title: Delayed arteriolar relaxation after prolonged agonist exposure: functional remodeling involving tyrosine phosphorylation.
abstract: Although arteriolar contraction is dependent on Ca2+-induced myosin phosphorylation, other mechanisms including Ca2+ sensitization and time-dependent phenomena such as cytoskeletal and cellular reorganization may contribute to contractile events. We hypothesized that if arteriolar smooth muscle exhibits time-dependent behavior this may be manifested in differences in relaxation after short- and long-term exposure to contractile agonists. Studies were conducted in isolated arterioles pressurized to 70 mmHg. In initial experiments (n = 10), rate of relaxation was measured after acute (5 min) or prolonged (4 h) exposure to 5 microM norepinephrine (NE). Prolonged exposure to NE resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) increased time for relaxation in physiological salt solution. Rapid relaxation of vessels exposed to NE for 4 h was observed after superfusion with 0 mM Ca2+ buffer, indicating that the alteration in relaxation was reversible and Ca2+ dependent. A similarly impaired dilation was not observed with 4-h exposure to KCl (75 mM). To determine mechanisms contributing to the effects of prolonged NE exposure, studies were performed in the presence of the microtubule depolymerizing agent demecolcine (10 microM) or a series of tyrosine phosphorylation inhibitors. Although demecolcine caused significant vasoconstriction (P < 0.05) and potentiated NE vasoconstriction, it did not prevent the effect of long-term NE exposure on relaxation. Genistein, although having no effect on acute NE-induced contraction, concentration-dependently inhibited prolonged NE constriction. Similarly, Src (PP1) and p42/44 MAP kinase (PD-98059) inhibitors prevented maintenance of long-term NE contraction. The data indicate that prolonged exposure to NE induces biochemical alterations that impair relaxation after removal of the agonist. The contractile effects are Ca2+ dependent and involve tyrosine phosphorylation but do not appear to involve the polymerization state of the microtubule network.
authors.affiliation: Microvascular Biology Group, School of Medical Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia. michael.hill@rmit.edu.au
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Simon J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Potocnik
authors.forename: Luis A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Martinez-Lemus
authors.forename: Gerald A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Meininger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology; D001160:Arterioles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D003703:Demecolcine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D019833:Genistein / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008870:Microtubules / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011189:Potassium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000378:metabolism; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005419:Flavonoids; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D014443:Tyrosine; D011189:Potassium Chloride; D019833:Genistein; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; C093973:2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one; D002118:Calcium; D009638:Norepinephrine; D003703:Demecolcine