title: Biomechanical analysis of a posterior transfer maneuver on a level surface in individuals with high and low-level spinal cord injuries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the movement patterns and the muscular demand during a posterior transfer maneuver on a level surface in individuals with spinal cord injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six participants with high-level spinal cord injury (C7 to T6) were compared to five participants with low-level spinal cord injury (T11 to L2) with partial or complete control of abdominal musculature.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Developing an optimal level of independence for transfer activities figures among the rehabilitation goals of individuals with spinal cord injury. There has been no biomechanical study which specifically describes the posterior transfer maneuver.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tridimensional kinematics at the elbow, shoulder, head and trunk, as well as surface electromyographic data of the biceps, triceps, anterior deltoid, posterior deltoid, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, trapezius and rectus abdominus muscles were recorded during the posterior transfer. To quantify the muscular demand, the electromyographic data were amplitude normalized to the peak value obtained from maximum voluntary contractions. The transfer was divided into pre-lift, lift, and post-lift phases for analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The duration of the lift phase was significantly shorter (P<0.05) for the high-level spinal cord injury (1.24; SD, 0.37 s) when compared to the low-level spinal cord injury (1.74; SD, 0.39 s). The patterns and magnitudes of the angular displacements were found similar between groups (P values: 0.45-0.98). However, the high-level spinal cord injury initiated the task from a forward flexed posture, whereas the low-level spinal cord injury adopted an almost upright alignment of the trunk. Higher muscular demands were calculated for all muscles among high-level spinal cord injury participants during the transfer when compared to the low-level spinal cord injury. However, only the anterior deltoid (high level=92.4%; low level=34.2%) and the pectoralis major (high level=109.8%; low level=25.6%) reached statistical significance during the lift phase.Conclusions. Participants with high-level spinal cord injury presented different movement characteristics and higher muscular demands during the posterior transfer than low-level spinal cord injury ones. This is probably to compensate for the additional trunk and upper limb musculature impairment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this study may help to develop guidelines of specific strengthening programs for the thoracohumeral, scapulothoracic and shoulder muscles designed to restore optimal transfer capacity in individuals with spinal cord injury. Furthermore, innovative rehabilitation programs targeting the ability to control the trunk could be beneficial for these individuals.
authors.affiliation: Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire en réadaptation du Montréal métropolitain--Site Institut de réadaptation de Montréal, Montréal, Que., Canada. sylvie.nadeau@umontreal.ca
authors.forename: Dany
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gagnon
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nadeau
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gravel
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Noreau
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Larivière
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gagnon
mesh_terms: D000009:Abdominal Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology; D000328:Adult; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000293:injuries / Q000503:physiopathology; D004550:Elbow / Q000503:physiopathology; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods*; D006257:Head / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008124:Locomotion; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000293:injuries / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012399:Rotation; D012782:Shoulder / Q000503:physiopathology; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000293:injuries / Q000503:physiopathology; D013909:Thorax / Q000503:physiopathology