title: Anti-inflammatory effect and low ulcerogenic activity of etodolac, a cyclooxygenase-2 selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, on adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats.
abstract: Adjuvant arthritic rats are known to be more susceptible to gastric damage induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) than are normal rats. We compared the relative gastric safety profile of etodolac with those of meloxicam, diclofenac sodium and indometacin in adjuvant arthritic rats and normal rats or mice. As a measure of the safety profiles of NSAIDs, we used the safety index, the ratio of the dose that elicits gastric mucosal lesions to the effective dose as an anti-inflammatory or analgesic compound. The anti-inflammatory or analgesic effects of NSAIDs were assessed by paw swelling in adjuvant arthritic rats, and either carrageenin-induced paw edema or brewer's yeast-induced hyperalgesia, as well as acetic acid-induced writhing, in normal rats or mice. In addition, we also investigated the effects of these NSAIDs on human COX-1 and COX-2 activity. Etodolac and other NSAIDs inhibited paw swelling and caused gastric mucosal lesions in adjuvant arthritic rats in a dose-dependent manner. Etodolac showed the highest UD(50) value and safety index among these NSAIDs in arthritic rats. In normal rats, etodolac also showed the highest UD(50) value and safety index, except when its effects were assessed by acetic acid-induced writhing. Etodolac and meloxicam showed selectivity for human COX-2 over COX-1. In contrast, diclofenac sodium and indometacin were selective for COX-1. These results suggest that etodolac, a COX-2 selective NSAID, has anti-inflammatory effects with a better safety profile for the stomach than do non-selective NSAIDs, including diclofenac sodium and indometacin, in adjuvant arthritic as well as normal rats.
authors.affiliation: Research Laboratories, Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan. m.tachibana@po.nippon-shinyaku.co.jp
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tachibana
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Eri
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Masami
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsui
authors.forename: Yojiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ukai
authors.forename: Junichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yano
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001168:Arthritis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004487:Edema / Q000188:drug therapy; D017308:Etodolac / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects*; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D000077239:Meloxicam; D051379:Mice; D010437:Peptic Ulcer / Q000139:chemically induced*; D051381:Rats; D013045:Species Specificity; D013843:Thiazines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D013843:Thiazines; D013844:Thiazoles; D004008:Diclofenac; D017308:Etodolac; D000077239:Meloxicam; D007213:Indomethacin