title: Renal insufficiency as a predictor of cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in elderly individuals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to evaluate the relationship between elevated creatinine levels and cardiovascular events.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  End-stage renal disease is associated with high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The association of mild to moderate renal insufficiency with cardiovascular outcomes remains unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed data from the Cardiovascular Health Study, a prospective population-based study of subjects, aged >65 years, who had a serum creatinine measured at baseline (n = 5,808) and were followed for a median of 7.3 years. Proportional hazards models were used to examine the association of creatinine to all-cause mortality and incident cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. Renal insufficiency was defined as a creatinine level > or =1.5 mg/dl in men or > or =1.3 mg/dl in women.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An elevated creatinine level was present in 648 (11.2%) participants. Subjects with elevated creatinine had higher overall (76.7 vs. 29.5/1,000 years, p < 0.001) and cardiovascular (35.8 vs. 13.0/1,000 years, p < 0.001) mortality than those with normal creatinine levels. They were more likely to develop cardiovascular disease (54.0 vs. 31.8/1,000 years, p < 0.001), stroke (21.1 vs. 11.9/1,000 years, p < 0.001), congestive heart failure (38.7 vs. 17/1,000 years, p < 0.001), and symptomatic peripheral vascular disease (10.6 vs. 3.5/1,000 years, p < 0.001). After adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors and subclinical disease measures, elevated creatinine remained a significant predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, total cardiovascular disease (CVD), claudication, and congestive heart failure (CHF). A linear increase in risk was observed with increasing creatinine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated creatinine levels are common in older adults and are associated with increased risk of mortality, CVD, and CHF. The increased risk is apparent early in renal disease.
authors.affiliation: Renal Section, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pennsylvania 15240, USA. lff9+@pitt.edu
authors.forename: Linda F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Fried
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Shlipak
authors.forename: Casey
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Crump
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Bleyer
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Gottdiener
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kronmal
authors.forename: Lewis H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Kuller
authors.forename: Anne B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Newman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D007383:Intermittent Claudication / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine