title: Comparative study of two androgen-induced markers (apolipoprotein D and pepsinogen C) in female and male breast carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare tumor in comparison to the same disease in the female population (FBC). Classical prognostic factors (tumor size, node status, estrogen receptor positivity, histological grade) have a similar prognostic value in both tumors, but MBC seems to have a worse outcome. Several markers under estrogen control have been shown with a similar incidence in breast tumors of both sexes, while androgen-induced markers have been detected in a higher percentage of breast tumors in males.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our purpose was to compare in 68 MBC and in 68 FBC the expression of Pepsinogen C (Pep C) and Apolipoprotein D (Apo D), two proteins under androgen control, by immunohistochemical methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pep C was expressed by 52 of 68 (76.4%) MBC patients, whereas 34 of 68 (50%) FBC showed positive staining. Apo D was expressed by 57 of 68 (83.8%) MBC patients, while 40 of 68 (41.2%) FBC stained positively. Differences between percentages of positive expression were significant (p<0.005 for Pep C; p<0.0001 for Apo D). Moreover, differences between expression levels of Pep C and Apo D in both populations of patients were significant. The mean value of Pep C was significantly higher in male breast tumors (HSCORE = 141.3) than in the females (HSCORE = 80.3) (p<0.0001). Similarly, Apo D mean value was significantly higher in MBC (HSCORE = 161.5) than in FBC (HSCORE = 102.3) (p=0.006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These differences can open the field of a more selective hormonal therapy that should not be based on estrogen receptor status only, but also on androgen receptor status.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Cirugía General, Hospital Virgen de los Lirios, Polígono de Caramanxel s/n, 03804 Alcoy, Alicante, Spain. serra_car@gva.es
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Serra
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vizoso
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Lamelas
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.forename: L O
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Merino
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baltasar
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Pérez-Vázquez
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Medrano
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001053:Apolipoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D053399:Apolipoproteins D; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D018567:Breast Neoplasms, Male / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020115:Pepsinogen C / Q000378:metabolism*; D011379:Prognosis; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001053:Apolipoproteins; D053399:Apolipoproteins D; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D020115:Pepsinogen C