title: Differential gene expression and genomic patient stratification following left ventricular assist device support.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to determine whether mechanical unloading of the failing human heart with a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) results in significant changes in overall left ventricular gene expression.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Mechanical circulatory support by LVAD in end-stage human heart failure (HF) can result in beneficial reverse remodeling of myocardial structure and function. The molecular mechanisms behind this salutary process are not well understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Left ventricular samples from six male patients were harvested during LVAD placement and subsequently at the time of explantation. Cardiac gene expression was determined using oligonucleotide microarrays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Paired t test analysis revealed numerous genes that were regulated in a statistically significant fashion, including the downregulation of several previously studied genes. Further statistical analysis revealed that the overall gene expression profiles could significantly distinguish pre- and post-LVAD status. Interestingly, the data also identified two distinct groups among the pre-LVAD failing hearts, in which there was blind segregation of patients based on HF etiology. In addition to the substantial divergence in genomic profiles for these two HF groups, there were significant differences in their corresponding LVAD-mediated regulation of gene expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Support with an LVAD in HF induces significant changes in myocardial gene expression, as pre- and post-LVAD hearts demonstrate significantly distinct genomic footprints. Thus, reverse remodeling is associated with a specific pattern of gene expression. Moreover, we found that deoxyribonucleic acid microarray technology could distinguish, in a blind manner, patients with different HF etiologies. Expansion of this study and further development of these statistical methods may facilitate prognostic prediction of the individual patient response to LVAD support.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
authors.forename: Burns C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Blaxall
authors.forename: Bryn M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Tschannen-Moran
authors.forename: Carmelo A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Milano
authors.forename: Walter J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Koch
mesh_terms: D015152:Blotting, Northern; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D015894:Genome, Human; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D006353:Heart-Assist Devices; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000379:methods; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger