title: Membrane bioreactors for treating waste streams.
abstract: Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) have a number of advantages for treating wastewater containing large quantities of BOD. This paper reviews the inherent advantages of an MBR, which include high potential biomass loadings, lower sludge yields, and retention of specialized organisms that may not settle well in clarifiers. A major problem in effluent treatment occurs when mixed inorganic and organic wastes occur with high concentrations of pollutants. Inorganics that might cause extremes of pH and/or salinity will inhibit microbial growth and only specialized organisms can survive under these conditions. Refractory organics are only biodegraded with difficulty by specialized organisms, which usually do not resist the extreme inorganic environments. The use of membrane bioreactors to help separate the micro-organisms from the inorganic compounds, yet permit the organics to permeate, has been developed in two different designs that are outlined in this paper. The use of membrane contactors in a multimembrane stripping system to treat acidic chlorinated wastes is proposed and discussed.
authors.affiliation: University of Bath, Bath, UK. j.a.howell@bath.ac.uk
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Howell
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Arnot
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D018533:Biomass; D019149:Bioreactors; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D012722:Sewage; D013997:Time Factors; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D012722:Sewage