title: Detection of micrometastasis of neuroblastoma to bone marrow and tumor dissemination to hematopoietic autografts using flow cytometry and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The identification of neuroblastoma metastases to bone marrow (BM) is requisite in staging disease for risk-adopted therapy. However, micrometastases were not elucidated fully.
  
  
  METHODS
  Flow cytometry (FCM) with CD45/CD56/CD81 and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR) for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) transcripts were used to evaluate neuroblastoma in bilateral BM aspirates at diagnosis, BM autografts, peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) collections, and CD34(+) cell products of 27 children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TH transcripts were amplified in histology-negative (H(-)) BM specimens from seven patients (four patients with Stage 3 disease, two with Stage 4 disease, and one with Stage 4S disease), revealing a prevalence of submicroscopic metastasis. The median number of CD45(-)CD81(+)CD56(+) cells in four H(-) TH(-) BM samples from two patients with Stage 1 and Stage 2 disease, respectively, was comparable to that encountered in 10 normal BM controls (0.003% [range, 0.002-0.004%] vs. 0.004% [0-0.008%], P = 0.724). In six H(-) TH(+) BM specimens from three patients whom were otherwise diagnosed with neuroblastoma Stage 3, 0.031% (0.009-0.06%) CD45(-)CD81(+)CD56(+) cells were detected. Besides, 1.474% (0.088-3.009%) CD45(-)CD81(+)CD56(+) cells were identified in four H(-) TH(+) BM specimens from two patients at Stage 4. TH transcripts were evident in four of five BM autografts and in 22 of 45 (48.9%) PBSC specimens. FCM demonstrated 0.018% and 0.049% CD45(-)CD81(+)CD56(+) cells in two TH(+) BM autografts, respectively. The number of CD45(-)CD81(+)CD56(+) cells was higher in 19 TH(+) PBSC specimens than in 20 TH(-) PBSC specimens (0.026% [0.006-1.128%] vs. 0% [0-0.009%], P < 0.0001). CD34(+) cell selection achieved 2.9 (2.1-3.5) log depletion of CD45(-)CD81(+)CD56(+) cells in four manipulated products, rendering six of seven PBSC autografts TH-free.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FCM in combination with RT-PCR evaluated neuroblastoma micrometastasis and assessed the purity of hematopoietic autografts for transplant. However, the clinical relevance remains to be elucidated.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology/Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, China. tsangks@cuhk.edu.hk
authors.forename: Kam Sze
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Tsang
authors.forename: Chi Kong
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Wai Chiu
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Tsoi
authors.forename: Yonna
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: Matthew Ming Kong
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Shing
authors.forename: Ki Wai
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Chik
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Margaret Heung Ling
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Patrick  Man Pan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yuen
mesh_terms: D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000032:analysis; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000473:pathology*; D016026:Bone Marrow Transplantation; D019002:CD56 Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D002648:Child; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D017493:Leukocyte Common Antigens / Q000032:analysis; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis / Q000473:pathology*; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000473:pathology*; D036102:Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D060225:Tetraspanin 28; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D019002:CD56 Antigen; C554798:CD81 protein, human; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D060225:Tetraspanin 28; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; D017493:Leukocyte Common Antigens