title: Transscleral thermotherapy: short- and long-term effects of transscleral conductive heating in rabbit eyes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the highest safe treatment temperature, at 30- and 60-second exposure durations, for transscleral thermotherapy (TSTT) of choroidal melanoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transscleral conductive heating was performed in 15 rabbits at 50 degrees C to 70 degrees C for 30 or 60 seconds. The thermal lesions in the ocular fundus were monitored for 4 months with ophthalmoscopic, photographic, and fluorescein angiographic examination. Histologic examination included polarized light microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The effect of TSTT was similar for both exposure durations. Vascular occlusion in the retina and choroid developed at temperatures of 55 degrees C and higher. After heating at 60 degrees C, scleral collagen fibers developed a minimal undulation; at 65 degrees C, they became clearly undulated. The undulation resolved in the 3 to 4 months after heating. Heating at 70 degrees C caused persistent severe damage to the sclera. Retinal tears developed after heating at 65 degrees C and 70 degrees C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A temperature of 65 degrees C was found to be the highest temperature that did not cause permanent damage to the sclera at both exposure durations. A temperature of 60 degrees C may be the optimal temperature for TSTT of choroidal melanoma because retinal tears may develop at 65 degrees C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In TSTT, the temperature levels reached are cytotoxic for choroidal melanoma as well as intrascleral tumor cells. Occlusion of choroidal vessels induced by TSTT may contribute to tumor necrosis because these vessels serve as feeder vessels for the tumor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. a.i.rem@lumc.nl
authors.forename: Alex I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Rem
authors.forename: Jendo A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Oosterhuis
authors.forename: Hanneke G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Journee-de Korver
authors.forename: Didi
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: de Wolff-Rouendaal
authors.forename: Jan E E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Keunen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002829:Choroid / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D015862:Choroid Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D002830:Choroid Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D020714:Maximum Tolerated Dose; D008545:Melanoma / Q000628:therapy; D011817:Rabbits; D011833:Radiation Injuries, Experimental / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D012160:Retina / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D012590:Sclera / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D015422:Scleral Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology