title: The ranging behaviour and habitat use of rabbits on farmland and their potential role in the epidemiology of paratuberculosis.
abstract: Grazing herbivores avoid grass swards contaminated with faeces as the ingestion of faeces is a common route of micro- and macro-parasite transmission. The recent novel finding that herbivores do not avoid grass swards contaminated with rabbit faeces suggests that disease risk posed to herbivores by rabbits is determined by rabbit ranging and excretory behaviour. Using as a case study rabbits and the risk Mycobacterium avium sub-species paratuberculosis (M. a. paratuberculosis) poses to cattle, the interaction between rabbits and grazing pasture was studied on an infected farm in the east of Scotland in spring and autumn 2000. Radio telemetry, burrow surveys and faecal pellet count data were collected on two areas (Areas 1 and 2) of the farm with different habitat mosaics, to study the potential effects of season and habitat on the spatial distribution of rabbits faeces and thus disease in the environment. Twenty one rabbits were radio tracked and a total of 902 fixes collected. Mean home range sizes (100% minimum convex polygons) were between 2.0 and 7.1 ha per rabbit per season. Home ranges were significantly larger in spring, and in Area 1 which had more moor and woodland and less rough pasture. Rabbits used rough pasture most in Area 1 and gorse scrub in Area 2. In both areas, significantly more burrows were located in gorse scrub than in any other habitat. Most faecal pellets were deposited on the moorland habitat of Area 2 in autumn. In habitats to which grazing livestock had access, the mean rate of faecal deposition was 8571 pellets per ha per day. The greatest risk of disease transmission occurred in habitats of poor grazing quality (e.g., gorse scrub) which were used by rabbits for burrowing and thus contained high concentrations of faeces. The findings of the study are discussed in relation to management practices aimed at reducing disease risk to livestock, including the fencing of scrub and the reduction of rabbit population size to prevent expansion of rabbit burrows from scrub into grazing pastures.
authors.affiliation: Scottish Agricultural College, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK.
authors.forename: Mike J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Daniels
authors.forename: Jon D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Lees
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Hutchings
authors.forename: Alastair
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Greig
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000635:transmission*; D004032:Diet; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious / Q000662:veterinary*; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D009068:Movement; D010283:Paratuberculosis / Q000635:transmission*; D006109:Poaceae; D011817:Rabbits / Q000382:microbiology*; D012307:Risk Factors