title: Complications of tracheobronchial airway stents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our goal was to identify and analyze airway stent complications and to devise approaches to manage stent complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective review of patients from a tertiary medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight airway stents were placed in 23 patients for benign (n = 15) and malignant (n = 13) tracheobronchial diseases. All patients were followed clinically for signs of complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine complications (8 in those with benign disease and 1 in a patient with malignant disease) were identified and included stent migration (n = 3), excessive granulation tissue (n = 2), stent fracture (n = 1), poor patient tolerance (n = 2), and inability to place (n = 1). Avoidance and management strategies for stent complications are introduced.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tracheobronchial stents provide minimally invasive therapy for significant airway obstruction. Stent complications are more frequently encountered in the long-term treatment of benign conditions. Stents can be successfully removed endoscopically if complications arise, but the longer a metallic stent is in place, the more difficult it is to remove.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As airway stent use increases, proper management will be required to avoid and manage complications. This is the first report to focus on stent complications and their management.
authors.affiliation: Otolaryngology Service, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Zakaluzny
authors.forename: J David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: Eric A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Mair
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001982:Bronchial Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014133:Tracheal Diseases / Q000601:surgery*