title: Hox proteins functionally cooperate with the GC box-binding protein system through distinct domains.
abstract: Hox genes encode a transcriptional factor that plays a key role in regulating position-specific cartilage pattern formation. We found that Hoxa-13 and Hoxd-13, which are members of the Abd-B subfamily of Hox genes and are crucial for the autopod development of the limb, stimulate transcription from the Bmp-4 promoter. This stimulation was dependent on the GC box within the promoter and independent of the putative Hox protein binding site. The stimulation by HoxA-13 was remarkably enhanced by cotransfection with members of a family of zinc finger GC box binding transcriptional factors including Sp1. The stimulation was suppressed by another Abd-B Hox protein, HoxA-11, indicating that each Abd-B Hox protein has a different effect on the target genes through the Sp1 system. We have identified multiple functional domains involved in transcriptional regulation, including three independent transcriptional activation domains (ADs) in HoxA-13. AD1 and AD3 in helices 1 and 2 of the homeodomain individually cooperate with Sp1-dependent stimulation. The homeodomain is also required for cooperation of the AD with Sp1. By contrast, AD2 strongly activates transcription in an Sp1-independent manner only when the homeodomain has been removed. These observations indicate that HoxA-13 regulates transcription through multiple pathways. In addition, we found that a helix 3 mutation of the HoxA-13 homeodomain behaves as a dominant negative form.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.
authors.forename: Mitsuko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Naoto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ueno
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kuroiwa
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D002645:Chickens; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000378:metabolism; D005799:Genes, Dominant; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D051379:Mice; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008957:Models, Genetic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D010957:Plasmids / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011485:Protein Binding; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D016335:Zinc Fingers
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; C084118:Hoxd13 protein, mouse; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; C120370:ZNF281 protein, human; C099959:homeobox protein HOXA13