title: The embryonic development of the bodywall and nervous system of the cestode flatworm Hymenolepis diminuta.
abstract: Cestodes (tapeworms) are a derived, parasitic clade of the phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms). The cestode body wall represents an adaptation to its endoparasitic lifestyle. The epidermis forms a non-ciliated syncytium, and both muscular and nervous system are reduced. Morphological differences between cestodes and free-living flatworms become apparent already during early embryogenesis. Cestodes have a complex life cycle that begins with an infectious larva, called the oncosphere. In regard to cell number, cestode oncospheres are among the simplest multicellular organisms, containing in the order of 50-100 cells. As part of our continuing effort to analyze embryonic development in flatworms, we describe here the staining pattern obtained with acTub in embryos and larvae of the cestode Hymenolepis diminuta and, briefly, the monogenean Neoheterocotyle rhinobatidis. In addition, we labeled the embryonic musculature of Hymenolepis with phalloidin. In Hymenolepis embryos, two different cell types that we interpret as neurons and epidermal gland cells express acTub. There exist only two neurons that develop close to the midline at the anterior pole of the embryo. The axons of these two neurons project posteriorly into the center of the oncosphere, where they innervate the complex of muscles that is attached to the hooklets. In addition to neurons, acTub labels a small and invariant set of epidermal gland cells that develop at superficial positions, anteriorly adjacent to the neurons, in the dorsal midline, and around the posteriorly located hooklets. During late stages of embryogenesis they spread and form a complete covering of the embryo. We discuss these data in the broader context of platyhelminth embryology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. volkerh@mcdb.ucla.edu
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hartenstein
authors.forename: Malcolm
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019521:Body Patterning / Q000502:physiology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D004475:Ectoderm / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology* / Q000502:physiology; D000078404:Epidermal Cells; D004817:Epidermis / Q000196:embryology / Q000502:physiology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D006926:Hymenolepis / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology* / Q000502:physiology; D007814:Larva / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development*; D009132:Muscles / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D009420:Nervous System / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology; D009469:Neuromuscular Junction / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology