title: The threshold for brain damage in rabbits induced by bursts of ultrasound in the presence of an ultrasound contrast agent (Optison).
abstract: The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that burst ultrasound (US) in the presence of a US contrast agent using parameters similar to those used in brain blood flow measurements causes tissue damage. The brains of 10 rabbits were sonicated in 3-8 locations with 1.5-MHz, 10- micro s bursts repeated at a frequency of 1 kHz at temporal peak acoustic pressure amplitudes ranging from 2 to 12.7 MPa. The total sonication time for each location was 20 s. Before each sonication, a bolus of US contrast agent was injected IV. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) images were obtained after the sonications to detect local enhancement in the brain. Whole brain histological evaluation was performed, and the sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H and E), TUNEL, and vanadium acid fuchsin (VAF) staining to evaluate tissue effects, including apoptosis and ischemia. Both the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast enhancement and histology findings indicated that brain tissue damage was induced at a pressure amplitude level of 6.3 MPa. The damage included vascular wall damage, hemorrhage and, eventually, necrosis. Mild vascular damage was observed localized in a few microscopic tissue volumes in about half of the sonicated locations at all pressure values tested (down to 2 MPa). However, these sonications did not induce any detectable tissue effects, including ischemia or apoptosis. As a conclusion, the study showed that the US exposure levels currently used for blood flow measurements in brain are below the threshold of blood-brain barrier opening or brain tissue damage. However, one should be aware that brain damage can be induced if the exposure level is increased.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA. kullervo@bwh.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Kullervo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hynynen
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: McDannold
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Ferenc A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Jolesz
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vykhodtseva
mesh_terms: D000418:Albumins / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D011817:Rabbits; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; D003287:Contrast Media; C099458:FS 069; D005466:Fluorocarbons