title: Does age play a role in recovery from sports-related concussion? A comparison of high school and collegiate athletes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate symptoms and neurocognitive recovery patterns after sports-related concussion in high school and college athletes.
  
  
  METHODS
  College athletes (n = 371) and high school athletes (n = 183) underwent baseline neuropsychological evaluation between 1997 and 2000. Individuals who received a concussion during athletic competition (n = 54) underwent serial neuropsychologic evaluation after injury and were compared with a noninjured within-sample control group (n = 38). Main outcome measures included structured interview, four memory measures, and Concussion Symptom Scale ratings. Baseline to postinjury change scores and multiple analyses of variance were used to compare recovery curves within and between groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High school athletes with concussion had prolonged memory dysfunction compared with college athletes with concussion. High school athletes performed significantly worse than age-matched control subjects at 7 days after injury (F = 2.90; P <.005). College athletes, despite having more severe in-season concussions, displayed commensurate performance with matched control subjects by day 3 after concussion. Self-report of postconcussion symptoms by student athletes was not predictive of poor performance on neuropsychologic testing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Caution and systematic evaluation should be undertaken before returning athletes with concussion to competition. Sole reliance on the self-report of the athlete may be inadequate. Preliminary data may suggest a more protracted recovery from concussion in high school athletes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Center for Sports Medicine, Pennsylvania 15213, USA. fieldm@msx.upmc.edu
authors.forename: Melvin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Field
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Lovell
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Maroon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000150:complications* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D038223:Post-Concussion Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020127:Recovery of Function