title: Pharmacokinetics of oral tramadol drops for postoperative pain relief in children aged 4 to 7 years--a pilot study.
abstract: Tramadol hydrochloride is an analgesic with mu receptor activity suitable for administration to children as oral drops. As the serum concentration profile and pharmacokinetic parameters in young children are not known via this route, we studied 24 healthy ASA 1 children to determine those parameters. The children's mean age was 5.3 +/- 1.1 years and their mean weight was 17.8 +/- 3.1 kg. They underwent general anesthesia with sevoflurane for dental surgery. The mean duration of anesthesia was 27.9 +/- 10.1 minutes. Tramadol 1.5 mg/kg (this dose was chosen because we have previously shown it to be effective in providing analgesia following pediatric dental surgery) was administered as oral drops 30 minutes before anesthesia. Venous blood samples were taken following the tramadol at 30-minute intervals for 4 hours, every 2 hours for 6 hours, and every 4 hours for 12 hours. The samples were centrifuged and the serum stored at -20 degrees C, and nonstereoselective gas chromatography was used to determine the concentration of (+) and (-) tramadol enantiomers plus their o-demethyltramadol (M1) metabolite concentrations. The tramadol absorption was rapid, the maximum measured serum concentration present occurring before the first sample at 30 minutes. That first sample had a concentration of 352 +/- 83.4 ng/mL. The concentration remained above the 100 ng/mL analgesic level until 6.8 +/- 0.9 hours. The elimination half-life was 3.6 +/- 1.1 hours, the serum clearance 5.6 +/- 2.7 mL/kg/min, and the volume of distribution 4.1 +/- 1.2 L/kg. The (+) enantiomer concentration was 14.2 +/- 4.9% greater than that of the (-) enantiomer. The M1 metabolites had a (-) enantiomer concentration 92.3 +/- 75.1% greater than the (+) enantiomer. From the peak concentration at 4.5 +/- 1.5 hours, the concentration of the metabolite was approximately one third that of the parent drug. The M1 elimination half-life was 5.8 +/- 1.7 hours. Apart from the rapid rise in the serum concentration, these kinetic parameters are similar to those seen in healthy young adults. The concentration profile supports an effective clinical duration in the region of 7 hours.
authors.affiliation: 2 Military Hospital, Wynberg, South Africa.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Payne
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Roelofse
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Shipton
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019540:Area Under Curve; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011292:Premedication; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D013997:Time Factors; D014147:Tramadol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D014147:Tramadol