title: Major bleeding complications in cardiopulmonary resuscitation: the place of thrombolytic therapy in cardiac arrest due to massive pulmonary embolism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Thrombolytic therapy in patients with massive pulmonary embolism (MPE) and prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is subject to debate. This study was performed to determine whether (1) thrombolytic treatment increases the risk of bleeding complications, (2) if the risk of bleeding is influenced by the duration of CPR and if (3) thrombolytic therapy improves outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Emergency department of a tertiary care university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-six patients with cardiac arrest (CA) due to MPE admitted between July 1993 and December 2001. Thirty-six patients received thrombolysis (TL) and were compared with 30 patients without thrombolytic therapy. Bleeding complications were assessed by clinical evidence or autopsy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Major bleeding complications appear to occur more frequently in patients treated with thrombolytics (9/36 (25%) vs. 3/30 (10%)) even though the difference was statistically not significant (P=0.15). It appears that CPR duration >10 min has no adverse impact on major bleeding complications. No difference in the rate of major bleeding complications between thrombolyzed patients who had a CPR duration of </=10 or >10 min could be observed (2/8 (25%) vs. 7/28 (25%), P=0.99). In thrombolyzed patients a return of spontaneous circulation could be achieved more frequently (24/36 (67%) vs.13/30 (43%) in controls, P=0.06) and survival after 24 h was higher (19/36 (53%) vs. 7/30 (23%), P=0.01). Survival to discharge was also higher in the TL group (7/36 (19%) vs. 2/30 (7%)), but not statistically significant (P=0.15).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although severe bleeding complications tend to occur more frequently in patients undergoing TL, the benefit of this treatment might outweigh the risk of bleeding.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Vienna General Hospital, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 6D, A-1090, Vienna, Austria. karin.janata@akh-wien.ac.at
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Janata
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Holzer
authors.forename: Istepan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kürkciyan
authors.forename: Heidrun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Losert
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Riedmüller
authors.forename: Branco
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pikula
authors.forename: Anton N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Laggner
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Laczika
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001317:Austria / Q000453:epidemiology; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000379:methods*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011336:Probability; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods