title: Use of PCR and PCR-SSP for detection of urinary donor-origin DNA in renal transplant recipients with acute rejection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the urine of renal recipients for the presence of donor DNA in an attempt to establish an alternative diagnostic means of acute rejection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-four renal transplant recipients were examined. Thirty-seven were normal after transplantation, while 22 others developed acute rejection, based on serum creatinine levels and/or needle biopsy findings of the graft. Five developed drug-induced renal dysfunction. In female recipients with a male graft, we examined urine for the presence of Y chromosome (SRY and DYZ-1) and in recipients receiving an HLA mismatched graft, we looked for HLA-DR gene (DRB1) using PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 14 female recipients with male grafts demonstrating stable renal function, only one was positive for SRY and DYZ-1 on the Y chromosome. However, SRY and DYZ-1 were found in the urine of four female patients with acute rejection, but these DNA fragments were not detected in 3 of the 4 after anti-rejection therapy. The last patient was referred to hemodialysis. Of 23 recipients of a graft from HLA mismatch donors with stable renal function, DRB1 was negative in 21 (91%). Of 18 patients with acute rejection, DRB1 was positive in 16 (89%) and negative in 2. These DNA fragments were no longer found in 13 patients after anti-rejection therapy. In all patients with drug induced renal dysfunction, donor-derived DNA was negative.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Presence of door specific DNA in the urine of the recipient is strongly associated with acute rejection. Analysis of DNA derived from donor cells in urine was an effective and accurate method for the diagnosis of acute rejection of a renal transplant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, First Hospital, Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China.
authors.forename: Zhihong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Nobuhiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ohkohchi
authors.forename: Hajime
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Okazaki
authors.forename: Yinglu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D004247:DNA / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006650:Histocompatibility Testing; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D018807:Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational; D014019:Tissue Donors
chemical_list: D004247:DNA