title: Comparison of the incidence rates of selected gastrointestinal events reported for patients prescribed rofecoxib and meloxicam in general practice in England using prescription-event monitoring data.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  and objectives. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are associated with gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity. Rofecoxib and meloxicam are classified as cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 selective inhibitors. The Drug Safety Research Unit monitored the safety of these drugs immediately after their launch in England using the non-interventional observational cohort technique of prescription-event monitoring (PEM). Our objective was to investigate whether there is a clinically relevant difference in the incidence of reported symptomatic (acid/peptic) and complicated upper GI conditions (perforations/bleeding) between rofecoxib and meloxicam during use in general practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were identified from dispensed prescriptions written by general practitioners (GPs) for meloxicam (between December 1996 and March 1997) and rofecoxib (between July and November 1999). Simple questionnaires requesting details of events occurring during/after treatment and potential risk factors (including age, sex, history of upper GI problems, and NSAIDS prescribed within 3 months of treatment) were posted to prescribing GPs approximately 9 months after the first prescription for each patient. Incidence rates of the first event were calculated, and crude and adjusted rate ratios were obtained using regression modelling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For rofecoxib and meloxicam respectively, 1127 (7.4%) and 1376 (7.2%) patients had symptomatic (acid/peptic) upper GI events, whereas 57 (0.4%) and 67 (0.4%) had complicated upper GI conditions (perforations/bleeding). A past medical history of upper GI problems was an important risk factor only for symptomatic (acid/peptic) upper GI events for both drugs, despite a two-fold difference in the proportion reporting previous GI problems (48.4 and 25.1% for rofecoxib and meloxicam respectively). The adjusted rate ratio of symptomatic (acid/peptic) upper GI events or complicated upper GI conditions (perforations/bleeding) for rofecoxib compared with meloxicam was 0.71 (95% confidence interval 0.65, 0.79) and 0.91 (95% confidence interval 0.59, 1.42) respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study reports a relative reduction (29%) in the incidence rate of symptomatic (acid/peptic) GI events, and no difference in the incidence rate of complicated upper GI conditions (perforations/bleeding) for rofecoxib compared with meloxicam.
authors.affiliation: Drug Safety Research Unit, Bursledon Hall, Blundell Lane, Southampton, UK. deborah.layton@dsru.org
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Layton
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Heeley
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: S A W
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Shakir
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016907:Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011307:Drug Prescriptions; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005194:Family Practice; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D007783:Lactones / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D000077239:Meloxicam; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008875:Middle Aged; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D012737:Sex Factors; D013450:Sulfones; D013843:Thiazines / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D007783:Lactones; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D013450:Sulfones; D013843:Thiazines; D013844:Thiazoles; C116926:rofecoxib; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D000077239:Meloxicam