title: Videofluoroscopic swallow studies in unilateral cricopharyngeal dysfunction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although the cricopharyngeus muscle is a ring-like structure, unilateral cricopharyngeal dysfunction can produce significant dysphagia. This entity has not been well described in the literature. The aims of the study were to identify the characteristic findings on videofluoroscopic swallow studies in patients with dysphagia secondary to unilateral cricopharyngeal dysfunction, to note the associated vagal nerve injury, and to evaluate patient outcomes following ipsilateral cricopharyngeal myotomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective clinical investigation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The clinic charts, electromyographic tests, videostroboscopic examinations, and videofluoroscopic swallow studies were reviewed from a series of patients who presented to our institution from 1993 to 2001 with dysphagia and findings on videofluoroscopic swallow studies suggestive of unilateral cricopharyngeal dysfunction on posterior-anterior view. In patients treated with ipsilateral cricopharyngeal myotomy, postoperative findings on swallow studies and patient outcomes were also reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen patients demonstrated findings characteristic of unilateral cricopharyngeal muscle dysfunction on videofluoroscopic swallow study. The common feature was a unilateral shelf-like barrier at the cricopharyngeus on the posterior-anterior view with pooling of liquid bolus in the ipsilateral pyriform sinus and episodic shunting to the contralateral side. Eight patients did not have evidence of cricopharyngeal dysfunction (ie, cricopharyngeal bar) on lateral films. Of the 18 patients, 14 had histories consistent with vagal injury secondary to trauma (n = 2), neoplastic involvement (n = 7), iatrogenic injury (n = 2), or central nervous system disease (n = 3). Results of videostroboscopic examinations demonstrated vocal fold motion impairment in 14 patients, and electromyographic test results confirmed unilateral vagal injuries in those who underwent electromyographic testing (n = 6). In the remaining 4 of 18 patients, videostroboscopic examinations demonstrated normal vocal fold abduction but impaired lengthening with a posterior glottic gap, and electromyographic test results (n = 4) indicated unilateral superior laryngeal nerve involvement. Of the 15 patients treated with ipsilateral cricopharyngeal myotomy, 1 patient required postoperative esophageal dilations for an esophageal stricture distal to the cricopharyngeus, whereas the remaining 14 patients had functional resolution of their dysphagia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients presenting with dysphagia and evidence of unilateral vagal injury, careful assessment of posterior-anterior view on videofluoroscopic swallow study should be included to evaluate for unilateral cricopharyngeal dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology and Communicative Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226, USA.
authors.forename: Stacey L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Halum
authors.forename: Albert L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Merati
authors.forename: Judith I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Kulpa
authors.forename: Susan K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Danielson
authors.forename: Safwan S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Jaradeh
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Toohill
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010609:Pharyngeal Muscles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000294:innervation / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000503:physiopathology; D020421:Vagus Nerve Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D061223:Vagus Nerve Injuries; D014741:Video Recording