title: Virgibacillus carmonensis sp. nov., Virgibacillus necropolis sp. nov. and Virgibacillus picturae sp. nov., three novel species isolated from deteriorated mural paintings, transfer of the species of the genus salibacillus to Virgibacillus, as Virgibacillus marismortui comb. nov. and Virgibacillus salexigens comb. nov., and emended description of the genus Virgibacillus.
abstract: A group of 13 strains was isolated from samples of biofilm formation on the mural paintings of the Servilia tomb (necropolis of Carmona, Spain) and the Saint-Catherine chapel (castle at Herberstein, Austria). The strains were subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study, including (GTG)5-PCR, 16S rDNA sequence analysis, DNA-DNA hybridizations, DNA base ratio determination, analysis of fatty acids, polar lipids and menaquinones and morphological and biochemical characterization. In a phylogenetic tree based on neighbour-joining of 16S rDNA sequences, the strains are divided in two major groups, representing three novel species according to DNA-DNA relatedness, that are positioned at approximately equal distances from Virgibacillus and Salibacillus. After comparison of the novel results with existing data, the transfer of the species of Salibacillus to Virgibacillus is proposed, with the resulting new combinations Virgibacillus marismortui comb. nov. and Virgibacillus salexigens comb. nov. Additionally, three novel species are described, for which the names Virgibacillus carmonensis sp. nov., Virgibacillus necropolis sp. nov. and Virgibacillus picturae sp. nov. are proposed. The respective type strains are LMG 20964T (=DSM 14868T), LMG 19488T (=DSM 14866T) and LMG 19492T (= DSM 14867T). Finally, an emended description of the genus Virgibacillus is given.
authors.affiliation: Vakgroep BFM WE10V, Laboratorium voor Microbiologie, Universiteit Gent, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Jeroen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heyrman
authors.affiliation: School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK.
authors.forename: Niall A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Logan
authors.affiliation: Institut für Mikrobiologie und Genetik, Universität Wien, A-1030 Wien, Austria.|Institut für Bakteriologie, Mykologie und Hygiene, Veterinärmedizinische Universität, A-1210 Wien, Austria.
authors.forename: Hans-Jürgen
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Busse
authors.affiliation: Vakgroep BFM WE10V, Laboratorium voor Microbiologie, Universiteit Gent, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
authors.forename: An
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Balcaen
authors.affiliation: Vakgroep BFM WE10V, Laboratorium voor Microbiologie, Universiteit Gent, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Liesbeth
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lebbe
authors.affiliation: School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Diaz
authors.affiliation: BCCM/LMG Bacteria Collection, Universiteit Gent, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.|Vakgroep BFM WE10V, Laboratorium voor Microbiologie, Universiteit Gent, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Swings
authors.affiliation: Vakgroep BFM WE10V, Laboratorium voor Microbiologie, Universiteit Gent, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: De Vos
mesh_terms: D001407:Bacillus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D001482:Base Composition; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D018441:Biofilms; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D010151:Paintings; D010641:Phenotype; D010802:Phylogeny; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S