title: Early and long-term outcome of rehabilitation in stroke patients: the role of patient characteristics, time of initiation, and duration of interventions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether and how patient characteristics and the time of initiation and duration of rehabilitation influence early and long-term patient outcome after cerebrovascular accident.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty rehabilitation hospitals and wards located throughout Italy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1716 stroke patients (874 men, 842 women) consecutively admitted to Italian hospital rehabilitation centers in 1997 and 1998. Patients had moderate to severe disability (FIM instrument score, < or =90).
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three negative patient outcomes were considered: death, early failure (premature, unwanted interruption of rehabilitation program; absence of any improvement at hospital discharge), and late failure in terms of severe disability (Barthel Index score, <40) or poor quality of life (Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey; questionnaire score, <80) 6 months after admission. The strength of the association between the considered variables and the outcomes was calculated with the odds ratio (OR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The less disabled and younger patients had better survival and early and long-term outcomes. The presence of dementia and pressure ulcers on admission was associated with worse outcomes (OR for any failure or death=1.31; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-1.67; OR=1.63; 95% CI, 1.12-2.37, respectively). Patients who initiated the rehabilitative procedures early (within 7d after stroke) had better long-term outcomes than did those who initiated the rehabilitation after more than 1 month (OR=2.12; 95% CI, 1.35-3.34) or from 15 to 30 days after the acute cerebrovascular event (OR=2.11; 95% CI, 1.37-3.26).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study's results support the idea that recovery after stroke is greatly influenced by the clinical and demographic characteristics of the patients and that early rehabilitation intervention may have a relevant role.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Milan, Italy. massimo.musicco@itb.chr.it
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Musicco
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Emberti
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nappi
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Caltagirone
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012307:Risk Factors; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome