title: Nitric oxide synthesis and TNF-alpha secretion in RAW 264.7 macrophages: mode of action of a fermented papaya preparation.
abstract: Macrophage inducible nitric oxide synthase is able to generate massive amounts of nitric oxide (NO) which contributes to the host immune defense against viruses and bacteria. Monocyte-macrophages stimulated with the bacterial wall component lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and cytokines such as interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) express the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Furthermore, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is one of the central regulatory cytokines in macrophage antimicrobial activity and synergizes with IFN-gamma in the induction of NO synthesis. Because of its pivotal role in both antimicrobial and tumoricidal activities of macrophages, a significant effort has focused on developing therapeutic agents that regulate NO production. In the present study fermented papaya preparation (FPP) is shown to exert both immunomodulatory and antioxidant activity in the macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. Interestingly, a low and a high molecular weight fraction (LMF and HMF, respectively) of FPP exhibited different activity patterns. FPP fractions alone did not affect NO production. However in the presence of IFN-gamma, both LMF and HMF significantly increased iNOS activity and nitrite as well as nitrate accumulation. NO radical formation measured in real-time by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy was higher in the presence of LMF and IFN-gamma. On the contrary, iNOS mRNA levels were enhanced further with HMF than with LMF. Moreover, LMF displayed a stronger superoxide anion scavenging activity than HMF. In the presence of IFN-gamma, both FPP fractions stimulated TNF-alpha secretion. However in non-stimulated macrophages, TNF-alpha secretion was enhanced by HMF only. Since water-soluble FPP fractions contained no lipid A, present data indicate that FPP is a macrophage activator which augments nitric oxide synthesis and TNF-alpha secretion independently of lipopolysaccharides.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, 251 Life Science Addition, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rimbach
authors.forename: Y C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Moini
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Qureshi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Saliou
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takayama
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Virgili
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Packer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D029441:Carica / Q000737:chemistry*; D002460:Cell Line; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D024202:Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; D005285:Fermentation; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000378:metabolism; D008033:Limulus Test; D008050:Lipid A / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009566:Nitrates / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D009573:Nitrites / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D008050:Lipid A; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D013481:Superoxides; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase