title: Further evidence for endothelin as an important mediator of pancreatic and intestinal ischemia in severe acute pancreatitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Severe acute pancreatitis is occasionally associated with pancreatic and intestinal necrosis. Mesenteric vasoconstriction is one of the most probable types of pathogenesis of these complications.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the involvement of endothelin-1 (ET-1), a potent vasoconstrictor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma ET-1 concentrations were extremely high in patients with pancreatic and/or diffuse intestinal necrosis. ET-1 mRNA was demonstrated in the rat pancreas, and the production of ET-1 protein by human umbilical vein endothelial cells was enhanced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha, thrombin, and protease-activated receptor-2-activating peptide. Administration of ET-1 in vivo induced mesenteric arterial spasm and decreased pancreatic and intestinal blood flow.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest the following: ET-1 is produced in and around the pancreas, mainly by endothelial cells, in severe acute pancreatitis; in the inflammatory setting, cytokines, activated thrombin and trypsin, may stimulate ET-1 production in a paracrine fashion; produced ET-1 may exaggerate the splanchnic microcirculation; and progressive ischemia may lead to necrosis of the pancreas and intestine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery II, Kumamoto University Medical School, Kumamoto-city, Japan.
authors.forename: Kotaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Masahiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hirota
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.forename: Kinuko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kuwata
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohmuraya
authors.forename: Michio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ogawa
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007422:Intestines / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology; D007511:Ischemia / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008638:Mesenteric Arteries / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009336:Necrosis; D010179:Pancreas / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014661:Vasoconstriction
chemical_list: D019332:Endothelin-1; D012333:RNA, Messenger