title: Systematic review of herbs and dietary supplements for glycemic control in diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To conduct a systematic review of the published literature on the efficacy and safety of herbal therapies and vitamin/mineral supplements for glucose control in patients with diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted an electronic literature search of MEDLINE, OLDMEDLINE, Cochrane Library Database, and HealthSTAR, from database inception to May 2002, in addition to performing hand searches and consulting with experts in the field. Available clinical studies published in the English language that used human participants and examined glycemic control were included. Data were extracted in a standardized manner, and two independent investigators assessed methodological quality of randomized controlled trials using the Jadad scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 108 trials examining 36 herbs (single or in combination) and 9 vitamin/mineral supplements, involving 4,565 patients with diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance, met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. There were 58 controlled clinical trials involving individuals with diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance (42 randomized and 16 nonrandomized trials). Most studies involved patients with type 2 diabetes. Heterogeneity and the small number of studies per supplement precluded formal meta-analyses. Of these 58 trials, the direction of the evidence for improved glucose control was positive in 76% (44 of 58). Very few adverse effects were reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is still insufficient evidence to draw definitive conclusions about the efficacy of individual herbs and supplements for diabetes; however, they appear to be generally safe. The available data suggest that several supplements may warrant further study. The best evidence for efficacy from adequately designed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) is available for Coccinia indica and American ginseng. Chromium has been the most widely studied supplement. Other supplements with positive preliminary results include Gymnema sylvestre, Aloe vera, vanadium, Momordica charantia, and nopal.
authors.affiliation: Division for Research and Education in Complementary and Integrative Medical Therapies, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. gyeh@caregroup.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Gloria Y
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Eisenberg
authors.forename: Ted J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Kaptchuk
authors.forename: Russell S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Phillips
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood* / Q000628:therapy*; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D016239:MEDLINE; D008517:Phytotherapy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D012107:Research Design
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose