Elucidation of the metabolic pathway of fluorene and cometabolic pathways of phenanthrene, fluoranthene, anthracene and dibenzothiophene by Sphingomonas sp. LB126.
The metabolic pathway of the PAH fluorene and the cometabolic pathway of the PAHs phenanthrene, fluoranthene, anthracene and dibenzothiophene in Sphingomonas sp. LB126 were examined. To our knowledge this is the first study on the cometabolic degradation of the three-ring PAHs phenanthrene, anthracene and the four-ring PAH fluoranthene by a fluorene-utilizing species. Metabolism of fluorene was shown to proceed via the 9-fluorenone pathway to form o-phthalic acid and protocatechuic acid. The cometabolic mono-hydroxylation found for phenanthrene, fluoranthene and anthracene shows similarity with the hydroxylation of fluorene. Several mono- and dihydroxy products and ring-cleavage products were identified for phenanthrene, fluoranthene and anthracene. It appeared that the cometabolism of those three compounds is a non-specific process, in contrast to the metabolism of fluorene. For dibenzothiophene the metabolites dibenzothiophene-5-oxide and dibenzothiophene-5,5-dioxide were identified; these compounds appeared to be the products of a dead-end pathway. Since apart from dibenzothiophene no metabolites were found in very high concentrations for any of the other substrates, complete degradation is suggested, even for the cometabolic degradation of phenanthrene, fluoranthene and anthracene.
van Herwijnen
René
R
University of Amsterdam, Department of Environmental and Toxicological Chemistry (IBED-MTC), Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, 1018WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Wattiau
Pierre
P
Bastiaens
Leen
L
Daal
Ludwin
L
Jonker
Lucas
L
Springael
Dirk
D
Govers
Harrie A J
HA
Parsons
John R
JR
D000873:Anthracenes / Q000378:metabolism; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism*; D005449:Fluorenes / Q000378:metabolism; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates / Q000378:metabolism; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D010616:Phenanthrenes / Q000378:metabolism; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000378:metabolism*; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D020578:Sphingomonas / Q000378:metabolism*; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000378:metabolism
D000873:Anthracenes; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D005449:Fluorenes; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates; D010616:Phenanthrenes; D010795:Phthalic Acids; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D013876:Thiophenes; C007738:fluoranthene; C009091:protocatechuic acid; C041509:fluorene; C031181:phenanthrene; C032279:phthalic acid; C034020:anthracene; C016366:dibenzothiophene