title: Tracheal extubation of deeply anesthetized pediatric patients: a comparison of desflurane and sevoflurane.
abstract: In this study, we examined the emergence characteristics of children tracheally extubated while deeply anesthetized with desflurane (Group D) or sevoflurane (Group S). Forty-eight children were randomly assigned to one of the two groups. At the end of the operation, all subjects were tracheally extubated while breathing 1.5 times the minimal effective concentration of assigned inhaled anesthetic. Recovery characteristics and complications were noted. Group D patients had higher arousal scores on arrival to the postanesthesia care unit than Group S patients. Later arousal scores were not significantly different. No serious complications occurred in either group. Coughing episodes and the overall incidence of complications after extubation were more frequent in Group D. Readiness for discharge and actual time to discharge were not significantly different between groups. Emergence agitation was common in both groups (33% overall, 46% for Group D, and 21% for Group S). Narcotic administration in the postanesthesia care unit occurred more frequently in Group D (10 of 24 patients) versus Group S (3 of 24 patients). Premedication with oral midazolam resulted in significantly longer emergence times regardless of the potent inhaled anesthetic administered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Deep extubation of children can be performed safely with desflurane or sevoflurane. Airway problems occur more frequently with desflurane. Awakening occurs more quickly with desflurane. Midazolam premedication has a greater effect on emergence times than does the choice of inhaled anesthetic. Emergence agitation occurs frequently with either technique.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Valley
authors.forename: Eugene B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Freid
authors.forename: Ann G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: Vincent J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Kopp
authors.forename: Linda S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Georges
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Keifer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation / Q000009:adverse effects; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000009:adverse effects; D001143:Arousal; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D000077335:Desflurane; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000009:adverse effects; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D007826:Laryngismus / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000009:adverse effects; D020250:Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / Q000453:epidemiology; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication; D000077149:Sevoflurane
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D000077335:Desflurane; D007530:Isoflurane