title: Antenatal and intrapartum risk factors for birth asphyxia among emergency obstetric referrals in Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many perinatal deaths follow birth asphyxia that occurs in newborn babies of women who are referred on developing life-threatening obstetric complications.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the antenatal and intrapartum risk factors for severe birth asphyxia among babies delivered by women admitted as emergency obstetric referrals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mulago hospital, the National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cases were newborn term babies (and their mothers) with a 5-minute Apgar score 4 or less (birth asphyxia). Controls were term newborn babies with a 5-minute Apgar score more than 4.
  
  
  METHODS
  Antepartum and intrapartum risk factors among newborn babies (and their mothers) from socio-demographic characteristics, obstetric complications or labour management. The Odds ratios (OR) for various outcomes were calculated using the Statistical Assistance Software (SAS) version 6.2 (Windows), and are presented with their 95% confidence intervals (C1) and p-values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no association between socio-demographic factors and birth asphyxia. Antepartum hospitalization, antepartum or intrapartum anaemia, antepartum hemorrhage and severe pre-eclampsia/eclampsia were significantly associated with birth asphyxia; the respective ORs and 95% C1 were 1.73 (1.09-2.75), 5.65 (3.36-9.50), 2.12 (1.11-4.05) and 10.62 (2.92-38.47). Augmentation of labour with oxytocin, premature rupture of membranes, meconium staining of liquor amnii, vacuum extraction, caesarean section, low birth weight and mal-presentations were significantly associated with birth asphyxia with ORs of 5.76 (2.20-15.05), 2.23 (1.31 -3.37), 6.40 (2.76-14.82), 2.16 (1.28-3.67), 2.36 (1.07-5.20) and 6.32 (3.57-11.20) respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early recognition of these complications among emergency obstetric referrals, followed by prompt and appropriate management, may reduce the perinatal deaths from birth asphyxia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Makerere University Medical School, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kaye
mesh_terms: D001034:Apgar Score; D001238:Asphyxia Neonatorum / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007746:Labor Presentation; D007744:Obstetric Labor Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D009775:Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D014454:Uganda / Q000453:epidemiology