title: Drug excretion into breast milk--overview.
abstract: Breastfeeding is the optimal form of infant feeding for the first months of an infant's life, and the majority of healthy women initiate breastfeeding after the birth of their infant. However, women on medication may default to formula feeding or not taking their drug therapy for fear of exposing their infant to the medication through the breast milk. Although the majority of medications are considered to be compatible with breastfeeding, cases of significant infant toxicity exist, suggesting a case by case risk assessment to be made before the mother initiates breastfeeding or drug therapy. Unfortunately, current clinical risk assessment is often compromised by the paucity of data, as studies in breastfeeding women and their infants are ethically difficult to conduct. Circumventing the ethical constraints, approaches have been proposed to estimate drug excretion into milk from physicochemical characteristics of the drug, which diffuses through the mammary gland epithelia. However, as our understanding on drug transfer mechanisms increases, it has become abundantly clear that carrier-mediated processes are involved with excretion of a number of drugs into milk. This article provides an overview of the benefits of breastfeeding, the effect of medication use during breastfeeding on maternal decisions and infant health, and factors determining infant exposure to medication through the breast milk.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Pediatrics, 555 University Avenue, ON M5G 1X8, Toronto, Canada. shinya.ito@sickkids.ca
authors.forename: Shinya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000009:adverse effects; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007774:Lactation; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000378:metabolism*; D010599:Pharmacokinetics; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations