title: A simplified method for preparation of 99mTc-annexin V and its biologic evaluation for in vivo imaging of apoptosis after photodynamic therapy.
abstract: Apoptosis is the likely mechanism behind the effects of chemotherapeutic and radiation treatments, rejection of organ transplants, and cell death due to hypoxic-ischemic injury. A simplified method capable of imaging apoptosis in living animals could have many applications leading to understanding of the involvement of apoptosis in biologic and therapeutic processes. To accomplish this goal we developed a method for the preparation of (99m)Tc-annexin V and evaluated its usefulness to detect apoptosis that occurs during tumor shrinkage after photodynamic therapy (PDT). PDT is a cancer treatment modality that leads to rapid induction of apoptosis both in vitro and in in vivo animal models.
  
  
  METHODS
  A novel synthesis of (99m)Tc-annexin V was performed in a simple 1-pot procedure. Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma (RIF-1) tumors grown in C(3)H mice were treated with PDT, followed by injection of (99m)Tc-annexin V and measurement of its tumor uptake at 2, 4, and 7 h after PDT by autoradiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The radiochemical purity of (99m)Tc-annexin V was >95%. At all time points, (99m)Tc-annexin V was clearly imaged in the PDT-treated tumors, whereas the untreated tumors showed no uptake of the radiolabeled compound. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry of PDT-treated tumors confirmed the evidence of apoptosis compared with untreated tumors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate the detection of apoptosis using (99m)Tc-annexin V in tumor tissue in living animals after PDT treatment. This novel technique could be used as a noninvasive means to detect and serially image tissues undergoing apoptosis after cancer treatment protocols in humans. Other potential applications of this technique could be the diagnosis of several human disorders, such as myocardial ischemia or infarct, rejection of organ transplantation, and neonatal cerebral ischemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Murugesan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Subbarayan
authors.forename: Urs O
authors.initials: UO
authors.lastname: Häfeli
authors.forename: Denise K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Feyes
authors.forename: Jaya
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Unnithan
authors.forename: Steven N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Emancipator
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mukhtar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017304:Annexin A5 / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001345:Autoradiography / Q000379:methods; D005354:Fibrosarcoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D007553:Isotope Labeling / Q000379:methods*; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D017304:Annexin A5; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; C417036:technetium Tc 99m annexin V