Multicenter study of human immunodeficiency virus-related germ cell tumors.
OBJECTIVE
Testicular germ cell tumors (GCT) occur at increased frequency in men with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This multicenter study addresses the characteristics of these tumors.


METHODS
Patients with HIV-related GCT were identified from six HIV treatment centers. The incidence was calculated from the center with the most complete linked oncology and HIV databases.


RESULTS
Thirty-five patients with HIV-related GCT were identified. The median age at GCT diagnosis was 34 years (range, 27 to 64 years). The median CD4 cell count was 315/mm3 (range, 90 to 960/mm3) at this time. The histologic classification was seminoma in 26 patients (74%) and nonseminomatous GCT in nine patients (26%). Twenty-one patients (60%) had stage I disease and 14 patients had metastatic disease. Overall six patients relapsed, three died from GCT, and seven died from HIV disease, resulting in a 2-year overall survival rate of 81%. HIV-related seminoma occurred more frequently than in the age- and sex-matched HIV-negative population, with a relative risk of 5.4 (95% confidence interval, 3.35 to 8.10); however, nonseminomatous GCT did not occur more frequently, and there was no change in the incidence of GCT since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy.


CONCLUSIONS
Testicular seminoma occurs significantly more frequently in HIV-positive men than in the matched control population. Patients with HIV-related GCTs present and should be treated in a similar manner to those in the HIV-negative population. After a median follow-up of 4.6 years, 9% of the patients died from GCT. Most of the mortality relates to HIV infection.
Powles
T
T
Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
Bower
M
M
Daugaard
G
G
Shamash
J
J
De Ruiter
A
A
Johnson
M
M
Fisher
M
M
Anderson
J
J
Mandalia
S
S
Stebbing
J
J
Nelson
M
M
Gazzard
B
B
Oliver
T
T
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D018237:Germinoma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D012307:Risk Factors; D018239:Seminoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology