title: An obligate pollination mutualism and reciprocal diversification in the tree genus Glochidion (Euphorbiaceae).
abstract: Highly coevolved pollination mutualism accompanied by reciprocal diversification has been known in only two plant genera, Ficus (Moraceae) and Yucca (Agavaceae), which are pollinated exclusively by obligate seed-parasitic wasps and moths, respectively. An additional, highly diversified, species-specific pollination mutualism between a monoecious tree genus, Glochidion (Euphorbiaceae), and a moth genus, Epicephala (Gracillariidae), is presented here. At night, the small female moth actively deposits pollen on the cryptic stigma of the female flower by using its proboscis, then oviposits into the style. The moth larva infests only a portion of the developing seeds within fruit. We confirmed that at least three Glochidion species are pollinated only by their respective seed-parasitic moth species, which could be distinguished by genitalic morphology and mitochondrial DNA sequences. These results and widespread evidence of limited seed infestation by the moths associated with Glochidion species suggest that speciation based on the highly specialized Glochidion stylar structure and moth oviposition behavior have promoted species diversification in Glochidion and its pollinators.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan. kato@bio.h.kyoto-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takimura
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kawakita
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D017931:DNA Primers; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D019665:Euphorbiaceae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D014644:Genetic Variation; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009036:Moths / Q000502:physiology; D011058:Pollen
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial