title: Transgenic mice overexpressing mutant PRKAG2 define the cause of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in glycogen storage cardiomyopathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mutations in the gamma2 subunit (PRKAG2) of AMP-activated protein kinase produce an unusual human cardiomyopathy characterized by ventricular hypertrophy and electrophysiological abnormalities: Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW) and progressive degenerative conduction system disease. Pathological examinations of affected human hearts reveal vacuoles containing amylopectin, a glycogen-related substance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To elucidate the mechanism by which PRKAG2 mutations produce hypertrophy with electrophysiological abnormalities, we constructed transgenic mice overexpressing the PRKAG2 cDNA with or without a missense N488I human mutation. Transgenic mutant mice showed elevated AMP-activated protein kinase activity, accumulated large amounts of cardiac glycogen (30-fold above normal), developed dramatic left ventricular hypertrophy, and exhibited ventricular preexcitation and sinus node dysfunction. Electrophysiological testing demonstrated alternative atrioventricular conduction pathways consistent with WPW. Cardiac histopathology revealed that the annulus fibrosis, which normally insulates the ventricles from inappropriate excitation by the atria, was disrupted by glycogen-filled myocytes. These anomalous microscopic atrioventricular connections, rather than morphologically distinct bypass tracts, appeared to provide the anatomic substrate for ventricular preexcitation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data establish PRKAG2 mutations as a glycogen storage cardiomyopathy, provide an anatomic explanation for electrophysiological findings, and implicate disruption of the annulus fibrosis by glycogen-engorged myocytes as the cause of preexcitation in Pompe, Danon, and other glycogen storage diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, Mass 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arad
authors.forename: Ivan P
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Moskowitz
authors.forename: Vickas V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Ferhaan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: Antonio R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Perez-Atayde
authors.forename: Douglas B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Sawyer
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.forename: Guo H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Patrick G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Burgon
authors.forename: Colin T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Maguire
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stapleton
authors.forename: Joachim P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.forename: X X
authors.initials: XX
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pizard
authors.forename: Sabina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kupershmidt
authors.forename: Dan M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Roden
authors.forename: Charles I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Berul
authors.forename: Christine E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Seidman
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Seidman
mesh_terms: D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; D000818:Animals; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004562:Electrocardiography; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac; D006008:Glycogen Storage Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015996:Survival Rate; D014927:Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases