[The agrochemical arsenal versus the enemies of plants. General considerations].
Plants are attacked, not only by various microorganisms, but also by other enemies, such as molluscs, nematods, mites, and insects. They have evolved complex and efficient mechanisms to defend themselves against pathogens (hypersensitive response, systemic acquired resistance) and herbivores (release of volatile compounds that attract predators of the herbivores, accumulation of proteinase inhibitors). Yet, the confrontation of the plants with their invaders can also turn to the advantage of the latter. In the past, the attacks of crops regularly brought about dramatic economic losses. From the World War II onwards, the development of organic chemistry associated with a growing awareness of the problems of agriculture has resulted in the production of a constantly growing number of plant protection products. They are currently divided into about ten classes, the herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides-acaricides making up more than 90% of the world market. Most of the agrochemical products put on the market over these last three decades are used in relatively low doses and have a more favourable toxicological and ecotoxicological profile than those of the former pesticides, many of which are now withdrawn from the market. Several more or less recent families are derivatives of metabolites from various organisms. Thus, the improvement achieved in the protection of crops is outstanding. However, one on the main side-effect is an environmental imbalance that has entailed a dependency on agrochemicals. Quite judiciously, alternative strategies (elicitors, genetic engineering, etc.) have been initiated or developed over the last decade.
Bonnemain
Jean-Louis
JL
Laboratoire de physiologie et biochimie végétales, UMR CNRS 6161, 40, av. du Recteur-Pineau, 86022 Poitiers, France. jl.bonnemain@voila.fr
Chollet
Jean-François
JF
D016573:Agrochemicals / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000145:classification / Q000494:pharmacology; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000502:physiology; D006540:Herbicides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000145:classification / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000009:adverse effects; D010575:Pesticides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000145:classification / Q000494:pharmacology; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology; D018521:Plant Physiological Phenomena; D012449:Safety
D016573:Agrochemicals; D006540:Herbicides; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D010575:Pesticides