title: Effects of submicrometer particle compositions on cytokine production and lipid peroxidation of human bronchial epithelial cells.
abstract: To identify the size and components related to toxicity of ambient particles, we used a trichotomous impactor to collect 17 sets of particles in three size ranges--submicrometer (diameters < 1 microm; PM1.0, fine (diameters between 1 and 2.5 microm; PM1.0-2.5, and coarse (diameters between 2.5 and 10 microm; PM2.5-10--at stations monitoring background, urban, traffic, and industrial air in Taiwan. Elemental contents, carbon contents, soluble ions, and endotoxin content of particles were determined by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, thermal analysis, ion chromatography, and the Limulus amebocyte lysate assay, respectively. Human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells were exposed to particle extracts at 100 micro g/mL for 8 hr, and interleukin-8 (IL-8) concentrations in the medium and lipid peroxidation products were measured. Particle-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production by mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells was also measured. PM1.0 stimulation resulted in significantly higher IL-8 production and lipid peroxidation than PM2.5-10, whereas the responses elicited by PM1.0-2.5 were not significantly higher than blank filters. Untreated and polymyxin B-pretreated PM1.0 also stimulated more TNF-alpha production by RAW 264.7 cells than PM2.5-10 and PM1.0-2.5. Cytokine production was significantly associated with metal contents of PM1.0: IL-8 correlated with Cr and Mn, and TNF-alpha correlated with Fe and Cr. Lipid peroxidation in BEAS-2B cells correlated with elemental and organic carbon contents. Our study found that size and composition of ambient particles were both important factors in inducing cytokine production and lipid peroxidation.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Song-Lih
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Miao-Kan
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Chang-Chuan
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008168:Lung / Q000166:cytology* / Q000473:pathology*; D010316:Particle Size
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D016207:Cytokines