title: The effects of spinosad, a naturally derived insect control agent, to the honeybee (Apis melifera).
abstract: Spinosad is a novel insect control agent derived by fermentation of the Actinomycete bacterium, Saccharopolyspora spinosa. Spinosad controls many caterpillar pests in vines, pome fruit and vegetables (including tomatoes and peppers), thrips in tomatoes, peppers and ornamental cultivation and dipterous leafminers in vegetables and ornamentals. Application rates vary between 25 to 100 g of active substance per hectare (g as/ha) and 4.8 to 36 g of active substance per hectolitre (g as/hL) depending on the crop and target pest. It is important that plant protection products are authorized for use only in ways that do not pose an unacceptable risk of harm to honeybees. For this purpose testing was performed to enable the safety of spinosad to be evaluated. The effects of spinosad to honeybees have been extensively researched. Testing has been performed under a variety of conditions in a range of countries globally. Studies to determine the acute toxicity of spinosad under laboratory conditions were conducted to generate LD50 or LC50 values for oral and contact routes of administration. These demonstrated that spinosad was highly toxic to worker honeybees under worst case laboratory conditions and that the oral route of exposure provided the greater risk. Residue tests conducted under laboratory, semi-field and field conditions on worker honeybees foraging on treated foliage indicated that dry product residues were harmless. Therefore the effects seen in the laboratory acute toxicity tests did not translate to a more realistic exposure scenario indicating that safe use patterns for the product can be developed. Semi-field cage studies have also demonstrated that spinosad was safe to bees when applied to flowering crops during periods of bee activity. The majority of studies conducted have indicated that spinosad does not adversely affect honeybee behaviour, brood or queen. It can be concluded that spinosad when used according to the approved product label recommendations, would be safe to foraging worker bees, queen and brood. Additional levels of safety could be achieved by avoiding situations where bees would forage primarily on aphid honey dew.
authors.affiliation: Dow AgroSciences, Abingdon, OX14 4RN, U.K.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miles
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mayes
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dutton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000187:drug effects*; D001685:Biological Factors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D018942:Macrolides / Q000633:toxicity*; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000378:metabolism; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute
chemical_list: D001685:Biological Factors; D004338:Drug Combinations; D007306:Insecticides; D018942:Macrolides; D010573:Pesticide Residues; C415329:spinosad