title: Food intake in 1707 hospitalised patients: a prospective comprehensive hospital survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to assess the ability of the hospital meal service to meet patients' nutritional needs.
  
  
  METHODS
  All hospitalised patients who received 3 meals/day without artificial nutritional support were included. The nutritional values of food served, consumed and wasted during a 24 h period were compared to patients' needs estimated as energy: 110% Harris-Benedict formula; protein: 1.2 or 1.0 g/kg bodyweight/day for patients < or = or > 65 years old, respectively. A structured interview recorded patients' evaluation of the meal quality, their reasons for non-consumption of food and the relationship between food intake and disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 1707 patients included, 1416 were fully assessable (59% women; 68+/-21 years; body mass index: 24.3+/-5.1 kg/m(2)). Daily meals provided 2007+/-479 kcal and 78+/-21 g of protein and exceeded patients' needs by 41% and 15%, respectively. However, 975 patients did not eat enough. Plate waste was 471+/-372 kcal and 21+/-17 g of protein/day/patient. Moreover, the food intake of 572 (59%) of these underfed patients was not predominantly affected by disease. Logistic regression analyses identified as other risk factors: elevated BMI, male gender, modified diet prescription, length of stay <8 or > or = 90 days and inadequate supper.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite sufficient food provision, most of the hospitalised patients did not cover their estimated needs. Since insufficient food intake was often attributed to causes other than disease, there should be potential to improve the hospital meal service.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Y M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Dupertuis
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Kossovsky
authors.forename: U G
authors.initials: UG
authors.lastname: Kyle
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Raguso
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Genton
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pichard
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004435:Eating; D005260:Female; D005504:Food Analysis; D005518:Food Preferences; D005521:Food Service, Hospital / Q000592:standards*; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009748:Nutrition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D018505:Waste Management