title: A comparison of the effects of loxapine with ziprasidone and thioridazine on the release of dopamine and acetylcholine in the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Atypical, but not typical, antipsychotic drugs (APDs), produce preferential increases in dopamine (DA) and acetylcholine (ACh) release in rat medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) compared to the nucleus accumbens (NAC). The increase in DA release has been attributed, in part, to their greater serotonin (5-HT)(2A) relative to D(2) receptor occupancy, while the basis for the increase in ACh has not yet been determined. Loxapine, a dibenzoxazepine congener of clozapine, is generally considered to be a typical APD because it produces significant extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) in humans, at generally recommended clinical doses (60-100 mg/day), and catalepsy in rodents, although several studies have found it to be effective at lower doses which do not produce significant EPS. Moreover, loxapine, like its congener clozapine, has higher affinity for serotonin (5-HT)(2A) than dopamine D(2) receptors, in vitro, suggesting the possibility it could be an atypical APD with clozapine-like potential.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of loxapine on DA and ACh release in the mPFC and NAC with those of ziprasidone, a novel atypical APD, and thioridazine, which is generally classified as a typical APD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Loxapine, 0.03-10 mg/kg, increased prefrontal dopamine release with the magnitude of this increase exceeding that in the NAC, at all doses, other than the 10 mg/kg dose. The effect of loxapine (0.3 mg/kg) on DA release in the prefrontal cortex was attenuated by WAY 100635 (0.2 mg/kg), a 5-HT(1A) antagonist, as is the case for other atypical APDs. Ziprasidone (0.1-3 mg/kg) also preferentially increased DA release in the mPFC compared to NAC. Thioridazine (5 and 20 mg/kg) did not increase DA release in either the mPFC or NAC. Loxapine (3 mg/kg) and ziprasidone (1 and 3 mg/kg), but not thioridazine (10 and 20 mg/kg), significantly increased cortical ACh release.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Loxapine has effects on cortical and NAC DA and ACh release which are comparable to those of known atypical APDs. Ziprasidone and thioridazine have effects on cortical DA and ACh characteristic of atypical and typical APDs, respectively. It is concluded that further clinical studies of the atypical APD properties of loxapine are indicated.
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychopharmacology, Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37212, USA. zhu.li@vanderbilt.edu
authors.forename: Zhu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Junji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ichikawa
authors.forename: Herbert Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Meltzer
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001665:Binding Sites; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004338:Drug Combinations; D008152:Loxapine / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009714:Nucleus Accumbens / Q000187:drug effects*; D010879:Piperazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000187:drug effects*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012702:Serotonin Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D013881:Thioridazine / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D004338:Drug Combinations; D010879:Piperazines; D011725:Pyridines; D012702:Serotonin Antagonists; D013844:Thiazoles; C092292:ziprasidone; C090413:N-(2-(4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl)ethyl)-N-(2-pyridinyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide; D008152:Loxapine; D013881:Thioridazine; D000109:Acetylcholine; D004298:Dopamine