Sticky windows: chemical and biological characteristics of the organic film derived from particulate and gas-phase air contaminants found on an urban impervious surface.
A novel environmentally derived mixture that integrates exposure to atmospherically derived gas- and particle-phase compounds in urban areas-namely, the organic film that develops as a thin layer on urban impervious surfaces-was investigated for its ability to induce gene expression via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). The organic film on window glass from 21 sites in downtown Toronto (Ontario, Canada) was found to contain a complex mixture of environmental contaminants typical of urban environments, notably PAHs, n-alkanes, PCBs, organochlorine (OC) pesticides, and polar constituents. Using a stably transfected reporter cell line, we found that the crude extract of organic film induces AhR-dependent gene expression in a dose-dependent fashion. Three subfractions of the crude extract induced significant luciferase expression: nonpolar aromatic > polar aromatic > nonpolar aliphatic. Recombination of the fractions did not lead to recovery of the full activity of the crude extract, which may indicate that some of the compounds lost during fractionation were significant contributors to the induction observed with the crude extract. The interactions between a tonic dose of B[ a]P (10(-7) M) and each of the aromatic fractions were determined to be antagonistic following analysis by the method of isoboles. Our results suggest that organic film makes up a diverse array of compounds active at the AhR and that these compounds may not interact in a strictly additive manner.
Hodge
E M
EM
Department of Geography, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G3.
Diamond
M L
ML
McCarry
B E
BE
Stern
G A
GA
Harper
P A
PA
D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D002947:Cities; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects*; D017930:Genes, Reporter / Q000235:genetics; D005898:Glass / Q000737:chemistry*; D008156:Luciferases / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D009864:Ontario; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000633:toxicity*; D018336:Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon / Q000235:genetics*; D013499:Surface Properties; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
D000393:Air Pollutants; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D018336:Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon; D008156:Luciferases