title: Parkinsonianlike signs and risk of incident Alzheimer disease in older persons.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Parkinsonianlike signs are common in older persons, but little is known about how their severity or rate of progression is related to the development of Alzheimer disease (AD) or decline in cognition.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association of progression of parkinsonianlike signs with incident AD and cognitive decline.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  For up to 8 years, 824 older Catholic clergy members without clinical evidence of AD or Parkinson disease at baseline underwent annual clinical evaluations that included a modified version of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), detailed cognitive function testing, and clinical classification of AD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinically diagnosed AD and change in global and specific measures of cognitive function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During an average of 4.6 years of observation, 114 persons developed AD. The global UPDRS score increased in 79% of participants, who were divided into tertiles with the least, moderate, or most rapid progression. We examined the relationship of progression to disease risk in a proportional hazards model that controlled for baseline global UPDRS and demographic variables. Compared with the 21% without progression, risk of AD more than doubled in the subgroup with the least progression (P =.08), more than tripled in the moderate subgroup (P =.02), and increased more than 8-fold in the subgroup with the most rapid progression (P<.001). This effect was mainly due to worsening gait and rigidity. Rate of change on the global UPDRS measure was inversely correlated with rate of change on a global measure of cognitive function (r = -0.64).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Progression of parkinsonianlike signs in old age is associated with decline in cognitive function and the development of AD.
authors.affiliation: Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center and Rush Institute for Healthy Aging and the Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush-Presbyterian-St Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. rwilson@rush.edu
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Julia L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bienias
authors.forename: Denis A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Bennett
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics; D003071:Cognition; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E