In vitro biomonitoring in polar extracts of solid phase matrices reveals the presence of unknown compounds with estrogenic activity.
Determination of estrogenic activity has so far mainly concentrated on the assessment of compounds in surface water and effluent. This study is one of the first to biomonitor (xeno-)estrogens in sediment, suspended particulate matter and aquatic organisms. The relatively polar acetone extracts from these solid phase matrices do not contain the well-known estrogenic compounds such as hormones, alkylphenols and phthalates. An in vitro 'estrogen receptor-mediated chemical activated luciferase gene expression' (ER-CALUX) assay was applied to samples from various locations in the Netherlands. Estrogenic activity measured in polar fractions of particulate matter and sediment extracts ranged from below detection limit to up to 4.5 pmol estradiol equivalents (EEQ)/g dry weight. Estrogenic activity in freshwater river sediments was up to five times higher compared to sediments from large lakes and coastal locations. Tissue extracts EEQs were determined in bream (Abramis brama), flounder (Platichthysflesus), freshwater mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) and marine mussels (Mytilus edulis). The highest biota EEQ levels were found in the freshwater zebra mussel (30 pmol EEQ/g lipid). One sample site showed greatly elevated EEQs in sediment and biota, which correlated with effects found in the wild populations of bream. The EEQ activity of the unknown compounds in the polar fraction mostly was much higher than the calculated EEQ levels based on known estrogens in the non-polar fraction (previously published data).
Toxicology Section, Wageningen University, 6700 EA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
J
J
Legler
P
P
Leonards
A
A
Spenkelink
A J
AJ
Murk
D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild; D001681:Biological Assay / Q000379:methods; D049872:Bivalvia; D003530:Cyprinidae; D004703:Endocrine System / Q000187:drug effects; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry*; D008156:Luciferases / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000187:drug effects*; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology
D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D014873:Water Pollutants; D008156:Luciferases