Toward clinical risk assessment in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with gadolinium cardiovascular magnetic resonance.
OBJECTIVE
We sought to assess whether hyperenhancement by gadolinium cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) occurs in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and correlates with the risk of heart failure and sudden death.


BACKGROUND
The myocardial interstitium is abnormal in HCM at post-mortem. Focally increased interstitial myocardial space appears as hyperenhancement with gadolinium CMR.


METHODS
In a blinded, prospective study, HCM patients were selected for the presence (n = 23) or absence (n = 30) of an increased clinical risk of sudden death and/or progressive adverse left ventricular (LV) remodeling. Gadolinium-enhanced CMR was performed.


RESULTS
Myocardial hyperenhancement was found in 42 patients (79%), affecting 10.9% (range 0% to 48%) of the LV mass. There was a greater extent of hyperenhancement in patients with progressive disease (28.5% vs. 8.7%, p < 0.001) and in patients with two or more risk factors for sudden death (15.7% vs. 8.6%, p = 0.02). Improved discrimination was seen in patients >40 years old (29.6% vs. 6.7%, p < 0.001) for progressive disease and for patients <40 years old for risk factors for sudden death (15.7% vs. 2.1%, p = 0.002). Patients with diffuse rather than confluent enhancement had two or more risk factors for sudden death (87% vs. 33%, p = 0.01).


CONCLUSIONS
Gadolinium CMR reveals myocardial hyperenhancement in HCM. The extent of hyperenhancement is associated with progressive ventricular dilation and markers of sudden death.
Moon
James C C
JC
Centre for Advanced Magnetic Resonance in Cardiology (CAMRIC), Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
McKenna
William J
WJ
McCrohon
Jane A
JA
Elliott
Perry M
PM
Smith
Gillian C
GC
Pennell
Dudley J
DJ
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002312:Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology*; D003287:Contrast Media; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
D003287:Contrast Media; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA