title: Bradykinin stimulates respiratory drive by activating pulmonary sympathetic afferents in the rabbit.
abstract: We recently identified a vagally mediated excitatory lung reflex by injecting hypertonic saline into the lung parenchyma (Yu J, Zhang JF, and Fletcher EC. J Appl Physiol 85: 1485-1492, 1998). This reflex increased amplitude and burst rate of phrenic (inspiratory) nerve activity and suppressed external oblique abdominal (expiratory) muscle activity. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that bradykinin may activate extravagal pathways to stimulate breathing by assessing its reflex effects on respiratory drive. Bradykinin (1 microg/kg in 0.1 ml) was injected into the lung parenchyma of anesthetized, open-chest and artificially ventilated rabbits. In most cases, bradykinin increased phrenic amplitude, phrenic burst rate, and expiratory muscle activity. However, a variety of breathing patterns resulted, ranging from hyperpnea and tachypnea to rapid shallow breathing and apnea. Bradykinin acts like hypertonic saline in producing hyperpnea and tachypnea, yet the two agents clearly differ. Bradykinin produced a higher ratio of phrenic amplitude to inspiratory time and had longer latency than hypertonic saline. Although attenuated, bradykinin-induced respiratory responses persisted after vagotomy. We conclude that bradykinin activates multiple afferent pathways in the lung; portions of its respiratory reflexes are extravagal and arise from sympathetic afferents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Soukhova
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001920:Bradykinin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004328:Drive; D004576:Electromyography; D004594:Electrophysiology; D006982:Hypertonic Solutions / Q000494:pharmacology; D008168:Lung / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009475:Neurons, Afferent / Q000187:drug effects*; D010791:Phrenic Nerve / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D011817:Rabbits; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000187:drug effects*; D012132:Respiratory Muscles / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D013562:Sympathectomy; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D006982:Hypertonic Solutions; D001920:Bradykinin