title: Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest and global reperfusion injury: avoidance by making a pump prime reperfusate--a new concept.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to determine whether damage after deep hypothermic circulatory arrest can be diminished by changing pump prime components when reinstituting cardiopulmonary bypass.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen piglets (2-3 months old) were cooled to 19 degrees C by using the alpha-stat pH strategy. Five were cooled and rewarmed without ischemia (control animals), and the other 10 piglets underwent 90 minutes of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. Of these, 5 were rewarmed and reperfused without altering the cardiopulmonary bypass circuit blood prime. In the other 5 animals, the bypass blood prime was modified (leukocyte depleted, hypocalcemic, hypermagnesemic, pH-stat, normoxic, mannitol, and an Na(+)/H(+) exchange inhibitor) during circulatory arrest before starting warm reperfusion. Oxidant injury was assessed on the basis of conjugated dienes, vascular changes on the basis of endothelin levels, myocardial function on the basis of cardiac output and dopamine need, lung injury on the basis of pulmonary vascular resistance and oxygenation, and cellular damage on the basis of release of creatine kinase and aspartate aminotransferase. Neurologic assessment (score 0, normal; score 500, brain death) was done 6 hours after discontinuing cardiopulmonary bypass.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with animals undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass without ischemia (control animals), deep hypothermic circulatory arrest without modification of the reperfusate produced an oxidant injury (conjugated dienes increased 0.78 vs 1.71 absorbance (Abs) 240 nmol/L per 0.5 mL, P <.001 vs control animals), depressed cardiac output (6.0 vs 4.0 L/min, P <.05 vs control subjects), prolonged dopamine need (P <.001 vs control subjects), elevated pulmonary vascular resistance (74% vs 197%, P <.05 vs control subjects), reduced oxygenation (P <.01 vs control subjects), increased neurologic injury (56 vs 244, P <.001 vs control subjects), and increased release of creatine kinase (2695 vs 6974 U/L, P <.05 vs control subjects), aspartate aminotransferase (144 vs 229 U/L), and endothelin (1.02 vs 2.56 pg/mL, P <.001 vs control subjects). Conversely, the oxidant injury was markedly limited (conjugated dienes of 0.85 +/- 0.09 Abs 240 nmol/L per 0.5 mL, P <.001 vs unmodified pump prime) with modification of cardiopulmonary bypass prime, resulting in increased cardiac output (5.1 +/- 0.8 L/min), minimal dopamine need (P <.001 vs unmodified pump prime), no increase in pulmonary vascular resistance (44% +/- 31%, P <.01 vs unmodified pump prime) or endothelin levels (0.64 +/- 0.15 pg/mL, P <.001 vs unmodified pump prime), complete recovery of oxygenation (P <.01 vs unmodified pump prime), reduced neurologic damage (144 +/- 33, P <.05 vs unmodified pump prime), and lower release of aspartate aminotransferase (124 +/- 23 U/L, P <.05 vs unmodified pump prime) and creatine kinase (3366 +/- 918, P <.05 vs unmodified pump prime).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A global reperfusion injury after deep hypothermic circulatory arrest was identified and changed. The injury is mediated by oxygen-derived free radicals, resulting in organ and endothelial dysfunction. Modification of global organ and endothelial damage is achieved by modifying the blood prime in the cardiopulmonary bypass circuit to deliver a controlled global reperfusate when reinstituting bypass.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of California at Los Angeles Medical Center, USA. bradallen@thic.com
authors.forename: Bradley S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Veluz
authors.forename: Gerald D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Buckberg
authors.forename: Ernesto
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Aeberhard
authors.forename: Louis J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Ignarro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D002302:Cardiac Output; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D016232:Endothelins / Q000097:blood; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D015425:Myocardial Reperfusion / Q000379:methods*; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011652:Pulmonary Circulation; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors; D014655:Vascular Resistance
chemical_list: D016232:Endothelins; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D003402:Creatine Kinase