title: T cell cytokine profiles in childhood asthma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An imbalance of T cell subsets in asthma with a predominance of Th2 type cells has been proposed. The aim of this study was simultaneously to detect surface markers and intracellular production of cytokines in T cells from the airways of children with and without asthma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was obtained by wedging a suction catheter into the distal airway immediately before elective surgery. Cells were stimulated with phorbol 12-myristrate 13-acetate (PMA) and ionomycin and intracytoplasmic cytokine retention was achieved using monensin. The cells were stained with the relevant antibodies and analysed by flow cytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No statistical difference was observed between children with atopic asthma, atopic non-asthmatic subjects, and normal controls in the percentage of CD3+ cells producing interleukin (IL)-2 or IL-4. Interferon (IFN)gamma+ T cells were, however, present in a much higher percentage than either IL-2 or IL-4 positive cells. The percentage of IFNgamma+ T cells was significantly increased in subjects with atopic asthma (median 71.3%, interquartile range (IQR) 65.1-82.2, n=13) compared with both atopic non-asthmatic subjects (51.9%, IQR 37.2-70.3, n=12), p<0.05 and normal controls (58.1%, IQR 36.1-66.1, n=23), p<0.01.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that IFNgamma producing T cells are more abundant in the airways of children with atopic asthma than in atopic non-asthmatic subjects and controls. The proinflammatory activities of IFNgamma may play an important role in the pathogenesis of childhood asthma and may suggest that asthma is not simply a Th2 driven response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Warke
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Shields
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ennis
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology*; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000166:cytology; D015704:CD4 Antigens / Q000276:immunology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000032:analysis; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000032:analysis; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D015704:CD4 Antigens; D016207:Cytokines; D007376:Interleukin-2; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma