title: Fatigue, anxiety, and depression in long-term survivors of testicular cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the prevalence of chronic fatigue (CF), the levels of anxiety and depression, and the correlation between these conditions in long-term survivors of testicular cancer (TCSs). Occurrence of CF in TCSs is compared with findings in male survivors of Hodgkin's disease (HDSs) and in males from the general population (GenPop).
  
  
  METHODS
  TCSs, HDSs, and two cohorts of the GenPop completed the Fatigue Questionnaire (FQ) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) as part of a questionnaire survey. Cases of CF were identified according to published cut-offs, and the levels of anxiety (HADS-A) and depression (HADS-D) were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 791 TCSs, 16% displayed CF (HDSs, 24%; GenPop, 10%). In the age group younger than 30 years, the prevalence of CF was higher in TCSs than in the GenPop (P <.01). In TCSs, age, anxiety, depression, and comorbidity were independent predictors of CF. The mean HADS-A score in TCSs was significantly above the comparable figure of the GenPop and similar to that of HDSs. The mean HADS-D score in TCSs was below that of the GenPop. The highest and lowest mean scores of HADS-A and HADS-D were observed in the youngest TCSs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of CF is less in TCSs than in HDSs but exceeds that of the GenPop. Together with comorbidity and age, anxiety and depression predict CF in TCSs, warranting psychiatric intervention for cases of CF among TCSs. Anxiety is a larger problem in TCSs than depression, particularly among the youngest TCSs.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Radium Hospital, Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Oslo, Norway. s.d.fossa@klinmed.uio.no
authors.forename: Sophie D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Fosså
authors.forename: Alv A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Dahl
authors.forename: Jon H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Loge
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology*; D005221:Fatigue / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology*; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000150:complications