title: Effectiveness of anticholinergic drugs compared with placebo in the treatment of overactive bladder: systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effectiveness of anticholinergic drugs for the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review of randomised controlled trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  Published papers and abstracts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trials with anticholinergic drug treatment in one arm and placebo in another.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary outcomes of interest were patient perceived cure or improvement in symptoms, differences in number of incontinent episodes and number of voids in 24 hours, and side effects. Secondary outcomes of interest were urodynamic measures of bladder function (volume at first contraction, maximum cystometric capacity, and residual volume) and adverse events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  32 trials were included, totalling 6800 participants. Most trials were described as double blind but were variable in other aspects of quality. At the end of treatment, cure or improvement (relative risk 1.41, 95% confidence interval 1.29 to 1.54), differences in incontinent episodes in 24 hours (estimated mean difference 0.6, 0.4 to 0.8), number of voids in 24 hours (0.6, 0.4 to 0.8), maximum cystometric capacity (54 ml, 43 ml to 66 ml), and volume at first contraction (52 ml, 37 ml to 67 ml), were significantly in favour of anticholinergics (P<0.0001 for all). Anticholinergics were associated with significantly higher residual volumes (4 ml, 1 ml to 7 ml; P=0.02) and an increased rate of dry mouth (relative risk 2.56, 2.24 to 2.92; P<0.0001). Sensitivity analysis, although affected by small numbers of studies, showed little likelihood of an effect of age, sex, diagnosis, or choice of drug.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although statistically significant, the differences between anticholinergic drugs and placebo were small, apart from the increased rate of dry mouth in patients receiving active treatment. For many of the outcomes studied, the observed difference between anticholinergics and placebo may be of questionable clinical significance. None of these studies provided data on long term outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand. peter.herbison@otago.ac.nz
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Herbison
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hay-Smith
authors.forename: Gaye
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001745:Urinary Bladder Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016055:Urinary Retention / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists