title: Expectancies and evaluations of alcohol effects among college students: self-determination as a moderator.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This research examined individual differences in self-determination as moderators of both alcohol expectancies and of subjective evaluations of alcohol effects in college students. Previous work has shown lower levels of self-determination to be linked with drinking for more extrinsic reasons and as a means of regulating affect and social approval. We proposed that alcohol expectancies and subjective evaluations of alcohol effects would be more strongly linked to alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems among students who were more controlled and/or less autonomous.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-reported alcohol expectancies and subjective evaluations of alcohol effects and self-determination were assessed among 560 (347 women) college students, along with self-reported alcohol consumption and alcohol-related negative consequences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Alcohol expectancies and subjective evaluation of alcohol effects were examined separately. A series of hierarchical multiple regressions revealed that positive alcohol expectancies were more strongly associated with greater alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems among students who were lower in autonomy orientation, and among male students who were higher in controlled orientation. Similarly, more favorable evaluations of positive alcohol effects were associated with greater alcohol consumption among students who were lower in autonomy orientation and students, particularly men, who were higher in controlled orientation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Expectancy theories implicitly assume that individuals who believe alcohol has positive effects and who evaluate alcohol effects favorably are more likely to engage in problematic drinking. This research reveals this assumption is more appropriate among individuals who are generally less self-determined. Implications for interventions are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, North Dakota State University, 115 Minard Hall, Fargo, North Dakota 58105, USA. clayton.neighbors@ndsu.nodak.edu
authors.forename: Clayton
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Neighbors
authors.forename: Denise D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Larimer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D001290:Attitude; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012737:Sex Factors; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*