title: Clinical and diagnostic significance of blood in cervical smears.
abstract: A heavy admixture of blood in cervical smears can be problematic for the screener, as the presence of blood can influence the staining quality of the cancer cell nuclei. However, it might also be a blessing in disguise. A retrospective study of 40 clinically important smears, 34 originally signed out as negative for squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix and 6 smears as unsatisfactory, was carried out in comparison with 100 smears from healthy women. Sample parameters were analyzed by macroscopy and neural network scanning. Differences between the two study groups were measured by Pearson's chi(2) test. Of the 40 study cases, one case featured insufficient material, while 16 cases (40%) could confidently be classified as malignant or negative for malignancy. The most important macroscopic parameter of the smears was an admixture of blood. This background feature was also highlighted by the NNS system. Angiogenesis was visualized by the expression of CD34 in many sampled capillary fragments included in the smears. In conclusion, blood in cervical smears may have clinical and diagnostic significance. The rate of "failed smears" in routine cervical screening might thus by CD34 be considerably decreased.
authors.affiliation: Leiden Cytology and Pathology Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands. m.e.boon@lcpl.nl
authors.forename: Mathilde E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Boon
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ouwerkerk-Noordam
authors.forename: Antoine W M F
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: van Leeuwen
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: van Haaften-Day
mesh_terms: D018952:Antigens, CD34 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D001769:Blood; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D014626:Vaginal Smears / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D018952:Antigens, CD34