title: The influence of age on gender-specific differences in the left ventricular cavity size and contractility in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the study was to assess gender-specific differences in left ventricular cavity size, contractility and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in younger and older subgroups of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied retrospectively 153 referred patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (89 males and 64 females). The echocardiographically measured left ventricular end-systolic, end-diastolic dimensions, fractional shortening and occurrence of left ventricular outflow tract gradient were compared between sexes in subgroups of patients </=50 and >50 years of age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In younger patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic dimensions were significantly smaller in females than males (41.9+/-5.8 vs. 44.7+/-5 mm P<0.01 23.4+/-5 vs. 25.2+/-5.4 mm P<0.05, respectively). Fractional shortening was comparable in both sexes (44.7+/-7.5 vs. 43.7+/-8.2% P>0.05). The left ventricular outflow tract gradient occurred in females as frequently as in males (13.3 vs. 17.6% P>0.05). In older patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic dimensions were also significantly smaller in females than males (42.5+/-6 vs. 46.3+/-3.2 mm P<0.02; 25.7+/-4.8 vs. 28.6+/-3.7 mm P<0.01, respectively). In contrast to the younger group, the fractional shortening was significantly higher in females than males (44.4+/-6.8 vs. 38.2+/-7.3% P<0.02). The left ventricular outflow tract gradient occurred in females more frequently than in males (63.2 vs. 20.8% P<0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, the gender-based differences in the absolute value of left ventricular cavity size persisted with aging. In older females left ventricular contractility was higher and left ventricular outflow tract gradient occurred more frequently than in males. In younger patients with hypertophic cardiomyopathy these sex-based differences were absent. The gender-specific differences in the parameters of left ventricular systolic function became apparent with increasing age.
authors.affiliation: 2nd Department of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, ul. Kopernika 17, 31-501, Kraków, Poland. dimitrow@mp.pl
authors.forename: Pawel Petkow
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Dimitrow
authors.forename: Danuta
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Czarnecka
authors.forename: Kalina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawecka-Jaszcz
authors.forename: Jacek S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Dubiel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002312:Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D014694:Ventricular Outflow Obstruction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*