Intraosseous anesthesia: implications, instrumentation and techniques.
BACKGROUND
The author reviews historical methods and the instruments used to bring about intraosseous anesthesia, or IOA; discusses the criteria for successful use of the intraosseous injection, or IOI, technique; and provides recommendations.


METHODS
Articles from before 1990 consisted of subjective reports of patient types and procedures performed using IOI as a primary technique. Studies published after 1990 yielded subjective findings on indications for expanded clinical use. The author discusses the expansion of the role of IOI relative to integrated local anesthetic delivery systems.


RESULTS
The literature and studies verify the efficacy of IOI as a supplemental or primary technique. The author recommends anesthetics and infusion sites, and reports on the patients' perceptions of comfort.


CONCLUSIONS
IOI can be used as a supplemental or primary technique to bring about local anesthesia in routine dental procedures. It can be used as a supplemental technique with mandibular nerve blocks to enhance deep pulpal anesthesia. It can be used as a primary technique so that patients do not experience numb lips or tongues postoperatively. Dentists can appreciate the immediate onset of anesthesia and reduced dosage levels of anesthetics associated with using IOI.
Kleber
Christopher H
CH
IntraVantage, Plymouth, Minn., USA. ckleber1@san.rr.com
D000766:Anesthesia, Dental / Q000379:methods*; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000379:methods*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000145:classification; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections / Q000145:classification / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D007568:Jaw; D009339:Needles; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage
D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D004837:Epinephrine