title: Twenty-first century tobacco use: it is not just a risk factor anymore.
abstract: Despite availability of effective treatments for nicotine addiction, smoking remains prevalent with serious health consequences. Most smokers recognize the ill effects of smoking but are unable to quit. Nicotine addiction may be viewed as any other chronic illness that results from exposure to a recognizable agent (tobacco) and manifests with a well-documented set of signs and symptoms. Much like any chronic disease, both environmental and genetic factors determine the occurrence and severity of this affliction. There has been recent focus on uncovering the genetic basis of nicotine addiction. In this article, we have attempted to briefly review the current evidence for the role of genetics in smoking as well as comment on available pharmacotherapeutic options for treating nicotine dependence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Critical Care, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khurana
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Batra
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Patkar
authors.forename: F T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Leone
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D016642:Bupropion / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000235:genetics; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000235:genetics / Q000534:rehabilitation
chemical_list: D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D016642:Bupropion; D009538:Nicotine