title: Physician specialization and antiretroviral therapy for HIV.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Since the introduction of the first protease inhibitor in January 1996, there has been a dramatic change in the treatment of persons infected with HIV. The changing nature of HIV care has important implications for the types of physicians that can best care for patients with HIV infection.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the association of specialty training and experience in the care of HIV disease with the adoption and use of highly active antiretroviral (ARV) therapy (HAART).
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational cohort study of patients under care for HIV infection and their physicians.
  
  
  METHODS
  This analysis used data collected from a national probability sample of noninstitutionalized persons with HIV infection participating in the HIV Costs and Service Utilization Study and their primary physicians. We analyzed 1,820 patients being cared for by 374 physicians.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rates of HAART use at 12 months and 18 months after the approval of the first protease inhibitor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty percent of the physicians were formally trained in infectious diseases (ID), 38% were general medicine physicians with self-reported expertise in the care of HIV, and 22% were general medicine physicians without self-reported expertise in the care of HIV. The majority of physicians (69%) reported a current HIV caseload of 50 patients or more. In multivariable models controlling for patient characteristics, there were no differences between generalist experts and ID physicians in rates of HAART use in December 1996. When compared to ID physicians, however, patients being treated by non-expert general medicine physicians were less likely to be on HAART (odds ratio [OR], 0.32; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.17 to 0.61). Patients being treated by low-volume physicians were also much less likely to be on HAART therapy than those treated by high-volume physicians (OR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.14 to 0.48). These findings were attenuated by June 1997, suggesting that over time, the broader physician community successfully adopted HAART therapy. This finding is consistent with prior research on the diffusion of innovations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Similar proportions of patients treated by expert generalists and ID specialists were on appropriate HAART therapy by December 1996 and July 1997. Patients treated by non-expert generalists, most of whom were the lowest-volume physicians, were much less likely to be on appropriate ARV therapy in the earlier time period. Our findings demonstrate that expert generalists who develop specialized expertise are able to provide care of quality comparable to that of specialists.
authors.affiliation: Received from the Division of General Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BEL) and the Department of Health Care Policy (BEL, PDC), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass 02115, USA. landon@hcp.med.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Bruce E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Landon
authors.forename: Ira B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Cohn
authors.forename: Carl J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Fichtenbaum
authors.forename: Mitchell D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Neil S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Wenger
authors.forename: Samuel A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Bozzette
authors.forename: Martin F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Cleary
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D002983:Clinical Competence; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004501:Education, Medical; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008511:Medicine / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000592:standards; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D013038:Specialization; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States