title: Water quality improvement through bioretention: lead, copper, and zinc removal.
abstract: Intensive automobile use, weathering of building materials, and atmospheric deposition contribute lead, copper, zinc, and other heavy metals to urban and roadway runoff. Bioretention is a low-impact-development best management practice that has the potential to improve stormwater quality from developed areas. The practice represents a soil, sand, organic matter, and vegetation-based storage and infiltration facility used in parking lots and on individual lots to treat runoff. Investigations using pilot-plant laboratory bioretention systems and two existing bioretention facilities documented their effectiveness at removing low levels of lead, copper, and zinc from synthetic stormwater runoff. Removal rates of these metals (based on concentration and total mass) were excellent, reaching close to 100% for all metals under most conditions, with effluent copper and lead levels mostly less than 5 microg/L and zinc less than 25 microg/L. Somewhat less removal was noted for shallow bioretention depths. Runoff pH, duration, intensity, and pollutant concentrations were varied, and all had minimal effect on removal. The two field investigations generally supported the laboratory studies. Overall, excellent removal of dissolved heavy metals can be expected through bioretention infiltration. Although the accumulation of metals is a concern, buildup problems are not anticipated for more than 15 years because of the low metal concentrations expected in runoff.
authors.affiliation: Maryland Water Resources Research Center, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park 20742, USA. apdavis@eng.umd.edu
authors.forename: Allen P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shokouhian
authors.forename: Himanshu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Christie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Minami
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Winogradoff
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D003300:Copper / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005374:Filtration; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007854:Lead / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D010944:Plants; D011786:Quality Control; D012987:Soil; D014872:Water Movements; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*; D014881:Water Supply; D015032:Zinc / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D009930:Organic Chemicals; D012987:Soil; D007854:Lead; D003300:Copper; D015032:Zinc