title: Production and activation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) species and their activation associated with the pathogenesis of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR).
  
  
  METHODS
  Sandwich enzyme immunoassays were used to measure concentrations of MMP-1, -2, -3, -7, -8, -9, and -13 in vitreous samples from patients with PDR and nondiabetic vitreoretinal diseases. To evaluate activation ratios of the zymogen of MMP-2 (proMMP-2) and -9 (proMMP-9) in the vitreous samples and fibrovascular tissues, gelatin zymography was performed. Production and tissue localization of MMP-2, membrane type 1-MMP (MT1-MMP), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-2, and MMP-9 in the fibrovascular tissues were examined by immunohistochemistry. mRNA expression of MT1-MMP in the tissues was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the seven different MMPs examined in the vitreous samples, only the levels of MMP-2 and -9 were significantly higher in the PDR samples than in the control. However, activation ratios of proMMP-2 (10.6% +/- 11.8%) and proMMP-9 (2.5% +/- 5.1%) in PDR vitreous samples were low and not significantly different from those of the control. In contrast, high activation ratios of proMMP-2 (54.3% +/- 13.6%) and notable activation of proMMP-9 (19.5% +/- 7.8%) were observed in the fibrovascular tissues. Immunohistochemical study demonstrated the localization of MMP-2 and -9 in the endothelial cells and glial cells of the fibrovascular tissues. MMP-2 was colocalized with MT1-MMP and TIMP-2, which are an activator and an activation-enhancing factor, respectively, for proMMP-2. RT-PCR analysis indicated the gene expression of MT1-MMP in the tissues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate that proMMP-2 is efficiently activated in the fibrovascular tissues of PDR, probably through interaction with MT1-MMP and TIMP-2, and suggest the possibility that the activity of MMP-2 and MT1-MMP is involved in the formation of the fibrovascular tissues.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Toyama, Japan.
authors.forename: Kousuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Noda
authors.forename: Susumu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ishida
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Ken-ichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Obata
authors.forename: Yoshihisa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Oguchi
authors.forename: Yasunori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ikeda
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000201:enzymology*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000201:enzymology; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008297:Male; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D053504:Matrix Metalloproteinases, Membrane-Associated; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases / Q000235:genetics; D008875:Middle Aged; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000201:enzymology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D018630:Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative / Q000201:enzymology*; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000201:enzymology*
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2; D053504:Matrix Metalloproteinases, Membrane-Associated; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9