title: Cytologic characterization of postiodization residual goiter in schoolchildren by fine needle biopsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the relevance and utility of fine needle biopsy (FNB) for providing a tissue-level diagnosis during a community-based survey of postiodization residual goiter in schoolchildren in India.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 14,762 schoolchildren (56.0% girls and 44.0% boys), aged 6-18 years, with a countrywide representation, were clinically screened for the presence of goiter. FNB was performed under field conditions by means of a nonaspiration technique from both lobes of goitrous glands. The cytologic diagnosis and findings were correlated with age, sex, goiter grade and biochemical parameters of serum T4, TSH, thyroid microsomal (TMA) and thyroglobulin (TGA) antibodies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall prevalence of goiter was 23.0%, with a greater frequency in girls (27.1%) than boys (17.8%). FNB was successful in 75.6% of subjects without any significant complications. The cytologic diagnoses in 1,312 successful cases were colloid goiter (92.8%), Hashimoto's thyroiditis (4.6%), focal lymphocytic thyroiditis (1.7%) and hyperplastic goiter (0.9%). Autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT), which accounted for only 6.3% cases, showed a strikingly different age-specific prevalence between girls and boys. Serologic markers of TMA and TGA at various titers were observed to lack requisite sensitivity and specificity for establishing an accurate diagnosis of AIT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The nonaspiration technique of FNB is capable of yielding valuable diagnostic information during an epidemiologic survey of goiter. The technique can be easily performed under field conditions on children without significant complications. FNB is preferable to serologic markers for accurate diagnosis of AIT. A relatively low frequency of AIT, as observed in the present study, raises the possibility of a significant role of environmental goitrogens as the underlying pathogenetic factor in postiodization residual goiter in Indian schoolchildren.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029, India.
authors.forename: Asis K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Karak
authors.forename: Raman K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Marwaha
authors.forename: Nikhil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tandon
authors.forename: Nandita
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Narayana
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kochupillai
authors.forename: Kusum
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Verma
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D015415:Biomarkers; D001707:Biopsy, Needle / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D003695:Delivery of Health Care; D005260:Female; D006042:Goiter / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007455:Iodine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012737:Sex Factors; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013967:Thyroiditis, Autoimmune / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007455:Iodine