title: Reduction of inclusion body pathology in ApoE-deficient mice fed a combination of antioxidants.
abstract: Clinical studies have shown that the antioxidant vitamin E can slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Other antioxidants reported to affect cognitive function include ginkgo biloba, vitamin C, and lipoic acid. To examine the effects of combination antioxidant therapy (CAT) on longevity and neuropathology in mice, we supplemented the diet of ApoE-deficient mice with vitamin E, ginkgo biloba, pycnogenol, and ascorbyl palmitate. ApoE-deficient mice normally exhibit increased numbers of PAS-positive inclusion bodies with aging. However, supplementation with CAT resulted in a significant increase in life span and a marked reduction of inclusion body histopathology in the hippocampus. In addition, while untreated apoE-deficient mice exhibited increased levels of TUNEL staining, a marker of DNA fragmentation, supplementation with CAT resulted in a significant reduction in the levels of TUNEL staining. These findings suggest that oxidative mechanisms, perhaps related to neuronal apoptosis, are integral to inclusion body formation in aging mice. The association between the reduced number of apoptotic cells and the reduction in inclusion bodies may explain in part the increased longevity of mice fed CAT, and supports the contention that the combined actions of selected antioxidants may be therapeutically effective against neurodegenerative diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Veurink
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Taddei
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Terry A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hone
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Groth
authors.forename: Craig S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Atwood
authors.forename: Ralph N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Martins
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics*; D017209:Apoptosis; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000378:metabolism; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D002479:Inclusion Bodies / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000378:metabolism; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D004041:Dietary Fats; D014810:Vitamin E; D002784:Cholesterol; D010100:Oxygen