title: Fish intake, plasma omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/polychlorinated dibenzo-furans and co-planar polychlorinated biphenyls in the blood of the Japanese population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate background exposure levels and determinants of the individual variations in the exposure to dioxins in Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was performed on 131 men and 122 women (aged 20-76 years), who resided in five prefectures of Japan and had no occupational exposure to dioxins. Seven polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), ten polychlorinated dibenzo-furans (PCDFs) and 12 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), which are assigned a toxicity equivalent factor, were determined in fasting blood. Biochemical analysis of plasma and a questionnaire survey on life-style, including dietary habit, were also performed. Factors associated with the levels of dioxin-related compounds in blood were evaluated by multiple linear regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median of total toxicity equivalents (TEQs) in men and women was 17 and 16 pg TEQ/g lipid, respectively, with no gender difference. After adjustment for age and other covariates, plasma concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid, a biomarker of fish intake, were found to be positively associated with blood levels of total dioxin, PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs, all of which were expressed on a TEQ basis (P<0.01). The frequency of intake of coastal fish, such as horse mackerel, mackerel and sardine, was also associated with TEQ-based concentrations of PCDFs (P=0.03) and PCBs (P=0.08). The intake of raw fish was positively related to total dioxins (P=0.06) and PCBs (P=0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The level of intake of marine fish, especially raw fish and coastal varieties, may be associated with increased blood levels of dioxin-related compounds among the population. Despite high fish consumption in Japan, the body burden of dioxins in the population was not found to be higher than that in western countries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Promotion, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan. k-iwata@net.nagasaki-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Kokichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Arisawa
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsumura
authors.forename: Chiharu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tohyama
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Satoh
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagai
authors.forename: Masatoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morita
authors.forename: Tsuguyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suzuki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D001572:Benzofurans / Q000097:blood*; D001822:Body Burden; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005399:Fishes; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000097:blood*; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood*; D011108:Polymers; D017747:Seafood
chemical_list: D001572:Benzofurans; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins; D011108:Polymers; C016068:polychlorodibenzofuran; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls