title: Endogenous estradiol metabolites stimulate the in vitro proliferation of human osteoblastic cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evidence is accumulating that estradiol metabolites are not merely waste products but may play physiologic and pathophysiologic roles. In the present study, effect of estradiol metabolites on the proliferation of human female osteoblasts was investigated for the first time and compared to effect of their parent substance 17beta-estradiol.
  
  
  METHODS
  Osteoblasts from female hipbone were incubated with estradiol and estradiol metabolites at dosages of 10(-9), 10(-7) and 10(-5) M for 7 days. Cell proliferation was measured using a cell counter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Estradiol had no effect on cell proliferation at the tested concentrations. In contrast, the A-ring metabolites 2-hydroxyestrone, 2-hydroxyestradiol, 2-hydroxyestriol, 4-hydroxyestrone and 4-hydroxyestradiol displayed significant increases in cell proliferation, although only at high physiologic or pharmacologic dosages. Methylation ofthese metabolites completely abolished their proliferating property. For the D-ring metabolites estrone, estriol, estetrol and 16alpha-hydroxyestrone, no significant changes in cell proliferation were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present results suggest that endogenous estradiol metabolites are capable of stimulating the proliferation of human female osteoblastic cells. None of the estradiol metabolites examined inhibited cell proliferation. Thus, estradiol metabolism may play a decisive role in development and maintenance of bone mass.
authors.affiliation: Section of Endocrinology and Menopause, Women's University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Seeger
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hadji
authors.forename: A O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Mueck
mesh_terms: D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004958:Estradiol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006615:Hip; D006801:Humans; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D004958:Estradiol