title: The effects of a new mouthrinse containing chlorhexidine, cetylpyridinium chloride and zinc lactate on the microflora of oral halitosis patients: a dual-centre, double-blind placebo-controlled study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the microbial effects of a newly formulated mouthwash (Halita) on oral halitosis patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty subjects were included in this dual-centre, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel study. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were used to select patients. At baseline and at 2 weeks post-treatment, full-mouth organoleptic odor scores, level of volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) and the Winkel Tongue Coating Index were recorded. Standardized samples of tongue coating, saliva and subgingival plaque were microbiologically investigated. Participants were randomly assigned to the test or placebo groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High prevalences were observed for Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia and Porphyromonas gingivalis in tongue coating, saliva and subgingival plaque samples. A significant positive correlation between baseline total counts of P. gingivalis in saliva samples and organoleptic and VSC scores was found. Two weeks post-treatment there was a reduction in total anaerobic counts in all samples in the test group. A significant positive correlation was observed between the reduction in total counts in saliva samples and the reduction in organoleptic scores in the test group. Significant reductions in total counts and proportions of F. nucleatum and total counts of P. intermedia in tongue coating samples were observed in the test group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The test mouthwash demonstrated efficacy in reducing the microbiological parameters in three oral niches in moderate to severe halitosis patients without periodontitis, and this was correlated with the improvements in organoleptic and VSC scores but not with the tongue coating scores.
authors.affiliation: Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain. srd1971@teleline.es
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roldán
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Winkel
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Herrera
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sanz
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Van Winkelhoff
mesh_terms: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002594:Cetylpyridinium / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D016967:Fusobacterium nucleatum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D006209:Halitosis / Q000145:classification / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D007773:Lactates / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009067:Mouthwashes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010919:Placebos; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018713:Prevotella intermedia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012463:Saliva / Q000382:microbiology; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013457:Sulfur Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D014059:Tongue / Q000473:pathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015032:Zinc / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D007773:Lactates; D009067:Mouthwashes; D010919:Placebos; D013457:Sulfur Compounds; D002594:Cetylpyridinium; D015032:Zinc; D002710:Chlorhexidine