title: Determination of patterns of biologically relevant aldehydes in exhaled breath condensate of healthy subjects by liquid chromatography/atmospheric chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry.
abstract: A method for the simultaneous determination of several classes of aldehydes in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) was developed using liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/APCI-MS/MS). EBC is a biological matrix obtained by a relatively new, simple and noninvasive technique and provides an indirect assessment of pulmonary status. The measurement of aldehydes in EBC represents a biomarker of the effect of oxidative stress caused by smoke, disease, or strong oxidants like ozone. Malondialdehyde (MDA), acrolein, alpha,beta-unsaturated hydroxylated aldehydes [namely 4-hydroxyhexenal (4-HHE) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE)], and saturated aldehydes (n-hexanal, n-heptanal and n-nonanal) were measured in EBC after derivatization with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH). Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization of the analytes was obtained in positive-ion mode for MDA, and in negative-ion mode for acrolein, 4-HHE, 4-HNE, and saturated aldehydes. DNPH derivatives were separated on a C18 column using variable proportions of 20 mM aqueous acetic acid and methanol. Linearity was established over 4-5 orders of magnitude and limits of detection were in the 0.3-1.0 nM range. Intra-day and inter-day precision were in the 1.3-9.9% range for all the compounds. MDA, acrolein and n-alkanals were detectable in all EBC samples, whereas the highly reactive 4-HHE and 4-HNE were found in only a few samples. Statistically significant higher concentrations of MDA, acrolein and n-hexanal were found in EBC from smokers.
authors.affiliation: Istituto Superiore per la Prevenzione e la Sicurezza del Lavoro, Research Center at the University of Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Andreoli
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Manini
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Corradi
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mutti
authors.forename: Wilfried M A
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Niessen
mesh_terms: D000399:Air Pressure; D000447:Aldehydes / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D001944:Breath Tests; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D006262:Health; D006801:Humans; D006834:Hydrazines / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010126:Ozone; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012906:Smoke
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D015415:Biomarkers; D006834:Hydrazines; D012906:Smoke; C446799:dinitrophenylhydrazine; D010126:Ozone