Driving ability after acute and sub-chronic administration of levocetirizine and diphenhydramine: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
BACKGROUND
Sedation following antihistamine use poses a danger to ambulant patients involved in daily activities such as driving.


OBJECTIVE
To investigate effects of levocetirizine (5 mg), diphenhydramine (50 mg), and placebo on driving ability during normal traffic.


METHODS
Forty-eight healthy volunteers participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Treatments were administrated on days 1, 2, 3 and 4, exactly 1.5 h before the start of the standardized driving test (performed on day 1 and day 4). In the standardized driving test, subjects were instructed to drive with a steady lateral position, while maintaining a constant speed (95 km/h). Primary parameter was the standard deviation of lateral position (SDLP; cm). Statistical analyses were performed separately for day 1 and day 4, using analysis of variance and an equivalence test. Equivalence to placebo was evidenced if the 95% confidence interval lay between -2.6 cm and +2.6 cm.


RESULTS
SDLP after levocetirizine was equivalent to placebo on both day 1 (-0.66 cm; +1.12 cm) and day 4 (-0.37 cm; +1.28 cm). In contrast, SDLP after diphenhydramine differed significantly from placebo on both day 1 ( P<0.0001) and day 4 ( P<0.0003). On day 1, the 95% confidence interval of diphenhydramine (+1.85 cm; +3.63 cm) was partially above the upper equivalence limit (+2.6 cm), indicating clinically relevant driving impairment. On day 4, however, the 95% confidence interval of diphenhydramine (+0.74 cm; +2.38 cm) was contained within the acceptance range.


CONCLUSIONS
In contrast to diphenhydramine, driving performance was not significantly affected while using 5 mg levocetirizine once daily.
Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands. J.C.Verster@pharm.uu.nl
Joris C
JC
Verster
A Marit
AM
de Weert
Saskia I R
SI
Bijtjes
Mounir
M
Aarab
Armand W A A
AW
van Oosterwijck
Erik J E
EJ
Eijken
Marinus N
MN
Verbaten
Edmund R
ER
Volkerts
D000328:Adult; D001334:Automobile Driving; D017332:Cetirizine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004155:Diphenhydramine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D039563:Histamine H1 Antagonists, Non-Sedating / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010879:Piperazines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*
D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists; D039563:Histamine H1 Antagonists, Non-Sedating; D010879:Piperazines; C472067:levocetirizine; D004155:Diphenhydramine; D017332:Cetirizine