title: The role of gadolinium enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for children with suspected acute pyelonephritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The diagnosis of pyelonephritis is primarily clinical. However, the history and physical findings can be confusing in children, leading to adjunctive nuclear renal cortical scintigraphic studies (99mtechnetium dimercapto-succinic acid [DMSA]) to confirm the diagnosis. Nonetheless, ambiguity occurs when differentiating between acute pyelonephritis and chronic scarring. We report our initial experience with gadolinium enhanced inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to diagnose acute pyelonephritis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine patients 7 months to 18 years old (mean age 81 months) underwent MRI to confirm radiographically a clinical suspicion of acute pyelonephritis. All patients had at least 1 prior episode of clinical pyelonephritis. Data were collected to determine whether acute pyelonephritic changes could be differentiated from chronic pyelonephritis on the basis of MRI characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 9 patients 4 were identified as having acute pyelonephritis on MRI (persistently high signal intensity after gadolinium), 2 demonstrated evidence of postpyelonephritic scar (parenchymal loss without change in signal intensity), 1 had evidence of acute pyelonephritis and chronic changes, and 2 had a completely normal examination (decreased signal intensity after gadolinium). At our institution the billable cost of MRI to the patient is $1,329, while the billable cost of 99mtechnetium DMSA is $1,459. All patients younger than 6 years required intravenous sedation for MRI, whereas 70% of those younger than 6 years require intravenous sedation for DMSA scanning at our institution. MRI provided greater anatomical detail regarding the renal architecture without radiation exposure, and allowed the unambiguous diagnosis of acute versus chronic pyelonephritis scar in a 1-time (versus often multipart for DMSA) imaging study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In cases where adjunctive imaging studies are useful to make a diagnosis gadolinium enhanced inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging allows the detection of acute pyelonephritis rapidly, cost-effectively and safely in the pediatric population.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Urology, Schneider Children's Hospital/Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Adam C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Weiser
authors.forename: Samuel A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Amukele
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Leonidas
authors.forename: Lane S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Palmer
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002921:Cicatrix / Q000175:diagnosis; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000191:economics; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000191:economics; D008297:Male; D011704:Pyelonephritis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D005682:Gadolinium