title: Effects of alpha interferon induction plus ribavirin with or without amantadine in the treatment of interferon non-responsive chronic hepatitis C: a randomised trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fifty per cent of chronic hepatitis C patients are non-responders to interferon. At present, there are no recommended therapeutic options for non-responders.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The safety and long term effect of alpha interferon induction plus ribavirin with or without amantadine in the treatment of interferon non-responsive chronic hepatitis C was evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 114 consecutive patients were randomly divided into three groups with a final 2:2:1 ratio: group A (44 patients) received interferon alfa 2b, 3 million units (MU), three times a week, and oral ribavirin (1000 mg/day); group B (46 patients) received interferon 3 MU daily for the first four weeks and subsequently 3 MU three times a week, and ribavirin as in regimen A; and group C (24 patients) received interferon and ribavirin as in regimen B, plus oral amantadine hydrochloride (200 mg/day). The duration of treatment was 12 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The end of treatment response for groups A and B was 25% and 29%, respectively, and for group C, 68% (p<0.005). At the end of one year of follow up, a sustained response was observed for six (25%) patients in group C, one (2%) patient in group A, and two (4%) patients in group B (p<0.002). The triple regimen was well tolerated and did not increase the frequency or severity of side effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study demonstrates that for the treatment of interferon non-responder hepatitis C patients, the association of interferon-ribavirin has a negligible long term effect whereas a triple regimen including interferon, ribavirin, and amantadine can be an effective and safe treatment.
authors.affiliation: Division of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. luigielio.adinolfi@unina2.it
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Adinolfi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Utili
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tonziello
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ruggiero
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000032:analysis; D000547:Amantadine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D012254:Ribavirin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D012367:RNA, Viral; D012254:Ribavirin; D000547:Amantadine; D000410:Alanine Transaminase