title: Relationship of adiponectin to body fat distribution, insulin sensitivity and plasma lipoproteins: evidence for independent roles of age and sex.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Increased intra-abdominal fat is associated with insulin resistance and an atherogenic lipoprotein profile. Circulating concentrations of adiponectin, an adipocyte-derived protein, are decreased with insulin resistance. We investigated the relationships between adiponectin and leptin, body fat distribution, insulin sensitivity and lipoproteins.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured plasma adiponectin, leptin and lipid concentrations, intra-abdominal and subcutaneous fat areas by CT scan, and insulin sensitivity index (S(I)) in 182 subjects (76 M/106F).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adiponectin concentrations were higher in women than in men (7.4+/-2.9 vs 5.4+/-2.3 micro g/ml, p<0.0001) as were leptin concentrations (19.1+/-13.7 vs 6.9+/-5.1 ng/ml, p<0.0001). Women were more insulin sensitive (S(I): 6.8+/-3.9 vs 5.9+/-4.4 x 10(-5) min(-1)/(pmol/l), p<0.01) and had more subcutaneous (240+/-133 vs 187+/-90 cm(2), p<0.01), but less intra-abdominal fat (82+/-57 vs 124+/-68 cm(2), p<0.0001). By simple regression, adiponectin was positively correlated with age ( r=0.227, p<0.01) and S(I) ( r=0.375, p<0.0001), and negatively correlated with BMI ( r=-0.333, p<0.0001), subcutaneous ( r=-0.168, p<0.05) and intra-abdominal fat ( r=-0.35, p<0.0001). Adiponectin was negatively correlated with triglycerides ( r=-0.281, p<0.001) and positively correlated with HDL cholesterol ( r=0.605, p<0.0001) and Rf, a measure of LDL particle buoyancy ( r=0.474, p<0.0001). By multiple regression analysis, adiponectin was related to age ( p<0.0001), sex ( p<0.005) and intra-abdominal fat ( p<0.01). S(I) was related to intra-abdominal fat ( p<0.0001) and adiponectin ( p<0.0005). Both intra-abdominal fat and adiponectin contributed independently to triglycerides, HDL cholesterol and Rf.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that adiponectin concentrations are determined by intra-abdominal fat mass, with additional independent effects of age and sex. Adiponectin could link intra-abdominal fat with insulin resistance and an atherogenic lipoprotein profile.
authors.affiliation: Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System (151) and University of Washington, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cnop
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Havel
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Utzschneider
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Sinha
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Boyko
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Retzlaff
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Knopp
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Brunzell
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Kahn
mesh_terms: D034861:Abdominal Wall; D052242:Adiponectin; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D001823:Body Composition; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000941:ethics* / Q000502:physiology; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood* / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010641:Phenotype; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000502:physiology; D012727:Sex Characteristics
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D020738:Leptin; D008074:Lipoproteins; D011506:Proteins