title: Amelioration of hyperalgesia by kinin receptor antagonists or kininogen deficiency in chronic constriction nerve injury in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study was designed to examine the involvement of bradykinin in thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia induced by chronic constriction nerve injury (CCI) using B1 and B2 receptor antagonists and mutant kininogen-deficient rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and Brown Norway (B/N-) rats given CCI treatment on day 0, were used as a model of neuropathic pain. Either a kinin B1 antagonist des-Arg9-[Leu8]-bradykinin or the receptor B2 antagonist HOE-140 was constantly infused into the left jugular vein of SD rats on days 15 to 22 after CCI. Vehicle-treated rats and sham-operated rats without nerve injury were also prepared as controls. In all rats, we observed pain behavior, and measured the latency period of paw withdrawal from the thermal stimuli and, with von Frey filaments, the mechanical pain threshold, before surgery and on days 14 and 22 after CCI. B/N-Katholiek rats, which congenitally lack plasma kininogen and release no kinin, were also tested for hyperalgesic parameters. Expression of kinin receptor mRNA in the dorsal root ganglia was detected by RT-PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most of the rats (88%) showed some pain behavior, which was reduced to 67% by a B1 antagonist and to 57% by a B2 antagonist infused between days 15 to 22. Thermal hyperalgesia was significantly reduced from 7.25 +/- 0.41 sec (mean +/- SEM) to 8.36 +/- 0.41 sec in paw withdrawal latency on day 22 by a B1 antagonist and from 7.24 +/- 0.19 sec to 8.23 +/- 0.21 sec by a B2 antagonist (P < 0.05). Mechanical hyperalgesia was also ameliorated from 0.02 +/- 0.007 g force to 0.16 +/- 0.08 g force in pain threshold by a B1 antagonist and from 0.03 +/- 0.007 g force to 0.10 +/- 0.003 g force on day 22 by a B2 antagonist. Moreover, deficient B/N-Katholiek rats showed a low incidence of thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia on day 14. Expression of both B1 and B2 receptor mRNAs was detected in the lumbar dorsal ganglia ipsilateral to the site of the nerve injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggests that kinin were at least partly involved in yielding nociceptor hypersensitivity up to day 14 after CCI. Bradykinin and its B1 and B2 receptors were involved in the maintenance of hyperalgesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa 228-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi-Sase
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Okamoto
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nara
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matsuzaki
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hoka
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Majima
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D001920:Bradykinin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D065169:Bradykinin B1 Receptor Antagonists; D065094:Bradykinin B2 Receptor Antagonists; D065168:Bradykinin Receptor Antagonists; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005727:Ganglia, Spinal / Q000187:drug effects; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D007704:Kininogens / Q000172:deficiency*; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D065169:Bradykinin B1 Receptor Antagonists; D065094:Bradykinin B2 Receptor Antagonists; D065168:Bradykinin Receptor Antagonists; D007704:Kininogens; C065679:icatibant; D001920:Bradykinin