title: Neural correlates of voluntary breathing in humans.
abstract: To investigate the functional neuroanatomy of voluntary respiratory control, blood O2 level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed in six healthy right-handed individuals during voluntary hyperpnea. Functional images of the whole brain were acquired during 30-s periods of spontaneous breathing alternated with 30-s periods of isocapnic hyperpnea [spontaneous vs. voluntary: tidal volume = 0.5 +/- 0.01 vs. 1.3 +/- 0.1 (SE) liters and breath duration = 4.0 +/- 0.4 vs. 3.2 +/- 0.4 (SE) s]. For the group, voluntary hyperpnea was associated with significant (P < 0.05, corrected for multiple comparisons) neural activity bilaterally in the primary sensory and motor cortices, supplementary motor area, cerebellum, thalamus, caudate nucleus, and globus pallidum. Significant increases in activity were also identified in the medulla (corrected for multiple comparisons on the basis of a small volume correction for a priori region of interest) in a superior dorsal position (P = 0.012). Activity within the medulla suggests that the brain stem respiratory centers may have a role in mediating the voluntary control of breathing in humans.
authors.affiliation: National Heart and Lung Instiute, Imperial College London, London W6 8RP, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: McKay
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: R S J
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Frackowiak
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Corfield
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001519:Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000502:physiology; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000502:physiology; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008526:Medulla Oblongata / Q000502:physiology; D009424:Nervous System Physiological Phenomena; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D012119:Respiration; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000502:physiology*; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide