title: Cells of the hepatic side population contribute to liver regeneration and can be replenished with bone marrow stem cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine whether Hoechst effluxing side population cells isolated from murine liver represent hepatic stem cells, and to examine whether hepatic side population cells arise from bone marrow side population cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Side population cells were isolated from murine liver by flow cytometry after Hoechst staining and injected directly into murine livers of animals pre-treated with the hepatotoxin 3,5 diethoxy carbonyl-1, 4-dihydrocollidine (DDC). Y-chromosome in situ hybridization was used to track donor cells in the livers. In addition, bone marrow side population cells were stably engrafted into the hematopoietic system of sublethally irradiated recipients and CD45 alleleic staining and Y-chromosome in situ hybridization were used to track side population cell progeny in the liver.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro, CD45pos and CD45neg hepatic SP cells gave rise to hematopoietic colonies and mixed colonies of hematopoietic and hepatic differentiation. After orthotopic liver cell transplantation, donor hepatic side population cells contributed to the regeneration of mature liver parenchyma and bile duct epithelium. After transplantation of bone marrow side population cells, both CD45pos and CD45neg hepatic side population cells were partially derived from donor stem cells and could be recruited to repair liver damage after treatment with DDC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings introduce hepatic side population cells as a facultative liver-regenerating population, reveal interchangeability of tissue stem cells at the level of the side population, and suggest that bone marrow-derived side population cells might be exploited for the repair of diseased or damaged liver.
authors.affiliation: Center for Cell and Gene Therapy Department of Pediatrics Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Gerald G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Wulf
authors.forename: Kang-Li
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: KathyJo A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Malcolm K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Brenner
authors.forename: Margaret A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Goodell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000502:physiology; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology*; D008115:Liver Regeneration; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology