title: Gas chromatographic determination of 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone and octyldimethyl-p-aminobenzoic acid sunscreen agents in swimming pool and bathing waters by solid-phase microextraction.
abstract: A method has been developed for the trace determination of two sunscreen constituents (2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone and octyldimethyl-p-aminobenzoic acid) in water samples, which are commonly used in commercial formulations. The method employs solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography with flame ionization and mass spectrometric detection. The technique was developed with headspace and direct sampling in order to demonstrate the applicability of these SPME extraction modes for the identification of these two UV absorbing compounds in waters. The main parameters affecting the SPME process, such as desorption time, extraction time profile, salt additives, pH, and temperature, were investigated. The poly(dimethylsiloxane) 100-microm and polyacrylate 85-microm fiber coatings were found to be the most efficient for the extraction of these compounds from aqueous matrices. Linear calibration curves in the wide range of 10-500 microg/l were obtained for both compounds yielding typical RSD values of 5-9% for both extraction modes. The recoveries were relatively high, 82-98%, with quantitation limits below 1 microg/l. A comparison between the proposed methods and the conventional multiresidue solid-phase extraction revealed that the proposed technique(s) can be reliably used for sunscreen residue measurement in water samples with satisfactory results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lambropoulou
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Giokas
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Sakkas
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Albanis
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Karayannis
mesh_terms: D010129:4-Aminobenzoic Acid / Q000032:analysis*; D001577:Benzophenones / Q000032:analysis*; D002849:Chromatography, Gas / Q000379:methods*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D013473:Sunscreening Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D062366:para-Aminobenzoates
chemical_list: D001577:Benzophenones; D013473:Sunscreening Agents; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D062366:para-Aminobenzoates; C015402:octyl dimethyl 4-aminobenzoic acid; D012965:Sodium Chloride; C005290:oxybenzone; D010129:4-Aminobenzoic Acid