title: Stress echocardiography using transesophageal atrial pacing in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Echocardiography is increasingly used for noninvasive evaluation of cardiac function and morphology in small animal models of cardiovascular diseases. The aims of this study were to develop a simple method for stress echocardiography in rats and to evaluate left ventricular function of the postinfarct remodeling heart during stress induced by rapid atrial pacing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Myocardial infarction (MI) was induced in rats by ligation of left coronary artery. Rats with 3 week-old MI (n = 9) and sham operation (n = 7) were examined with transthoracic echocardiography during stress induced by transesophageal pacing. The stress protocol consisted of examinations at baseline; during 2 different pacing rates, at 360 and 600 bpm; and during recovery. Systolic blood pressure was measured at each step.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stroke volume decreased at pacing with 600 bpm in both groups compared with baseline and to pacing at 360 bpm (sham group, 0.15 +/- 0.01 vs 0.24 +/- 0.02 mL; MI group, 0.13 +/- 0.01 vs 0.31 +/- 0.02 mL, P <.05). Cardiac index increased at 360 bpm pacing compared with baseline and remained constant at the higher pacing rate in the sham-operated rats (246 +/- 34 vs 192 +/- 25 mL/kg, P <.05). In the MI rats, cardiac index decreased at 600 bpm pacing compared with baseline (195 +/- 9 vs 235 +/- 15 mL/kg, P <.01). Systolic blood pressure did not change during the stress protocol in the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stress echocardiography induced by transesophageal pacing in rats is a feasible and simple method for evaluation of left ventricular function. This method may be useful for noninvasive evaluation of left ventricular function under stress conditions in small animal models of heart diseases.
authors.affiliation: Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Entela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bollano
authors.forename: Finn
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Waagstein
authors.forename: Elmir
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Omerovic
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000379:methods*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D025401:Echocardiography, Stress / Q000379:methods*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology