title: Attachment and traumatic stress in female holocaust child survivors and their daughters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  During the Holocaust, extreme trauma was inflicted on children who experienced it. Two questions were central to the current investigation. First, do survivors of the Holocaust still show marks of their traumatic experiences, even after more than 50 years? Second, was the trauma passed on to the next generation?
  
  
  METHODS
  Careful matching of Holocaust survivors and comparison subjects was employed to form a research study design with three generations, including 98 families with a grandmother, a mother, and an infant, who engaged in attachment- and trauma-related interviews, questionnaires, and observational procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Holocaust survivors (now grandmothers) showed more signs of traumatic stress and more often lack of resolution of trauma than comparison subjects, but they were not impaired in general adaptation. Also, the traumatic effects did not appear to transmit across generations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Holocaust survivors may have been able to protect their daughters from their war experiences, although they themselves still suffer from the effects of the Holocaust.
authors.affiliation: Center for the Study of Child Development, University of Haifa, Israel. sagi@psy.haifa.ac.il
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sagi-Schwartz
authors.forename: Marinus H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Van IJzendoorn
authors.forename: Klaus E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Grossmann
authors.forename: Tirtsa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Joels
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Grossmann
authors.forename: Miri
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scharf
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Koren-Karie
authors.forename: Sarit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alkalay
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents; D005195:Family Relations; D005260:Female; D017767:Holocaust / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D007585:Jews / Q000523:psychology; D008016:Life Change Events; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D009769:Object Attachment; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012917:Social Adjustment; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology*; D014857:Warfare