title: The effect of different hormone therapies on integrin expression and pinopode formation in the human endometrium: a controlled study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Integrin expression and pinopode formation have been proposed as a means of distinguishing receptive endometrium from non-receptive in clinical practice, thus offering new directions for the development of contraceptive approaches targeted to the endometrium as well as a better understanding of occult causes of infertility in women. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of ovulation induction, oral contraception, treatment with dehydrogesterone, and different regimens of hormone replacement therapy on endometrial alphavbeta3 integrin expression and pinopode formation using a prospective, controlled study design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Histological dating, alphavbeta3 integrin expression and pinopode formation were evaluated in control and treated cycles in six groups of women including eight subjects per group and who received clomiphene citrate, ovarian stimulation for IVF, oral contraception, dehydrogesterone for endometrial luteal phase defect, or two different regimens of hormone replacement therapy. Twelve healthy fertile women served as a general control group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Alphavbeta3 integrin expression and pinopode formation in the human endometrium were closely related to endometrial maturation as defined by histological dating and this was irrespective of endometria being in-phase or out-of-phase and the hormonal treatment received. Only for clomiphene citrate did a direct effect with reduction in pinopode formation in the midluteal phase seem to exist.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alphavbeta3 integrin expression and pinopode formation in the human endometrium are processes closely related to endometrial maturation and this is irrespective of endometria being in-phase or out-of-phase and the hormonal treatment received. The potential usefulness of those two so-called endometrial markers of implantation as targets for contraceptive approaches or fertility-promoting strategies seems unlikely.
authors.affiliation: Institut Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Montserrat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Creus
authors.forename: Jaume
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ordi
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fábregues
authors.forename: Roser
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Casamitjana
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Carmona
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cardesa
authors.forename: Juan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Vanrell
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Balasch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002996:Clomiphene / Q000494:pharmacology; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000494:pharmacology; D004394:Dydrogesterone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004717:Endometrium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005260:Female; D005300:Fertility Agents, Female / Q000494:pharmacology; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy; D006728:Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D039302:Integrin alphaVbeta3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D008183:Luteal Phase; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010062:Ovulation Induction; D014591:Uterine Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; D005300:Fertility Agents, Female; D006728:Hormones; D039302:Integrin alphaVbeta3; D002996:Clomiphene; D004394:Dydrogesterone