title: Development and validation of school-based asthma and allergy screening instruments for parents and students.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The increasing morbidity attributable to asthma among school-aged children suggests the potential utility of school-based asthma screening programs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We report our efforts to develop and validate culturally sensitive and clinically useful screening questionnaires (parent and child versions) for asthma and allergies among urban US school children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Instrument development was accomplished through literature review, expert medical and child developmental input, focus group feedback, and a rigorous trial of the instruments in a public school setting. Questionnaires were distributed to 2,800 children and their families in an urban public school system (grades kindergarten through 6). Validity was evaluated by blinded comparison of results against a standardized clinical evaluation in 107 children, with final designations determined by an expert panel.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Questionnaires pertaining to 2,083 children were returned (participation rate of 74%). A moderate level of agreement was observed between parent and student questionnaire responses (r values = 0.36 to 0.50; P values < 0.001). The highest frequency of asthma-like symptoms was reported for African-American boys and the lowest for Caucasian girls. The items from the parent questionnaire that best predicted asthma were "breathing problems" (occurring rarely or more; odds ratio 12.8; 95% confidence interval, 4.5 to 36.1) and "problems coughing" (sometimes or more; odds ratio 9.7; 95% confidence interval, 3.6 to 26.5). Considering the presence of cough (sometimes or more) and/or breathing problem (rarely or more) yielded a sensitivity of 80%; a specificity of 75%, a positive predictive value of 50%, and a negative predictive value of 92%. Similar levels of prediction were observed for the items "trouble breathing" and "noisy breathing" as directly reported by the students. Allergic rhinitis was best predicted by report of a runny/stuffy no se (sometimes or more; sensitivity of 83%, specificity of 61%). Allergic conjunctivitis was best predicted by "itchy eyes."
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Administration of a school-based questionnaire is feasible, with a high response rate and excellent internal consistency. A high sensitivity and acceptable specificity was achieved by using one to two questions for asthma, allergic rhinitis, and allergic conjunctivitis. Among the children in grades 2 or above, comparable levels of prediction could be achieved with the student or parent version.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA. sxr15@po.cwru.edu
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Redline
authors.forename: Emma K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Larkin
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kercsmar
authors.forename: Melvin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: Laura A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Siminoff
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001249:Asthma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003233:Conjunctivitis, Allergic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D009820:Ohio / Q000453:epidemiology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D012221:Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012574:Schools; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D014505:Urban Population