title: Manic symptoms in young males with ADHD predict functioning but not diagnosis after 6 years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the outcome in early adulthood of males who met criteria for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and mania, ADHD alone, or no psychiatric disorder when aged 9-13 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Males who met criteria at baseline assessment conducted in the period 1992-1994 for mania+ADHD (n = 15), ADHD without mania (n = 65), or no psychiatric diagnosis (n = 17) were reevaluated after 6 years using computer-assisted structured interviews for Axis I and Axis II disorders, questionnaires about functioning and service utilization, and a clinician-rated assessment of global functioning.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no group differences in the prevalence of Axis I or Axis II disorders, with the exception of alcohol abuse, which was higher in controls. Manic symptoms persisted in only one mania+ADHD subject, while three (5%) of the ADHD subjects had new-onset manic symptoms. There were no clear cases of bipolar disorder. The groups were not distinguished on levels of service utilization or criminal behavior, but global functioning was significantly lower at follow-up in the mania+ADHD group compared with controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although a pilot study in scope, the findings cast doubt on a link between mania symptoms associated with ADHD in childhood and later bipolar disorder.
authors.affiliation: Center for Mental Health Studies, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia. hazell@mail.newcastle.edu.au
authors.forename: Philip L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Hazell
authors.forename: Vaughan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.forename: Terry J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Lewin
authors.forename: Ketrina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sly
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012647:Self-Assessment; D013997:Time Factors