title: Antitumor immunity after vaccination with B lymphoma cells overexpressing a triad of costimulatory molecules.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The costimulatory molecules B7-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and leukocyte function-associated antigen-3 (LFA-3) play pivotal roles in the activation of T cells. We investigated whether in vivo vaccination with lymphoma cells infected with a recombinant, nonreplicating fowlpox (FP) virus encoding this triad of costimulatory molecules (TRICOM) could stimulate lymphoma-specific immunity.
  
  
  METHODS
  TRICOM-infected A20 B lymphoma cells were analyzed for expression of B7-1, ICAM-1, and LFA-3. Mice (10 per group) were vaccinated with irradiated A20 cells infected with either the TRICOM vector or the wild-type FP virus (WT-FP), challenged with live A20 tumor cells, and followed for survival. Mice with established A20 tumors were also treated with irradiated TRICOM-infected A20 cells. Survival curves were compared with the log-rank statistic. The mechanism of the antitumor effect was studied by in vivo depletion of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and in vitro cytotoxicity assays. All statistical tests were two-sided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A20 tumor cells infected with TRICOM expressed high levels of B7-1, ICAM-1, and LFA-3. Mice vaccinated with irradiated TRICOM-infected A20 cells had prolonged survival relative to mice vaccinated with WT-FP-infected cells (80% versus 20% survival at 110 days; P<.001). In mice with established tumors, tumor growth was slower in those treated with TRICOM-infected tumor cells than in those treated with WT-FP-infected cells, and this treatment provided a survival advantage (P<.001). Depletion of CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells reduced the antitumor immunity provided by the tumor cell-TRICOM vaccine, and lymphocytes from vaccinated mice displayed in vitro cytotoxic activity toward A20 cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increasing expression of costimulatory molecules on B lymphoma cells by infection with a recombinant FP virus encoding B7-1, ICAM-1, and LFA-3 stimulates antitumor immune responses in vivo and may provide a novel strategy for treating patients with B-cell malignancies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5151, USA.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Briones
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Timmerman
authors.forename: Dennis L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Panicalli
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Levy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000276:immunology; D018122:B7-1 Antigen / Q000276:immunology*; D018968:CD58 Antigens / Q000276:immunology*; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003601:Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D005818:Genetic Engineering; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000276:immunology*; D016393:Lymphoma, B-Cell / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / Q000276:immunology; D014161:Transduction, Genetic
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D018122:B7-1 Antigen; D018968:CD58 Antigens; D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1