Cyclic loading of olecranon fracture fixation constructs.
BACKGROUND
Despite the good results that are usually reported after fixation at the sites of olecranon fractures and osteotomies, problems such as loss of fixation, nonunion, and the need for revision surgery are still encountered. Various types of fixation have been recommended, but few have been evaluated with use of clinically relevant cyclic load testing at appropriate levels of stress. The purpose of the present study was to test multiple olecranon fixation techniques under physiologic cyclic loads.


METHODS
We studied ten cadaveric elbows with use of cyclic loading that simulated (1) active range of motion and (2) pushing up from a chair. Each specimen underwent fixation of a simulated 50% transverse olecranon fracture with use of intramedullary and cortically fixed tension band constructs (in randomized order) followed by fixation with a 7.3-mm-diameter cancellous screw with and without a tension band. Displacement transducers were placed posteriorly on the tension side and anteriorly near the articular surface.


RESULTS
Both configurations involving the 7.3-mm-diameter cancellous screw provided the most stable fixation-nearly five times better than that provided by the Kirschner-wire techniques. Use of the tension band in conjunction with the intramedullary screw improved the stability of fixation. In none of the constructs did the AO tension band result in compression across the osteotomy gap.


CONCLUSIONS
The use of a 7.3-mm screw in conjunction with a tension band provided better fixation of simulated displaced transverse fractures than did the use of Kirschner wires in conjunction with a tension band or the use of a screw only. The AO principle of converting posterior tensile forces to articular compressive forces was not demonstrated in this study. We therefore question the validity of the tension band concept in olecranon fracture fixation and recommend passive rather than active range of motion in the immediate postoperative period to limit fracture distraction.
Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City 84132, USA.
Douglas T
DT
Hutchinson
Daniel S
DS
Horwitz
Gregory
G
Ha
Cameron W
CW
Thomas
Kent N
KN
Bachus
D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001863:Bone Screws; D001864:Bone Wires; D002102:Cadaver; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000379:methods*; D005594:Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary / Q000379:methods; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014457:Ulna / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology; D016474:Weight-Bearing; D000092464:Elbow Injuries