title: Ocular surface changes and tear film alterations associated with sun gazing during a solar eclipse.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A solar eclipse occurred in central Europe on August 11th, 1999. Following the eclipse, patients with ocular symptoms were investigated. Gazing at the sun without protection is liable to damage the retina. Our attention was focused on changes of the ocular surface and the tear film.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-three patients were investigated within one week after the solar eclipse as baseline. 33 of them were followed up one year later. Visual acuity and the central visual-field were measured, and the ocular surface and the fundus were examined using a slit lamp. The quality of the lacrimal tear film was examined using Schirmer's test for the aqueous layer, break-up time for the mucous layer and interference observation for the lipid layer, measured by a slit lamp and a tearoscope.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the baseline 19 patients had non-specific visual problems. Pathological alterations of the tear film were seen in all three tear-film layers: Schirmer's test was pathological in 87%, break-up time decreased in 85%, the interference pattern of the lipid layer changed in 67% and there were changes in 87% using the tearoscope. One year later the non specific visual disorders had disappeared. Schirmer's test did not reveal much change from the baseline: 51% pathological, 24% remained pathological in break-up-time and the lipid layer was normalized except in 9%. Using the tearoscope, lipids were better than grade 3 in all patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After gazing at a solar eclipse the ocular surface and tear film changed. While the aqueous layer remained pathological in many patients, the lipid layer and the mucous layer recovered spontaneously.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Vienna, Medical School, Vienna, Austria. johannes.nepp@univie.ac.at
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nepp
authors.forename: Guido T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Dorner
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jandrasits
authors.forename: Noemi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Maar
authors.forename: Gebtraud
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schild
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wedrich
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D055580:Astronomical Phenomena; D001256:Astronomy; D001317:Austria; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007638:Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D012160:Retina / Q000528:radiation effects*; D019445:Solar Activity; D013472:Sunlight / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013666:Tears / Q000528:radiation effects*; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000528:radiation effects*