title: Nonlinear increasing axial gap stiffness in type II external skeletal fixation: a mechanical study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the effect on gap stiffness and cranial to caudal bending stiffness of conversion of the 6 distal clamps of planar bilateral fixator models to sliding clamps and the effect of attachment of composite beams to the sliding clamp models.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mdash;Mechanical testing performed on models.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five models using birch dowels and a commercially available external skeletal fixator system.
  
  
  METHODS
  A segmentally comminuted, middiaphyseal fracture was simulated with the use of wooden dowels, and a bilateral 6-pin fixator was applied to create each of 5 models. The models were mechanically tested with all fixed clamps, with the 6 distal clamps converted to sliding clamps and with composite beams attached to the sliding clamp models. Testing was carried out in axial loading with physiologically relevant loads for a canine model, and in bending in the cranial to caudal plane.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sliding clamp fixators with composite beams attached exhibited a nonlinear increase in axial loading gap stiffness as load increased. The composite beam group also exhibited an increase in cranial to caudal bending stiffness as compared with fixed clamp and sliding clamp models.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using composite beam elements, planar bilateral external fixators can be constructed such that the fracture site would undergo controlled amounts of displacement at low loads and lessening displacement at higher loads.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The nonlinear stiffness profile attained by the addition of composite beam elements to a planar external fixator allows controlled axial micromotion at the fracture site. Because controlled axial micromotion appears to stimulate fracture healing, a nonlinear stiffness profile of this type should enhance fracture healing.
authors.affiliation: Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, Orthopedic Research Laboratory North, Grafton, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Kowaleski
authors.forename: Mathew T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Marston
authors.forename: Karl H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Kraus
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004867:Equipment Design; D016267:External Fixators; D005592:Fracture Fixation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000662:veterinary*; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical