title: Elevated serum levels of the CXCR3 chemokine ITAC are associated with the development of transplant coronary artery disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human and animal studies of acute allograft rejection have implicated CCR5 and CXCR3 chemokines as causative factors. However these chemokines have not been assessed in transplant coronary artery disease (TCAD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum levels of chemokines were measured by ELISA. Levels of ITAC/CXCL11 were found to be elevated in patients with severe TCAD compared with long-term survivors of transplantation without TCAD and with healthy volunteers who had not undergone transplantation (1.476+/-0.274 ng/mL, 0.926+/-0.466 ng/mL, and 0.741+/-0.321 ng/mL, respectively; P<0.05 for all comparisons to TCAD group). Immunohistochemical localization confirmed the presence of CXCR3+ mononuclear cells within lesions and the presence of the ligand, ITAC/CXCL11, on the surface of endothelial cells associated with TCAD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated peripheral blood levels of the CXCR3 chemokine ITAC/CXCL11 are associated with severe TCAD and may serve as a marker for patients at increased risk for the development of this disease. Immunohistochemical localization of the CXCR3 chemokine ligand ITAC/CXCL11 on the endothelial surface of TCAD lesions with underlying infiltration of inflammatory mononuclear cells expressing CXCR3 suggests a causative role for this chemokine in the development of TCAD. The present study is one of the first to demonstrate a role for ITAC/CXCL11 in this disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles 90024-1922, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kao
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kobashigawa
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Fishbein
authors.forename: W Robb
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: MacLellan
authors.forename: Marie D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Burdick
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Belperio
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Strieter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; D054371:Chemokine CXCL11; D054370:Chemokine CXCL9; D018925:Chemokines / Q000097:blood; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000473:pathology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008024:Ligands; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000473:pathology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D054367:Receptors, CXCR3; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C515202:CXCL11 protein, human; C080810:CXCL9 protein, human; C515187:CXCR3 protein, human; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; D054371:Chemokine CXCL11; D054370:Chemokine CXCL9; D018925:Chemokines; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008024:Ligands; D054367:Receptors, CXCR3; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine