Effect of varying chromophores used in light-activated protein solders on tensile strength and thermal damage profile of repairs.
Clinical adoption of laser tissue welding (LTW) techniques has been beleaguered by problems associated with thermal damage of tissue and insufficient strength of the resulting tissue bond. The magnitude of these problems has been significantly reduced with the incorporation of indocyanine green (ICG)-doped protein solders into the LTW procedure to form a new technique known as laser tissue soldering (LTS). With the addition of ICG, a secondary concern has arisen relating to the potential harmful effects of the degradation products of the chromophore upon thermal denaturation of the protein solder with a laser. In this study, two different food colorings were investigated, including blue #1 and green consisting of yellow #5 and blue #1, as alternative chromophores for use in LTS techniques. Food coloring has been found to have a suitable stability and safety profile for enteral use when heated to temperatures above 200 degrees C; thus, it is a promising candidate chromophore for LTS which typically requires temperatures between 50 degrees C and 100 degrees C. Experimental investigations were conducted to test the tensile strength of ex vivo repairs formed using solders doped with these alternative chromophores in a bovine model. Two commonly used chromophores, ICG and methylene blue (MB), were investigated as a reference. In addition, the temperature rise, depth of thermal coagulation in the protein solder, and the extent of thermal damage in the surrounding tissue were measured. Temperature rise at the solder/tissue interface, and consequently the degree of solder coagulation and collateral tissue thermal damage, was directly related to the penetration depth of laser light in the protein solder. Variation of the chromophore concentration such that the laser light penetrated to a depth approximately equal to half the thickness of the solder resulted in uniform results between each group of chromophores investigated. Optimal tensile strength of repairs was achieved by optimizing laser and solder parameters to obtain a temperature of approximately 65 degrees C at the solder/tissue interface. The two alternative chromophores tested in this study show considerable promise for application in LTS techniques, with equivalent tensile strength to solders doped with ICG or MB, and the potential advantage of eliminating the risks associated with harmful byproducts.
Hoffman
Grant T
GT
Biomedical Engineering Program, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, Terre Haute, IN 47803, USA.
Byrd
Brian D
BD
Soller
Eric C
EC
Heintzelman
Douglas L
DL
McNally-Heintzelman
Karen M
KM
D000818:Animals; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D002417:Cattle; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D005505:Food Coloring Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007208:Indocyanine Green / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D007834:Lasers; D008027:Light; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000379:methods; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D011489:Protein Denaturation; D011786:Quality Control; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D013053:Spectrophotometry / Q000379:methods; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013696:Temperature; D013718:Tensile Strength; D014014:Tissue Adhesives / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D014896:Welding / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods
D004396:Coloring Agents; D005505:Food Coloring Agents; D014014:Tissue Adhesives; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine; D007208:Indocyanine Green; D008751:Methylene Blue