title: Risk factors for locoregional recurrence among breast cancer patients: results from International Breast Cancer Study Group Trials I through VII.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore prognostic factors for locoregional failures (LRF) among women treated for invasive breast cancer within clinical trials of adjuvant therapies.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population consisted of 5,352 women who were treated with a modified radical mastectomy and enrolled in one of seven International Breast Cancer Study Group randomized trials. A total of 1,275 women with node-negative disease received either no adjuvant therapy or a single cycle of perioperative chemotherapy, and 4,077 women with node-positive disease received adjuvant chemotherapy of at least 3 months' duration and/or tamoxifen. Median follow-up is 12 to 15.5 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In women with node-negative disease, factors associated with increased risk of LRF were vascular invasion (VI) and tumor size greater than 2 cm for premenopausal and VI for postmenopausal patients. Of the 1,275 patients, 345 (27%) met criteria for the highest risk groups, and the 10-year cumulative incidences of LRF with or without distant metastases were 16% for premenopausal and 19% for postmenopausal women. For the node-positive cohort, number of nodes and tumor grade were factors for both menopausal groups, with additional prediction provided by VI for premenopausal and tumor size for postmenopausal patients. Of the 4,077 patients, 815 (20%) met criteria for the highest risk groups, and 10-year cumulative incidences were 35% for premenopausal and 34% for postmenopausal women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LRFs are a significant problem after mastectomy alone even for some patients with node-negative breast cancer, as well as after mastectomy and adjuvant treatment for some subgroups of patients with node-positive disease. In addition to number of positive lymph nodes, predictors of LRF include tumor-related factors, such as vascular invasion, higher grade, and larger size.
authors.affiliation: University of Göteborg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden. arne.wallgren@oncology.gu.se
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wallgren
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bonetti
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Gelber
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goldhirsch
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Castiglione-Gertsch
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Holmberg
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lindtner
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Thürlimann
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fey
authors.forename: I D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Forbes
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Coates
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Collins
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology; D008408:Mastectomy; D008593:Menopause; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors