title: Complications of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: MR imaging.
abstract: Arthroscopic reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) using autografts or allografts is being performed with increasing frequency, particularly in young athletes. Although the procedure is generally well tolerated, with good success rates, early and late complications have been documented. As clinical manifestations of graft complications are often non-specific and plain radiographs cannot directly visualize the graft and the adjacent soft tissues, MR imaging has a definite role in the diagnosis of complications after ACL reconstruction and may direct subsequent therapeutic management. Our purpose is to review the normal MR imaging of the ACL graft and present the MR imaging findings of a wide spectrum of complications after ACL reconstruction, such as graft impingement, graft rupture, cystic degeneration of the graft, postoperative infection of the knee, diffuse and localized (i.e., cyclops lesion) arthrofibrosis, and associated donor site abnormalities. Awareness of the MR imaging findings of complications as well as the normal appearances of the normal ACL graft is essential for correct interpretation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, 3350 La Jolla Village Dr., San Diego, CA 92161, USA. olypapak@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Olympia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Papakonstantinou
authors.forename: Christine B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Kullanuch
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chanchairujira
authors.forename: Donald L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Resnick
mesh_terms: D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000637:transplantation*; D001175:Arthrography; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures