title: Genetic markers for the efficacy of tumour necrosis factor blocking therapy in rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a genetically complex disease where the response to different treatments varies greatly between different patients. This is the case with the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) blocking agents, where 20-40% of patients have been described as non-responders. No predictive markers exist as yet for the prognosis of response.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To analyse whether polymorphisms of several cytokine genes are associated with the responsiveness to TNF blockade with etanercept.
  
  
  METHODS
  123 patients with active RA were treated with etanercept and response rates were determined after three months using American College of Rheumatology (ACR)20 and disease activity score (DAS)28 response criteria. Genotyping was done for TNF (-308 TNFA), interleukin (IL)10 (-1087 IL10), transforming growth factor (TGF)beta1 (codon 25 TGFB1), and IL1 receptor antagonist (intron 2 IL1RN).
  
  
  RESULTS
  24 patients (20%) were defined as non-responders owing to their failure to fulfil any of the ACR20 or DAS28 response criteria. None of the recorded alleles was alone significantly associated with responsiveness to treatment. However, a certain combination of alleles (-308 TNF1/TNF1 and -1087 G/G) was associated with good responsiveness to etanercept (p<0.05). In addition, a combination of alleles influencing interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1Ra) and TGFbeta1 production (A2 allele for IL1RN and rare C allele in codon 25 of TGFB1 gene) was associated with non-responsiveness (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Genetic polymorphisms, which may influence the balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines of relevance for the course of RA, are associated with clinical responsiveness to etanercept treatment.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Rheumatology, Karolinska Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. leonid.padyukov@cmm.ki.se
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Padyukov
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lampa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heimbürger
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ernestam
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cederholm
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lundkvist
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hermansson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Harju
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Klareskog
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bratt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics; D000068800:Etanercept; D005260:Female; D005819:Genetic Markers; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018579:Patient Selection; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011379:Prognosis; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D005819:Genetic Markers; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D000068800:Etanercept