title: Late sequelae of proximal humerus fractures.
abstract: Proximal humerus fractures, both minimally displaced and complex, are subject to the development of complications. Late sequelae of such injuries include refractory shoulder stiffness, osteonecrosis, malunion, nonunion, and heterotopic bone formation. A prompt, accurate diagnosis and proper treatment protocol can decrease the occurrence and severity of such complications. When complications do occur, treatment options to improve outcome should be implemented.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedics Shoulder Department, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Wirth
mesh_terms: D005592:Fracture Fixation; D017759:Fractures, Malunited; D005599:Fractures, Ununited; D006801:Humans; D009999:Ossification, Heterotopic / Q000209:etiology; D010020:Osteonecrosis / Q000209:etiology; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012784:Shoulder Fractures / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy*