title: An assessment of encapsulated versus hand-mixed glass ionomer restoratives.
abstract: Capsulation should enable uniform proportioning and mixing of dental restoratives so that functional properties of the cementitious mass will not be susceptible to clinically induced variability. Mechanical mixing induces a definite pore distribution determined by the viscosity of the system. This study evaluated the mixing process on the performance of a range of glass ionomer dental restoratives. Mean compressive fracture strengths and standard deviations and the associated Weibull Moduli (m) were determined for six glass ionomer restoratives that were either encapsulated or mixed by hand. Working characteristics were assessed using an oscillating rheometer. Scanning electron microscopy and image analysis was used to investigate the influence of the mixing method on pore distribution. The fracture strength data for some encapsulated restoratives resulted in significant differences compared with hand-mixing. Rotomix (compared with the Capmix mechanical agitator) resulted in increased Weibull moduli and 10% failure stress for the two restoratives that were investigated. Encapsulated restoratives that were prepared utilizing Rotomix or Capmix resulted in no significant differences for working characteristics; however, the setting time for the ChemFlex in Caps was extended compared with the hand-mixed ChemFlex. Not all restoratives had reduced porosity and improved performance following mixing with a Rotomix. This suggested that optimization of the initial viscosity of the system by manipulating the individual proportions of the constituents may not have been appropriate for all the restoratives investigated. The increased viscosity for hand-mixed ChemFlex prepared to a consistency of 3.8 g/ml compared with encapsulated ChemFlex in Caps prepared to a consistency of 3.5 g/ml was responsible for the reduced setting time.
authors.affiliation: Biomaterials Unit, University of Birmingham School of Dentistry, UK. G.J.Fleming@bham.ac.uk
authors.forename: Garry J P
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Fleming
authors.forename: Dillon M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Zala
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D019245:Compressive Strength; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003793:Dental Restoration, Permanent / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004548:Elasticity; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008298:Maleates / Q000737:chemistry; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D016062:Porosity; D012212:Rheology / Q000295:instrumentation; D013997:Time Factors; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: C410563:ChemFlex; C439808:Fuji IX GP Fast; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; D008298:Maleates; C040964:Ketac-Fil