Referral patterns for the treatment of facial trauma in teaching hospitals in the United States.
OBJECTIVE
The management of facial trauma is considered an integral part of the training of several specialties, including general plastic surgery, otolaryngology, and oral and maxillofacial surgery. Referral patterns of patients who have sustained facial trauma to these various specialty services, however, vary at different institutions according to physician preferences and protocols. The purpose of this project was to examine the referral patterns of facial trauma in the United States at teaching hospitals.


METHODS
A questionnaire survey of physician-chiefs of emergency or trauma services at teaching hospitals was carried out. Scenarios involving a variety of facial injury patterns were presented, and a hypothetical referral was requested. In addition, questions regarding preferences and opinions regarding the various services were included.


RESULTS
Most teaching hospitals had a formal protocol for the referral of patients with facial injuries. With the exception of mandible fractures, referral patterns for patients with facial injuries were relatively even across the 3 specialties. Interestingly, only 56% of respondents would seek the same referral for themselves or relatives in the same way as they would refer a patient based on their in-house protocol. In regard to timeliness, efficiency, and perceived competency in the handling of facial trauma, oral and maxillofacial surgery had statistically significant higher scores than otolarygology and plastic surgery, which were not statistically distinguishable between each other.


CONCLUSIONS
All 3 specialties appear to be involved in the management of facial trauma at teaching institutions in the United States; therefore, it seems unlikely that any one specialty will be singled out as the sole provider of these services at all institutions.
Le
Bach T
BT
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Southern California, LAC-USC Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Holmgren
Eric P
EP
Holmes
Jon D
JD
Ueeck
Brett A
BA
Dierks
Eric J
EJ
D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017598:Efficiency, Organizational / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005151:Facial Injuries / Q000601:surgery; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008337:Mandibular Fractures / Q000601:surgery; D008446:Maxillofacial Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D010036:Otolaryngology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000601:surgery; D013515:Surgery, Oral / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013518:Surgery, Plastic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013997:Time Factors; D014193:Trauma Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology