title: Evidence for joint action of genes on diabetes status and CVD risk factors in American Indians: the strong heart family study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous research among American Indians of the strong heart family study (SHFS) has demonstrated significant heritabilities for CVD risk factors and implicated diabetes as an important predictor of several of the phenotypes. Moreover, we recently demonstrated that genetic effects on CVD risk factors differed in diabetic and nondiabetic individuals. In this paper, we investigated whether a significant genetic influence on diabetes status could be identified, and whether there is evidence for joint action of genes on diabetes status and related CVD risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately 950 men and women, age 18 or older, in 32 extended families, were examined between 1997 and 1999. We estimated the effects of genes and environmental covariates on diabetes status using a threshold model and a maximum likelihood variance component approach. Diabetes status exhibited a residual heritability of 22% (h2=0.22). We also estimated the genetic and environmental correlations between diabetes susceptibility and eight risk factors for CVD. All eight CVD risk factors displayed significant genetic correlations with diabetes status (BMI (rhoG=0.55), fibrinogen (rhoG=0.40), HDL-C (rhoG=-0.37), ln triglycerides (rhoG=0.65), FAT (rhoG=0.38 ), PAI-1 (rhoG=0.67), SBP (rhoG=0.57), and WHR (rhoG=0.58)). Three of eight traits (HDL-C (rhoE=-0.32), ln triglycerides (rhoE=0.33), and fibrinogen (rhoE=0.20)) displayed significant environmental correlations with diabetes status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that in the context of a high prevalence of diabetes, still unidentified diabetes genes may play an important role in influencing variation in CVD risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Bank of America Center, Capel Hill, NC 27514-3628, USA. knorth@darwin.sfbr.org
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: North
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Welty
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Best
authors.forename: E T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Fabsitz
authors.forename: B V
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: MacCluer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American / Q000235:genetics*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype; D012307:Risk Factors