title: Economically pertinent continuous amide formation by direct lipase-catalyzed amidation with ammonia.
abstract: An economically pertinent process for the lipase-catalyzed synthesis of amides was developed. A continuous plug flow reactor was used. The model reaction was the production of oleamide, a lubricant and anti-slip agent, via direct Candida antarctica lipase B-catalyzed amidation of oleic acid with ammonia. Of all solvents tested, 2-methyl-2-butanol was found to respond optimally to the demands formulated in our specifications. A continuous conversion of oleic acid into oleamide of 85% was obtained. A productivity of 4.5 tons oleamide per kg of enzyme per year was calculated, indicating a contribution of enzyme to the product price of only 4%. The volumetric productivity, 100 g. L(-1). h(-1), is 4 to 100 times higher than in literature procedures. A simple crystallization procedure leads to 99% purity.
authors.affiliation: Département de Génie Biochimique et Alimentaire, INSA, UMR CNRS 5504, UMR INRA 792, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France.
authors.forename: Wouter F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Slotema
authors.forename: Georgina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sandoval
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Guieysse
authors.forename: Adrie J J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Straathof
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marty
mesh_terms: D000577:Amides / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D000641:Ammonia; D000440:Butanols / Q000737:chemistry*; D002384:Catalysis; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized; D005060:Europe; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D008049:Lipase / Q000737:chemistry*; D008956:Models, Chemical; D019301:Oleic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D009829:Oleic Acids / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000191:economics; D000439:Pentanols; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D000440:Butanols; D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D009829:Oleic Acids; D000439:Pentanols; D012997:Solvents; D019301:Oleic Acid; C032765:tert-amyl alcohol; D000641:Ammonia; C029407:oleylamide; C093667:Novozyme 435; D008049:Lipase