title: Mycophenolic acid inhibits activation of inducible nitric oxide synthase in rodent fibroblasts.
abstract: Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is an immunosuppressive drug that acts as a selective inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH). MMF has recently been shown to inhibit the enzymatic activity of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and subsequent production of the cytotoxic free radical nitric oxide (NO) in endothelial cells. We here investigated the effect of bioactive MMF compound mycophenolic acid (MPA) on iNOS-mediated NO synthesis in fibroblasts, which are important source of NO in rheumatoid arthritis and during rejection of solid organ transplants. MPA exerted dose-dependent inhibition of NO synthesis, measured as nitrite accumulation, in IFN-gamma + LPS-stimulated L929 mouse fibroblast cell line and rat primary fibroblasts. The effect of MPA was not mediated through interference with IMPDH-dependent synthesis of iNOS co-factor BH4 and subsequent suppression of iNOS enzymatic activity, as direct BH4 precursor sepiapterin failed to block the action of the drug. MPA suppressed the IFN-gamma + LPS-induced expression of fibroblast iNOS protein, as well as mRNA for iNOS and its transcription factor IRF-1, as assessed by cell-based ELISA and semiquantitative RT-PCR, respectively. MPA suppression of fibroblast NO release, iNOS, and IRF-1 activation, was efficiently prevented by exogenous guanosine, indicating that the drug acted through reduction of IMPDH-dependent synthesis of guanosine nucleotides. These results suggest that MPA inhibits NO production in fibroblasts by blocking guanosine nucleotide-dependent expression of iNOS gene, through mechanisms that might involve the interference with the induction of iNOS transcription factor IRF-1.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biological Research Sinisa Stankovic, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Yugoslavia. georgije_zw@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Dj
authors.initials: Dj
authors.lastname: Miljkovic
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cvetkovic
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stosic-Grujicic
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Trajkovic
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D050856:Interferon Regulatory Factor-1; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D050856:Interferon Regulatory Factor-1; C494258:Irf1 protein, mouse; C494259:Irf1 protein, rat; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; C496318:Nos2 protein, rat; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid