title: Self-rated ill-health strengthens the effect of biomedical risk factors in predicting stroke, especially for men -- an incident case referent study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine how self-rated ill-health interacts with biomedical stroke risk factors in predicting stroke and to explore differences between men and women and educational groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  An incident case-referent study where the study subjects had participated in a prior health survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nested within the Västerbotten Intervention Program (VIP) and the Northern Sweden MONICA cohorts.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 473 stroke cases had two referents per case, matched for age, sex and residence, from the same study cohorts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Self-rated ill-health independently increased the risk of stroke, specifically for men. The interaction effect between self-rated health and biomedical risk factor load was greater for men than for women. The attributable proportion due to interaction between having a risk factor load of 2+ and self-rated ill-health was 42% for men and 15% for women. Better-educated individuals with self-rated ill-health and two or more of the biomedical risk factors had a higher risk of stroke than the less educated. Calculations of the respective contribution to the stroke cases of self-rated health, hypertension and smoking showed that self-rated ill-health had a role in 20% of the cases and could alone explain more than one-third of the cases among those who rated their health as bad, more so for men than for women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results underscore the importance of including both a gender and a social perspective in discussing the role of self-rated health as a predictor of disease outcome. Physicians must be more gender sensitive when discussing their patient's own evaluation of health in relation to biomedical risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology and Public Health Sciences, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, S-901 85 Umeå, Sweden. maria.emmelin@epiph.umu.se
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Emmelin
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Weinehall
authors.forename: Birgitta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stegmayr
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dahlgren
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stenlund
authors.forename: Stig
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wall
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016353:Self-Examination; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology