title: The effect of oxidative stress inhibition with trimetazidine on the peritoneal alterations induced by hypertonic peritoneal dialysis solution.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic peritoneal dialysis (PD) can result in several peritoneal alterations of varying degree, which lead to progressive reduction in dialytic efficacy. Although its pathogenesis has not been clarified yet, it has been proposed that high glucose induced oxidative stress generation within the peritoneal membrane plays an important role in leading to membrane alterations. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of oxidative stress inhibition on peritoneal alterations induced by hypertonic PD solutions in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  The rats were divided into three groups receiving no treatment (the control group), hypertonic PD solution intraperitoneally (ip) only (the hypertonic dextrose group) and hypertonic PD solution ip plus trimetazidine (TMZ) orally (TMZ group). After 4 weeks, a one-hour peritoneal equilibration test (PET) was performed. Dialysate-to-plasma urea ratio (D/P urea), glucose reabsorption (D(1)/D(0) glucose), ultrafiltration volume (UF) and the level of dialysate protein were determined. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were investigated in the peritoneal tissue lysates. The peritoneal membrane was evaluated histologically by light microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to the control group, peritoneal function tests (UF: 3.6 +/- 0.4 vs. 1.2 +/- 0.6 mL, D/P urea: 0.57 +/- 0.03 vs. 0.76 +/- 0.04, D(1)/D(0) glucose: 0.46 +/- 0.02 vs. 0.33 +/- 0.05) and morphology (thickness: 4.4 +/- 0.5 vs. 61 +/- 14 micro m and neovascularisation: 0.2 +/- 0.4 vs 2.4 +/- 0.8 number/field) were dramatically altered in the hypertonic PD solution-treated rats. Likewise, higher levels of VEGF, MDA and decreased activity of GPx were determined in the hypertonic PD solution-treated rats. Although peritoneal thickness (37 +/- 17 micro m) was not completely decreased, peritoneal functions were protected in the TMZ group (UF: 4.0 +/- 0.4 mL, D/P urea: 0.62 +/- 0.06, D(1)/D(0) glucose: 0.43 +/- 0.02). In the TMZ group, MDA and VEGF levels and neoangiogenesis were significantly less than those of the hypertonic dextrose group. In addition, GPx activity significantly increased in the TMZ group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrated that not only generating oxidative stress but also attenuating antioxidative system and high glucose concentration can cause structural and functional alterations within the peritoneal membrane. TMZ can preserve these alterations by inhibiting the oxidative stress within the peritoneal membrane.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Firat University School of Medicine, 23200 Elazig, Turkey. igunal@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Ali Ihsan
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Günal
authors.forename: Huseyin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Celiker
authors.forename: Bilal
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ustundag
authors.forename: Nusret
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Akpolat
authors.forename: Ayhan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dogukan
authors.forename: Fehmi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Akcicek
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015314:Dialysis Solutions / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000032:analysis; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000032:analysis; D006982:Hypertonic Solutions / Q000494:pharmacology; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000032:analysis; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis; D010537:Peritoneum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011336:Probability; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012016:Reference Values; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014292:Trimetazidine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015314:Dialysis Solutions; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D006982:Hypertonic Solutions; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008222:Lymphokines; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D014292:Trimetazidine