title: Rectocele: pathogenesis and surgical management.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rectocele is a common finding in patients with intractable evacuatory disorders. Although much rectocele surgery is conducted by gynecologists en passant with other forms of vaginal surgery, many reports lack appreciation of the importance of coincident anorectal symptoms, and do not report functional and clinical outcome data. The pathogenesis of rectocele is still controversial, as is the embryological and anatomical importance of the rectovaginal septum as well as recognizable defects in its integrity and its relevance in formal repair when rectocele is operated upon as the principal condition in patients with intractable evacuatory difficulty.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The investigation and surgical management of rectocele is controversial given the relatively small numbers of operated patients in any single specialist unit and the relative lack of prospective data concerning functional outcome in operated cases. The imaging of rectocele patients is currently in a state of change, and the newer diagnostic modalities including dynamic magnetic resonance imaging frequently display a multiplicity of pelvic floor disorders. When surgery is indicated, coloproctologists most commonly utilize an endorectal defect-specific repair, but there are few controlled randomized data regarding outcome and response criteria of specific symptoms with particular surgical approaches. A Medline-based literature search was conducted for this review to assess the clinical results of defect-specific rectocele repairs using the endorectal, transvaginal, transperineal, or combined approaches. Only the studies are included that report both pre- and postoperative symptoms including constipation, evacuatory difficulty, pelvic pain, the impression of a pelvic mass, fecal incontinence, dyspareunia or the need for assisted digitation to aid defecation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The history of rectocele repair, its clinical and diagnostic features and the advantages, disadvantages and indications for the different surgical techniques are presented in this review. Suggested diagnostic and surgical therapeutic algorithms for management have been included. It is recommended that a multicenter controlled randomized trial comparing surgical approaches for symptomatic evacuatory dysfunction where rectocele is the principal abnormality should be conducted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Clinical Research, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of the West Indies, Martindales Road, St. Michael, Barbados. apzbar@hotmail.com
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Zbar
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lienemann
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fritsch
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beer-Gabel
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pescatori
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D005205:Fascia / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D010502:Perineum / Q000601:surgery; D020047:Rectocele / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D012007:Rectum / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery*; D014621:Vagina / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery*