Identification of genes differentially expressed in association with reduced azole susceptibility in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
OBJECTIVE
An isolate of S. cerevisiae with reduced susceptibility to fluconazole and itraconazole was developed in the laboratory and used to identify genes that are differentially expressed in association with this phenotype.


METHODS
S. cerevisiae strain ATCC 9763 was passaged in increasing concentrations of itraconazole. Itraconazole and fluconazole MICs for the initial isolate (9763S) were 2 and 16 mg/L and for the final isolate (9763I) were 16 and > or =64 mg/L, respectively. Duplicate sets of total RNA from 9763S and 9763I were isolated and hybridized to Affymetrix S98 yeast arrays. To validate results, six differentially expressed genes were further examined by RT-PCR.


RESULTS
Of the nearly 6400 open reading frames represented on the array, a total of 116 genes (1.8%) were found to be differentially expressed. Cell wall maintenance genes TIR4 and CCW12, sterol metabolism gene UPC2, small molecule transport genes AUS1 and YHK8, and stress response gene CUP1-1 were expressed at a level at least 2.5-fold higher than the expression level found in 9763S. Eleven energy generation genes, ionic homeostasis genes FRE1, FRE2 and FRE4, and sterol metabolism genes ERG8 and ERG13 were expressed at least 2.5-fold lower than the expression level found in 9763S.


CONCLUSIONS
Several genes found to be differentially expressed in this study have been shown previously to be differentially expressed in the fungal response to azole treatment. In addition, the potential role of AUS1 and/or YHK8 as mediators of drug efflux is intriguing and warrants further study.
Barker
Katherine S
KS
Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, 38163, USA.
Pearson
Margaret M
MM
Rogers
P David
PD
D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001393:Azoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000378:metabolism; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D025141:Drug Resistance, Fungal; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D015725:Fluconazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal / Q000187:drug effects; D005800:Genes, Fungal / Q000235:genetics; D017964:Itraconazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D016366:Open Reading Frames / Q000235:genetics; D010641:Phenotype; D012331:RNA, Fungal / Q000187:drug effects; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D013261:Sterols / Q000378:metabolism
D000596:Amino Acids; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D001393:Azoles; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D005227:Fatty Acids; D012331:RNA, Fungal; D013261:Sterols; D017964:Itraconazole; D015725:Fluconazole