title: Mutations of the BRAF gene in cholangiocarcinoma but not in hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Raf/MEK/ERK (mitogen activated protein kinase-MAPK) signal transduction cascade is an important mediator of a number of cellular fates, including growth, proliferation, and survival. The BRAF gene, one of the human isoforms of RAF, is activated by oncogenic Ras, leading to cooperative effects in cells responding to growth factor signals.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to elucidate a possible function of BRAF in liver tumours.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mutations of BRAF and KRAS were evaluated in 25 hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) and in 69 cholangiocarcinomas (CC) by direct DNA sequencing analyses after microdissection. The presence of active intermediates of the MAPK pathway was assessed immunohistochemically. The results obtained were correlated with histopathological variables and patient survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Activating BRAF missense mutations were identified in 15/69 CC (22%) and in one case of tumour surrounding liver. KRAS mutations were found in 31 of 69 (45%) CC examined and in two cases of tumour surrounding non-neoplastic liver tissue. In HCC, neither BRAF nor KRAS mutations were detected. All 31 CC with KRAS mutations had an intact BRAF gene. We failed to observe a correlation between BRAF or KRAS mutations and histopathological factors or prognosis of patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicate that BRAF gene mutations are a relatively common event in CC but not in HCC. Disruption of the Raf/MEK/ERK (MAPK) kinase pathway, either by RAS or BRAF mutation, was detected in approximately 62% of all CC and is therefore one of the most frequent defects in cholangiocellular carcinogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology, University of Leipzig, Germany. tana@medizin.uni-leipzig.de
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tannapfel
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sommerer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Benicke
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Katalinic
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Uhlmann
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Witzigmann
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hauss
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wittekind
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence / Q000235:genetics; D001650:Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D001653:Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic / Q000473:pathology; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D018281:Cholangiocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics; D011905:Genes, ras / Q000235:genetics; D006498:Hepatectomy / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics; D020125:Mutation, Missense / Q000235:genetics; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf / Q000235:genetics*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; C482119:BRAF protein, human; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases