title: Brain ethanol concentrations and ethanol discrimination in rats: effects of dose and time.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In drug discrimination procedures, the substitution pattern for ethanol of various receptor ligands is dependent upon ethanol training dose, presumably reflecting functionally different concentrations of ethanol in the brain. The discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol are also time-dependent, although very few studies have investigated the time course of ethanol discriminations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study investigated the relationship between brain ethanol concentrations (BrEC), as measured by intracranial microdialysis of the nucleus accumbens, and the time course of ethanol discriminative effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two groups of rats were trained to discriminate either 1.0 or 2.0 g/kg ethanol from water following a 30-min post-ethanol interval. Following training, the time course of the discriminative stimulus was assessed using a series of abbreviated testing trials at 20-min intervals for 5 h after the administration of various ethanol doses (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g/kg). The rats were then fitted with microdialysis probes and the time course of BrECs were determined under conditions similar to the behavioral assessments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BrECs were significantly above zero at 4 min post-gavage and attained peak concentrations of 16 mmol/l, 24 mmol/l and 42 mmol/l at 9 min, 16 min and 95 min after IG administration of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g/kg ethanol, respectively. BrECs were similar in ethanol-naive and ethanol-trained rats, indicating a lack of pharmacokinetic tolerance under these discrimination procedures. The discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol were dose- and time-dependent, with a threshold concentration of approximately 12 mmol/l achieved at 5 min after 1.0 g/kg ethanol gavage in rats trained to discriminate 1.0 g/kg ethanol. Acute tolerance to the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol was evident from BrECs 2-5 h post-ethanol gavage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ethanol given intragastrically results in a rapid increase in BrEC, independent of ethanol exposure history. The discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol trained at 30 min post-gavage reflect a specific range of BrEC, and depend on the training dose. These data suggest that qualitatively different stimulus effects of ethanol reflect both different ranges of BrEC, as well as within dose acute tolerance to the discriminative stimulus effects.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Psychopharmacologie, Université de Liège, Boulevard du Rectorat 5 / B32, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
authors.forename: Etienne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Quertemont
authors.forename: Heather L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Kathleen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Grant
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004193:Discrimination Learning / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D017551:Microdialysis; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D012646:Self Administration; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D014867:Water; D000431:Ethanol