title: HIV reproducibly establishes a latent infection after acute infection of T cells in vitro.
abstract: The presence of latent reservoirs has prevented the eradication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from infected patients successfully treated with anti-retroviral therapy. The mechanism of postintegration latency is poorly understood, partly because of the lack of an in vitro model. We have used an HIV retroviral vector or a full-length HIV genome expressing green fluorescent protein to infect a T lymphocyte cell line in vitro and highly enrich for latently infected cells. HIV latency occurred reproducibly, albeit with low frequency, during an acute infection. Clonal cell lines derived from latent populations showed no detectable basal expression, but could be transcriptionally activated after treatment with phorbol esters or tumor necrosis factor alpha. Direct sequencing of integration sites demonstrated that latent clones frequently contain HIV integrated in or close to alphoid repeat elements in heterochromatin. This is in contrast to a productive infection where integration in or near heterochromatin is disfavored. These observations demonstrate that HIV can reproducibly establish a latent infection as a consequence of integration in or near heterochromatin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94141, USA.
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jordan
authors.forename: Dwayne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bisgrove
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Verdin
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D002469:Cell Separation; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000378:metabolism*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D019169:Jurkat Cells; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014775:Virus Activation; D016662:Virus Integration; D017735:Virus Latency
chemical_list: D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins