title: The potential for disinfection of separated faecal matter by urea and by peracetic acid for hygienic nutrient recycling.
abstract: No efficient, reliable, and scale independent disinfection methods for toilet waste are available today for safe recycling of plant nutrients. Therefore, two chemical treatment methods, addition of urea or of PAA (a quaternary mixture of 15% peracetic acid, 15% hydrogen peroxide and 30% acetic acid), were evaluated for disinfection of faecal matter.Degradation of the added urea resulted in 30 g of ammonia nitrogen per kilogram of treated matter and a pH increase to approximately 9.3. This produced an efficient disinfection of E. coli, Enterococcus spp., and Salmonella spp. within 3 weeks (>6log(10) reduction) and a reduction of the chemical resistant Salmonella typhimurium 28b phage, corresponding to a decimal reduction within 7.5 days. No viable Ascaris suum eggs were found after 50 days of treatment. No reduction of spore forming Clostridia spp. was observed. Urea treatment proved to be efficient for disinfection of source separated faecal matter in a scale independent method used for safe recycling of nutrients found in the faecal matter.PAA reduced all of the above indicator organisms within 12 h after application. For this faecal material, with a dry matter content of approximately 10%, an addition of 0.5-1% of PAA (active substance, corresponding to 3.3-6.7% of the Proxitane 15 used) was required before no viable organisms were found in the material. However, this was not tested for the A. suum. No viable spore-forming bacteria or phages were detected. A high rate of bacteria regrowth occurred at 0.15% dosage and 5 days of treatment. PAA is an efficient alternative for disinfection of separated faeces if a rapid treatment is needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Engineering, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7032, Uppsala SE-75007, Sweden. bjorn.vinneras@lt.slu.se
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vinnerås
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Holmqvist
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bagge
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Albihn
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jönsson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001200:Ascaris / Q000472:pathogenicity; D003013:Clostridium / Q000472:pathogenicity; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000737:chemistry*; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D016983:Enterococcus / Q000472:pathogenicity; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000472:pathogenicity; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D010063:Ovum; D010463:Peracetic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D012475:Salmonella / Q000472:pathogenicity; D014508:Urea / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D014508:Urea; D010463:Peracetic Acid