title: Gender differences in shame in patients with binge-eating disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship between shame and the behavioral and attitudinal features of eating disorders in men and women diagnosed with binge-eating disorder (BED).
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 188 consecutively evaluated adults (38 men and 150 women) who met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, criteria for BED. Participants were interviewed and completed a battery of measures assessing shame, behavioral and attitudinal features of eating disorders, and general psychological functioning.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Shame did not differ significantly by gender and was not associated with BMI or binge-eating frequency. Shame was significantly associated with the attitudinal features of eating disorders, even after controlling for levels of depression and self-esteem. When considered separately by gender and controlling for depression and self-esteem, shame was associated with body dissatisfaction in men and with weight concern in women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Men and women with BED, who presented for treatment, reported similar levels of shame. Overall, while shame was related to attitudinal features, the specific associations differed by gender. For men, shame was related to how dissatisfied they felt with their bodies, whereas for women, shame was associated with concerns about weight. Interestingly, shame was not related to BMI or binge-eating frequency in men or women. These results provide preliminary support for self-conscious emotions playing different roles in men and women with BED.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
authors.forename: Sheila A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Jambekar
authors.forename: Robin M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Masheb
authors.forename: Carlos M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Grilo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001290:Attitude; D001828:Body Image; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D002032:Bulimia / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012649:Self Concept; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012752:Shame