title: Impact of antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacilli infections on outcome in hospitalized patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The impact of resistant (vs. nonresistant) Gram-negative infections on mortality remains unclear. We sought to define risk factors for and excess mortality from these infections.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inpatient surgical wards at a university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients in the general, transplant, and trauma surgery services diagnosed with Gram-negative rod (GNR) infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All culture-proven GNR infections (n = 924) from December 1996 to September 2000 were studied. Characteristics and outcomes were compared between GNR infections with and without antibiotic resistance. Univariate and logistic regression analysis identified factors associated with antibiotic-resistant GNR (rGNR) infection and mortality. rGNR infection (n = 203) was associated with increased Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II scores (17.8 +/- 0.5), multiple comorbidities, pneumonia and catheter infection, coexistent infection with antibiotic-resistant Gram-positive cocci and fungi, and high mortality (27.1%). Only seven isolates were resistant in vitro to all available antibiotics. Logistic regression demonstrated that rGNR infection was an independent predictor of mortality (odds ratio, 2.23; 95% confidence interval, 1.35-3.67; p =.002). Analysis of rGNR infection with controls matched by organism, age, APACHE II score, and site of infection, however, revealed that antibiotic resistance was not associated with increased mortality (23.6% vs. 29.2%, p =.35). Furthermore, analysis of all Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections demonstrated no significant difference in mortality between resistant and sensitive strains (18.9% vs. 20.0%, p =.85).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  rGNRs are associated with prolonged hospital stay and increased mortality. Infection with rGNRs independently predicts mortality; however, this may be more closely related to selection of certain bacterial species with a high frequency of resistance rather than actual resistance to antibiotic therapy. Therefore, altering infection-control practices to limit the dissemination of certain bacterial species may be more effective than attempts to control only antibiotic-resistant isolates.
authors.affiliation: Surgical Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Raymond
authors.forename: Shawn J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Pelletier
authors.forename: Traves D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Crabtree
authors.forename: Heather L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Timothy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Pruett
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Sawyer
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate