title: The effects of enflurane, isoflurane, and intravenous anesthetics on rat diaphragmatic function and fatigability.
abstract: We examined the effect of isoflurane, enflurane, midazolam, ketamine, propofol, and thiopental on diaphragmatic functions under unfatigued and fatigued conditions in 228 rat isolated muscle strips. Diaphragmatic twitch characteristics and tetanic contractions were measured before and after muscle fatigue, which was induced by repetitive tetanic contraction with or without exposure to one of the anesthetics at clinically relevant plasma concentrations, and at 10 and 100 times this concentration, or at 1, 2, and 3 minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration (MAC). Isoflurane, midazolam, ketamine, propofol, and thiopental did not induce a direct inotropic or lusitropic effect under unfatigued and fatigued conditions. Enflurane did not change contraction or relaxation in fresh isolated diaphragm, but enflurane at 2-3 MAC enhanced diaphragmatic fatigability itself and fatigue-induced impairment of twitch characteristics and tetanic tensions. These effects were greater at 3 MAC than at 2 MAC. Our findings suggest that the reduction of diaphragm function previously reported in in vivo experiments using propofol, midazolam, and isoflurane is not related to a direct effect on intrinsic diaphragmatic contractility. Our results also indicate that large concentrations of enflurane may impair the diaphragmatic function at sites other than excitation-contraction coupling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Enflurane did not change contraction or relaxation in fresh isolated rat diaphragm, but enhanced diaphragmatic fatigability itself and fatigue-induced impairment of twitch characteristics and tetanic tensions. Isoflurane, midazolam, ketamine, propofol, and thiopental had no direct effects on diaphragmatic functions under unfatigued and fatigued conditions. Isoflurane and these i.v. anesthetics may be advantageous over enflurane to anesthetize and/or sedate patients who are predisposed to diaphragmatic fatigue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia & Perioperative Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
authors.forename: Kahoru
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishina
authors.forename: Katsuya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mikawa
authors.forename: Shun-Ichi
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Kodama
authors.forename: Tetsuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kagawa
authors.forename: Takanobu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Uesugi
authors.forename: Hidefumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Obara
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000187:drug effects; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004737:Enflurane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D018763:Muscle Fatigue / Q000187:drug effects*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D004737:Enflurane; D007530:Isoflurane