title: Electrophysiological correlates of azimuth and elevation cues for sound localization in human middle latency auditory evoked potentials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study, in humans, the effects of sound source azimuth and elevation on primary auditory cortex binaural activity associated with sound localization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Middle Latency Auditory Evoked Potentials (MLAEPs) were recorded from three channels, in response to alternating polarity clicks, presented at a rate of 5/sec, at nine virtual spatial locations with different azimuths and elevations. Equivalent dipoles of Binaural Interaction Components (BICs) of MLAEPs were derived from 15 normally and symmetrically hearing adults by subtracting the response to binaural clicks at each spatial location from the algebraic sum of responses to stimulation of each ear alone. The amplified potentials were averaged over 4000 repetitions using a dwell time of 78 micro sec/address/channel. Variations in magnitudes, latencies and orientations of the dipole equivalents of cortical activity were noted in response to the nine spatial locations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Middle-latency BICs included six major components corresponding in latency to the vertex-neck recorded components of MLAEP. A significant decrease of equivalent dipole magnitude was observed for two of the components: Pa2 in response to clicks in the backward positions (medium and no elevation); and Nb in response to clicks in the back and front positions (medium and no elevation) in the midsagittal plane. In the coronal plane, Pa2 equivalent dipole magnitude significantly decreased in response to right-horizontal (no elevation) clicks. Significant effects on equivalent dipole latencies of Pa2 were found for backward positions (no elevation) in the midsagittal plane. No significant effects on Pa2 and Nb equivalent dipole orientations were found across stimulus conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The changes in equivalent dipole magnitudes and latencies of MLAEP BICs across stimulus conditions may reflect spectral tuning in binaural primary auditory cortex neurons processing the frequency cues for sound localization.
authors.affiliation: Evoked Potentials Laboratory, Technion--Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa.
authors.forename: Andrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Polyakov
authors.forename: Hillel
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pratt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003463:Cues; D005072:Evoked Potentials, Auditory / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D013017:Sound Localization; D014159:Transducers