title: Analyzing intracellular binding and diffusion with continuous fluorescence photobleaching.
abstract: Transport and binding of molecules to specific sites are necessary for the assembly and function of ordered supramolecular structures in cells. For analyzing these processes in vivo, we have developed a confocal fluorescence fluctuation microscope that allows both imaging of the spatial distribution of fluorescent molecules with confocal laser scanning microscopy and probing their mobility at specific positions in the cell with fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and continuous fluorescence photobleaching (CP). Because fluorescence correlation spectroscopy is restricted to rapidly diffusing particles and CP to slower processes, these two methods complement each other. For the analysis of binding-related contributions to mobility we have derived analytical expressions for the temporal behavior of CP curves from which the bound fraction and/or the dissociation rate or residence time at binding sites, respectively, can be obtained. In experiments, we investigated HeLa cells expressing different fluorescent proteins: Although enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) shows high mobility, fusions of histone H2B with the yellow fluorescent protein are incorporated into chromatin, and these nuclei exhibit the presence of a stably bound and a freely diffusing species. Nonpermanent binding was found for mTTF-I, a transcription termination factor for RNA polymerase I, fused with EGFP. The cells show fluorescent nucleoli, and binding is transient. CP yields residence times for mTTF-I-EGFP of approximately 13 s.
authors.affiliation: Division Biophysics of Macromolecules, German Cancer Research Center, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Malte
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wachsmuth
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Weidemann
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Urs W
authors.initials: UW
authors.lastname: Hoffmann-Rohrer
authors.forename: Tobias A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Knoch
authors.forename: Waldemar
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Waldeck
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Langowski
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D004058:Diffusion; D036681:Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching / Q000379:methods*; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006657:Histones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007424:Intracellular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods*; D008954:Models, Biological; D009038:Motion; D011485:Protein Binding; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014157:Transcription Factors
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D006657:Histones; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D011506:Proteins; C504003:TTF1 protein, human; D014157:Transcription Factors; C054562:yellow fluorescent protein, Bacteria; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins