A laser-based method to measure thermal nociception in dairy cows: short-term repeatability and effects of power output and skin condition.
To validate a laser-based method to measure thermal nociception in dairy cows (e.g., for the use in studies on stress-induced analgesia), we performed three experiments to observe the behavioral responses to a computer-controlled CO2 laser beam applied to the skin on the caudal aspect of the metatarsus. In Exp. 1, effects of power output (0, 1.3, 1.8, 2.2, 2.4 and 2.6 W) on nociceptive responses were examined using 18 dairy cows kept and tested in tie stalls. Increasing the power output affected the latencies to respond (decreasing latencies, P < or = 0.01), types of response (less nonresponding and more kicking, P < 0.0001), and behavior during (increasing frequency of tail flicking, P = 0.003) and between single laser exposures (increasing frequency of kicking, P = 0.02). Therefore, behavioral responses to a laser stimulus seem to be a valid measure of nociception in dairy cows. Repeatability within 15 min was investigated in Exp. 2 using n = 36 dairy cows kept and tested in tie stalls and a power output of 1.8 W. The variables' latency to move the exposed leg and frequency of tail flicking during laser exposure showed the highest level of repeatability (0.50 and 0.38, respectively). However, retesting at t = 15 min led to increased responses in terms of shorter latencies to respond (P < 0.05), increased kicking (P = 0.05), and tail flicking (P = 0.02), which probably can be explained by sensitization. Effects of power output (1.0 vs. 1.8 W) and skin condition (naked vs. intact) were examined in Exp. 3 on 11 group-housed dairy cows, tested just outside their home pen. Increasing the power output and shaving off hair led to increased responses as seen by shorter latencies to respond (P < 0.0001), less nonresponding (P < 0.0001), and increased kicking (P = 0.0003), as well as reduced intra- and interindividual variability (P < or = 0.04). In conclusion, the results of these experiments suggest that behavioral responses to laser stimulation are a valid and reliable measure of nociception in dairy cows, especially when applied on naked skin, both in the home environment and just outside a group pen. The fact that repeated testing in itself at t = 15 min led to increased responses means that the test will be a conservative measure of stress-induced analgesia.
Herskin
M S
MS
Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Health and Welfare, Research Center Foulum, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark. mettes.herskin@agrsci.dk
Müller
R
R
Schrader
L
L
Ladewig
J
J
D000698:Analgesia / Q000662:veterinary; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000528:radiation effects*; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005260:Female; D007834:Lasers; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000528:radiation effects; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000528:radiation effects*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary; D013997:Time Factors