title: [Disordered hormone regulation in gynecomastia].
abstract: Gynecomastia develops when there is an increase in the ratio of estrogen to androgens. Whereas mild forms of gynecomastia are frequently encountered in the male population, any breast enlargement that is prominent, painful, progressive or of recent onset always requires a careful evaluation, as it may be an important clue to disease elsewhere. Underlying causes are plenty and include drugs, congenital and acquired disorders of androgen and estrogen production, various tumors, renal failure, cirrhosis of the liver, and thyrotoxicosis. Evaluation includes a careful patient's history, physical examination of sexual characteristics and the breast tissue, and measurements of serum LH, FSH, testosterone, estradiol, hCG-beta, TSH and tests of liver and kidney function.
authors.affiliation: Berufsgenossenschaftliche Kliniken Bergmannsheil, Universitätsklinik, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum. Johannes.Pfeilschifter@ruhr-uni-bochum.de
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pfeilschifter
mesh_terms: D000728:Androgens / Q000502:physiology*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004967:Estrogens / Q000502:physiology*; D006177:Gynecomastia / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006729:Hormones, Ectopic / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007713:Klinefelter Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D009384:Paraneoplastic Endocrine Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D010901:Pituitary Function Tests
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D004967:Estrogens; D006729:Hormones, Ectopic
vernacular_title: Hormonelle Regulationsstörung der Gynäkomastie.