title: p16(INK4a) induces differentiation and apoptosis in erythroid lineage cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hematopoiesis is regulated by proliferation, differentiation, and death. p16(INK4a) has been reported to regulate apoptosis and differentiation of diverse cells, as well as arresting the cell cycle at G1 phase. The aim of this study is to explore the properties of p16 in apoptosis and differentiation of erythroid cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  We transfected the INK4a gene to K562 cells, which defect the INK4a gene, and compared the effect of enforced expression of p16(INK4a) with that of various additives, topoisomerase I inhibitor (SN 38), interferon-alpha, phosphatidyl-inositol-3 kinase inhibitor (LY294002), and serum deprivation, which arrest cell cycle at different phases. We also investigated the role of p16(INK4a) in normal day-6 human erythroid colony-forming cells by transfecting the INK4a gene.
  
  
  RESULTS
  p16(INK4a) induced cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase, and promoted erythroid differentiation in viable K562 cells, but induced apoptosis in K562 cells with incomplete differentiation. The apoptosis induced by p16 was accompanied with downregulation of bcl-x and nuclear NF-kappaB. These findings were not observed in K562 cells treated with various additives. p16(INK4a) decreased the cell viability and promoted apoptosis in day-9 ECFC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We propose that p16(INK4a) plays a role in maintaining homeostasis during erythroid differentiation, and that the mechanisms for this effect are not confined to those inducing cell cycle arrest.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Rumi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Minami
authors.forename: Koichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Muta
authors.forename: Tukuru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Umemura
authors.forename: Seiichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Motomura
authors.forename: Yasunobu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.forename: Junji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: Hajime
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nawata
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D002455:Cell Division; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000502:physiology*; D004920:Erythropoiesis; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D020014:K562 Cells; D008840:Microfilament Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000032:analysis; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense / Q000494:pharmacology; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000032:analysis; D014162:Transfection; D051020:bcl-X Protein
chemical_list: C494811:BCL2L1 protein, human; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D008840:Microfilament Proteins; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; C058992:Tagln protein, mouse; D051020:bcl-X Protein