Distribution of daily smokers by stage of change: Current Population Survey results.
BACKGROUND
Population-based national estimates of stage of change among daily smokers are unknown. This study described the proportion of U.S. daily smokers, 18 and older, by stage of change. Selected sociodemographic characteristics were delineated.


METHODS
Cross-sectional data were collected via telephone or face-to-face interview in daily smokers who responded to the Current Population Survey in 1992-1993 (n = 39,706), 1995-1996 (n = 34,865), or 1998-1999 (n = 30,153). Main outcomes included stage of change: (1) Precontemplation-not interested in quitting smoking in next 6 months; (2) Contemplation-interested in quitting smoking in next 6 months but not next 30 days; (3) Preparation-interested in quitting smoking in next 30 days and stopped at least 1 day during past year.


RESULTS
During 1992-1993, 59.1% of respondents were precontemplators, 33.2% contemplators, and 7.7% in preparation stage. This distribution was similar in subsequent surveys (1995-1996; 1998-1999). Gender differences were not apparent. Whites were more likely to be precontemplators. As education and income increased, the percentage in precontemplation decreased. Rural residents were more likely in precontemplation and less frequently in preparation.


CONCLUSIONS
Among daily smokers, little movement in stage of change was apparent in the United States during the 1990s. Tobacco control efforts must receive high priority to address these static patterns.
Tobacco Control Research Branch, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA. wewers.1@osu.edu
Mary Ellen
ME
Wewers
Frances A
FA
Stillman
Anne M
AM
Hartman
Donald R
DR
Shopland
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D033182:Intention; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology