[Problems about the management of active pulmonary tuberculosis patients undergoing haemodialysis--our experiences and nation-wide questionnaire survey].
End-stage renal failure patients on chronic dialysis are high risk groups of tuberculosis due to attenuated cellular immunity. Patients receiving haemodialysis stay prolonged time inside the health-care facilities, thereby increased risk of tuberculosis transmission if a patient has active disease. So management of active pulmonary tuberculosis undergoing haemodialysis is important, however, the number of hospitals which are capable of taking care of such patients is estimated to be few in Japan.


METHODS
From August 1994 through July 2002, 1059 active pulmonary tuberculosis patients (mean age; 57 +/- 19, male/female = 773/286) were admitted to Nishi-Kobe Medical Center, a 500-bed teaching hospital. Out of them, patients undergoing haemodialysis were retrospectively studied to describe the clinical characteristics of such cases. Then we conducted a questionnaire survey regarding the management of active pulmonary tuberculosis patients undergoing haemodialysis for 86 self-governing bodies in Japan.


RESULTS
(1) Clinical characteristics of active pulmonary tuberculosis undergoing haemodialysis. We encountered 14 cases (mean age; 65 +/- 11, male/female = 7/7) of pulmonary tuberculosis undergoing haemodialysis during 8 years. In addition to pulmonary involvement, 3 pleural, one knee joint and one lymph node involvement was detected. Primary renal disease included diabetic nephropathy (n = 3), chronic glomerulonephritis (n = 3), congenital anomaly (n = 1), and unknown (n = 7). Nine cases were referred to our hospital from health-care facilities located out of city or prefecture. In five cases it took more than three months from the onset or detection of abnormal chest X-ray findings to the admission to our hospital. Five cases developed pulmonary tuberculosis within the first year after the initiation of dialysis. None of the patients had a past history of tuberculosis. Cavitary lesion on chest X-ray was observed in only one case. Triple antituberculosis therapy was used in 9 patients, and 4 antituberculosis drugs were used in 5 patients. Antituberculosis therapy was successfully done in all cases except two patients who died of apoplexy and cerebral infarction. (2) The nation-wide questionnaire survey. Of the 86 self-governing bodies we mailed, 66 self-governing bodies replied. Of them, 31% reported that they have experienced difficulties in the management of active pulmonary tuberculosis patients undergoing haemodialysis, and 25% reported the lack of health-care facilities to take care of such cases in their territory. They have referred such patients to hospitals located in the nearby prefectures or they have recommended antituberculosis therapy visiting a local haemodialysis facility.


CONCLUSIONS
There are sometimes difficulties to manage active pulmonary tuberculosis patients undergoing haemodialysis in Japan. Health-care facilities to take care of such patients should be arranged and the formation of the network is necessarily.
Tomioka
Hiromi
H
Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nishi-Kobe Medical Center, 5-7-1, Koujidai, Nishi-ku, Kobe-shi, Hyogo 651-2273, Japan. yh_tomioka@h9.dion.ne.jp
Tada
Kimihide
K
Ohyama
Atsushi
A
Fujiyama
Riyo
R
Ohnishi
Hisashi
H
Sakurai
Toshiyasu
T
Sakamoto
Hiroko
H
Nishiguchi
Hikaru
H
Yamamoto
Tsuyoshi
T
Sakashita
Tetsuji
T
Shirai
Chika
C
Iwasaki
Hironobu
H
D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006268:Health Facilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000150:complications* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission