title: Health care costs associated with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent disorder that has been associated with elevated rates of medically unexplained physical symptoms, significant functional impairment, and high health care use. However, little is known about actual health care costs associated with PTSD.
  
  
  METHODS
  We administered the PTSD Checklist (PCL) to 1225 female members of a metropolitan health maintenance organization and validated the instrument using a structured PTSD interview in a subset of 268 women. Participants were classified into 3 groups by PCL score: low (<30), moderate (30-44), and high (> or =45). By using the cost accounting system of the health maintenance organization, we examined differences between the groups with respect to total and component health care costs, controlling for chronic medical illness and other forms of psychological distress.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total unadjusted mean +/- SD annual health care costs were 3060 US dollars +/- 6381 US dollars (median, 1283 US dollars) for the high PCL score group, 1779 US dollars +/- 3008 US dollars (median, 829 US dollars) for the moderate PCL score group, and 1646 US dollars +/- 5156 US dollars (median, 609 US dollars) for the low PCL score group. After adjusting for depression, chronic medical disease, and demographic factors, women with high PCL scores had a significantly greater odds of having nonzero health care costs compared with women with low PCL scores (odds ratio, 13.14; 95% confidence interval, 1.70-101.19). Compared with women in the low PCL score group, those in the moderate PCL score group had, on average, a 38% increase in adjusted total annual median costs, and those in the high PCL score group had a 104% increase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women with PTSD symptoms in this study had significantly higher total and component health care costs, even after controlling for depression, chronic medical illness, and demographic differences. These findings are similar to those found in studies of costs related to major depression and suggest that instituting health services interventions to improve recognition and treatment of PTSD in primary and specialty care clinics may be a cost-effective approach for lowering the prevalence of this disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle 98195, USA. edwalker@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Edward A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Wayne
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Katon
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ciechanowski
authors.forename: Elana
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: Amy W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Wagner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014861:Washington