title: Effect of drainage on postoperative nausea, vomiting, and pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is associated with a high incidence of postoperative pain, nausea, and vomiting. Pneumoperitoneum created during the operation and residual gas after the operation are two of the factors in postoperative pain and nausea. We studied the effects of a subdiaphragmatic gas drain, which is intended to decrease the residual gas, on postoperative pain, nausea, and vomiting after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy patients were randomized into two demographically and clinically comparable groups: drainage and control. Postoperative pain, nausea, and vomiting were measured by verbal grading and visual analog scale 2-72 h postoperatively. Analgesic and antiemetic use and incidence of retching, vomiting and other complaints were also recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subdiaphragmatic drain effectively reduced the incidence and amount of subdiaphragmatic gas bubble. The incidence and severity of nausea was lower in the drainage group at 72 h. Although severity of pain was lower at 8 and 12 h in the drainage group, the difference was not significant. There was also no difference between the groups in regard to analgesic and antiemetic use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subdiaphragmatic drain offers only minor, if any, benefit on postoperative pain, nausea, and vomiting after laparoscopic cholecystectomy, and this effect is probably clinically irrelevant.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Başkent University Adana Teaching and Research Center, Dadaloglu Mah. 39. Sok. No: 6, 01250, Yuregir Adana, Turkey. tznursal@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Tarik Zafer
authors.initials: TZ
authors.lastname: Nursal
authors.forename: Sedat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yildirim
authors.forename: Akin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tarim
authors.forename: Turgut
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Noyan
authors.forename: Perran
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Poyraz
authors.forename: Nusa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tuna
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haberal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004322:Drainage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011028:Pneumoperitoneum, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects*; D020250:Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016037:Single-Blind Method