title: ER quality control can lead to retrograde transport from the ER lumen to the cytosol and the nucleoplasm in plants.
abstract: Quality control in the secretory pathway is a fundamental step in preventing deleterious effects that may arise by the release of malfolded proteins into the cell or apoplast. Our aims were to visualise and analyse the disposal route followed by aberrant proteins within a plant cell in vivo using fluorescent protein technology. A green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion was detected in the cytosol and the nucleoplasm in spite of the presence of an N-terminal secretory signal peptide. In contrast to secreted GFP, the fusion protein was retained in the cells where it was degraded slowly, albeit at a rate much higher than that of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-retained derivative GFP-HDEL. The fusion protein could not be stabilised by inhibitors of transport or the cytosolic proteasome. However, the protein is a strong lumenal binding protein (BiP) ligand. Complete signal peptide processing even after long-term expression in virus-infected leaves rules out the possibility that the documented accumulation in the cytosol and nucleoplasm is because of the bypassing of the translocation pores. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the fusion protein is disposed off from the ER via a retrograde translocation back to the cytosol. Moreover, accumulation in the nucleoplasm was shown to be microtubule dependent unlike the well-documented diffusion of cytosolically expressed GFP into the nucleoplasm. The apparent active transport of the GFP fusion into the nucleoplasm may indicate an as yet undiscovered feature of the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway and explain the insensitivity to degradation by proteasome inhibitors.
authors.affiliation: Research School of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, UK. fbrandizzi@brookes.ac.uk
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Brandizzi
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hanton
authors.forename: Luis L Pinto
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: DaSilva
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boevink
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oparka
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Denecke
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hawes
mesh_terms: D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D037282:Calreticulin / Q000378:metabolism; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism*; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism*; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D007783:Lactones / Q000494:pharmacology; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008870:Microtubules / Q000187:drug effects; D010944:Plants / Q000378:metabolism*; D011786:Quality Control; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D037282:Calreticulin; D007783:Lactones; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; C098869:clasto-lactacystin beta-lactone