title: The effect of ligation method on friction in sliding mechanics.
abstract: During orthodontic tooth movement with the preadjusted edgewise system, friction generated at the bracket/archwire interface tends to impede the desired movement. The method of ligation is an important contributor to this frictional force. This in vitro study investigated the effect of ligation method on friction and evaluated the efficacy of the new slick elastomeric modules from TP Orthodontics (La Porte, Ind), which are claimed to reduce friction at the module/wire interface. Slick modules were compared with regular nonslick modules, stainless steel ligatures, and the SPEED self-ligating bracket system (Strite Industries, Cambridge, Ontario, Canada). The effect of using slick modules with metal-reinforced ceramic (Clarity, 3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif) and miniature brackets (Minitwin, 3M Unitek) was also examined. Results showed that, when considering tooth movement along a 0.019 x 0.025-in stainless steel archwire, saliva-lubricated slick modules can reduce static friction at the module/archwire interface by up to 60%, regardless of the bracket system. The SPEED brackets produced the lowest friction compared with the 3 other tested bracket systems when regular modules were used. The use of slick modules, however, with all of the ligated bracket types tested significantly reduced friction to below the values recorded in the SPEED groups. Loosely tied stainless steel ligatures were found to generate the least friction.
authors.affiliation: Orthodontic Unit, School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hain
authors.forename: Ashish
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dhopatkar
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rock
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D004548:Elasticity; D020724:Elastomers / Q000737:chemistry*; D017276:Friction; D006801:Humans; D008026:Ligation; D016014:Linear Models; D016555:Matched-Pair Analysis; D008422:Materials Testing; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D012463:Saliva / Q000502:physiology; D013193:Stainless Steel / Q000737:chemistry; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; D020724:Elastomers; D013193:Stainless Steel