title: Indinavir uncovers different contributions of GLUT4 and GLUT1 towards glucose uptake in muscle and fat cells and tissues.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Insulin-dependent glucose influx in skeletal muscle and adipocytes is believed to rely largely on GLUT4, but this has not been confirmed directly. We assessed the relative functional contribution of GLUT4 in experimental models of skeletal muscle and adipocytes using the HIV-1 protease inhibitor indinavir.
  
  
  METHODS
  Indinavir (up to 100 micro mol/l) was added to the glucose transport solution after insulin stimulation of wild-type L6 muscle cells, L6 cells over-expressing either GLUT4myc or GLUT1myc, 3T3-L1 adipocytes, isolated mouse brown or white adipocytes, and isolated mouse muscle preparations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  100 micro mol/l indinavir inhibited 80% of both basal and insulin-stimulated 2-deoxyglucose uptake in L6GLUT4myc myotubes and myoblasts, but only 25% in L6GLUT1myc cells. Cell-surface density of glucose transporters was not affected. In isolated soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles, primary white and brown adipocytes, insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was inhibited 70 to 80% by indinavir. The effect of indinavir on glucose uptake was variable in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, averaging 45% and 67% inhibition of basal and maximally insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, respectively. In this cell, fractional inhibition of glucose uptake by indinavir correlated positively with the fold-stimulation of glucose uptake by insulin, and was higher with sub-maximal insulin concentrations. The latter finding coincided with an increase only in GLUT4, but not GLUT1, in plasma membrane lawns.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Indinavir is a useful tool to assess different functional contributions of GLUT4 to glucose uptake in common models of skeletal muscle and adipocytes.
authors.affiliation: Programme in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rudich
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Konrad
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Török
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ben-Romano
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Garg
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wijesekara
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Germinario
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Bilan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Klip
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002001:Adipose Tissue, Brown / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D019469:Indinavir / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D007328:Insulin; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; C495677:SLC2A1 protein, human; C495692:SLC2A4 protein, human; C495678:Slc2a1 protein, mouse; C495693:Slc2a4 protein, mouse; D019469:Indinavir; D005947:Glucose