title: Activation of protein kinase C by phorbol esters in human macrophages reduces the metabolism of modified LDL by down-regulation of scavenger receptor activity.
abstract: Atherogenesis and inflammation are dependent on macrophage function. Signalling pathways are involved in the modulation of the classical low density lipopotein (LDL)-receptor and scavenger receptors activities, which are both expressed by macrophages. This study has evaluated the role of activation of the protein kinase A and C pathways in human macrophages on the metabolism of lipid carried by native, acetylated and oxidised LDL. We found that [3H]oleate incorporation into cholesteryl ester and triacylglycerol is increased by an analogue of cAMP, but strongly inhibited by treatment with phorbol ester (PMA) (100 nM, 6 h) in the presence of acLDL and oxLDL and, to a lesser extent, nLDL. The mechanisms underlying the effects of the phorbol ester were investigated further. The protein kinase C inhibitors, calphostin C and herbimycin A, prevented the PMA-mediated inhibition of cholesterol esterification. PMA also reduced [14C]acetate incorporation into newly synthesised lipids especially in the presence of nLDL, and reduced the uptake of cholesterol carried by modified LDL. Furthermore, the effects of PMA were not modified by inhibition of proteases activities, ruling out the hypothesis that CD163, a scavenger receptor which is shed by the cell surface in the presence of phorbol, is involved in the phorbol-induced reduction of cholesterol accumulation in macrophages in response to LDL. We conclude that binding of modified LDL to macrophages induces an appropriate pattern of scavenger receptor phosphorylation which, in turn, determines the optimal receptor internalisation process. PMA activates PKC pathways and prevents the optimal ligand-induced phosphorylation of the receptors, compromising the processes of degradation of modified LDL. The data also suggest that this mechanism may be related to the decreased uptake by activated macrophages of lipid carried by modified lipoproteins during the early phases of inflammation (284).
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Metabolism and Pathological Biochemistry, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, Viale Regina Elena, 00161 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Mariarosaria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Napolitano
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bravo
mesh_terms: D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D006801:Humans; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism*; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D010703:Phorbol Esters / Q000494:pharmacology; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000097:blood*; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000097:blood; D018110:Receptors, Lipoprotein; D051116:Receptors, Scavenger; D051122:Scavenger Receptors, Class B
chemical_list: D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D010703:Phorbol Esters; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D018110:Receptors, Lipoprotein; D051116:Receptors, Scavenger; C454739:Scarb1 protein, mouse; D051122:Scavenger Receptors, Class B; D002784:Cholesterol; D011493:Protein Kinase C