title: Quantified duplex augmentation in healthy subjects and patients with venous disease: San Diego population study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was undertaken to determine the quantitative augmentation response in several veins examined in a cohort assembled to permit comparisons by sex, age, and ethnicity, under normal conditions and in the presence of obstruction, with and without trophic changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The common femoral vein, superficial femoral vein, sapheno-femoral junction, popliteal vein, sapheno-popliteal junction, and posterior tibial vein were studied with duplex ultrasonographic scanning. Augmentation response was elicited with use of an automated cuff inflator. Mean level of each response was analyzed according to patient sex, age, and ethnicity, each adjusted for the other two. Normal values were compared with those obtained from legs with venous obstructive disease, with or without signs of trophic changes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Decreased augmentation response was noted only in the sapheno-femoral junction and sapheno-popliteal junction, and was smaller in women. Augmentation response was slightly increased in the oldest age group (>70 years) in the common femoral vein, superficial femoral vein, popliteal vein, and posterior tibial vein. The highest augmentation response was found in Asian subjects, in the common and superficial femoral veins and the sapheno-femoral and sapheno-popliteal junctions; and the smallest augmentation response was found in African American subjects, in these same veins and junctions. Differences in vein diameters may explain these findings, ie, smaller diameters in Asians and larger diameters in African Americans. Most important, compared with normal values, augmentation response was decreased in legs with venous obstructive disease only when trophic changes were present.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Like quantification of reflux, quantitative evaluation of the augmentation response may help in diagnosis of venous obstructive disease when trophic changes are present.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, USA. afronek@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Arnost
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fronek
authors.forename: Julie O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Denenberg
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Criqui
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Langer
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002140:California; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005268:Femoral Vein / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011152:Popliteal Vein / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D044469:Racial Groups; D012016:Reference Values; D012501:Saphenous Vein / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D012737:Sex Factors; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D018616:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex; D014689:Venous Insufficiency / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology