title: Ethnographic study of incidence and severity of intravenous drug errors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence and clinical importance of errors in the preparation and administration of intravenous drugs and the stages of the process in which errors occur.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective ethnographic study using disguised observation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nurses who prepared and administered intravenous drugs.
  
  
  METHODS
  10 wards in a teaching and non-teaching hospital in the United Kingdom.
  
  
  METHODS
  Number, type, and clinical importance of errors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  249 errors were identified. At least one error occurred in 212 out of 430 intravenous drug doses (49%, 95% confidence interval 45% to 54%). Three doses (1%) had potentially severe errors, 126 (29%) potentially moderate errors, and 83 (19%) potentially minor errors. Most errors occurred when giving bolus doses or making up drugs that required multiple step preparation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rate of intravenous drug errors was high. Although most errors would cause only short term adverse effects, a few could have been serious. A combination of reducing the amount of preparation on the ward, training, and technology to administer slow bolus doses would probably have the greatest effect on error rates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Practice and Policy, School of Pharmacy, University of London, London WC1 1AX. katja.taxis@uni-tuebingen.de
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Taxis
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Barber
mesh_terms: D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004339:Drug Compounding; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008510:Medication Systems, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D006113:United Kingdom