title: Participation of patients 65 years of age or older in cancer clinical trials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although 61% of new cases of cancer occur among the elderly, recent studies indicate that the elderly comprise only 25% of participants in cancer clinical trials. Further investigation into the reasons for low elderly participation is warranted. Our objective was to evaluate the participation of the elderly in clinical trials sponsored by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and assess the impact of protocol exclusion criteria on elderly participation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective analysis using NCI data, analyzing patient and trial characteristics for 59,300 patients enrolled onto 495 NCI-sponsored, cooperative group trials, active from 1997 through 2000. Our main outcome measure was the proportion of elderly patients enrolled onto cancer clinical trials compared with the proportion of incident cancer patients who are elderly.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 32% of participants in phase II and III clinical trials were elderly, compared with 61% of patients with incident cancers in the United States who are elderly. The degree of underrepresentation was more pronounced in trials for early-stage cancers than in trials for late-stage cancers (P <.001). Furthermore, protocol exclusion criteria on the basis of organ-system abnormalities and functional status limitations were associated with lower elderly participation. We estimate that if protocol exclusions were relaxed, elderly participation in cancer trials would be 60%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The elderly are underrepresented in cancer clinical trials relative to their disease burden. Older patients are more likely to have medical histories that make them ineligible for clinical trials because of protocol exclusions. Insurance coverage for clinical trials is one step toward improvement of elderly access to clinical trials. Without a change in study design or requirements, this step may not be sufficient.
authors.affiliation: RAND Health, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138, USA. jhs@ucla.edu
authors.forename: Joy H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Meredith L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Kilgore
authors.forename: Dana P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Goldman
authors.forename: Edward L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Trimble
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Montello
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Housman
authors.forename: José J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Escarce
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged / Q000523:psychology*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D017322:Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic; D017326:Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D010361:Patients / Q000523:psychology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies