title: The lung-to-head ratio and fetoscopic temporary tracheal occlusion: prediction of survival in severe left congenital diaphragmatic hernia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the reliability of sonographic lung-to-head ratio (LHR) measurement as a predictor of survival in fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) and to compare the probability of survival in those with temporary tracheal occlusion (TO) or standard care with respect to the LHR.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-six fetuses with left CDH with liver herniated into the thorax at complete prenatal evaluation were included in logistic regression analyses of antenatal predictors of survival to hospital discharge. Sixteen subjects underwent TO and 40 received standard care.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LHR was a significant predictor of survival, with probability of survival increasing with increasing LHR (odds ratio (OR) 8.5, P = 0.04). When subjects with anomalies were excluded, the LHR effect was similar after adjustment for TO (OR 7.1, P = 0.11). Linear spline models suggested a plateau in survival at an LHR of 1.0 and all models suggested increased odds of survival with TO. Minimum LHR measurements had a high degree of inter- and intraobserver agreement (intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.70 and 0.80, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Calculation of the LHR in fetuses with CDH is a reliable and powerful predictor of survival to hospital discharge, although improving odds of survival may plateau at an LHR of 1.0. TO may have an independent benefit on survival to hospital discharge.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, The Fetal Treatment Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: D V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Glidden
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Paek
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Feldstein
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Callen
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Filly
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Albanese
mesh_terms: D021721:Balloon Occlusion; D005332:Fetoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D006257:Head / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000196:embryology; D006548:Hernia, Diaphragmatic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D065630:Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000196:embryology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014132:Trachea; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods*