title: Prognostic implications of elevated whole blood choline levels in acute coronary syndromes.
abstract: Troponins I and T represent the current biomarker standard for diagnosis of myocardial infarction. Even small increases of cardiac troponins have prognostic implications, but not all patients at risk are correctly classified, particularly at admission. We identified elevated whole-blood choline as a promising marker and performed a prospective study of 327 patients with a suspected acute coronary syndrome that focused on the analysis of troponin-negative patients. Diagnostic classification of patients and the definition of troponin cutoffs were performed according to the new European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology criteria. Blood was sampled serially and choline was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry in whole blood. Patients were followed for 30 days. In patients with negative troponin I test results at admission (n = 250), choline was a predictor of cardiac death and nonfatal cardiac arrest (hazard ratio 6.0, p = 0.003), life-threatening arrhythmias (hazard ratio 3.75, p = 0.004), heart failure (hazard ratio 2.87, p = 0.002), and coronary angioplasty (hazard ratio 2.57, p = 0.001). In multivariate analysis of troponin-negative patients, choline was the strongest predictor of cardiac death or arrest (odds ratio 6.05, p = 0.01). Choline was not a marker for myocardial necrosis but indicated high-risk unstable angina in patients without acute myocardial infarction (sensitivity 86.4%, specificity 86.2%). Thus, an increased concentration of choline at hospital admission is a predictor of adverse cardiac events in patients with suspected acute coronary syndromes. Whole blood choline may be useful for early risk stratification of these patients, particularly if troponin results are negative on admission.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Internal Intensive Care, and Nephrology, University Hospital Charité/Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany. oliver.danne@charite.de
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Danne
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Möckel
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lueders
authors.forename: Clemens
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mügge
authors.forename: Gustav A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Zschunke
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lufft
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Frei
mesh_terms: D000789:Angina, Unstable / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000209:etiology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002794:Choline / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000209:etiology; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality; D011379:Prognosis; D012372:ROC Curve; D012044:Regression Analysis; D016019:Survival Analysis; D019210:Troponin I / Q000097:blood; D020107:Troponin T / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019210:Troponin I; D020107:Troponin T; D002794:Choline