title: Association between polymorphisms in caspase recruitment domain containing protein 15 and allergy in two German populations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Early exposure to microbial matter such as LPS may influence the development of asthma and allergies by activation of innate immunity pathways as indicated by studies in farming environments. Recently, polymorphisms in caspase recruitment domain containing protein 15 (CARD15), an intracellular LPS receptor protein, have been associated with Crohn's disease. Because these polymorphisms lead to changes in LPS recognition, they may affect the development of asthma and allergies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We genotyped a large population of German schoolchildren (N = 1872) from East and West Germany for 3 functional relevant CARD15 polymorphisms for their role in the development of asthma and allergy.
  
  
  METHODS
  By use of parental questionnaires, skin prick testing, pulmonary function tests, bronchial challenge tests, and measurements of serum IgE levels, children were phenotyped for the presence of atopic diseases. Genotyping was performed with PCR-based restriction enzyme assays. To assess associations between atopic phenotypes and genotypes standard statistical procedures were applied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children with the polymorphic allele C2722 had a more than 3-fold risk to develop allergic rhinitis (P <.001) and an almost 2-fold risk for atopic dermatitis (P <.05). Furthermore, the T2104 allele was associated with an almost 2-fold risk for allergic rhinitis (P <.05). When a C insertion at position 3020 was present, the risk of atopy increased by 50% (P <.05) and serum IgE levels were elevated (P <.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The shared genetic background between Crohn's disease and atopy may indicate that an impaired recognition of microbial exposures results in an insufficient downregulation of excessive immune responses, giving rise to either T(H)2 dominated allergies or T(H)1 related Crohn's disease.
authors.affiliation: University Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, München, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kabesch
authors.forename: Wilfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Leupold
authors.forename: Stephan K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Weiland
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: von Mutius
mesh_terms: D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000235:genetics*; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D053473:Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; C429018:NOD2 protein, human; D053473:Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein