title: Infective endocarditis not related to intravenous drug abuse in HIV-1-infected patients: report of eight cases and review of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To add to the limited information on infective endocarditis (IE) not related to intravenous drug abuse (IVDA) in HIV-1-infected patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have reviewed the characteristics of eight cases of IE in non-IVDA HIV-1 infected patients diagnosed in our institution between 1979 and 1999 as well as cases in the literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All our patients were male, and the mean age was 44 years (range 29-64). HIV-1 risk factors were: homosexuality in five, heterosexuality in two, and the use of blood products in one. HIV stage C was found in six cases, and the median (range) CD4 cell count was 22/microL (4-274 cells/microL). IE was caused by Enterococcus faecalis in three cases, staphylococci in two cases, and Salmonella enteritidis, viridans group streptococci and Coxiella burnetii in one case each. Three patients acquired IE while in the hospital. All IE cases involved a native valve, and underlying valve disease was found in three patients. The aortic valve was the most frequently affected (five cases). Two patients underwent surgery, with a good outcome, and one patient died. Fourteen cases of IE not related to IVDA in HIV-1-infected patients were found in the literature review. The most common causative agents were Salmonella spp. and fungi (four cases each). Two patients had prosthetic valve IE, and the mitral valve was the most frequently affected (10 cases). The remaining clinical characteristics and the outcome were similar to those in the present series.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IE not related to IVDA is rare in HIV-1-infected patients. In more than half of the cases, IE develops in patients with advanced HIV-1 disease. A wide etiologic range is found, reflecting different clinical and environmental conditions. None of the patients who underwent surgery died, and the overall mortality rate was not higher than in non-HIV-1-infected patients with IE.
authors.affiliation: Fundación Hospital de Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Losa
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Miro
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Del Rio
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moreno-Camacho
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Claramonte
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Marco
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Mestres
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Azqueta
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gatell
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D000328:Adult; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D004697:Endocarditis, Bacterial / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000254:growth & development*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology