title: The differential effect of PD and normal aging on early explicit sequence learning.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Motor sequence learning is abnormal in PD. However, it is not known whether this defect is present during the earliest stages of the illness or whether it reflects specific limitations in dividing attention between cognitive and motor requirements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen patients with early stage PD and 10 age-matched and 9 younger normal controls moved the right dominant hand on a digitizing tablet to eight targets presented on a screen in synchrony with a tone at 1-second intervals. The tasks were as follows: 1) CCW--a timed-response task where targets appeared in a predictable counterclockwise order; 2) RAN--a reaction time task where targets were random and unpredictable; 3) SEQ--a task with multiple demands emphasizing explicit learning and target anticipation in which subjects learned a sequence while reaching for targets; and 4) VSEQ--subjects learned a visual sequence without moving.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CCW and RAN yielded similar results in all groups. In patients with PD, sequence learning was the same in SEQ and VSEQ and was slower compared to both control groups. In older controls, learning was faster in VSEQ than in SEQ, whereas younger controls learned equally fast in both tasks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite normal motor execution, the initial phases of sequence learning are impaired in early PD independent of task requirements, possibly reflecting reduced working memory. Learning was slower in older than younger controls only in tasks with multiple demands, presumably due to reduced attentional resources.
authors.affiliation: Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA. mg79@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Maria-Felice
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Ghilardi
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Eidelberg
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Silvestri
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ghez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D011596:Psychomotor Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance