[Impairment of safety in navigation caused by alcohol: impact on visual function].
BACKGROUND
So far in Germany, no legally binding standards for blood alcohol concentration exist that prove an impairment of navigability. The aim of our interdisciplinary project was to obtain data in order to identify critical blood alcohol limits. In this context the visual system seems to be of decisive importance.


METHODS
21 professional skippers underwent realistic navigational demands soberly and alcoholized in a sea traffic simulator. The following parameters were considered: visual acuity, stereopsis, color vision, and accommodation.


RESULTS
Under the influence of alcohol (average blood alcohol concentration: 1.08 per thousand ) each skipper considered himself to be completely capable of navigating. While simulations were running, all of the skippers made nautical mistakes or underestimated dangerous situations. Severe impairment in visual acuity or binocular function were not observed. Accommodation decreased by an average of 18% ( p=0.0001). In the test of color vision skippers made more mistakes ( p=0.017) and the time needed for this test was prolonged ( p=0.004).


CONCLUSIONS
Changes in visual function as well as vegetative and psychological reactions could be the cause of mistakes and alcohol should therefore be regarded as a severe risk factor for security in sea navigation.
Klinik für Ophthalmologie an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel. ggruetters@ophthalmol.uni-kiel.de
G
G
Grütters
J A
JA
Reichelt
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S
Ritz-Timme
M
M
Thome
H J
HJ
Kaatsch
D000059:Accidents; D000065:Accommodation, Ocular / Q000187:drug effects; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood; D001364:Awareness / Q000187:drug effects; D003118:Color Perception / Q000187:drug effects; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003867:Depth Perception / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D000431:Ethanol / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D012449:Safety; D012767:Ships; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D014785:Vision, Ocular / Q000187:drug effects*; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000187:drug effects
D000431:Ethanol