title: Innovative practices of ventilatory support with pediatric patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The recognition that alveolar overdistension rather than peak inspiratory airway pressure is the primary determinant of lung injury has shifted our understanding of the pathogenesis of ventilator-induced side effects. In this review, contemporary ventilatory methods, supportive treatments, and future developments relevant to pediatric critical care are reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A strategy combining recruitment maneuvers, low-tidal volume, and higher positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) decreases barotrauma and volutrauma. Given that appropriate tidal volumes are critical in determining adequate alveolar ventilation and avoiding lung injury, volume-control ventilation with high PEEP levels has been proposed as the preferable protective ventilatory mode. Pressure-related volume control ventilation and high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) have taken on an important role as protective lung strategies. Further data are required in the treatment of children, confirming the preliminary results in specific lung pathologies. Spontaneous breathing supported artificially during inspiration (pressure support ventilation) is widely used to maintain or reactivate spontaneous breathing and to avoid hemodynamic variation. Volume support ventilation reduces the need for manual adaptation to maintain stable tidal and minute volume and can be useful in weaning. Prone positioning and permissive hypercapnia have taken on an important role in the treatment of patients undergoing artificial ventilation. Surfactant and nitric oxide have been proposed in specific lung pathologies to facilitate ventilation and gas exchange and to reduce inspired oxygen concentration. Investigation of lung ventilation using a liquid instead of gas has opened new vistas on several lung pathologies with high mortality rates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The conviction emerges that the best ventilatory treatment may be obtained by applying a combination of types of ventilation and supportive treatments as outlined above. Early treatment is important for the overall positive final result. Lung recruitment maneuvers followed by maintaining an open lung favor rapid resolution of pathology and reduce side effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The methods proposed require confirmation through large controlled clinical trials that can assess the efficacy reported in pilot studies and case reports and define the optimal method(s) to treat individual pathologies in the various pediatric age groups.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Fatebenefratelli and Ophthalmiatric Hospital, Milan, Italy. gmarraro@picu.it
authors.forename: Giuseppe A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Marraro
mesh_terms: D001469:Barotrauma / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D006935:Hypercapnia / Q000517:prevention & control; D008170:Lung Compliance; D055370:Lung Injury; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010372:Pediatrics; D011187:Posture; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange / Q000502:physiology; D011663:Pulmonary Surfactants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation / Q000502:physiology; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D005466:Fluorocarbons; D011663:Pulmonary Surfactants; D009569:Nitric Oxide