title: Increases in free radicals and cytoskeletal protein oxidation and nitration in the colon of patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Overproduction of colonic oxidants contributes to mucosal injury in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) but the mechanisms are unclear. Our recent findings using monolayers of intestinal cells suggest that the mechanism could be oxidant induced damage to cytoskeletal proteins. However, oxidants and oxidative damage have not been well characterised in IBD mucosa.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether there are increases in oxidants and in tissue and cytoskeletal protein oxidation in IBD mucosa.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured nitric oxide (NO) and markers of oxidative injury (carbonylation and nitrotyrosination) to tissue and cytoskeletal proteins in colonic mucosa from IBD patients (ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, specific colitis) and controls. Outcomes were correlated with IBD severity score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inflamed mucosa showed the greatest increases in oxidants and oxidative damage. Smaller but still significant increases were seen in normal appearing mucosa of patients with active and inactive IBD. Tissue NO levels correlated with oxidative damage. Actin was markedly (>50%) carbonylated and nitrated in inflamed tissues of active IBD, less so in normal appearing tissues. Tubulin carbonylation occurred in parallel; tubulin nitration was not observed. NO and all measures of oxidative damage in tissue and cytoskeletal proteins in the mucosa correlated with IBD severity. Disruption of the actin cytoarchitecture was primarily within the epithelial cells and paracellular area.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oxidant levels increase in IBD along with oxidation of tissue and cytoskeletal proteins. Oxidative injury correlated with disease severity but is also present in substantial amounts in normal appearing mucosa of IBD patients, suggesting that oxidative injury does not necessarily lead to tissue injury and is not entirely a consequence of tissue injury. Marked actin oxidation (>50%)-which appears to result from cumulative oxidative damage-was only seen in inflamed mucosa, suggesting that oxidant induced cytoskeletal disruption is required for tissue injury, mucosal disruption, and IBD flare up.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Digestive Diseases), Pharmacology, and Molecular Physiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. ali_keshavarzian@rush.edu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Keshavarzian
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Banan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Farhadi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Komanduri
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mutlu
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: J Z
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Fields
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000032:analysis; D000328:Adult; D015153:Blotting, Western / Q000379:methods; D003093:Colitis, Ulcerative / Q000378:metabolism; D003106:Colon / Q000378:metabolism*; D003109:Colonic Diseases, Functional / Q000378:metabolism*; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000378:metabolism; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting / Q000379:methods; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000032:analysis*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D014404:Tubulin / Q000032:analysis; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D005609:Free Radicals; D014404:Tubulin; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C002744:3-nitrotyrosine; D014443:Tyrosine