title: Mind-body medicine: state of the science, implications for practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although emerging evidence during the past several decades suggests that psychosocial factors can directly influence both physiologic function and health outcomes, medicine had failed to move beyond the biomedical model, in part because of lack of exposure to the evidence base supporting the biopsychosocial model. The literature was reviewed to examine the efficacy of representative psychosocial-mind-body interventions, including relaxation, (cognitive) behavioral therapies, meditation, imagery, biofeedback, and hypnosis for several common clinical conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  An electronic search was undertaken of the MEDLINE, PsycLIT, and the Cochrane Library databases and a manual search of the reference sections of relevant articles for related clinical trials and reviews of the literature. Studies examining mind-body interventions for psychological disorders were excluded. Owing to space limitations, studies examining more body-based therapies, such as yoga and tai chi chuan, were also not included. Data were extracted from relevant systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and randomized controlled trials.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Drawing principally from systematic reviews and meta-analyses, there is considerable evidence of efficacy for several mind-body therapies in the treatment of coronary artery disease (eg, cardiac rehabilitation), headaches, insomnia, incontinence, chronic low back pain, disease and treatment-related symptoms of cancer, and improving postsurgical outcomes. We found moderate evidence of efficacy for mind-body therapies in the areas of hypertension and arthritis. Additional research is required to clarify the relative efficacy of different mind-body therapies, factors (such as specific patient characteristics) that might predict more or less successful outcomes, and mechanisms of action. Research is also necessary to examine the cost offsets associated with mind-body therapies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is now considerable evidence that an array of mind-body therapies can be used as effective adjuncts to conventional medical treatment for a number of common clinical conditions.
authors.affiliation: California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco 94115, USA.
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Astin
authors.forename: Shauna L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Eisenberg
authors.forename: Kelly L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Forys
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000628:therapy; D006261:Headache / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000628:therapy; D026441:Mind-Body Therapies / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy; D059408:Pain Management; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000628:therapy; D014481:United States; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000628:therapy