Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 and activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma synergistically induces apoptosis and inhibits growth of human breast cancer cells.
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) inactivation are linked to increased risk of human breast cancer. This study examines the effect of simultaneous targeting of COX-2 and PPARgamma on the proliferation of human breast cancer cells and on the expression of Bcl-2, BAX, and caspases-3 and -9, modulators of apoptotic cell death. Treatment of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells with NS-398 (a COX-2 inhibitor) or ciglitazone (CGZ, a PPARgamma-ligand) significantly inhibited cell proliferation and markedly increased apoptotic rates. These effects were accompanied by upregulation of BAX and caspases-3 and -9 mRNA expression and downregulation of Bcl-2. Compared to the influence of separate treatments, simultaneous treatment with NS-398 and CGZ synergistically inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptotic cell death. In conclusion, combinational targeting of COX-2 and PPARgamma can inhibit the growth of human breast cancer cells and induce apoptosis to an extent more suprior to that produced by targeting each molecule alone. COX-2 and PPARgamma can be promising molecular targets for combinational chemoprevention or treatment of breast cancer.
Michael
Michael S
MS
Novexpharma, Richmond Hills, ON L4C 5H2, Canada.
Badr
Mostafa Z
MZ
Badawi
Alaa F
AF
D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000235:genetics; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D019254:Genes, bcl-2; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009578:Nitrobenzenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000378:metabolism*; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000494:pharmacology; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein
C494826:BAX protein, human; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009578:Nitrobenzenes; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D013449:Sulfonamides; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D014157:Transcription Factors; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; C080955:N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases; C039671:ciglitazone