title: High-dose sequential chemotherapy and peripheral blood progenitor cell autografting in patients with refractory and/or recurrent Hodgkin lymphoma: a multicenter study of the intergruppo Italiano Linfomi showing prolonged disease free survival in patients treated at first recurrence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of the current study was to evaluate in a multicenter setting the feasibility and efficacy of a high-dose sequential (HDS) chemotherapy regimen that combined intensive debulking and high-dose therapy (HDT) with peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) autografting in patients with refractory or recurrent Hodgkin lymphoma (HL).
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected from 102 patients with HL who were treated with the HDS regimen at 14 centers associated with the Intergruppo Italiano Linfomi. Twenty-four patients had primary refractory HL, 59 patients had their first recurrence of HL (within 1 year in 32 patients and > 1 year in 27 patients), and 19 patients had multiple disease recurrences. The HDS regimen included the sequential delivery of high-dose (hd) cyclophosphamide with PBPC harvesting, methotrexate, etoposide, then HDT (usually hd mitoxantrone plus L-phenylalanine mustard) with PBPC autografting. In addition, radiotherapy was delivered to 36 patients at sites of bulky or persistent disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-two patients (90%) completed the HDS program. There were five toxic deaths (treatment-related mortality rate, 4.9%) and six secondary malignan cies (five patients developed myelodysplastic syndrome/acute myelogenous leukemia, and one patient developed colorectal carcinoma). At a median follow-up of 5 years, the 5-year overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) projections were 64% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 54-74%) and 53% (95% CI, 43-63%), respectively. Patients with their first recurrence had the most favorable outcome, with 5-year OS and EFS projections of 77% (95% CI, 66-88%) and 63% (95% CI, 50-76%), respectively. There were no significant differences between patients with early first recurrence and late first recurrence. The poorest outcome was observed in patients with refractory HL, with 5-year OS and EFS projections of 36% (95% CI, 16-55%) and 33% (95% CI, 14-52%), respectively. Patients who received HDS chemotherapy after multiple recurrences had an intermediate outcome. Multivariate analysis showed that refractory disease and systemic symptoms at the time of initial presentation were associated significantly associated with poor OS and EFS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of HDS chemotherapy for patients with refractory and/or recurrent HL is feasible at the multicenter level. The combination of intensive debulking and HDT with PBPC autografting offers a good chance of prolonged disease free survival for patients with their first recurrence of HL.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento Medicina-Oncologia Sperimentale, Divisione Universitaria di Ematologia, Torino, Italy. corrado.tarella@unito.it
authors.forename: Corrado
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tarella
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cuttica
authors.forename: Umberto
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Vitolo
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liberati
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Di Nicola
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cortelazzo
authors.forename: Rosalba
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rosato
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rosanelli
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Di Renzo
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Musso
authors.forename: Enzo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pavone
authors.forename: Gino
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Santini
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pescarollo
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Crescenzo
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Federico
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gallamini
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pregno
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Romano
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Coser
authors.forename: Eugenio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gallo
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boccadoro
authors.forename: Tiziano
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Barbui
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pileri
authors.forename: Alessandro M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Gianni
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Levis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005047:Etoposide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; D006689:Hodgkin Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008558:Melphalan / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008875:Middle Aged; D008942:Mitoxantrone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011379:Prognosis; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D005047:Etoposide; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D008942:Mitoxantrone; D008558:Melphalan; D008727:Methotrexate