"An expedition to heal the wounds of war". The 1919 eclipse and Eddington as Quaker adventurer.
The 1919 eclipse expedition's confirmation of general relativity is often celebrated as a triumph of scientific internationalism. However, British scientific opinion during World War I leaned toward the permanent severance of intellectual ties with Germany. That the expedition came to be remembered as a progressive moment of internationalism was largely the result of the efforts of A. S. Eddington. A devout Quaker, Eddington imported into the scientific community the strategies being used by his coreligionists in the national dialogue: humanize the enemy through personal contact and dramatic projects that highlight the value of peace and cooperation. The essay also addresses the common misconception that Eddington's sympathy for Einstein led him intentionally to misinterpret the expedition's results. The evidence gives no reason to think that Eddington or his coworkers were anything but rigorous. Eddington's pacifism is reflected not in manipulated data but in the meaning of the expedition and the way it entered the collective memory as a celebration of international cooperation in the wake of war.
Stanley
Matthew
M
Department of the History of Science, Harvard University, Science Center 235, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
D001256:Astronomy; D005858:Germany; D049673:History, 20th Century; D038622:Internationality; D033303:Protestantism; D012586:Science; D016082:Solar System; D006113:United Kingdom; D014857:Warfare