title: Risk factors for animal-related injury among Iowa large-livestock farmers: a case-control study nested in the Agricultural Health Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although farmers are at risk for injuries from contact with large livestock, few previous studies have examined risk factors for animal-related injuries.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This case-control study, nested in the Agricultural Health Study, aimed to assess risk factors for animal-related injury among Iowa large-livestock farmers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A screener questionnaire sent to 6999 farmers identified 116 farmers with large livestock who had an animal-related injury requiring medical advice/treatment in the previous year. Several possible risk factors for injury were assessed by comparing these farmers with 342 farmers who had livestock but were not injured in the previous year.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A multiple logistic regression analysis showed significant associations between animal-related injury and the use of a hearing aid (odds ratio [OR] = 5.4 [95% CI, 1.6 to 18.0]), doctor-diagnosed arthritis or rheumatism (OR = 3.0 [95% CI, 1.7 to 5.2]), education beyond high school (OR = 1.8 [95% CI, 1.1 to 2.8]), and a younger age. Farmers engaged in off-farm work were less likely to sustain animal-related injuries (OR = 0.4 [95% CI, 0.2 to 0.8]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study to show associations between animal-related injury and a younger age, hearing difficulties, and doctor-diagnosed arthritis. Hearing loss and arthritis, which are more common among farmers than among other workers, may be particularly important risk factors to address in future preventive studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242-5000, USA. nancy-sprince@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Nancy L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Sprince
authors.forename: Hyesook
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zwerling
authors.forename: Charles F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Whitten
authors.forename: Kendall
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Thu
authors.forename: Leon F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Burmeister
authors.forename: Patricia P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Gillette
authors.forename: Michael C R
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Alavanja
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000382:Agricultural Workers' Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D006801:Humans; D007484:Iowa / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*