title: Ionophore resistance of ruminal bacteria and its potential impact on human health.
abstract: In recent years, there has been a debate concerning the causes of antibiotic resistance and the steps that should be taken. Beef cattle in feedlots are routinely fed a class of antibiotics known as ionophores, and these compounds increase feed efficiency by as much as 10%. Some groups have argued that ionophore resistance poses the same public health threat as conventional antibiotics, but humans are not given ionophores to combat bacterial infection. Many ruminal bacteria are ionophore-resistant, but until recently the mechanism of this resistance was not well defined. Ionophores are highly lipophilic polyethers that accumulate in cell membranes and catalyze rapid ion movement. When sensitive bacteria counteract futile ion flux with membrane ATPases and transporters, they are eventually de-energized. Aerobic bacteria and mammalian enzymes can degrade ionophores, but these pathways are oxygen-dependent and not functional in anaerobic environments like the rumen or lower GI tract. Gram-positive ruminal bacteria are in many cases more sensitive to ionophores than Gram-negative species, but this model of resistance is not always clear-cut. Some Gram-negative ruminal bacteria are initially ionophore-sensitive, and even Gram-positive bacteria can adapt. Ionophore resistance appears to be mediated by extracellular polysaccharides (glycocalyx) that exclude ionophores from the cell membrane. Because cattle not receiving ionophores have large populations of resistant bacteria, it appears that this trait is due to a physiological selection rather than a mutation per se. Genes responsible for ionophore resistance in ruminal bacteria have not been identified, but there is little evidence that ionophore resistance can be spread from one bacterium to another. Given these observations, use of ionophores in animal feed is not likely to have a significant impact on the transfer of antibiotic resistance from animals to man.
authors.affiliation: Agricultural Research Service, USDA, and Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Wing Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. jbr8@cornell.edu
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: Adam J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Houlihan
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000382:microbiology; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D002417:Cattle; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005285:Fermentation; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007476:Ionophores / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012417:Rumen / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D007476:Ionophores