title: Comparing therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis prevention and treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the literature concerning the efficacy of calcium, hormone replacement therapy (HRT), bisphosphonates, selective estrogen receptor modulators, and calcitonin in the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Articles were identified through searches of the MEDLINE (1966-July 2002), EMBASE (1980-July 2002), and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970-July 2002) databases using the key words osteoporosis, postmenopausal, fracture, calcium, vitamin D, hormone replacement therapy, bisphosphonates, alendronate, risedronate, raloxifene, and calcitonin. Additional references were located through review of the bibliographies of the articles cited. Searches were not limited by time restriction, language, or human subject.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental and observational studies of the use of calcium and antiresorptive therapies for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis were selected. Articles evaluating bone mineral density (BMD) or fracture efficacy were included in this review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HRT, bisphosphonates, raloxifene, and calcitonin have demonstrated stabilization of and improvement in BMD. Randomized clinical trials have shown fracture risk reduction with bisphosphonates, raloxifene, HRT, calcium, and calcitonin. The largest risk reductions have been reported with use of bisphosphonates in several trials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several therapeutic options with well-documented improvements in BMD and reductions in fracture risk are available to women for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, USA. seichner@utmem.edu
authors.forename: Samantha F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Eichner
authors.forename: Kimberly B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.forename: Erin M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Timpe
mesh_terms: D002116:Calcitonin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002118:Calcium / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy; D006801:Humans; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017698:Postmenopause; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D004164:Diphosphonates; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators; D002116:Calcitonin; D002118:Calcium