title: New three-dimensional echocardiographic system using digital radiofrequency data--visualization and quantitative analysis of aortic valve dynamics with high resolution: methods, feasibility, and initial clinical experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Common 3D systems have only limited spatial and temporal resolution (frame rate of 25 Hz). Thin structures such as cardiac valves are not imaged exactly; rapid movement patterns cannot be precisely recorded. The objective of the present project was to achieve radiofrequency (RF) data transmission to the 3D workstation to improve image resolution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A commercially available echocardiographic system (5-MHz transesophageal echocardiography probe) with an integrated raw data interface enables transmission of RF data (up to 40 megabytes per second). A 3D data set may contain up to 3 gigabytes, so that all of the high-resolution ultrasound information of the 2D image is available. Frame rates of up to 168 Hz result in temporal resolution 6 times that of standard 3D systems. The applicability of the system and the image quality were tested in 10 patients. The structure of the aortic valve and the dynamic changes were depicted by volume rendering. The changes in the orifice areas were measured in frame-by-frame planimetry. The mean number of frames recorded per cardiac cycle was 122+/-16. The improved structural resolution enabled a detailed imaging of the morphology of the aortic cusps. The rapid systolic movement patterns were recorded with up to 51 frames. The high number of frames enabled creation of precise area-time diagrams. Thus, the individual phases of aortic valve movement (rapid opening, slow valve closing, and rapid valve closing) could be analyzed quantitatively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A 3D system based on RF data enables high-resolution imaging of cardiac movement patterns. This offers new perspectives for qualitative and quantitative analyses, especially of cardiac valves.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Hugstetter-Strasse 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany. handke@mm31.ukl.uni-freiburg.de
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Handke
authors.forename: Cosima
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jahnke
authors.forename: Gudrun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Heinrichs
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schlegel
authors.forename: Clemens
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vos
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bode
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Geibel
mesh_terms: D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003626:Data Display; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement; D016247:Information Storage and Retrieval; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013599:Systole; D013997:Time Factors