title: T helper responses to Japanese encephalitis virus infection are dependent on the route of inoculation and the strain of mouse used.
abstract: T helper cytokine and IgG subtype responses were studied in three strains of mice (C57BL/6J, Swiss albino, BALB/c; n=90 per strain) immunized with live Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) by intraperitoneal (IP), subcutaneous (SC) and peroral (PO) routes. Lymphocytes obtained from the spleens of immunized and control mice were stimulated in vitro with JEV for 48 h and the supernatants were assayed for the presence of the cytokines IL-4 and IFN-gamma. JEV-specific IgG isotypes were also measured in the sera of immunized mice. T helper cytokine responses in mice immunized with JEV were found to be strain- and route-specific in the three species tested. Moreover, they were also dependent on the type of immunogen used (live vs killed virus), as well as the number of doses administered. C57BL/6J and BALB/c mice were more uniform in their T helper responses compared with the outbred Swiss albino mice and induced a good Th1 response (P<0.001). Among the three routes evaluated, the IP and SC routes consistently elicited a Th1 response compared with the PO route (P<0.001), where an initial Th2-type response reverted to a Th1 response after repeated immunization. Live JEV induced a Th1 response while the commercial killed vaccine induced a predominant Th2 profile.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore 560029, India.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ramakrishna
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore 560029, India.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ravi
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore 560029, India.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Desai
authors.affiliation: Departments of Biostatistics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore 560029, India.
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Subbakrishna
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore 560029, India.
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Shankar
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neuromicrobiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore 560029, India.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chandramuki
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004306:Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic; D004664:Encephalitis Virus, Japanese / Q000276:immunology* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D004672:Encephalitis, Japanese / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000145:classification; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D013045:Species Specificity; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma