title: Emotional changes during experimentally induced hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetes.
abstract: Emotional changes during experimentally induced hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetic patients were investigated using a hyperinsulinaemic glucose clamp. In the experimental group (n=11), blood glucose was stabilised at euglycaemia (5.6 mmol/l, phase 1), then lowered to 2.5 mmol/l (phase 2) and raised to 5.6 mmol/l (phase 3). In the control group (n=11), euglycaemia was maintained during all phases. Hypoglycaemia elicited the expected endocrine, symptomatic and neuroglycopenic effects. During hypoglycaemia negative mood states increased significantly, whereas positive mood states decreased. Hypoglycaemia prolonged rating time of emotional stimuli (drawn from IAPS) significantly. The arousal ratings of the slides were higher during hypoglycaemia. Valence and dominance ratings were not affected. Epinephrine and norepinephrine release correlated with a higher arousal rating and a decrease in positive mood states. Deterioration in neuropsychological tasks correlated with an increase in negative mood states. Experimental induction of hypoglycaemia can offer a new research model to study emotional processes.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of the Diabetes Academy Mergentheim, P.O. Box 1144, D-97961 Bad Mergentheim, Germany. hermanns@diabetes-zentrum.de
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hermanns
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kubiak
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kulzer
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Haak
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism; D010775:Photic Stimulation
chemical_list: D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine