title: Codon usage-mediated inhibition of HIV-1 gag expression in mammalian cells occurs independently of translation.
abstract: Codon usage is considered one of the critical factors that limit the expression rate of heterologous genes. Impaired translation efficiency, specifically insufficient amount of corresponding tRNAs and changed startcodon context, are believed to account for the low translation initiation and elongation rates during the protein biosynthesis in unicellular organisms. Translational efficiency is probably not the primary factor influencing codon usage diversity in mammalian cells. However, the other possible mechanisms preventing expression of genes with low-usage such as mRNA stability, processing and nucleocytoplasmic transport, are not adequately explored. In our work, we addressed the question of whether codon usage differences affect exclusively translational efficiency of mammalian gene products. We demonstrated that the CMV-induced expression of gag-reporter in human H1299 cell line was influenced by the nucleotide composition of the mRNA, and the limitation of gag expression appeared to be inversely related to the level of codon optimization. However, cytoplasmic expression of the gag-reporter driven by vaccinia virus/T7 RNA polymerase hybrid system rescued its expression independently of HIV-1 gag mRNA nucleotide content. We concluded that impaired HIV-1 gag expression may be caused by translation-independent mechanisms, which probably play a major role in codon usage-mediated defects in heterologous gene expression in mammalian cells.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kofman
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Graf
authors.forename: Ludwid
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Deml
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wagner
mesh_terms: D003062:Codon / Q000235:genetics*; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D015683:Gene Products, gag / Q000235:genetics; D015750:Genes, gag / Q000235:genetics*; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D003062:Codon; D015683:Gene Products, gag; D011498:Protein Precursors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; C059767:p55 gag precursor protein, Human immunodeficiency virus 1