title: Involvement of noradrenergic system within the central nucleus of the amygdala in naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal-induced conditioned place aversion in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We previously reported that the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) plays a crucial role in the negative affective, rather than somatic, component of morphine withdrawal. However, numerous studies have reported that the central ascending noradrenergic system is implicated in morphine withdrawal syndrome, although the roles of the noradrenergic system within the CeA in the negative affective component remains less clear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The possible role of the noradrenergic system within the CeA in the negative affective component of morphine withdrawal was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The extracellular noradrenaline level within the CeA during naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal was measured using an in vivo microdialysis experiment on unanesthetized and freely moving rats. The effects of microinjection of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists into the bilateral CeA on the naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal-induced conditioned place aversion (CPA) and somatic signs were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The extracellular noradrenaline level within the CeA was transiently elevated during morphine withdrawal. Intra-CeA injections of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists propranolol (30 nmol per side) and timolol (10 nmol per side) significantly attenuated the morphine withdrawal-induced CPA. Similarly, beta(1)-antagonist atenolol (30 nmol per side) or beta(2)-antagonist butoxamine (30 nmol per side) significantly attenuated the CPA. In contrast, they did not affect morphine withdrawal-induced somatic signs, except for propranolol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the activation of the noradrenergic system within the CeA contributes to naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal-induced CPA, rather than somatic signs, through beta(1)- and beta(2)-adrenoceptors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: Rie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Akifumi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.forename: Masabumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Minami
authors.forename: Masamichi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Satoh
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000679:Amygdala / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000187:drug effects*; D002078:Butoxamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000187:drug effects; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009270:Naloxone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism*; D011433:Propranolol / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018342:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018343:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000523:psychology; D013999:Timolol / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D018342:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1; D018343:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2; D002078:Butoxamine; D009270:Naloxone; D009020:Morphine; D013999:Timolol; D011433:Propranolol; D009638:Norepinephrine