title: Relationship between cognitive impairment and clinical status in chronic heart failure patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In spite of its clinical importance, cognitive functioning is not always taken into account in studies on patients with chronic heart failure. The aim of the present study is to analyse the relationship between cognitive impairment and cardiovascular variables in a sample of patients with chronic heart failure for assessment or candidated for heart transplant.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-four male patients with chronic heart failure in NYHA class I-III, in a stable clinical condition, underwent cardiological evaluation and neuropsychological assessment by means of a wide battery of tests: Spinnler and Tognoni's tests and WAIS scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to the normative group, only 9% of patients did not have impairment in any cognitive function. 26% of patients had impairment of one cognitive function, and 30% of four or more cognitive functions. The cognitive functions that were most often impaired were short-term verbal memory, short-term visual spatial memory, differed verbal memory and verbal learning and visual spatial logical ability. On the whole, no statistical significant relationship was found between cognitive scores and the considered cardiovascular variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data support the need to take into account the risk of cognitive impairment in CHF patients, regardless of age, disease severity or functional status. The high prevalence of short-term verbal memory impairment has important implications in clinical practice, since CHF patients should be actively involved in the medical management of their disease. Memory deficits could compromise patient's adherence to treatment as well as doctor-patient interactions. The practical consequences of these difficulties require some changes in doctors' behaviour and suggest the need for specific medical staff member training.
authors.affiliation: Psychology Unit, Fondazione S. Maugeri, Clinica del Lavoro e della Riabilitazione, IRCCS, Scientific Institute of Montescano, PV, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Callegari
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Majani
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giardini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pierobon
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Opasich
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cobelli
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tavazzi
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D006304:Health Status; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012720:Severity of Illness Index