title: Factors affecting progression of renal failure in patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hyperglycemia and hypertension are known to be risk factors for the development of proteinuria in patients with diabetes. Little is known, however, about predictors of progression of renal failure in diabetic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated factors affecting progression of renal failure by measuring the doubling of serum creatinine (s-Cr) as an end point in a cohort of 85 type 2 diabetic patients with chronic renal insufficiency/failure (s-Cr >1.5 and <3.7 mg/dl, 61 +/- 11 years old, 51 men and 34 women, mean s-Cr 2.3 +/- 0.6 mg/dl).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The survey period (mean +/- SD) was 14.2 +/- 10.8 months. The cumulative incidence of the end point in patients with insulin therapy (n = 41) was significantly lower than that in patients without it (n = 44) (P = 0.0022, P values by log-rank test). Multivariate Cox analysis revealed insulin therapy (hazard ratio [HR] 0.435, 95% CI 0.252-0.750, P = 0.0027), serum albumin (0.484, 284-0.823, P = 0.0074), mean blood pressure (1.023, 1.004-1.043, P = 0.017), and hemoglobin (0.841, 0.728-0.972, P = 0.0194) to be independent and significant predictors of progression to renal failure, whereas HbA(1c) or serum cholesterol were not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In type 2 diabetic patients with renal failure, hypoalbuminemia, anemia, higher mean blood pressure, and lack of use of insulin predict rapid progression of renal failure, but HbA(1c) does not, and insulin therapy may be possibly an indicator of the delay in progression of renal failure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ishimura
authors.forename: Tetsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shoji
authors.forename: Masanori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Emoto
authors.forename: Tomoaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Morioka
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: Shinya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fukumoto
authors.forename: Takami
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miki
authors.forename: Masaaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inaba
authors.forename: Yoshiki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nishizawa
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000503:physiopathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000032:analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D012709:Serum Albumin; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol; D003404:Creatinine