title: Cavernous sinus exenteration for invasive cranial base tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Invasive tumors involving the cavernous sinus, such as recurrent benign meningiomas or sarcomas, raise therapeutic problems that may be resolved by cavernous sinus exenteration (CSE).
  
  
  METHODS
  Our series comprises 18 patients (9 women and 9 men ranging in age from 14 to 64 yr) who underwent CSE during the past 8 years. The tumors in these patients included 12 meningiomas, 3 chondrosarcomas, 1 rhabdomyosarcoma, 1 lipomyosarcoma, and 1 epidermoid carcinoma. Preoperative occlusion of the internal carotid artery was confirmed in 15 cases by a balloon occlusion test. Three patients had a negative balloon occlusion test, and their internal carotid arteries were preserved (n = 1) or revascularized (n = 2) through an external carotid artery-to-middle cerebral artery bypass.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CSE was performed as a primary treatment in 5 patients and after one to five recurrences in 13 patients. In all patients, CSE included the internal carotid artery and Cranial Nerves III, IV, and VI and one to three branches of Cranial Nerve V. Orbital exenteration was performed in eight patients, and partial hypophysectomy was performed in five patients. Ten patients had received radiotherapy before CSE, and five patients underwent irradiation after CSE. The operative mortality includes two patients. Cerebrospinal fluid leakage was the main complication in four patients, with three patients having meningitis. Follow-up ranged from 6 months to 5 years, with three deaths from new recurrences at 2, 3, and 4 years after CSE. As compared with their clinical courses before CSE, all patients except the two who died postoperatively benefited from CSE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CSE has useful indications in invasive and rapidly growing tumors, including apparently benign meningiomas. A better understanding of the biological behavior of these tumors is necessary for appropriate selection of patients for CSE.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France. bernard.george@lrb.ap-hop-paris.fr
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: Cristina Anastasia
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Ferrario
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blanquet
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kolb
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002426:Cavernous Sinus / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002813:Chondrosarcoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008080:Liposarcoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008577:Meningeal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008579:Meningioma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D012086:Reoperation; D012208:Rhabdomyosarcoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D019292:Skull Base Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D015996:Survival Rate