title: Clinical and microbiological spectrum of meningococcal disease in adults during Hajj 2000: an implication of quadrivalent vaccination policy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the epidemiological, clinical and laboratory features of meningococcal disease and explore the factors responsible for its morbidity and mortality among the pilgrims during Hajj 2000.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was conducted at King Faisal Hospital, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Any patient suspected of meningococcal disease during the period of pilgrimage presenting with fever, head ache, signs of meningeal irritation and turbid CSF, confirmed on gram stain smears. Latex agglutination test and culture was included in this study. Their clinical features, management and outcome was recorded and analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 105 confirmed cases of meningococcal disease, 64% had predominantly meningitis, 36% meningococcaemia and meningitis. Meningococcal rash was found in 2% and co-morbidity in 18% of cases. Antibiotics used empirically were benzylpenicillin or ceftriaxone along or in combination. Overall case fatility rate was 34%. Delay in diagnosis, delay of antibiotic administration, older patients and patients with serious concurrent medical problems, were the factors leading to higher than expected mortality rate. Maximum number of patients were Pakistanis (18%) followed by Indians (15%) and Indonesians (12%). Overall serogrouping was as follows: group A (44), W135 (19), B (1) and untypable (1). Serogroup W135 appeared more invasive and more fatal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Quadrivalent vaccine ACYW135 is recommended for pilgrims to enter Saudi Arabia and for mass vaccination in local population.
authors.affiliation: Hera General Hospital, King Faisal Hospital, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Karima
authors.forename: S Z
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Bukhari
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Fatani
authors.forename: K A A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Yasin
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Al-Afif
authors.forename: F H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Hafiz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007514:Islam; D008297:Male; D008585:Meningitis, Meningococcal / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008589:Meningococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D022401:Meningococcal Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D011640:Public Policy; D012307:Risk Factors; D012529:Saudi Arabia / Q000453:epidemiology; D017678:Sex Distribution; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014611:Vaccination / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D022401:Meningococcal Vaccines