title: Bile acid regulation of C/EBPbeta, CREB, and c-Jun function, via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase pathways, modulates the apoptotic response of hepatocytes.
abstract: Previously, we have demonstrated that deoxycholic acid (DCA)-induced signaling of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) in primary hepatocytes is a protective response. In the present study, we examined the roles of the ERK and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways, and downstream transcription factors, in the survival response of hepatocytes. DCA caused activation of the ERK1/2 and JNK1/2 pathways. Inhibition of either DCA-induced ERK1/2 or DCA-induced JNK1/2 signaling enhanced the apoptotic response of hepatocytes. Further analyses demonstrated that DCA-induced JNK2 signaling was cytoprotective whereas DCA-induced JNK1 signaling was cytotoxic. DCA-induced ERK1/2 activation was responsible for increased DNA binding of C/EBPbeta, CREB, and c-Jun/AP-1. Inhibition of C/EBPbeta, CREB, and c-Jun function promoted apoptosis following DCA treatment, and the level of apoptosis was further increased in the case of CREB and c-Jun, but not C/EBPbeta, by inhibition of MEK1/2. The combined loss of CREB and c-Jun function or of C/EBPbeta and c-Jun function enhanced DCA-induced apoptosis above the levels resulting from the loss of either factor individually; however, these effects were less than additive. Loss of c-Jun or CREB function correlated with increased expression of FAS death receptor and PUMA and decreased expression of c-FLIP-(L) and c-FLIP-(S), proteins previously implicated in the modulation of the cellular apoptotic response. Collectively, these data demonstrate that multiple DCA-induced signaling pathways and transcription factors control hepatocyte survival.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Qiao
authors.forename: Song Iy
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Youwen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Jong Sung
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Seema
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gilfor
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Amorino
authors.forename: Kristoffer
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Valerie
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sealy
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Engelhardt
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Philip B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Hylemon
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dent
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001647:Bile Acids and Salts / Q000378:metabolism*; D053446:CASP8 and FADD-Like Apoptosis Regulating Protein; D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D003840:Deoxycholic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D048056:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 9; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019014:fas Receptor / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001647:Bile Acids and Salts; D053446:CASP8 and FADD-Like Apoptosis Regulating Protein; D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; C506387:Cflar protein, mouse; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D019014:fas Receptor; D003840:Deoxycholic Acid; D048056:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 9; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases