title: Cue-induced behavioural activation: a novel model of alcohol craving?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alcohol-associated cues elicit craving in human addicts but little is known about craving mechanisms. Current animal models focus on relapse and this may confound the effect of environmental cues. OBJECTIVES. To develop a model to study the effects of environmental cues on alcohol consumption in animals not experiencing withdrawal or relapse.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were trained to orally self-administer an alcohol (5% w/v)/saccharin (0.2%) solution 30 min a day for 20 days. After stable responding on a free choice between alcohol/saccharin and water, rats were exposed to 5, 10 or 15 min of alcohol-associated cues or 5 min of non-alcohol associated cues. The effect of a 5-min cue was measured after a 10-day break from training or pre-treatment with 0.03, 0.1 or 1 mg/kg naltrexone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rats given 5 min of alcohol-associated cues responded significantly more on the active lever (26% increase) and consumed more alcohol as verified by increased blood alcohol levels (8.9 mM versus control 7.5 mM). Ten or 15 min of cues did not change alcohol consumption and 5 min in a novel environment decreased response by 66%. After a 10-day break in training, 5 min of alcohol-associated cues still increased alcohol consumption (29% increase) and the cue effect could be dose-dependently blocked by naltrexone (143% decrease at 0.03 mg/kg).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cue-induced behavioural activation was specific to alcohol cues, reproducible, persistent and could be blocked by naltrexone, and its correlation with human self-report of craving makes it a potentially useful model for studying alcohol craving.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Drug Dependence Research, Karolinska Institutet, Building L4a:00, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pickering
authors.forename: Sture
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liljequist
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D000818:Animals; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000523:psychology*; D003463:Cues; D004193:Discrimination Learning; D004777:Environment; D000431:Ethanol / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000494:pharmacology; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012646:Self Administration; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D000431:Ethanol; D009271:Naltrexone