title: Structure of the human tibialis posterior tendon.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The most common site of rupture of the posterior tibial tendon is the retromalleolar region where the tendon changes its direction of pull. The aim of this study was to characterize the tissue of the gliding zone of the tibialis posterior tendon to gain further knowledge about possible structural causes for spontaneous tendon rupture.
  
  
  METHODS
  Light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and immunohistochemical methods were used to describe the structure of the human tibialis posterior tendon.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the region where the tendon wraps around the medial malleolus, the structure of the tissue changes from the typical structure of a traction tendon. The superficial zone which was directed towards the pulley tissue had the structure of fibrocartilage with a specific three-dimensional collagen fibril texture. Transmission electron microscopy showed chondrocytes with a felt-like pericellular matrix that increased in size towards the gliding surface. The extracellular matrix of the fibrocartilage was rich in acid glycosaminoglycans and stained intensively with alcian blue at pH 1. Immunohistochemical staining of cartilage-specific extracellular matrix components such as type II collagen, chondroitin-4-sulphate, chondroitin-6-sulphate, keratan sulphate and aggrecan was positive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The location of the fibrocartilage corresponds to the region where the tibialis posterior tendon wraps around the medial malleolus, which serves as a pulley. According to the theory of 'causal histogenesis', the stimulus for the development of fibrocartilage within dense connective tissue is intermittent compressive and shear stress. The fibrocartilaginous region is the region where most spontaneous ruptures of the tibialis posterior tendon occur. Due to its structure, the fibrocartilaginous region may be more vulnerable to repetitive tensile microtrauma; degeneration may occur due to the poor repair response of the avascular fibrocartilaginous tissue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Michaelisstrasse 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany. wolfpetersen@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Wolf
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: Gerrit
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hohmann
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pufe
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsokos
authors.forename: Thore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zantop
authors.forename: Friedrich
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Paulsen
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tillmann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D053674:Aggrecans; D000843:Ankle Joint; D002102:Cadaver; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000648:ultrastructure; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000502:physiology; D011508:Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans / Q000032:analysis; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates / Q000032:analysis; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000737:chemistry; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D024022:Fibrillar Collagens / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007632:Keratan Sulfate / Q000032:analysis; D037181:Lectins, C-Type; D008297:Male; D008853:Microscopy; D008875:Middle Aged; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000032:analysis; D013710:Tendons / Q000648:ultrastructure*
chemical_list: D053674:Aggrecans; D011508:Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D024022:Fibrillar Collagens; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D037181:Lectins, C-Type; D011509:Proteoglycans; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates; D007632:Keratan Sulfate