title: Percutaneous absorption of 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-nitrophenol (DBNP) in isolated perfused porcine skin.
abstract: DBNP (2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-nitrophenol) has been reported as a potential contaminant in submarines. This yellow substance forms when lubrication oil mist containing the antioxidant additive 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol passes through an electrostatic precipitator and is nitrated. Percutaneous absorption of 14C-DBNP was assessed in the isolated perfused porcine skin flap (IPPSF). Four treatments were studied (n=4 flaps/treatment): 40.0 microgram/cm(2) in 100% ethanol; 40.0 microgram/cm(2) in 85% ethanol/15% H(2)O; 4.0 microgram/cm(2) in 100% ethanol; and 4.0 microgram/cm(2) in 85% ethanol/15% water. DBNP absorption was minimal across all treatment groups, with the highest absorption detected being only 1.08% applied dose in an aqueous ethanol group. The highest mass of 14C-DBNP absorbed was only 0.5 microgram. The majority of the applied dose remained on the surface of the skin. This suggests that there is minimal dermal exposure of DBNP when exposed topically to skin.
authors.affiliation: Center for Chemical Toxicology Research and Pharmacokinetics, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, NC 27606, Raleigh, USA.
authors.forename: Alfred O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Inman
authors.forename: Kenneth R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Still
authors.forename: Warren W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Jederberg
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Carpenter
authors.forename: Jim E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Riviere
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.forename: Nancy A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Monteiro-Riviere
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants; D006801:Humans; D008889:Military Personnel; D009596:Nitrophenols / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry*; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena; D055672:Static Electricity; D013366:Submarine Medicine; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: C480798:2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-nitrophenol; D000975:Antioxidants; D009596:Nitrophenols; D010636:Phenols; C035407:2,6-di-tert-butylphenol