title: A celebration of the new head and an evaluation of the new mouth.
abstract: Twenty years ago now, Carl Gans and Glen Northcutt proposed that the main invention of vertebrates was a new head, with its full array of sensory organs involved in an active predatory lifestyle. Tracing back the embryological origin of these structures, they showed how all are primarily derived from the neural crest and the placodes, two transient ectodermal cell populations in the embryo. These cell types were then used for further innovations, such as a new mouth in jawed vertebrates. The interplay between patterning and plasticity of the neural crest is largely responsible for the endless variation of vertebrate craniofacial features in evolution.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, CSIC-UAM, Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Manzanares
authors.forename: M Angela
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Nieto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D015509:Developmental Biology / Q000266:history; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development; D006257:Head / Q000196:embryology; D049673:History, 20th Century; D007568:Jaw / Q000196:embryology; D009055:Mouth / Q000196:embryology; D009432:Neural Crest; D014714:Vertebrates