title: Transgenic mice expressing recombinant human protein C exhibit defects in lactation and impaired mammary gland development.
abstract: To determine if the production of recombinant human protein C (rHPC) could be increased in milk, we created two lines of mice homozygous for the mouse whey acidic protein (WAP)/human protein C (HPC) transgene. Females of both lines had normal growth, activity and fertility, but failed to lactate normally and were unable to raise litters. Histological analyses of mammary glands from lactating homozygous females showed barely distended alveoli filled with dense-staining milk. Epithelial cells within these alveoli had distinct, centrally located nuclei and contained intracellular lipid droplets. Hemizygous animals derived from these lines were able to lactate and raised normal sized litters. Northern blot analysis showed that the 6.4 homozygous (6.4H) line expressed the transgene at higher levels then corresponding hemizygous (6.4) animals, but the 4.2 homozygous (4.2H) line expressed the transgene at lower levels than the 4.2 hemizygous line. The 6.4H line also had increased rHPC levels in the milk as revealed by western blot analysis. The 4.2H, 6.4, and 6.4H lines showed decreased and/or delayed expression of WAP, beta-casein, and alpha-lactalbumin mRNA's compared to wild type animals during lactogenesis. The 4.2 line showed decreased mRNA expression for beta-casein and alpha-lactalbumin, but normal or higher expression of WAP during lactogenesis. Elevated levels of some proteins were detected in the milk of transgenic mice. From these results, it is concluded that expression of rHPC induced a lactational phenotype that involves abnormal morphological, biochemical, and functional differentiation of mammary epithelial cells. However, the induction of this phenotype does not appear to be directly related to the level of rHPC mRNA expression, thus suggesting that the basis of this phenotype may involve secondary, rather than primary, effects of rHPC on mammary gland development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA. carol.palmer@uchsc.edu
authors.forename: Carol A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: Henryk
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lubon
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: McManaman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005260:Female; D006720:Homozygote; D006801:Humans; D007774:Lactation; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development*; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D010641:Phenotype; D011486:Protein C / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D019076:Transgenes
chemical_list: D011486:Protein C; D011994:Recombinant Proteins