title: Cell-mediated immunotherapy: a new approach to the treatment of malignant glioma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The dismal prognosis for patients harboring intracranial gliomas has prompted an intensive search for effective treatment alternatives such as immunotherapy. Our increased knowledge in basic immunology, glioma immunobiology, and molecular biology may lead to the development of effective, rational immunotherapy approaches.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors reviewed the literature on glioma immunology, the status of tumor vaccine therapy and on novel techniques to monitor the tumor-specific immune response.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Experimental conditions currently exist whereby potent antitumor cell-mediated immune responses can be generated. However, clinically, no therapeutic regimen has proven effective. Obstacles to establishing an effective immunotherapy regimen are the lack of a well-defined glioma-specific antigen, the heterogeneity of tumor cells in gliomas, and the modulating effect of the glioma itself on the immune system. Unique strategies to overcome these barriers are being developed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Novel strategies to generate an anti-glioma immune response through use of dendritic cell vaccination, directed cytokine delivery, gene-based immunotherapy, and reversal of tumor-induced immunosuppression are promising. These strategies carry the potential of overcoming the resistance of gliomas to immunotherapeutic manipulation and, undoubtedly, will become a part of our future therapeutic armamentarium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262, USA.
authors.forename: Liu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Ka-yun
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Kevin O
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Lillehei
mesh_terms: D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy*; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000276:immunology; D005910:Glioma / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance / Q000276:immunology; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000276:immunology; D007167:Immunotherapy; D009044:Motor Cortex