title: Stereotactic radiosurgery for lung tumors: preliminary report of a phase I trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stereotactic radiosurgery is well established for the treatment of intracranial neoplasms but its use for lung tumors is novel.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-three patients with biopsy-proven lung tumors were recruited into a two-institution, dose-escalation, phase I clinical trial using a frameless stereotactic radiosurgery system (CyberKnife). Fifteen patients had primary lung tumors and 8 had metastatic tumors. The age range was 23 to 87 years (mean, 63 years). After undergoing computed tomography-guided percutaneous placement of two to four small metal fiducials directly into the tumor, patients received 1,500 cGY of radiation in a single fraction using a linear accelerator mounted on a computer-controlled robotic arm. Safety, feasibility, and efficacy were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine patients were treated with a breath-holding technique, and 14 with a respiratory-gating, automated, robotic technique. Tumor size ranged from 1 to 5 cm in maximal diameter. There were four complications related to fiducial placement: three pneumothoraces requiring chest tube insertion and one emphysema exacerbation. There were no grade 3 to 5 radiation-related complications. Follow-up ranged from 1 to 26 months (mean, 7.0 months). Radiographic response was scored as complete in 2 patients, partial in 15, stable in 4, and progressive in 2. Four patients died of non-treatment-related causes at 1, 5, 9, and 11 months after radiation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Single-fraction stereotactic radiosurgery is safe and feasible for the treatment of selected lung tumors. Additional studies are planned to investigate the optimal radiation dose, best motion-suppression technique, and overall treatment efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5407, USA. riwhyte@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Richard I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Whyte
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Crownover
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.forename: Malcolm M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: DeCamp
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rodebaugh
authors.forename: Martin S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Weinhous
authors.forename: Quynh-Thu
authors.initials: QT
authors.lastname: Le
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D012449:Safety