title: Decreased brain creatine levels in elderly apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 carriers.
abstract: Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype has been shown to influence results in neuroimaging studies using a number of various imaging modalities. No in vivo data exists on whether or not there are ApoE-related changes observable by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). In this study we measured absolute peak areas of proton MR spectra obtained from the occipital cortex in 22 non-demented elderly with (n = 8) or without (n = 14) the ApoE epsilon4 allele. No statistically significant differences were found in levels of N-acetyl aspartate, myo-inositol, or choline containing compounds between the groups. Instead, compared with the non-carriers, the levels of creatine were significantly lower in the epsilon4 carriers, suggesting increased metabolic demands in the brain of the epsilon4 carriers. The levels of creatine also correlated significantly with age and performance on the Mini-Mental State Examination test in the epsilon4 carriers, but not in the non-carriers. These findings may be of significant clinical interest as potential indicator of incipient AD, and also from therapeutical point of view given the potential neuroprotective effects of creatine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Clinical Radiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland. mikko.laakso@uku.fi
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Laakso
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hiltunen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Könönen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kivipelto
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koivisto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hallikainen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Soininen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000483:Alleles; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D053327:Apolipoprotein E4; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics*; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003401:Creatine / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008609:Mental Status Schedule / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D053327:Apolipoprotein E4; D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D003401:Creatine