title: Heart failure as a cause for hospitalization in chronic dialysis patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Risk factors for heart failure (HF) have not been reported previously in a nationally representative sample of dialysis patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a historic cohort study of 1,995 patients enrolled in the US Renal Data System Dialysis Morbidity and Mortality Study Wave 2 who were Medicare eligible at the study start and were followed up until December 31, 1999, or receipt of a renal transplant. Cox regression analysis was used to model associations with time to first hospitalization for both recurrent and de novo HF (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision code 428.x), defined as patients with and without a history of HF, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence density of HF was 71/1,000 person-years. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and beta-blockers were each used in less than 25% of patients with a known history of HF. A history of coronary heart disease was associated with an increased total risk for HF, as were hemodialysis (versus peritoneal dialysis), aspirin use, and a history of diabetes. However, hemodialysis and aspirin use were the only factors associated with both de novo and recurrent HF. Widened pulse pressure was associated with de novo HF. The mortality rate after HF was 83% at 3 years (adjusted hazard ratio for mortality, 2.10; 95% confidence interval, 1.80 to 2.45; P < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In chronic dialysis patients, hemodialysis and aspirin use were associated with increased risk for both total and de novo HF. Hospitalized HF was associated with a significantly increased risk for death.
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Service, Madigan Army Medical Center, Ft Lewis, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Fernando C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Trespalacios
authors.forename: Allen J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Lawrence Y
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Agodoa
authors.forename: George L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Bakris
authors.forename: Kevin C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Abbott
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000368:Aged; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001241:Aspirin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis; D012008:Recurrence; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents; D001241:Aspirin