title: The effect of crop protection strategy on pest and beneficials incidence in protected crops.
abstract: This study took place in the Oeste region from 1996-1999 and it intended to analyse if the crop protection strategy followed by the farmer influenced the arthropod incidence and the natural control in protected vegetable crops under Mediterranean conditions. The observations were made fortnightly (Autumn/Winter) or weekly (Spring/Summer) in 30-60 plants/parcel (1 plant/35 m2) in order to evaluate incidences. Samples of pests and natural enemies were collected for systematic identification in two greenhouses for each protection strategy (traditional chemical control (TCC), integrated pest management (IPM) and pest control allowed in organic farming (OF)) in lettuce, tomato, green beans and cucumber. Data on incidence of mites, aphids, caterpillars, leafminers, whiteflies, thrips and respective natural enemies were registered as well as phytosanitary treatments performed (farmers' information and/or in loco traces). The leafminers were the pest whose incidence more often presented significant statistical differences between the studied protection strategies. In relation to this pest, the main results obtained were: a higher feeding punctures incidence in TCC than in IPM; higher incidence of adults, mines and feeding punctures in TCC than in OF; and a higher mines' incidence in IPM than in OF. Both in TCC and IPM high percentages of plants with mines were found although without an adult proportional presence. In the first case this was due to the repeatedly phytosanitary treatments applied; in the second case it was due to the natural control, since in IPM and OF greenhouses the collected larvae were mostly parasitized or dead. In spite of the fact these two strategies have as final result a similar mines and adults incidence, their production and environmental costs are quite different. Significant differences at the beneficials' population level between TCC greenhouses and IPM or OF greenhouses were found. As the farmers did no biological treatments these differences are related to different levels of beneficial populations due to different secondary effects of the pesticides applied.
authors.affiliation: Escola Superior Agrária de Beja, Apartado 158, 7801-902 Beja, Portugal.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lourenço
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Figueiredo
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Godinho
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marques
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Amaro
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mexia
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001181:Arthropods / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development*; D018553:Cucumis sativus / Q000254:growth & development / Q000469:parasitology; D004780:Environment, Controlled; D007887:Fabaceae / Q000254:growth & development / Q000469:parasitology; D058870:Food, Organic / Q000469:parasitology; D018545:Lactuca / Q000254:growth & development / Q000469:parasitology; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000254:growth & development / Q000469:parasitology; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000633:toxicity; D063245:Plant Development; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000469:parasitology*; D010944:Plants / Q000469:parasitology*; D012621:Seasons; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014675:Vegetables / Q000254:growth & development / Q000469:parasitology*
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides