title: Exfoliative rejection after intestinal transplantation in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Graft rejection is the most significant cause of allograft failure after intestinal transplantation (ITx). Severity can vary and is based on histologic criteria, the most extreme form being exfoliation of the mucosa. We present the characteristics and outcome of children who developed exfoliative rejection (ER) after ITx.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between June 1990 and March 2002, 88 patients received 92 ITx which included isolated small bowel (SB, n = 26), combined liver-small bowel (LSB, n = 54), and multivisceral MV n = 12) allografts performed under tacrolimus and steroid immunosuppresson. ER was diagnosed by endoscopy and confirmed by biopsy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen (15%) of 88 patients developed 15 episodes of ER in 15 intestinal allografts, and included SB (n = 8), LSB (n = 5), and MV (n = 2). Time to ER after ITx ranged from 9 days to 45.5 months (median 22 days). Eight episodes of ER developed within 1 month after ITx. Ten episodes of ER were exacerbations of prior rejection. Five episodes occurred abruptly. All but one received OKT3. Fourteen of 15 allografts were lost; six patients underwent allograft enterectomy acutely as a salvage operation because of ER. The remainder of the allografts were either removed or lost to patient death as a consequence to infection or chronic rejection after resolution of ER. Retransplantation was performed in three patients, with subsequent recurrence of ER in two retransplanted allografts. Inclusion of a liver allograft was a protective factor toward decreasing the incidence of ER. The results of cross-matching, inclusion of a colonic segment, and simultaneous bone marrow infusion did not affect the incidence of ER. Infectious complications included post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (n = 4), cytomegalovirus (n = 5), and adenovirus infection (n = 2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exfoliative rejection is associated with a high morbidity and mortality after ITx. Strategies to improve survival may include up front anti-lymphocyte antibody therapy and, when fail to respond promptly and satisfactorily, early intestinal allograft removal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Transplant Surgery, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Tomohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishii
authors.forename: George V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Mazariegos
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bueno
authors.forename: Susumu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ohwada
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reyes
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000473:pathology; D007422:Intestines / Q000637:transplantation*; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012086:Reoperation; D013997:Time Factors; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents