Mammalian transforming growth factor beta1 activated after ingestion by Anopheles stephensi modulates mosquito immunity.
During the process of bloodfeeding by Anopheles stephensi, mammalian latent transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) is ingested and activated rapidly in the mosquito midgut. Activation may involve heme and nitric oxide (NO), agents released in the midgut during blood digestion and catalysis of L-arginine oxidation by A. stephensi NO synthase (AsNOS). Active TGF-beta1 persists in the mosquito midgut to extended times postingestion and is recognized by mosquito cells as a cytokine. In a manner analogous to the regulation of vertebrate inducible NO synthase and malaria parasite (Plasmodium) infection in mammals by TGF-beta1, TGF-beta1 regulates AsNOS expression and Plasmodium development in A. stephensi. Together, these observations indicate that, through conserved immunological cross talk, mammalian and mosquito immune systems interface with each other to influence the cycle of Plasmodium development.
Luckhart
Shirley
S
Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061, USA. luckhart@vt.edu
Crampton
Andrea L
AL
Zamora
Ruben
R
Lieber
Matthew J
MJ
Dos Santos
Patricia C
PC
Peterson
Tina M L
TM
Emmith
Nicole
N
Lim
Junghwa
J
Wink
David A
DA
Vodovotz
Yoram
Y
D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000276:immunology* / Q000469:parasitology*; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D008288:Malaria / Q000635:transmission; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010396:Penicillamine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000254:growth & development*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000502:physiology*; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1
C110881:S-nitro-N-acetylpenicillamine; C508960:TGFB1 protein, human; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D010396:Penicillamine