title: Cardiovascular drug therapy in the elderly: theoretical and practical considerations.
abstract: The elderly population is expanding rapidly throughout the world. Hypertension, heart disease and other cardiovascular disorders are prevalent conditions among this age group. Consequently, clinicians will spend a large proportion of their practices managing older adults with cardiovascular disorders. A large proportion of this time will be devoted to using pharmacotherapeutic strategies for the long-term management of chronic conditions. The physiological changes that accompany aging affect cardiovascular function, and the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of many cardiovascular medications are altered by these physiological changes. The interactions of these changes can have a profound effect on the agents used to treat cardiovascular disorders and may alter their therapeutic outcomes. Several classes of medications are used to treat chronic cardiovascular disorders in older adults. These include the ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists, calcium channel antagonists, beta-adrenoceptor antagonists (beta-blockers), oral antiarrhythmic agents and warfarin. Drugs such as beta-blockers may aggravate decreased cardiac output and increase peripheral resistance, but are valuable adjuncts in many patients with congestive heart failure. Agents that reduce angiotensin II activity may have several benefits for treating heart failure and hypertension. Successful treatment of cardiovascular disorders in older adults requires the choice of the most appropriate agent, taking into consideration the complex interactions of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and disease effects.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Andrus Gerontology Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA. bradwill@usc.edu
authors.forename: Bradley R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Jiwon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000368:Aged; D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D014859:Warfarin / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D000925:Anticoagulants; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D014859:Warfarin