title: Design and evaluation of matrix diffusion controlled transdermal patches of verapamil hydrochloride.
abstract: Transdermal patches of verapamil hydrochloride were prepared using four different polymers (individual and combination): Eudragit RL100 (ERL100), Eudragit RS100 (ERS100), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose 15 cps (HPMC), and ethyl cellulose (EC), of varying degrees of hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity. The effect of the polymers on the technological properties, i.e., drug release, water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), and percentage moisture loss (ML), percentage moisture absorption (MA), folding endurance, and thickness, was investigated. Different formulations were prepared in accordance with the 2(3) factorial design, with ERL100 being the parent polymer. The patch containing ERL100 alone showed maximum WVTR, % MA, and % ML, which could be attributed to its hydrophilic nature. As expected, substitution with ERS100, HPMC, and EC decreased all the above values in accordance with their decreasing degree of hydrophilicity. In vitro release studies showed zero-order release of the drug from all the patches, and the mechanism of release was diffusion mediated. Moreover, the release of the drug was sustained and it extended over a period of 24 hr in all formulations. A12 emerged as the most satisfactory formulation insofar as its technological properties were concerned. Further, release and permeation of the drug from the most satisfactory formulation (A12) was evaluated through different biological barriers (shed snake skin, rabbit skin, and rat skin) to get an idea of the drug permeation through human skin. Shed snake's skin was found to be most permeable (82.56% drug release at 24 hr) and rat skin was least permeable (52.38%). Percutaneous absorption studies were carried out in rabbits. The pharmacokinetic parameters calculated from blood levels of the drug revealed a profile typical of a sustained release formulation, with the ability to maintain adequate plasma levels for 24 hr. [AUC: 3.09 mg/mL hr, Cmax: 203.95 microg/mL, Tmax: 8 hr]. It can therefore be concluded that the patch containing ERL100 and HPMC in the ratio 8:2 has achieved the objectives of transdermal drug delivery system, such as avoidance of first pass effect, extended release, and reduced frequency of administration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Al-Ameen College of Pharmacy, Bangalore, India. kusuma162@yahoo.com
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kusum Devi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saisivam
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Maria
authors.forename: P U
authors.initials: PU
authors.lastname: Deepti
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D015195:Drug Design; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D004355:Drug Stability; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D010539:Permeability; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000187:drug effects; D014700:Verapamil / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004337:Drug Carriers; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D014700:Verapamil