title: Pyruvate preserves neutrophilic superoxide production in acidic, high glucose-enriched peritoneal dialysis solutions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate effects of pyruvate (Py)-based peritoneal dialysis solutions (P-PDS) on neutrophilic superoxide (O2-) production against high glucose (HG) concentrations at acidic or physiologic pH value, and explore potential mechanisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human neutrophils were incubated with both dl-lactate (La, 40 mM)-based PDS (L-PDS) and equimolar P-PDS at various pH and HG levels, respectively. Hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS) served as controls. O2- generation was determined by the reduction of ferricytochrome c.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Acidic pH and high La induced acute and substantial inhibitions of O2- production. HG in both PDS and HBSS resulted in a suppression of O2- in a dose-dependent manner. P-PDS generated near twofold O2- formation of L-PDS counterparts at various pH and HG levels. P-PDS with HG produced significantly more O2- than Py-free HBSS counterparts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Py in PDS effectively protected neutrophils from HG-induced inhibition of O2- production, even at a physiological pH. The Py cytoprotection may be associated with the preservation of carbohydrate metabolic pathways in addition to its alkalization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Tong Ji Hospital, Tong Ji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yi Tai
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Zhao Long
authors.initials: ZL
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Xiao Feng
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Su
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Fang Qiang
authors.initials: FQ
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000138:Acidosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D015314:Dialysis Solutions / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005947:Glucose / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D016877:Oxidants / Q000032:analysis*; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019289:Pyruvic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013481:Superoxides / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D015314:Dialysis Solutions; D016877:Oxidants; D013481:Superoxides; D019289:Pyruvic Acid; D005947:Glucose