title: Acetic acid-derived prostaglandin-dependent colonic adaptive cytoprotection is preserved in chronic colitis: role of cyclo-oxygenase.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We recently reported the phenomenon of prostaglandin-dependent colonic adaptive cytoprotection (CAP) against acute colonic injury induced by acetic acid (AA) in the normal colon. This study investigated whether the CAP is preserved in the chronic inflamed colon.
  
  
  METHODS
  Normal rats and a chronic colitis model, induced by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid, received an intracolonal administration (0.5 ml) of saline or AA at low concentration (1%) followed by high concentration (8%) 30 min later. The distal colon was removed 48 h after 8% AA administration, and colitis was assessed by macroscopic scoring and measurement of the myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Indomethacin (5 mg/kg), a nonselective cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitor, or N-[2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl] methane-sulfonamide (NS398, 1 mg/kg), a COX type 2 selective inhibitor, was injected intraperitoneally 1 h before pretreatment with 1% AA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intracolonal administration of 8% AA induced colonic mucosal damage (macroscopic score 10.0+/-0.9) and elevated MPO activity (2.8+/-0.2 U/g), which were significantly reduced to 3.3+/-0.8 and 1.8+/-0.2 U/g by 1% AA pretreatment, respectively. Indomethacin abolished the gross mucosal protective effect by 1% AA pretreatment in 8% AA-derived colitis in normal rats while the NS398 had no effect. Both indomethacin and NS398 reversed the MPO activity reduction induced by 1% AA pretreatment. In chronic inflamed colon 8% AA treatment resulted in an increase in the macroscopic score to 11.5+/-0.4 from 4.7+/-0.4, but not the MPO activity, which was significantly reduced to 5.7+/-0.9 by 1% AA pretreatment. This gross mucosal protective effect by 1% AA pretreatment in chronic inflamed colon was reversed by indomethacin while the NS398 had no effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data show that COX-1 and COX-2 derived prostaglandins induced by low concentration AA pretreatment reduce the colonic mucosal injury and the increase in the MPO activity in colitis, respectively. The protective effect of COX-1 is preserved in chronic inflamed colon. These findings support the existence of a low concentration of AA-derived prostaglandin-dependent CAP and suggest that colonic AA, which is derived from bacterial breakdown of carbohydrate and protein in the colon, plays a crucial role in the endogenous defense mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Surgery, Asahikawa Medical College, 2-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan.
authors.forename: Kei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohara
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kono
authors.forename: Naoyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chisato
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Asama
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoneda
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kasai
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D003092:Colitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007202:Indicators and Reagents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D008297:Male; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000187:drug effects; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D013449:Sulfonamides; C036871:methanesulfonamide; D009195:Peroxidase; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D019342:Acetic Acid; D007213:Indomethacin