title: Early detection of breast cancer in countries with limited resources.
abstract: Breast cancer is commonly diagnosed at late stages in countries with limited resources. Efforts aimed at early detection can reduce the stage at diagnosis, potentially improving the odds of survival and cure, and enabling simpler and more cost-effective treatment. Early detection of breast cancer entails both early diagnosis in symptomatic women and screening in asymptomatic women. Key prerequisites for early detection are ensuring that women are supported in seeking care and that they have access to appropriate, affordable diagnostic tests and treatment. We therefore propose the following sequential action plan: 1) promote the empowerment of women to obtain health care, 2) develop infrastructure for the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer, 3) begin early detection efforts through breast cancer education and awareness, and 4) when resources permit, expand early detection efforts to include mammographic screening. Public education and awareness can promote earlier diagnosis, and these goals can be achieved in simple and cost-effective ways, such as dissemination of messages through mass media. All women have the right to education about breast cancer, but it must be culturally appropriate and targeted and tailored to the specific population. When resources become available for screening, they should be invested in screening mammography, as it is the only modality that has thus far been shown to reduce breast cancer mortality. Clinical breast examination (CBE) and breast self-examination (BSE) are important components of routine breast care in countries with access to mammography and are important for general breast health education in all countries. However, the evidence does not support the use of CBE and BSE as lifesaving screening methods at this time, recognizing that data from countries with very limited resource are lacking. When widespread screening is not possible, screening can begin in an institution, city, or region, or by targeting screening to women at highest risk. A pilot program can be an ideal way to define the best approach to screening. To succeed, early detection efforts must include the health care providers with whom women have contact; these providers may be physicians, nurses, midwives, traditional healers, or others. There are tremendous differences among and within countries, and a program to promote early detection must be tailored to each country's unique situation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. banderso@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Benjamin O
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Taplin
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics*; D016504:Breast Self-Examination / Q000379:methods; D003906:Developing Countries; D005260:Female; D006287:Health Planning Guidelines; D006295:Health Resources; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography / Q000379:methods; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D010173:Palpation / Q000379:methods; D011634:Public Health / Q000193:education; D014944:World Health Organization