title: Evidence for negative cross resistance to insecticides in field collected Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) from Lebanon in laboratory bioassays.
abstract: A sample of Spodoptera littoralis pupae were field collected from in Lebanon in November 1999. Approximately 50 healthy pupae were used to initiate a laboratory colony (stain code LEB). As a benchmark for sensitivity to insecticides the susceptible laboratory strain (LET) was used for comparison. The LET stain has been held in laboratory culture for over 10 years and originated from Israel. Three test chemicals were investigated; Spinosad (Tracer, 480 g/L SC), chlorpyrifos (Dursban 480 g/L EC) and cypermethrin (Ambush C 100 g/L EC) representing a range of different modes of actions. To estimate the sensitivity of the LEB strain relative to the LET stain laboratory bioassays, conducted on second instar larvae exposed treated tomato leaves for two days. The method used was based on IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee) insecticide susceptibly test number 7. Larvae from the LEB strain were tested in both the F1 and F2 laboratory generations. LC50 values were calculated using a Log-Probit model allowing the susceptibly of each strain to each test item to be compared. The LEB (field) strain were approximately twice as sensitive to spinosad compared with the LET (laboratory) strain. The LEB strain was 6-10 times less sensitive to chlorpyrifos which was within the range expected. However the LEB stain was 250-360 times less sensitive to cypermethrin compared with the LET strain, indicating a high level of resistance to pyrethroids in the field population. This kind of relationship gave a strong indication for negative cross resistance between spinosad and cypermethrin. It was concluded that spinosad had potential as a resistance management tool due to its novel mode of action and negative cross resistance with pyrethroids.
authors.affiliation: Dow AgroSciences, Wantage, OX12 9JT, U.K.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miles
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lysandrou
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000633:toxicity; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D004338:Drug Combinations; D003368:Gossypium / Q000469:parasitology; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007306:Insecticides / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018942:Macrolides / Q000633:toxicity; D011679:Pupa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000633:toxicity; D018411:Spodoptera / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D007306:Insecticides; D018942:Macrolides; D011722:Pyrethrins; C017160:cypermethrin; D004390:Chlorpyrifos; C415329:spinosad