title: The Asheville Project: short-term outcomes of a community pharmacy diabetes care program.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess short-term clinical, economic, and humanistic outcomes of pharmaceutical care services (PCS) for patients with diabetes in community pharmacies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intention-to-treat, pre-post cohort-with-comparison group study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve community pharmacies in Asheville, N.C.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-five patients with diabetes who were employees, dependents, or retirees from two self-insured employers; community pharmacists who completed a diabetes certificate program and received reimbursement for PCS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients scheduled consultations with pharmacists over 7 to 9 months. Pharmacists provided education, self-monitored blood glucose (SMBG) meter training, clinical assessment, patient monitoring, follow-up, and referral. Group 1 patients began receiving PCS in March 1997, and group 2 patients began in March 1999.
  
  
  METHODS
  Change from baseline in the two employer groups in glycosylated hemoglobin (A1c) values, serum lipid concentrations, health-related quality of life (HRQOL), satisfaction with pharmacy services, and health care utilization and costs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients used SMBG meters at home, stored all readings, and brought their meters with them to 87% of the 317 PCS visits (3.7 visits per patient). Patients' A1c concentrations were significantly reduced, and their satisfaction with pharmacy services improved significantly. Patients experienced no change in HRQOL. From the payers' perspective, there was a significant dollars 52 per patient per month increase in diabetes costs for both groups, with PCS fees and diabetes prescriptions accounting for most of the increase. In contrast, both groups experienced a nonsignificant but economically important 29% decrease in nondiabetes costs and a 16% decrease in all-diagnosis costs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A clear temporal relationship was found between PCS and improved A1c, improved patient satisfaction with pharmacy services, and decreased all-diagnosis costs. Findings from this study demonstrate that pharmacists provided effective cognitive services and refute the idea that pharmacists must be certified diabetes educators to help patients with diabetes improve clinical outcomes.
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, USA. carole.cranor@rtp.ppdi.com
authors.forename: Carole W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Cranor
authors.forename: Dale B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Christensen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; D003157:Community Pharmacy Services / Q000191:economics; D003376:Counseling; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010595:Pharmacists; D011788:Quality of Life
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin