title: Bioavailability of an organophosphorus pesticide, fenamiphos, sorbed on an organo clay.
abstract: Hydrolysis of an insecticide/nematicide, fenamiphos [ethyl-3-methyl-4-(methylthio)phenyl-(1-methylethyl)phosphoramidate], immobilized through sorption by cetyltrimethylammonium-exchanged montmorillonite (CTMA-clay) by a soil bacterium, Brevibacterium sp., was examined. X-ray diffraction analysis, infrared spectra, and a negative electrophoretic mobility strongly indicated that fenamiphos was intercalated within the bacterially inaccessible interlayer spaces of CTMA-clay. The bacterium hydrolyzed, within 24 h, 82% of the fenamiphos sorbed by the CTMA-clay complex. There was a concomitant accumulation of hydrolysis product, fenamiphos phenol, in nearly stoichiometric amounts. During the same period, in abiotic (uninoculated) controls, 4.6% of the sorbed insecticide was released into the aqueous phase as compared to 6.0% of the sorbed fenamiphos in another abiotic control where activated carbon, a sink for desorbed fenamiphos, was present. Thus, within 24 h, the bacterium hydrolyzed 77% more fenamiphos sorbed by organo clay than the amounts desorbed in abiotic controls. Such rapid degradation of an intercalated pesticide by a bacterium has not been reported before. Evidence indicated that extracellular enzymes produced by the bacterium rapidly hydrolyzed the nondesorbable fenamiphos, even when the enzyme itself was sorbed. Fenamiphos strongly sorbed to an organo clay appears to be readily available for exceptionally rapid degradation by the bacterium.
authors.affiliation: CSIRO Land and Water, PMB 2, Glen Osmond, Adelaide, South Australia 5064, Australia.
authors.forename: Neera
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Megharaj
authors.forename: W P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Gates
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Churchman
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Kookana
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Naidu
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Phil G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Slade
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sethunathan
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D001682:Biological Availability; D001951:Brevibacterium / Q000378:metabolism*; D000077215:Clay; D006868:Hydrolysis; D007306:Insecticides / Q000378:metabolism*; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared
chemical_list: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D007306:Insecticides; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; C002698:fenamiphos; D000077215:Clay