title: Frequent epigenetic inactivation of the RASSF1A gene in hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: Aberrant promoter methylation is a fundamental mechanism of inactivation of tumor suppressor genes in cancer. The Ras association domain family 1A gene (RASSF1A) is frequently epigenetically silenced in several types of human solid tumors. In this study, we have investigated the expression and methylation status of the RASSF1A gene in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In two HCC cell lines (HepG2 and Hep3B) RASSF1A was inactivated and treatment of these cell lines with a DNA methylation inhibitor reactivated the transcription of RASSF1A. The methylation status of the RASSF1A promoter region was analysed in 26 primary liver tissues including HCC, hepatocellular adenoma (HCA), liver fibrosis, hepatocirrhosis. Out of 15, 14 (93%) HCC were methylated at the RASSF1A CpG island and hypermethylation was independent of hepatitis virus infection. RASSF1A was also methylated in two out of two fibrosis and in three (75%) out of four cirrhosis; the latter carries an increased risk of developing HCC. Additionally, we analysed the methylation status of p16(INK4a) and other cancer-related genes in the same liver tumors. Aberrant methylation in the HCC samples was detected in 71% of samples for p16, 25% for TIMP3, 17% for PTEN, 13% for CDH1, and 7% for RARbeta2. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that RASSF1A and p16(INK4a) inactivation by methylation are frequent events in hepatocellular carcinoma, but not in HCA, which is in contrast to HCC without cirrhosis, viral hepatitis, storage diseases, or genetic background. Therefore, this study gives additional evidence against a progression of adenoma to carcinoma in the liver. Thus, RASSF1A hypermethylation could be useful as a marker of malignancy and to distinguish between the distinct forms of highly differentiated liver neoplasm.
authors.affiliation: AG Tumorgenetik der Medizinischen Fakultät, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany.
authors.forename: Undraga
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schagdarsurengin
authors.forename: Ludwig
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wilkens
authors.forename: Doris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Steinemann
authors.forename: Peer
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Flemming
authors.forename: Hans H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Kreipe
authors.forename: Gerd P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Pfeifer
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schlegelberger
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dammann
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D019175:DNA Methylation; D017931:DNA Primers; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; C411762:RASSF1 protein, human; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins