title: Influence of menthol and pressure-sensitive adhesives on the in vivo performance of membrane-moderated transdermal therapeutic system of nicardipine hydrochloride in human volunteers.
abstract: A membrane-moderated transdermal therapeutic system of nicardipine hydrochloride was developed using 2% w/w hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) gel as a reservoir system containing 5% w/w of menthol as a penetration enhancer. The permeability flux of nicardipine hydrochloride through the ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer membrane was found to increase with an increase in vinyl acetate content in the copolymer. The effect of various pressure-sensitive adhesives (MA-31, MA-38 or TACKWHITE A 4MED on the permeability of nicardipine hydrochloride through EVA 2825 membrane (28% w/w vinyl acetate) or EVA 2825 membrane/skin composite was also studied. The results showed that nicardipine hydrochloride permeability through EVA 2825 membrane coated with TACKWHITE A 4MED/skin composite was higher than that coated with MA-31 or MA-38. Thus, a new transdermal therapeutic system for nicardipine hydrochloride was formulated using EVA 2825 membrane coated with a pressure-sensitive adhesive TACKWHITE A 4MED, and 2% w/w HPC gel as reservoir containing 5% w/w of menthol as a penetration enhancer. In vivo studies in healthy human volunteers indicated that the TTS of nicardipine hydrochloride, designed in the present study, provided steady-state plasma concentration of the drug with minimal fluctuations for 26h with improved bioavailability in comparison with the immediate release capsule dosage form.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India. krishnaysr112@rediffmail.com
authors.forename: Y S R
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Krishnaiah
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Satyanarayana
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bhaskar
mesh_terms: D000269:Adhesives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D015194:Diffusion Chambers, Culture; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D008610:Menthol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D009529:Nicardipine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011312:Pressure; D051381:Rats; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000269:Adhesives; D008610:Menthol; D009529:Nicardipine