title: Fossil psychodoid flies and their relation to parasitic diseases.
abstract: Psychodid sand flies are blood-sucking fly vectors of several parasitic diseases. The oldest definitive record of this group is from the Lower Cretaceous amber of Lebanon (circa-135 to -125 My), but the high diversity within this group supports the idea that the psychodoids originated much earlier in history. The palaeontology demonstrates that the Lower Creataceous representatives of the different subfamilies of Psychodidae had similar morphology and were blood-feeders, which supports Hennig's hypothesis on the ground plan structure of this family. Historical relationship between sand flies and diseases is unclear up to the present time, but this relationship could be as old as the origin of psychodoids because of the blood-feeding life mode.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences II, Lebanese University, B.P. 90356, Jdeibeth-el-Matn, Lebanon. azar@mnhn.fr
authors.forename: Dany
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Azar
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005580:Fossils; D006801:Humans; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000145:classification*; D008018:Life Cycle Stages; D008297:Male; D010272:Parasitic Diseases / Q000635:transmission*; D011576:Psychodidae / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000145:classification*