title: Computational analysis of effects of external carotid artery flow and occlusion on adverse carotid bifurcation hemodynamics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This is a computational analysis of the effects of external carotid artery (ECA) flow, waveform, and occlusion geometry on two hemodynamic wall parameters associated with intimal hyperplasia and atherosclerosis. Study design Transient three-dimensional fluid mechanics analysis was applied to a standard carotid artery bifurcation. Mean internal carotid artery (ICA) flow was maintained at 236 mL/min with a normal waveform. ECA flow was increased from zero to 151 mL/min (64% of ICA flow) with both a normal biphasic waveform and a damped waveform. Geometry of five ECA occlusions was studied: distal, proximal stump, smooth, smooth without carotid sinus, and optimal reconstruction.Primary outcome measures Two time-averaged and area-averaged hemodynamic wall parameters were computed from the velocity and wall shear stress (WSS) solutions, ie, wall shear stress angle gradient (WSSAG) and oscillatory shear index (OSI). Both local and area-averaged hemodynamic wall parameters were computed for the distal common carotid artery (CCA) and the proximal ICA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When ECA flow with a normal waveform is increased from zero to 151 mL/min, area-averaged WSS values increase in the CCA, from 3.0 to 4.4 dynes/cm(2) (46%), and in the ICA, from 16.5 to 17.1 dynes/cm(2) (4%); minimum local WSS values in the carotid sinus remain less than 1 dyne/cm(2); maximum local values of WSSAG and OSI are observed in the carotid sinus and increase from 3.5 to 9.1 radian/cm (160%) and 0.23 to 0.46 (100%), respectively; CCA plus ICA area-averaged WSSAG increases by 52%, and OSI increases by 144%; and damping of the ECA waveform has little effect on local or area-averaged WSSAG but reduces OSI to 68%. When the ECA is occluded, the minimum local WSS in the carotid sinus is less than 1 dyne/cm(2). However, if the carotid sinus is removed or the CCA-ICA geometry hemodynamically optimized, the minimum WSS is approximately 4 dynes/cm(2). Similarly, eliminating the carotid sinus markedly reduces local maximum WSSAG, from 3.0-3.5 radian/cm to 0.3 radian/cm, and reduces local maximum OSI from 0.22-0.49 to 0.04. Area-averaged WSSAG and OSI over the CCA and ICA are reduced by approximately 50% with elimination of the carotid sinus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The degree of adverse carotid bifurcation hemodynamics as measured with WSSAG and OSI is directly proportional to ECA flow. The marked difference in normal ICA and ECA flow waveforms does not contribute to adverse wall hemodynamics. Location of an ECA occlusion (distal, proximal, stump, smooth) does not affect adverse carotid hemodynamics; however, marked improvement is obtained with elimination of the carotid sinus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mercer University, USA.
authors.forename: Sinjae
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hyun
authors.forename: Clement
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kleinstreuer
authors.forename: Joseph P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Archie
mesh_terms: D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002342:Carotid Artery, External / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000503:physiopathology; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019295:Computational Biology; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D018056:Hemorheology; D006801:Humans; D006965:Hyperplasia / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology*; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000503:physiopathology*