title: The elderly and waterborne Cryptosporidium infection: gastroenteritis hospitalizations before and during the 1993 Milwaukee outbreak.
abstract: We used the Temporal Exposure Response Surfaces modeling technique to examine the association between gastroenteritis-related emergency room visits and hospitalizations in the elderly and drinking water turbidity before and during the 1993 Milwaukee waterborne Cryptosporidium outbreak. Before the outbreak, the rate of such events increased with age in the elderly (p</=0.001), suggesting that the elderly are at an increased risk. During the outbreak, strong associations between turbidity and gastroenteritis-related emergency room visits and hospitalizations occurred at temporal lags of 5-6 days (consistent with the Cryptosporidium incubation period). A pronounced second wave of these illnesses in the elderly peaked at 13 days. This wave represented approximately 40% of all excess cases in the elderly. Our findings suggest that the elderly had an increased risk of severe disease due to Cryptosporidium infection, with a shorter incubation period than has been previously reported in all adults and with a high risk for secondary person-to-person transmission.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA. elena.naumova@tufts.edu
authors.forename: Elena N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Naumova
authors.forename: Andrey I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Egorov
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Jeffrey K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Griffiths
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D003457:Cryptosporidiosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D003458:Cryptosporidium / Q000472:pathogenicity; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014922:Wisconsin / Q000453:epidemiology