title: trans,trans-Muconic acid excretion in relation to environmental exposure to benzene.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Potential environmental sources of benzene exposure, and intake of foods and beverages susceptible to being preserved with sorbic acid, were investigated in relation to their contribution to the inter-individual variation in background urinary trans,trans-muconic acid ( t,t-MA) excretion among subjects non-occupationally exposed to benzene.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured urinary t,t-MA excretion in 65 subjects, 34 women and 31 men. A spot sample of morning urine was collected for each subject 10-12 h after they had consumed their last meal. Questionnaire information was collected on diet and possible sources of environmental benzene exposure in the surroundings of the subjects' residences. For each subject, an estimate of the average daily intake of sorbic acid with diet was calculated, based on questionnaire information and laboratory data on samples of local food items.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The t,t-MA geometric mean was significantly higher among women (28.7 vs 11.5 microg/g creatinine, P<0.05) and among smokers (37.6 vs 15.6 microg/g creatinine, P<0.05), and increased by years of education among women, but not among men. In the multivariate analysis, smoking was the only significant predictor of elevated t,t-MA excretion. In our study, the average estimated daily sorbic-acid intake with diet was 0.33 ppm (standard deviation: 0.28), and it did not show a correlation with t,t-MA excretion. Urban traffic and residence within 100 m of a fuel station also did not show an association with elevated t,t-MA values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study confirms that, among subjects non-occupationally exposed to benzene, smoking contributes significantly to increased background t,t-MA excretion. Further studies should be addressed to confirm our observation of elevated t,t-MA levels among women.
authors.affiliation: Occupational Health Section, Department of Public Health, University of Cagliari, Via San Giorgio 12, 09124 Cagliari, Italy. coccop@pacs.unica.it
authors.forename: Pierluigi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cocco
authors.forename: Maria Giuseppina
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Tocco
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ibba
authors.forename: Lorena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Scano
authors.forename: Maria Grazia
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Ennas
authors.forename: Costantino
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Flore
authors.forename: Francesco Sanna
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Randaccio
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001554:Benzene / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D004032:Diet; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019518:Postprandial Period; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000652:urine; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013011:Sorbic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis*; D014504:Urban Health
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C005939:muconic acid; D001554:Benzene; D013011:Sorbic Acid