Youth hate crimes: identification, prevention, and intervention.
OBJECTIVE
Youth hate crimes are a societal problem in which young people turn extremist ideas into acts of violence. To develop methods for prevention, early identification, and intervention, mental health professionals must have an awareness and understanding of this issue. To provide a basis for developing such an understanding, the authors review the current research related to youth hate crimes.


METHODS
The authors review the literature primarily from the past 10 years on youth hate crimes.


RESULTS
Studies have established that most hate crimes are committed by single or small groups of young males unaffiliated with organized hate groups. Although limited information is available about the causative factors of hatred, a variety of prevention and intervention strategies have been employed. Yet, little has been done to evaluate these various initiatives. Unfortunately, there is a paucity of literature available to guide mental health professionals in the identification, evaluation, and treatment of offenders, despite increasing concerns and awareness regarding the profound consequences of acts of hatred and extremism.


CONCLUSIONS
Heightened public awareness and greater understanding of the epidemiology and nature of hate crimes is necessary if perpetrators are to be recognized and effective interventions developed. To achieve this goal, databases of juvenile hate crimes must be developed nationwide, and the success of preventive, educational, and alternative sentencing programs must be assessed. Mental health professionals play a critical role in the detection and treatment of juvenile perpetrators, and it is incumbent upon them to develop interventions for individuals and communities affected by hate crimes.
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. drannie@mail.med.upenn.edu
Annie
A
Steinberg
Jane
J
Brooks
Tariq
T
Remtulla
D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003415:Crime / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005555:Forensic Psychiatry / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D006252:Hate; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007604:Juvenile Delinquency / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D011287:Prejudice; D015995:Prevalence; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014754:Violence / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*