title: Factors associated with the time nurses spend at the bedsides of seriously ill patients with poor prognoses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about the time health professionals spend with inpatients that are close to the end of life.
  
  
  METHODS
  We asked day-shift nurses to use a standardized log sheet to record how much time they spent in various categories of activity for 146 seriously ill medical inpatients with poor prognoses at 2 teaching hospitals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean patient age was 68, and the mean APACHE-III physiology score 28; 59% were white, 56% were women, 41% had cancer or HIV, and 81% had do not resuscitate (DNR) orders. The mean amount of time nurses spent with patients per 12-hour day shift was 53 min. In bivariate analyses, sex, religion, diagnosis and insurance status were not associated with nursing bedside time. In an ANOVA model, patients with DNR orders received more time than those without DNR orders (56 vs. 39 min, P = 0.04), and white patients received more bedside time than nonwhites (57 vs. 46 min, P = 0.01), even after controlling for severity of illness and DNR status. Among the 47 mentally alert patients who could be interviewed, symptom severity, quality of care, and satisfaction ratings were not associated with nursing bedside time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this population, nurses spent less time with nonwhite patients and more time with patients with DNR orders. That patients with DNR orders received more time may be reassuring. However, further investigation will be required to confirm these results, to understand why nonwhite patients appear to have received less bedside nursing time, and to investigate further the relationship between time, satisfaction, and quality of care.
authors.affiliation: John J. Conley Department of Ethics, St. Vincent's Manhattan, New York, New York 10011, USA. daniel_sulmasy@nymc.edu
authors.forename: Daniel P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Sulmasy
authors.forename: Johanna R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Sood
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000451:nursing*; D004219:District of Columbia; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009519:New York City; D009723:Nurse-Patient Relations; D009731:Nursing Audit; D009732:Nursing Care / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016414:Resuscitation Orders; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D013996:Time and Motion Studies