title: Research of the entry of rare earth elements Eu3+ and La3+ into plant cell.
abstract: Whether rare earth elements can enter into plant cells remains controversial. This article discusses the ultracellular structural localization of lanthanum (La(3+)) and europium (Eu(3+)) in the intact plant cells fed by rare earth elements Eu(3+) and La(3+). Eu-TTA fluorescence analysis of the plasmalemma, cytoplast, and mitochondria showed that Eu(3+) fluorescence intensities in such structures significantly increased. Eu(3+) can directly enter or be carried by the artificial ion carrier A23187 into plant cells through the calcium ion (Ca(2+)) channel and then partially resume the synthesis of amaranthin in the Amaranthus caudatus growing in the dark. Locations of rare earth elements La(3+) and Eu(3+) in all kinds of components of cytoplasmatic organelles were determined with transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscope, and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. The results of energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis indicated that Eu(3+) and La(3+) can be absorbed into plant cells and bind to the membranes of protoplasm, chloroplast, mitochondrion, cytoplast, and karyon. These results provide experimental evidence that rare earth elements can be absorbed into plant cells, which would be the basis for interpreting physiological and biochemical effects of rare earth elements on plant cells.
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, China.
authors.forename: Yongsheng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Fuli
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: An
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.forename: Shi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ping
authors.forename: Lanhua
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jing
mesh_terms: D002412:Cations; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability; D018553:Cucumis sativus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004577:Electron Probe Microanalysis; D005063:Europium / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D007811:Lanthanum / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D037121:Plant Lectins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D054788:Ribosome Inactivating Proteins; D054789:Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 1; D036226:Seedlings / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014908:Triticum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D002412:Cations; D037121:Plant Lectins; D054789:Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 1; C061152:amaranthin protein, Amaranthus; D005063:Europium; D007811:Lanthanum; D054788:Ribosome Inactivating Proteins