title: Macroscopic cartilage formation with embryonic stem-cell-derived mesodermal progenitor cells.
abstract: The totipotent embryonic stem cell generates various mesodermal cells when stimulated with BMP4. Among the resulting cells, those expressing flk-1 and/or PDGFRalpha displayed chondrogenic activity in the presence of TGFbeta3 and expressed cartilage-specific genes in 7 to 16 day pellet cultures. Depositions of cartilage matrix and type II collagen were detected by day 14. TGFbeta-stimulated chondrogenesis was synergistically enhanced by PDGF-BB, resulting in a larger cartilage particle filled with a cartilaginous area containing type II collagen, with a surface cell layer expressing type I collagen. In contrast, noggin inhibited both the TGFbeta- and TGFbeta+PDGF-stimulated cartilage formation, suggesting that a BMP-dependent pathway is involved. In fact, replacement of TGFbeta3 with BMP4 on days 10 to 12 markedly elevated the cartilage matrix deposition during the following 7 to 8 days. Moreover, culture with TGFbeta3 and PDGF-BB, followed by the incubation with BMP4 alone, resulted in a cartilage particle lacking type I collagen in the matrix and the surface layer, which suggests hyaline cartilage formation. Furthermore, such hyaline cartilage particles were mineralized. These studies indicate that the PDGFRalpha+ and/or flk-1+ cells derived from embryonic stem cells possess the full developmental potential toward chondrocytes, in common with embryonic mesenchymal cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolic Disorders, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA. naoki.nakayama@amgen.com
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nakayama
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Duryea
authors.forename: Raffi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Manoukian
authors.forename: Gwyneth
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.forename: Chun-Ya E
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Han
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000077214:Becaplermin; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002356:Cartilage / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D020219:Chondrogenesis; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free / Q000494:pharmacology; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000166:cytology*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009841:Oligonucleotides / Q000737:chemistry; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D020574:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C525810:Bmp4 protein, mouse; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; D009841:Oligonucleotides; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; D020574:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D000077214:Becaplermin; D003094:Collagen