title: Enhancement of the depigmenting effect of hydroquinone and 4-hydroxyanisole by all-trans-retinoic acid (tretinoin): the impairment of glutathione-dependent cytoprotection?
abstract: Many of the well-known depigmenting agents such as hydroquinone and 4-hydroxyanisole are, in fact, melanocytotoxic chemicals which are oxidized in melanocytes to produce highly toxic compounds such as quinones. These cytotoxic compounds are responsible for the destruction of pigment cells, which results in skin depigmentation. However, cells are capable of protecting themselves against cytotoxic agents by intracellular glutathione (GSH). This protection takes place under the enzymatic action of the detoxification enzyme glutathione S-transferase (GST), which is responsible for the conjugation of toxic species to GSH. The depigmenting effect of hydroquinone is shown to be potentiated by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) and cystamine as the result of the reduction of intracellular levels of GSH by these two agents. Additionally, BSO and cystamine are shown to inhibit the activity of GST. The combination of all-trans-retinoic acid (tretinoin, TRA) with hydroquinone or 4-hydroxyanisole is also known to produce synergetic skin depigmentation. TRA serves as a potent inhibitor of mammalian GSTs and is known to make cells more susceptible to the cytotoxic effect of chemicals by inhibiting the activity of this enzyme. This agent is also shown to reduce the level of intracellular GSH in certain cells. We have proposed that the mechanism of action of TRA to synergistically enhance the melanocytotoxic effect of chemicals involves the inhibition of GST and the impairment of glutathione-dependent cytoprotection against melanocytotoxic agents.
authors.forename: Behrooz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kasraee
authors.forename: Farhad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Handjani
authors.forename: Fatemeh S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Aslani
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000840:Anisoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000187:drug effects; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006801:Humans; D006873:Hydroquinones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007641:Keratolytic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D008544:Melanocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D012880:Skin Pigmentation / Q000187:drug effects*; D013552:Swine; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000840:Anisoles; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006873:Hydroquinones; D007641:Keratolytic Agents; D014212:Tretinoin; C009760:mequinol; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D005978:Glutathione; C031927:hydroquinone