title: A theoretical and experimental approach to the use of single wavelength calcium indicators.
abstract: Fluorescent Ca(2+) indicators have been extremely valuable in understanding the role of intracellular Ca(2+). However, the presence of extracellular dye can confound interpretation of data due to indicator accumulation in the Ca(2+)-rich medium, which induces an increase in the fluorescence signal. By using a mathematical approach, we show that overlooking extracellular dye usually leads to overestimating cytosolic Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)]) levels. We propose an experimental design and provide mathematical formulations to make the appropriate correction. We applied our model to determine [Ca(2+)] in Fluo-3-loaded bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs). Our results indicate that for basal level Ca(2+), the uncorrected value overestimates by a factor of 2.7 the result obtained when extracellular dye was accounted for. We also showed that both bradykinin (BK) and ATP significantly increase [Ca(2+)] in BAECs. For the uncorrected values, BK and ATP induced 2.3- and 3.3-fold apparent increases in [Ca(2+)], respectively. When applying the correction, there was a 4.5- and 5.4-fold induction of [Ca(2+)] for BK and ATP, respectively. Our theoretical and experimental models provide explanations and, at least in part, solutions to the dye leakage problem, and should thus be a valuable tool in clarifying the proper usage of fluorescent dyes for Ca(2+) measurements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0324, USA.
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Pojoga
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Hilderman
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000494:pharmacology; D000814:Aniline Compounds; D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D001920:Bradykinin / Q000494:pharmacology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002417:Cattle; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005453:Fluorescence; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D008954:Models, Biological; D014966:Xanthenes
chemical_list: D000814:Aniline Compounds; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D014966:Xanthenes; C059715:Fluo-3; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D001920:Bradykinin; D002118:Calcium