Toxicity of anti-fouling biocides to Parorchis acanthus (Digenea: Philophthalmidae) cercarial encystment.
The toxicity of the anti-fouling biocides tributyltin (TBTO), copper, and Irgarol 1051 (irgarol) at nominal concentrations ranging from 10 to 10,000 microg l(-1) was investigated against the speed of encystment and successful formation of a protective cyst of the cercariae of Parorchis acanthus. For all biocide exposures, cercariae had a much slower rate of encystment and reduced cyst formation than controls. Exposure of the snail host Nucella lapillus for 7 d caused complete cessation of cercarial shedding in irgarol-exposed snails but had no effect on cercarial encystment from TBTO and copper-exposed snails. The mechanisms of toxicity of the biocides are briefly discussed.
Morley
N J
NJ
School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, United Kingdom. n.morley@rhul.ac.uk
Leung
K M Y
KM
Morritt
D
D
Crane
M
M
D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D003300:Copper / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D007700:Kinetics; D012908:Snails / Q000469:parasitology; D014200:Trematoda / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D014220:Trialkyltin Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D014227:Triazines / Q000633:toxicity*
D014220:Trialkyltin Compounds; D014227:Triazines; C103341:irgarol 1051; C011559:tributyltin; D003300:Copper