title: Chromosome 4 hyperploidy represents an early genetic aberration in premalignant Barrett's oesophagus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Characterisation of the underlying molecular mechanisms that promote Barrett's progression may ultimately lead to identification of potential predictive genetic markers that classify patients' malignant risk. In an attempt to understand these causative pathways, fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) was used in this study to determine when specific genetic alterations arise during Barrett's associated neoplastic progression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Endoscopic cytology brushings were obtained from 28 patients with Barrett's metaplasia, 28 with dysplasia (20 low grade dysplasia (LGD) and eight with high grade dysplasia (HGD)), and seven with adenocarcinoma, together with paired control brushings from regions of normal proximal squamous cell epithelium. The exfoliated epithelial cells were washed and deposited onto slides. Probes specific for the centromeres of chromosomes 4, 8, 20, and Y, and locus specific probes for the tumour suppressor genes p16, p53, and Rb were subsequently hybridised.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Aneuploidy was found early in progression, with metaplastic tissues displaying increased copy numbers of chromosomes 4 and 8. Chromosome 4 hyperploidy was found in 89%, 90%, 88%, and 100% of metaplasias, LGD, HGD, adenocarcinomas, respectively, while chromosome 8 hyperploidy occurred in 71%, 75%, 100%, and 100% of patients with the respective staging. Loss of the p16 tumour suppressor gene also presented in metaplastic epithelium (7%) but most other genetic aberrations were only seen in HGD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Genetic instability arises well before dysplasia in Barrett's oesophagus, with chromosome 4 and 8 hyperploidy representing the earliest and most common alterations identified. As these aberrations are widespread at all the premalignant stages, there may be genes on chromosomes 4 and 8 that are involved in both the initiation and progression of Barrett's oesophagus.
authors.affiliation: Human Molecular Pathology Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK. 145263@swansea.ac.uk
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Doak
authors.forename: G J S
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Parry
authors.forename: F R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: D'Souza
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Toffazal
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Baxter
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Parry
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000782:Aneuploidy; D001471:Barrett Esophagus / Q000235:genetics*; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D002890:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20 / Q000235:genetics; D002894:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4 / Q000235:genetics*; D002898:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8 / Q000235:genetics; D041322:Chromosomes, Human, Y / Q000235:genetics; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology