title: Morbidity from rib fractures increases after age 45.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies have demonstrated increased morbidity in elderly patients with rib fractures after blunt trauma. As a first step in creating a multidisciplinary rib fracture clinical pathway, we sought to determine the relationship between increasing age, number of rib fractures, and adverse outcomes in blunt chest trauma patients, without major abdominal or brain injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective cohort study involving all blunt patients greater than 15 years old with rib fractures, excluding those with Abbreviated Injury Scores (AIS) greater than 2 for abdomen and head, admitted to an urban Level I trauma center during 20 months. Outcomes parameters included the number of rib fractures, Injury Severity Score (ISS), intrathoracic injuries, pulmonary complications, number of ventilator days, length of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU), hospital stay, and type of analgesia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 6,096 patients admitted, 171 (2.8%) met the inclusion criteria. Based on an analysis of increasing age, number of rib fractures, and adverse outcomes variables, patients were separated into four groups: group 1, 15 to 44 years old with 1 to 4 rib fractures; group 2, 15 to 44 years old with more than 4 rib fractures; group 3, 45 years or older with 1 to 4 rib fractures; and group 4, 45 years or more with more than 4 rib fractures. The four groups had similar numbers of pulmonary contusions (30%) and incidence of hemopneumothorax (51%). Ventilator days (5.8 +/- 1.8), ICU days (7.5 +/- 1.8), and total hospital stay (14.0 +/- 2.2) were increased in group 4 patients compared with the other groups (p < 0.05). Epidural analgesia did not affect outcomes. Overall mortality was 2.9% and was not different between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients over the age of 45 with more than four rib fractures are more severely injured and at increased risk of adverse outcomes. Efforts to decrease rib fracture morbidity should focus not only on elderly patients but those as young as 45 years. Based on these data we have initiated a multidisciplinary clinical pathway focusing on patients 45 years and older who have more than four rib fractures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: John B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Holcomb
authors.forename: Neil R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: McMullin
authors.forename: Rosemary A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kozar
authors.forename: Marjorie H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Lygas
authors.forename: Frederick A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012253:Rib Fractures / Q000150:complications*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000150:complications*