title: Intracortical inhibition and facilitation of the response of the diaphragm to transcranial magnetic stimulation.
abstract: Respiratory muscles respond to a subcortical automatic command and to a neocortical voluntary command. In diseases such as stroke or motor neurone disease, an abnormal diaphragmatic response to single transcranial magnetic stimuli can identify a central source for respiratory disorders, but this is not likely to be the case in disorders affecting intracortical inhibitory and facilitatory mechanisms. This study describes the response of the diaphragm to paired transcranial magnetic stimulation. Thirteen normal subjects were studied (age range, 22 to 43 years; 7 men; phrenic conduction, <6.8 msec; latency of diaphragmatic motor evoked potential, <20.5 msec). Motor evoked potentials in response to paired stimulation were obtained in eight subjects only, with the motor threshold in the remaining five subjects too high to absorb the loss of power inherent in the double-stimulation montage. Interstimulus intervals less than 5 msec resulted in a statistically significant inhibition (p < 0.01 for interstimulus intervals of 1 and 3 ms), whereas intervals longer than 6 msec were facilitatory (maximal, 15 msec). The diaphragmatic pattern matched that of the biceps brachii. The authors conclude that it is possible to study intracortical inhibition and facilitation of diaphragmatic control, although not in all subjects. Technical improvement should alleviate current limitations and make paired transcranial magnetic stimulation a tool to study respiratory muscle abnormalities in settings in which intracortical interactions are important, such as movement disorders.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Respiratoire et Unité de Réanimation, Service de Pneumologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France.
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Demoule
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Verin
authors.forename: Ewen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moxham
authors.forename: Jean-Philippe
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Derenne
authors.forename: Michael I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Polkey
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Similowski
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology; D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000502:physiology*; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D004576:Electromyography; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000502:physiology; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000502:physiology*; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation