Comparison of daily urine, sweat, and skin swabs among cocaine users.
This study (1) compares urine, skin swabs, and PharmChek sweat patches for monitoring drug use; (2) measures possible environmental contamination in recent cocaine (COC) users; and (3) evaluates various immunoassays (IA) for screening COC in diverse matrices. Unique aspects include daily urine monitoring of 10 participants for 4 weeks, multiple monitoring methods, analysis for all specimens by IA and gas chromatography (GC)/mass spectrometry (MS), and the potential for continued illicit drug use by participants. Urine served as the "gold standard" specimen for determining drug use. Only cocaine and related substances were detected. Trace amounts of drugs were found on the skin (<50 ng per swab) of urine-negative participants' hands or forehead. In contrast, larger quantities of COC were found on the skin of individuals with BE-positive urines or individuals living with drug users (up to 20 microg per swab). Patch COC amounts among the three regular users (250-9000, 0-240, 160-22,000 ng per patch) exceeded BE (50-950, none, 30-2200 ng per patch). Pre-swabs, valuable for interpreting the source or time frame of positive patch results, contained substantial COC (38-1160, 0-152, 34-762 ng per swab) prior to patch application; therefore, patch results may represent current use, prior use, contamination, or a combination. In three individuals with no indication of cocaine use, false positives (defined as sweat patch positive when urine specimens were <300ng BE/ml) occurred at a 7% rate. Proposed cut-off concentrations of 75 ng cocaine per patch and 300 ng BE/ml urine curtail the incidence of false positives in this limited population. Three immunoassays were compared to screen specimens for cocaine: a modified, manual Microgenics CEDIA; a Cozart ELISA; and an OraSure ELISA. CEDIA's limit of detection (LOD) was 81ng/ml, compared with LODs of 4 ng/ml for the Cozart ELISA and 1.5 ng/ml for the OraSure ELISA. Cozart correlated with OraSure results for COC concentrations <2000 ng per swab (n=117), r(2)=0.79.
Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA. kidwell@ccf.nrl.navy.mil
D A
DA
Kidwell
J D
JD
Kidwell
F
F
Shinohara
C
C
Harper
K
K
Roarty
K
K
Bernadt
R A
RA
McCaulley
F P
FP
Smith
D000328:Adult; D003042:Cocaine / Q000032:analysis*; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry*; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*; D013542:Sweat / Q000737:chemistry*
D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; D003042:Cocaine