title: Effects of minimally toxic levels of carbonyl cyanide P-(trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone (FCCP), elucidated through differential gene expression with biochemical and morphological correlations.
abstract: Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation have relevance to bioenergetics and obesity. The mechanisms of action of chemical uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation on biological systems were evaluated using differential gene expression. The transcriptional response in human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line (RD), was elucidated following treatment with carbonyl cyanide p-(trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone (FCCP), a classical uncoupling agent. Changes in mitochondrial membrane potential were used as the biological dosimeter. There was an increase in membrane depolarization with increasing concentrations of FCCP. The concentration at 75% uncoupling (20 microM) was chosen to study gene expression changes, using cDNA-based large-scale differential gene expression (LSDGE) platforms. At the above concentration, subtle light microscopic and clear gene expression changes were observed at 1, 2, and 10 h. Statistically significant transcriptional changes were largely associated with protein synthesis, cell cycle regulation, cytoskeletal proteins, energy metabolism, apoptosis, and inflammatory mediators. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and propidium iodide (PI) assays revealed cell cycle arrest to occur in the G1 and S phases. There was a significant initial decrease in the intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentrations. The following seven genes were selected as potential molecular markers for chemical uncouplers: seryl-tRNA synthetase (Ser-tRS), glutamine-hydrolyzing asparagine synthetase (Glut-HAS), mitochondrial bifunctional methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (Mit BMD), mitochondrial heat shock 10-kDa protein (Mit HSP 10), proliferating cyclic nuclear antigen (PCNA), cytoplasmic beta-actin (Act B), and growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein 153 (GADD153). Transcriptional changes of all seven genes were later confirmed with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). These results suggest that gene expression changes may provide a sensitive indicator of uncoupling in response to chemical exposure.
authors.affiliation: Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA. Sabu.k.kuruvilla@gsk.com
authors.forename: Sabu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kuruvilla
authors.forename: Charles W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Qualls
authors.forename: Ronald D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Tyler
authors.forename: Sam M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Witherspoon
authors.forename: Gina R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Benavides
authors.forename: Lawrence W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dold
authors.forename: Roger H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Subbiah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sangiah
authors.forename: Kevin T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Morgan
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D002259:Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005819:Genetic Markers / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009132:Muscles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012208:Rhabdomyosarcoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects*; D014475:Uncoupling Agents / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm; D014475:Uncoupling Agents; D002259:Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate