title: The fate of chlorine and organic materials in swimming pools.
abstract: The fate of organic nitrogen and carbon introduced into a swimming pool by pool users has been studied using a 2.2 m(3) model pool. The study made use of a body fluid analogue (BFA), containing the primary endogenous organic amino compounds, and a soiling analogue represented by humic acid (HA). The system was used to examine the effect of organic loading and organic carbon (OC) sources (i.e. amino or HA) on the levels and speciation of the key chlorinated disinfection by-products of trihalomethanes (THMs) and chloramines under operating conditions representative of those employed on a full-scale pool. Results revealed OC, chloramines and THMs to all attain steady-state levels after 200-500 h of operation, reflecting mineralisation of the dosed OC. Steady-state levels of OC were roughly linearly dependent on dose rate over the range of operational conditions investigated and, as with the chloramine levels recorded, were in reasonable agreement with those reported for full-scale pools. THM levels recorded were somewhat lower than those found in real pools, and were dependent on both on pH carbon source: the THM formation propensity for the soling analogue was around eight times than of the BFA. Of the assayed by-products, only nitrate was found to accumulate, accounting for 4-28% of the dosed amino nitrogen. Contrary to previous postulations based on the application of Henry's Law, only insignificant amounts of the volatile by-products were found to be lost to the atmosphere.
authors.affiliation: School of Water Sciences, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK. s.j.judd@cranfield.ac.uk
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Judd
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bullock
mesh_terms: D017606:Chlorine Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006812:Humic Substances / Q000032:analysis*; D007700:Kinetics; D008956:Models, Chemical; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000032:analysis; D013551:Swimming Pools; D022882:Trihalomethanes / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D017606:Chlorine Compounds; D004202:Disinfectants; D006812:Humic Substances; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D022882:Trihalomethanes