title: Admission diagnosis of cerebral malaria in adults in an endemic area of Tanzania: implications and clinical description.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cerebral malaria is commonly diagnosed in adults in endemic areas in Africa, both in hospitals and in the community. This presents a paradox inconsistent with the epidemiological understanding that the development of immunity during childhood confers protection against severe disease in adult life.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To establish the contribution of Plasmodium falciparum infection in adults admitted with neurological dysfunction in an endemic area, to assess the implications of an admission clinical diagnosis of 'cerebral malaria' on the treatment and clinical outcome, and to describe the clinical features of patients with malaria parasitaemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied adult patients admitted with neurological dysfunction to Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania from October 2000 to July 2001. A full blood count was done and serum creatinine, blood glucose and P. falciparum parasite load were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 199 patients (median age 34.6 years), 38% were diagnosed as 'cerebral malaria' on admission, but only 7.5% had detectable parasitaemia, giving a positive predictive value of 13.3%. Only 1% fulfilled the WHO criteria for cerebral malaria. The prevalence of parasitaemia (7.5%) was less than that observed in a group of asymptomatic controls (9.3%), but distribution of parasite densities was higher in the patients. Mortality was higher in patients with no parasitaemia (22.3%) than in those with parasitaemia (13%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cerebral malaria was grossly overdiagnosed, resulting in unnecessary treatment and insufficient investigation of other possible diagnoses, which could lead to higher mortality. Extension of this misperception to the assessment of cause of death in community surveys may lead to an overestimation of the impact of malaria in adults.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania. jmakani@muchs.ac.tz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Makani
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Matuja
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Liyombo
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Snow
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Marsh
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Warrell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003951:Diagnostic Errors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016779:Malaria, Cerebral / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013636:Tanzania / Q000453:epidemiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome