title: Evidence that the retroviral DNA integration process triggers an ATR-dependent DNA damage response.
abstract: Caffeine is an efficient inhibitor of cellular DNA repair, likely through its effects on ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated) and ATR (ATM and Rad3-related) kinases. Here, we show that caffeine treatment causes a dose-dependent reduction in the total amount of HIV-1 and avian sarcoma virus retroviral vector DNA that is joined to host DNA in the population of infected cells and also in the number of transduced cells. These changes were observed at caffeine concentrations that had little or no effect on overall cell growth, synthesis, and nuclear import of the viral DNA, or the activities of the viral integrase in vitro. Substantial reductions in the amount of host-viral-joined DNA in the infected population, and in the number of transductants, were also observed in the presence of a dominant-negative form of the ATR protein, ATRkd. After infection, a significant fraction of these cells undergoes cell death. In contrast, retroviral transduction is not impeded in ATM-deficient cells, and addition of caffeine leads to the same reduction that was observed in ATM-proficient cells. These results suggest that activity of the ATR kinase, but not the ATM kinase, is required for successful completion of the viral DNA integration process and/or survival of transduced cells. Components of the cellular DNA damage repair response may represent potential targets for antiretroviral drug development.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 7701 Burholme Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA. r_daniel@fccc.edu
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Daniel
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kao
authors.forename: Konstantin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Taganov
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Greger
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Favorova
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Merkel
authors.forename: Tim J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: Anna Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Skalka
mesh_terms: D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects; D017209:Apoptosis; D064007:Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins; D001358:Avian Sarcoma Viruses / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology; D001483:Base Sequence; D002110:Caffeine / Q000494:pharmacology; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D004249:DNA Damage; D004260:DNA Repair; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D019427:HIV Integrase / Q000378:metabolism; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D007763:Lac Operon; D009154:Mutation; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D012190:Retroviridae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity* / Q000502:physiology; D014161:Transduction, Genetic; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D016662:Virus Integration / Q000235:genetics* / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004279:DNA, Viral; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D002110:Caffeine; C576324:ATM protein, human; C576597:ATR protein, human; D064007:Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D019427:HIV Integrase