title: The role of effort in perceiving distance.
abstract: Berkeley proposed that space is perceived in terms of effort. Consistent with his proposal, the present studies show that perceived egocentric distance increases when people are encumbered by wearing a heavy backpack or have completed a visual-motor adaptation that reduces the anticipated optic flow coinciding with walking effort. In accord with Berkeley's proposal and Gibson's theory of affordances, these studies show that the perception of spatial layout is influenced by locomotor effort.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22904-4400, USA. drp@virginia.edu
authors.forename: Dennis R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Proffitt
authors.forename: Jeanine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stefanucci
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Banton
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Epstein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention; D004215:Distance Perception; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007088:Illusions; D008297:Male; D009949:Orientation; D005082:Physical Exertion; D011601:Psychophysics; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D016138:Walking / Q000523:psychology*; D016474:Weight-Bearing