title: Ultrasound screening in pregnancy: advancing technology, soft markers for fetal chromosomal aberrations, and unacknowledged ethical dilemmas.
abstract: Fetal ultrasound screening has become routine practice in many western countries. During the last decade, such screening has led to frequent situations characterised by clinical uncertainty due to the disclosure of soft markers in the unborn child. Soft markers are minor anatomical variations indicating a somewhat increased likelihood that the fetus has a chromosomal aberration, most frequently trisomy 21 (Down syndrome). This paper presents the results of a comprehensive literature search of the National Library of Medicine with emphasis on the chronological development of scientific knowledge in relation to soft markers and the link between advancing imaging technology and clinical counselling dilemmas. An analysis of the literature makes evident that many ultrasound examiners have counselled individual pregnant women on the basis of insufficient data. Moral dilemmas have thus emerged as a direct result of advancing medical technology, and healthy fetal lives prove to have been lost due to invasive diagnostic testing aimed at resolving clinical uncertainty. Ultrasound examiners have warned against a policy of disclosing all findings of soft markers to expectant parents, but no exploration of experiential aspects linked to the disclosure of fetal soft markers has yet been published in the medical literature. The emotional reactions of mothers are important to consider given their potential impact on the biological development of the fetus. In conclusion, this paper stresses the need for paying close attention to the crucial distinction between technology development and technology implementation in relation to prenatal testing. Furthermore, it provides strong arguments for scrutinising the interface between prenatal testing and human experience.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway. linngetz@landspitali.is <linngetz@landspitali.is>
authors.forename: Linn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Getz
authors.forename: Anne Luise
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Kirkengen
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers; D025063:Chromosome Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003955:Diagnostic Tests, Routine / Q000941:ethics* / Q000523:psychology; D004989:Ethics; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005817:Genetic Counseling / Q000941:ethics* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D037841:Pregnant People / Q000523:psychology; D014342:Truth Disclosure; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000941:ethics* / Q000523:psychology; D035501:Uncertainty
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers