title: Increased persistence of antifouling paint biocides when associated with paint particles.
abstract: Current regulatory risk assessment procedures only assess the impact of antifouling paint biocides that are released through leaching from a painted surface. Hull cleaning activities can lead to particles of antifouling paint containing biocides to enter the environment. Comparative pseudo-first order anaerobic degradation rate constants and half-lives were determined for a selection of common antifouling paint booster biocides, their degradation products, and associated with paint particles. Anaerobic half-lives of <0.5 days were calculated for chlorothalonil, dichlofluanid, and SeaNine 211, between 1 and 3 days for DCPMU and DCPU, between 14 and 35 days for diuron and CPDU, and over 226 days for GS26575 and Irgarol 1051. Increased persistence was observed when the compounds were introduced to sediments associated with antifouling paint particles. When present as antifouling paint particles, an increased half-life of 9.9 days for SeaNine 211 and 1.4 days was calculated for dichlofluanid, no significant degradation was observed for diuron. It is suspected that this is due to much of the biocide being initially bound within the matrix of the paint particle that is slowly released through dissolution processes into the sediment pore water prior to degradation. The release of booster biocides associated with paint particles into marinas has the potential to lead to their accumulation unless activities such as hull cleaning are strictly regulated.
authors.affiliation: CEFAS, Burnham Laboratory, Remembrance Avenue, Burnham-on-Crouch, Essex CM0 8HA, UK. k.v.thomas@cefas.co.uk
authors.forename: Kevin V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Mathew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McHugh
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hilton
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Waldock
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D019015:Geologic Sediments; D006207:Half-Life; D008975:Molluscacides / Q000032:analysis*; D010150:Paint; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012623:Seawater; D013997:Time Factors; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D008975:Molluscacides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical