Erythropoietin fosters both intrinsic and extrinsic neuronal protection through modulation of microglia, Akt1, Bad, and caspase-mediated pathways.
1. Erythropoietin (EPO) plays a significant role in the hematopoietic system, but the function of EPO as a neuroprotectant and anti-inflammatory mediator requires further definition. We therefore examined the cellular mechanisms that mediate protection by EPO during free radical injury in primary neurons and cerebral microglia. 2. Neuronal injury was evaluated by trypan blue, DNA fragmentation, phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure, Akt1 phosphorylation, Bad phosphorylation, mitochondrial membrane potential, and cysteine protease activity. Microglial activation was assessed through proliferating cell nuclear antigen and PS receptor expression. 3. EPO provides intrinsic neuronal protection that is both necessary and sufficient to prevent acute genomic DNA destruction and subsequent membrane PS exposure, since protection by EPO is completely abolished by cotreatment with an anti-EPO neutralizing antibody. 4. Extrinsic protection by EPO is offered through the inhibition of cerebral microglial activation and the suppression of microglial PS receptor expression for the prevention of neuronal phagocytosis. In regards to microglial chemotaxis, EPO modulates neuronal poptotic membrane PS exposure necessary for microglial activation primarily through the regulation of caspase 1. 5. EPO increases Akt1 activity, phosphorylates Bad, and maintains neuronal nuclear DNA integrity through the downstream modulation of mitochrondrial membrane potential, cytochrome c release, and caspase 1, 3, and 8-like activities. 6. Elucidating the intrinsic and extrinsic protective pathways of EPO that mediate both neuronal integrity and inflammatory microglial activation may enhance the development of future therapies directed against acute neuronal injury.
Chong
Zhao Zhong
ZZ
Division of Cellular and Molecular Cerebral Ischemia, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, U.S.A.
Kang
Jing-Qiong
JQ
Maiese
Kenneth
K
D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000502:physiology; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000502:physiology; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000502:physiology*; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000166:cytology; D007120:Immunochemistry; D017628:Microglia / Q000378:metabolism*; D009474:Neurons / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D010718:Phosphatidylserines / Q000378:metabolism; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D017467:Receptors, Erythropoietin / Q000502:physiology*; D051025:bcl-Associated Death Protein
D002352:Carrier Proteins; D020169:Caspases; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases; D004921:Erythropoietin; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D010718:Phosphatidylserines; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D017467:Receptors, Erythropoietin; D051025:bcl-Associated Death Protein; C494821:Bad protein, rat; C408123:phosphatidylserine receptor