title: Changes in students' moral development during medical school: a cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The requirements of professionalism and the expected qualities of medical staff, including high moral character, motivate institutions to care about the ethical development of students during their medical education. We assessed progress in moral reasoning in a cohort of medical students over the first 3 years of their education.
  
  
  METHODS
  We invited all 92 medical students enrolled at the University of Sherbrooke, Que., to complete a questionnaire on moral reasoning at the start of their first year of medical school and at the end of their third year. We used the French version of Kohlberg's Moral Judgment Interview. Responses to the questionnaire were coded by stage of moral development, and weighted average scores were assigned according to frequency of use of each stage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 92 medical students, 54 completed the questionnaire in the fall of the first year and again at the end of their third year. The average age of the students at the end of the third year was 21 years, and 79% of the students included in the study were women. Over the 3-year period, the stage of moral development did not change substantially (i.e., by more than half a stage) for 39 (72%) of the students, shifted to a lower stage for 7 (13%) and shifted to a higher stage for 8 (15%). The overall mean change in stage was not significant (from mean 3.46 in year 1 to 3.48 in year 3, p = 0.86); however, the overall mean change in weighted average scores showed a significant decline in moral development (p = 0.028).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Temporal variations in students' scores show a levelling process of their moral reasoning. This finding prompts us to ask whether a hidden curriculum exists in the structure of medical education that inhibits rather than facilitates the development of moral reasoning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke and the Centre for Clinical Research, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, QC. johane.patenaude@usherbrooke.ca
authors.forename: Johane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Patenaude
authors.forename: Theophile
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Niyonsenga
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fafard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004501:Education, Medical; D004992:Ethics, Medical / Q000193:education*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D035863:Moral Development; D011582:Psychological Theory; D011792:Quebec; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*