title: Identifying opportunities to address the congestive heart failure burden: the Improving Cardiovascular Outcomes in Nova Scotia (ICONS) study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Medical, social and economic costs of congestive heart failure (CHF) continue to rise. There exists a 'care gap' between what the optimal care populations with CHF should receive and actually do receive. Central to the goal to develop effective strategies against the 'care gap' is accurate measurement of the CHF burden. Administrative data are limited in detail and accuracy and clinical databases suffer from limited size. Improving Cardiovascular Outcomes in Nova Scotia (ICONS) is a province-wide population-based disease management study with access to all patient health data including outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical records of all patients admitted to any Nova Scotia health care institution with a cardiovascular disorder were prospectively examined by trained abstractors. Patients were followed up and health outcomes measured through assignment of unique identifier numbers and linkage with Vital Statistics Nova Scotia. This report summarizes baseline data for the population admitted to hospital with a diagnosis of CHF between October 15, 1997 and October 14, 1998.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 2637 unique patients enrolled with 3547 hospitalizations. The median length of stay was eight days, with in-hospital mortality of 18.2%; 10.8% were discharged to long term care. The mortality rate was 38.7% at 12 months and the rehospitalization rate was 39.9%. Average age was 75 +/- 10 years (median 76) and 52% were female. There were 4.5 comorbidities per patient. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was measured in fewer than 40%; of these, fewer than 39% had a documented ejection fraction less than 40%. At discharge, 61.3% of survivors were prescribed angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, 6.0% angiotensin blockers, 42.1% beta-blockers, 75.6% diuretics, 26.1% calcium channel blockers and 19.3% warfarin. Females were older and had lower rate of LVEF testing and ACE and warfarin usage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The burden of disease for CHF in Nova Scotia is large and affects an elderly population with multiple comorbidities. Adverse outcomes such as death, rehospitalization and admission to a chronic care facility are common. Measurement of the 'care gap' requires consideration of these factors and of elderly and female patients regardless of left ventricular function. Successful strategies will likely be multidisciplinary in scope with a focus toward improving access to care.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. jonathan.howlett@cdha.nshealth.ca
authors.forename: Jonathan G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Howlett
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Johnstone
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sketris
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: O'Reilly
authors.forename: Gabrielle S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Horne
authors.forename: Jafna L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Cox
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017281:Cost of Illness; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records; D008875:Middle Aged; D009674:Nova Scotia / Q000453:epidemiology; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010343:Patient Admission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies