title: Differences in the fetal interleukin-6 response to microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity between term and preterm gestation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fetal inflammatory response has been implicated as a mechanism of multi-system organ injury in preterm and term neonates. Microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (MIAC) is frequently associated with a fetal inflammatory response. However, there are no studies comparing the fetal response to MIAC in term and preterm gestations. The purpose of this study was to compare the umbilical cord plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations in term and preterm neonates in the presence or absence of MIAC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Umbilical cord blood was obtained at birth from 252 neonates whose mothers had an amniocentesis within 48 h of delivery (preterm delivery, n = 62; term delivery, n = 190). MIAC was defined as a positive amniotic fluid culture for bacteria or genital mycoplasmas. IL-6 was measured by a sensitive and specific immunoassay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median IL-6 concentration in umbilical cord plasma was significantly higher in preterm neonates than in term neonates (median 13.4 pg/ml, range 0.1-676 pg/ml vs. median 3.2 pg/ml, range 0.1-408 pg/ml; p < 0.0001). In the context of MIAC, the median umbilical cord plasma IL-6 concentration was significantly higher in preterm than in term neonates (median 31.6 pg/ml, range 1.4-676 pg/ml vs. median 11.7 pg/ml, range 1.3-82 pg/ml, respectively; p < 0.05). Neonates born to mothers with a positive amniotic fluid culture had a significantly higher median IL-6 concentration than neonates born to mothers with a negative amniotic fluid culture (preterm: median 31.6, range 1.4-676 pg/ml vs. median 8.0, range 0.1-656 pg/ml; p < 0.05 and term: median 11.7, range 1.3-82 pg/ml vs. median 3.1, range 0.1-408 pg/ml; p < 0.01, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The preterm fetus is capable of mounting a systemic cytokine response as measured by IL-6 in its peripheral blood. In the setting of MIAC, a fetal IL-6 response is higher in preterm than in term gestation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chaiworapongsa
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Espinoza
authors.forename: Y M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Edwin
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Camacho
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bujold
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gomez
mesh_terms: D000650:Amnion / Q000382:microbiology*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000097:blood*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000097:blood*; D005333:Fetus / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6