Inter-species extrapolation of skin heating resulting from millimeter wave irradiation: modeling and experimental results.
This study reports measurements of the skin surface temperature elevations during localized irradiation (94 GHz) of three species: rat (irradiated on lower abdomen), rhesus monkey (posterior forelimb), and human (posterior forearm). Two exposure conditions were examined: prolonged, low power density microwaves (LPM) and short-term, high power density microwaves (HPM). Temperature histories were compared with calculations from a bio-heat transfer model. The mean peak surface temperature increase was approximately 7.0 degrees C for the short-term HPM exposures for all three species/locations, and 8.5 degrees C (monkey, human) to 10.5 degrees C (rat) for the longer-duration LPM exposures. The HPM temperature histories are in close agreement with a one-dimensional conduction heat transfer model with negligible blood flow. The LPM temperature histories were compared with calculations from the bio-heat model, evaluated for various (constant) blood flow rates. Results suggest a variable blood flow model, reflecting a dynamic thermoregulatory response, may be more suited to describing skin surface temperature response under long-duration MMW irradiation.
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA. danelson@mtu.edu
D A
DA
Nelson
T J
TJ
Walters
K L
KL
Ryan
K B
KB
Emerton
W D
WD
Hurt
J M
JM
Ziriax
L R
LR
Johnson
P A
PA
Mason
D000005:Abdomen / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D000818:Animals; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001790:Blood Physiological Phenomena; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D005552:Forelimb / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D008872:Microwaves; D023421:Models, Animal; D008954:Models, Biological; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply / Q000528:radiation effects; D012881:Skin Temperature / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013045:Species Specificity