title: Retinal ganglion cell protection with geranylgeranylacetone, a heat shock protein inducer, in a rat glaucoma model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effects of geranylgeranylacetone (GGA) on the expression of inducible (HSP72) and constitutive (HSC70) heat shock proteins (HSPs) on retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in a rat model of glaucoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult Wistar rats were given intraperitoneal injections of GGA at 200 mg/kg daily. Western blot analysis and immunohistochemical staining for HSP72 and HSC70 were performed after 1, 3, and 7 days of treatment with GGA. After 7 days of GGA pretreatment, intraocular pressure (IOP) was elevated unilaterally by repeated trabecular argon laser photocoagulation 5 days after intracameral injection of india ink. After the first laser photocoagulation, GGA was administered twice a week. RGC survival was evaluated after 5 weeks of elevated IOP. Immunohistochemistry and TdT-mediated biotin-dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) were performed after 1 week of elevated IOP. Quercetin, an inhibitor of HSP expression, was also administered to a separate group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was increased expression of HSP72 in RGCs at 3 and 7 days after administration of GGA, but HSC70 was unchanged. After 5 weeks of elevated IOP, there was a 27% +/- 6% loss of RGCs. The administration of GGA significantly reduced the loss of RGCs, lessened optic nerve damage, decreased the number of TUNEL-positive cells in the RGC layer, and increased HSP72. Quercetin abolished these protective effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that systemic administration of GGA protects RGCs from glaucomatous damage in a rat model and suggest a novel pathway for neuroprotection in patients with glaucoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095-7000, USA.
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ishii
authors.forename: Jacky M K
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kwong
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Caprioli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002452:Cell Count; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D019610:Cytoprotection / Q000187:drug effects*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004224:Diterpenes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D050883:HSC70 Heat-Shock Proteins; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D050884:HSP72 Heat-Shock Proteins; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D007429:Intraocular Pressure; D008297:Male; D009901:Optic Nerve Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011794:Quercetin / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D004224:Diterpenes; D050883:HSC70 Heat-Shock Proteins; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; D050884:HSP72 Heat-Shock Proteins; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; C494373:Hspa8 protein, rat; D011794:Quercetin; C031049:geranylgeranylacetone