title: Impact of antiretroviral treatment on the tropism of HIV-1 plasma virus populations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the impact of antiretroviral therapy on the tropism of plasma HIV-1 virus populations during treatment response and virological escape.
  
  
  METHODS
  To investigate whether the selective pressure exerted by antiretroviral treatment influences the tropism of the plasma virus populations, we retrospectively determined the co-receptor usage of viruses present in plasma samples obtained before and at varying intervals after starting antiviral therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The co-receptor usage of plasma virus was determined using our recently published tropism recombinant test (V. Trouplin et al., J Virol, 2001; 75:251-259). This assay relies on virus production by homologous recombination between a plasmid encoding the entire HIV genome except for a deletion of the major tropism determinant, and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product spanning this region and the adjoining flanking sequences, obtained by reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR amplification of viral RNA from the patient's plasma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-four of the 32 patients analysed harboured exclusively R5 virus in plasma before the initiation of treatment, whereas eight had mixed R5/X4 virus populations. In four of these eight patients, all of whom initially responded to treatment, the persistence of R5 virus in plasma was observed, whereas the X4 component of the virus population became undetectable. The suppression of the X4 virus component was a transient phenomenon and variants able to use CXCR4 re-emerged after a variable delay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The impact of therapy on virus populations differs according to virus tropism. Differences in target cell populations, tissue distribution and replication characteristics between R5 and X4 viruses could explain the preferential suppression of X4 virus.
authors.affiliation: INSERM U-552, Recherche Antivirale, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Skrabal
authors.forename: Virginie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Trouplin
authors.forename: Béatrice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Labrosse
authors.forename: Véronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Obry
authors.forename: Florence
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Damond
authors.forename: Allan J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hance
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Clavel
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mammano
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D019713:Receptors, CCR5 / Q000378:metabolism; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4 / Q000378:metabolism; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018523:Tropism; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D019713:Receptors, CCR5; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4