title: Patient safety first alert--epinephrine and phenylephrine in surgical settings.
abstract: Epinephrine and phenylephrine always should be used with extreme caution, especially in their most concentrated solutions. This is especially true in the OR where these medications are used for purposes involving extreme variations in doses and strengths. Although these medications may be handled and administered daily, clinicians must be vigilant in their efforts to ensure safe handling practices. Clinicians should monitor patients carefully for any adverse side effects. Practitioners should review up-to-date references for all products, including epinephrine and phenylephrine, and follow the recommended strategies and measures to reduce risks when preparing, handling, or administering these medications in the OR.
authors.affiliation: Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA.
authors.forename: Suzanne C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Beyea
authors.forename: Rodney W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Hicks
mesh_terms: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000075202:Contraindications; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009873:Operating Rooms / Q000592:standards; D013527:Perioperative Nursing / Q000592:standards; D010656:Phenylephrine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017751:Safety Management; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000592:standards*; D013566:Sympathomimetics / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D013566:Sympathomimetics; D010656:Phenylephrine; D004837:Epinephrine