Chlorination of dibenzofuran and dibenzo-p-dioxin vapor by copper (II) chloride.
Dibenzofuran (DF) is formed from phenol and benzene in combustion gas exhaust streams prior to particle collection equipment. Subsequent chlorination at lower temperatures on particle surfaces is a potential source of chlorinated dibenzofuran (CDF). Gas streams containing 8% O(2) and approximately 0.1% DF vapor were passed through particle beds containing copper (II) chloride (0.5% Cu, mass) at temperatures ranging from 200 to 400 degrees C to investigate the potential for CDF formation during particle collection. Experiment duration was sufficient to provide an excess amount of DF (DF/Cu=3). The efficiency of DF chlorination by CuCl(2) and the distribution of CDF products were measured, with effects of temperature, gas velocity, and experiment duration assessed. Results of a more limited investigation of dibenzo-p-dioxin (DD) chlorination by CuCl(2) to form chlorinated DD (CDD) products are also presented. The efficiency of DF/DD chlorination by CuCl(2) was high, both in terms of CuCl(2) utilization and DF/DD conversion. Total yields of Cl on CDF/CDD products of up to 0.5 mole Cl per mole CuCl(2) were observed between 200 and 300 degrees C; this suggests that nearly 100% CuCl(2) was utilized, assuming a conversion of two moles of CuCl(2) to CuCl per mole Cl added to DD/DF. In a short duration experiment (DF/Cu=0.3), nearly 100% DF adsorption and conversion to CDF was achieved. The degree of CDF chlorination was strongly dependent on gas velocity. At high gas velocity, corresponding to a gas-particle contact time of 0.3 s, mono-CDF (MCDF) yield was largest, with yields decreasing with increasing CDF chlorination. At low gas velocity, corresponding to a gas-particle contact time of 5 s, octa-CDF yield was largest. DF/DD chlorination was strongly favored at lateral sites, with the predominant CDF/CDD isomers within each homologue group those containing Cl substituents at only the 2,3,7,8 positions. At the higher temperatures and lower gas velocities studied, however, broader isomer distributions, particularly of the less CDD/CDF products, were observed, likely due to preferential destruction of the 2,3,7,8 congeners.
Ryu
Jae-Yong
JY
Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 200 Bobby Dodd Way, Atlanta, GA 30332-0512, USA.
Mulholland
James A
JA
Chu
Byoung
B
D000392:Air Movements; D001554:Benzene / Q000737:chemistry; D001572:Benzofurans / Q000737:chemistry*; D003300:Copper / Q000737:chemistry*; D004147:Dioxins / Q000737:chemistry*; D017745:Incineration; D019800:Phenol / Q000737:chemistry; D012037:Refuse Disposal; D013696:Temperature
D001572:Benzofurans; D004147:Dioxins; D019800:Phenol; D003300:Copper; C023614:dibenzofuran; D001554:Benzene; C020887:dibenzo(1,4)dioxin; C029892:cupric chloride