title: Screening for simian foamy virus infection by using a combined antigen Western blot assay: evidence for a wide distribution among Old World primates and identification of four new divergent viruses.
abstract: Simian foamy viruses (SFVs) belong to a genetically and antigenically diverse class of retroviruses that naturally infect a wide range of nonhuman primates (NHPs) and can also be transmitted to humans occupationally exposed to NHPs. Current serologic detection of SFV infection requires separate Western blot (WB) testing by using two different SFV antigens [SFV(AGM) (African green monkey) and SFV(CPZ) (chimpanzee)]. However, this method is labor intensive and validation is limited to only small numbers of NHPs. To facilitate serologic SFV testing, we developed a WB assay that combines antigens from both SFV(AGM) and SFV(CPZ). The combined-antigen WB (CA-WB) assay was validated with 145 serum samples from 129 NHPs (32 African and Asian species) and 16 humans, all with known SFV infection status determined by PCR. Concordant CA-WB results were obtained for all 145 PCR-positive or -negative primate and human specimens, giving the assay a 100% sensitivity and specificity. In addition, no reactivity was observed in sera from persons positive for human immunodeficiency virus or human T cell lymphotropic virus (HIV/HTLV) (n = 25) or HIV/HTLV-negative U.S. blood donors (n = 100). Using the CA-WB assay, we screened 360 sera from 43 Old World primate species and found an SFV prevalence of about 68% in both African and Asian primates. We also isolated SFV from the blood of four seropositive primates (Allenopithecus nigroviridis, Trachypithecus françoisi, Hylobates pileatus, and H. leucogenys) not previously known to be infected with SFV. Phylogenetic analysis of integrase sequences from these isolates confirmed that all four SFVs represent new, distinct, and highly divergent lineages. These results demonstrate the ability of the CA-WB assay to detect infection in a large number of NHP species, including previously uncharacterized infections with divergent SFVs.
authors.affiliation: HIV and Retrovirology Branch, Division of AIDS, STD, and TB Laboratory Research, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
authors.forename: Althaf I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.forename: Vedapuri
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Shanmugam
authors.forename: Vinod B
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: Bhullar
authors.forename: Brigitte E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Beer
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vallet
authors.forename: Annie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gautier-Hion
authors.forename: Nathan D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Wolfe
authors.forename: William B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Karesh
authors.forename: Annelisa M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kilbourn
authors.forename: Zeena
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tooze
authors.forename: Walid
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Heneine
authors.forename: William M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Switzer
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000276:immunology; D018420:Ape Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000821:virology; D001208:Asia; D015153:Blotting, Western / Q000379:methods*; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D006801:Humans; D019426:Integrases / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D008992:Monkey Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000821:virology; D002679:Pan troglodytes; D011323:Primates / Q000821:virology*; D012192:Retroviridae Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D016092:Spumavirus / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D000956:Antigens, Viral; D019426:Integrases