title: Fungicidal synergism of fluconazole and cyclosporine in Candida albicans is not dependent on multidrug efflux transporters encoded by the CDR1, CDR2, CaMDR1, and FLU1 genes.
abstract: The combination of fluconazole (FLC) and cyclosporine (CY) is fungicidal in FLC-susceptible C. albicans (O. Marchetti, P. Moreillon, M. P. Glauser, J. Bille, and D. Sanglard, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44:2373-2381, 2000). The mechanism of this synergism is unknown. CY has several cellular targets including multidrug efflux transporters. The hypothesis that CY might inhibit FLC efflux was investigated by comparing the effect of FLC-CY in FLC-susceptible parent CAF2-1 (FLC MIC, 0.25 mg/liter) and in FLC-hypersusceptible mutant DSY1024 (FLC MIC, 0.03 mg/liter), in which the CDR1, CDR2, CaMDR1, and FLU1 transporter genes have been selectively deleted. We postulated that a loss of the fungicidal effect of FLC-CY in DSY1024 would confirm the roles of these efflux pumps. Time-kill curve studies showed a more potent fungistatic effect of FLC (P = 0.05 at 48 h with an inoculum of 10(3) CFU/ml) and a more rapid fungicidal effect of FLC-CY (P = 0.05 at 24 h with an inoculum of 10(3) CFU/ml) in the FLC-hypersusceptible mutant compared to those in the parent. Rats with experimental endocarditis were treated for 2 or 5 days with high-dose FLC, high-dose CY, or both drugs combined. FLC monotherapy for 5 days was more effective against the hypersusceptible mutant than against the parent. However, the addition of CY to FLC still conferred a therapeutic advantage in animals infected with mutant DSY1024, as indicated by better survival (P = 0.04 versus the results obtained with FLC) and sterilization of valves and kidneys after a very short (2-day) treatment (P = 0.009 and 0.002, respectively, versus the results obtained with FLC). Both in vitro and in vivo experiments consistently showed that the deletion of the four membrane transporters in DSY1024 did not result in loss of the fungicidal effect of FLC-CY. Yet, the accelerated killing in the mutant suggested a "dual-hit" mechanism involving FLC hypersusceptibility due to the efflux pump elimination and fungicidal activity conferred by CY. Thus, inhibition of multidrug efflux transporters encoded by CDR1, CDR2, CaMDR1, and FLU1 genes is not responsible for the fungicidal synergism of FLC-CY. Other cellular targets must be considered.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine. Institute of Microbiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Marchetti
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moreillon
authors.forename: Josè M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Entenza
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vouillamoz
authors.forename: Michel P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Glauser
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bille
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sanglard
mesh_terms: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000235:genetics*; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000235:genetics*; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects*; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple / Q000235:genetics*; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004696:Endocarditis / Q000188:drug therapy; D015725:Fluconazole / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D000935:Antifungal Agents; C094693:CDR1 protein, Candida albicans; C417782:FLU1 protein, Candida albicans; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D016572:Cyclosporine; D015725:Fluconazole