title: Augmentation of the craniomaxillofacial region using porous hydroxyapatite granules.
abstract: Augmentation of the craniomaxillofacial region is required for many aesthetic and reconstructive procedures. A variety of different materials and techniques have been used. Coralline hydroxyapatite has proved to have biocompatible properties as a bone graft substitute. This study further analyzes the use of porous coral-derived hydroxyapatite granules in craniomaxillofacial augmentation for cosmetic and reconstructive purposes and evaluates the long-term clinical result. This retrospective study reviewed the use of porous coral-derived hydroxyapatite granules over a 20-year period, between 1981 and 2001, in 180 patients, in whom 393 procedures were performed. The surgical technique is described and discussed. Statistical significance was evaluated by descriptive statistics and the correlation bivariate Spearman's test (p > 0.05). For 61.6 percent of the procedures, the surgical indication was reconstructive and in 38.4 percent, cosmetic. The maxilla was the most common site of surgery (44.3 percent), followed by the mandible (21.6 percent) and zygoma (15.4 percent). The complication rate was 5.6 percent (n = 22 of 393), with contour irregularities being responsible for 59 percent (n = 13 of 22). Both infection and granule extrusion were responsible for 1.3 percent of the complications. Good results were achieved in 96.4 percent of the procedures. Porous coral-derived hydroxyapatite granules have shown considerable efficacy and versatility in craniofacial contour refinement and augmentation. They are stable, biocompatible, and safe. A sterile technique is advised, with care taken not to tear the periosteum in the pocket design and with subperiosteal placement of the granules, compaction of the granules at the site, overcorrection of 15 percent of the required total volume, watertight closure, and postoperative taping to prevent mobilization. The correct surgical indications and adherence to the principles stated above will result in a very satisfactory long-term outcome.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Craniofacial and Reconstructive Surgery, Mich. 49075, USA. dearnaud@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moreira-Gonzalez
authors.forename: Ian T
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miyawaki
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: DiNick
authors.forename: Reha
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yavuzer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018786:Bone Substitutes / Q000009:adverse effects; D002516:Ceramics / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D003357:Cosmetic Techniques; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000601:surgery*; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000293:injuries; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006882:Hydroxyapatites / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D019736:Prostheses and Implants / Q000009:adverse effects; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D018786:Bone Substitutes; D006882:Hydroxyapatites; C119955:coralline hydroxyapatite