title: Silent and apparent cerebral embolism after retrograde catheterisation of the aortic valve in valvular stenosis: a prospective, randomised study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In most patients, severity of valvular aortic stenosis can be accurately assessed non-invasively by echocardiography. However, retrograde catheterisation of the aortic valve is often undertaken. This procedure has a potential risk of neurological complications, with an unknown incidence of clinically silent embolism. We aimed to establish the frequency of clinically apparent and silent cerebral embolism after this procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively randomised 152 consecutive patients with valvular aortic stenosis at a German university hospital to receive either cardiac catheterisation with (n=101) or without (n=51) passage through the aortic valve. Patients underwent cranial MRI and neurological assessment within 48 h before and after the procedure to assess cerebral embolism. Controls were 32 patients without valvular aortic stenosis who underwent coronary angiography and laevocardiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  22 of 101 patients (22%) who underwent retrograde catheterisation of the aortic valve had focal diffusion-imaging abnormalities in a pattern consistent with acute cerebral embolic events after the procedure; three of these patients (3%) had clinically apparent neurological deficits. By contrast, none of the patients without passage of the valve, or any of the controls, had evidence of cerebral embolism as assessed by MRI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with valvular aortic stenosis who undergo retrograde catheterisation of the aortic valve have a substantial risk of clinically apparent cerebral embolism, and frequently have silent ischaemic brain lesions. Patients should be informed about these risks, and this procedure should be used only in patients with unclear echocardiographical findings when additional information is necessary for clinical management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine-Cardiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany. omran@uni-bonn.de <omran@uni-bonn.de>
authors.forename: Heyder
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Omran
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hackenbroch
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Illien
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bernhardt
authors.forename: Giso
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: von der Recke
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fimmers
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Flacke
authors.forename: Günter
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Layer
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pohl
authors.forename: Berndt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lüderitz
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schild
authors.forename: Torsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sommer
mesh_terms: D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000503:physiopathology; D001024:Aortic Valve Stenosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D006801:Humans; D020766:Intracranial Embolism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D011312:Pressure; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors