title: Assessment of white blood cell phagocytosis as an immunological indicator of methylmercury exposure in birds.
abstract: White blood cell (WBC) phagocytosis was investigated as a potential immunological indicator of methylmercury (MeHg) exposure in birds. The assay was first assessed using chicken WBCs dosed with MeHg in vitro either in whole blood or as isolated cells and later using blood of wild common loons exposed in vivo to a range of dietary MeHg and having a range of blood-Hg concentrations. Whole blood and isolated WBCs from captive chickens were exposed to a range of MeHg concentrations for 3 h. After MeHg exposure, cells were incubated with fluorescent latex microbeads (diameter = 1.75 microm), fixed, and analyzed for size, complexity, and fluorescent intensity by flow cytometry. MeHg significantly depressed phagocytic activity when added to isolated WBCs at concentrations > 0.01 microg/ml, but not when added to whole blood up to 50 microg/ml. Similarly, no significant relationship between the concentration of Hg in whole blood and phagocytic capacity of WBCs in free-living loons was observed. Our results suggest that the phagocytosis assay, although rapid and convenient for use in field studies with wildlife species, is not a responsive immunological indicator of MeHg exposure at environmentally realistic concentrations of blood-Hg in wild loons. Assays that measure other immunologic endpoints (e.g., bacterial killing assay, PHA skin test, and mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation) should be assessed with respect to their ability to detect MeHg immunotoxicity in wild birds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H0X 3V9 Canada.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Holloway
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Scheuhammer
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D008767:Methylmercury Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D008767:Methylmercury Compounds; C004925:methylmercuric chloride