title: Development of the prefrontal lobe in infants and children: a three-dimensional magnetic resonance volumetric study.
abstract: Relatively little is known about normal prefrontal lobe development. We used three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based brain volumetry to characterize developmental changes in prefrontal lobe volumes in infants and children. Prefrontal volumes were determined in 30 subjects aged 5 months to 18 years (221 months) and 3 adults aged 28-39 years (324-468 months). Images were acquired on a 1.5-T MRI system using T1-weighted gradient-echo sequences. Volumes of the frontal and prefrontal lobes were determined using a workstation, and the prefrontal-to-frontal volume ratio was calculated. Prefrontal lobe volume increased slowly until 8 years (96 months) of age, contrasting sharply with rapid growth between 8 and 14 years (96 and 168 months). The prefrontal-to-frontal volume ratio increased with age as a sigmoid growth curve. A prefrontal growth spurt occurs in late childhood. Knowledge of prefrontal lobe development is essential for understanding cognitive development and dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Tamaho-cho, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kanemura
authors.forename: Masao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aihara
authors.forename: Shigeki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aoki
authors.forename: Tsutomu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Araki
authors.forename: Shinpei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakazawa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006803:Human Development; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development*; D011859:Radiography; D015203:Reproducibility of Results