Optimizing the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux in children with otolaryngologic symptoms.
OBJECTIVE
Although many children with otolaryngologic (ENT) symptoms are being treated for gastroesophageal reflux (GER), how to diagnose GER in children with primarily or exclusively ENT symptoms has yet to be determined. This study compares the incidences of pathologic GER in the upper verses the lower esophagus in a cohort of children with ENT symptoms that were screened for GER.


METHODS
The results of extended dual channel intraesophageal pH probe monitoring obtained from 14 infants and 14 children with ENT symptoms were retrospectively analyzed. The percent of total monitoring time that the pH was less than 4, reflux index (RI) was determined. The upper limits of normal distal and proximal esophageal RI were based on published data. To evaluate our results, upper esophageal reflux (UER) was also determined in 27 infants and children without ENT or pulmonary symptoms, who had normal lower esophageal reflux (LER) values.


RESULTS
Mean upper esophageal RIs in the infants and children with normal LER were similar to previously published values for control infants and adults. Four (29%) of the ENT infants, 11 (79%) of the older ENT children, and 54% of the entire cohort had increased esophageal acid exposure. However, nine (60%) of the 15 pediatric ENT patients with GER had pH abnormalities limited to the upper esophagus.


CONCLUSIONS
Standard distal pH probe monitoring alone gives a false negative result in a substantial proportion of the infants and children with ENT symptoms being evaluated for GER. Beyond its value in clinical practice, UER testing should be employed in research studies that evaluate the impact of GER therapy on ENT symptoms.
Rabinowitz
Simon S
SS
Department of Pediatrics, Long Island College Hospital, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA. srabinmd@optonline.net
Piecuch
Steven
S
Jibaly
Rima
R
Goldsmith
Ari
A
Schwarz
Steven M
SM
D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004947:Esophagus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007223:Infant; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D010038:Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013997:Time Factors