title: The use of prehospital continuous positive airway pressure treatment in presumed acute severe pulmonary edema.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the prehospital use of a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) system for the treatment of presumed acute severe pulmonary edema (ASPE).
  
  
  METHODS
  The efficacy of prehospital CPAP treatment was analyzed in terms of changes in oxygen saturation, need for intubation or ventilatory support, and possible morbidity associated with the CPAP therapy. This was a retrospective cohort study conducted in the mobile intensive care unit of a university hospital. Participants included all consecutive patients with a clinical picture of ASPE treated by a mobile intensive care unit between January 1, 1998, and December 31, 1999.
  
  
  RESULTS
  121 patients were included in this study. 116 patients received prehospital CPAP therapy. Two patients (1.7%) from the CPAP-treated patients were intubated in the field. A total of six patients required endotracheal intubation before hospital, and six other patients after that. After the beginning of CPAP treatment, there was statistically significant elevation in blood oxygen saturation (mean and standard deviation [SD] before CPAP 77% +/- 11% and after CPAP 90% +/- 7%) (p < 0.0001) as well as reductions in the respiratory rate (mean and SD before CPAP 34 +/- 8 breaths/min and after CPAP 28 +/- 8 breaths/min) (p < 0.0001), systolic blood pressure (mean and SD before CPAP 173 +/- 39 mm Hg and after CPAP 166 +/- 37 mm Hg) (p = 0.0002), and heart rate (mean and SD before CPAP 108 +/- 25 beats/min and after CPAP 100 +/- 20 beats/min) (p = 0.0017). The main reason for in-hospital death (8%) was myocardial infarction. No technical problems or complications occurred during CPAP treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prehospital CPAP treatment in patients with ASPE improved oxygenation significantly and lowered respiratory rate, heart rate, and systolic blood pressure. Because of the retrospective nature of this study, the hemodynamic effects of nitroglycerine and morphine cannot be excluded. The mortality rate was low, which needs to be confirmed in a controlled, prospective study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Tarja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kallio
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuisma
authors.forename: Ari
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alaspää
authors.forename: Per H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000552:Ambulances; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods; D004638:Emergency Treatment / Q000379:methods*; D005387:Finland; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000150:complications; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D010100:Oxygen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D011175:Positive-Pressure Respiration / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011654:Pulmonary Edema / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen