title: Free/total PSA ratio is a powerful predictor of future prostate cancer morbidity in men with initial PSA levels of 4.1 to 10.0 ng/mL.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the usefulness of measuring the free/total prostate-specific antigen (PSA) ratio (%fPSA) in men with initial PSA levels of 4.1 to 10.0 ng/mL as a predictor of the future risk of developing prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1989 and 2001, 201 subjects with an initial PSA level of 4.1 to 10.0 ng/mL, who had free PSA measured at initial screening using frozen serum and underwent consecutive screening at least once, were enrolled in this study. All participants were followed up by consecutive PSA measurements. Biopsies were performed for those with PSA levels greater than 10.0 ng/mL or with a PSA velocity of 1.0 ng/mL or greater in consecutive screening. The follow-up period was 1 to 12 years, and the mean number of screenings was 3.8. The usefulness of %fPSA, age, and total PSA as predictive factors of future prostate cancer morbidity was investigated. The cumulative non-prostate cancer rate was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier analysis relative to various %fPSA cutoffs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 142 patients (71%) underwent prostate biopsy at least once during observation according to the biopsy criteria. The detection rate of prostate cancer was 26% (53 of 201) in consecutive screening. The most recent PSA velocity and serum PSA levels at last follow-up in patients with prostate cancer were significantly higher than in those without prostate cancer. The cumulative non-prostate cancer rate was significantly greater in subjects with %fPSA less than the cutoff than in those with %fPSA at the cutoff point or greater in the %fPSA cutoffs of 16% to 25%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Men with PSA levels of 4.1 to 10 ng/mL who are not suspected of having prostate cancer by whatever means should undergo %fPSA measurement and be carefully monitored at short intervals over the long-term if they have lower %fPSA levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuto
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Takumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohi
authors.forename: Kohei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kurokawa
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Hidetoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamanaka
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011467:Prostate / Q000473:pathology; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen