title: Biotransformation of insulin glargine after subcutaneous injection in healthy subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is important to establish pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic differences between novel insulin analogues and human insulin. This study examined the primary metabolic degradation products of insulin glargine (LANTUS) in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this single dose, open-label study, insulin glargine was administered subcutaneously at a dose of 0.6 IU/kg; placebo was administered to one control subject.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four healthy male subjects, plus one control subject, aged 18-50 years were enrolled in this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following insulin glargine administration, blood glucose levels were clamped at the subjects' fasting concentration for 6 h and the amount of 20% glucose infused to maintain this baseline concentration was recorded. Metabolite profiling was performed in plasma and injection site tissue using HPLC and radioimmunoassay (RIA). Pharmacokinetics were evaluated by RIA of serum and plasma immunoreactive insulin levels. The primary pharmacodynamic measure was the glucose infusion rate (GIR). Safety was evaluated by measuring blood glucose concentrations during the clamp and adverse events were observed by the investigator or reported by the subject.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Metabolic profiling revealed a clear pattern: insulin glargine is metabolised by sequential cleavage at the carboxy terminus of the B chain, to yield products M1 and M2, which are both structurally similar to human insulin. These degradation products are present both at the injection site and in plasma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thus, during treatment with a subcutaneous injection of insulin glargine, metabolic degradation is likely to be initiated at the injection site and continued within the circulatory system.
authors.affiliation: Aventis Pharma Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany. GertUlrich.kuerzel@aventis.com
authors.forename: G U
authors.initials: GU
authors.lastname: Kuerzel
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Shukla
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Scholtz
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Pretorius
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Wessels
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Venter
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Potgieter
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Koose
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bernhardt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001711:Biotransformation; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000069036:Insulin Glargine; D049528:Insulin, Long-Acting; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011863:Radioimmunoassay; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D049528:Insulin, Long-Acting; D000069036:Insulin Glargine