title: Gallium scan in adolescents and children with Hodgkin's disease (HD). Treatment response assessment and prognostic value.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present paper is to describe the accuracy of gallium ((67)Ga) scintigraphy in adolescents and children with Hodgkin's disease (HD). We have studied the diagnostic value of this nuclear imaging technique at disease presentation (staging) and its prognostic value based on changes in (67)Ga uptake observed after treatment (response assessment).
  
  
  METHODS
  From April 1985 to July 1999 74 consecutive untreated patients with a median age of 13 y underwent (67)Ga scans 48-72 h after injection of 37-111 MBq of (67)Ga-citrate. Planar whole-body scintigraphy was performed, supplemented with single photon emission tomography (SPET) of the mediastinum from 1996 onwards. Three patients did not undergo further scintigraphic examination because they were treated with radical surgery. After the 1st examination 71 of the 74 patients were monitored by 1-3 (67)Ga scans during the course of their disease. All of them had at least one (67)Ga scintigraphy at the end of the induction phase of chemotherapy, before any other therapeutic regimens were planned.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At disease presentation (67)Ga scintigraphy was positive in all patients, detecting 285 of 335 (85.0%) lymph nodal sites of disease. The best sensitivity was observed in the mediastinum (100%; 63/63) and the laterocervical supraclavicular region (85.6%; 125/146); it was lower for axillary (72.7%; 16/22) and retroperitoneal (68.7%; 11/16) lymph node masses. In detecting visceral involvement the sensitivity of (67)Ga scintigraphy was 66.6% (8/12) for lung and 80% (4/5) for bone involvement. Among 71 patients in follow-up, 2 showed rapid progression of disease during induction therapy while 69 patients were monitored for a long period. The response to therapy has been classified according to the changes observed on nuclear medicine or radiological images as complete response (CR) or partial response (PR). On the basis of (67)Ga scans 55 patients (72.4%) were considered as having a CR, while with radiological modalities (chest X-ray, CT, MRI) CR was observed in only 29 patients (40.8%). PR or progression was found with (67)Ga scintigraphy in 16 patients (22.5%) and with radiological modalities in 42 patients (59.1%). (67)Ga scan was concordant with clinical outcome in 97% (28/29). The diagnostic effectiveness of this imaging technique has been analysed by comparing the scintigraphic or radiological changes at the 1st scintigraphic/radiological follow-up examination after induction therapy with the clinical outcome. In this population the relapse rate was 50% (8/16) in the group that did not achieve a CR according to post-treatment (67)Ga scintigraphy, while it was only 10.9% (6/55) in the group that achieved a CR on the basis of scintigraphy findings. The overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were calculated by means of Kaplan-Meier cumulative survival plotting. When the 2 groups of patients with complete (CR) or incomplete normalisation (PR or progression) of (67)Ga scintigraphy were compared, both OS and DFS were found to be statistically different (p=0.0001 and p=0.0004, respectively). By contrast, no statistical difference was found when the radiological findings were considered as the criterion for assessment of tumour response. On the basis of X-ray results the relapse rate was 13.7% in patients with negative post-therapy findings and 23.8% in patients with positive radiological imaging.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data demonstrate the high value of (67)Ga scintigraphy in HD staging in paediatric patients. In addition, evaluation of the (67)Ga uptake is very useful as a prognostic parameter; changes in (67)Ga uptake after therapy indicate a favourable prognosis, whereas children still positive on post-treatment (67)Ga scintigrams should be given more aggressive treatment.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nuclear Medicine, National Cancer Institute, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Castellani
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cefalo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Terenziani
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Aliberti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maccauro
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alessi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Villano
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bombardieri
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002951:Citrates; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005708:Gallium; D006689:Hodgkin Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000379:methods; D011379:Prognosis; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002951:Citrates; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D005708:Gallium; C103850:gallium citrate