title: Phloem metabolism and function have to cope with low internal oxygen.
abstract: We have investigated the consequences of endogenous limitations in oxygen delivery for phloem transport in Ricinus communis. In situ oxygen profiles were measured directly across stems of plants growing in air (21% [v/v] oxygen), using a microsensor with a tip diameter of approximately 30 microm. Oxygen levels decreased from 21% (v/v) at the surface to 7% (v/v) in the vascular region and increased again to 15% (v/v) toward the hollow center of the stem. Phloem sap exuding from small incisions in the bark of the stem was hypoxic, and the ATP to ADP ratio (4.1) and energy charge (0.78) were also low. When 5-cm stem segments of intact plants were exposed to zero external oxygen for 90 min, oxygen levels within the phloem decreased to approximately 2% (v/v), and ATP to ADP ratio and adenylate energy charge dropped further to 1.92 and 0.68, respectively. This was accompanied by a marked decrease in the phloem sucrose (Suc) concentration and Suc transport rate, which is likely to be explained by the inhibition of retrieval processes in the phloem. Germinating seedlings were used to analyze the effect of a stepwise decrease in oxygen tension on phloem transport and energy metabolism in more detail. Within the endosperm embedding the cotyledons-next to the phloem loading sites-oxygen decreased from approximately 14% (v/v) in 6-d-old seedlings down to approximately 6% (v/v) in 10-d-old seedlings. This was paralleled by a similar decrease of oxygen inside the hypocotyl. When the endosperm was removed and cotyledons incubated in a 100 mM Suc solution with 21%, 6%, 3%, or 0.5% (v/v) oxygen for 3 h before phloem sap was analyzed, decreasing oxygen tensions led to a progressive decrease in phloem energy state, indicating a partial inhibition of respiration. The estimated ratio of NADH to NAD(+) in the phloem exudate remained low (approximately 0.0014) when oxygen was decreased to 6% and 3% (v/v) but increased markedly (to approximately 0.008) at 0.5% (v/v) oxygen, paralleled by an increase in lactate and ethanol. Suc concentration and translocation decreased when oxygen was decreased to 3% and 0.5% (v/v). Falling oxygen led to a progressive increase in amino acids, especially of alanine, gamma-aminobutyrat, methionine, and isoleucine, a progressive decrease in the C to N ratio, and an increase in the succinate to malate ratio in the phloem. These results show that oxygen concentration is low inside the transport phloem in planta and that this results in adaptive changes in phloem metabolism and function.
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Golm, Germany.
authors.forename: Joost T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: van Dongen
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schurr
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pfister
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Geigenberger
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D001693:Biological Transport, Active / Q000502:physiology; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005285:Fermentation; D006019:Glycolysis; D008293:Malates / Q000378:metabolism; D009243:NAD / Q000378:metabolism; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000378:metabolism; D018514:Plant Structures / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D012278:Ricinus / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D036226:Seedlings / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D019802:Succinic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D013395:Sucrose / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D008293:Malates; D009243:NAD; D010758:Phosphorus; D013395:Sucrose; C030298:malic acid; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D019802:Succinic Acid; D010100:Oxygen