title: Trypanosoma cruzi trypanothione reductase inhibitors: phenothiazines and related compounds modify experimental Chagas' disease evolution.
abstract: Chagas' disease affects about 18 million people and 25% of the population of Latin America is at risk of acquiring Chagas' disease. The chemotherapy of Chagas' disease is still an open field and remains as an unsolved problem. Nifurtimox and benznidazole are currently used to treat this disease, however, both drugs have high toxicity and are mutagenic with the result that the patients frequently fail to follow treatment. T. cruzi enzimes such as trypanothione reductase, represent potential drug targets because they play an essential role in the life of this organism. This enzyme has been isolated, purified and studied by X ray crystallography. Phenothiazines and related compounds inhibit trypanothione reductase and a specially favoured fit is a phenothiazine with a 2- substitued with 2- chloro and 2- trifluoromethyl with a remote hydrophobic patch. The essential phenothiazine nucleus can adopt more than one inhibitory orientation in its binding site. Phenothiazines and related compounds are drugs used in psychiatric treatments. These anti-depressants inhibit trypanothione reductase through the peroxidase/ H2O2/ system, and also exert other trypanocidal effects upon epimastigotes and tripomastigotes forms: clomipramine through an anticalmodulin action; trifluopherazine and thioridazine induced disruption of mitochondria and prometazine provoked serious cell membrane disorganization. Clomipramine and thioridazine were also effective in treatment of mice with experimental Chagas' disease, significantly modifying the natural evolution of the infection; cardiac function and survival of infected and treated animals were not different from non infected animals. Phenothiazines and related compounds are promising trypanocidal agents for treatment of Chagas' disease. Other trypanocidal agents as nifurtimox, benznidazol,Allopurinol, cystein protease inhibitors and others, are also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Cátedra de Física Biomédica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Santa Rosa 1085, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina. hrivarola@hotmail.com
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Rivarola
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Paglini-Oliva
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014355:Chagas Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D009247:NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D010640:Phenothiazines / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014349:Trypanosoma cruzi / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*
chemical_list: D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D010640:Phenothiazines; D009247:NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases; C049608:trypanothione reductase