title: The impact of estrogen and progesterone on asthma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper describes evidence of a positive effect of both endogenous and exogenous estrogen and progesterone on lung function across the life span in women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Articles were identified using the keywords asthma, pulmonary function, menarche, menopause, estrogen, progesterone, hormone replacement therapy, oral contraceptives, and menstrual cycle from years 1966 to 2001 in MEDLINE. Additional studies were identified from article reference lists.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relevant, peer-reviewed original research articles in the English language were selected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Estrogen and/or progesterone may alter pulmonary function and asthma. Premenopausal women experience decreases in pulmonary function and increases in asthma exacerbations and hospitalizations during the premenstrual and menstrual phases. Oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy are associated with improved pulmonary function and decrease in asthma exacerbation. Some asthmatic patients experience improved pulmonary function and reduced asthma medication requirement during pregnancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Estrogen and progesterone modify airway responsiveness. Further research is needed to elucidate the clinical relevance of estrogen and progesterone in the pathophysiology and therapy of asthma.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA. clcst10@pitt.edu
authors.forename: Catherine L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Haggerty
authors.forename: Roberta B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Ness
authors.forename: Sheryl
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kelsey
authors.forename: Grant W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Waterer
mesh_terms: D001249:Asthma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; D004967:Estrogens / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000502:physiology; D008597:Menstrual Cycle; D011247:Pregnancy; D011374:Progesterone / Q000502:physiology*; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation; D012106:Research
chemical_list: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; D004967:Estrogens; D011374:Progesterone