title: Chronic stimulation of the globus pallidus internus for treatment of non-dYT1 generalized dystonia and choreoathetosis: 2-year follow up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors studied the long-term efficacy of deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the posteroventral lateral globus pallidus internus up to 2 years postoperatively in patients with primary non-DYT1 generalized dystonia or choreoathetosis. The results are briefly compared with those reported for DBS in DYT1 dystonia (Oppenheim dystonia), which is caused by the DYT1 gene.
  
  
  METHODS
  Enrollment in this prospective expanded pilot study was limited to adult patients with severely disabling, medically refractory non-DYT1 generalized dystonia or choreoathetosis. Six consecutive patients underwent follow-up examinations at defined intervals of 3 months, 1 year, and 2 years postsurgery. There were five women and one man, and their mean age at surgery was 45.5 years. Formal assessments included both the Burke-Fahn-Marsden dystonia scale and the recently developed Unified Dystonia Rating Scale. Two patients had primary generalized non-DYT1 dystonia, and four suffered from choreoathetosis secondary to infantile cerebral palsy. Bilateral quadripolar DBS electrodes were implanted in all instances, except in one patient with markedly asymmetrical symptoms. There were no adverse events related to surgery. The Burke-Fahn-Marsden scores in the two patients with generalized dystonia improved by 78 and 71% at 3 months, by 82 and 69% at 1 year, and by 78 and 70% at 2 years postoperatively. This was paralleled by marked amelioration of disability scores. The mean improvement in Burke-Fahn-Marsden scores in patients with choreoathetosis was 12% at 3 months, 29% at 1 year, and 23% at 2 years postoperatively, which was not significant. Two of these patients thought that they had achieved marked improvement at 2 years postoperatively, although results of objective evaluations were less impressive. In these two patients there was a minor but stable improvement in disability scores. All patients had an improvement in pain scores at the 2-year follow-up review. Medication was tapered off in both patients with generalized dystonia and reduced in two of the patients with choreoathetosis. All stimulation-induced side effects were reversible on adjustment of the DBS settings. Energy consumption of the batteries was considerably higher than in patients with Parkinson disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic pallidal DBS is a safe and effective procedure in generalized non-DYT1 dystonia, and it may become the procedure of choice in patients with medically refractory dystonia. Postoperative improvement of choreoathetosis is more modest and varied, and subjective ratings of outcome may exceed objective evaluations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University of Berne, Switzerland. joachim.krauss@nch.ma.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: Joachim K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Krauss
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Loher
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Weigel
authors.forename: H Holger
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Capelle
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: Jean-Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Burgunder
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001264:Athetosis / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D002819:Chorea / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D004421:Dystonia / Q000235:genetics / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000235:genetics; D005917:Globus Pallidus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018832:Molecular Chaperones; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D018832:Molecular Chaperones; C108175:TOR1A protein, human