title: Efficacy of enfuvirtide in patients infected with drug-resistant HIV-1 in Europe and Australia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The T-20 vs. Optimized Regimen Only Study 2 (TORO 2) compared the efficacy and safety of 24 weeks of treatment with the fusion inhibitor enfuvirtide in combination with an optimized background antiretroviral regimen with the efficacy and safety of the optimized background regimen alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  The patients had previous treatment with each of the three classes of antiretroviral drugs, documented resistance to each class, or both and a plasma level of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA of at least 5000 copies per milliliter. They were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to receive either enfuvirtide (90 mg twice daily) plus a background regimen optimized with the aid of resistance testing (enfuvirtide group) or the background regimen alone (control group).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 512 patients who underwent randomization, 335 in the enfuvirtide group and 169 in the control group received at least one dose of study medication and had at least one follow-up measurement of plasma HIV-1 RNA. The median base-line plasma HIV-1 RNA level was 5.1 log10 copies per milliliter in both groups. The median CD4+ cell count was 98.0 cells per cubic millimeter in the enfuvirtide group and 101.5 cells per cubic millimeter in the control group. Patients had a median of seven years of previous treatment and had received a median of 12 antiretroviral drugs. The background regimen comprised a mean of four antiretroviral drugs in both groups. At 24 weeks, the least-squares mean change from base line in the plasma viral load (intention-to-treat, last observation carried forward) was a decrease of 1.429 log10 copies per milliliter in the enfuvirtide group and a decrease of 0.648 log10 copies per milliliter in the control group, a difference of 0.781 log10 copies per milliliter (P<0.001). The mean increase in the CD4+ cell count was greater in the enfuvirtide group (65.5 cells per cubic millimeter) than in the control group (38.0 cells per cubic millimeter, P=0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The addition of enfuvirtide to an optimized background regimen provided significant viral suppression and immunologic benefit over a 24-week period in HIV-1-infected patients who had previously received multiple antiretroviral drugs.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy. lazzarin.adriano@hsr.it
authors.forename: Adriano
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lazzarin
authors.forename: Bonaventura
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Clotet
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reynes
authors.forename: Keikawus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Arastéh
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Katlama
authors.forename: Hans-Jürgen
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Stellbrink
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Delfraissy
authors.forename: Joep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.forename: Les
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huson
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: DeMasi
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wat
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Delehanty
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Drobnes
authors.forename: Miklos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salgo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001315:Australia; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D000077560:Enfuvirtide; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D015700:HIV Envelope Protein gp41 / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023581:HIV Fusion Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D008297:Male; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D015700:HIV Envelope Protein gp41; D023581:HIV Fusion Inhibitors; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D012367:RNA, Viral; D000077560:Enfuvirtide