title: The effect of vitamin E on stress-induced changes in visual evoked potentials (VEPs) in rats exposed to different experimental stress models.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of vitamin E on stress-induced changes in visual evoked potentials (VEPs) and lipid peroxidation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight experimental groups of 10 rats per group were formed. These consisted of the control group (C); the group treated with vitamin E (E); groups exposed to cold stress (CS), immobilization stress (IS) and both cold and immobilization stress (CIS), and groups exposed to equivalent stresses and treated with vitamin E (CSE, ISE, CISE). Vitamin E was injected intramuscularly in a dose of 30 mg/kg/day.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Following chronic stress (15 days), plasma corticosterone concentrations in all experimental groups were significantly increased over those in C group. Vitamin E significantly decreased corticosterone levels in all stress groups compared with their respective control groups. Brain nitrite levels were significantly more elevated in all stress groups than in the C group. Vitamin E reduced retina and brain nitrite levels in all stress and E groups compared with their respective control groups. Vitamin E decreased glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in retina and brain tissues in the CSE group, but increased it in the ISE group compared with their respective control groups. Lipid peroxidation was increased in brain and retina tissues in all stress groups as indicated by the significant increase in thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) levels with respect to the C group. Vitamin E produced a significant decrease in brain and retina TBARS levels in all stress groups with respect to their corresponding control groups. The mean latencies of P1, N1, P2, N2 and P3 components were significantly prolonged in all stress groups compared with the C group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vitamin E returned the VEP latencies in the stress groups to control values. Our findings clearly indicated that vitamin E has the potential to prevent VEP changes caused by stress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Arapsuyu, Turkey. piraye@med.akdeniz.edu.tr
authors.forename: Piraye
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yargiçoğlu
authors.forename: Nazmi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yaraş
authors.forename: Aysel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ağar
authors.forename: Saadet
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gümüşlü
authors.forename: Süreyya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bilmen
authors.forename: Gül
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ozkaya
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D003080:Cold Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000097:blood; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual / Q000187:drug effects*; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D007103:Immobilization / Q000009:adverse effects; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D009573:Nitrites / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000378:metabolism; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D009573:Nitrites; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D014810:Vitamin E; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D003345:Corticosterone