title: Accumulation of ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide in human atherosclerotic plaques can be detected by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  One of the features of high-risk atherosclerotic plaques is a preponderance of macrophages. Experimental studies with hyperlipidemic rabbits have shown that ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide (USPIOs) accumulate in plaques with a high macrophage content and that this induces magnetic resonance (MR) signal changes. The purpose of our study was to investigate whether USPIO-enhanced MRI can also be used for in vivo detection of macrophages in human plaques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MRI was performed on 11 symptomatic patients scheduled for carotid endarterectomy before and 24 (n=11) and 72 (n=5) hours after administration of USPIOs (Sinerem) at a dose of 2.6 mg Fe/kg. Histological and electron microscopical analyses of the plaques showed USPIOs primarily in macrophages within the plaques in 10 of 11 patients. Histological analysis showed USPIOs in 27 of 36 (75%) of the ruptured and rupture-prone lesions and 1 of 14 (7%) of the stable lesions. Of the patients with USPIO uptake, signal changes in the post-USPIO MRI were observed by 2 observers in the vessel wall in 67 of 123 (54%) and 19 of 55 (35%) quadrants of the T2*-weighted MR images acquired after 24 and 72 hours, respectively. For those quadrants with changes, there was a significant signal decrease of 24% (95% CI, 33% to 15%) in regions of interest in the images acquired after 24 hours, whereas no significant signal change was found after 72 hours.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Accumulation of USPIOs in macrophages in predominantly ruptured and rupture-prone human atherosclerotic lesions caused signal decreases in the in vivo MR images.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Hospital Maastricht, Peter Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands. ekoo@rdia.azm.nl
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Kooi
authors.forename: V C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Cappendijk
authors.forename: K B J M
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Cleutjens
authors.forename: A G H
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Kessels
authors.forename: P J E H M
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Kitslaar
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Borgers
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Frederik
authors.forename: M J A P
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Daemen
authors.forename: J M A
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: van Engelshoven
mesh_terms: D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D003911:Dextrans; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*; D052203:Ferrosoferric Oxide; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000209:etiology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles; D008297:Male; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008875:Middle Aged; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010087:Oxides; D010316:Particle Size; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests
chemical_list: D003911:Dextrans; D005290:Ferric Compounds; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles; D010087:Oxides; C097921:ferumoxtran-10; C000499:ferric oxide; D007501:Iron; D052203:Ferrosoferric Oxide