title: Resistive-heating and forced-air warming are comparably effective.
abstract: Serious adverse outcomes from perioperative hypothermia are well documented. Consequently, intraoperative warming has become routine. We thus evaluated the efficacy of a novel, nondisposable carbon-fiber resistive-heating system. Twenty-four patients undergoing open abdominal surgery lasting approximately 4 h were randomly assigned to warming with 1) a full-length circulating water mattress set at 42 degrees C, 2) a lower-body forced-air cover with the blower set on high, or 3) a three-extremity carbon-fiber resistive-heating blanket set to 42 degrees C. Patients were anesthetized with a combination of continuous epidural and general anesthesia. All fluids were warmed to 37 degrees C, and ambient temperature was kept near 22 degrees C. Core (tympanic membrane) temperature changes among the groups were compared by using factorial analysis of variance and Scheffé F tests; results are presented as means +/- SD. Potential confounding factors did not differ significantly among the groups. In the first 2 h of surgery, core temperature decreased by 1.9 degrees C +/- 0.5 degrees C in the circulating-water group, 1.0 degrees C +/- 0.6 degrees C in the forced-air group, and 0.8 degrees C +/- 0.2 degrees C in the resistive-heating group. At the end of surgery, the decreases were 2.0 degrees C +/- 0.8 degrees C in the circulating-water group, 0.6 degrees C +/- 1.0 degrees C in the forced-air group, and 0.5 degrees C +/- 0.4 degrees C in the resistive-heating group. Core temperature decreases were significantly greater in the circulating-water group at all times after 150 elapsed minutes; however, temperature changes in the forced-air and resistive-heating groups never differed significantly. Even during major abdominal surgery, resistive heating maintains core temperature as effectively as forced air.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Efficacy was similar for forced-air and resistive heating, and both maintained intraoperative core temperature far better than circulating-water mattresses. We thus conclude that even during major abdominal surgery, resistive heating maintains core temperature as effectively as forced air.
authors.affiliation: Department of *Anesthesia, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan; ‡OUTCOMES RESEARCH™ Institute, Department of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky; and ‡Ludwig Boltzmann Institute, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Chiharu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Negishi
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: Shihoko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mukai
authors.forename: Fumitoshi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ozaki
authors.forename: Daniel I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Sessler
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology; D018481:Convection; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007035:Hypothermia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D017694:Rewarming / Q000379:methods*; D012881:Skin Temperature / Q000502:physiology