title: A role for presynaptic mechanisms in the actions of nomifensine and haloperidol.
abstract: Psychomotor stimulants and neuroleptics exert multiple effects on dopaminergic signaling and produce the dopamine (DA)-related behaviors of motor activation and catalepsy, respectively. However, a clear relationship between dopaminergic activity and behavior has been very difficult to demonstrate in the awake animal, thus challenging existing notions about the mechanism of these drugs. The present study examined whether the drug-induced behaviors are linked to a presynaptic site of action, the DA transporter (DAT) for psychomotor stimulants and the DA autoreceptor for neuroleptics. Doses of nomifensine (7 mg/kg i.p.), a DA uptake inhibitor, and haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg i.p.), a dopaminergic antagonist, were selected to examine characteristic behavioral patterns for each drug: stimulant-induced motor activation in the case of nomifensine and neuroleptic-induced catalepsy in the case of haloperidol. Presynaptic mechanisms were quantified in situ from extracellular DA dynamics evoked by electrical stimulation and recorded by voltammetry in the freely moving animal. In the first experiment, the maximal concentration of electrically evoked DA ([DA](max)) measured in the caudate-putamen was found to reflect the local, instantaneous change in presynaptic DAT or DA autoreceptor activity according to the ascribed action of the drug injected. A positive temporal association was found between [DA](max) and motor activation following nomifensine (r=0.99) and a negative correlation was found between [DA](max) and catalepsy following haloperidol (r=-0.96) in the second experiment. Taken together, the results suggest that a dopaminergic presynaptic site is a target of systemically applied psychomotor stimulants and regulates the postsynaptic action of neuroleptics during behavior. This finding was made possible by a voltammetric microprobe with millisecond temporal resolution and its use in the awake animal to assess release and uptake, two key mechanisms of dopaminergic neurotransmission. Moreover, the results indicate that presynaptic mechanisms may play a more important role in DA-behavior relationships than is currently thought.
authors.affiliation: Cellular and Integrative Physiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790-4120, USA. pagarri@ilstu.edu
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Garris
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Budygin
authors.forename: P E M
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Venton
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Bergstrom
authors.forename: G V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Rebec
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Wightman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017660:Autoreceptors / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D002375:Catalepsy / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006948:Hyperkinesis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D009627:Nomifensine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017729:Presynaptic Terminals / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D017660:Autoreceptors; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; C493216:Slc6a3 protein, rat; D009627:Nomifensine; D006220:Haloperidol; D004298:Dopamine