Using flight simulators aboard ships: human side effects of an optimal scenario with smooth seas.
BACKGROUND
The U.S. Navy is considering placing flight simulators aboard ships. It is known that certain types of flight simulators can elicit motion adaptation syndrome (MAS), and also that certain types of ship motion can cause MAS. The goal of this study was to determine if using a flight simulator during ship motion would cause MAS, even when the simulator stimulus and the ship motion were both very mild.


METHODS
All participants in this study completed three conditions. Condition 1 (Sim) entailed "flying" a personal computer-based flight simulator situated on land. Condition 2 (Ship) involved riding aboard a U.S. Navy Yard Patrol boat. Condition 3 (ShipSim) entailed "flying" a personal computer-based flight simulator while riding aboard a Yard Patrol boat. Before and after each condition, participants' balance and dynamic visual acuity were assessed. After each condition, participants filled out the Nausea Profile and the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire.


RESULTS
Following exposure to a flight simulator aboard a ship, participants reported negligible symptoms of nausea and simulator sickness. However, participants exhibited a decrease in dynamic visual acuity after exposure to the flight simulator aboard ship (T[25] = 3.61, p < 0.05). Balance results were confounded by significant learning and, therefore, not interpretable.


CONCLUSIONS
This study suggests that flight simulators can be used aboard ship. As a minimal safety precaution, these simulators should be used according to current safety practices for land-based simulators. Optimally, these simulators should be designed to minimize MAS, located near the ship's center of rotation and used when ship motion is not provocative.
Naval Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory, NAS Pensacola, FL, USA. muth@clemson.edu
Eric R
ER
Muth
Ben
B
Lawson
D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000328:Adult; D000401:Aircraft; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008889:Military Personnel; D009041:Motion Sickness / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009325:Nausea / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D009326:Naval Medicine; D014481:United States; D014792:Visual Acuity