title: Cell-specific expression of the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide gene functions through a GATA and an ISL-1 motif in a mouse neuroendocrine tumor cell line.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is a 42-amino acid gastrointestinal regulatory peptide that, in the presence of glucose, stimulates insulin secretion from beta-cells. GIP is expressed in gastrointestinal K-cells. Prior analysis of the GIP promoter demonstrated that 193 bases of the promoter are required to direct cell specific expression. Here we sought to identify and characterize the transcription factors involved.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By mutational analysis of the GIP promoter in a neuroendocrine cell line (STC-1), we identified two regions located between bases -193 and -182 and bases -156 and -151 that, when independently altered, were responsible for a 90% and 85% reduction in transcription, respectively. When we compared these two regions with known motifs from transcription factor databases, we identified the cis elements as potential GATA and ISL-1 binding sites. With subsequent electrophoretic mobility shift analysis (EMSA) using STC-1 nuclear extracts, we demonstrated the ability of these regions to form specific DNA protein complexes. Furthermore, we utilized antisera to confirm the specific binding of GATA-4 to the upstream site and ISL-1 to the downstream element.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings provide evidence for the involvement of the transcription factors GATA-4 and ISL-1 in the cell-specific expression of the GIP gene.
authors.affiliation: Section of Gastroenterology, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, 650 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa I
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Jepeal
authors.forename: Michael O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Boylan
authors.forename: M Michael
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Wolfe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D018278:Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D024202:Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; D050991:GATA4 Transcription Factor; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide / Q000235:genetics*; D015870:Gene Expression; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D011485:Protein Binding; D051381:Rats; D012045:Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid / Q000235:genetics*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050991:GATA4 Transcription Factor; D014157:Transcription Factors; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide