title: A view from industry.
abstract: The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and United States of America (USA) veterinary biologicals manufacturers, philosophically favour more humane test methods, but have limited funding to develop and implement them. Progress can be made by expanding the focus on animal tests considered for replacement, reduction and refinement (3Rs). In addition, animal usage requirements and defensive research costs can be made more reasonable, freeing resources to meet consumer needs.
authors.affiliation: MVP Laboratories, Inc., Ralston, NE 68127, USA. marylou@nfinity.com
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Chapek
mesh_terms: D000826:Animal Testing Alternatives; D000818:Animals; D004345:Drug Industry / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D010341:Pathology, Veterinary; D014481:United States; D016885:United States Department of Agriculture; D014612:Vaccines / Q000191:economics
chemical_list: D014612:Vaccines