title: Differential expression of decorin and biglycan genes during palatogenesis in normal and retinoic acid-treated mice.
abstract: Proteoglycans are involved in secondary palate formation. In the present study, we focused on two small leucine-rich proteoglycans, decorin and biglycan, because they assembled extracellular matrix molecules such as collagens and modulated signaling pathway of transforming growth factor-beta. To investigate the functions of decorin and biglycan in palatogenesis, we compared their mRNA expression patterns between normal palate and retinoic acid-induced cleft palate in mice by using in situ hybridization analysis during the period of embryonic day 13.5 (E13.5) to E15.5. On E13.5, decorin mRNA was expressed in the epithelia and mesenchyme on the nasal side of the developing secondary palate. During the period the palate shelves were fusing (E14.5), decorin mRNA was strongly expressed in the mesenchyme but its expression pattern was asymmetric; decorin mRNA expression area in the nasal side was broader than that in the oral side. The expression of decorin mRNA was hardly detected in the mesenchyme on either side of the medial edge epithelium. After fusion (E15.5), its expression converged to the mesenchyme just around the palatine bone. Biglycan mRNA was ubiquitously distributed throughout the palatal mesenchyme for the mid-gestation period. Its expression area became limited to the ossification area within the palate after the late gestation period. In the retinoic acid-treated mice, the area of the decorin gene expression expanded to the core region of the palate primordium where little signal was observed in control mice. On the other hand, biglycan in the retinoic acid-treated mice did not show remarkable change in its distribution patterns compared with that in the control mice. These findings suggest that decorin and biglycan play distinct roles in palatogenesis, and decorin was more actively involved in the process of secondary palate formation than biglycan. Up-regulation of decorin gene expression in the retinoic acid-treated mice might influence the pathogenesis of cleft palate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima City, Fukushima, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuxiang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Tetsuji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iseki
authors.forename: Seita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hagino
authors.forename: Hiromi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takaki
authors.forename: Mayumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hikake
authors.forename: Choichiro
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tase
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murakawa
authors.forename: Sachihiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yokoya
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wanaka
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D058578:Biglycan; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000196:embryology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D058575:Decorin; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000737:chemistry; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D005260:Female; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D010159:Palate / Q000196:embryology* / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000032:analysis; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C546885:Bgn protein, mouse; D058578:Biglycan; C546879:Dcn protein, mouse; D058575:Decorin; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D011509:Proteoglycans; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D014212:Tretinoin