title: Environmental surface cleanliness and the potential for contamination during handwashing.
abstract: Effective handwashing (including drying) is important in infection control. The ability of the various stages of handwashing to decrease skin-surface microbial counts has been documented. However, an important element, environmental surface cleanliness, and the potential for contamination of hands during the process has not been well studied or quantified. An examination of the adenosine triphosphate (a measure of residual organic soil), bacterial, and staphylococcal load on ward handwash station surfaces, which could be touched during handwashing, is reported. Hand contact surfaces tested consisted of approximately 620 each of: faucet handles, soap dispenser activator mechanisms, and folded paper-towel dispenser exits. Failure rates in excess of benchmark clean values were higher with adenosine triphosphate assays than microbial counts. This could indicate the presence of a higher level of general organic debris (eg, skin cells) as opposed to microbial contamination or could reflect greater assay sensitivity. Faucet handles were more likely to be contaminated and be in excess of benchmark values than paper-towel dispenser exits. However, the latter are likely to be the final surface touched during the handwashing process and overall nearly 20% were above microbiologic benchmark values. Many of the organisms isolated were staphylococci and the results are discussed within the context of microbial cross-contamination and potential pathogen spread.
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Sciences, University of Wales Institute, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Griffith
authors.forename: Rifhat
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.forename: Rose A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Looker
authors.forename: Barry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Michaels
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000032:analysis; D001420:Bacteria, Aerobic / Q000302:isolation & purification; D019985:Benchmarking; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D004866:Equipment Contamination; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand / Q000382:microbiology*; D006235:Hand Disinfection / Q000592:standards*; D006766:Hospitals, County; D006786:Hospitals, Urban; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000592:standards*; D008297:Male; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012867:Skin / Q000382:microbiology; D013210:Staphylococcus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate