title: The outpatient bleeding risk index: validation of a tool for predicting bleeding rates in patients treated for deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Long-term anticoagulation prevents recurrent thrombosis in patients with idiopathic deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, but with a risk of clinically important so-called major bleeding. Physician- and patient-based decisions on the optimal duration of therapy are sensitive to the bleeding risk. The Outpatient Bleeding Risk Index potentially provides a means of calculating the potential risk of bleeding using easily elicited clinical findings, but, to our knowledge, the authors of the index have provided the only published validation of it. We sought to determine the accuracy of the index in our population of patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively applied the Outpatient Bleeding Risk Index to consecutive patients in our clinic who had been objectively diagnosed as having pulmonary embolism or deep venous thrombosis and who were about to undergo standard therapy. Standard therapy consisted of a minimum of 5 days of low-molecular-weight heparin therapy overlapped with warfarin sodium therapy, and continuation of warfarin therapy for at least 3 months, with a target international normalized ratio of 2.5. Patients were placed in 3 risk groups (low, moderate, or high), as defined by the index. The survival curves of the groups, using major hemorrhages as the events, were then compared by the log-rank test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bleeding rates were lower than expected, but the index did discriminate between low- and moderate-risk groups (P =.03, log-rank test). The rate of major hemorrhage per 100 person-years was 0% (95% confidence interval, 0%-2.8%) in the low-risk group and 4.3% (95% confidence interval, 1.1%-11.1%) in the moderate-risk group. The rate in the high-risk group could not be defined because only 2 patients were at high risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Outpatient Bleeding Risk Index discriminates between low- and moderate-risk patients, and could be used to guide decisions on the optimal duration of anticoagulant therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Health Research Institute, Ontario, Canada. pwells@ohri.ca
authors.forename: Philip S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.forename: Melissa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Forgie
authors.forename: Maureen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Simms
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Greene
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Touchie
authors.forename: Geoffrey
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Jodi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Marc A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rodger
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000401:mortality; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D019934:International Normalized Ratio / Q000592:standards; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011336:Probability; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012307:Risk Factors; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014859:Warfarin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight; D014859:Warfarin