title: Transformation of sporozoites into early exoerythrocytic malaria parasites does not require host cells.
abstract: Malaria parasite species that infect mammals, including humans, must first take up residence in hepatic host cells as exoerythrocytic forms (EEF) before initiating infection of red blood cells that leads to malaria disease. Despite the importance of hepatic stages for immunity against malaria, little is known about their biology and antigenic composition. Here, we show that sporozoites, the parasites' transmission stage that resides in the mosquito vector salivary glands, can transform into early EEF without intracellular residence in host hepatocytes. The morphological sequence of transformation and the expression of proteins in the EEF appear indistinguishable from parasites that develop within host cells. Transformation depends on temperature elevation to 37 degrees C and serum. Our findings demonstrate that residence in a host hepatocyte or specific host cell-derived factors are not necessary to bring about the profound morphological and biochemical changes of the parasite that occur after its transmission from vector to mammalian host.
authors.affiliation: Michael Heidelberger Division, Dept. of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
authors.forename: Karine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kaiser
authors.forename: Nelly
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Camargo
authors.forename: Stefan H I
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kappe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000469:parasitology / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000469:parasitology*; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D006801:Humans; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000469:parasitology / Q000502:physiology; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008288:Malaria / Q000469:parasitology*; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D010962:Plasmodium berghei / Q000502:physiology*; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D034101:Sporozoites / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D013696:Temperature; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins