title: Development and validation of skinfold-thickness prediction equations with a 4-compartment model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Skinfold-thickness measurements are commonly obtained for the indirect assessment of body composition.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We developed new skinfold-thickness equations by using a 4-compartment model as the reference. Additionally, we compared our new equations with the Durnin and Womersley and Jackson and Pollock skinfold-thickness equations to evaluate each equation's validity and precision.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from 681 healthy, white adults were used. Percentage body fat (%BF) values were calculated by using the 4-compartment model. The cohort was then divided into validation and cross-validation groups. Equations were developed by using regression analyses and the 4-compartment model. All equations were then tested by using the cross-validation group. Tests for accuracy included mean differences, R(2), and Bland-Altman plots. Precision was evaluated by comparing root mean squared errors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our new equations' estimated means for %BF in men and women (22.7% and 32.6%, respectively) were closest to the corresponding 4-compartment values (22.8% and 32.8%). The Durnin and Womersley equation means in men and women (20.0% and 31.0%, respectively) and the Jackson and Pollock mean in women (26.2%) underestimated %BF. All equations showed a tendency toward underestimation in subjects with higher %BF. Bland-Altman plots showed limited agreement between Durnin and Wormersley, Jackson and Pollock, and the 4-compartment model. Precision was similar among all the equations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We developed accurate and precise skinfold-thickness equations by using a 4-compartment model as the method of reference. Additionally, we found that the skinfold-thickness equations frequently used by clinicians and practitioners underestimate %BF.
authors.affiliation: VA Medical Center, Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA. peter076@mc.duke.edu
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: Stefan A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Czerwinski
authors.forename: Roger M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Siervogel
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001823:Body Composition; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012737:Sex Factors; D012885:Skinfold Thickness