title: KLF5 is frequently deleted and down-regulated but rarely mutated in prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies mapped a region at the q21 band of chromosome 13 (13q21), which is frequently deleted in various human cancers including prostate cancer, suggesting the existence of a tumor suppressor gene at 13q21. The target gene of deletion in prostate cancer, however, has not been identified at present.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined four non-neoplastic and 18 neoplastic prostatic cell lines or xenografts. Homozygous/hemizygous deletion was detected by assays of duplex PCR and real-time PCR. Expression levels of genes were determined by the methods of RT-PCR, real time PCR, and northern blot analysis. Mutations of KLF5 were detected by the approaches of single strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) and direct sequencing. For the detection of promoter methylation, Southern blotting of genomic DNA and restriction digestion or SSCP analysis of methylation specific PCR products were used. Finally, an expression plasmid of KLF5 was introduced into prostate cancer cell lines with reduced KLF5 expression to investigate colony formation for cell growth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A 2-Mb region of homozygous deletion at 13q21 was detected in the LUCaP70 xenograft of prostate cancer. This region of deletion was further narrowed to 142 Kb by a hemizygous deletion in the NCI-H660 cell line. KLF5 was identified as the only complete gene in the smallest region of deletion. Quantitative deletion of KLF5 genome occurred in six of the 18 (33%) prostate cancer xenografts/cell lines. Each of the six samples with deletion also showed loss of expression for KLF5, suggesting that hemizygous deletion is one mechanism for loss of KLF5 expression. In total, 16 of the 18 cases (89%) showed loss of KLF5 expression at different degrees. In contrast, mutations and promoter methylations were not detected in any of the samples. Functionally, restoration of KLF5 in DU 145 and 22Rv1 cell lines significantly inhibited their growth in vitro.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Frequent genomic deletion and loss of expression as well as cell growth suppression indicate that KLF5 is a reasonable candidate for the tumor suppressor gene at 13q21 in prostate cancer. Mutation and promoter methylation are not common mechanisms for the inactivation of KLF5 in prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
authors.forename: Ceshi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Hina V
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Bhalala
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Vessella
authors.forename: Jin-Tang
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Dong
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D019175:DNA Methylation; D015536:Down-Regulation; D017353:Gene Deletion; D006801:Humans; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C492214:KLF5 protein, human; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors; D015534:Trans-Activators