How "soft" are soft neurological signs? The relationship of subjective neuropsychiatric complaints to cognitive function in systemic lupus erythematosus.
OBJECTIVE
As part of a longitudinal study of cognitive function in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), we documented the range and frequency of subjective neurologic and/or psychiatric (NP) complaints in Never-NP-SLE patients, and related these to cognitive function, using the latter as a primary indicator of nervous system involvement.


METHODS
Thirty patients with SLE who did not have major neurologic and psychiatric involvement underwent baseline and followup neuropsychological testing roughly 5 years apart. Within 0-13 months prior to retesting, each patient completed a 42 item questionnaire recording NP symptoms.


RESULTS
The group as a whole endorsed 26% of symptoms. Fourteen patients labelled high endorsers (> 35% of items) endorsed, on average, 42% of symptoms. There was a significant association between higher item endorsement and lower cognitive function (r = -0.46, p < 0.02) and significantly poorer cognitive performance in the high compared to low endorser groups (t = -3.07, p < 0.005). In addition, a subset of 8 items was endorsed at least twice as often by SLE patients as by patients with rheumatoid arthritis (n = 12) or healthy controls (n = 10).


CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that "minor" NP symptoms and, in particular, a small subset of subjective complaints may be sufficient to raise suspicion of subclinical nervous system involvement in the absence of clinically evident NP-SLE.
Denburg
Susan D
SD
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
Stewart
Katheryne E
KE
Hart
Lawrence E
LE
Denburg
Judah A
JA
D000328:Adult; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D020945:Lupus Vasculitis, Central Nervous System / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires