title: Infertility despite surgery for cryptorchidism in childhood can be classified by patients with normal or elevated follicle-stimulating hormone and identified at orchidopexy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse infertility despite orchidopexy in childhood.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study comprised patients with cryptorchidism (70 bilateral and 65 unilateral) who had a simultaneous biopsy taken at orchidopexy in childhood, and in adulthood had analyses of semen and FSH. In adulthood 42 formerly bilateral cryptorchid boys had repeat testicular biopsies taken. Infertility was suspected in men with < 5 million sperm/mL in the best sample of semen and concomitant poor sperm motility, and who were classified by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) values. At orchidopexy the number of spermatogonia/tubule and the germ cell differentiation were measured. In adulthood the percentage of tubules with complete spermatogenesis, spermatogenic arrest and Sertoli-cell only status was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infertility was suspected in 38 of 70 (54%) of formerly bilateral and six of 65 (9%) formerly unilateral cryptorchid patients. High FSH values were expected in these suspected infertile patients, but 15 of 38 (59%) formerly bilateral and five of six formerly unilateral cryptorchid patients had normal FSH values. These patients were identified in childhood at orchidopexy; those with bilateral cryptorchidism generally presented with germ cells, but the mean number of spermatogonia per tubule was < 30% of the lowest normal value, and the germ cells were seldom normally differentiated, whereas those with unilateral cryptorchidism generally lacked germ cells in the biopsies. No patients had a decreased FSH value.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite surgery for cryptorchidism, infertility was probable in a third (44 of 135) of the patients. We expected high FSH values in these patients, but in 45% (20/44) the FSH values were normal. These patients may have relative FSH deficiency. At orchidopexy these patients were identified to be bilaterally cryptorchid with few germ cells and those unilaterally cryptorchid had none in the biopsy. After orchidopexy in childhood, additional hormonal treatment, e.g. recombinant FSH or buserelin, may be indicated in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cortes
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thorup
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lindenberg
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Visfeldt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001706:Biopsy / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000097:blood*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D009919:Orchiectomy; D012307:Risk Factors; D012661:Semen / Q000737:chemistry; D013076:Sperm Count
chemical_list: D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone