economics*; D013908:Thoracotomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome