title: Promoting or impeding empowerment? Nurses' assessments of their work environment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article reports the results of a quantitative study of individual nurses' views concerning factors promoting or impeding empowerment in healthcare organizations.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Changes in healthcare have lead to the formation of ever larger units, reduced resources, and an increasing demand for efficiency. Besides having extensive professional knowledge, personnel are expected to be independent decision-makers engaged in continuous development of both themselves and their work. The leadership must be goal-directed, providing support and opportunities to the personnel. Concerns exist as to how to safeguard the attractiveness of the healthcare field in a possible future competition for potential workers and students.
  
  
  METHODS
  The concept used as theoretical framework is empowerment, which has widely been found useful not only in developing patient care but also in education and personnel management. Data (n = 416) were collected by a questionnaire based on five categories obtained in an earlier qualitative study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Factors that prevented empowerment included authoritarian leadership, poor access to information, and short working periods. Factors found to increase empowerment were job satisfaction, career consciousness, further training, and commitment. Further research into the effects of personnel governance and organizational changes upon empowerment seems indicated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, University of Turku, Finland. likuokka@pp.nic.fi
authors.forename: Liisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kuokkanen
authors.forename: Jouko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Katajisto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001318:Authoritarianism; D003422:Critical Care / Q000458:organization & administration; D003659:Decision Making, Organizational; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D006272:Health Facility Environment / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D007857:Leadership; D008134:Long-Term Care / Q000458:organization & administration; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015401:Nursing Administration Research; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D009740:Nursing Staff / Q000523:psychology*; D015279:Organizational Culture; D009936:Organizational Innovation; D011209:Power, Psychological; D017009:Professional Autonomy; D011637:Public Health Nursing / Q000458:organization & administration; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017132:Workplace / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000523:psychology