title: New technologies and potential cost savings related to morbidity and mortality reduction in Class III/IV heart failure patients in Canada.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Heart failure affects 1-2% of the Canadian population. The 1-year mortality rates in New York Heart Association Class III/IV heart failure patients range from 11 to 44%. This study evaluates costs associated with current management of Class III/IV heart failure and potential savings if morbidity and mortality are reduced.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To construct an economic model to evaluate the components of treating Class III/IV heart failure patients in Canada and the resulting direct medical costs. The model also estimates the potential savings that could result from the introduction of a new technology such as cardiac resynchronization therapy that reduces morbidity and mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  The model evaluates costs of pharmacological therapy, medical care, laboratory and diagnostic tests, and complications, most commonly hospitalization. Estimates are based on a literature review, expert opinion, and standard cost sources using widely accepted health economic methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The model, under conservative assumptions, estimates that Class III/IV heart failure costs between CAD$1.4 billion and CAD$2.3 billion in Canada overall. Costs are substantial on the provincial level as well and are estimated to be approximately CAD$700 million, CAD$500 million, and CAD$300 million in Ontario, Québec, and British Columbia, respectively. New treatments could bring substantial savings depending on their effectiveness-measured as reduction in morbidity and mortality-and the number of patients who receive that treatment. Potential savings in Canada could reduce the total annual costs for this group of patients by approximately 10% or up to CAD$200 million annually.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high level of morbidity and mortality in Class III/IV heart failure patients and costs associated with their care are an impetus for the development of new therapies such as cardiac resynchronization therapy, that could deliver long-term benefits including increased exercise tolerance, reduced hospitalizations, and improved quality of life. Successful therapies could provide substantial savings and present a favorable economic profile in the treatment of heart failure. In order to ensure that appropriate technologies are commercialized and marketed, prospective evaluation of new therapies should include critical assessment of direct medical costs in addition to evaluating morbidity, quality of life and survival.
authors.affiliation: Innovative Health Solutions, 1330 Beacon Street, Suite 316, Brookline, MA 02446, USA. jbentkover@ihsolutions.com
authors.forename: Judith D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Bentkover
authors.forename: Edward J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ignaszewski
authors.forename: Serge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lepage
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jill
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cooper
mesh_terms: D020811:Biomedical Technology; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D017046:Cost Savings / Q000191:economics*; D017048:Health Care Costs; D015276:Health Care Rationing / Q000191:economics; D005102:Health Expenditures; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000191:economics* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D018803:Models, Economic; D011788:Quality of Life; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index