title: Mechanisms of bioprosthetic heart valve calcification.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cryopreserved human heart valves are used in approximately 20% of the tissue heart valve procedures performed annually. The pathophysiology of allograft failure is not fully understood. The authors proposed the hypothesis that the rapid deterioration observed in some allograft heart valve recipients is caused by disruptive interstitial ice damage that occurs during cryopreservation and subsequently leads to accelerated valve degeneration on implantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  This hypothesis was tested by comparison of the standard commercial heart valve freezing method of cryopreservation and an ice-free, vitrification method of cryopreservation with fresh controls in a subcutaneous, juvenile rat implant model of calcification. Calcium concentration in explants was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistically significant calcification (P<0.05) was observed in both syngeneic and allogeneic cryopreserved valves relative to fresh valves. The ice-free cryopreservation method demonstrated significant reduction of allogeneic heart valve calcification (P<0.01). Comparison of fresh syngeneic and allogeneic grafts at the 3-week time point demonstrated significantly higher calcium content in allograft valve explants (P<0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate that allogeneic valve calcification is influenced by two factors, the cryopreservation method used and immunogenicity. Alternative cryopreservation methods that avoid ice formation may improve the in vivo performance of cryopreserved allogeneic heart valves.
authors.affiliation: Organ Recovery Systems, Charleston, SC 29403, USA. kbrockbank@organ-recovery.com
authors.forename: Kelvin G M
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Brockbank
authors.forename: Ying C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Song
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000737:chemistry; D001705:Bioprosthesis; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000209:etiology*; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000379:methods; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis; D008297:Male; D009926:Organ Preservation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D051381:Rats; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew; D013997:Time Factors; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous; D014185:Transplantation, Isogeneic
chemical_list: D002118:Calcium