title: Differential regulation of early growth response gene-1 expression by insulin and glucose in vascular endothelial cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Early growth response gene (Egr)-1 is a key transcription factor involved in vascular pathophysiology. Its role in diabetic vascular complications, however, remains unclear. Because hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia are major risk factors leading to diabetic vascular complications, we examined the effect of insulin and glucose on Egr-1 expression in murine glomerular vascular endothelial cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Insulin or glucose, when added separately, increased egr-1 mRNA levels and promoter activity, as well as Egr-1 protein levels in nuclear extracts. When insulin was added to cells preincubated with glucose, the two had an additive effect on Egr-1 expression. Furthermore, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (flt-1) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, two known Egr-1-responsive genes, were also upregulated in the presence of insulin or glucose. An investigation into the underlying molecular mechanisms demonstrated that insulin, but not glucose, increased Egr-1 expression through extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 activation, which is consistent with our previous reports. In contrast, inhibition of protein kinase C by phorbol ester or by the specific protein kinase C inhibitor chelerythrine chloride downregulated glucose-induced, but not insulin-induced, Egr-1 expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differential regulation of Egr-1 expression by insulin and glucose in vascular cells may be one of the initial key events that plays a crucial role in the development of diabetic vascular complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Rukhsana N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Hasan
authors.forename: Sharbani
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Phukan
authors.forename: Shuko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Harada
mesh_terms: D000470:Alkaloids; D000818:Animals; D053119:Benzophenanthridines; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D051766:Early Growth Response Protein 1; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007678:Kidney Glomerulus / Q000098:blood supply*; D051379:Mice; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains; D024501:Nonmuscle Myosin Type IIB; D010617:Phenanthridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D053119:Benzophenanthridines; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D051766:Early Growth Response Protein 1; C486109:Egr1 protein, mouse; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins; D007328:Insulin; D010617:Phenanthridines; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014157:Transcription Factors; C016299:chelerythrine; C501163:Flt1 protein, mouse; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D024501:Nonmuscle Myosin Type IIB; C103815:nonmuscle myosin type IIB heavy chain; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains; D005947:Glucose