title: New international long-term ecological research on air pollution effects on the Carpathian Mountain forests, Central Europe.
abstract: An international cooperative project on distribution of ozone in the Carpathian Mountains, Central Europe was conducted from 1997 to 1999. Results of that project indicated that in large parts of the Carpathian Mountains, concentrations of ozone were elevated and potentially phytotoxic to forest vegetation. That study led to the establishment of new long-term studies on ecological changes in forests and other ecosystems caused by air pollution in the Retezat Mountains, Southern Carpathians, Romania and in the Tatra Mountains, Western Carpathians on the Polish-Slovak border. Both of these important mountain ranges have the status of national parks and are Man & the Biosphere Reserves. In the Retezat Mountains, the primary research objective was to evaluate how air pollution may affect forest health and biodiversity. The main research objective in the Tatra Mountains was to evaluate responses of natural and managed Norway spruce forests to air pollution and other stresses. Ambient concentrations of ozone (O(3)), sulfur dioxide (SO(2)), nitrogen oxides (NO(x)) as well as forest health and biodiversity changes were monitored on densely distributed research sites. Initial monitoring of pollutants indicated low levels of O(3), SO(2), and NO(x) in the Retezat Mountains, while elevated levels of O(3) and high deposition of atmospheric sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N) have characterized the Tatra Mountains. In the Retezat Mountains, air pollution seems to have little effect on forest health; however, there was concern that over a long time, even low levels of pollution may affect biodiversity of this important ecosystem. In contrast, severe decline of Norway spruce has been observed in the Tatra Mountains. Although bark beetle seems to be the immediate cause of that decline, long-term elevated levels of atmospheric N and S depositions and elevated O(3) could predispose trees to insect attacks and other stresses. European and US scientists studied pollution deposition, soil and plant chemistry, O(3)-sensitive plant species, forest insects, and genetic changes in the Retezat and Tatra Mountains. Results of these investigations are presented in a GIS format to allow for a better understanding of the changes and the recommendations for effective management in these two areas.
authors.affiliation: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 4955 Canyon Crest Drive, 92507, Riverside, CA, USA. abytnerowicz@fs.fed.us
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bytnerowicz
authors.forename: Ovidiu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Badea
authors.forename: Ion
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Barbu
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fleischer
authors.forename: Witold
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fraczek
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gancz
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Godzik
authors.forename: Krystyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Grodzińska
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Grodzki
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Karnosky
authors.forename: Milan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koren
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krywult
authors.forename: Zbigniew
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Krzan
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Longauer
authors.forename: Blanka
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mankovska
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Manning
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McManus
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Musselman
authors.forename: Julius
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Novotny
authors.forename: Flaviu
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Popescu
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Postelnicu
authors.forename: Wiesław
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Prus-Głowacki
authors.forename: Paweł
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Skawiński
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Skiba
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Szaro
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tamas
authors.forename: Cristian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vasile
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004463:Ecology; D005060:Europe; D007391:International Cooperation; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000009:adverse effects; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012106:Research / Q000639:trends; D013455:Sulfur / Q000009:adverse effects; D014197:Trees
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D013455:Sulfur; D009584:Nitrogen