title: Type and screen completion for scheduled surgical procedures. A College of American Pathologists Q-Probes study of 8941 type and screen tests in 108 institutions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Market-driven changes in the timing of elective surgeries and admissions have introduced barriers to completing pretransfusion testing in a timely manner. Consequently, blood bank personnel may not have adequate time to identify appropriate blood products for scheduled surgeries. Incomplete pretransfusion testing can delay surgery and significantly compromise patient safety.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify the incidence of avoidable problems associated with obtaining timely samples for adequate pretransfusion type and screen (T&S) testing, to identify the practices and characteristics associated with improved rates of pretransfusion testing completed prior to surgery, and to determine the likelihood of antibody identification problems that affect the availability of blood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants in the College of American Pathologists (CAP) Q-Probes laboratory quality improvement program were asked to collect data on when a T&S was collected in anticipation of elective scheduled surgery, when the T&S was completed, when the surgery started, and the results of those T&S tests. Participants also completed questionnaires describing their facilities, procedures, and practices.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred eight public and private institutions participated in this Q-Probes Study, 97% of which were located in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Type and screen collection and completion relative to the start of surgery, and the results of those tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 8941 T&Ss, 64.6% were collected prior to the day of surgery. The median laboratory completed approximately 69% of their T&S testing for scheduled surgeries at least 1 day prior to the surgery. Of those T&S tests that were collected on the day of surgery, the median laboratory completed almost 23% after the start of surgery. For 10% of participants, more than 75% of all T&Ss collected on the same day as surgery were not complete until after the start of surgery. When red blood cell-directed antibodies were identified, 78.7% were considered clinically significant, and 95.2% were alloantibodies. Positive antibody screens were significantly associated with delayed surgery and special efforts needed to obtain blood. Of those institutions with a specific protocol in place to collect T&S samples prior to hospital admission, the median laboratory completed the T&S at least 1 day prior to surgery 74% of the time. When the institution coupled the T&S collection protocol with T&S collection earlier than 3 days prior to surgery, the median laboratory completed the T&S at least 1 day prior to surgery almost 87% of the time. Type and screen collection less than 3 days prior to surgery resulted in special efforts needed to obtain blood more than 1% of the time. Type and screen collected on the same day as surgery directly resulted in a surgery delay 0.8% of the time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients are unnecessarily being placed at risk by inadequate mechanisms to ensure available blood for surgery. All T&Ss were collected for scheduled surgeries with adequate opportunity for a T&S to be completed in advance of the surgery. Specific protocols helped improve the performance in terms of completing the T&S prior to surgery, as did mechanisms that permitted T&S collections in advance of the admission. Type and screen collection time relative to surgery was significantly associated with the incidence of surgery delay due to unavailable blood; the less time between collection and surgery, the less likely blood was available.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Baystate Health System, Springfield, Mass 01199, USA. richard.friedberg@bhs.org <richard.friedberg@bhs.org>
authors.forename: Richard C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Friedberg
authors.forename: Bruce A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Molly K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Walsh
mesh_terms: D000068:Accreditation / Q000592:standards; D001071:Appointments and Schedules; D001771:Blood Banks / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D001789:Blood Group Antigens / Q000276:immunology; D001788:Blood Grouping and Crossmatching / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D001793:Blood Preservation / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D001800:Blood Specimen Collection / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D001803:Blood Transfusion / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards; D017598:Efficiency, Organizational / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007518:Isoantibodies / Q000097:blood; D007755:Laboratories, Hospital / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D009934:Organization and Administration / Q000592:standards; D011786:Quality Control; D012955:Societies, Medical / Q000458:organization & administration*; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative; D014481:United States; D000078329:Workforce
chemical_list: D001789:Blood Group Antigens; D007518:Isoantibodies