title: Effects of bioaerosol polluted outdoor air on airways of residents: a cross sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bioaerosol pollution of workplace and home environments mainly affects airways and mucous membranes. The effect of environmental outdoor residential bioaerosol pollution, for example, livestock holdings, farming, and waste disposal plants, is unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the perceived health of residents living in areas with measurable outdoor bioaerosol pollution (for example, spores of Aspergillus fumigatus and actinomycetes), and effects of accompanying odours.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cross sectional study, double blinded to ongoing microbial measurements, doctors collected 356 questionnaires from residents near a large scale composting site, and from unexposed controls in 1997. Self reported prevalence of health complaints during the past year, doctors' diagnoses, as well as residential odour annoyance were assessed. Microbiological pollution was measured simultaneously in residential outdoor air.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Concentrations of >10(5) colony forming units of thermophilic actinomycetes, moulds, and total bacteria/m(3) air were measured 200 m from the site, dropping to near background concentrations within 300 m. Positive adjusted associations were observed for residency within 150-200 m from the site versus unexposed controls for self reported health complaints: "waking up due to coughing", odds ratio (OR) 6.59 (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.57 to 17.73); "coughing on rising or during the day", OR 3.18 (95% CI 1.24 to 8.36); "bronchitis", OR 3.59 (95% CI 1.40 to 9.4); and "excessive tiredness", OR 4.27 (95% CI 1.56 to 12.15). Reports of irritative airway complaints were associated with residency in the highest bioaerosol exposure, 150-200 m (versus residency >400-500 m) from the site, and period of residency more than five years, but not residential odour annoyance. Lifetime prevalence of self reported diseases did not differ with exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bioaerosol pollution of residential outdoor air can occur in concentrations found in occupational environments. For the first time residents exposed to bioaerosol pollution were shown to report irritative respiratory complaints similar to mucous membrane irritation independently of perceived odours.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Medical Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Germany. caroline.herr@hygiene.med.uni-giessen.de
authors.forename: C E W
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Herr
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zur Nieden
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jankofsky
authors.forename: N I
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Stilianakis
authors.forename: R-H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Boedeker
authors.forename: T F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Eikmann
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012130:Respiratory Hypersensitivity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D000393:Air Pollutants