title: Role of nonglycosidic inotropic agents: indications, ethics, and limitations.
abstract: Nonglycosidic inotropic agents have been used for the short-term management of low output states and hypotension complicating acute myocardial infarction for several years. Without adequate reperfusion of the ischemic myocardium, inotropic agents are seldom effective in producing sustained hemodynamic responses. Furthermore, the potential exists for enhancement of ischemia and extension of myocardial necrosis. Thus, inotropic and vasopressors therapy should be regarded as temporary supportive treatment in patients with acute coronary syndrome and should be discontinued as soon as feasible. Parenteral sympathomimetic agents, usually dobutamine, and phosphodiesterase inhibitors, usually milrinone, are used for the management of exacerbations of chronic systolic heart failure. Although hemodynamics, and occasionally clinical status, improve, such therapy is associated with increased mortality and can potentially hasten a patient's demise. Nonparenteral sympathomimetics, such as ibopamine, phosphodiesterase-III inhibitors, such as milrinone and enoximone, calcium-sensitizing agents, such as pimobendan, and other novel inotropic agents, such as vesnarinone, all increase mortality of patients with chronic heart failure. Furthermore, newer noninotropic agents, such as B-natriuretic peptide, have been introduced for treatment of decompensated heart failure. New nonpharmacologic devices, such as biventricular pacing, are available for the treatment of advanced heart failure. Thus, indications for the use of presently available nonglycosidic inotropic agents are limited and should be considered only for short-term therapy or when no other treatment is available.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, Chatterjee Center for Cardiac Research, Moffit-Long Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. chatterj@medicine.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Kanu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chatterjee
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: De Marco
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002301:Cardiac Glycosides; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004280:Dobutamine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D026690:Ethics, Clinical; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D020105:Milrinone / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011788:Quality of Life; D013566:Sympathomimetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D002301:Cardiac Glycosides; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D013566:Sympathomimetics; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D009599:Nitroprusside; D004280:Dobutamine; D020105:Milrinone