title: Pain during mammography: impact of breast pathologies and demographic factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to systematically assess the pain experienced by patients undergoing mammography for various clinical presentations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and twenty-five patients aged 25-85 years (45.43 +/- 8.25 years) presenting for mammography were included in the study. Presenting symptoms and clinical diagnosis were provided by the referring physicians and demographic information was obtained from self-reported questionnaires. Mammography results were recorded by the radiologist. Two different but reliable and valid measures of pain--Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and Pain/Discomfort Rating Scale (DRS)--were used to assess pain during mammography and data were statistically analyzed to examine the possible predictors of pain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-nine percent of the patients reported pain during mammography when cut-off level of VAS score was 40; however, when the cut-off level was raised to 60 (considering the preexisting pain as presenting symptom in some patients) only 23% reported pain. With DRS, 7% reported pain, 27% discomfort and 66% neither pain nor discomfort. Biserial correlation between the VAS and DRS scores suggested strong positive agreement between the two measures of pain (r = 0.56, d.f. = 90, p < 0.01). Patients presenting with coexisting breast lumps and preexisting breast pain and those diagnosed with inflammatory conditions of the breast and fibrocystic changes experienced more pain during mammography.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preexisting breast pathologies and demographic factors such as age and educational level of the patient were important in reporting pain during mammography. This finding indicates that proper assessment of pain using standard measures and its association with breast pathologies and demographic factors is important for planning pain management in women undergoing mammography.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait. renu@hsc.kuniv.edu.kw
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nayak
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khoursheed
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Behbehani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001941:Breast Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires