title: Effect of chronic alcohol consumption on the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and pituitary beta-endorphin as a function of alcohol intake, age, and gender.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Experimental evidence indicates that components of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and of the endogenous opioid system, such as beta-endorphin (beta-END), influence alcohol consumption, whereas chronic alcohol abuse alters the activity of both systems. Furthermore, gender and age differences have been reported in the activity of the HPA axis under basal conditions, in response to stress and acute alcohol challenge. The objective of the present studies was to investigate the hypothesis that chronic alcohol consumption alters the activity of the HPA axis and pituitary beta-END as a function of severity of alcohol abuse, gender, and age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three age groups of each gender (18-29, 30-44, and 45-60 years old) were recruited. Each age and gender group included four subgroups: (a) nondrinkers, (b) light drinkers, (c) heavy drinkers, and (d) alcoholics in treatment. Demographic characteristics, alcohol consumption, and presence of alcohol dependence were recorded by using a structured interview. Blood samples were taken on the day of the interview. The levels of plasma adrenal corticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, and beta-END were estimated as an index of the activity of the HPA-axis and pituitary beta-END.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma ACTH and beta-END levels were significantly lower in females than males of all age and drinking category groups. Plasma cortisol levels were higher in 18- to 29-year-old female subjects compared with the 18- to 29-year-old male subjects. The plasma ACTH and beta-END levels were lower whereas plasma cortisol levels were higher in heavy drinkers than nondrinkers. This decrease in plasma ACTH and beta-END levels with heavy drinking was more pronounced in female than male subjects of the 30-44 and 45-60 age groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic drinking, gender, and age influence the activity of the HPA-axis and pituitary beta-END, which in turn may influence drinking behavior.
authors.affiliation: Douglas Hospital Research Centre, 6875 LaSalle Blvd, Verdun, Quebec, Canada. christina.gianoulakis@mcgill.ca
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gianoulakis
authors.forename: Xing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000378:metabolism*; D012737:Sex Factors; D001615:beta-Endorphin / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D001615:beta-Endorphin; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D006854:Hydrocortisone