title: Physiological angiogenesis in electrically stimulated skeletal muscle in rabbits: characterization of capillary sprouting by ultrastructural 3-D reconstruction study.
abstract: Physiological angiogenesis occurs in electrically stimulated skeletal muscles. It is known to start as capillary sproutings, but has not yet been well characterized as ordinary angiogenesis. To characterize the sprouting process during physiological angiogenesis, we carried out an ultrastructural 3-D reconstruction study for the extensor digitorum longus of three adult rabbits under electrical stimulation for 7 days. In addition, hemodynamic and morphological studies were carried out after stimulation for 3, 7, and 14 days. The electrical stimulation induced a twofold increase in femoral artery blood flow and tissue blood flow. This was associated with an increase in capillary density of the muscle by more than twofold at 7 and 14 days. Sproutings frequently appeared at 7 days (4.3 +/- 1.4 x 10(3) sproutings per mm3, 13.3 +/- 6.9 microm in length). All sprouting tips consisted of endothelial cytoplasmic protrusions (ECP). Besides sproutings, there were communicating networks consisting segmentally of ECP (11.6 +/- 5.6 x 10(3) networks per mm3). Endothelial cytoplasmic protrusions began to appear at 3 days, were frequent at 7 days, and disappeared at 14 days, which corresponded well to the changes in blood flow and capillary density. We consider that in physiological angiogenesis, sproutings start as ECP, which contact other capillaries to form networks and become hollowed to form new capillary networks.
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Pathology, Akita University School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshihito
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ebina
authors.forename: Naoto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hoshi
authors.forename: Mikio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawamura
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nanjo
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sugita
authors.forename: Tatsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sugiyama
authors.forename: Hirotake
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Masuda
authors.forename: Chengpei
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002196:Capillaries / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply*; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D011817:Rabbits