title: Patterns of food consumption and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in the general Dutch population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few studies have examined food consumption patterns in relation to biological risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to describe food consumption patterns in the general Dutch population and their association with cardiovascular risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a cross-sectional study of 19 750 randomly selected men and women aged 20-65 y from 3 Dutch municipalities. Food consumption patterns were identified with the use of factor analysis of data from a validated food-frequency questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three food consumption patterns were identified: the "cosmopolitan" pattern (greater intakes of fried vegetables, salad, rice, chicken, fish, and wine), the "traditional" pattern (greater intakes of red meat and potatoes and lesser intakes of low-fat dairy and fruit), and the "refined-foods" pattern (greater intakes of French fries, high-sugar beverages, and white bread and lesser intakes of whole-grain bread and boiled vegetables). Higher scores for the traditional pattern were associated with older age, and higher scores for the refined-foods pattern were associated with younger age, but both were associated with lower educational level, cigarette smoking, less physical activity, and higher body mass index. Independent of other lifestyle factors and body mass index, the cosmopolitan-pattern score was significantly associated with lower blood pressure and higher HDL-cholesterol concentrations, and the traditional-pattern score was associated with higher blood pressure and higher concentrations of HDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, and glucose. The refined-foods-pattern score was associated with higher total cholesterol concentrations and lower intakes of micronutrients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this Dutch population, food consumption patterns were independently associated with blood pressure and plasma glucose and cholesterol concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chronic Diseases Epidemiology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands. rob.van.dam@falw.vu.nl
authors.forename: Rob M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: van Dam
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Grievink
authors.forename: Marga C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Ocké
authors.forename: Edith J M
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Feskens
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004522:Educational Status; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005504:Food Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002784:Cholesterol