title: The association between knee temperature and pain in elders with osteoarthritis of the knee: a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Osteoarthritis is a highly prevalent, disabling condition that causes significant pain and suffering among older adults. Cognitively impaired elders are as susceptible to osteoarthritis as their peers. However, since they have diminished ability to communicate their pain, an alternative method to detect osteoarthritis pain in cognitively impaired elders is urgently needed. Because the late stages of osteoarthritis involve joint inflammation with a mild increase in local temperature, skin surface temperature might reasonably be expected to serve as a proxy measure of osteoarthritis pain. If knee surface temperature could be shown to predict pain in cognitively intact elders, it could be used as a proxy measure of pain for cognitively impaired elders.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test this, the study reported here assessed the relationship between knee surface temperature and pain in cognitively intact elders with osteoarthritis of the knee.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recruited 12 cognitively intact elders with documented osteoarthritis of the knee who lived in retirement apartments. Elders' pain and knee temperature were measured three times on three separate occasions. Osteoarthritis pain of the knee was measured using the Knee Pain Scale and the Western Ontario and McMaster Osteoarthritis Index pain subscale. A YSI Model 4000 Dual Channel Display Telethermometer was used to measure knee temperature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found no significant associations between knee temperature and any of the pain measures used, with one exception. However, body mass index, amount of pain medication used and activity level observed during the interview were significantly related to elders' pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Knee temperature does not appear to predict knee pain in elders with osteoarthritis of the knee. Body mass index, use of pain medication and activity level are better predictors of this.
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor, College of Nursing, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock 72205, USA. tsaipaofeng@exchange.uams.edu
authors.forename: Pao-Feng
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: Iris
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tatom
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001831:Body Temperature; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010865:Pilot Projects; D013696:Temperature