title: Idiopathic orbital inflammation: distribution, clinical features, and treatment outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the distribution and clinical as well as treatment outcome characteristics of idiopathic orbital inflammation with the aim of delineating a more systematic approach to diagnosis and treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 10-year retrospective review of patients with idiopathic orbital inflammation treated at one institution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety eyes in 65 patients (22 men and 43 women) were studied. Diagnoses were isolated dacryoadenitis (n = 21), isolated myositis (n = 19), concurrent dacryoadenitis and myositis (n = 5), orbital apex syndrome (n = 6), and idiopathic inflammation involving the preseptal region, supraorbital region, sclera, Tenon capsule, orbital fat, or optic nerve (n = 14). The mean age at presentation was 45 years. Pain and periorbital swelling were the most common clinical features and were observed in 45 (69%) and 49 (75%) patients, respectively. Seventeen patients (26%) had bilateral involvement. Biopsy was performed in 19 patients (29%) with atypical presentations or who failed to respond to the initial therapy. Patients were treated with steroids alone (n = 45), steroids and subsequent radiation therapy (n = 8), steroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (n = 6), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents alone in mild cases (n = 2), and, rarely, radiation therapy without steroids (n = 1) or surgical debulking alone (n = 1). Of 65 patients, 41 (63%) represented treatment successes, with complete symptom relief at the time of the last follow-up, and 24 (37%) represented treatment failures, with partial or no relief of symptoms. Treatment failures were often characterized by recurrence of inflammation after a period of quiescence (58%) and unremitting, recalcitrant inflammation (38%); 1 patient ultimately required an exenteration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Systemic steroid with a slow taper has been the established first-line treatment for idiopathic orbital inflammation, but refractory cases accounted for a significant portion of treatment failures in our study, reflecting the need for a more systematic approach to the study of this multifaceted disease and for therapeutic alternatives to systemic steroids.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Sonia J Ahn
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Yuen
authors.forename: Peter A D
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Rubin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001706:Biopsy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003646:Debridement; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016727:Orbital Pseudotumor / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution; D017211:Treatment Failure; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids