Benefits and risks of pharmacological treatments for essential tremor.
Essential tremor can cause significant functional disability in some patients. The arms are the most common body part affected and cause the most functional disability. The treatment of essential tremor includes medications, surgical options and other forms of therapy. Presently there is no cure for essential tremor nor are there any medications that can slow the progression of tremor. Treatment for essential tremor is recommended if the tremor causes functional disability. If the tremor is disabling only during periods of stress and anxiety, propranolol and benzodiazepines can be used during those periods when the tremor causes functional disability. The currently available medications can improve tremor in approximately 50% of the patients. If the tremor is disabling, treatment should be initiated with either primidone or propranolol. If either primidone or propranolol do not provide adequate control of the tremor, then the medications can be used in combination. If patients experience adverse effects with propranolol, occasionally other beta-adrenoceptor antagonists (such as atenolol or metoprolol) can be used. If primidone and propranolol do not provide adequate control of tremor, occasionally the use of benzodiazepines (such as clonazepam) can provide benefit. Other medications that may be helpful include gabapentin or topiramate. If a patient has disabling head or voice tremor, botulinum toxin injections into the muscles may provide relief from the tremor. Botulinum toxin in the hand muscles for hand tremor can result in bothersome hand weakness and is not widely used. There are other medications that have been tried in essential tremor and have questionable efficacy. These drugs include carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (e.g. methazolamide), phenobarbital, calcium channel antagonists (e.g. nimodipine), isoniazid, clonidine, clozapine and mirtazapine. If the patient still has disabling tremor after medication trials, surgical options are usually considered. Surgical options include thalamotomy and deep brain stimulation of the thalamus. These surgical options provide adequate tremor control in approximately 90% of the patients. Surgical morbidity and mortality for these procedures is low. Deep brain stimulation and thalamotomy have been shown to have comparable efficacy but fewer complications have been reported with deep brain stimulation. In patients undergoing bilateral procedures deep brain stimulation of the thalamus is the procedure of choice to avoid adverse effects seen with bilateral ablative procedures. The use of medication and/or surgery can provide adequate tremor control in the majority of the patients.
Lyons
Kelly E
KE
University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA.
Pahwa
Rajesh
R
Comella
Cynthia L
CL
Eisa
Mahmood S
MS
Elble
Rodger J
RJ
Fahn
Stanley
S
Jankovic
Joseph
J
Juncos
Jorge L
JL
Koller
William C
WC
Ondo
William G
WG
Sethi
Kapil D
KD
Stern
Matthew B
MB
Tanner
Caroline M
CM
Tintner
Ron
R
Watts
Ray L
RL
D000322:Adrenergic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D020329:Essential Tremor / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011324:Primidone / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018570:Risk Assessment
D000322:Adrenergic Agonists; D000927:Anticonvulsants; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D011324:Primidone