title: Transcranial surgery for pituitary tumors performed by Sir Victor Horsley.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the clinical details and the operative method used in pituitary tumors by Sir Victor Horsley (1857-1916), which represent the earliest attempts at pituitary surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Horsley's case books and postmortem records, archived at the National Hospital, Queen Square, London, were studied for patients with a primary diagnosis of a pituitary tumor admitted during the period 1886 to 1916 who were treated surgically. Contemporary records of nonpituitary cases were also examined to study aspects of Horsley's operative method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four patients (three men and one woman) underwent craniectomy for removal of a pituitary tumor via the subtemporal approach between 1904 and 1907. All four patients experienced significant impairments of visual fields or visual acuity; one patient had severe trigeminal neuralgia. Evidence of acutely raised intracranial pressure was present in one patient. All patients underwent craniectomy under chloroform anesthesia. One patient died on the day of surgery, and the postmortem findings are presented. In the other three patients, neurological morbidity was recorded in the postoperative period in the form of new cranial nerve deficits, monoparesis with dysphasia, and seizures. The patient with trigeminal neuralgia experienced partial relief and was readmitted later for reexploration and Gasserian ganglionectomy via the same route. Four contemporary nonoperative cases of pituitary tumor are also presented.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These cases provide insight into the presentation and operative treatment of pituitary tumors during the pre-Halsted era.
authors.affiliation: Victor Horsley Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, England. jonathan.pollock@btopenworld.com
authors.forename: Jonathan R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Pollock
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Akinwunmi
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Scaravilli
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Powell
mesh_terms: D003399:Craniotomy / Q000266:history*; D004739:England; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D008374:Manuscripts, Medical as Topic / Q000266:history; D008499:Medical Records; D010911:Pituitary Neoplasms / Q000266:history* / Q000601:surgery