title: Glibenclamide inhibits islet carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 activity, leading to PKC-dependent insulin exocytosis.
abstract: Hypoglycemic sulfonylureas such as glibenclamide have been widely used to treat type 2 diabetic patients for 40 yr, but controversy remains about their mode of action. The widely held view is that they promote rapid insulin exocytosis by binding to and blocking pancreatic beta-cell ATP-dependent K+ (KATP) channels in the plasma membrane. This event stimulates Ca2+ influx and sets in motion the exocytotic release of insulin. However, recent reports show that >90% of glibenclamide-binding sites are localized intracellularly and that the drug can stimulate insulin release independently of changes in KATP channels and cytoplasmic free Ca2+. Also, glibenclamide specifically and progressively accumulates in islets in association with secretory granules and mitochondria and causes long-lasting insulin secretion. It has been proposed that nutrient insulin secretagogues stimulate insulin release by increasing formation of malonyl-CoA, which, by blocking carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT-1), switches fatty acid (FA) catabolism to synthesis of PKC-activating lipids. We show that glibenclamide dose-dependently inhibits beta-cell CPT-1 activity, consequently suppressing FA oxidation to the same extent as glucose in cultured fetal rat islets. This is associated with enhanced diacylglycerol (DAG) formation, PKC activation, and KATP-independent glibenclamide-stimulated insulin exocytosis. The fat oxidation inhibitor etomoxir stimulated KATP-independent insulin secretion to the same extent as glibenclamide, and the action of both drugs was not additive. We propose a mechanism in which inhibition of CPT-1 activity by glibenclamide switches beta-cell FA metabolism to DAG synthesis and subsequent PKC-dependent and KATP-independent insulin exocytosis. We suggest that chronic CPT inhibition, through the progressive islet accumulation of glibenclamide, may explain the prolonged stimulation of insulin secretion in some diabetic patients even after drug removal that contributes to the sustained hypoglycemia of the sulfonylurea.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm South Hospital, SE 118 83 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lehtihet
authors.forename: Nils
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Welsh
authors.forename: Per-Olof
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Berggren
authors.forename: George A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Ake
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sjoholm
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002334:Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000201:enzymology; D004075:Diglycerides / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005089:Exocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005905:Glyburide / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D008316:Malonyl Coenzyme A / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011247:Pregnancy; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D004075:Diglycerides; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005227:Fatty Acids; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D008316:Malonyl Coenzyme A; D002334:Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D005905:Glyburide