title: The efficacy of repeat percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration procedures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The development of intracytoplasmic sperm injection spawned new methods of sperm retrieval for men with obstructive azoospermia who did not want to undergo reconstruction of the seminal tract. There is a wide array of different procedures that may be performed in these cases, for instance percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration (PESA) and microepididymal sperm aspiration. However, concerns regarding the presence of sperm in a second PESA attempt due to possible fibrosis have been suggested by many authors. We evaluate if it is worthwhile to repeat percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration.
  
  
  METHODS
  The records of 20 patients (23 attempts) who underwent repeat PESA from January 1996 to September 2000 for assisted reproductive technique purposes were reviewed. In all patients the repeat procedure was performed on the same side as the previous PESA. Data were collected on patient age, presence of motile sperm during PESA, epididymal side, pregnancies and abortion rates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean patient age +/- SD was 32.4 +/- 5.6 years. One patient was excluded from our analysis due to lack of information on the chart regarding the side of the procedure. Repeat PESA was performed in the right epididymis in 12 attempts and in the left in 10. Of the remaining 19 patients 14 (73.68%) did not and 5 (26.3%) have sperm in the epididymal fluid. In these 5 patients 8 repeat PESA procedures were performed (3 procedures in 1 and motile sperm was always found (8 of 22 attempts, 36.4%). Three patients achieved pregnancy with the motile sperm retrieved from the repeat PESA (3 of 8 repeat attempts, 37.5%). No abortions were detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More than a third of repeat PESA attempts resulted in the presence of motile sperm. Before performing testicular sperm aspiration or extraction in patients who have undergone previous PESA without achieving pregnancy, repeat PESA may be done. Further attempts should be added in the future to confirm these results.
authors.affiliation: Fertility-Centro de Reprodução Assistida, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Av. Brigadeiro Luís Antônio 4.251, São Paulo, SP, Brazil 01401-002.
authors.forename: Fabio F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Pasqualotto
authors.forename: Lia M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Rossi-Ferragut
authors.forename: Cláudia C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.forename: Assumpto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iaconelli
authors.forename: Valdemar
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ortiz
authors.forename: Edson
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Borges
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004822:Epididymis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D020554:Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic; D013094:Spermatozoa; D013396:Suction / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data