title: Hemodynamic response to lower body negative pressure in hemodialysis patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypovolemia is thought to have an important role in the pathogenesis of dialysis-related hypotension.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied the effect of hypovolemia simulated by lower body negative pressure (LBNP) in 11 hypotension-prone (HP) and 11 hypotension-resistant (HR) hemodialysis patients. LBNP was applied stepwise from 0 to -20 to -40 mm Hg. Systolic arterial pressure, heart rate, and central venous pressure (CVP) were recorded continuously after cannulation of the right jugular vein. Stroke volume index was measured at each step echocardiographically. At the end of each level of LBNP, blood samples were obtained to measure norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, CVP (12 +/- 5 and 16 +/- 7 mm Hg), heart rate (72 +/- 9 and 70 +/- 13 beats/min), cardiac index (2.3 +/- 0.6 and 2.5 +/- 0.9 L/min), NE (median, 341 pg/mL [range,198 to 789 pg/mL] and 365 pg/mL [range, 177 to 675 pg/mL] or 2.02 nmol/L [range, 1.17 to 4.66 nmol/L] and 2.16 nmol/L [range, 1.05 to 4.00 nmol/L]), E (median, 46 pg/mL [range, 18 to 339 pg/mL] and 58 pg/mL [range, 21 to 122 pg/mL] or 251 pmol/L [range, 98 to 1,951 pmol/L] and 317 pmol/L [range, 115 to 666 pmol/L]) were similar, whereas systolic arterial pressure (141 +/- 26 versus 164 +/- 22 mm Hg) and ANP (median, 441 pg/mL [range, 152 to 1,330 pg/mL] versus 804 pg/mL [range, 517 to 3,560 pg/mL] ng/L) were lower (P < 0.05) in HP patients. In response to LBNP (-40 mm Hg), CVP decreased by 6.5 +/- 4.0 mm Hg in the HP group and 4.9 +/- 4.9 mm Hg in the HR group. In HP patients, this decrease was associated with a greater decrease in SI (37% +/- 16% versus 27% +/- 16%) and systolic arterial pressure (19% +/- 21% versus 4% +/- 14%) than in HR patients. Plasma ANP levels did not change, whereas increases in NE and E levels were similar in HP and HR patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients who frequently experience episodes of hypotension during dialysis also are prone to develop hypotension during LBNP, which results from reduced myocardial contractile reserve and/or inadequate sympathetic tone.
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. rwnette@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Nette
authors.forename: Harmen P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Krepel
authors.forename: Marinus A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: van den Dorpel
authors.forename: Anton H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: van den Meiracker
authors.forename: Don
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Poldermans
authors.forename: Frans
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Boomsma
authors.forename: Willem
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Weimar
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zietse
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor / Q000097:blood; D002303:Cardiac Output, Low / Q000209:etiology; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000097:blood; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D007022:Hypotension / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D020896:Hypovolemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008150:Lower Body Negative Pressure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013318:Stroke Volume; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D002395:Catecholamines; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor