title: Media warnings about environmental pollution facilitate the acquisition of symptoms in response to chemical substances.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies showed that somatic symptoms can be acquired in response to chemical substances using an associative learning paradigm, but only when the substance was foul smelling and not when it smelled pleasant. In this study, we investigated whether warnings about environmental pollution would facilitate acquiring symptoms, regardless of the pleasantness of the smell.
  
  
  METHODS
  One group received prior information framing the study in the context of the rapidly increasing chemical pollution of our environment. Another group received no prior information. Conditional odor stimuli (CS) were diluted ammonia (foul-smelling) and niaouli (neutral-positive smelling); the unconditional stimulus (UCS) was 10% CO2-enriched air. Each subject breathed one odor mixed with CO2 and a control odor mixed with air in 80-sec breathing trials. The type of odor mixed with CO2 was counterbalanced across participants. Next, the same breathing trials were administered without CO2. Breathing behavior was measured during each trial; subjective symptoms were assessed after each trial.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only participants who had been given warnings about environmental pollution reported more symptoms to the odor that had previously been associated with CO2, compared with the control odor. This was so for both the foul- and the pleasant-smelling odor. Symptom learning did not occur in the group that did not receive warnings. The elevated symptom level could not be accounted for by altered respiratory behavior, nor by experimental demand effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Raising environmental awareness through warnings about chemical pollution facilitates learning of subjective health symptoms in response to chemical substances.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Winnie
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Winters
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Devriese
authors.forename: Ilse
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Van Diest
authors.forename: Benoit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nemery
authors.forename: Hendrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Veulemans
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Eelen
authors.forename: Karel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Van de Woestijne
authors.forename: Omer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Van den Bergh
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000388:Air; D000641:Ammonia / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001143:Arousal; D001245:Association Learning; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D003214:Conditioning, Classical; D003463:Cues; D003469:Culture; D004348:Drug Labeling; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000523:psychology; D004787:Environmental Pollution; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D031650:Melaleuca; D018777:Multiple Chemical Sensitivity / Q000523:psychology*; D009812:Odorants; D010174:Pamphlets; D010292:Paresthesia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000523:psychology; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D000641:Ammonia