title: [Can the addition of clonidine improve the analgesic efficacy of low dose intrathecal morphine? A randomised double-blind trial].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the influence of intrathecal clonidine on spinal morphine analgesia and adverse effects after major orthopaedic surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was approved by the local Ethics Committee.After written informed consent, 45 ASA I-III patients scheduled for hip or knee replacement were included. Patients were randomly allocated to receive either placebo, 0.1 mg morphine or 0.1 mg morphine+50 microg clonidine in addition to 15 mg bupivacaine intrathecally. The primary outcome parameter was the time to first opioid request. Statistical differences were calculated with U-test or Fisher's exact test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clonidine did not result in a significant improvement of postoperative analgesia. The mean time until first opioid request was for placebo 10.3+/-7.9 h, for 0.1 mg morphine 23.0+/-3.9 h and for 0.1 mg morphine+ 50 microg clonidine 21+/-6.9 h, respectively. Clonidine significantly increased the rate of adverse effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our trial did not confirm an improved analgesia with the combination of intrathecal morphine and clonidine. Due to increased adverse effects the combination of intrathecal clonidine and morphine does not seem to be a reasonable alternative in the management of postoperative pain after orthopaedic surgery.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Klinikum Kassel GmbH. gehling@klinikum-kassel.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gehling
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tryba
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lüsebrink
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zorn
mesh_terms: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009020:Morphine