title: Electron paramagnetic resonance assessment of brain tissue oxygen tension in anesthetized rats.
abstract: The adequacy of cerebral tissue oxygenation (PtO(2)) is a central therapeutic end point in critically ill and anesthetized patients. Clinically, PtO(2) is currently measured indirectly, based on measurements of cerebrovascular oxygenation using near infrared spectroscopy and experimentally, using positron emission tomographic scanning. Recent developments in electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) oximetry facilitate accurate, sensitive, and repeated measurements of PtO(2). EPR is similar to nuclear magnetic resonance but detects paramagnetic species. Because these species are not abundant in brain (or other tissues) in vivo, oxygen-responsive paramagnetic lithium phthalocyanine crystals implanted into the cerebral cortex are used for the measurement of oxygen. The line widths of the EPR spectra of these materials are linear functions of PtO(2). We used EPR oximetry in anesthetized rats to study the patterns of PtO(2) during exposure to various inhaled and injected general anesthetics and to varying levels of inspired oxygen. Rats anesthetized with 2.0 minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration isoflurane maintained the largest PtO(2) (38.0 +/- 4.5 mm Hg) and rats anesthetized with ketamine/xylazine had the smallest PtO(2) (3.5 +/- 0.3 mm Hg) at a fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO(2)) of 0.21, P < 0.05. The maximal PtO(2) achieved under ketamine/xylazine anesthesia with FIO(2) of 1.0 was 8.8 +/- 0.3 mm Hg, whereas PtO(2) measured during isoflurane anesthesia with FIO(2) of 1.0 was 56.3 +/- 1.7 mm Hg (P < 0.05). These data highlight the experimental utility of EPR in measuring PtO(2) during anesthesia and serve as a foundation for further study of PtO(2) in response to physiologic perturbations and therapeutic interventions directed at preventing cerebral ischemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using in vivo electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry, we studied the patterns of cerebral tissue oxygenation (PtO(2)) during exposure to various inhaled and injected general anesthetics, and to varying levels of inspired oxygen. These data show that inhaled anesthetics result in larger levels of PtO(2) in the brain than do several injectable anesthetics. The results highlight the experimental utility of electron paramagnetic resonance in measuring PtO(2) during anesthesia and serve as a foundation for further study of PtO(2) in response to physiologic perturbations and therapeutic interventions directed at preventing cerebral ischemia.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire; †Department of Anesthesiology and Emergency Medicine, Kagawa Medical University, Kagawa, Japan; ‡Department of Community and Family Medicine, Psychiatric Research Center, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire; and §Anesthesiology and Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Huagang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.forename: Oleg Y
authors.initials: OY
authors.lastname: Grinberg
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Taie
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leichtweis
authors.forename: Minoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miyake
authors.forename: Stalina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grinberg
authors.forename: Haiyi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Csete
authors.forename: Harold M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Swartz
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia; D018681:Anesthetics, General / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000187:drug effects*; D002138:Calibration; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007211:Indoles; D008297:Male; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D018681:Anesthetics, General; D007211:Indoles; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; C081756:lithium phthalocyanine; D010100:Oxygen