title: [Facial anthropometry and aesthetic perception in young italian subjects: their use for orthognatic surgery].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aesthetic requests of patients undergoing orthognatic surgery have increased over time and represent nowadays the leading subjective motivation for the patient and a major aim of the treatment for the surgeon. In this regard, anthropometric evaluation has considerably improved the diagnostic capacity of the orthodontist and of the surgeon. Aim of the study is to provide the orthognatic surgeon with anthropometric normal values based on a sample of aesthetically pleasant Italian subjects and to discuss the use of a simplified aesthetical analysis in the set-up of the surgical plan and in the evaluation of treatment outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present study analyses 94 Italian subjects, by means of anthropometric measurements on photographic images, considering 28 facial proportions and 33 angular values. These figures were compared with the aesthetic judgement provided by 3 common observers and 3 orthodontists. The aesthetic score was attributed on a subjective discrete scale (common observer: above average/average/below average; orthodontist: eumorphic/ dismorphic). Data were also compared with similar evaluations on North-American and African subjects reported in the international literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study confirms the sexual dismorphism and the ethnic variability already reported by other Authors and documents specific morphological characters in the Italian population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The described method appears acceptably simple and consistent for clinical application. Its use in orthognatic surgery may provide objective and reproducible data for evaluating the aesthetic outcome of treatment.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Clinica, Sezione di Chirurgia Maxillo-Facciale, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ramieri
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Spada
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nasi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tavolaccini
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Berrone
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry / Q000379:methods; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods; D004954:Esthetics; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005146:Facial Asymmetry / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000208:ethnology; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D009970:Orthodontics; D010781:Photography; D012727:Sex Characteristics