title: Physiological differences between burnout patients and healthy controls: blood pressure, heart rate, and cortisol responses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate differences between burnout patients and healthy controls regarding basal physiological values and physiological stress responses. Measures of the sympathetic-adrenergic-medullary (SAM) axis and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis were examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  SAM axis and HPA axis activity was compared between 22 burnout patients and 23 healthy controls. SAM axis activity was measured by means of heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP). HPA axis activity was investigated by means of salivary cortisol levels. Resting levels of HR, BP, and cortisol were determined as well as reactivity and recovery of these measures during a laboratory session involving mental arithmetic and speech tasks. In addition, morning levels of cortisol were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Burnout patients showed higher resting HR than healthy controls. BP resting values did not differ between burnout patients and healthy controls, nor did cardiovascular reactivity and recovery measurements during the laboratory session. Basal cortisol levels and cortisol reactivity and recovery measures were similar for burnout patients and healthy controls. However, burnout patients showed elevated cortisol levels during the first hour after awakening in comparison to healthy controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings provided limited proof that SAM axis and HPA axis are disturbed among burnout patients. Elevated HR and elevated early morning cortisol levels may be indicative of sustained activation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: De Vente
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Olff
authors.forename: J G C
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Van Amsterdam
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kamphuis
authors.forename: P M G
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Emmelkamp
mesh_terms: D000311:Adrenal Glands / Q000503:physiopathology; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002055:Burnout, Professional / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D015415:Biomarkers; D006854:Hydrocortisone; D009638:Norepinephrine