title: The propolis of stingless bees: terpenes from the tibia of three Frieseomelitta species.
abstract: The posterior tibia of foraging workers of three species of Frieseomelitta (Hymenoptera: Meliponinae) stingless bees have been shown to carry complex mixtures of plant-derived mono-, sesqui-, di- and tri-terpenes. These subtances were not found on the fore- or mid-legs, nor on other parts of the hind legs. F. silvestrii and F. silvestrii languida, when collecting, appear to exploit different plants for their resin even when housed in the same area. F. varia were found to be not collecting resin at the time of the initial sampling and were therefore sampled later. Mature foragers carry the resin. In the samples studied here, particularly prominent were the monoterpene alpha-pinene, the sesquiterpenes beta-caryophyllene, alpha-cubebene, alpha- and gamma-muurolene, gamma-cadinene, germacrene-D, and elemol and the diterpenes manool and totarol The collected material is used for the resin placed around the entrance to their nests and is also mixed with wax, to produce the cerum used for the structures in the nest.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Abelhas, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de Saõ Paulo, 05508-900 SP., Saõ Paulo, Brazil
authors.forename: E F.L.R.A.
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Patricio
authors.forename: Leopoldo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cruz-López
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Maile
authors.forename: Jutta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tentschert
authors.forename: Graeme R.
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: E David
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Morgan