title: The effect of L-NAME and L-arginine on impairment of memory formation and state-dependent learning induced by morphine in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Morphine and nitric oxide (NO) have important functional interactions in different neural processes, and both modulate learning and memory although their interaction in cognitive performance has not been elucidated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effect of the NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and NOS substrate L-arginine on morphine-induced impairment of memory formation and the state-dependent retrieval of a passive avoidance task learned under morphine influence.
  
  
  METHODS
  All drugs were administered intraperitoneally, and a one-trial step-down paradigm was used for the assessment of memory in adult male NMRI mice. Morphine was administered 30 min before training to induce impairment of memory formation and 30 min before test to induce state-dependent retrieval of the memory acquired under pre-training morphine influence. L-NAME or L-arginine was administered either 5 min after training or 45 min before the test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pre-training morphine induced impairment of memory formation that was reversible by pre-test morphine but not saline. Post-training administration of L-arginine (200 mg/kg) and L-NAME (3, 10 and 30 mg/kg), respectively, facilitated and impaired the memory consolidation, but their pre-test injections did not affect retention. However, post-training L-arginine at per se non-effective doses of 20 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg reversed the morphine-induced impairment of memory formation. Pre-test administration of L-NAME (3 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg) could restore the memory impairment induced by pre-training morphine, and this effect was blocked by concomitant pre-test L-arginine (60 mg/kg). Concomitant administration of low doses of L-NAME (1 mg/kg) and morphine (0.5 mg/kg) pre-test also revealed an additive effect in restoring the morphine state of memory.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the impairment of memory formation and the facilitation of retrieval induced by morphine involves decreased synthesis/release of NO and can be counteracted by NOS substrate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Simin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khavandgar
authors.forename: Houman
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Homayoun
authors.forename: Mohammad Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Zarrindast
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects*; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy; D051379:Mice; D009020:Morphine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011930:Reaction Time
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D009020:Morphine; D001120:Arginine; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester