Specific G2 arrest of caprine cells infected with a caprine arthritis encephalitis virus expressing vpr and vpx genes from simian immunodeficiency virus.
Primate lentivirus (HIV and SIV) vpr accessory genes encode 12- to 14-kDa proteins which induce cell cycle arrest at the G2 phase of infected cells, preventing them from going through mitosis. Members of the HIV-2/SIVmac/SIVsmm group also encode a second closely related accessory protein called Vpx. Vpx and HIV Vpr are critical for virus replication in nondividing cells due to their participation in nuclear import of the preintegration complex. Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) and maedi visna virus are the natural lentiviruses of domestic goat and sheep, respectively, and their genomes do not carry vpr and vpx genes. In this study, we generated chimeric CAEV-based genomes carrying vpr and vpx genes from SIVmac239 and tested their ability to induce G2 cell cycle arrest in infected caprine cells. CAEV-pBSCAvpxvpr is the chimeric genome that was shown to be infectious and replication competent. Our data demonstrated that CAEV-pBSCAvpxvpr-infected goat synovial membrane cell monolayer developed more cytopathic effects and a high proportion of cells remained in the G2 phase of cell cycle. This G2 arrest was observed both at the early and at the late stages of infection, while minimal effect was observed with the parental CAEV-pBSCA. These results, described for the first time in mammalian cells other than those of primates, indicate that Vpr-induced G2 cell cycle arrest is not restricted to only primate cells. Thus, conservation of Vpx/Vpr protein functions in caprine cells suggests a possible role for these proteins in the virus life cycle and its ability to adapt to new hosts. The data presented here thus raise a pertinent question about the biological significance of the conservation of Vpr and Vpx functions in caprine cells despite the high phylogenic distance between primates and small ruminants.
UMR 754 INRA/ENVL/UCBL Virologie Cellulaire, Moléculaire et Maladies Emergentes, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, Bâtiment B, 50, avenue Tony Garnier, 69366 Lyon cedex 07, France.
Amel Baya
AB
Bouzar
François
F
Guiguen
Thierry
T
Morin
Stephanie
S
Villet
Claudie
C
Fornazero
Céline
C
Garnier
Kathy
K
Gallay
Françoise
F
Gounel
Colette
C
Favier
Jitka
J
Durand
Sabine
S
Balleydier
Jean Francois
JF
Mornex
Opendra
O
Narayan
Yahia
Y
Chebloune
D000818:Animals; D016088:Arthritis-Encephalitis Virus, Caprine / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology*; D001483:Base Sequence; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000502:physiology*; D002460:Cell Line; D017931:DNA Primers; D016195:G2 Phase / Q000502:physiology; D016336:Gene Products, vpr / Q000235:genetics; D016334:Genes, vpr; D006041:Goats / Q000821:virology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012191:Retroviridae Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D054334:Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000235:genetics*
D017931:DNA Primers; D016336:Gene Products, vpr; D012191:Retroviridae Proteins; C074286:VPX protein, Human immunodeficiency virus 2; C513059:VPX protein, Simian immunodeficiency virus; D054334:Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins