title: Expression of MUC2 and MUC4 proteins and cytokines: early markers of intestinal graft rejection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Histopathologic examination (HP) is the primary method of monitoring intestinal graft rejection. Alterations in mucin levels have been demonstrated in bowel diseases. The aim of this study was to detect early markers of intestinal graft rejection based on mucin and cytokine levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Allogeneic and syngeneic orthotopic intestinal transplantations were performed in untreated Lewis strain recipient rats from Dark Agouti and Lewis strain donors, respectively (unmodified rejection and nonrejection groups). Similarly, allogeneic and syngeneic orthotopic intestinal transplantations were performed in tacrolimus (immunosuppression)-treated groups. HP was performed on hematoxylin-eosin and periodic acid Schiff-stained sections. Expression of MUC2 and MUC4 proteins and of mRNA was detected by immunohistochemistry and Northern analysis, respectively. Interferon (IFN)-gamma, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and transforming growth factor-beta(1) were measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HP revealed early or mild rejection on day 3, moderate rejection on day 5, and severe rejection on day 7 posttransplantation (posttx) in the unmodified rejection group. A significant (P<0.01) increase in MUC2 and MUC4 expression was observed on day 3 posttx in the allogeneic rejection group compared with syngeneic controls; the levels decreased by day 7. Goblet cells were significantly more frequent on day 3 compared with days 5 and 7 posttx (P<0.01). IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha expression were also higher in the rejection group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early transplant rejection is associated with increased MUC2, MUC4, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha expression. These markers combined with HP may assist in the diagnosis of early intestinal graft rejection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
authors.forename: Nir
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wasserberg
authors.forename: Shashikumar K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Salgar
authors.forename: Dinghua
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Phillip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ruiz
authors.forename: Samuel B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Werviston L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: De Faria
authors.forename: Sergio F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Santiago
authors.forename: Carlos E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Gandia
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Yaron
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Niv
authors.forename: Andreas G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Tzakis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D020397:Goblet Cells / Q000473:pathology; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000378:metabolism*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D007422:Intestines / Q000473:pathology / Q000637:transplantation*; D008297:Male; D055262:Mucin-2; D055264:Mucin-4; D009077:Mucins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D013997:Time Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; C524628:Muc2 protein, rat; C524660:Muc4 protein, rat; D055262:Mucin-2; D055264:Mucin-4; D009077:Mucins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C508962:Tgfb1 protein, rat; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D007371:Interferon-gamma