title: Immunosuppressive TOR kinase inhibitor everolimus (RAD) suppresses growth of cells derived from posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder at allograft-protecting doses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs) represent a life-threatening complication of standard immunosuppressive therapy. The impact of novel, rapamycin-related immunosuppressive drugs on the pathogenesis of PTLDs remains undefined.
  
  
  METHODS
  We tested the effect of everolimus (RAD, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland) on human PTLD-derived cells using in vitro assays and an in vivo severe combined immunodeficiency disease mouse xenotransplant model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Everolimus profoundly inhibited the proliferation, cell-cycle progression, and survival of the PTLD-1 cell line established from a pulmonary PTLD. Equally profound inhibition of PTLD-1 growth was achieved in vivo at well-tolerated everolimus doses of 0.5 to 5 mg/kg per day. Five mg/kg per day of everolimus, given once per day, inhibited PTLD-1 tumor volume gain by more than 10-fold in treated mice compared with untreated mice. Because the subsequent pharmacokinetic analysis indicated rapid everolimus absorption, distribution, and clearance in mice (with a half-life of 3 to 6 hr and maximum drug blood concentration reached after 0.5 to 1 hr), treatment was changed to a twice-daily regimen. Everolimus given twice daily at 0.5 mg/kg per dose inhibited tumor-volume gain by more than 60-fold and at 0.25 mg/kg per dose by more than 10-fold. Similar everolimus doses were required to prevent graft rejection in a mouse heart allotransplantation model; the highest dose tested (1.5 mg/kg twice daily) resulted in long-term graft survival in all mice that underwent transplantation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Everolimus displays a potent inhibitory effect on PTLD-derived cells in vitro and in vivo in a dose range leading to prevention of allograft rejection and may prove effective in both the prevention and treatment of PTLDs in transplant patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Miroslaw
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Majewski
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Korecka
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Joergensen
authors.forename: Leona
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fields
authors.forename: Plamen
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kossev
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schuler
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: Mariusz A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Wasik
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D017690:Cell Transplantation; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D000068338:Everolimus; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006085:Graft Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008232:Lymphoproliferative Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D016513:Mice, SCID; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011494:Protein Kinases; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D000068338:Everolimus; D011494:Protein Kinases; C546842:MTOR protein, human; C546843:mTOR protein, mouse; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D020123:Sirolimus