title: Intracorporeal lithotripsy: which modality is best?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A large number of related articles published within the last year were reviewed. Different types of intracorporeal lithotripter devices were compared according to their advantages, disadvantages, efficacy, safety and clinical applications. General directions of future developments are discussed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ultrasound lithotripters employed through rigid endoscopes provide high fragmentation rates (97-100%) and stone free rate (94%). Clinical evaluation of a new combination ultrasound and pneumatic lithotripter reported an overall stone free rate of 80-89.7%. No major complications were observed. The holmium:YAG (Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet) laser lithotripter is able to destroy all compositions of stone. The stone free rate for ureteral stones is close to 100%. Complications are rare and minimal. Newer wavelengths such as erbium:YAG are currently impractical. There are limited clinical data regarding frequency-doubled double-pulse neodymium:YAG laser lithotripsy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrasound lithotripsy is still the preferable modality applied through rigid endoscopes. A new combination of ultrasound and pneumatic impactor includes the advantages of each mode. The holmium:YAG laser lithotripter is the method of choice for flexible endoscopic procedures. Further development of new lithotripters with different energy sources and their combination is necessary.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Florida 33101, USA. rleveill@med.miami.edu
authors.forename: Raymond J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Leveillee
authors.forename: Leonid
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lobik
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000601:surgery*; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012449:Safety; D016896:Treatment Outcome