title: Intravenous TAT-GDNF is protective after focal cerebral ischemia in mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Delivery of therapeutic proteins into tissues and across the blood-brain barrier is severely limited by their size and biochemical properties. The 11-amino acid human immunodeficiency virus TAT protein transduction domain is able to cross cell membranes and the blood-brain barrier, even when coupled with larger peptides. The present studies were done to evaluate whether TAT-glial line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) fusion protein is protective in focal cerebral ischemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anesthetized male C57BL/6j mice were submitted to intraluminal thread occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Reperfusion was initiated 30 minutes later by thread retraction. Laser Doppler flow was monitored during the experiments. TAT-GDNF, TAT-GFP (0.6 nmol each), or vehicle was intravenously applied over 10 minutes immediately after reperfusion. After 3 days (30 minutes of ischemia), animals were reanesthetized and decapitated. Brain injury was evaluated by histochemical stainings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunocytochemical experiments confirmed the presence of TAT-GDNF protein in the brains of fusion protein-treated nonischemic control animals 3 to 4 hours after TAT fusion protein delivery. TAT-GDNF significantly reduced the number of caspase-3-immunoreactive and DNA-fragmented cells and increased the number of viable neurons in the striatum, where disseminated tissue injury was observed, compared with TAT-GFP- or vehicle-treated animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate that TAT fusion proteins are powerful tools for the treatment of focal ischemia when delivered both before and after an ischemic insult. This approach may be of clinical interest because such fusion proteins can be intravenously applied and reach the ischemic brain regions. This approach may therefore offer new perspectives for future strategies in stroke therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Ulkan
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kilic
authors.forename: Ertugrul
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kilic
authors.forename: Gunnar P H
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Dietz
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bähr
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D015696:Gene Products, tat / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015756:Genes, tat; D051100:Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D054322:tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
chemical_list: D015696:Gene Products, tat; D051100:Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; C474764:TAT-glial line-derived neurotrophic factor fusion protein, recombinant; D054322:tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus