title: Soft-tissue anatomy anterior to the human patella.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this anatomic study is to report the results of dissections of the soft-tissue structures anterior to the human patella.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-one fresh or fresh-frozen and thawed human cadaver knees were dissected for this study. Thirty-five of the knees were from men, and twenty-six were from women. The soft-tissue structures anterior to the patella were dissected layer by layer and documented photographically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-seven (93%) of the sixty-one knees were found to have a trilaminar arrangement of fibrous soft-tissue structures anterior to the patella from superficial to deep. Those structures included a transversely oriented fascia, an obliquely oriented aponeurosis, and the longitudinally oriented fibers of the rectus femoris tendon. Between the soft-tissue fibrous layers, there were three prepatellar spaces that can be termed bursae: a prepatellar subcutaneous bursa, a prepatellar subfascial bursa, and a prepatellar subaponeurotic bursa. Four of the sixty-one knees lacked an intermediate oblique aponeurotic layer. In none of the sixty-one knees was there a potential bursal space between the rectus femoris tendon and the anterior patellar bone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These anatomic findings are at variance with descriptions in standard anatomic orthopaedic texts and periodical literature, including the Nomina Anatomica. None of those texts accurately describe the presence of a prepatellar aponeurotic layer or a prepatellar subaponeurotic bursa. Also, in contradistinction to descriptions in the anatomic literature, including the Nomina Anatomica, no prepatellar subtendinous bursa was found in any of the sixty-one knees.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 45 Castro Street, San Francisco, CA 94114, USA. sfdyemd@aol.com
authors.forename: Scott F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Dye
authors.forename: Dante
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Campagna-Pinto
authors.forename: Christopher C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Dye
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shifflett
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Eiman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002102:Cadaver; D003238:Connective Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D004210:Dissection / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007717:Knee / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010329:Patella / Q000033:anatomy & histology