Management and follow-up of impacted ureteral stones.
BACKGROUND
Impacted stones are those that remain unchanged in the same location for at least 2 months.


METHODS
We evaluated 42 patients with impacted ureteral stones, and followed them for two and a half years to check for long-term results. The calculi location included all three segments of the ureter (proximal, mid and distal). Patients' age ranged from 22 to 83 years (mean 52.5 years). Primarily, patients were manipulated with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) in situ, or following stenting. If the result was not satisfactory, then we proceeded to retrograde ureteroscopy and ureterolithotripsy. Open ureterolithotomy was our final choice.


RESULTS
Thirty-six of the 42 patients (85.7%) were stone-free without the need of an open procedure. Follow-up period ranged from 10 up to 40 months, with a median period of 30 months and was achieved in 30 patients (71.4%). Stone recurrence was noted in 4 cases, while hydronephrosis without evidence of stone presence in 2.


CONCLUSIONS
The initial approach for the treatment of impacted lithiasis should be attempted by ESWL. If this fails, alternative therapeutic solutions such as endoscopy can result in removal of the stone.
Deliveliotis
C
C
2nd Department of Urology, University of Athens, Sismanoglion Hospital, Greece. nikistra@hol.gr
Chrisofos
M
M
Albanis
S
S
Serafetinides
E
E
Varkarakis
J
J
Protogerou
V
V
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008096:Lithotripsy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous; D012008:Recurrence; D015607:Stents; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D018666:Ureteroscopy