title: Clinical evaluation of ricin A-chain immunotoxins in patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Immunotoxins (ITs) consist of cell binding ligands coupled to toxins or their subunits. Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) is an excellent target for ITs since lymphocyte activation markers such as CD25 and CD30 are expressed in large numbers. The ITs RFT5.dgA (anti CD25) and Ki-4.dgA (anti CD30) were constructed by linking the monoclonal antibodies RFT5 and Ki-4 to deglycosylated ricin A-chain (dgA). Both ITs showed potent specific activity against HL cells in vitro and in vivo in animal models, and were subsequently evaluated in phase I/II clinical trials in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  In two separate trials, the ITs were administered i.v. four times every other day over 4 h. The objectives of the phase I trials included the determination of the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs), pharmacokinetics, antitumor activity and immune response against the IT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-seven patients with refractory HL were included in the phase I/II study of RFT5.dgA and 17 patients were included in the phase I study of Ki-4.dgA. The MTD of RFT5.dgA was 15 mg/m(2), whereas that of Ki-4.dgA was 5 mg/m(2). DLTs were related to vascular leak syndrome, consisting of edema, tachycardia, dyspnea, weakness and myalgia. Measurement of serum levels of RFT5.dgA demonstrated a C(max) of 0.2-9.7 micro g/ml with a half-life (t()) varying from 4 to 10.5 h. Peak serum concentration of Ki-4.dgA ranged from 0.23 to 1.7 micro g/ml. In both trials approximately 60% of patients developed human anti-mouse and/or anti-dgA antibodies. Seventeen of 18 patients treated at the MTD of RFT5.dgA were evaluable for clinical response. Responses included two partial remissions (PR), one minor response (MR) and five stable diseases (SD). Fifteen of 17 patients treated with Ki-4.dgA were evaluable for clinical response. Responses included one PR, one MR and two SD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RFT5.dgA and Ki-4.dgA showed moderate efficacy in heavily pretreated refractory patients with HL. Ki-4.dgA was less well tolerated than RFT5.dgA. This might be due, at least in part, to the formation of Ki-4.dgA/sCD30 complexes.
authors.affiliation: Klinik I fuer Innere Medizin, Universitaet zu Koeln, 50924 Koeln, Germany. a.engert@uni-koeln.de
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schnell
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Borchmann
authors.forename: J O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Staak
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schindler
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ghetie
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Vitetta
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Engert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000941:Antigens / Q000097:blood; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D003602:Cytotoxicity, Immunologic / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006689:Hodgkin Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D000922:Immunotoxins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012276:Ricin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000941:Antigens; D016207:Cytokines; D000922:Immunotoxins; D012276:Ricin