title: The Study on Cognition and Prognosis in the Elderly (SCOPE): principal results of a randomized double-blind intervention trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prognostic benefits of blood pressure lowering treatment in elderly hypertensive patients were established more than a decade ago, but are less clear in those with mildly to moderately elevated blood pressure.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether candesartan-based antihypertensive treatment in elderly patients with mildly to moderately elevated blood pressure confers a reduction in cardiovascular events, cognitive decline and dementia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group study conducted in 1997-2002.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was of 4964 patients aged 70-89 years, with systolic blood pressure 160-179 mmHg, and/or diastolic blood pressure 90-99 mmHg, and a Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) test score >or= 24. A total of 527 centres in 15 countries participated in the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were assigned randomly to receive the angiotensin receptor blocker candesartan or placebo, with open-label active antihypertensive therapy added as needed. As a consequence, active antihypertensive therapy was extensively used in the control group (84% of patients). Mean follow-up was 3.7 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcome measure was major cardiovascular events, a composite of cardiovascular death, non-fatal stroke and non-fatal myocardial infarction. Secondary outcome measures included cardiovascular death, non-fatal and fatal stroke and myocardial infarction, cognitive function measured by the MMSE and dementia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Blood pressure fell by 21.7/10.8 mmHg in the candesartan group and by 18.5/9.2 mmHg in the control group. A first major cardiovascular event occurred in 242 candesartan patients and in 268 control patients; risk reduction with candesartan was 10.9% [95% confidence interval (CI), -6.0 to 25.1, P = 0.19]. Candesartan-based treatment reduced non-fatal stroke by 27.8% (95% CI, 1.3 to 47.2, P = 0.04), and all stroke by 23.6% (95% CI, -0.7 to 42.1, P = 0.056). There were no significant differences in myocardial infarction and cardiovascular mortality. Mean MMSE score fell from 28.5 to 28.0 in the candesartan group and from 28.5 to 27.9 in the control group (P = 0.20). The proportions of patients who had a significant cognitive decline or developed dementia were not different in the two treatment groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In elderly hypertensive patients, a slightly more effective blood pressure reduction during candesartan-based therapy, compared with control therapy, was associated with a modest, statistically non-significant, reduction in major cardiovascular events and with a marked reduction in non-fatal stroke. Cognitive function was well maintained in both treatment groups in the presence of substantial blood pressure reductions. Both treatment regimens were generally well tolerated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Sections of Geriatrics Clinical Hypertension Research and Family Medicine, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden. hans.lithell@pubcare.uu.se
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lithell
authors.forename: Lennart
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hansson
authors.forename: Ingmar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Skoog
authors.forename: Dag
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Elmfeldt
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hofman
authors.forename: Bertil
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Olofsson
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Trenkwalder
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zanchetti
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006381:Helsinki Declaration; D006801:Humans; D006852:Hydrochlorothiazide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013777:Tetrazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D001562:Benzimidazoles; D015415:Biomarkers; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D013777:Tetrazoles; D006852:Hydrochlorothiazide; C081643:candesartan