Dendritic cell function in vivo during the steady state: a role in peripheral tolerance.
The avoidance of autoimmunity requires mechanisms to actively silence or tolerize self reactive T cells in the periphery. During infection, dendritic cells are not only capturing microbial antigens, but also are processing self antigens from dying cells as well as innocuous environmental proteins. Since the dendritic cells are maturing in response to microbial and other stimuli, peptides will be presented from both noxious and innocuous antigens. Therefore it would be valuable to have mechanisms whereby dendritic cells, prior to infection, establish tolerance to those self and environmental antigens that can be processed upon pathogen encounter. In the steady state, prior to acute infection and inflammation, dendritic cells are in an immature state and not fully differentiated to carry out their known roles as inducers of immunity. These immature cells are not inactive, however. They continuously circulate through tissues and into lymphoid organs, capturing self antigens as well as innocuous environmental proteins. Recent experiments have provided direct evidence that antigen-loaded immature dendritic in vivo silence T cells either by deleting them or by expanding regulatory T cells. In this way, it is proposed that the immune system overcomes at least some of the risk of developing autoimmunity and chronic inflammation. It is proposed that dendritic cells play a major role in defining immunologic self, not only centrally in the thymus but also in the periphery.
Steinman
Ralph M
RM
The Rockefeller University, Laboratories of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Molecular Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, and Human Immunology and Immune Therapy, New York, New York 10021-6399, USA. Steinma@mail.rockefeller.edu
Hawiger
Daniel
D
Liu
Kang
K
Bonifaz
Laura
L
Bonnyay
David
D
Mahnke
Karsten
K
Iyoda
Tomonori
T
Ravetch
Jeffrey
J
Dhodapkar
Madhav
M
Inaba
Kayo
K
Nussenzweig
Michel
M
D000818:Animals; D000941:Antigens / Q000276:immunology*; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D007108:Immune Tolerance; D051379:Mice
D000941:Antigens