title: Transdermal application of bupivacaine-loaded poly(acrylamide(A)-co-monomethyl itaconate) hydrogels.
abstract: Bupivacaine, an amide local anaesthetic agent of long-acting and intense anaesthesia, was incorporated into poly(acrylamide(A)-co-monomethyl itaconate (MMI)) hydrogels. The swelling behaviour of two gel compositions, without drug, 75A/25MMI and 60A/40MMI, through rabbit ear skin, mounted on a modified Franz diffusion cell, was studied. Both gel compositions reach the equilibrium swelling degree (88.9+/-0.7 wt.% for 75A/25MMI and 92.5+/-0.1 wt.% for 60A/40MMI). The swelling kinetics was in accordance with the second Fick's Law; diffusion coefficients indicate faster swelling for gels with lower amount of monomethyl itaconic acid. The skin flux of bupivacaine solution through rabbit ear skin was 105+/-24 microg/cm(2)/h, the effective permeability coefficient was 26 x 10(-3)+/-9 x 10(-3)cm/h, and 77+/-15% of bupivacaine was permeated. Bupivacaine-loaded gels allow the drug was permeated through the skin. 47+/-4% and 36+/-3% of the drug amount included in 75A/25MMI and 60A/40MMI hydrogels, respectively, was permeated. The skin flux of the drug was between 90+/-5 and 16+/-7 microg/cm(2)/h depending on the amount of bupivacaine included in the gel and the gel composition. Skin flux increases with the drug load of the gels. Furthermore, as more MMI in the gel slower skin flux of the drug due to bupivacaine-gel interactions.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain.
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Blanco
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Bernardo
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Teijón
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Sastre
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Teijón
mesh_terms: D000178:Acrylamides; D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000818:Animals; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D020100:Hydrogels; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D010539:Permeability; D011817:Rabbits; D012869:Skin Absorption; D013386:Succinates
chemical_list: D000178:Acrylamides; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D020100:Hydrogels; D013386:Succinates; C477201:poly(acrylamide-co-monomethyl itaconate); D002045:Bupivacaine