title: Cerebrospinal fluid and serum levels of cytokines and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor in influenza virus-associated encephalopathy.
abstract: This study determined the concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), soluble TNF receptor 1 (sTNFR1) and soluble E-selectin (sE-selectin) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum from 15 children with influenza virus-associated encephalopathy to determine the role of cytokines in the pathogenesis. Cytokines and sTNFR1 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The CSF IL-6, TNF-alpha and sTNFR1 concentrations were elevated in 9, 4 and 4 of 12 children, respectively. The serum concentrations of IL-6, TNF-alpha, sTNFR1 and sE-selectin were elevated in 10, 2, 5 and 7 of 13 children, respectively. Four children with elevated TNF-alpha and sTNFR1 levels in the CSF had neurological sequelae. The results suggested that cytokines not only in serum but also in CSF play a pivotal role in influenza virus-associated encephalopathy, and that the CSF TNF-alpha and sTNFR1 levels may be important for predicting neurological sequelae.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan. ichiyama@yamaguchi-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ichiyama
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Isumi
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ozawa
authors.forename: Tomoyo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsubara
authors.forename: Tsuneo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Morishima
authors.forename: Susumu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Furukawa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000032:analysis; D018792:Encephalitis, Viral / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D009975:Orthomyxoviridae / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D011379:Prognosis; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012995:Solubility; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D019040:E-Selectin; D015850:Interleukin-6; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha