title: Therapeutic drug monitoring of racemic citalopram: a 5-year experience in Sweden, 1992-1997.
abstract: Racemic citalopram (CIT) was introduced in Sweden in 1992 for management of major depression. During a 5-year period, 1992 to 1997, serum samples of CIT and desmethylcitalopram (DCIT) were collected for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) from patients from all over Sweden. These samples were accompanied by clinical information on a specially designed TDM request form. They represented men and women of various ages (11-94 years) usually on multiple concomitant medications and treated in a naturalistic setting. The TDM samples eligible for evaluation (n = 749), all trough values at steady state, were studied with respect to inter- and intraindividual pharmacokinetic variability. Extensive, interindividual serum concentration variability was seen on all dose levels. For dose-corrected concentrations (C/D) and for clearance (Cl) we found the coefficient of variation (CV) to be approximately 55% for all variables (C/D CIT, C/D DCIT, the ratio DCIT to CIT, and for Cl CIT). The intraindividual variations over time for the same parameters were 30% to 35%. On a population level, signs of a possible saturation of CYP2D6 associated with increasing DCIT-to-CIT ratios with increasing daily doses was observed. Age and gender affected the pharmacokinetics of CIT and DCIT. Women showed significantly higher C/D CIT and C/D DCIT and lower Cl CIT values compared with men, and patients aged more than 65 years had higher C/D CIT and C/D DCIT and lower Cl CIT values compared with younger patients. Finally, concomitant medication affected the outcome of serum concentrations by a general increase in C/D CIT and C/D DCIT but without alteration in the DCIT-to-CIT ratio. Thus, this tendency of changes in the CIT disposition when multiple drugs are used (and multiple diseases are prevailing?) seems more general in character than specific for a certain drug or type of drugs.
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping, Sweden. margareta.reis@klinfarm.lu.se
authors.forename: Margareta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.forename: Jöns
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lundmark
authors.forename: Finn
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bengtsson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D015283:Citalopram / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000378:metabolism; D013237:Stereoisomerism
chemical_list: D015283:Citalopram; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; C046304:desmethylcitalopram