title: Effect of submaximal and incremental upper extremity exercise on platelet function and the role of blood shear stress.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Platelets are involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Although physical exercise is recommended to prevent atherosclerosis, the effect of exercise on platelet function and the underlying mechanisms of these effects are not completely understood. Accordingly, we aimed to examine the effect of different intensities acute arm exercises on platelet function. In addition, we evaluated the effect of lipid peroxidation and fluid shear rate on platelet response.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty four healthy sedentary male volunteers aged 18-24 years performed submaximal and incremental exercises by upper extremity ergometer. The shear rate in the right artery was measured by Power Doppler Ultrasound (US) at rest and immediately after exercise. Pre and postexercise maximum intensities of ADP and collagen-induced platelet aggregation were measured using the impedance technique. Bioluminescent detection of thrombin-induced platelet ATP release and measurement of thromboxane B(2) (TxB(2)) levels (as a marker of thromboxane A(2) (TxA(2)) formation) by enzyme-linked immunoassay were performed before and after exercise.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Shear rate increased after both submaximal and incremental exercise. Collagen-induced platelet aggregation increased after submaximal exercise, while ADP-induced aggregation and thromboxane B(2) levels did not alter with this protocol. Incremental exercise caused increased collagen and ADP-induced platelet aggregation and thromboxane B(2) levels. Neither of the protocols altered platelet ATP release. It was shown that acute upper extremity exercise increased platelet aggregation, without an increase in platelet release. Collagen-induced signalling pathways were more sensitive than those induced by ADP. The increase in thromboxane B(2) after incremental exercise implied increase in thromboxane A(2) formation and lipid peroxidation. Despite a significant correlation between platelet aggregation and thromboxane B(2) levels at rest, we found no clear-cut relationship between thromboxane A(2) formation, blood shear rate and platelet response to exercise.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Sihhiye, 06100, Ankara, Turkey. gersoz@medicine.ankara.edu.tr
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ersöz
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Zergeroglu
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fiçicilar
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ozcan
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Oztekin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aytaç
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yavuzer
mesh_terms: D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate / Q000494:pharmacology; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001916:Brachial Artery; D003094:Collagen / Q000494:pharmacology; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008297:Male; D015539:Platelet Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010976:Platelet Count; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013929:Thromboxane B2 / Q000097:blood; D034941:Upper Extremity
chemical_list: D013929:Thromboxane B2; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D003094:Collagen