title: Conventional radiography, rapid MR imaging, and conventional MR imaging for low back pain: activity-based costs and reimbursement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To incorporate personnel and equipment use time in an activity-based cost comparison of conventional radiography and conventional and rapid magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for low back pain (LBP).
  
  
  METHODS
  At each of four Seattle Lumbar Imaging Project (SLIP) sites, patients were randomized to undergo conventional radiography or rapid MR imaging of the lumbar spine. For sample SLIP patients and for similar non-SLIP patients undergoing conventional lumbar spine MR imaging as usual care in calendar year 2000, measured imaging room use and technologist and radiologist times were multiplied by costs per minute of standard equipment acquisition, personnel compensation, and related expenses. Resulting provider-perspective costs and Seattle area Medicare reimbursements for conventional MR imaging and radiography for calendar year 2001 were used to estimate future "normative" reimbursement for rapid MR imaging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For 23 conventional radiography, 27 rapid MR imaging, and 38 conventional MR imaging examinations timed in calendar year 2000, all rapid MR imaging times exceeded those of conventional radiography but were less than those of conventional MR imaging. All 0.3- and 0.35-T MR imaging room and technologist times exceeded those for 1.5-T MR imaging. Average costs (in 2001 dollars) were $44 for conventional radiography, 126 US dollars for 1.5-T rapid MR imaging, 128 US dollars for 0.3-0.35-T rapid MR imaging, 267 US dollars for 1.5-T conventional MR imaging, and 264 US dollars for 0.3-0.35-T conventional MR imaging. Conclusions regarding cost differences between conventional radiography and rapid MR imaging were robust to plausible parameter value changes evaluated in sensitivity analyses. Conventional radiography reimbursement was 44 US dollars. Applying the ratio of reimbursement (620 US dollars) to costs (264-267 US dollars) for conventional MR imaging to rapid MR imaging costs predicted reimbursement of 292-300 US dollars for the new modality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Times and costs for rapid MR imaging are roughly three times those for conventional radiography but about half those for conventional MR imaging for LBP. While current conventional radiography costs exceed reimbursement, current conventional MR and projected rapid MR imaging reimbursements exceed costs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, 146 N Canal St, Suite 300, Seattle, WA 98103, USA. tolvadtg@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Darryl T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hollingworth
authors.forename: C Craig
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Blackmore
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Alotis
authors.forename: Brook I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Sean D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Deyo
authors.forename: Jeffrey G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Jarvik
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D005260:Female; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000191:economics*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000191:economics*; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare / Q000191:economics; D011859:Radiography; D012051:Reimbursement Mechanisms; D013997:Time Factors