title: Intrathoracic extravasation of antineoplastic agents: case report and systematic review.
abstract: A case history is presented of a 34-year-old woman who was treated postoperatively for breast cancer with combination chemotherapy including epirubicin. The catheter of the port penetrated the wall of the superior vena cava, and extravasation in the mediastinum occurred. Severe pain, fever, and bilateral pleural effusion developed that necessitated two drainage procedures. She recovered well without sequelae. A comprehensive search of the medical literature was conducted using MEDLINE including bibliographies of all selected articles. Six additional cases of intrathoracic cytostatic agent extravasation were identified and the etiologic factors, clinical course, treatment strategy, and outcome were reviewed for each case.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: A Kürşat
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Bozkurt
authors.forename: Burak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Uzel
authors.forename: Canan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Akman
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ozgüroğlu
authors.forename: Nil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Molinas Mandel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003287:Contrast Media; D004322:Drainage; D015251:Epirubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005119:Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006876:Hydrothorax / Q000209:etiology; D008482:Mediastinum; D010996:Pleural Effusion / Q000209:etiology; D013350:Subclavian Vein; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014683:Vena Cava, Superior
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D015251:Epirubicin