title: The haemoflagellate Trypanoplasma borreli induces the production of nitric oxide, which is associated with modulation of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) leucocyte functions.
abstract: In an attempt to characterise the role of nitric oxide (NO) in immune responses of carp, carp leucocytes obtained during an acute T. borreli infection were examined, for their capacity to generate NO. In a second set of experiments the impact NO on viability of the parasite and on the modulation of functional carp leucocyte responses were tested in vitro. Both in carp head-kidneys and in the peripheral blood, the fractions of lymphoblasts among separated leucocytes were increased. However, the relative proportions of granulocytes among head-kidney leucocytes (HKL) significantly decreased during infection, whereas granulocytes appeared among peripheral blood leucocytes (PBL). The cellular dynamics of HKL and PBL of infected carp were paralleled by an enhanced spontaneous NO release in vitro. NO production was further increased after addition of viable parasites to these cultures. The hypothesis that NO had a possible role in granulocyte activation and lymphocyte proliferation in carp was supported by the reduction of mitogen-induced proliferative responses of PBL from healthy carp in the presence of NO donor substances. The negative effects of NO on lymphocyte proliferation were contrasted by enhancing effects on granulocyte functions: the inhibition of NO generation in T. borreli-stimulated HKL cultures by the l-arginine analogue L-NMMA reduced the viability of granulocytes and their phagocytic activity. Even massive amounts of nitric oxide produced by donor substances (up to 600 micromol l(-1) NO(-)(2)) caused no reduction in the numbers of viable T. borreli flagellates in vitro. Thus, in carp, T. borreli seems to induce high amounts of NO in vivo which are apparently not harmful for the parasite but which may interfere with co-ordinated interactions of activated cells aiming at the defence of the parasite.
authors.affiliation: Fish Disease Research Unit, School of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, P.O. Box 711180, D-30545 Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Scharsack
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Steinhagen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kleczka
authors.forename: J O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Körting
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Michael
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Leibold
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Schuberth
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002347:Carps / Q000276:immunology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology*; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000662:veterinary; D016830:Kinetoplastida / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology*; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000469:parasitology; D016131:Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000276:immunology; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors / Q000494:pharmacology; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000276:immunology; D011528:Protozoan Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology; D011529:Protozoan Infections, Animal; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D026422:S-Nitrosoglutathione / Q000494:pharmacology; D013096:Spermine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C091861:spermine nitric oxide complex; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine; D013096:Spermine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D026422:S-Nitrosoglutathione