title: Uric acid and survival in chronic heart failure: validation and application in metabolic, functional, and hemodynamic staging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Serum uric acid (UA) could be a valid prognostic marker and useful for metabolic, hemodynamic, and functional (MFH) staging in chronic heart failure (CHF).
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the derivation study, 112 patients with CHF (age 59+/-12 years, peak oxygen consumption [Vo2] 17+/-7 mL/kg per minute) were recruited. In separate studies, we validated the prognostic value of UA (n=182) and investigated the relationship between MFH score and the decision to list patients for heart transplantation (n=120). In the derivation study, the best mortality predicting UA cutoff (at 12 months) was 565 micromol/L (9.50 mg/dL) (independently of age, peak Vo2, left ventricular ejection fraction, diuretic dose, sodium, creatinine, and urea; P<0.0001). In the validation study, UA >or=565 micromol/L predicted mortality (hazard ratio, 7.14; P<0.0001). In 16 patients (from both studies) with UA >or=565 micromol/L, left ventricular ejection fraction <or=25% and peak Vo2 <or=14 mL/kg per min (MFH score 3), 12-month survival was lowest (31%) compared with patients with 2 (64%), 1 (77%), or no (98%, P<0.0001) risk factor. In an independent study, 51% of patients with MFH score 2 and 81% of patients with MFH score 3 were listed for transplantation. The positive predictive value of not being listed for heart transplantation with an MFH score of 0 or 1 was 100%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High serum UA levels are a strong, independent marker of impaired prognosis in patients with moderate to severe CHF. The relationship between serum UA and survival in CHF is graded. MFH staging of patients with CHF is feasible.
authors.affiliation: Applied Cachexia Research Unit, Charité, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany. s.anker@ic.ac.uk
authors.forename: Stefan D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Anker
authors.forename: Wolfram
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Doehner
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rauchhaus
authors.forename: Rakesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Darrel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Knosalla
authors.forename: Constantinos H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Davos
authors.forename: Mariantonietta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cicoira
authors.forename: Waqar
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shamim
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kemp
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Segal
authors.forename: Karl Josef
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Osterziel
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Leyva
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hetzer
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ponikowski
authors.forename: Andrew J S
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Coats
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D033461:Hyperuricemia / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012372:ROC Curve; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013318:Stroke Volume; D015996:Survival Rate; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014527:Uric Acid; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase