title: Granisetron: is there a dose-response effect on nausea and vomiting?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nausea and vomiting are two of the most debilitating side effects of cytotoxic chemotherapy. Prevention of nausea and vomiting is, thus, very important to ensure that cancer patients continue to receive optimal cytotoxic therapy while seeking to maintain their quality of life. Significant advances in antiemetic therapy have been achieved since the introduction of the 5-HT(3) receptor antagonists, and these agents are currently regarded as first-line antiemetic agents. The aim of this article is to examine the hypothesis that there is a dose-response effect of granisetron for preventing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in cancer patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature review of relevant publications was undertaken to provide a comprehensive review of issues related to the control of chemotherapy-induced emesis with escalating doses of granisetron.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There is evidence to suggest that there is a significant trend towards an improved efficacy of granisetron-in both the control of emesis and secondary end-points such as nausea and anorexia-with increasing doses, up to 40 micro g/kg, in adults. At this dose, the likelihood of treatment success may be enhanced for most patients regardless of their individual emetogenic risk. Additionally, incremental doses of granisetron (up to 9 mg) have been shown to be effective and well tolerated in patients with refractory emesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Those patients experiencing inadequate control of nausea and vomiting following granisetron may also benefit from retreatment with supplementary doses of granisetron, and over subsequent chemotherapy cycles, these patients should receive granisetron 40 micro g/kg to ensure emesis protection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science University of Hokkaido, 0610293, Japan. minami@hoku-iryo-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Minami
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D017829:Granisetron / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D009325:Nausea / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011985:Receptors, Serotonin / Q000378:metabolism; D044406:Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT3; D012702:Serotonin Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014839:Vomiting / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D017829:Granisetron; D011985:Receptors, Serotonin; D044406:Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT3; D012702:Serotonin Antagonists