title: Pim-1 protein kinase is nuclear in Burkitt's lymphoma: nuclear localization is necessary for its biologic effects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Pim-1 33-kDa protein is a serine/threonine protein kinase that is capable of enhancing the rate of occurrence of c-Myc-induced lymphomas, and functions to block factor-withdrawal and genotoxic stress-induced apoptosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used human lymphoma samples and tissue culture cells to examine the cellular location of this protein and its mechanism of action.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that Pim-1 can be located in the cytoplasm, the cytoplasm and nucleus, or the nucleus of cells of normal lymph nodes, but is only located in the nucleus in Burkitt's lymphoma cells. On transfection of Pim-1 into HeLa cells, a nuclear localization is observed that is not dependent upon kinase activity, but appears to be regulated by the carboxy terminal half of the protein. Because Pim-1 is known to regulate apoptosis and human Mdm2 (HDM2) contains a consensus Pim-1 phosphorylation site, the possible role of Pim-1 in modulating HDM2 was examined. When Pim-1 and HDM2 are transfected transiently into 293 cells, the presence of Pim-1 results in an increase in the levels of the HDM2 protein. This effect requires the presence of the entire HDM2 protein. Export of Pim-1 out of the nucleus by attachment of a nuclear export signal decreased its ability to regulate the levels of HDM2 protein.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The nuclear location of Pim-1 is essential for its regulation of the levels of HDM2 protein, and possibly for additional biological activities of this protein kinase.
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Division of Medical Oncology, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA.
authors.forename: Yurij
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ionov
authors.forename: Xuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Le
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Tunquist
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sweetenham
authors.forename: Traci
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sachs
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ryder
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Lilly
authors.forename: Andrew S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Kraft
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D002051:Burkitt Lymphoma / Q000201:enzymology*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000201:enzymology; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006412:Hematopoietic Stem Cells / Q000201:enzymology; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000201:enzymology; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011233:Precipitin Tests; D011485:Protein Binding; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051736:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2; D051573:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-pim-1; D014162:Transfection; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; C497206:MDM2 protein, human; C497207:Mdm2 protein, mouse; D051736:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2; C496634:PIM1 protein, human; C496636:Pim1 protein, mouse; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D051573:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-pim-1