title: The symbol of modern medicine: why one snake is more than two.
abstract: Today, two serpent motifs are commonly used to symbolize the practice and profession of medicine. Internationally, the most popular symbol of medicine is the single serpent-entwined staff of Asklepios (Latin, Aesculapius), the ancient Greco-Roman god of medicine. However, in the United States, the staff of Asklepios (the Asklepian) and a double serpent-entwined staff with surmounting wings (the caduceus) are both popular medical symbols. The latter symbol is often designated as the "medical caduceus" and is equated with the ancient caduceus, the double serpent-entwined staff of the Greco-Roman god Hermes (Latin, Mercury). Many physicians would be surprised to learn that the medical caduceus has a quite modern origin: Its design is derived not from the ancient caduceus of Hermes but from the printer's mark of a popular 19th-century medical publisher. Furthermore, this modern caduceus became a popular medical symbol only after its adoption by the U.S. Army Medical Corps at the beginning of the 20th century. This paper describes the ancient origin of the Asklepian and how a misunderstanding of ancient mythology and iconography seems to have led to the inappropriate popularization of the modern caduceus as a medical symbol.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia.
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Wilcox
authors.forename: Emma M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Whitham
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004616:Emblems and Insignia / Q000266:history*; D049670:History, 17th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049690:History, Ancient; D009229:Mythology; D012911:Snakes; D014481:United States