title: Rice as the most influential source of cadmium intake among general Japanese population.
abstract: The objective of the present study is to examine whether rice is still a leading source of cadmium (Cd) burden among general populations in Japan. For this purpose, 10 prefectures were selected from all over Japan (including the northern- and southern-most Hokkaido and Okinawa prefecture, respectively). Cadmium levels in urine of never-smoking women (corrected for creatinine; Cd-Ucr) were compared with the rice- and wheat product-based Cd intake, which were estimated from Cd contents in rice and wheat (in the forms of bread, noodle and flour) consumed by residents in the areas, and per-capita daily consumption of rice and wheat. Stepwise multiple regression analysis taking Cd-Ucr as a dependent variable and rice- or wheat product-based Cd intakes as independent variables showed that rice was the most influential and almost exclusive variable with a partial correlation coefficient of 0.770-0.832, explaining 59-69% of total variation in Cd-Ucr. The effects of other sources including wheat were essentially negligible.
authors.affiliation: Kyoto Industrial Health Association, 67 Nishinokyo-Kitatsuboicho, Nakagyo-ku, 604-8472, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Teruomi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsukahara
authors.forename: Takafumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ezaki
authors.forename: Jiro
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moriguchi
authors.forename: Katsuya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Furuki
authors.forename: Shinichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shimbo
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Matsuda-Inoguchi
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ikeda
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001822:Body Burden; D002104:Cadmium / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D002104:Cadmium