title: Role of intracardiac echocardiographic guidance in transcatheter closure of atrial septal defects and patent foramen ovale using the Amplatzer device.
abstract: Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has been successfully used for guiding transcatheter device closure of secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) and patent foramen ovale (PFO). However, the use of TEE for device closure requires general anesthesia. Experience with intracardiac echocardiographic (ICE) guidance to close ASD and PFO is limited. One hundred eleven patients (76 female/35 male) with secundum ASD (82 patients) and PFO (29 patients) associated with a stroke underwent an attempt of transcatheter closure of their defects under ICE guidance using the new AcuNav catheter. The median age of patients was 40 years (range 2.5-80.7) and the median weight was 66 kg (range 12.7-128 kg). The median two-dimensional size of secundum defects as measured by ICE was 17 mm (range 3-32 mm). The median balloon stretched diameter of the ASDs was 22 mm (range 4-36 mm). Five patients had more than one defect that required placement of two devices to close the defects. The median Qp/QS ratio for patients with secundum ASD was 2.1 (range 1-18). ICE provided adequate views of the defects and surrounding structures and the various stages of device deployment. All patients had successful device placement, including the patients who received simultaneous two devices with immediate complete closure of the defects in 100 patients, whereas four and seven patients had trivial and small residual shunt, respectively. The median fluoroscopy time was 10.2 minutes (range 3.7-38.4 minutes) and the median total procedure time was 60 minutes (range 28-180 minutes). There were no complications related to the use of the AcuNav catheter. We conclude that ICE provided unique images of the atrial communications and facilitated device closure of secundum ASD and PFO in children and adults. We believe ICE should replace TEE as a guiding imaging tool for ASD and PFO device closure, thus eliminating the need for general anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago Children's Hospital, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 4051, Chicago, IL 60637-1470, USA.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Koenig
authors.forename: Qi-Ling
authors.initials: QL
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heitschmidt
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Waight
authors.forename: Ziyad M
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Hijazi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018618:Echocardiography, Doppler, Color / Q000295:instrumentation*; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000295:instrumentation; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005260:Female; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States