title: Further studies on 2,4-diamino-5-(2',5'-disubstituted benzyl)pyrimidines as potent and selective inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductases from three major opportunistic pathogens of AIDS.
abstract: As part of an ongoing effort to discover novel small-molecule antifolates combining the enzyme-binding species selectivity of trimethoprim (TMP) with the potency of piritrexim (PTX), 10 previously unreported 2,4-diamino-5-(2'-methoxy-5'-substituted)benzylpyrimidines (2-11) containing a carboxyl group at the distal end of the 5'-substituent were synthesized and tested as inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) from Pneumocystis carinii (Pc), Toxoplasma gondii (Tg), and Mycobacterium avium (Ma), three of the opportunistic pathogens frequently responsible for life-threatening illness in people with impaired immune systems as a result of HIV infection or immunosuppressive chemotherapy. The selectivity index of DHFR inhibition was evaluated by comparing the potency of each compound against the parasite enzymes with its potency against rat liver DHFR. 2,4-Diamino-5-[5'-(5-carboxy-1-pentynyl)-2'-methoxybenzyl]pyrimidine (3) inhibited Pc DHFR with a selectivity index of 79 and was 430 times more potent than TMP. 2,4-Diamino-5-[5'-(4-carboxy-1-butynyl)-2'-methoxybenzyl]pyrimidine (2), with one less carbon than 3 in the side chain, had a selectivity index of 910 against Ma DHFR and was 43 times more potent than TMP. 2,4-Diamino-5-[5'-(5-carboxypentyl)-2'-methoxybenzyl]pyrimidine (6) had a selectivity index of 490 against Tg DHFR and was 320 times more potent than TMP. 2,4-Diamino-5-[5'-(6-carboxy-1-hexynyl)-2'-methoxybenzyl]pyrimidine (4), with one more carbon than 3, was less potent against all three of the parasite enzymes than either 3 or 6 and also had a lower selectivity index than 3 against the Pc enzyme. However, 4 was the only member of the series with a selectivity index of >300 against both Tg and Ma DHFR. Given that PTX is at least 10 times more potent against rat DHFR than against P. carinii or T. gondii DHFR and that the selectivity index of several of the compounds matches or exceeds that of TMP as well as PTX, our results suggest that it may be possible to develop clinically useful nonclassical antifolates that are both potent and selective against the major opportunistic pathogens of AIDS.
authors.affiliation: Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. andre_rodowsky@dfci.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rosowsky
authors.forename: Ronald A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Forsch
authors.forename: Sherry F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Queener
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000469:parasitology*; D000818:Animals; D001593:Benzyl Compounds / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D005493:Folic Acid Antagonists / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D009162:Mycobacterium avium / Q000201:enzymology; D011010:Pneumocystis / Q000201:enzymology; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D013045:Species Specificity; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013762:Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D014122:Toxoplasma / Q000201:enzymology
chemical_list: D001593:Benzyl Compounds; D005493:Folic Acid Antagonists; D011743:Pyrimidines; D013762:Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase