title: What are the most effective ways of improving population health through transport interventions? Evidence from systematic reviews.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review systematic review literature that describes the effectiveness of transport interventions in improving population health.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review methodology was used to evaluate published and unpublished systematic reviews in any language that described the measured health effects of any mode of transport intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  28 systematic reviews were identified. The highest quality reviews indicate that the most effective transport interventions to improve health are health promotion campaigns (to prevent childhood injuries, to increase bicycle and motorcycle helmet use, and to promote children's car seat and seatbelt use), traffic calming, and specific legislation against drink driving. Driver improvement and education courses are associated with increases in crash involvement and violations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Systematic reviews are able to provide evidence about effective ways of improving health through transport related interventions and also identify well intentioned but harmful interventions. Valuable additional information may exist in primary studies and systematic reviews have a role in evaluating and synthesising their findings.
authors.affiliation: Greater Glasgow NHS Board, Homelessness Partnership, Glasgow, UK.david.morrison@gch.glasgow.gov.uk
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Petticrew
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Thomson
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000517:prevention & control; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D001334:Automobile Driving; D004779:Environment Design; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008004:Licensure; D011634:Public Health / Q000592:standards*; D012196:Review Literature as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D012622:Seat Belts; D014186:Transportation; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control