title: Non-adrenergic non-cholinergic excitatory innervation in the airways: role of neurokinin-2 receptors.
abstract: 1 The hypothesis that the non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic excitatory (NANC-e) innervation is involved in the induction of asthma and that antagonists of NANC-e neurotransmitter could reduce bronchoconstriction during asthma was tested. 2 The first objective was to identify the neurotransmitter(s) of NANC-e innervation from a group of selected putative neurotransmitters. The second objective was to use the antagonist of the identified neurotransmitter(s) to determine its effectiveness against bronchoconstriction to ovalbumin (OVA) in sensitized guinea-pigs. 3 Neurotransmitter identification was performed using the "tracheal pouch"', a surgical preparation established for demonstrating NANC innervation, in anaesthetized guinea-pig airways. A segment of trachea was cannulated and clamped at one end and the other end was connected to a pressure transducer. The stump of the trachea was connected to a ventilator to keep the blood gas values within the normal range. The vagus nerve and the sympathetic nerves were isolated bilaterally and cut. The left carotid artery was cannulated to monitor blood pressure and for sampling blood for blood gas analysis. The jugular vein was cannulated for administration of test agents. 4 Both NANC-e and NANC-i (inhibitory) control responses of airways were obtained by bilateral vagal stimulation after complete autonomic blockade with atropine, propranolol and prazosin. The relaxation of the tracheal pouch was indicative of the NANC-i response and the increase in insufflation pressure of the ventilated peripheral airways was due to NANC-e stimulation. 5 The involvement of the putative neurotransmitters such as neurokinin-A (NK-A), histamine, serotonin and endothelin (ET) was investigated by using the respective antagonists, MEN-10376, pyrilamine maleate, cyproheptadine hydrochloride, and two ET receptor antagonists (BQ-123 and IRL-1038), respectively. The antagonists were administered at the dose rate of 4 mg kg-1 i.v. which was determined from preliminary studies by testing against the respective agonists. 6 MEN-10376 (neurokinin-2 receptor antagonist) significantly inhibited the insufflation pressure (peripheral airway pressure) increase caused by NANC-e stimulation. MEN-10376 also inhibited the fall in blood pressure caused by bilateral vagal stimulation. The 5-HT antagonist, cyproheptadine, significantly enhanced the NANC-e response. 7 After identifying the NANC-e neurotransmitter as NK-A, the effectiveness of its antagonist, MEN-10376, was evaluated for its ability to attenuate the increase in insufflation pressure (bronchoconstriction) induced in guinea-pigs sensitized by OVA. Guinea-pigs were sensitized to OVA (200 mg i.p.) and 10 days later prepared for the determination of tracheal pouch and insufflation responses to 100 microg of OVA administered i.v. (challenge dose). This caused an increase in insufflation pressure in the presence of adrenergic and cholinergic blockade, which was significantly attenuated by MEN-10376. 8 These studies indicated that neurokinin-2 receptors were involved in the vagally mediated efferent neurotransmission of NANC-e and that NANC-e plays a role in allergen-induced bronchoconstriction.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Comparative Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krishnakumar
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kappel
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Venugopal
mesh_terms: D000320:Adrenergic Fibers / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D016084:Bronchoconstriction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002799:Cholinergic Fibers / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D008297:Male; D015288:Neurokinin A / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology; D018041:Receptors, Neurokinin-2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D014132:Trachea / Q000187:drug effects / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology*; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D018041:Receptors, Neurokinin-2; D015288:Neurokinin A