title: Bone mass cannot be predicted by estimations of frailty in elderly ambulatory women.
abstract: METHODS
  High biological age, or frailty, a possible risk factor for fragility fracture, and its relation to known risk factors for fracture (low bone mineral density (BMD), low muscle strength, poor gait performance and poor balance, previous falls, previous fractures and future risk of falls) were investigated in 993 randomly selected 75-year-old women. Frailty, which has no accepted definition, was here defined as a subjective immediate impression of an individual's general health appearance and was transferred into an arbitrary scale. 993 individuals were scored by at least one of four observers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frailty score and BMD were not correlated. A high frailty score was significantly correlated to poor gait (r = 0.53-0.59, p < 0.0001), poor balance (r = -0.49, p < 0.0001), low muscle strength (r = -0.25 to -0.41, p < 0.0001), low activity level (r = -0.43, p < 0.0001) and a high risk of falling (r = 0.24, p < 0.0001). The group of women who had experienced at least one fall the previous year had a higher frailty score (p < 0.0001) compared to those who had not. Women who had sustained a hip or femoral fracture after the age of 70 had a higher frailty score than women with no earlier fracture at all.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bone mass cannot be predicted by our subjective frailty score in elderly, ambulant women. Since a high frailty score correlates with factors that affect or are likely to affect fall propensity, this could indicate that a high frailty score is a risk factor for fracture, independent of bone mass. Frailty may be regarded as a complex risk factor, including several assessments that can be objectively measured. Whether estimation of frailty is a method to improve the assessment of the patient at risk for a fragility fracture is yet to be proven and can only be shown in a prospective study of fracture occurrence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Malmö University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden. Paul.Gerdhem@skane.se
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gerdhem
authors.forename: Karin A M
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Ringsberg
authors.forename: Håkan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Magnusson
authors.forename: Karl J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Obrant
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Akesson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005598:Fractures, Spontaneous / Q000453:epidemiology; D016330:Frail Elderly; D006801:Humans; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000175:diagnosis; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014796:Visual Perception