title: Radiation dose considerations in common paediatric X-ray examinations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For paediatric radiology, diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) have been proposed by the National Radiological Protection Board and the European Commission, representing a baseline above which re-evaluation of the equipment and the techniques used is necessary.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To measure the entrance surface dose (ESD) in various paediatric radiological examinations carried out at a large paediatric hospital in Greece and compare them with the existing DRLs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Measurements of ESD using thermoluminescent dosemeters were carried out in a sample of 168 paediatric patients who underwent various common radiological examinations (chest, skull, pelvis, lumbar spine, full spine). The patients were categorised according to age, and the mean ESD was calculated for each examination and age category. Additionally, the effective doses were estimated from measured ESD using appropriate conversion coefficients found in the literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean ESD values were found to be well below the proposed DRLs for all the examinations studied except for the chest, owing to the low tube potential used and tube filtration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even in examinations that did not exceed the DRL, patient protection can be optimised further by appropriate collimation of field size to that necessary for diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics Department, Medical School, University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias, 115 27, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Konstantinos A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Gogos
authors.forename: Emmanuel N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Yakoumakis
authors.forename: Ioannis A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Tsalafoutas
authors.forename: Triantafillia K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Makri
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic; D012886:Skull / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D013131:Spine / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D013819:Thermoluminescent Dosimetry