title: Arrests and convictions for cannabis related offences in a New Zealand birth cohort.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the associations between the use of cannabis and arrest/conviction for cannabis related offences.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on cannabis use and arrests/convictions for cannabis related offences were gathered during the course of a 21-year longitudinal study of a birth cohort of Christchurch (New Zealand) born children (N=983). Information on cannabis use, arrests and convictions was gathered over the period from 16 to 21 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By the age of 21, over two thirds of the cohort had used cannabis on at least one occasion with 5% using cannabis on more than 400 occasions. Amongst cannabis users, 5.1% had been arrested for a cannabis related offence and 3.6% had been convicted of an offence. There was a strong association between the extent of cannabis use and risks of arrest/conviction: over a quarter of those using cannabis on more than 400 occasions had been arrested or convicted for a cannabis related offence compared with less than 1% of those using cannabis on fewer than ten occasions. Māori, those with a previous arrest record for non cannabis related offences and those reporting involvement in violent/property offending were more likely to be arrested or convicted than other cohort members having the same level of cannabis use; in addition, males were more likely to be convicted than females with the same level of cannabis use. Arrest/conviction for a cannabis related offence did not reduce the use of cannabis: of those arrested/convicted, 95% either increased their use or continued with the same level of cannabis use subsequent to their arrest.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study reinforce concerns about laws relating to the use and possession of cannabis. The findings show that the law was administered in an inefficient way, the application of the law was biased, and the law was ineffective in reducing cannabis use.
authors.affiliation: Christchurch Health and Development Study, Department of Psychological Medicine, Christchurch School of Medicine, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, New Zealand. david.fergusson@chmeds.ac.nz
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Fergusson
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Swain-Campbell
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Horwood
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003415:Crime / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008385:Marijuana Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D011329:Prisoners / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*