title: Gender, ethnicity and genetics in cardiovascular disease: part 1: Basic principles.
abstract: Prior to 1993, most drug efficacy and safety trials were conducted in white males, although gender and racial differences in pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics have been documented since the early 1900s. Over the last 2 decades, supported by the FDA and legislation, attempts to include more women and minorities in clinical drug trials have been made, with limited success. Yet, there are important differences in pathophysiology and pharmacogenetics, as well as pharmacotherapeutic effectiveness. This is the first of 2 articles that review the basic scientific principles of such differences. In particular, genetic polymorphisms of cardiovascular candidate genes and drug metabolism are described. The pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic variations among genders and ethnicities are summarized.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Schaefer
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Caracciolo
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Frishman
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Charney
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000235:genetics*; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States