title: Rotational stability of a modified step-cut for use in intercalary allografts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intercalary allografts are used for the reconstruction of major skeletal defects. Step-cuts help to provide rotational stability when intramedullary fixation is used. A modified step-cut is proposed to reduce rotation at the interface. This study compares the rotational stability of conventional and modified step-cuts.
  
  
  METHODS
  In Phase I, seven pairs of human cadaveric femora were divided into a conventional step-cut group (left femora) and a modified step-cut group (right femora). All femora were cut transversely at the mid-diaphysis. In the conventional group, a 1-cm step-cut was created in the exact midsagittal plane in both the proximal and distal segments. In the modified group, a 1-cm step-cut was created in the parasagittal plane, leaving 2 mm of additional bone on both the proximal and the distal fragment. Phase II was identical except that in the modified step-cut group only 1 mm of additional bone was left. Smooth femoral nails were then placed after standard reaming. Specimens were tested by fixing the proximal segment and applying +/-2 N-m (17.7 in-lb) of torque to the distal segments with ten oscillation cycles. Maximum rotation was measured. The data were analyzed with the paired Student t test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average rotation in Phase I was 23.3 degrees for the conventional step-cut group and 3.0 degrees for the 2-mm modified step-cut group; the difference was significant (p < 0.001). Four femora sustained an incomplete fracture during nail insertion. The average rotation in Phase II was 20.6 degrees for the conventional step-cut group and 0.5 degrees for the 1-mm modified step-cut group without any fractures; the difference was significant (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Step-cut modification that leaves more bone in the sagittal plane provides rigid fixation and significantly more stability than the conventional step-cut technique.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, 50 North Medical Drive, UT 84132, USA.
authors.forename: Drew H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Van Boerum
authors.forename: R Lor
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Randall
authors.forename: R Alexander
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Mohr
authors.forename: Ernest U
authors.initials: EU
authors.lastname: Conrad
authors.forename: Kent N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Bachus
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D016025:Bone Transplantation / Q000379:methods* / Q000502:physiology*; D002102:Cadaver; D005269:Femur / Q000601:surgery; D005594:Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D012399:Rotation; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous / Q000502:physiology*