title: Detection of glutamate in the eye by Raman spectroscopy.
abstract: Raman spectroscopy is used to detect glutamate in the eye. Glutamate, a by-product of nerve cell death, is an indicator of glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy. The Raman spectra of ex vivo whole porcine eyes and individual components (lens, cornea, vitreous) are measured and characterized. Monosodium glutamate is injected into the eyes to simulate disease conditions, and the contribution to the Raman spectrum due to the presence of glutamate is identified. The Raman spectra from the native eye is dominated by vibrational modes from proteins in the lens. An optical system is designed to optimize collection of signal from the vitreous, where the glutamate is located, and reduce the Raman from the lens. Two vibrational fingerprints of monosodium glutamate are detected at 1369 and 1422 cm(-1), although the concentrations are much above physiological concentrations.
authors.affiliation: City College of New York, Physics Department, Convent Avenue and 137th Street, New York, New York 10031, USA.
authors.forename: Al
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: Erik F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Kruger
authors.forename: Glenn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Minko
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.forename: Robert R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Alfano
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003315:Cornea / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism*; D005123:Eye / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D012970:Sodium Glutamate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013552:Swine; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D012970:Sodium Glutamate