title: Oculomotor impairment during chronic partial sleep deprivation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effects of chronic partial sleep (sleep deprivation) and extended sleep (sleep augmentation) followed by recovery sleep on oculomotor function were evaluated in normal subjects to explore the usefulness of oculomotor assessment for alertness monitoring in fitness-for-duty testing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-six commercial drivers (24-62 years, 50m/16f) participated in a 15 day study composed of 3 training days with 8h time in bed per night, 7 experimental days with subjects randomly assigned to either 3, 5, 7, or 9h time in bed, and 3 recovery nights with 8h time in bed. Data from 57 subjects were used. Saccadic velocity (SV), initial pupil diameter (IPD), latency to pupil constriction (CL), and amplitude of pupil constriction (CA) were assessed and correlated with the sleep latency test (SLT), the Stanford sleepiness scale (SSS), and simulated driving performance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regression analyses showed that SV slowed significantly in the 3 and 5h groups, IPD decreased significantly in the 9h group, and CL increased significantly in the 3h group. SLT and SSS significantly correlated with SV, IPD, CL, and driving accidents for the 3h group, and with CL for the 5h group. Analyses also showed a significant negative correlation between decreasing SV and increasing driving accidents in the 3h group and a significant negative correlation between IPD and driving accidents for the 7h group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrate a sensitivity primarily of SV to sleepiness, and a correlation of SV and IPD to impaired simulated driving performance, providing evidence for the potential utility of oculomotor indicators in the detection of excessive sleepiness and deterioration of complex motor performance with chronic partial sleep restriction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This paper shows a relationship between sleep deprivation and oculomotor measures, and suggests a potential utility for oculometrics in assessing operational performance readiness under sleep restricted conditions.
authors.affiliation: Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Division of Neurosciences, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA. michael.russo@na.amedd.army.mil <michael.russo@na.amedd.army.mil>
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Thorne
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sing
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Redmond
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rowland
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Krichmar
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Balkin
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D000328:Adult; D001334:Automobile Driving; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009802:Oculomotor Nerve / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012025:Reflex, Pupillary / Q000502:physiology; D012438:Saccades / Q000502:physiology; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology