title: Evidence of Leptospira interrogans infection in California sea lion pups from the Gulf of California.
abstract: Forty-two urine and 96 blood and serum samples were obtained from California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) pups from the Gulf of California during the 2000 reproductive season. Antibody prevalence to 13 serovars of Leptospira interrogans was determined by microagglutination tests (MAT); presence of pathogenic leptospires was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Samples with antibody titers > or = 1:25 or 115 bp fragments on ethidium bromidestained 1.5% agarose gels were considered positive. Antibody prevalence was 54% overall with highest prevalence against serovar cynopteri (50% of all positive reactions). Highest antibody titers (1:50) were detected against serovars cynopteri and pomona. Polymerase chain reaction products were observed in two of 42 urine samples, six of 96 blood samples, and one of 96 serum samples. Presence of PCR products in blood and serum was demonstrated in pups that were seronegative. Kruskall-Wallis tests and corresponding post hoc Tukey tests (alpha = 0.05) showed that prevalence of leptospirosis was significantly different among all rookeries. The high seroprevalence (54%), low antibody titers (maximum 1:50), absence of pups showing clinical signs indicative of the disease, and lack of recent reports of increased mortality of sea lions in the Gulf of California are suggestive of the presence of enzootic host-adapted serovars. Crowding in rookeries as well as the presence of bats and rodents on some of the islands may explain infection by L. interrogans (sensu lato) and some of the differences in seroprevalence among reproductive rookeries.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ecología, División de Oceanología, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada. Km 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, México. kaa29@cam.ac.uk
authors.forename: Karina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Acevedo-Whitehouse
authors.forename: Horacio
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: de la Cueva
authors.forename: Frances M D
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Gulland
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Aurioles-Gamboa
authors.forename: Fausto
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Arellano-Carbajal
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Suarez-Güemes
mesh_terms: D000372:Agglutination Tests / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D000835:Animals, Wild; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood; D002140:California; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D007921:Leptospira interrogans / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D007922:Leptospirosis / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000652:urine / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D015995:Prevalence; D046070:Sea Lions; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D004269:DNA, Bacterial