title: Neutrophil cathepsin G promotes detachment-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis via a protease-activated receptor-independent mechanism.
abstract: Cathepsin G is a neutrophil-derived serine protease that contributes to tissue damage at sites of inflammation. The actions of cathepsin G are reported to be mediated by protease-activated receptor (PAR)-4 (a thrombin receptor) in human platelets. This study provides the first evidence that cathepsin G promotes inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate accumulation, activates ERK, p38 MAPK, and AKT, and decreases contractile function in cardiomyocytes. Because some cathepsin G responses mimic cardiomyocyte activation by thrombin, a role for PARs was considered. Cathepsin G markedly activates phospholipase C and p38 MAPK in cardiomyocytes from PAR-1-/- mice, but it fails to activate phospholipase C, ERK, p38 MAPK, or AKT in PAR-1- or PAR-4-expressing PAR-1-/- fibroblasts (which display robust responses to thrombin). These results argue that PAR-1 does not mediate the actions of cathepsin G in cardiomyocytes, and neither PAR-1 nor PAR-4 mediates the actions of cathepsin G in fibroblasts. Of note, prolonged incubation of cardiomyocytes with cathepsin G results in the activation of caspase-3, cleavage of FAK and AKT, sarcomeric disassembly, cell rounding, cell detachment from underlying matrix, and morphologic features of apoptosis. Inhibition of Src family kinases or caspases (with PP1 or benzyloxycarbonyl-VAD-fluoromethyl ketone, respectively) delays FAK and AKT cleavage and cardiomyocyte detachment from substrate. Collectively, these studies describe novel cardiac actions of cathepsin G that do not require PARs and are predicted to assume functional importance at sites of interstitial inflammation in the heart.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.
authors.forename: Abdelkarim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sabri
authors.forename: Sasha G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Alcott
authors.forename: Hasnae
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Elouardighi
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pak
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Derian
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Andrade-Gordon
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kinnally
authors.forename: Susan F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Steinberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D056649:Cathepsin G; D002403:Cathepsins / Q000502:physiology*; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D015544:Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000201:enzymology*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; C101296:prostate apoptosis response-4 protein; D015544:Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate; C494918:AKT1 protein, human; C494920:Akt1 protein, rat; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D002403:Cathepsins; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases; C534094:CTSG protein, human; D056649:Cathepsin G; C534096:Ctsg protein, mouse; C534097:Ctsg protein, rat