title: Inhibition of furin-like enzymes blocks interleukin-1alpha/oncostatin M-stimulated cartilage degradation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the role of furin-like enzymes in the proteolytic cascades leading to cartilage breakdown and to examine which collagenase(s) contribute to collagen degradation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bovine nasal cartilage was stimulated to resorb with the addition of interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha)/oncostatin M (OSM) in the presence or absence of a furin inhibitor, Dec-RVKR-CH(2)Cl, or selective matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) inhibitors. Collagen and proteoglycan levels were determined by assay of hydroxyproline and sulfated glycosaminoglycan, respectively. Collagenase and gelatinase activity were measured using (3)H-acetylated collagen and gelatin zymography, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The addition of Dec-RVKR-CH(2)Cl to stimulated cartilage reduced the release of collagen fragments and the levels of active collagenase and MMP-2, suggesting that furin-like enzymes are involved in the cascades leading to activation of procollagenases. At MMP inhibitor concentrations that selectively inhibit MMP-1, no inhibition of collagen release was observed, but increasing the concentration to the 50% inhibition concentration for MMP-13 resulted in a 50% blockage of collagen release. The addition of Dec-RVKR-CH(2)Cl to resorbing cartilage also partially blocked proteoglycan release, thus demonstrating a role for furin-activated enzymes in the pathways leading to proteoglycan degradation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Furin-like enzymes are involved in cascades leading to activation of procollagenases and degradation of collagen. MMP-13, which can be activated by furin-processed membrane-type 1 MMP-1, appears to be a major collagenase involved in collagen degradation induced by IL-1alpha/OSM. Furin-like enzymes also appear to play a role in the pathways leading to proteoglycan degradation. These findings are of importance when considering proteinase inhibition as a target for therapeutic intervention in arthritic diseases.
authors.affiliation: The Medical School, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Milner
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Rowan
authors.forename: S-F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Cawston
mesh_terms: D000590:Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045683:Furin; D006909:Hydroxyproline / Q000378:metabolism; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D053509:Matrix Metalloproteinase 13; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D009300:Nasal Septum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053683:Oncostatin M; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D010455:Peptides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D013381:Subtilisins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D000590:Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007375:Interleukin-1; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D009842:Oligopeptides; D010455:Peptides; D011509:Proteoglycans; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C460143:decanoylRVKRchloromethylketone; D053683:Oncostatin M; D003094:Collagen; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D013381:Subtilisins; D045683:Furin; D053509:Matrix Metalloproteinase 13; D006909:Hydroxyproline