title: Retinal neuronal death induced by intraocular administration of a nitric oxide donor and its rescue by neurotrophic factors in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the neurotoxic outcome in the rat retina exposed to nitric oxide (NO) released from an NO donor and to evaluate the effects of neurotrophic factors on the survival of NO-damaged retinal cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  An NO releasing compound, N-ethyl-2-(1-ethyl-2-hydroxy-2-nitrosohydrazino) ethanamine (NOC 12), was intravitreously injected into a rat's right eye. The influences of NOC 12 on retinal neurons and the neuroprotective effects of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) or brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) on NOC 12-mediated damage were estimated by counting cells in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) and by measuring the thickness of retinal layers. The exact count of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) was also confirmed by means of retrograde labeling with a fluorescent tracer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Morphometric analyses of retinal damage in the NOC 12-exposed eyes demonstrated a significant and dose-dependent decrease in cell density in the GCL and a reduction in thickness of the inner plexiform layer and inner nuclear layer, but not of the outer nuclear layer. TdT-dUTP terminal nick-end labeling of retinal sections after intravitreous injection of NOC 12 demonstrated that NO could trigger apoptotic cell death. The counting of the RGCs labeled with a fluorescent tracer suggested that a decrease in GCL cell density induced by NOC 12 reflects a loss in RGCs. Treatment with CNTF (1 microg) or BDNF (1 microg) before the intravitreous injection of NOC 12 (400 nmol) demonstrated that these trophic factors have protective effects against NO-induced neuronal cell death in the retina.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exogenous NO induces retinal neurotoxicity, suggesting that NO plays a pathogenic role in degenerative retinal diseases. BDNF and CNTF protect retinal neurons from NO-mediated neurotoxicity.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Research and Development, Fujimoto Pharmaceutical Corporation, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazue
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takahata
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Katsuki
authors.forename: Toshiaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kume
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nakata
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Shizuko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Muraoka
authors.forename: Fumio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yoneda
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kashii
authors.forename: Yoshihito
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Honda
authors.forename: Akinori
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akaike
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002452:Cell Count; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D020934:Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D008297:Male; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors / Q000633:toxicity*; D009603:Nitroso Compounds / Q000633:toxicity; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; D020934:Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor; C118603:NOC 12; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; D009603:Nitroso Compounds