title: Gender difference in symptoms related to temporomandibular disorders in a population of 50-year-old subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate, by means of a mail questionnaire, the prevalence of symptoms related to temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in 50-year-old subjects living in the counties of Orebro and Ostergötland, Sweden.
  
  
  METHODS
  The total population comprised 8,888 individuals, and the overall response rate was 71%. A clinical evaluation of the masticatory system was performed in subgroups to validate the responses to the questionnaire. There was satisfactory correspondence between self-reports and well-defined clinical conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women reported, more often than men, pain from the temporomandibular joints (TMJs), TMJ sounds, bruxism, sensitive teeth, and burning mouth symptoms. The prevalences of difficulties in jaw opening, loss of anterior teeth due to trauma, and masticatory problems were greater in men than in women. No gender difference was found in the number of remaining teeth. Logistic regression analysis with pain from the TMJ as the dependent variable identified bruxism, impaired chewing efficiency, and gender (women) as the most significant risk factors. With reduced chewing ability as the dependent variable, several missing teeth constituted the highest risk, followed by pain from the TMJ, bruxism, gender (men), and loss of anterior teeth due to trauma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There were significant gender differences in reported TMD-related symptoms in 50-year-old Swedes. Bruxism was a significant risk factor for pain from the TMJ. Reduced number of teeth and pain from the TMJ were significant risk factors for impaired chewing ability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatognathic Physiology, Postgraduate Dental Education Center, Orebro, Sweden. a.johansson@orebroll.se
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: Lennart
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Unell
authors.forename: Gunnar E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Carlsson
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Söderfeldt
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Halling
mesh_terms: D002012:Bruxism / Q000453:epidemiology; D002054:Burning Mouth Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005157:Facial Pain / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008409:Mastication; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018677:Tooth Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology; D016388:Tooth Loss / Q000453:epidemiology; D014098:Toothache / Q000453:epidemiology