title: Management of hypopharyngeal and cervical oesophageal perforations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Perforations of the hypopharynx and the cervical oesophagus are infrequent severe situations, which may even be life-threatening for patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We review seven cases of intraluminal perforations of the hypopharynx or cervical oesophagus treated at our department between 1999 and 2001.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this series of patients, foreign bodies were the main cause of perforation. In four cases, the treatment was surgical by means of a cervicotomy and/or thoracotomy and drainage; in the other three cases, conservative treatment was applied. In some cases, the morbidity was considerable but there were no mortalities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The treatment of perforations of the hypopharynx and the cervical oesophagus must be individualized and multidisciplinary. The early diagnosis of these perforations is an important factor for prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Diego de León 62, Spain. ahinojargut@yahoo.es
authors.forename: Adolfo G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Hinojar
authors.forename: María Angeles
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Díaz Díaz
authors.forename: Yat-Wah
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Pun
authors.forename: Adolfo A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Hinojar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004939:Esophageal Perforation / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005547:Foreign Bodies / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D007013:Hypopharynx / Q000293:injuries*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012421:Rupture