title: High-risk age for rebleeding in patients with hemorrhagic moyamoya disease: long-term follow-up study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The prevention of rebleeding is one of the most important issues in the successful treatment of moyamoya disease with hemorrhagic onset. However, the natural course of hemorrhagic moyamoya disease and the characteristics of rebleeding remain unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  To study the natural course of the disease in conservatively treated patients, we analyzed long-term follow-up reports on 36 patients (12 male and 24 female) treated without bypass surgery at our hospitals before 1994 (mean follow-up, 12.7 +/- 7.1 yr; range, 2.9-27.0 yr).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of our 36 patients, 22 (61.1%) experienced rebleeding; there were 29 rebleeding episodes. The outcomes in patients with rebleeding were worse than in patients who did not rebleed (P < 0.05); in most cases, unsatisfactory results were attributable to rebleeding. Kaplan-Meier and multivariate analysis of rebleeding-free survival showed that age at onset (>36 yr) was a statistically significant risk factor; sex, hypertension, type of intracranial bleeding, and outcome after the first bleeding episode were not. Although the intervals between the first and subsequent episodes varied, both the rebleeding rate and the number of rebleeding episodes were highest in patients 46 to 55 years old.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rebleeding is the most important factor in unsatisfactory outcomes of patients with hemorrhagic moyamoya disease. Rebleeding seems to be age-related; rebleeding occurs at an increased rate when patients reach the age range of 46 to 55 years. Patients with hemorrhagic moyamoya must be followed up throughout their lives, even if their neurological status is excellent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Kumamoto, Japan. morioka@kaiju.medic.kumamoto-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Motohiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morioka
authors.forename: Jun-Ichiro
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hamada
authors.forename: Tatemi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Todaka
authors.forename: Shigetoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yano
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kai
authors.forename: Yukitaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ushio
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D002548:Cerebral Revascularization; D002648:Child; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D023261:Glasgow Outcome Scale; D006801:Humans; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009072:Moyamoya Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D017211:Treatment Failure