title: Absence of the kdr mutation in the molecular 'M' form suggests different pyrethroid resistance mechanisms in the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles gambiae s.s.
abstract: Field tests conducted on adult Anopheles mosquitoes using standard WHO procedures, diagnostic kits and test papers in south-western Nigeria showed pyrethroid (deltamethrin and permethrin) resistance in adult populations of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto. The knock-down resistance (kdr) mutation involved in pyrethroid resistance was only found in the molecular S form of An. gambiae s.s. even in area where both molecular M and S forms occurred in sympatry. The absence of the kdr mutation in the M form suggests an additional pyrethroid resistance mechanism in An. gambiae s.s.
authors.affiliation: Public Health Division, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria. awololas@hotmail.com
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Awolola
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Brooke
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Koekemoer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Coetzee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D007305:Insecticide Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008288:Malaria / Q000635:transmission; D009032:Mosquito Control; D009154:Mutation; D009570:Nitriles; D026023:Permethrin / Q000494:pharmacology; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D009570:Nitriles; D011722:Pyrethrins; C017180:decamethrin; D026023:Permethrin