title: A virtual photon energy fluence model for Monte Carlo dose calculation.
abstract: The presented virtual energy fluence (VEF) model of the patient-independent part of the medical linear accelerator heads, consists of two Gaussian-shaped photon sources and one uniform electron source. The planar photon sources are located close to the bremsstrahlung target (primary source) and to the flattening filter (secondary source), respectively. The electron contamination source is located in the plane defining the lower end of the filter. The standard deviations or widths and the relative weights of each source are free parameters. Five other parameters correct for fluence variations, i.e., the horn or central depression effect. If these parameters and the field widths in the X and Y directions are given, the corresponding energy fluence distribution can be calculated analytically and compared to measured dose distributions in air. This provides a method of fitting the free parameters using the measurements for various square and rectangular fields and a fixed number of monitor units. The next step in generating the whole set of base data is to calculate monoenergetic central axis depth dose distributions in water which are used to derive the energy spectrum by deconvolving the measured depth dose curves. This spectrum is also corrected to take the off-axis softening into account. The VEF model is implemented together with geometry modules for the patient specific part of the treatment head (jaws, multileaf collimator) into the XVMC dose calculation engine. The implementation into other Monte Carlo codes is possible based on the information in this paper. Experiments are performed to verify the model by comparing measured and calculated dose distributions and output factors in water. It is demonstrated that open photon beams of linear accelerators from two different vendors are accurately simulated using the VEF model. The commissioning procedure of the VEF model is clinically feasible because it is based on standard measurements in air and water. It is also useful for IMRT applications because a full Monte Carlo simulation of the treatment head would be too time-consuming for many small fields.
authors.affiliation: Abteilung für Medizinische Physik, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany. msfippel@med.uni-tuebingen.de
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fippel
authors.forename: Freddy
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Haryanto
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Dohm
authors.forename: Fridtjof
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nüsslin
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kriesen
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D004735:Energy Transfer; D008954:Models, Biological; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D017785:Photons; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D012542:Scattering, Radiation