title: Relation of fibrinogen to cardiovascular events is independent of preclinical cardiovascular disease: the Strong Heart Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is unclear whether fibrinogen predicts cardiovascular events independently of echocardiographic cardiovascular abnormalities and traditional risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 2671 American Indians who participated in the second Strong Heart Study examination (1993-1995) and were observed for an average of 50 +/- 6 months. Participants with baseline overt coronary artery disease or a plasma creatinine level > or =3 mg/dL were excluded. Left ventricular hypertrophy, elevated arterial stiffness, and subnormal myocardial contractility were assessed by echocardiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalences of echocardiographic abnormalities and cardiovascular event rates were higher with higher fibrinogen levels. Incident cardiovascular events (n = 158) and deaths (n = 64) were more frequent in participants with elevated fibrinogen levels (>400 mg/dL) than in participants with lower fibrinogen levels, as was the prevalence of echocardiographic abnormalities (both P <.01). Incident cardiovascular fatal and nonfatal events and cardiovascular deaths were 4 and 8 times higher, respectively, in participants with both elevated fibrinogen levels and echocardiographic abnormalities than in participants with neither echocardiographic abnormalities nor elevated fibrinogen levels. However, participants with fibrinogen levels >400 mg/dL had a 2 times greater relative risk of cardiovascular events or mortality, independent of both risk factors and echocardiographic abnormalities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a population-based sample of adults without clinical evidence of coronary artery disease at baseline, fibrinogen levels predicted cardiovascular events independent of traditional risk factors, left ventricular hypertrophy, elevated arterial stiffness, and subnormal myocardial systolic function.
authors.affiliation: Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA. vpalmier@med.cornell.edu
authors.forename: Vittorio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Palmieri
authors.forename: Aldo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Celentano
authors.forename: Mary J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Roman
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: de Simone
authors.forename: Lyle
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Best
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Robbins
authors.forename: Richard R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Fabsitz
authors.forename: Barbara V
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Devereux
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality*; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000032:analysis*; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D007198:Indians, North American; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality
chemical_list: D005340:Fibrinogen