title: Chemical anoxia delays germ cell apoptosis in the human testis.
abstract: An understanding of testicular physiology and pathology requires knowledge of the regulation of cell death. Previous observation of suppression of apoptosis by hypoxia suggested a role for ATP in germ cell death. However, the exact effects of ATP production on germ cell death and of apoptosis on the levels of ATP and other adenine nucleotides (ANs) have remained unclear. We investigated the levels of ANs during human testicular apoptosis (analyzed by HPLC) and the role of chemical anoxia in germ cell death (detected by Southern blot analysis of DNA fragmentation, in situ end labeling of DNA, and electron microscopy). Incubation of seminiferous tubule segments under serum-free conditions induced apoptosis and concomitantly decreased the levels of ANs. Chemical anoxia, induced with potassium cyanide (KCN), an inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration, dropped ATP levels further and suppressed apoptosis at 4 h. After 24 h, many of the testicular cells underwent delayed apoptosis despite ATP depletion. Some cells showed signs of necrosis or toxicity. The addition of 2-deoxyglucose, an antimetabolite of glycolysis, did not alter the results obtained with KCN alone, whereas a toxic concentration of hydrogen peroxide switched apoptosis to necrosis. In most of the testicular cells, mitochondrial respiration appears to play a crucial role in controlling primary cell death cascades. In the human testis, there seem to be secondary apoptotic pathways that do not require functional respiration (or ATP).
authors.affiliation: Program for Developmental and Reproductive Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, and Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, FIN-00029 HUS Helsinki, Finland. krista.erkkila@hus.fi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Erkkilä
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Suomalainen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wikström
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Parvinen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dunkel
mesh_terms: D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000249:Adenosine Monophosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000368:Aged; D000963:Antimetabolites / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D015139:Blotting, Southern; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000187:drug effects*; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000187:drug effects; D003847:Deoxyglucose / Q000494:pharmacology; D006019:Glycolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000633:toxicity; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008875:Middle Aged; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D011190:Potassium Cyanide / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D019289:Pyruvic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013737:Testis / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D000963:Antimetabolites; D000249:Adenosine Monophosphate; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate; D019289:Pyruvic Acid; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D003847:Deoxyglucose; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D011190:Potassium Cyanide