title: Cyclooxygenase-2 is instrumental in Parkinson's disease neurodegeneration.
abstract: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder of uncertain pathogenesis characterized by the loss of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons, which can be modeled by the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Increased expression of cyclooxygenase type 2 (COX-2) and production of prostaglandin E(2) have been implicated in neurodegeneration in several pathological settings. Here we show that COX-2, the rate-limiting enzyme in prostaglandin E(2) synthesis, is up-regulated in brain dopaminergic neurons of both PD and MPTP mice. COX-2 induction occurs through a JNKc-Jun-dependent mechanism after MPTP administration. We demonstrate that targeting COX-2 does not protect against MPTP-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration by mitigating inflammation. Instead, we provide evidence that COX-2 inhibition prevents the formation of the oxidant species dopamine-quinone, which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of PD. This study supports a critical role for COX-2 in both the pathogenesis and selectivity of the PD neurodegenerative process. Because of the safety record of the COX-2 inhibitors, and their ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, these drugs may be therapies for PD.
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Research Laboratories of the Movement Disorder Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Teismann
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tieu
authors.forename: Dong-Kug
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Du-Chu
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Naini
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hunot
authors.forename: Miquel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vila
authors.forename: Vernice
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jackson-Lewis
authors.forename: Serge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Przedborski
mesh_terms: D015632:1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002384:Catalysis; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism*; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology*; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D015632:1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases