title: Dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-glandular axes and relation to Child-Pugh classification in male patients with alcoholic and virus-related cirrhosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate anterior pituitary function (adrenal, somatotropic, thyroid and gonadal axes, and prolactin) in relation to the Child-Pugh score in male patients with alcoholic and virus-related liver cirrhosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anterior pituitary function was evaluated in 52 male cirrhotics (26 Child-Pugh class A (CPA), 16 Child-Pugh class B (CPB) and 10 Child-Pugh class C (CPC)) by a combined pituitary stimulation test, and was compared with 50 age-matched controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A normal cortisol response to corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulation was demonstrated in 57.6% of CPA patients, 31.1% of CPB patients and 20% of CPC patients, while basal levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol in cirrhotics were comparable to those in controls. Levels of basal growth hormone (P < 0.001) and stimulated growth hormone (P < 0.01) were significantly higher in cirrhotics compared with controls, while levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) were significantly lower (P < 0.001). Basal prolactin levels were elevated significantly in CPC patients (P < 0.01), while stimulated prolactin as well as basal and stimulated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were comparable. Basal luteinizing hormone levels were significantly higher in CPA (P < 0.001) and CPB (P < 0.001) patients, and stimulated luteinizing hormone levels were significantly lower in CPC patients than in controls (P < 0.005). Basal and stimulated follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were comparable in all groups. Child-Pugh score was correlated positively to prolactin and was correlated negatively to IGF-1, stimulated luteinizing hormone and free testosterone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In cirrhotics, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and -gonadal axes and prolactin secretion are impaired. Growth hormone response to growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) is accelerated in cirrhotics. Thus, elevated basal and stimulated levels of growth hormone probably reflect compensation for low levels of IGF-1, which are associated with deteriorating liver function. The aetiology of cirrhosis was found to have no influence on the degree of alteration of the hypothalamic-pituitary-glandular axes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Regensburg, Germany. bettina.zietz@kkh-kelheim.de
authors.forename: Bettina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zietz
authors.forename: Guntram
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lock
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Plach
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Drobnik
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grossmann
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schölmerich
authors.forename: Rainer Hans
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Straub
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000097:blood; D006525:Hepatitis, Viral, Human / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008104:Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011388:Prolactin / Q000378:metabolism; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012738:Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D012738:Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin; D019382:Human Growth Hormone; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D011388:Prolactin