title: Dietary flaxseed meal is more protective than soy protein concentrate against hypertriglyceridemia and steatosis of the liver in an animal model of obesity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Soy protein and flaxseed meal have been reported to have beneficial effects on many chronic diseases in humans and animals. The primary objective of the study was to evaluate the beneficial effects of soy protein and flaxseed meal on hypertriglyceridemia and liver steatosis associated with obesity and diabetes. We compared the effects of dietary soy protein and flaxseed meal with that of casein on plasma and liver lipids in a genetic model of obesity, type II diabetes and insulin resistance, namely the SHR/N-cp rat.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lean and obese phenotypes of SHR/-cp rats were fed AIN 93 diets containing 20% of energy from casein (control), soy protein concentrate or flaxseed meal for six months. Plasma was analyzed for total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglyceride and total protein. Liver was analyzed for steatosis by light microscopy after staining samples with Hematoxylin-Eosin and Oil-Red-O.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In lean rats soy protein and flaxseed meal significantly decreased plasma total cholesterol (26.0% and 20.3% respectively) compared to casein. In obese rats flaxseed meal had significant cholesterol lowering effect compared to control rats (41%). Soy protein significantly lowered both plasma LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol in lean phenotypes while in obese phenotypes flaxseed meal significantly lowered LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol compared to casein-fed rats. Flaxseed meal also significantly lowered plasma triglyceride in both lean and obese rats compared to casein fed rats (33.7% and 37% respectively). There was significantly greater fat accumulation in livers of obese rats than lean rats (200%) regardless of dietary protein type. Flaxseed meal significantly lowered fat deposition in livers of both lean and obese rats compared to rats fed casein or soy protein. Dietary component(s) present in flaxseed meal or soy protein responsible for hypolipidemic effects is not clear.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The marked hypotriglyceridemic and hypocholesterolemic effects of flaxseed meal may have important therapeutic implications in patients with hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia and deserve further study in humans with these disorders. Flaxseed meal supplementation may provide a new therapeutic strategy to reduce hypertriglyceridemia and fatty liver.
authors.affiliation: Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bldg. 307 Room 315, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. bhathens@ba.ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: Sam J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Bhathena
authors.forename: Ali A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Haudenschild
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Latham
authors.forename: Tedine
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ranich
authors.forename: Ali I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Mohamed
authors.forename: Carl T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Manuel T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Velasquez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002364:Caseins; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019597:Flax; D015228:Hypertriglyceridemia / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D051381:Rats; D011918:Rats, Inbred SHR; D030262:Soybean Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D002364:Caseins; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D030262:Soybean Proteins; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol