title: Effect of swimming session duration and repetition on metabolic markers in rats.
abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the profile of metabolites in male rats subjected to 50-60 min of swimming on three protocols: group A, a single 50 min swimming session; group B, one session a day for three days (5 min on day 1, 15 min on day 2 and 30 min on day 3); and group C, one session a day for 5 days, with increasing duration from 5 min on day 1, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min on consecutive days. The interval between sessions was 24 h. Measurements were made after the last swimming session. Controls did not swim. The glycogen content of liver and gastrocnemius and soleus muscle was depleted in the three groups that swam, but blood glucose concentration was significantly increased only in group B. Serum lactate concentrations were greater than the controls in groups A and B. There were significant increases in serum free fatty acid concentrations in all groups that swam. The increases in plasma free fatty acids may have resulted from lipolysis stimulated by endogenous catecholamines in groups A and C, since basal lipolysis measured in vitro was unchanged by swimming. The large increase in basal lipolysis in group B may have contributed to the rise in plasma free fatty acids. Adipocytes from rats in groups A and B were supersensitive to epinephrine, whereas those from group C were not. We conclude that the metabolic alterations were less pronounced after the last of five swimming sessions over 5 days than after a single session, even though session duration and the contribution of the physical component were similar. Glucose mobilization, but probably not utilization, was similar in the three groups that swam. The mechanisms of lipid mobilization from adipose tissue differed, depending on the stress paradigm. The metabolic changes in groups A and B indicated that three daily swimming sessions were insufficient to cause adaptation. The results contrast with previous findings for foot-shock stress, which leads to sensitization rather than adaptation in response to repeated stimuli.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Estudo do Estress, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Sampaio-Barros
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Farias-Silva
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Grassi-Kassisse
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Spadari-Bratfisch
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D001835:Body Weight; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000097:blood; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000378:metabolism*; D006003:Glycogen / Q000378:metabolism; D008066:Lipolysis / Q000502:physiology; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000378:metabolism*; D013550:Swimming
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002395:Catecholamines; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D006003:Glycogen