title: Single-cell analysis reveals cell-specific patterns of expression of a family of putative voltage-gated sodium channel genes in the leech.
abstract: To understand the molecular basis of nervous system function in the leech, Hirudo medicinalis, we have isolated four novel cDNAs encoding putative voltage-gated sodium (Na) channel alpha subunits, and have analyzed the expression of these genes in individual neurons of known function. To begin, degenerate oligonucleotide primers were used in combination with pre-existing cDNA libraries and reverse transcriptase-coupled polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR). The putative leech Na channel cDNAs (LeNas) exhibit a higher degree of sequence homology to Na channel genes in other species than to voltage-gated calcium or potassium channel genes, including those expressed in leech. All LeNa cDNAs contain sequences corresponding to regions of functional importance in Na channel alpha subunits, including the "S4 region" involved in activation, the "pore loops" responsible for ion selectivity, and the "inactivation loop" between the third and fourth domains, though the latter lacks the highly conserved "IFM" motif critical for mammalian Na channel inactivation. Sequences corresponding to important determinants of tetrodotoxin sensitivity are found in some, but not all, LeNa cDNAs, consistent with prior electrophysiological evidence of Na channel heterogeneity in the leech with respect to this toxin. Subsequently, two different sets of isoform-specific primers and methods of RT-PCR, including a sensitive, fluorescence-based "real time" RT-PCR, were used to analyze LeNa isoform expression in functionally distinct neurons. The results from both approaches were consistent, and not only demonstrated that individual neurons often express more than one LeNa isoform, but also revealed cell-specific patterns of Na channel isoform expression in the leech nervous system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, OX13QX, England. susanna.blackshaw@anat.ox.ac.uk
authors.forename: Susanna E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Blackshaw
authors.forename: Leslie P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Malek
authors.forename: Donna M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Porter
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Angstadt
authors.forename: Sarah M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Levasseur
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Maue
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000032:analysis; D015870:Gene Expression; D015640:Ion Channel Gating / Q000235:genetics; D007865:Leeches / Q000235:genetics*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000235:genetics; D021122:Protein Subunits / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020539:Sequence Analysis, Protein; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D015222:Sodium Channels / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D021122:Protein Subunits; D015222:Sodium Channels