title: Prevalence of Tropheryma whipplei DNA in patients with various gastrointestinal diseases and in healthy controls.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about the epidemiology of Tropheryma whipplei and its prevalence in people without clinical signs of Whipple's disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We screened 239 patients with various gastrointestinal diseases for T. whipplei DNA and compared them with 215 healthy controls in order to check whether T. whipplei might be a risk factor for common gastrointestinal problems or diseases. We detected the 16S rDNA of T. whipplei in salivary and stool samples using a specific seminested PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of T. whipplei DNA in patients and in controls was 4.2% (95% CI 2.0-7.6% ) and 7.0% (95% CI 4.0-11.3%), respectively. None of the different gastrointestinal diseases was associated with a higher rate of PCR-positive tests, except for the group of patients with reflux syndrome. Five out of 43 patients with reflux were found to be positive, with all five being positive in the salivary sample. This is in contrast to our findings in carriers without reflux with mainly positive stool samples (p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that the asymptomatic carrier state of T. whipplei indeed exists and that it is much more frequent than the rare Whipple's disease. The higher prevalence of T. whipplei DNA in the saliva of patients with reflux syndrome suggests that the stomach might be the habitat of the organism.
authors.affiliation: Swiss Federal Office of Public Health, CH-3003 Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Amsler
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bauernfeind
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nigg
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Maibach
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Steffen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Altwegg
mesh_terms: D000192:Actinomycetales / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D008061:Whipple Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial