title: Screening for asymptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis and aneurysm of the abdominal aorta: comparing the yield between patients with manifest atherosclerosis and patients with risk factors for atherosclerosis only.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate whether screening for internal carotid artery stenosis (ICAS) and aneurysm of the abdominal aorta (AAA) is indicated in patients with either manifest atherosclerotic disease or with only risk factors for atherosclerosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained for 2274 patients enrolled in the SMART study, an ongoing single-center, prospective cohort study of patients referred to our vascular center with manifest atherosclerotic disease (peripheral atherosclerotic disease [PAD]; transient ischemic attack [TIA], stroke, or ICAS; AAA; angina pectoris; or myocardial infarction [MI]) or with only risk factors for atherosclerosis (diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia). The presence of ICAS or AAA was determined with duplex scanning and ultrasonography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of ICAS 70% or greater is low in patients with risk factors for atherosclerosis only (1.8%-2.3%), intermediate in patients with angina pectoris or MI (3.1%), and highest in patients with PAD (12.5%) or AAA (8.8%). The prevalence of AAA 3 cm or larger is low in patients with risk factors for atherosclerosis only (0.4-1.6%), intermediate in patients with angina pectoris or MI (2.6%), and highest in patients with PAD (6.5%) or TIA, stroke, or ICAS (6.5%). The prevalence of AAA larger than 5 cm is low in all of the considered patient groups. The yield of screening can be optimized through selection on the basis of simple patient characteristics. In patients with PAD, selecting those with advanced age (>54 years) increased the prevalence of ICAS to 21.8%. Selecting patients with lower diastolic blood pressure (<83 mm Hg) increased the prevalence of ICAS to 17.9%. In patients with both advanced age and lower diastolic blood pressure, the prevalence of ICAS increased to 34.7%. Selecting patients with advanced age increased the prevalence of AAA 3 cm or larger to 9.6%. In patients with TIA, stroke, or ICAS, selecting those with advanced age increased the prevalence of AAA 3 cm or larger to 8.2%. Selecting patients with taller stature (>169 cm) increased the prevalence of AAA 3 cm or larger to 9.3%. In patients with advanced age and taller stature, the prevalence of AAA 3 cm or larger increased to 13.1%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Screening for ICAS should be limited to patients referred with PAD or AAA, especially those with advanced age or with low diastolic blood pressure. Screening for AAA should be limited to patients referred with PAD or with TIA, stroke, or ICAS, particularly those with advanced age or tall stature. In patients referred with angina pectoris or MI and those referred with only risk factors for atherosclerosis, screening cannot be endorsed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: H A J M
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Kurvers
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: van der Graaf
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Blankensteijn
authors.forename: F L J
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Visseren
authors.forename: B  C
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Eikelboom
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017544:Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014463:Ultrasonography