title: A five-year prospective study of diagnostic orphans for alcohol use disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  One consequence of the DSM-IV diagnostic system for substance abuse and dependence is that there are individuals who might endorse one or two of the criterion items for dependence but not meet criteria for abuse. These persons have been referred to as "diagnostic orphans." The aim of the analyses presented here is to further understanding about this potentially important group.
  
  
  METHODS
  The DSM-IV categorical approach was used to determine alcohol-related diagnoses for 439 young adult men. Structured face-to-face follow-up interviews were administered 5 years later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the beginning of the evaluation period, 14.6% (n = 64) of the men were alcohol dependent, 18.2% (n = 80) fulfilled criteria for alcohol abuse, 16.4% (n = 72) did not meet criteria for an alcohol use disorder but endorsed one or two of the dependence criteria and 50.8% (n = 223) reported none of the dependence items. At the initial interview, and again 5 years later, the diagnostic orphans reported alcohol and drug use histories that fell between the histories of those with dependence and those with no alcohol-related difficulties. The orphans were most similar to the men with abuse, although they had lower quantities and frequencies of alcohol use, endorsed fewer additional alcohol-related problems and reported less involvement with drugs compared with that group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the diagnostic orphans were more similar to the subjects with alcohol abuse than they were to those with dependence or no diagnosis, the data do not necessarily support combining the orphans with those with abuse. These diagnostic orphans do, however, constitute an important group that carries an enhanced risk for alcohol use disorders and should be closely followed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry (116A), University of California, San Diego, and the Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, California 92161-2002, USA.
authors.forename: M Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Eng
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Schuckit
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005581:Foster Home Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies