title: Controlled analysis of blood pressure sensitivity to sodium intake: interactions with hypertension type.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The contribution of salt intake to the pathogenesis of hypertension holds longstanding interest. Recent studies employed the sensitivity of blood pressure (BP) to salt intake as an intermediate phenotype. The validity of this approach relative to the homogeneity of sodium-sensitive hypertension was investigated while simultaneously controlling multiple putative factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood pressure responses to shifts in salt intake were measured in 274 individuals with essential hypertension in steady-state sodium balance on high (200 mEq) and low (10 mEq) sodium intakes. Univariate and multivariate analyses predicted systolic and diastolic sodium sensitivity based on interactions among demographic factors (age, gender, race, body mass index) and hypertensive type [low-renin (LR), modulator (M), non-modulator (NM)].
  
  
  RESULTS
  The influence of hypertension type on systolic salt sensitivity (SSS) depended on gender (P = 0.03). In females, highest SSS was in LR (21, 14, 13 mmHg for LR, M, NM, P = 0.02), while in males highest SSS was in NM (11, 10, 16 mmHg for LR, M, NM, P = 0.07). Age predicted SSS without interacting with other factors, producing a 2.4 mmHg increase per decade (P = 0.02). Hypertension type affected diastolic salt sensitivity (DSS) (P = 0.002) without interacting with other factors. M had less DSS (6 mmHg) than LR (9 mmHg) and NM (11 mmHg) (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For subjects in sodium balance, the distributions of SSS and DSS were unimodal and the mechanisms mediating SSS and DSS were different. Controlling for multiple demographic factors, at least two hypertensive types have largest BP responses to sodium intake, reducing the usefulness of blood pressure sensitivity to salt intake as an intermediate phenotype.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine and Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. hurwitz@hms.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Shelley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hurwitz
authors.forename: Naomi D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ferri
authors.forename: Paul N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Hopkins
authors.forename: Gordon H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Norman K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Hollenberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003971:Diastole / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009318:Natriuresis / Q000187:drug effects; D015588:Observer Variation; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012737:Sex Factors; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013599:Systole / Q000187:drug effects; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D012982:Sodium, Dietary