title: Interventions in chronic pain management. 2. New frontiers: invasive nonsurgical interventions.
abstract: Invasive nonsurgical techniques have a central role in the management of patients suffering from acute and chronic pain. This article surveys common percutaneous pain procedures: trigger point injections, intra-articular injections, spinal injections, nerve blocks, radiofrequency lesioning (thermocoagulation and pulsed-mode), epidural adhesiolysis and decompressive neuroplasty, neural mapping, intradiskal and intra-annular procedures, neuromodulation, continuous intrathecal analgesia, and deep brain stimulation. Physiatrists must understand the guiding principles behind these procedures before practicing interventional pain management.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review invasive, nonsurgical pain management procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, International Pain Institute, Lubbock, TX 79414, USA. rinoo_shah@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Rinoo V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Jeffery J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Ericksen
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lacerte
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007270:Injections, Intra-Articular; D007403:Intervertebral Disc; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods; D059408:Pain Management; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid