title: Enhancement of contractility with sustained afterload in the intact murine heart: blunting of length-dependent activation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been hypothesized that because of its rapid heart rate, the intact murine heart functions near maximal contractility in the basal state. If this hypothesis is correct, then the fast and slow components of myocardial length-dependent activation should be blunted compared with larger mammals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mice (n=24) were anesthetized, and via an open chest, LV pressure-volume relationships were determined by a dual-frequency conductance catheter system. Baseline pressure-volume relationships were determined during transient occlusion of the inferior vena cava, and repeat measurements were made after 1 (n=10) and 7 (n=21) minutes of sustained aortic occlusion. Control experiments were performed in a subset of mice (n=3). For baseline to 1 minute, an increase in afterload (maximal pressure 95+/-9 to 126+/-7 mm Hg; P<0.001) and effective arterial elastance (5.9+/-3.1 to 9.2+/-3.9 mm Hg/microl; P<0.001) resulted in an increase in end-diastolic volume (31+/-8 to 35+/-9 microL; P<0.001). The result was maintenance of stroke volume (17+/-6 to 15+/-6; P=NS) owing to an increase in contractility (leftward shift in V100 [the volume of end-systolic elastance at 100 mm Hg], 24+/-9 to 16+/-5 microL; P<0.001). No additional augmentation of systolic function was found at 7 minutes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that the fast phase of length-dependent activation is intact but not the slow phase, consistent with murine myocardium functioning near maximal contractility in the basal state.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center and the South Texas Veterans Health Care System, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.
authors.forename: Maricela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reyes
authors.forename: Gregory L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Escobedo
authors.forename: Shuko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Steinhelper
authors.forename: Marc D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Feldman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000502:physiology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002306:Cardiac Volume / Q000502:physiology; D003971:Diastole / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D013045:Species Specificity; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology; D013599:Systole / Q000502:physiology; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior / Q000502:physiology; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology