title: Toxicity of anti-fouling biocides to Parorchis acanthus (Digenea: Philophthalmidae) cercarial encystment.
abstract: The toxicity of the anti-fouling biocides tributyltin (TBTO), copper, and Irgarol 1051 (irgarol) at nominal concentrations ranging from 10 to 10,000 microg l(-1) was investigated against the speed of encystment and successful formation of a protective cyst of the cercariae of Parorchis acanthus. For all biocide exposures, cercariae had a much slower rate of encystment and reduced cyst formation than controls. Exposure of the snail host Nucella lapillus for 7 d caused complete cessation of cercarial shedding in irgarol-exposed snails but had no effect on cercarial encystment from TBTO and copper-exposed snails. The mechanisms of toxicity of the biocides are briefly discussed.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, United Kingdom. n.morley@rhul.ac.uk
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Morley
authors.forename: K M Y
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Morritt
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Crane
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D003300:Copper / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D007700:Kinetics; D012908:Snails / Q000469:parasitology; D014200:Trematoda / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D014220:Trialkyltin Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D014227:Triazines / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D014220:Trialkyltin Compounds; D014227:Triazines; C103341:irgarol 1051; C011559:tributyltin; D003300:Copper