title: Sick leave certification: a unique perspective on frequency and duration of episodes - a complete record of sickness certification in a defined population of employees in Malta.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Malta, sickness certificates are needed from the first day of illness, and are issued by family physicians (FPs) either employed by the government primary health care system, self-employed in private practice, or employed by an employer for this purpose alone. The latter system, when applied by the employer, is compulsory. In order to contribute to the debate on the role of the FP in this context, electronic data collected by a group of company-employed FPs was used to study the phenomenon of sickness certification. This database is a complete record of the selected employees' sick leave certification during the study period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data collected by company-employed FPs from a defined population was used: all employees of selected Maltese companies served by a group of FPs. The database included episode-based data from home visits over three years (01/01/1997 - 31/12/1999), by 9 company-appointed FPs regarding 421 employees of five companies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  3015 episodes of sickness absenteeism, with an average duration of 2.9 days, were documented. Employees who did intensive manual work had relatively higher rates. Furthermore, a relatively higher incidence of work injury, sprains and strains, anxiety and depression and low back pain as found in manual workers, and in male workers. This trend was shown to be statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The frequency of sick-leave certification in Malta is comparable to that in other European countries, but the average duration of certificates is much less than reported in other studies that generally did not include data on short-term illness and certification. This has important implications on future research in the field. A number of common disorders were found to be significantly more prevalent causes of sickness certification in manual workers, amongst them anxiety and depression.
authors.affiliation: jksoler@synapse.net.mt
authors.forename: Jean Karl
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Soler
mesh_terms: D000041:Absenteeism; D000062:Accidents, Occupational / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003469:Culture; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005194:Family Practice / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008319:Malta / Q000453:epidemiology; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009786:Occupational Health Services / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012737:Sex Factors; D018582:Sick Leave / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*