Evaluation of virtual reality bronchoscopy as a learning and assessment tool.
BACKGROUND
Conventional training in bronchoscopy involves a trainee performing on a real patient under supervision. This method of training is not only expensive, but there is also potential for increased patient discomfort. Simulators permit the acquisition of necessary technical skills required for the procedure. Virtual reality (VR) has been an integral part of training in aviation, and the application of this technology in medical training needs to be evaluated.


OBJECTIVE
This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a VR bronchoscopy simulator as a learning and assessment tool.


METHODS
The bronchoscopic simulator (HT Medical Systems, Maryland, USA) is a VR computer programme. The simulator has the ability to assess competence by a set of parameters, which formed the data for the study. Nine novices without previous bronchoscopic experience formed the study group (group 1). Nine experienced bronchoscopists having performed between 200 and 1000 bronchoscopies formed the other group (group 2). We assessed the efficacy of the system as a learning tool by studying whether there was a significant difference between the first and subsequent sessions of the subjects from group 1 and by comparing the performance of the two groups. Statistical analysis was done using the Mann-Whitney U test and the Wilcoxon signed ranks test.


RESULTS
There was a significant difference in performance between the first attempt of group 1 and the performance of the experts in terms of percentage of segments visualised and number of wall collisions and the economy of performance. Among the subjects from group 1, there was a significant improvement in percentage of segments visualised by the third attempt (p = 0.04), in the economy of performance by the sixth attempt (0.008) and in the number of wall collisions by the sixth attempt (0.024). When each attempt of the novices was compared with the performance of group 2, the significance in the difference of the percentage of segments studied (p = 0.09) and the economy of performance disappeared by the third attempt (0.06), while the difference in the number of wall collisions disappeared by the fifth attempt (p = 0.06).


CONCLUSIONS
This study has been able to establish the face, construct and content validity of the simulator and the potential for it to be an effective training tool.
Department of Surgical Oncology and Technology, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, London, UK. kmoorthy@ic.ac.uk
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Moorthy
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Smith
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Brown
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Bann
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Darzi
D001999:Bronchoscopy / Q000379:methods; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans