title: Kinetics of non-rapid eye movement delta production across sleep and waking in young and elderly normal subjects: theoretical implications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To perform a within-subject analysis of the changes in absolute and normalized rates of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) delta power production across daytime naps and baseline sleep, specifically to determine whether these rates change linearly or exponentially.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were studied in a 2-day protocol after screening for sleep disorders. The first night was a baseline sleep recording that was followed by a nap the next day at one of the following times: 900, 1200, 1500, 1800 with the nap order varied between subjects. Sleep was then recorded on the postnap night with the baseline bedtime schedule. Subjects completed all 4 nap conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 4-bed sleep research laboratory. Each subject slept in a separate bedroom.
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were young normal (YNs, mean age 22.4 yrs) and elderly normal (ENs, mean age 71.4 yrs) adults.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Electroencephalography was recorded continuously during baseline, nap, and postnap sleep. Fast Fourier transform and period-amplitude analysis and visual scoring were performed. Delta power/min and period-amplitude integrated amplitude/min were significantly lower in EN than YN subjects. Both measures declined linearly across NREM periods and increased linearly across naps in the two age groups. The linear slopes for absolute power and integrated amplitude were significantly flatter in the elderly. However, when normalized to each individual subject's baseline rate of delta production, the slopes of the ENs closely approximated those of the YNs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The observation of linear changes in delta across NREM periods and daytime naps contradicts the exponential assumptions of the two-process model. The similarity of the normalized slopes shows that waking and sleep exert the same proportionate change in NREM delta in YNs and ENs. This raises the possibility that homeostatic drive is similar in the two groups despite different rates of absolute delta production. The data here, taken in association with other findings, lead us to hypothesize that NREM delta is specifically homeostatic for the neuronal systems that underlie consciousness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry. University of California, Davis 95616, USA. ifeinberg@ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: Irwin
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Feinberg
authors.forename: Ian G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Campbell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D003700:Delta Rhythm; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000502:physiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology*