title: How the change from FLM to FACS affected our understanding of the G1-phase of the cell cycle.
abstract: The frequency of labeled mitoses (FLM) method for analyzing cell-cycle phases necessitates a determination of cell-cycle interdivision times and the absolute lengths of the cell-cycle phases. The change to flow sorting (FACS) analysis, a simpler, less labor intensive, and more rapid method, eliminated determinations of absolute phase times, yielding only percents of cells exhibiting particular DMA contents. Without an interdivision time value, conversion of these fractions into absolute phase lengths is not possible. This change in methodology has led to an alteration in how the cell cycle is viewed. The FLM method allowed the conclusion that G1 phase variability resulted from constancy of S and G2 phase lengths. In contrast, with FACS analysis, slow growing cells exhibiting a large fraction of cells with a G1-phase amount of DMA appeared to be "arrested in G1 phase". The loss of absolute phase length determinations has therefore led to the proposals of G1-phase arrest, G1-phase controls, restriction points, and G0 phase. It is suggested that these G1-phase controls and phenomena require a critical reevaluation in the light of an alternative cell-cycle model that does not require or postulate such G1-phase controls.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0620, USA. cooper@umich.edu
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cooper
mesh_terms: D002453:Cell Cycle; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D016193:G1 Phase; D008938:Mitosis