title: Alloimmune induction of endothelial cell-derived interferon-gamma-inducible chemokines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The interaction between host lymphocytes and endothelial cells on the transplanted organ is believed to play an important role in acute and chronic graft rejection. Trafficking and recruitment of lymphocytes to the site of inflammation is known to be controlled by several cytokines and chemokines. It is unclear whether endothelial cells themselves can be a source of inflammatory chemoattractant molecules on alloimmune induction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction method, the authors analyzed the expression of chemokine mRNA coding for interferon (IFN)-gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10) and monokine induced by IFN-gamma (Mig) in a pool of human aortic endothelial cells. Both of these chemokines are known to be induced by IFN-gamma. Endothelial cell-derived chemokine mRNA was assayed at rest, after IFN-gamma activation, and after co-culture with allogeneic peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from normal blood donors with and without a monoclonal antibody to IFN-gamma. Finally, protein release into the media was assayed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to IP-10.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mig and IP-10 were expressed in human endothelial cells both after IFN-gamma treatment and after PBMC co-culture. Furthermore, the expression of both of these endothelial cell-derived chemokines was dependent on IFN-gamma because PBMC-induced expression was blocked with anti-IFN-gamma. IP-10 levels in the endothelial cell supernatant increased from a baseline of 13.4+/-10.8 pg/mL to 299.5+/-13.4 pg/mL (P<0.0001) with exposure to PBMC and was likewise inhibited by anti-IFN-gamma A-b (33.8+/-17.8 pg/mL).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vascular endothelial cells are capable of producing inflammatory chemokines when activated and potentially serve to amplify the allogeneic response.
authors.affiliation: Neuromuscular Autoimmunity, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 4N252, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Raghavanpillai
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Raju
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malloy
authors.forename: Tara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Rodney
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oaks
authors.forename: Jeffrey D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Hosenpud
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; D054370:Chemokine CXCL9; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000502:physiology*; D009000:Monocytes / Q000502:physiology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: C080810:CXCL9 protein, human; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; D054370:Chemokine CXCL9; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D007371:Interferon-gamma