title: Measuring self-reported functional status and pain in patients with chronic low back pain by postal questionnaires: a reliability study.
abstract: METHODS
  A reliability study was performed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the test-retest reliability of self-reported functional status and pain in chronic low back pain patients by postal questionnaires.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Evaluation tools focusing on the patients' self-reported physical function are recommended in studies on low back pain. Postal questionnaires are inexpensive and should be considered to assess long-term results. The reliability of a postal questionnaire has not been assessed in patients with chronic low back pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-two patients with chronic low back pain (15 men, 27 women; mean age, 40 years; range, 20-61 years) agreed to participate in the study. The mean duration of symptoms was 8.9 years (range, 1-40 years). A postal questionnaire was sent to the patients twice within a 2-week interval. The questionnaire included the following items: work, back satisfaction, General Function Score (GFS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), pain, fear-avoidance beliefs, life satisfaction and pain medication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-seven patients (88%) returned both questionnaires. Except for lumbar pain, there were no statistical differences between the answers from the two questionnaires. The intraclass coefficient values ranged from 0.70 (lumbar pain) to 0.94 (ODI). The repeatability or absolute size of measurement error was 11.9 for the ODI and 28.6 and 34.2 for lumbar and leg pain, respectively. The kappa values for work, back satisfaction, and pain medication were 0.94 and 0.61, 0.62, and 0.64, respectively. The kappa values for the separate items in the GFS ranged from 0.41 to 0.79. The correlations between ODI and the GFS, lumbar pain, life satisfaction, and back satisfaction were 0.35, -0.72, -0.76, and 0.76, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ODI was highly reliable. The questions about work, back satisfaction, and pain medication showed good agreement. The GFS, pain intensity, fear-avoidance beliefs, and life satisfaction appeared to lack sufficient reliability to be recommended in postal questionnaires.
authors.affiliation: Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Physiotherapy, National Hospital Orthopaedic Department, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. inger.holm@rikshospitalet.no
authors.forename: Inger
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Holm
authors.forename: Astrid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Friis
authors.forename: Kjersti
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Storheim
authors.forename: Jens Ivar
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Brox
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003710:Demography; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008161:Lumbosacral Region; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012649:Self Concept; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires