title: The cost-effectiveness of policies for the safe and appropriate use of injection in healthcare settings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Poor injection practices transmit potentially life-threatening pathogens. We modelled the cost-effectiveness of policies for the safe and appropriate use of injections in ten epidemiological subregions of the world in terms of cost per disability-adjusted life year (DALY) averted.
  
  
  METHODS
  The incidence of injection-associated hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections was modelled for a year 2000 cohort over a 30-year time horizon. The consequences of a "do nothing" scenario were compared with a set of hypothetical scenarios that incorporated the health gains of effective interventions. Resources needed to implement effective interventions were costed for each subregion and expressed in international dollars (I dollars).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Worldwide, the reuse of injection equipment in the year 2000 accounted for 32%, 40%, and 5% of new HBV, HCV and HIV infections, respectively, leading to a burden of 9.18 million DALYs between 2000 and 2030. Interventions implemented in the year 2000 for the safe (provision of single-use syringes, assumed effectiveness 95%) and appropriate (patients-providers interactional group discussions, assumed effectiveness 30%) use of injections could reduce the burden of injection-associated infections by as much as 96.5% (8.86 million DALYs) for an average yearly cost of 905 million I dollars (average cost per DALY averted, 102; range by region, 14-2293). Attributable fractions and the number of syringes and needles required represented the key sources of uncertainty.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In all subregions studied, each DALY averted through policies for the safe and appropriate use of injections costs considerably less than one year of average per capita income, which makes such policies a sound investment for health care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Blood Safety and Clinical Technology, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dziekan
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chisholm
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Johns
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rovira
authors.forename: Yvan J F
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Hutin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017848:Blood-Borne Pathogens; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004866:Equipment Contamination / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control; D017743:Equipment Reuse / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D014943:Global Health; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission; D006291:Health Policy / Q000191:economics*; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation; D008297:Male; D009339:Needles / Q000191:economics / Q000821:virology; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D013594:Syringes / Q000191:economics / Q000821:virology