title: Both IL-4 and IL-13 inhibit the TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma enhanced MDC production in a human keratinocyte cell line, HaCaT cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) is a Th2 type chemokine and its receptor CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) is preferentially expressed on Th2 cells. Recent reports demonstrated that MDC is expressed not only by macrophages, dendritic cells and lymphocytes, but also by cultured human keratinocytes (KCs). However, the regulation of MDC production in KCs by various cytokines has not been well documented.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we investigated how Th1/Th2 cytokines regulate MDC production in a human KC cell line, HaCaT cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  HaCaT cells were cultured with or without various cytokines for 24 h and RT-PCR was performed using these cells to evaluate MDC mRNA levels. ELISA was carried out using supernatant of HaCaT cells to calculate secreted MDC protein levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MDC mRNA was weakly expressed in HaCaT cells, and upon stimulation with TNF-alpha or IFN-gamma, MDC expression was strongly upregulated. The supernatant MDC levels when stimulated with TNF-alpha or IFN-gamma were significantly higher than those without stimulation, and were synergistically increased when stimulated with a combination of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma. Both interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13 inhibited TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma enhanced MDC production in HaCaT cells in a dose-dependent manner.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Th2-type cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 downregulate the production of MDC, a Th2 type chemokine, by KCs. This may partially contribute to maintaining Th1/Th2 balance in inflammatory skin diseases like atopic dermatitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8655, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kagami
authors.forename: Hidehisa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Saeki
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sugaya
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kakinuma
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.forename: Shoichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yano
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mitsui
authors.forename: Hideshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Torii
authors.forename: Mayumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Komine
authors.forename: Akihiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Asahina
authors.forename: Koichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Kunihiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tamaki
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002460:Cell Line; D054422:Chemokine CCL22; D019742:Chemokines, CC / Q000235:genetics*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004357:Drug Synergism; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology; D018793:Interleukin-13 / Q000494:pharmacology; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000494:pharmacology; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000494:pharmacology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C515482:CCL22 protein, human; D054422:Chemokine CCL22; D019742:Chemokines, CC; D016207:Cytokines; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D018793:Interleukin-13; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D015847:Interleukin-4; D003907:Dexamethasone; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D016559:Tacrolimus