title: Time to pregnancy among the wives of Finnish greenhouse workers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the possibility of men's work in greenhouses and their exposure to pesticides being associated with reduced fertility.
  
  
  METHODS
  A study on time to pregnancy was conducted among the families of Finnish male greenhouse employers and employees. Exposure to pesticides was assessed on the basis of questionnaire information and data gathered from the enterprises. Fecundability density ratios (FDR) for occupational exposure were calculated with discrete proportional hazards regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After three mailings, 578 (43%) couples participated. Fecundability was suggestively decreased for exposed greenhouse workers who were inefficiently protected, with FDR values of 0.67 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.33-1.35], 0.92 [95% CI 0.45-1.88] and 0.77 [95% CI 0.46-1.29] for high exposure, moderate exposure and low exposure, respectively, as compared with unexposed greenhouse workers. The exposed men who efficiently used personal protective equipment were as fertile as the unexposed greenhouse workers. Exposure to pyrethroids (FDR 0.40, 95% CI 0.19-0.85) was related to decreased fecundability. Suggestive associations were observed for organophosphates (FDR 0.70, 95% CI 0.42-1.17) and carbamates (FDR 0.55, 95% CI 0.27-1.11).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of the study provide limited support for the hypothesis that exposure to pesticides is associated with reduced fertility. The findings for pyrethroids, organophosphates, and carbamates can serve as a basis for a hypothesis for future studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland. Markku.Sallmen@ttl.fi
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sallmén
authors.forename: Jyrki
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liesivuori
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Taskinen
authors.forename: Marja-Liisa
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Lindbohm
authors.forename: Ahti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anttila
authors.forename: Lea
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Aalto
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hemminki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000383:Agriculture; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018812:Paternal Exposure; D010575:Pesticides / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011336:Probability; D017584:Reproductive History; D018570:Risk Assessment; D018454:Spouses; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides