Thermal stress and radiation protection principles.
Exposure to radiofrequency (RF) fields can occur in residential, occupational and medical settings. Since many technologies use RF fields, it is important to fully investigate their effects on the human body. Since the demonstrated effect of RF exposure is heating, it is important to critically evaluate studies of elevated temperature effects on the human body, from the cellular and tissue level to the whole body level, including potential effects on the susceptible groups such as the very young and the very old. WHO convened a Workshop in the Spring of 2002 on the subject of Adverse Temperature Levels in the Human. The goal of the workshop was to evaluate most recent data useful for the development of science-based RF exposure limits. This paper outlines radiation protection principles that underline such an evaluation. It discusses the quality of literature needed for sound scientific reviews, provides the hierarchy of scientific evidence used to establish effects, distinguish between biological effects and adverse health consequences and indicates how evidence is evaluated. In addition, criteria for determining the most sensitive effects, the value of an effect that has a dose-response and methods of extrapolation are also described. Finally, the need to account for scientific uncertainty in the formulation of guidance on exposure is discussed.
Kheifets
L
L
World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, CH 1211, Geneva 27, Switzerland. kheifets@who.int
Repacholi
M
M
Saunders
R
R
D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D018882:Heat Stress Disorders; D006801:Humans; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D011835:Radiation Protection; D018570:Risk Assessment