title: Predicting long-term kidney graft survival: can new trials be performed?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As short-term transplant results improve, it has become difficult to use patient or graft survival or acute rejection as clinical trial endpoints, except in large, multicenter studies. Despite better outcomes, graft failure continues over time.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 6- and 12-month creatinine (Cr) level and change in creatinine (deltaCr) level (3-12 months, 6-12 months) as predictors of graft survival for 1,389 primary kidney transplants (minimum graft survival 1 year). Determining the prognostic value of Cr level (6 or 12 months), the subgroups were as follows: less than 1, 1 to 1.4, 1.5 to 1.9, 2.0 to 2.4, 2.5 to 2.9, and greater than or equal to 3 mg/dL. For deltaCr level, the subgroups were as follows: less than 0, 0, 0.01 to 0.2, and greater than 0.2. Subgroup actuarial graft survival was determined. Cox regression analyses were performed with forward, stepwise selection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 12-month Cr level entered the model, no other variable was significant. Repeating this with continuous variables, 12-month Cr level was again the best predictor. Five-year graft survival for 12-month Cr level less than 1 (n=38) was 95%; for 1.0 to 1.4 (n=454), 87%; for 1.5 to 1.9 (n=463), 86%; for 2.0 to 2.4 (n=166), 78%; for 2.5 to 2.9 (n=54), 60%; for greater than or equal to 3 (n=45), 41%. A major breakpoint for outcome is 1-year Cr level=2.0. A power analysis was performed for the combined endpoint of graft loss and 1-year Cr level greater than 2, reached by 30% of patients. To avoid missing a reduction to 20% (actual decrease 33%) (alpha=0.05; power=0.8), 313 patients would be required per group. For a reduction to 15% (actual decrease 50%), 133 patients would be required.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Twelve-month Cr level is an accurate surrogate for long-term outcome. The use of a combined endpoint (graft loss and 12-month Cr level) allows trials to be performed without exorbitant numbers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paraskevas
authors.forename: Raja
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kandaswamy
authors.forename: Abhinav
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Humar
authors.forename: Kristen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gillingham
authors.forename: Rainer W G
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Gruessner
authors.forename: William D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Payne
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Najarian
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: David E R
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Sutherland
authors.forename: Arthur J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Matas
mesh_terms: D001379:Azathioprine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood*; D005544:Forecasting; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000097:blood; D006085:Graft Survival; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D003404:Creatinine; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid; D001379:Azathioprine