title: A time-motion study of ambulance-to-emergency department radio communications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A prospective time-motion study of radio communication between inbound ambulances and emergency department (ED) triage personnel was conducted to assess hospital triage staff time utilized, and how often radio reports result in actions taken in the ED to prepare for patient arrival. The study hypothesis was that reports for "priority 2" (P2, nonemergent) patients rarely provide information that is acted upon in the ED prior to the patient's arrival.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted at an academic adult ED receiving 22,000 ambulances per year. An observer in the ED monitored and timed (to the second) all radio reports as well as the activities of triage nurses and arriving emergency medical services (EMS) personnel.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A convenience sample of 437 reports was collected: 83 priority 1 (P1, emergent) and 354 P2. Average report times (minutes:seconds) with ranges were 0:53 (0:07-1:57) for P1, and 0:44 (0:04-3:50) for P2. Only 16% of the P2 reports resulted in any preparatory action, and 55% of these were requests to have hospital police officers available to receive intoxicated patients, as per local protocol. An in-person report was given in the ED for 61% of the P2 cases, and in 48% of these, the in-person report was longer than the radio report.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the system studied, P2 reports rarely provide information that is acted on prior to the patient's arrival. The time spent giving a radio report is frequently duplicated in the ED. Radio reports for low-priority patients may not be an efficient or productive use of providers' or nurses' time.
authors.affiliation: Division of EMS, Section of Emergency Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Penner
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Cone
authors.forename: Don
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: MacMillan
mesh_terms: D000046:Academic Medical Centers; D000328:Adult; D000552:Ambulances; D003237:Connecticut; D004631:Emergency Medical Service Communication Systems / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016529:Emergency Nursing; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D017064:Process Assessment, Health Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011845:Radio / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013996:Time and Motion Studies; D014218:Triage