title: Interleukin 1 and receptor antagonist levels in gingival crevicular fluid in heavy smokers versus non-smokers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to investigate the concentration of the cytokine interleukin (IL)-1beta and its receptor antagonist IL-1ra in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in patients with adult periodontitis who were heavy smokers compared with non-smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  GCF samples were collected from two groups of subjects: smokers and non-smokers. Thirty-nine GCF samples were harvested from 13 subjects with moderate to severe adult periodontitis who were heavy smokers. A further 30 GCF samples were harvested from 10 subjects with moderate to severe adult periodontitis who were non-smokers. Subjects were selected from both genders and none had any relevant systemic illness, were pregnant, had recent medication or had received any periodontal therapy in the preceding 3 months. One deep bleeding site, one deep non-bleeding site and one healthy site were investigated in each subject. Clinical measurements were recorded for each site, after obtaining a GCF sample using a Periopaper strip. IL-1beta and IL-1ra were quantified using new commercially available ELISA kits (Quantikine), and could be detected in all samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For smokers, the mean concentrations for IL-1beta were 2714.5 (SD 4416.2) pg/ micro L for healthy sites, 37.0 (SD 57.2) pg/ micro L for non-bleeding periodontitis sites and 24.5 (SD 29.2) pg/ micro L for bleeding periodontitis sites. The concentrations of IL-1beta for non-smokers for the same category of sites were 393.8 (SD 867.1), 74.2 (SD 107.0) and 73.1 (SD 61.0) pg/ micro L, respectively. The mean concentrations of IL-1ra for smokers were 5.8 x 10(5) (SD 9.7) pg/ micro L for healthy sites, 2.2 x 10(5) (SD 0.15) pg/ micro L for deep non-bleeding sites and 0.19 x 10(5) (SD 0.07) pg/ micro L for deep bleeding sites. The concentrations for non-smokers were: 4.1 x 10(10) (SD 3.8), 18.1 x 10(5) (SD 20.4) and 3.2 x 10(5) (SD 2.3) pg/ micro L, respectively. Significance levels of P < 0.05 were found for comparisons of healthy vs. deep bleeding and deep non-bleeding sites for IL-1beta and IL-1ra in smokers, before adjustments for multiple testing. However, none of these comparisons reached statistical significance following adjustments for multiple testing. P < 0.05 for the correlation between IL-1beta and IL-1ra at healthy sites in smokers only. Differences in GCF concentrations for IL-1beta in smokers vs. non-smokers were significant for deep bleeding sites only (P < 0.05), the mean concentration of IL-1beta being lower in GCF from smokers vs. non-smokers. All differences in GCF concentrations of IL-1ra reached statistical significance for smokers vs. non-smokers. The mean concentrations of IL-1ra in GCF were lower in smokers compared with non-smokers for all categories of sites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A decreased concentration of IL-1beta and also IL-1ra was found in GCF from periodontitis sites compared to healthy sites in smokers and in non-smokers, although this did not reach statistical significance following adjustments for multiple testing. For comparisons between heavy smokers and non-smokers, statistically significant differences were found in the GCF concentrations of IL-1beta from deep bleeding sites only. Statistically significant differences were found in the IL-1ra concentrations for smokers vs. non-smokers for all categories of sites.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Claremont Crescent, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rawlinson
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Grummitt
authors.forename: Trevor F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Ian Douglas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000276:immunology; D010519:Periodontium / Q000276:immunology; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D012907:Smoking / Q000276:immunology*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D007375:Interleukin-1; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1