title: Survey of the use of suction drains in head and neck surgery and analysis of their biomechanical properties.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Closed suction drains have an important role in surgical wound healing. Although most surgeons use them routinely, indications for use and their postoperative management (emptying, removal) vary. The purpose of this study was to assess drain use by head and neck surgeons in Canada, to conduct a biomechanical analysis of the drains in a laboratory setting, and to make recommendations for drain use and management.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey was mailed to 343 active members of the Canadian Society of Otolaryngology. Three sets of experimental trials were conducted on the most commonly used drains to assess the effect of increased reservoir filling on suction generated through (1) incrementally increasing the amount of fluid within the reservoir, (2) compression of the reservoir with no fluid within, and (3) compression with the reservoirs while filled to 25% capacity with fluid.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A 41% response rate was obtained. It was found that the majority of head and neck surgeons in Canada use Hemovac and Jackson-Pratt drainage systems routinely. There is considerable variability in practice with regard to drain emptying and timing of removal. Experimental results indicate that as filling of the reservoir increases, suction generated decreases sharply, to between 13 and 20% of initial values at 50% capacity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Postoperative drain management has important implications in surgical wound healing. Drain reservoirs should be monitored frequently to ensure adequate compression, particularly in the first 24 hours after insertion. Anticipated volume of drainage should dictate in part which reservoir is chosen. A larger reservoir is preferable in most cases. Drains should be removed promptly to decrease the risk of wound contamination.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Dalhousie University/QE II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Toews
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prince
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002170:Canada; D006257:Head / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D019538:Health Care Surveys / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D009333:Neck / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D010036:Otolaryngology / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011182:Postoperative Care; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013396:Suction / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013997:Time Factors; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology