title: Barriers to employability among substance dependent and nonsubstance-affected women on federal welfare: implications for program design.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined barriers to employability among women meeting criteria for a substance dependence disorder who were identified by routine screening conducted in welfare offices. The characteristics of these women were compared to other women on welfare who did not have a substance use disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 214 substance dependent women on federal welfare were recruited to participate in a substance use disorders welfare demonstration project. An additional 69 nonsubstance-affected women on welfare served as a comparison sample. All participants were assessed in welfare settings through a standardized battery of measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Substance dependent women reported moderate to severe substance use problems. They also reported significantly higher rates than the women with no substance use disorder of other barriers such as domestic violence, mental health problems, legal problems, child welfare investigations and fewer job skills.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings raise questions about the likely effectiveness of existing welfare reform services in addressing the needs of substance dependent women.
authors.affiliation: The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University, 633 Third Avenue, New York, New York 10017, USA. jon.morgenstern@mssm.edu
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Morgenstern
authors.forename: Barbara S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: McCrady
authors.forename: Kimberly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Blanchard
authors.forename: Katharine H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: McVeigh
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Riordan
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Irwin
mesh_terms: D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D017579:Domestic Violence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004651:Employment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012946:Social Welfare; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires