title: Droplet and particle size relationship and shell thickness of inhalable lactose particles during spray drying.
abstract: To find means of controlling the size and density of particles intended for inhalation the relationship between droplet and particle size during spray drying was investigated. Lactose solutions were atomized with a two-fluid nozzle and dried in a laboratory spray drier. The effects of nozzle orifice diameter, atomization airflow and feed concentration on droplet and particle size were examined. Mass median diameter of both droplets and particles were analyzed with laser diffraction. In addition, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used for studies of particle shape and morphology. It was demonstrated that nozzle orifice diameter and airflow, but not feed concentration controlled the droplet size during atomization. Increasing droplet size increased particle size but the effect was also influenced by feed concentration. Particles from solutions of a low concentration (1% w/w) were smaller than those from higher concentrations (5-20% w/w). This may be partly explained by lower yields at higher feed concentrations, but may also be related to differences in drying rate. Spray-dried lactose solutions formed hollow particles, and it was suggested that the shell thickness of the particles increased with increasing feed concentration.
authors.affiliation: YKI, Institute for Surface Chemistry, Box 5607, SE-114 86 Stockholm, Sweden. jessica.elversson@surfchem.kth.se
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Elversson
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Millqvist-Fureby
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Alderborn
authors.forename: Ulla
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Elofsson
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D007785:Lactose / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010316:Particle Size; D011208:Powders; D013499:Surface Properties; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical
chemical_list: D011208:Powders; D007785:Lactose