title: Effect of lithotripsy on holmium:YAG optical beam profile.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of holmium:YAG lithotripsy on the optical beam profile.
  
  
  METHODS
  Beam profiles of the laser light from holmium:YAG optical fiber systems were characterized with a pyroelectric camera. Beam profiles were measured with 272-microm and 365-microm optical fibers both straight and bent to simulate lower-pole ureteronephroscopy. Struvite calculi were irradiated. Beam profiles and energy outputs were characterized for the fibers before and after ablation. Ablation crater geometry was characterized with optical coherence tomography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Undamaged, straight fibers produced a near-Gaussian beam profile. Craters showed a similar near-Gaussian shape. Undamaged, bent 272-microm fibers produced a near-Gaussian beam but slightly flatter profile than the straight fiber. The bent 272-microm fiber transmitted 99% to 100% of the energy, similar to the 100% transmission of the straight fibers. After ablation, measured energy output dropped by 30% within 50 pulses at 0.2 J pulse energy. The damaged fibers produced irregular beam profiles with hot spots. Craters showed irregular contours.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During Ho:YAG lithotripsy, the beam profile at the optical fiber tip approaches a Gaussian distribution. This shape corresponds to the crater produced on the stone surface. With further ablation, the beam profile becomes erratic and unpredictable, with loss of lithotripsy efficiency. The findings provide further insight into the photothermal mechanism of Ho:YAG lithotripsy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Ho
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Robert T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: Joel M H
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Teichman
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Landman
authors.forename: Ralph V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Clayman
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Milner
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Welch
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D017602:Lithotripsy, Laser; D055095:Optics and Photonics; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000737:chemistry / Q000628:therapy