Mechano-acoustic diagnosis of cartilage degeneration and repair.
BACKGROUND
The combined use of high-frequency ultrasound and mechanical indentation has been suggested for the evaluation of cartilage integrity. In this study, we investigated the usefulness of high-resolution B-mode ultrasound imaging and quantitative mechanical measurements for the diagnosis of cartilage degeneration and for monitoring tissue-healing after autologous chondrocyte transplantation.


METHODS
In the first study, osteochondral samples (n = 32) were obtained from the lateral facet of a bovine patella, and the samples were visually classified as intact (n = 13) or degenerated (n = 19) and were graded with use of the Mankin scoring system. Samples were imaged with use of a 20-MHz ultrasound instrument, and the dynamic modulus (Edyn) of cartilage was determined in unconfined compression with use of a high-resolution materials tester. In the second study, cartilage chondrocytes were harvested from the low-weight-bearing area of six-month-old porcine knee joints and cultured. A month later, a cartilage lesion was created on the facet of the femoral trochlea and was repaired with use of the autologous chondrocyte transplantation technique (n = 10). Three months later, to estimate cartilage Edyn, the repair tissue, the adjacent cartilage, and the sham-operated contralateral joint cartilage (control) were analyzed in situ with an arthroscopic indentation instrument. Subsequently, the same sites were imaged with ultrasound.


RESULTS
All visually degenerated bovine samples (mean Mankin score = 4) and five visually normal samples (Mankin score = 1) showed reduced Edyn (<2.1 MPa) as compared with histologically normal cartilage (Edyn = 13.8 +/- 3.2 MPa, Mankin score = 0). Cartilage stiffness, as shown by the indenter force, was lower (0.6 +/- 0.3 N, p < 0.05, Wilcoxon's signed-rank test) in the porcine tissue repaired with autologous chondrocyte transplantation than it was in the adjacent (1.6 +/- 0.1 N) or the control (1.9 +/- 0.4 N) tissue. The superficial and internal structure of the degenerated and repaired tissue, including the subchondral erosion at the repair site, was sensitively demonstrated by the ultrasound imaging.


CONCLUSIONS
Measurement of cartilage Edyn is an objective method with which to follow changes in the mechanical integrity of cartilage. B-mode ultrasound imaging offers detailed information on the structural properties of cartilage and subchondral bone.
Department of Applied Physics, University of Kuopio, Finland.
Mikko S
MS
Laasanen
Juha
J
Töyräs
Anna I
AI
Vasara
Mika M
MM
Hyttinen
Simo
S
Saarakkala
Jani
J
Hirvonen
Jukka S
JS
Jurvelin
Ilkka
I
Kiviranta
D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D002417:Cattle; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000637:transplantation*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000601:surgery; D010329:Patella / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D012038:Regeneration; D013552:Swine; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014945:Wound Healing