title: Toxic by-products from the combustion of Kraft lignin.
abstract: Lignin samples, sub-product in the Kraft process of cellulose from eucalyptus wood, were burnt in a laboratory scale furnace at different residence temperatures and with distinct fuel-rich atmospheres. The yields of CO, CO(2), eight light hydrocarbons (methane, ethylene, ethane, propylene, acetylene, butane, etc.) and 60 semi-volatile+volatile compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, styrene, indene, naphthalene, dibenzofuran, phenanthrene, chrysene, etc.) were determined, with nominal reactor temperatures between 800 and 1100 degrees C and residence times of the volatiles evolved and formed between 4 and 7 s. The collection of the gases and volatiles evolved was carried out with a Tedlar bag and by XAD-4 resin respectively, comparing the data obtained in both cases. The emission factor (mg/kg) of the CO was between 2500 and 90000, and under the poor-oxygen atmosphere, the emission factors of many by-toxic products were greater than 100 mg/kg. A pyrolysis run was also performed, obtaining emission factors between 30 and 3000 mg/kg, facilitating its identification. The behaviour of different compounds in the combustion runs was discussed considering three groups in accordance with their stability vs. oxygen, and two groups vs. temperature.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado, PO Box 99, 03080, Alicante, Spain. rafael.font@ua.es
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Font
authors.forename: Mar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Esperanza
authors.forename: Angela Nuria
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: García
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D006838:Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D017745:Incineration / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D008031:Lignin / Q000737:chemistry*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry; D013696:Temperature; D014835:Volatilization
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D006838:Hydrocarbons; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002248:Carbon Monoxide; D008031:Lignin; D010100:Oxygen