Prevalence rates of viral hepatitis infections in refugee Kurds from Iraq and Turkey.
BACKGROUND
Since little is known about the burden of viral hepatitis in Kurds, the prevalence of infection with hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis E virus (HEV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) was investigated in a sample of refugee Kurds from Iraq and Turkey.


METHODS
A cross-sectional study was carried out. Serological markers to hepatitis viruses were determined for 1,005 subjects from all age-groups of which 36.6% were from Turkey and 63.4% from Iraq.


RESULTS
Overall seroprevalence for anti-HAV was 94.4% and 14.8% for anti-HEV. A significantly higher prevalence for anti-HEV was found among Iraqis (17.5%) compared to Turkish immigrants (10.0%). The prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and total anti-HBc (core) was 6.8% and 35.6% in Turkish Kurds and 2.2% and 12.7% in Iraqis, respectively. Only 10% of children aged up to 10 years and 2.8% of subjects aged 11-20 years had been vaccinated against HBV, the majority of them coming from Iraq. One subject was confirmed as positive for anti-HCV (0.1%) and HCV-RNA and analysis showed a 4c/4d genotype.


CONCLUSIONS
This survey shows a high prevalence of enterically transmitted viral hepatitis in Kurds. HBV infection is moderately endemic, while the prevalence of HCV infection is low. There is a need for a universal immunization strategy for HBV in the Kurd population.
Chironna
M
M
Dept. of Internal Medicine and Public Health, Hygiene Section, University of Bari, Policlinico, Piazza G. Cesare 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy. m.chironna@igiene.uniba.it
Germinario
C
C
Lopalco
P L
PL
Carrozzini
F
F
Barbuti
S
S
Quarto
M
M
D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006506:Hepatitis A / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000276:immunology; D006508:Hepatitis Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000276:immunology; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000276:immunology; D016751:Hepatitis E / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000276:immunology; D006521:Hepatitis, Chronic / Q000208:ethnology; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007493:Iraq / Q000208:ethnology; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012036:Refugees; D014421:Turkey / Q000208:ethnology; D014857:Warfare
D006508:Hepatitis Antibodies