title: Cost of managing complications resulting from type 2 diabetes mellitus in Canada.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Decision makers need to have Canadian-specific cost information in order to develop an accurate picture of diabetes management. The objective of this study is to estimate direct medical costs of managing complications of diabetes. Complication costs were estimated by applying unit costs to typical resource use profiles. For each complication, the event costs refer to those associated with the acute episode and subsequent care in the first year. State costs are the annual costs of continued management. Data were obtained from many Canadian sources, including the Ontario Case Cost Project, physician and laboratory fee schedules, formularies, reports, and literature. All costs are expressed in 2000 Canadian dollars.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Major events (e.g., acute myocardial infarction: 18,635 dollars event cost; 1,193 dollars state cost), generate a greater financial burden than early stage complications (e.g., microalbuminuria: 62 dollars event cost; 10 dollars state cost). Yet, complications that are initially relatively low in cost (e.g., microalbuminuria) can progress to more costly advanced stages (e.g., end-stage renal disease, 63,045 dollars state cost).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Macrovascular and microvascular complication costs should be included in any economic analysis of diabetes. This paper provides Canadian-based cost information needed to inform critical decisions about spending limited health care dollars on emerging new therapies and public health initiatives.
authors.affiliation: Caro Research Institute, Concord, MA, USA. jobrien@caroresearch.com
authors.forename: Judith A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: Amanda R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Patrick
authors.forename: J Jaime
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Caro
mesh_terms: D000671:Amputation, Surgical / Q000191:economics; D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy; D002170:Canada; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000191:economics*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy; D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy; D017050:Episode of Care; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006295:Health Resources / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017721:Hospital Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000191:economics / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000191:economics / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D020521:Stroke / Q000191:economics / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy