title: Influence of hypercapnia and hypocapnia on bladder contractions and their respiratory consequences.
abstract: Rhythmic contractions of the detrusor muscle, induced by gradual filling of the urinary bladder in decerebrate or anesthetized cats, are accompanied by decreased inspiratory activity in motor nerves to respiratory muscles, particularly those of the upper airway. We have examined the influence of hypercapnia and hypocapnia on these contractions and the accompanying activities of the phrenic and hypoglossal nerves in decerebrate, vagotomized, paralyzed and ventilated cats, some of which had denervated carotid chemoreceptors. Hypercapnia slowed, and then reversibly abolished bladder contractions in most animals, regardless of the state of the carotid chemoreceptors. Bladder contractions were well maintained in progressive hypocapnia, even at end-tidal CO(2) levels below the 'apneic' thresholds of the hypoglossal and phrenic activities. The reductions of the nerve activities in response to bladder contractions were not significantly altered by hypercapnia or hypocapnia. The abolition of bladder contractions by hypercapnia is unlikely to reflect a direct effect of CO(2) or H+ ion on the contractile mechanism of the detrusor muscle, but may be based on inhibition of stretch receptors in the bladder wall and/or an effect of CO(2) or H+ in or near the micturition centers in the brain stem.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Borwell Building One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756 0001, USA. donald.bartlett@dartmouth.edu
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bartlett
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Knuth
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002415:Cats; D005260:Female; D006935:Hypercapnia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016857:Hypocapnia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007002:Hypoglossal Nerve / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000502:physiology*; D010791:Phrenic Nerve / Q000502:physiology; D012119:Respiration; D013990:Tidal Volume; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide