title: The 13CO2 breath test for liver glycogen oxidation after 3-day labeling of the liver with a naturally 13C-enriched diet.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  When naturally (13)C-enriched carbohydrate is used to label hepatic glycogen, (13)C-liver glycogen oxidation can be monitored subsequently by measuring the (13)C enrichment of breath CO(2) during a sedentary fast. In our previous breath test studies, we used a 1-d labeling protocol to enrich liver glycogen. Others found that after 3 d of labeling the liver glycogen (13)C enrichment is identical to the dietary carbohydrate (13)C enrichment.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared a diet protocol in which naturally (13)C-enriched carbohydrate was given for 3 d before the breath test with our previously applied 1-d labeling design. The (13)CO(2) breath test was combined with indirect calorimetry. The results were compared with those from our previous studies. In addition, we compared liver glycogen oxidation rates with those from our present technique and different techniques as used in other published studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six healthy volunteers were included in this study. The (13)C enrichment of breath CO(2) at plateau excretion level did not differ after 1 or 3 d on a labeling diet. However, the end of plateau time tended to be later after the 3-d diet, 14.3 h versus 12.5 to 13.5 h postprandially in the 1-d labeling studies. Also, the return to baseline time was later in the 3-d study, at 25.8 h versus 19.0 to 23.2 h postprandially after 1 d of labeling. The liver glycogen oxidation rate was similar in both techniques until 17 h postprandially. After this time the 3-d labeling protocol showed a higher level of liver glycogen oxidation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicated that the labeling of liver glycogen is slightly less complete after 1 d on a (13)C-enriched diet as compared with 3-d labeling. Our (13)C breath test results compared rather well with studies from the literature using the (13)C-NMR technique, the D(2)O technique, or the (13)CO(2) breath method to measure liver glycogen oxidation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Rotterdam-Dijkzigt, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Tanis
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rietveld
authors.forename: J L D
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Wattimena
authors.forename: J W O
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: van den Berg
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Swart
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001944:Breath Tests / Q000379:methods*; D002153:Calorimetry, Indirect; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008112:Liver Glycogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D008112:Liver Glycogen; D002245:Carbon Dioxide