title: A comparison of 'cough and cold' and pneumonia: risk factors for pneumonia in children under 5 years revisited.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to identify and measure the risk factors differentiating upper respiratory infection from pneumonia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The World Health Organization's acute respiratory infection case management criteria were used. We studied 259 cases of pneumonia (cases) and 187 cases of 'cough and cold' (controls) among children under 5 years of age at a large tertiary-care hospital in Gilgit, Pakistan. While previous studies used healthy controls, in this study we used controls who had mild infection ('cough and cold').
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, lack of immunization (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=1.54, 95% CI 1.0, 2.3), previous history of pneumonia (AOR=1.77, 95% CI 1.16, 2.7), younger age (AOR for each preceding month in children aged up to 59 months=1.01, 95% CI 0.99, 1.03) and malnutrition (wasting) (AOR=2.2, 95% CI 1.0, 5.23) were revealed as important risk factors for pneumonia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some of the factors reported in previous studies that used healthy controls were not found to be significant when 'cough and cold' children were used as controls. Nonetheless, malnutrition, younger age, low coverage of immunization and also early childhood mismanagement and respiratory damage were found to be significant factors for development of pneumonia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health Sciences, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan. zafar.fatmi@aku.edu
authors.forename: Zafar
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Fatmi
authors.forename: Franklin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: White
mesh_terms: D001827:Body Height; D001835:Body Weight; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003139:Common Cold / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003371:Cough / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009748:Nutrition Disorders; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors