title: Robust estimation of ultrasound pulses using outlier-resistant de-noising.
abstract: A different approach to the problem of estimation of the ultrasound pulse spectrum, which usually arises as a part of ultrasound image restoration algorithms, is presented. It is shown that this estimation problem can be reformulated in terms of a de-noising problem. In this formulation, the log-spectrum of a radio-frequency line (RF-line) is viewed as a noisy measurement of the signal that needs to be estimated, i.e., the ultrasound pulse log-spectrum. The log-spectrum of the tissue reflectivity function (i.e., tissue response) is considered as the noise to be rejected. The contribution of the paper is twofold. First, it provides statistical description of the reflectivity function log-spectrum for the case, when the samples of the reflectivity function are independent identically distributed (i.i.d.) Gaussian random variables. Moreover, it is shown that the problem of the pulse spectrum recovery is essentially a de-noising problem. Consequently, it is suggested to solve the problem within the framework of the de-noising by wavelet shrinkage. Second, a computationally efficient algorithm is proposed for the pulse-spectrum estimation, which can be viewed as a modified version of the classical Donoho's three-step de-noising procedure. This modification is necessary, because of specific properties of the noise to be rejected. It is shown, that whenever the samples of the reflectivity function can be assumed to be i.i.d. Gaussian random variables, the samples of its log-spectrum obey the Fisher-Tippet distribution. For this type of noise, straightforward implementation of the standard de-noising can cause serious estimation errors. In order to overcome this difficulty, an outlier-resistant de-noising is performed. The unique properties of this modified de-noising algorithm allow estimating the pulse spectrum adaptively to its properties, as they are continuously influenced by the frequency-dependent attenuation process. The performance of the proposed algorithm is examined in a series of computer-simulations. It is shown that this algorithm, developed on the assumption of the "Gaussian" reflectivity function, remains applicable for broader classes of distributions. The results obtained in a series of in vivo experiments reveal superior performance of the novel approach over some of alternative estimation techniques, e.g., cepstrum-based estimation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa.
authors.forename: Oleg
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Michailovich
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Adam
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D016477:Artifacts; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods; D006321:Heart; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011786:Quality Control; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013269:Stochastic Processes; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*