title: Azithromycin metabolite identification in plasma, bile, and tissues of the ball python (Python regius).
abstract: Azithromycin is the first of a class of antibiotics classified as azalides. Six ball pythons (Python regius) were given a single dose of azithromycin at 10 mg/kg p.o. and i.v. in a crossover design. Serial blood samples were collected for unchanged azithromycin and to determine, if possible, the structure and number of circulating azithromycin metabolites. After a 4-month wash-out period, the snakes were given azithromycin p.o. as a single dose of 10 mg/kg for the study of azithromycin metabolism and metabolite tissue distribution. Bile, liver, lung, kidney, and skin samples were analyzed for the metabolites identified from the first experiment. Unchanged azithromycin accounted for 80, 68, and 60% of the total material at 12, 24, and 48 h postadministration in plasma, independent of route of administration. At both 24 and 72 h postadministration, azithromycin accounted for 70% of total azithromycin- associated material in bile. In liver and kidney, unchanged azithromycin accounted for 40% of the total azithromycin-associated material; this doubled in lung and skin. Fifteen metabolites were positively or tentatively identified in plasma, bile, or tissues of all snakes. Four of these possible metabolites: 3'-desamine-3-ene-azithromycin, descladinose dehydroxy-2-ene-azithromycin, 3'-desamine-3-ene descladinose-azithromycin, and 3'-N-nitroso,9a-N-desmethyl-azithromycin are unique to this species. Descladinose-azithromycin, 3'-N-desmethyl,9a-N-desmethyl-azithromycin, and 3'-N-desmethyl, 3'-O-desmethyl-azithromycin were the only metabolites identified in skin. Kidney tissue contained a greater number of metabolites than liver tissue, with 3'-N-didesmethyl-azithromycin being identified only in the kidney. Compared with the dog and cat, a greater number of metabolites were identified in ball python plasma. The percentage of unchanged azithromycin in bile is not different between the three species.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Zoological Pharmacology Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506, USA. rhunter@vet.ksu.edu
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Coke
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Goatley
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Isaza
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D017963:Azithromycin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001646:Bile / Q000378:metabolism; D017821:Boidae / Q000378:metabolism*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D007275:Injections, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D017963:Azithromycin