Reproductive health in school-based health centers: findings from the 1998-99 census of school-based health centers.
OBJECTIVE
To describe the state of reproductive health services, including access to contraception and health center policies, among school-based health centers (SBHCs) serving adolescents in the United States


METHODS
We examined questionnaire data on provision of reproductive health services from the 1998-99 Census of School-Based Health Centers (response rate 70%). We examined 551 SBHCs in schools with high or middle school grades. We used logistic regression to define factors independently associated with services and policies.


RESULTS
Most SBHCs (76%) were open full-time; over one-half (51%) of centers had opened in the past 4 years. Services provided, either on-site or by referral, included gynecological examinations (95%), pregnancy testing (96%), sexually transmitted disease (STD) diagnosis and treatment (95%), Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) counseling (94%), HIV testing (93%), oral contraceptive pills (89%), condoms (88%), Depo-Provera (88%), Norplant (78%), and emergency contraception (77%). Counseling, screening, pregnancy testing, and STD/HIV services were often provided on-site (range 55%-82%); contraception was often provided only by referral (on-site availability = 3%-28%). SBHCs with more provider staffing were more likely to provide services on-site; rural SBHCs and those serving younger grades were less likely to provide these services on-site. Over three-quarters (76%) of SBHCs reported prohibitions about providing contraceptive services on-site; the sources of these prohibitions included school district policy (74%), school policy (30%), state law (13%), and health center policy (12%). While SBHCs generally required parental permission for general health services, many allowed adolescents to access care independently for certain services including STD care (48%) and family planning (40%). Older SBHCs were more likely to allow independent access.


CONCLUSIONS
SBHCs provide a broad range of reproductive health services directly or via referral; however, they often face institutional and logistical barriers to providing recommended reproductive health care.
Santelli
John S
JS
Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, K22, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA. jsantelli@cdc.gov
Nystrom
Robert J
RJ
Brindis
Claire
C
Juszczak
Linda
L
Klein
Jonathan D
JD
Bearss
Nancy
N
Kaplan
David W
DW
Hudson
Margaret
M
Schlitt
John
J
D000293:Adolescent; D019352:Censuses; D002648:Child; D003267:Contraception / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006266:Health Education / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D034121:Reproductive Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000600:supply & distribution; D012572:School Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000600:supply & distribution; D012736:Sex Education / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States