title: Hormonal factors and risk of lung cancer among women?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gender differences in the histological distribution of lung carcinoma and a possibly greater susceptibility of women than men to tobacco carcinogens, suggest a possible influence of sex-specific hormones. This study examines endocrine factors and risk of lung cancer among women by smoking status and histology.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data of a case-control study on lung cancer conducted from 1990 to 1996 in Germany, including 811 histologically confirmed female cases and 912 female population controls. Information on various menstrual and reproductive factors, use of oral contraceptives (OC), hormone replacement therapy (HRT), and smoking was gathered through personal interviews using a structured questionnaire. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% CI adjusted for age, region, smoking, and education were calculated via logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A reduction in lung cancer risk was observed with the use of OC (OR = 0.69; 95% CI: 0.51-0.92), but no trend in risk with increasing duration of use, age at first use, or calendar year of first use was present. A history of HRT was associated with a reduced risk (OR = 0.83; 95% CI: 0.64-1.09), particularly after long duration (>/=7 years) (OR = 0.59; 95% CI: 0.37-0.93). No clear association was found with regard to age at menarche, length of menstrual cycle, number of live-births, and age at menopause. Overall results did not differ much by histological cell subtype. The reduction in lung cancer risk associated with the use of exogenous hormones was primarily seen among smoking women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data provide evidence for a possible role of hormonal factors in the aetiology of lung cancer in women.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Radiation Hygiene, BfS-Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Neuherberg, Germany. mkreuzer@bfs.de
authors.forename: Michaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kreuzer
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gerken
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heinrich
authors.forename: Lothar
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kreienbrock
authors.forename: H-Erich
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Wichmann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; D005260:Female; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000502:physiology*; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*; D008572:Menarche / Q000502:physiology; D008593:Menopause / Q000502:physiology; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D017584:Reproductive History
chemical_list: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones