title: The impact of the garden classification on proposed operative treatment.
abstract: The current study evaluates the interobserver reliability and intraobserver reproducibility of the Garden classification of femoral neck fractures, assesses the influence of a lateral radiograph on a fracture's classification, and determines the classification's impact on the surgeon's choice of operative treatment. Forty radiographs of femoral neck fractures were evaluated independently by five orthopaedic surgeons. Kappa values were calculated for interobserver reliability and intraobserver variability with respect to the readers' ability to assess the fractures using the Garden classification and to determine fracture displacement with and without access to a lateral radiograph. In 69% of the instances in which a reader changed the classification of a fracture, the proposed treatment of the fracture did not change. The Garden classification has poor interobserver reliability but good intraobserver reproducibility. The addition of a lateral radiograph does not seem to improve the reliability of the current Garden classification system but may improve the reader's ability to determine fracture displacement. To improve the reliability and usefulness of the Garden classification, the authors suggest that the classification should be modified to have only two stages (Garden A-nondisplaced or valgus impacted and Garden B-displaced) and to include the use of a lateral radiograph.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Oakes
authors.forename: Kent R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Ehrhart
authors.forename: Gary L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Zohman
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Koval
authors.forename: Jay R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lieberman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D005260:Female; D005265:Femoral Neck Fractures / Q000145:classification* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D005592:Fracture Fixation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000145:classification / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011859:Radiography / Q000145:classification* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies