title: Compensatory mechanisms in anterior cruciate ligament deficiency.
abstract: The literature cites numerous studies involving the analysis of movement patterns in anterior cruciate ligament deficient (ACLD) patients. Although several in vivo biomechanical studies have shown that ACLD patients develop protective mechanisms against degenerative diseases, it seems that these adaptations fail to protect the knee from future pathology. Some authors state that ACLD patients adapt to the injury by avoiding quadriceps contraction during gait when the knee is near full extension. However, others have found increased hamstrings and decreased gastrocnemius activity, which normally contribute to the stability of the knee. It seems that further in vivo biomechanical investigation is required to understand the mechanisms of pathological knee joint motions and develop rehabilitation programs, which would delay the progress of developing long-term degenerative diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece. papadonik@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Anastasios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Papadonikolakis
authors.forename: Lance
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stergiou
authors.forename: Anastasios D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Georgoulis
authors.forename: Panayotis N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Soucacos
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004576:Electromyography; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D014741:Video Recording; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology