title: Opioids, cocaine, and food change runtime distribution in a rat runway procedure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The nature of the relationship between the dose of a drug of abuse and its reinforcing effect has come under close scrutiny. It is currently debated if the steep ascending part of the biphasic dose-response curve typically obtained in multiple-dosing lever-press-based operant conditioning procedures represents a satiety-driven, all-or-none response or if the response is gradual and tightly adjusted to the various doses of the reinforcer.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Dose-response relationships of drug reinforcers (remifentanil, alfentanil, morphine, cocaine) as well as a physiological reinforcer, i.e. food (sweetened condensed milk) were investigated in a different operant conditioning paradigm, i.e. a runway procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Administration of the mu opioid receptor agonists remifentanil (0.0032-0.1 mg/kg IV), alfentanil (0.032 mg/kg IV), morphine (0.032-1 mg/kg IV), the psychostimulant cocaine (0.001-0.1 mg/kg IV) or sweetened condensed milk (diluted 1:100-1:3 in water) was made contingent upon alley running for male Sprague-Dawley rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All drug reinforcers dose-dependently decreased runtimes and, more importantly, significantly increased the percentage of runs at a certain speed (> or =10 cm/s) from an average 29% to an average 71% (water versus milk, 22% versus 83%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both drug- and food reinforcers produced a discontinuous, qualitative change in the rats' operant behavior rather than a simple gradual increase along a continuum, an effect that could be seen clearly only after a histogram analysis of runtime distribution.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurochemistry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Gudrun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wakonigg
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sturm
authors.forename: Alois
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saria
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zernig
mesh_terms: D015760:Alfentanil / Q000494:pharmacology; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D003042:Cocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D008297:Male; D008892:Milk; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu / Q000819:agonists; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D000077208:Remifentanil
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D010880:Piperidines; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu; D015760:Alfentanil; D009020:Morphine; D003042:Cocaine; D000077208:Remifentanil