title: Effects of robotic therapy on motor impairment and recovery in chronic stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether robotic therapy can reduce motor impairment and enhance recovery of the hemiparetic arm in persons with chronic stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pre-posttest design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rehabilitation hospital, outpatient care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Volunteer sample of 20 persons diagnosed with a single, unilateral stroke within the past 1 to 5 years, with persistent hemiparesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Robotic therapy was provided 3 times weekly for 6 weeks. Subjects able to reach robot targets were randomly assigned to sensorimotor or progressive-resistive robotic therapy groups. Robotic therapy consisted of goal-directed, planar reaching tasks to exercise the hemiparetic shoulder and elbow.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Modified Ashworth Scale, Fugl-Meyer test of upper-extremity function, Motor Status Scale (MSS) score, and Medical Research Council motor power score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Evaluations by a single blinded therapist revealed statistically significant gains from admission to discharge (P<.05) on the Fugl-Meyer test, MSS score, and motor power score. Secondary analyses revealed group differences: the progressive-resistive therapy group experienced nonspecific improvements on wrist and hand MSS scores that were not observed in the sensorimotor group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Robotic therapy may complement other treatment approaches by reducing motor impairment in persons with moderate to severe chronic impairments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. sfasoli@mit.edu
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Fasoli
authors.forename: Hermano I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Krebs
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: Walter R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Frontera
authors.forename: Neville
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hogan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D006233:Persons with Disabilities; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D010291:Paresis / Q000209:etiology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012371:Robotics; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D016896:Treatment Outcome