title: Surgical interventions in children with meningococcal purpura fulminans--a review of 117 procedures in 21 children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There are few reports describing the surgical management and outcome of children suffering purpura fulminans secondary to meningococcal sepsis. New Zealand is in the grips of a meningococcal epidemic, and, with the attendant sequalae of the disease process, the authors sought to formally review the children who have required surgical involvement.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective case review of children with the sequalae of meningococcal disease presenting to the Orthopedic and Plastic Surgical Units in a university teaching hospital was undertaken.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 117 procedures in 21 children performed over a 12-year period. Surgical management was separated into 2 phases-early and late. The mean delay from admission with acute sepsis to the first surgical procedure (ie, early intervention) was 15.9 days. Debridement and autologous skin grafting was the mainstay of managing the necrotic defects; however, allograft skin proved a useful adjunct as a physiologic dressing. Local flaps were used with deep defects down to bone, but in the extremities amputation to viable tissue was required once gangrene was demarcated. Amputations were carried out in 9 of 21 children. Late interventions were related to relief of contractures or fibula overgrowth causing stump ulceration. Clinical follow-up showed that all children interviewed over 5 years of age (9 children) attend ordinary regular school classes and were physically active within the context of their physical disabilities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data would suggest that children requiring surgery for purpura fulminans achieve age-appropriate milestones and are primarily limited by their physical disability related to amputations, scarring, and abnormal bone growth.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Reconstructive and Plastic Surgery at Middlemore Hospital and the Department of Anaesthesia at Auckland Children's Hospital, Auckland, NZ.
authors.forename: Jonathan Simon
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Wheeler
authors.forename: Brian Joseph
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Tristain M B
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: De Chalain
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000671:Amputation, Surgical; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003286:Contracture / Q000209:etiology; D003646:Debridement; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005734:Gangrene; D006785:Hospitals, University / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D011695:IgA Vasculitis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D007223:Infant; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008589:Meningococcal Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000601:surgery*; D009345:Neisseria meningitidis / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016038:Skin Transplantation; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D013997:Time Factors