title: Behavioural counselling to increase consumption of fruit and vegetables in low income adults: randomised trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure the effect of brief behavioural counselling in general practice on patients' consumption of fruit and vegetables in adults from a low income population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parallel group randomised controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary health centre in a deprived, ethnically mixed inner city area.
  
  
  METHODS
  271 patients aged 18-70 years without serious illness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Brief individual behavioural counselling based on the stage of change model; time matched nutrition education counselling.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self reported number of portions of fruit and vegetables eaten per day, plasma beta carotene, alpha tocopherol, and ascorbic acid concentrations, and 24 hour urinary potassium excretion. Assessment at baseline, eight weeks, and 12 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Consumption of fruit and vegetables increased from baseline to 12 months by 1.5 and 0.9 portions per day in the behavioural and nutrition groups (mean difference 0.6 portions, 95% confidence interval 0.1 to 1.1). The proportion of participants eating five or more portions a day increased by 42% and 27% in the two groups (mean difference 15%, 3% to 28%). Plasma beta carotene and alpha tocopherol concentrations increased in both groups, but the rise in beta carotene was greater in the behavioural group (mean difference 0.16 micromol/l, 0.001 micromol/l to 1.34 micromol/l). There were no changes in plasma ascorbic acid concentrations or urinary potassium excretion. Differences were maintained when analysis was restricted to the 177 participants with incomes < or = pound 400 (596, $640) a week.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Brief individual counselling in primary care can elicit sustained increases in consumption of fruit and vegetables in low income adults in the general population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT. a.steptoe@ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Steptoe
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Perkins-Porras
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McKay
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rink
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hilton
authors.forename: Francesco P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Cappuccio
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D003376:Counseling; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011203:Poverty; D014504:Urban Health; D014675:Vegetables