Biomedical engineering analysis of glass impact injuries.
This article outlines the history, development, and safety aspects of glass and its use in motor vehicles. It traces the manufacture and describes the characteristics of laminated and tempered glass. It further compares the differences in injuries caused by impact with laminated and tempered glass. The development, use, and results of high penetration resistance (HPR) laminated glass for windshields are examined. Head and neck injuries from impact with glass and glazing structures are delineated. Results of studies with laminated and tempered glass are presented. The probability and severity of injuries occurring secondary to partial or full ejection of vehicle occupants are discussed, and the differences between the performance of laminated and tempered glass are highlighted. Current research to quantify head and neck injury parameters caused by glass impact during rollover is described. The biomechanics of head and neck injury assessment and the development of injury prediction parameters and reference values, respectively, are reviewed.
Biomechanics Institute Santa Barbara, California 93109, USA. biocal@gte.net
Anthony
A
Sances
Fred H
FH
Carlin
Srirangam
S
Kumaresan
Bruce
B
Enz
D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D001336:Automobiles / Q000592:standards; D001698:Biomedical Engineering / Q000379:methods; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D005898:Glass; D016489:Head Injuries, Closed / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008348:Manikins; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D008954:Models, Biological; D019838:Neck Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012449:Safety; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D019415:Torque; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014950:Wounds, Penetrating / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology