title: Dual mechanisms for lysophosphatidic acid stimulation of human ovarian carcinoma cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), at concentrations present in ascitic fluid, indirectly stimulates the growth of malignant ovarian tumors by increasing the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in ovarian cancer cells. We investigated whether LPA could also directly promote ovarian tumor growth by increasing the level of cyclin D1, a key G1-phase checkpoint regulator, which thereby increases cell proliferation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Expression of cyclin D1 and LPA receptors (EDG4 and EDG7) was determined in six ovarian cancer cell lines (including OVCAR-3 cells) and immortalized ovarian surface epithelial cells (IOSE-29). Cyclin D1 promoter activity was measured in LPA-treated OVCAR-3 cells cotransfected with cyclin D1 promoter-driven luciferase constructs and cDNA expression plasmids for IkappaBalphaM (a nuclear factor kappaB [NFkappaB] super-repressor).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four of six cancer cell lines, including OVCAR-3, overexpressed cyclin D1 protein relative to levels in IOSE-29 cells. LPA treatment increased cyclin D1 protein in a dose- and time-dependent manner in OVCAR-3 cells but not in IOSE-29 cells. LPA stimulated cyclin D1 promoter activity (3.0-fold, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.7-fold to 3.3-fold). Mutation of the NFkappaB-binding site in the cyclin D1 promoter to block NFkappaB binding and expression of IkappaBalphaM, which binds NFkappaB and inhibits its binding to the promoter, markedly diminished LPA stimulation of cyclin D1 promoter activity (activity stimulated only 1.4-fold, 95% CI = 1.1-fold to 1.7-fold, and 0.7-fold, 95% CI = 0.6-fold to 0.8-fold, respectively). EDG4 was overexpressed in all cancer cell lines studied relative to that in IOSE-29 cells, but EDG7 was overexpressed in only two lines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dual mechanisms are probably involved in LPA stimulation of ovarian tumor growth in vivo. In addition to the previously characterized indirect mechanism that increases angiogenesis via VEGF, LPA may directly increase the level of cyclin D1 in ovarian cancer cells, increasing their proliferation.
authors.affiliation: Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0556, USA.
authors.forename: Yu-Long
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Albanese
authors.forename: Richard G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Pestell
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Jaffe
mesh_terms: D015152:Blotting, Northern; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000378:metabolism*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D008156:Luciferases / Q000378:metabolism; D008246:Lysophospholipids / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D009154:Mutation; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000378:metabolism*; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D049368:Receptors, Lysophosphatidic Acid; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D027602:Serum Response Element / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D008246:Lysophospholipids; D016328:NF-kappa B; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D049368:Receptors, Lysophosphatidic Acid; D019938:Cyclin D1; D008156:Luciferases; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor