title: Microsatellite DNA polymorphism of human adrenomedullin gene in type 2 diabetic patients with renal failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adrenomedullin (AM) is a hypotensive peptide widely produced in the cardiovascular organs and tissues such as the heart, kidney, and the vascular cells. We have previously cloned and sequenced the genomic DNA encoding human AM gene, and determined that the gene is located in the short arm of chromosome 11. The 3'-end of the gene is flanked by the microsatellite marker of cytosine adenine (CA) repeats. In this study, we investigated the association between DNA variations in AM gene and the predisposition to develop nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Genomic DNA was obtained from the peripheral leukocytes of 233 normal healthy subjects (NH), 139 type 2 diabetic patients on hemodialysis (DM-HD), 106 control patients with type 2 diabetes without nephropathy (DM-C) and 318 hemodialysis patients due to chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN-HD). The genomic DNA was subject to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using a fluorescence-labeled primer, and the number of CA repeats were determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In our Japanese subjects, there existed four types of alleles with different CA-repeat number; 11, 13, 14, and 19. The frequencies of these alleles were 11: 27.7%, 13: 32.8%, 14: 35.6%, and 19: 3.9% in NH. These allele frequencies were not significantly different in DM-C and CGN-HD. However, DM-HD showed significantly different distribution of allele frequency from other groups (chi 2 = 18.9, P = 0.026). Namely, the frequency of 19-repeat allele in DM-HD was higher (9.0%) than NH, DM-C, and CGN-HD (P = 0.005, 0.041, and 0.004, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The microsatellite DNA polymorphism of AM gene may be associated with the genetic predisposition to develop nephropathy in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hypertension and Cardiorenal Medicine, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan. isimitu@dokkyomed.ac.jp
authors.forename: Toshihiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishimitsu
authors.forename: Kohju
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsukada
authors.forename: Junichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Minami
authors.forename: Hidehiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ono
authors.forename: Masami
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohrui
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hino
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kangawa
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsuoka
mesh_terms: D053607:Adrenomedullin; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D008875:Middle Aged; D010455:Peptides / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D010455:Peptides; D053607:Adrenomedullin