title: Nonlinear dynamics indicates aging affects variability during gait.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the nature of variability present in time series generated from gait parameters of two different age groups via a nonlinear analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Measures of nonlinear dynamics were used to compare kinematic parameters between elderly and young females.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Aging may lead to changes in motor variability during walking, which may explain the large incidence of falls in the elderly.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty females, 10 younger (20-37 yr) and 10 older (71-79 yr) walked on a treadmill for 30 consecutive gait cycles. Time series from selected kinematic parameters of the right lower extremity were analyzed using nonlinear dynamics. The largest Lyapunov exponent and the correlation dimension of all time series, and the largest Lyapunov exponent of the original time series surrogated were calculated. Standard deviations and coefficient of variations were also calculated for selected discrete points from each gait cycle. Independent t-tests were used for statistical comparisons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Lyapunov exponents were found to be significantly different from their surrogate counterparts. This indicates that the fluctuations observed in the time series may reflect deterministic processes by the neuromuscular system. The elderly exhibited significantly larger Lyapunov exponents and correlation dimensions for all parameters evaluated indicating local instability. The linear measures indicated that the elderly demonstrated significantly higher variability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The nonlinear analysis revealed that fluctuations in the time series of certain gait parameters are not random but display a deterministic behavior. This behavior may degrade with physiologic aging resulting in local instability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elderly show increased local instability or inability to compensate to the natural stride-to-stride variations present during locomotion. We hypothesized that this may be the one of the reasons for the increases in falling due to aging. Future efforts should attempt to evaluate this hypothesis by making comparisons to pathological subjects (i.e. elderly fallers), and examine the sensitivity and specificity of the nonlinear methods used in this study to aid clinical assessment.
authors.affiliation: HPER Biomechanics Lab, University of Nebraska at Omaha, 6001 Dodge Street, Omaha, NE 68182-0216, USA.
authors.forename: Ugo H
authors.initials: UH
authors.lastname: Buzzi
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stergiou
authors.forename: Max J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kurz
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Hageman
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heidel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000502:physiology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans