title: Ultrasound measurements of intraabdominal fat estimate the metabolic syndrome better than do measurements of waist circumference.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We recently developed an ultrasound technique to estimate intraabdominal fat (IAF). This method is more accurate than measurement of waist and hip circumferences and is simpler and less expensive than computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We compared the associations of ultrasound and waist-circumference (WC) measurements of IAF with other components of the metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  IAF was determined in 600 consecutive participants in the Secondary Manifestations of Arterial Disease (SMART) study. The mean (+/- SD) age was 56.1 +/- 12.6 y, 30.0% of participants were women, and the mean body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2) was 26.6+/- 4.1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IAF increased with age (ultrasound: r = 0.28; WC: r = 0.25; P < 0.001 for both). Higher IAF, as measured by ultrasound but not by WC, was independently associated with higher metabolic risk factors. The correlation coefficients between IAF measured by ultrasound and plasma glucose, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triacylglycerol were 0.13, 0.16, -0.13, and 0.25, respectively (all P < 0.001; adjusted for age, sex, and BMI). The corresponding coefficients for IAF measured by WC were 0.17 (P < 0.001) and 0.01, -0.06, and 0.05 (all NS).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results confirm the findings of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging investigations. When IAF is measured by ultrasound, the associations are more pronounced than when WC measurements are used and are independent of BMI. This suggests that IAF can be more reliably assessed by ultrasound measurements than by WC measurements.
authors.affiliation: Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Netherlands. r.p.stolk@jc.azu.nl
authors.forename: Ronald P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Stolk
authors.forename: Rudy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Meijer
authors.forename: Willem P T M
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Mali
authors.forename: Diederick E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Grobbee
authors.forename: Yolanda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: van der Graaf
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001824:Body Constitution; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol