title: SR calcium handling and calcium after-transients in a rabbit model of heart failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  After-depolarization associated arrhythmias are frequently observed in heart failure and associated with spontaneous calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), calcium after-transients. We hypothesize that disturbed SR calcium handling underlies calcium after-transients in heart failure (HF).
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured the stimulation rate dependence (0.2-3 Hz) of diastolic calcium, calcium transient amplitude and SR calcium content in left ventricular myocytes isolated from hearts of rabbits with pressure and volume overload-induced HF and age-matched control animals. Cytosolic calcium was measured with indo-1. In some experiments, delayed after-depolarizations (DADs) were monitored with the voltage sensitive dye di-4-Annepps. SR calcium content was estimated from the response to rapid cooling (RC). After-transients were elicited in the presence of norepinephrine (100 nmol/l) after cessation of burst pacing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With increasing stimulation rate (0.2-3.0 Hz): (1) steady state diastolic [Ca](i) increased from 102 to 174 nmol/l in HF and from 44 to 103 nmol/l in control, (2) calcium transient amplitudes decreased from 310 to 254 nmol/l in HF and increased from 186 to 429 nmol/l in control, (3) SR calcium content decreased from 1.25 to 1.09 mmol/l in HF and increased from 1.51 to 2.48 mmol/l in control, (4) in HF and control, the end diastolic SR membrane calcium gradient decreased by about 30%; at any stimulation rate, the magnitude of gradient in HF was one-third of control, (5) systolic depletion of SR was 85% in HF and 60% in control. In HF, noradrenaline (100 nmol/l) increased SR calcium content and SR membrane gradient by 40% versus about 7% in control. Calcium after-transients were observed in 14 out of 18 HF rabbits, and none in eight control animals and were associated with DADs. Calcium after-transients were associated with a 35% decrease in SR calcium content. The frequency of occurrence of calcium after-transients was related to diastolic calcium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  in HF, diastolic calcium is increased and both SR calcium content and SR membrane calcium gradient are decreased in a stimulation rate-dependent manner. In HF, beta-adrenergic stimulation can partly restore the SR calcium content and SR membrane gradient at higher stimulation rates in a meta-stable condition; upon transition to low stimulation rates, the SR membrane can no longer maintain this high unbalanced SR calcium load at increased diastolic calcium, the magnitude of which is causally related to the occurrence of calcium after-transients.
authors.affiliation: Experimental and Molecular Cardiology Group, Department of Experimental Cardiology, Room M-0-052, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. a.baartscheer@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: Antonius
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baartscheer
authors.forename: Cees A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Schumacher
authors.forename: Charly N W
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Belterman
authors.forename: Ruben
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Coronel
authors.forename: Jan W T
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Fiolet
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000378:metabolism*; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D003080:Cold Temperature; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D003971:Diastole; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000378:metabolism*; D023421:Models, Animal; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000378:metabolism; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D011817:Rabbits; D012519:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015220:Calcium Channels; D002118:Calcium; D009638:Norepinephrine