title: Fetal plasma concentrations after intraamniotic sufentanil in chronically instrumented pregnant sheep.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rapid progress is being made in fetal surgery. Because the fetus is capable of pain perception after the 26th week of gestation, adequate postoperative fetal pain management is essential. The preferred approach would provide fetal analgesia without affecting the mother. Intraamniotically administered sufentanil may be an interesting option if it achieves therapeutic plasma concentrations (PCs) in the fetus but not the mother.
  
  
  METHODS
  After approval of the study, 25 or 50 microg sufentanil was administered intraamniotically in 10 chronically instrumented pregnant ewes. Maternal and fetal vital signs, arterial blood gases, and uterine blood flow were recorded over 120 min. Sufentanil PCs were determined before and 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min after injection. Statistical analysis was performed using one- or two-way analysis of variance followed by Dunnett or Tukey test, as appropriate (P < 0.05; data presented as median [95% confidence interval]).
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 25 microg sufentanil, fetal PC stabilized at 134 +/- 89 pg/ml (after 10 min), and maternal PCs stabilized at 44 +/- 11 pg/ml (after 15 min). After 50 microg sufentanil, fetal PCs stabilized at 134 +/- 35 pg/ml (after 15 min), and maternal PCs reached 80 +/- 25 pg/ml (at 30 min). Injection of 25 microg sufentanil intraamniotically did not affect maternal or fetal hemodynamics, uterine blood flow, or arterial blood gases. Fetal heart rate increased after administration of 50 microg sufentanil (maximum change at 10 min: +16 +/- 12%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The sheep fetus absorbs sufentanil after intraamniotic instillation. Significantly greater PCs were obtained in the fetal lamb as compared with the ewe. This suggests that investigation of intraamniotic opioids for fetal analgesia might be worthwhile.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Germany. struemper@anit.uni-muenster.de
authors.forename: Danja
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Strümper
authors.forename: Marcel E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Durieux
authors.forename: Wiebke
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gogarten
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Van Aken
authors.forename: Kristian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hartleb
authors.forename: Marco A E
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Marcus
mesh_terms: D000650:Amnion / Q000378:metabolism*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000818:Animals; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000378:metabolism*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D007267:Injections; D011247:Pregnancy; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D012756:Sheep; D017409:Sufentanil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D014599:Uterus / Q000098:blood supply
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D017409:Sufentanil