title: Abnormal fMRI response of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in cognitively intact siblings of patients with schizophrenia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The identification of neurobiological intermediate phenotypes may hasten the search for susceptibility genes in complex psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. Earlier family studies have suggested that deficits in executive cognition and working memory may be related to genetic susceptibility for schizophrenia, but the biological basis for this behavioral phenotype has not been identified.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during performance of the N-back working memory task to assess working memory-related cortical physiology in nonschizophrenic, cognitively intact siblings of patients with schizophrenia. They compared 23 unaffected siblings of schizophrenic patients to 18 matched comparison subjects. As a planned replication, they studied another 25 unaffected siblings and 15 comparison subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both cohorts, there were no group differences in working memory performance. Nevertheless, both groups of siblings showed an exaggerated physiological response in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex that was qualitatively similar to results of earlier fMRI studies of patients with schizophrenia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These fMRI data provide direct evidence of a primary physiological abnormality in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex function in individuals at greater genetic risk for schizophrenia, even in the absence of a manifest cognitive abnormality. This exaggerated fMRI response implicates inefficient processing of memory information at the level of intrinsic prefrontal circuitry, similar to earlier findings in patients with schizophrenia. These data predict that inheritance of alleles that contribute to inefficient prefrontal information processing will increase risk for schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, IRP, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20982-1389, USA. callicoj@intra.nimh.nih.gov
authors.forename: Joseph H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Callicott
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Egan
authors.forename: Venkata S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Mattay
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bertolino
authors.forename: Ashley D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Bone
authors.forename: Beth
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Verchinksi
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Weinberger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002394:Catechol O-Methyltransferase / Q000235:genetics; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010641:Phenotype; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D035781:Siblings
chemical_list: D002394:Catechol O-Methyltransferase