title: The first oral rotavirus vaccine, 1998-1999: estimates of uptake from the National Immunization Survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  On August 31, 1998, the rhesus-human reassortant rotavirus vaccine (RRV-TV) was licensed for use in the U.S. During the next nine months, 15 cases of intussusception were reported among infants who received the vaccine. Case-control and cohort studies showed a significantly increased risk of developing intussusception within one week of receiving the vaccine; subsequent ecologic studies did not. In this study, the authors used data on RRV-TV vaccination rates from the National Immunization Survey (NIS) to estimate state and national RRV-TV uptake rates and factors associated with receiving RRV-TV. These estimates are a key component in evaluating published ecologic studies designed to investigate the relationship between receipt of the vaccine and intussusception.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors analyzed NIS data for children ages 19 to 35 months who were eligible to receive RRV-TV between September 1998 and July 1999. The authors estimated vaccine coverage and the number of doses administered by state, NIS sampling quarter, and birth cohort, and analyzed demographic and socioeconomic variables to evaluate their relationship with receiving RRV-TV.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was estimated that approximately 1 million doses of RRV-TV were administered to 504,585 (+/-61,854) children, 13.4% (+/-1.6%) of children who were eligible. The estimated number of doses administered and the vaccination coverage rate varied greatly from state to state. Children living in households with higher socioeconomic conditions were more likely to receive the vaccine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ecologic studies had a limited ability to detect a significant increase in the population incidence rate of intussusception that could be attributed to RRV-TV because populations in these studies consisted primarily of children who did not receive the vaccine. The example from RRV-TV demonstrates some of the challenges of assessing the magnitude of the association between a vaccine and an uncommon or rare adverse event.
authors.affiliation: National Immunization Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. PSmith3@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mokdad
authors.forename: Alan B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Bloch
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McCauley
authors.forename: Trudy V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Murphy
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D017589:Immunization Programs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007223:Infant; D007443:Intussusception / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D011159:Population Surveillance; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012400:Rotavirus Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D022243:Rotavirus Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000600:supply & distribution; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D022243:Rotavirus Vaccines; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; C052014:rhesus rotavirus vaccine