title: Angiogenic growth factors released in human dental pulp following orthodontic force.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate if a combination of five diffusible angiogenic growth factors were released in human dental pulp during orthodontic force application, by using growth factor neutralising antibodies (NAs) to block their effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dental pulps from 18 premolar teeth treated with orthodontic fixed appliances for 2 weeks were divided vertically, and each half pulp further sectioned and co-cultured with a section of rat aorta in collagen surrounded by growth media. NAs (anti-h VEGF, anti-h FGF2, anti-h PDGF, anti-TGFbeta and anti-h EGF) were added to the media of the co-cultures from one half of each pulp from 10 teeth. The co-cultures from the remaining eight teeth acted as controls. Sections of rat aorta alone were also cultured with and without NAs. Cultures were examined daily by light microscopy for growth and number of microvessels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NAs significantly reduced microvessel numbers in the co-cultures, but not in the rat aorta alone cultures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show that a combination of these angiogenic growth factors are released in the pulp following orthodontic force.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, GKT Dental Institute, King's College, Caldecot Road, London SE5 9RQ, UK. kathryn.derringer@kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Derringer
authors.forename: R W A
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Linden
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism*; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D009967:Orthodontic Appliances / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D006133:Growth Substances; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008222:Lymphokines; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors