title: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that compared neoadjuvant chemoradiation and surgery to surgery alone for resectable esophageal cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Esophagectomy is a standard treatment for resectable esophageal cancer but relatively few patients are cured. Combining neoadjuvant chemoradiation with surgery may improve survival but treatment morbidity is a concern. We performed a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared the use of neoadjuvant chemoradiation and surgery with the use of surgery alone for esophageal cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medline and manual searches were done to identify all published RCTs that compared neoadjuvant chemoradiation and surgery with surgery alone for esophageal cancer. A random-effects model was used and the odds ratio (OR) was the principal measure of effect. Systematic quantitative review was done for outcomes unique to the neoadjuvant chemoradiation treatment group, such as pathological complete response.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine RCTs that included 1,116 patients were selected with quality scores ranging from 1 to 3 (5-point Jadad scale). Odds ratio (95% confidence interval [CI]; P value), expressed as chemoradiation and surgery versus surgery alone (treatment versus control; values <1 favor chemoradiation-surgery arm), was 0.79 (0.59, 1.06; P = 0.12) for 1-year survival, 0.77 (0.56, 1.05; P = 0.10) for 2-year survival, 0.66 (0.47, 0.92; P = 0.016) for 3-year survival, 2.50 (1.05, 5.96; P = 0.038) for rate of resection, 0.53 (0.33, 0.84; P = 0.007) for rate of complete resection, 1.72 (0.96, 3.07; P = 0.07) for operative mortality, 1.63 (0.99, 2.68; P = 0.053) for all treatment mortality, 0.38 (0.23, 0.63; P = 0.0002) for local-regional cancer recurrence, 0.88 (0.55, 1.41; P = 0.60) for distant cancer recurrence, and 0.47 (0.16, 1.45; P = 0.19) for all cancer recurrence. A complete pathological response to chemoradiation occurred in 21% of patients. The 3-year survival benefit was most pronounced when chemotherapy and radiotherapy were given concurrently (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.26 to 0.79, P = 0.005) instead of sequentially (OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.54 to 1.25, P = 0.36).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with surgery alone, neoadjuvant chemoradiation and surgery improved 3-year survival and reduced local-regional cancer recurrence. It was associated with a lower rate of esophageal resection, but a higher rate of complete (R0) resection. There was a nonsignificant trend toward increased treatment mortality with neoadjuvant chemoradiation. Concurrent administration of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy was superior to sequential chemoradiation treatment scheduling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. jurschel@caregroup.harvard.edu
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Urschel
authors.forename: Hari
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vasan
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D016629:Esophagectomy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000517:prevention & control; D016017:Odds Ratio; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant / Q000379:methods*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents