title: [The origin of mental hospital in Japan and its typological classification].
abstract: Before the beginning of the Modernization in 1868, there were no psychiatric hospitals in the sense of Modern-Western in Japan. Instead of them, as far as I ascertained, altogether 30 asylums are existed in the whole country. They are mainly buddhistic temples and shrines, where psychotic patients and their families are treated by monks in various way. The ways of treatment are quite different, so that the typological classification of asylums is possible according to this point: 1. treatment by waterfall or water, 2. treatment with old Chinese herbal medicine, 3. treatment with collaborative conjuration associated musical instrument (drum). From the historical standpoint of view the Type 1 has oldest tradition. In the late of 11th century a daughter of the emperor was psychotic and sent into the temple Iwakura-Daiunji in northern suburb in Kyoto-City. She was treated successfully with holly waterfall and water and after this legend many psychotic patients gathered there. From the end of 14th century the Temple Juninji near the City of Okazaki began treatment with Chinese herb for the psychotics. Compared to Daiunji which belongs to Mikkyo-sect in the national Buddhism Juninji belongs to Jodoshin-sect in the frame of the reformed Buddhism. Altogether 4 temples of Type 2 are belonging to this new sect without exception and after the Modernization (Meiji-Restoration in 1868) became psychiatric hospitals. The all temples belonging to Type 3 are Nichiren-sect also in the reformed Buddhism and began the conjuration-treatment after 17th. century. The typology of asylums before the Modernization brings us necessary to the question on the origin of the ways and methods in psychiatric treatments in the history.
authors.forename: Waichiro
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Omata
mesh_terms: D002016:Buddhism; D049669:History, 16th Century; D049670:History, 17th Century; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049691:History, Medieval; D006778:Hospitals, Psychiatric / Q000145:classification / Q000266:history*; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D012068:Religion and Medicine