title: Expression and diagnostic utility of alpha-methylacyl-CoA-racemase (P504S) in foamy gland and pseudohyperplastic prostate cancer.
abstract: Foamy gland and pseudohyperplastic carcinomas are two uncommon variants of prostate cancer and often pose diagnostic challenges on needle biopsies. Alpha-methylacyl-CoA-racemase (AMACR) is a recently discovered tumor marker whose expression is significantly upregulated in prostate cancer. However, the original works only studied ordinary prostate cancer without reference to specific morphologic variants. Therefore, the expression and diagnostic utility of AMACR in specific variants of prostate cancer are unknown. In addition, two different antibodies, one monoclonal and one polyclonal, were used in the previous studies. The goal of this study is to examine the expression pattern and diagnostic utility of AMACR in foamy gland and pseudohyperplastic prostate cancer and to compare the diagnostic utility of the two anti-AMACR antibodies in the same prostate needle biopsy series. Prostate cancer with foamy gland or pseudohyperplastic features was retrieved from the Johns Hopkins Hospital Surgical Pathology file. Thirty needle biopsies harboring prostate cancer with foamy gland features and 17 needle biopsies harboring prostate cancer with pseudohyperplastic features were available for this study. Immunohistochemistry for AMACR was performed with two antibodies, a monoclonal one (P504S) and a polyclonal one (AMACR-p), using previously published protocols. Immunohistochemistry for high molecular weight cytokeratin and p63 was performed to confirm the cancer diagnosis. The AMACR staining intensity was graded as negative, weak, moderate, and strong. Only the staining that was significantly stronger than that of background benign glands was considered positive. A total of 68% and 62% of foamy gland prostate cancer was positive for AMACR with P504S and AMACR-p antibodies, respectively. A total of 77% and 70% of pseudohyperplastic prostate cancer was positive for AMACR with P504S and AMACR-p antibodies, respectively. Staining was often heterogeneous with different staining intensities within the same lesion. The mean percentage of stained glands in positive cases was 74.4% (range 25-100%) with P504S and 78.9% (range 20-100%) with AMACR-p in foamy gland prostate cancer and 91% (range 10-100%) with P504S, and 86.7% (range 10-100%) with AMACR-p in pseudohyperplastic prostate cancer. Seven foci of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia present in the study cases were all positive for AMACR. The two antibodies were not statistically different in their sensitivity and specificity. In conclusion, AMACR is potentially a useful diagnostic marker for foamy gland and pseudohyperplastic prostate cancer in the following setting. When the pathologist favors the diagnosis of these variants of cancer on routine stained sections and stains for basal cells are negative, yet still a definitive diagnosis of cancer is difficult because of the cancers' deceptively benign appearance, positive staining for AMACR can provide the additional confidence to establish a definitive malignant diagnosis. The major caveat in the interpretation of positive staining is that high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia cannot be in the differential diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, John Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Zhong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Jonathan I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Epstein
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D019998:Racemases and Epimerases / Q000378:metabolism*; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C081876:CKAP4 protein, human; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D010750:Phosphoproteins; C115051:TP63 protein, human; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D019998:Racemases and Epimerases; C108352:alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase