Parallels between arterial and cartilage calcification: what understanding artery calcification can teach us about chondrocalcinosis.
The pathogenesis of arterial calcification and chondrocalcinosis has become concurrently illuminated in recent years. For example, both processes occur in chronic inflammation-mediated degenerative diseases associated with aging (including atherosclerosis and osteoarthritis). Both processes are also modulated by altered gene expression by resident cells and by the release of mineralization-competent cell fragments (matrix vesicles and apoptotic bodies). Among the variety of genetic diseases associated with artery calcification are disorders that also promote cartilage calcification and/or dysregulated bone formation. Our discussion highlights that pathologic arterial and articular cartilage calcification both can be owing to genetic deficiencies of calcification inhibitors such as the inorganic pyrophosphate-generating ectoenzyme PC-1/nucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1. Conversely, pathologic arterial and articular cartilage calcification also can primarily arise as a consequence of active processes driven by inflammatory cytokines and by disordered calcium and inorganic phosphate homeostasis. As discussed in this review, recent developments in the pathogenesis of arterial calcification provide valuable information pertinent to potential future advances in controlling chondrocalcinosis.
Rutsch
Frank
F
Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California 92161, USA.
Terkeltaub
Robert
R
D000818:Animals; D001158:Arteries / Q000503:physiopathology; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002805:Chondrocalcinosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index