title: Pathogens in acute otitis media--impact of intermittent penicillin V prophylaxis on infant nasopharyngeal flora.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether intermittent short-term courses of penicillin V (PcV) administered as intermittent prophylaxis against acute otitis media (AOM) during upper respiratory tract infections altered the nasopharyngeal bacterial flora and/or its susceptibility to penicillin.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a double blind, placebo controlled study 70 children (30 in the PcV group and 40 in the placebo group) were followed for 1 year. At episodes of upper respiratory tract infection the children were given PcV or placebo and then seen by one of the investigators within 3 days. The tympanic membranes were examined by otomicroscopy and a culture from the nasopharynx was obtained. If AOM was found PcV was given (25 mg/kg bw b.i.d) for 5 days. If the child presented normal eardrums or signs of secretory otitis media (SOM) the study treatment was continued for a total of 5 days. All children were also examined bimonthly throughout the study irrespective of episodes of URTI or AOM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No increase in the number of isolates of S. pneumoniae with reduced susceptibility to penicillin (MIC> or =0.125 mg/l) was noted in either group compared with the incidence in the population in Sweden at the time of the study (when ca. 10% of pneumococci had a reduced susceptibility to penicillin). The number of cultures positive for S. pneumoniae were statistically reduced in children during treatment with PcV compared with children receiving placebo, while the number of cultures positive for H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis were unaffected. No increase in the number of cultures positive for beta-lactamase producing H. influenzae was noted (ca. 10%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Repetitive short term PcV courses during URTI in infants did not increase the number of cultures positive for S. pneumoniae with reduced susceptibility to penicillin or beta-lactamase producing H. influenzae.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Central Hospital, S-541 85 Skövde, Sweden. margaretha.fogle-hansson@vgregion.se
authors.forename: Margaretha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Foglé-Hansson
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hermansson
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D001936:Moraxella catarrhalis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology*; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010404:Penicillin V / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010406:Penicillins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D010406:Penicillins; D010404:Penicillin V