title: Leukaemia inhibitory factor retards the progression of atherosclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our previous studies showed that the pleiotropic cytokine leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) inhibits the de novo formation of experimental atherosclerotic lesions. The present study examined whether LIF also inhibits progression of pre-existing atheroma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Balloon angioplasty was performed on the right carotid arteries of 18 rabbits immediately before placing animals on a cholesterol-enriched diet. After 4 weeks, at which time the intima:media ratio (I:M) was 0.99+/-0.12 (n=6), osmotic minipumps containing LIF (n=6) or saline control (n=6) were inserted into the peritoneal cavity of each of the remaining rabbits for a further 4 weeks. Arteries were then harvested for analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Continuous administration of LIF for the final 4 weeks of an 8-week cholesterol-enriched diet completely inhibited lesion progression in injured carotid arteries (I:M 1.05+/-0.16) compared with the saline-treated group at 8 weeks (1.62+/-0.13; P<0.05). Similarly in contralateral uninjured carotid arteries, LIF treatment prevented an increase in I:M from a baseline of 0.11+/-0.01 at 4 weeks to 0.15+/-0.02 at 8 weeks compared with 0.40+/-0.04 for the saline-treated group at 8 weeks (P<0.05). LIF reduced the number of macrophages in the neointima of uninjured arteries, but had no effect on the cellular composition of injured arteries. LIF treatment normalised smooth muscle-dependent vasoreactivity to phenylephrine and sodium nitroprusside in both injured and uninjured arteries. Expression and activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were up-regulated in response to hypercholesterolemia with levels further increased following endothelial denudation. With LIF treatment, iNOS expression was increased in uninjured arteries but marginally reduced in injured arteries. LIF receptors were expressed in both uninjured and injured arteries, with LIF treatment having no significant effect on expression levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LIF prevents progression of pre-formed atherosclerotic plaques, affecting lesion size and vascular reactivity. LIF treatment has differential effects within the artery wall, depending on the presence or absence of de-endothelialisation injury.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Vascular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Barbara E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Rolfe
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stamatiou
authors.forename: Cameron J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: World
authors.forename: Lindsay
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Anita C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bingley
authors.forename: Nathalie F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Worth
authors.forename: Julie H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Campbell
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D015153:Blotting, Western / Q000379:methods; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018450:Disease Progression; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D015850:Interleukin-6; D053605:Leukemia Inhibitory Factor; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D018832:Molecular Chaperones / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000494:pharmacology; D010656:Phenylephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D011506:Proteins; D011817:Rabbits; D012701:Serotonin / Q000494:pharmacology; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D015850:Interleukin-6; C507837:LIF protein, human; D053605:Leukemia Inhibitory Factor; D018832:Molecular Chaperones; D011506:Proteins; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D009599:Nitroprusside; D010656:Phenylephrine; D012701:Serotonin; C496319:NOS2 protein, human; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D000109:Acetylcholine