title: Obesity is associated with increased levels of circulating hepatocyte growth factor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated whether obesity in humans was associated with an increase in circulating hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Obesity acts as a cardiovascular risk factor by mechanisms that are not fully understood. Adipose tissue is able to secrete multiple cytokines and growth factors ex vivo. We hypothesized that the increased presence of adipose tissue in obese subjects results in systemic elevations of the mitogenic factors HGF and VEGF.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples were obtained from lean (n = 21) and obese (n = 44) volunteers. Serum HGF and VEGF levels were assessed by enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay. Insulin and fasting glucose levels were measured to evaluate insulin sensitivity. Conditioned medium of adipose cells was assayed for HGF secretion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum HGF levels in obese subjects were more than three-fold higher than those of lean subjects (2,462 +/- 184 pg/ml vs. 765 +/- 48 pg/ml, p < 0.0001). The VEGF levels were not significantly elevated in obese subjects (135 +/- 31 pg/ml vs. 128 +/- 37 pg/ml). The HGF concentrations, but not VEGF concentrations, were significantly correlated with body mass index (BMI) (p < 0.0001, r = 0.74). The observed increases in HGF concentrations of obese subjects were not secondary to insulin resistance or hypertension. Freshly isolated human adipose cells secreted HGF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that obesity is associated with a marked increase in circulating HGF levels, which correlate linearly with BMI. Because vascular growth factors have been associated with the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, the possible role of such humoral factors as a link between obesity and cardiovascular disease is very intriguing.
authors.affiliation: Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, USA.
authors.forename: Jalees
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rehman
authors.forename: Robert V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Considine
authors.forename: Jason E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Bovenkerk
authors.forename: Jingling
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Catharine A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Slavens
authors.forename: Rose Marie
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Keith L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: March
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D017228:Hepatocyte Growth Factor / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism; D012107:Research Design; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008222:Lymphokines; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D017228:Hepatocyte Growth Factor