title: Mechanisms for linezolid-induced anemia and thrombocytopenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Linezolid has been associated with anemia and thrombocytopenia. Mechanisms for neither have been elucidated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To propose mechanisms for linezolid-induced anemia and thrombocytopenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 78-year-old white woman with Staphylococcus epidermidis endocarditis was treated with linezolid after developing resistance to multiple antibiotic regimens. After 7 days of linezolid therapy, she developed thrombocytopenia, while an anemia present since admission remained unchanged. A bone marrow biopsy was performed, primarily looking for a mechanism for the thrombocytopenia. Histopathology revealed adequate megakaryocytes, ringed sideroblasts, and vacuolated pronormoblasts. A course of immune globulin (IVIG) was administered, with slowing in the rate of decline in platelets. She died 24 hours after her last dose of IVIG of congestive heart failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of ringed sideroblasts and vacuolated pronormoblasts suggests that linezolid-induced anemia is secondary to a chloramphenicol-like suppression of erythropoiesis. The presence of adequate, normal-appearing megakaryocytes suggests immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, not marrow suppression. Although the response to IVIG is difficult to interpret because of the patient's death, there was a slowing in the rate of decline of the platelet count, further supporting immune-mediated thrombocytopenia. An objective causality assessment indicated that the adverse drug event was probably due to linezolid.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There appear to be 2 distinct mechanisms for linezolid-induced cytopenias. While anemia is reversible and manageable with transfusions, thrombocytopenia can be a treatment-limiting toxicity. The ability to treat through an immune-mediated cytopenia with IVIG may be beneficial for critically ill patients with few therapeutic options.
authors.affiliation: Division of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, MD 20850, USA. wbernstein@hivresearch.org
authors.forename: Wendy B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.forename: Richard F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Trotta
authors.forename: James T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Rector
authors.forename: Jeffery A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Tjaden
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Barile
mesh_terms: D000081:Acetamides / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000368:Aged; D000740:Anemia / Q000139:chemically induced*; D004342:Drug Hypersensitivity / Q000188:drug therapy; D004697:Endocarditis, Bacterial / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000069349:Linezolid; D023303:Oxazolidinones / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D013212:Staphylococcus epidermidis; D013921:Thrombocytopenia / Q000139:chemically induced*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000081:Acetamides; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous; D023303:Oxazolidinones; D000069349:Linezolid