title: Depsipeptide (FR901228) inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in primary and metastatic human uveal melanoma cell lines.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary malignant ocular tumor in adults. No effective chemotherapy regimens are available for either intraocular or metastatic uveal melanoma. Therefore, the ability of the histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs), depsipeptide, sodium butyrate (NaB) and trichostatin A (TSA), to induce apoptosis and inhibit cell growth of UM cell lines in vitro was examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three primary and two metastatic UM cell lines were treated in vitro with different concentrations of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs). Cell proliferation was studied in 24-well plates. Induction of apoptosis was studied by flow cytometry. Changes in gene expression of Fas/FasL, p21(Waf/Cip1), and p27(Kip1) were studied by RT-PCR. Western blot analysis was used to study histone acetylation, Fas/FasL, p21(Waf/Cip1), p27(Kip1) and caspase-3 protein levels. Real-time PCR was used to study changes in bcl-2/bax gene expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A dose-dependent increase in histone acetylation was observed in all cell lines. This corresponded to significant inhibition of cell growth and induction of apoptosis in all melanoma cell lines in a concentration-dependent manner. Western blot analysis revealed dose-dependent increases in the amount of caspase-3, Fas/FasL, p21(Waf/Cip1), and p27(Kip1) proteins. However, no changes in bcl-2/bax gene expression were detected by real-time PCR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HDACIs are potent inhibitors of primary and metastatic UM cell growth in vitro. The apoptosis is probably mediated through the Fas/FasL signaling pathway, whereas bcl-2 appears not to be involved. These data support further clinical evaluation of depsipeptide and other HDACIs in patients with primary and metastatic UM.
authors.affiliation: William H Havener Eye Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA. dklisovic@columbus.rr.com
authors.forename: Dino D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Klisovic
authors.forename: Steven E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Effron
authors.forename: Marko I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Klisovic
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wickham
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Parthun
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guimond
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marcucci
mesh_terms: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002087:Butyrates / Q000494:pharmacology; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D016213:Cyclins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D047630:Depsipeptides; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D053222:Fas Ligand Protein; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006801:Humans; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D008545:Melanoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014604:Uveal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D019014:fas Receptor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; C494826:BAX protein, human; D002087:Butyrates; C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D047630:Depsipeptides; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; C505661:FASLG protein, human; D053222:Fas Ligand Protein; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D019014:fas Receptor; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; C012589:trichostatin A; C087123:romidepsin; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases