title: The nongroup health insurance market: short on facts, long on opinions and policy disputes.
abstract: Individual health insurance is more administratively costly and more prone to adverse selection (especially in the presence of community rating) than group health coverage is. In this paper we show that the individual market has been shrinking over time but that it might be stimulated if tax credits for such insurance were made available. The primary areas of factual disagreement have to do with the frequency with which individual insurers charge some applicants higher premiums than others (based on health risk), and the effect that premiums related to risk have on the likelihood of insurance purchase at different income levels. The primary area of policy disagreement concerns the value of offering insurance at lower premiums to higher risks relative to the value of making voluntary insurance attractive to lower risks. We argue that a major market failure for individual coverage may be caused by insurers' inability to distinguish some truly low risks. We conclude that the individual market works acceptably well for about 80 percent of potential buyers, but its performance for the remaining 20 percent of low-income or high-risk persons is controversial.
authors.affiliation: Health Care Systems Department, Wharton School University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
authors.forename: Mark V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Pauly
authors.forename: Len M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Nichols
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005249:Fees and Charges; D005260:Female; D018166:Health Care Reform; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015271:Insurance Pools; D015273:Insurance Selection Bias; D007348:Insurance, Health / Q000145:classification / Q000191:economics*; D008297:Male; D017057:Medically Uninsured / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011050:Policy Making; D012923:Social Class; D014481:United States