Monitoring breastfeeding rates in Italy: national surveys 1995 and 1999.
OBJECTIVE
To assess and compare the rates of initiation and duration of breastfeeding in Italy in 1995 and 1999, and to examine the adherence to the ten steps to successful breastfeeding recommended by WHO.


METHODS
Two cohorts of mothers who delivered healthy infants in November 1995 (n = 1601) or November 1999 (n = 2450) were interviewed by telephone within 4 wk of delivery and when their infant were 3, 6, 9 and 12 mo of age. Type of breastfeeding was classified according to the WHO definitions. Adherence to the WHO ten steps was evaluated as experienced by the mothers.


RESULTS
Initiation and duration of breastfeeding increased during the 1995-1999 period (p < 0.0001). The rate of breastfeeding at birth, at discharge and when the infants were 3, 6, 9 and 12 mo of age was 85%, 83%, 42%, 19%, 10% and 4%, in 1995 and 91%, 89%, 66%, 47%, 25% and 12% in 1999. The rate of exclusive breastfeeding was higher in 1999 than 1995 at birth (39% vs 30%, p < 0.0001) and at discharge (77% vs 70%, p < 0.0001), but overall no longer duration was observed in 1999. At 4 and 6 mo of age the rate of exclusive breastfeeding was 25% and 8% in 1995 and 31% and 5% in 1999. The adherence to each WHO step was higher in 1999 than in 1995 (p < 0.05) but concomitant adherence was low (<3%).


CONCLUSIONS
Although an increase in initiation and duration of breastfeeding occurred in Italy during the 1995-1999 period, the duration of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding is currently unsatisfactory, as is adherence to the ten steps specified by WHO. Promotion of breastfeeding and education and improvement in adherence to the WHO recommendations are still needed in Italy.
Department of Paediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy. marcello.giovannini@unimi.it
M
M
Giovannini
G
G
Banderali
G
G
Radaelli
V
V
Carmine
E
E
Riva
C
C
Agostoni
D000367:Age Factors; D001724:Birth Weight; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D008425:Maternal Behavior; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013997:Time Factors