title: The FRK/RAK-SHB signaling cascade: a versatile signal-transduction pathway that regulates cell survival, differentiation and proliferation.
abstract: Recent experiments have unravelled novel signal transduction pathways that involve the SRC homology 2 (SH2) domain adapter protein SHB. SHB is ubiquitously expressed and contains proline rich motifs, a phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain, tyrosine phosphorylation sites and an SH2 domain and serves a role in generating signaling complexes in response to tyrosine kinase activation. SHB mediates certain responses in platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor-, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor-, neural growth factor (NGF) receptor TRKA-, T cell receptor-, interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor- and focal adhesion kinase- (FAK) signaling. Upstream of SHB in some cells lies the SRC-like FYN-Related Kinase FRK/RAK (also named BSK/IYK or GTK). FRK/RAK and SHB exert similar effects when overexpressed in rat phaeochromocytoma (PC12) and beta-cells, where they both induce PC12 cell differentiation and beta-cell proliferation. Furthermore, beta-cell apoptosis is augmented by these proteins under conditions that cause beta-cell degeneration. The FRK/RAK-SHB responses involve FAK and insulin receptor substrates (IRS) -1 and -2. Besides regulating apoptosis, proliferation and differentiation, SHB is also a component of the T cell receptor (TCR) signaling response. In Jurkat T cells, SHB links several signaling components with the TCR and is thus required for IL-2 production. In endothelial cells, SHB both promotes apoptosis under conditions that are anti-angiogenic, but is also required for proper mitogenicity, spreading and tubular morphogenesis. In embryonic stem cells, dominant-negative SHB (R522K) prevents early cavitation of embryoid bodies and reduces differentiation to cells expressing albumin, amylase, insulin and glucagon, suggesting a role of SHB in development. In summary, SHB is a versatile signal transduction molecule that produces diverse biological responses in different cell types under various conditions. SHB operates downstream of GTK in cells that express this kinase.
authors.affiliation: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Annerén
authors.forename: Cecilia K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Lindholm
authors.forename: Vitezslav
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kriz
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Welsh
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000818:Animals; D019556:COS Cells; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002455:Cell Division; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000166:cytology; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D051417:Focal Adhesion Kinase 1; D051416:Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D006801:Humans; D019169:Jurkat Cells; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008954:Models, Biological; D008957:Models, Genetic; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D016716:PC12 Cells; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D020917:Receptor, trkA; D017468:Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D015375:Receptors, Interleukin-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D017479:Receptors, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000378:metabolism; D018909:src Homology Domains; D019061:src-Family Kinases
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D017468:Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor; D015375:Receptors, Interleukin-2; C490081:SHB protein, human; C085634:Shb protein, mouse; C490082:Shb protein, rat; D014443:Tyrosine; C490511:Frk protein, rat; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D020917:Receptor, trkA; D017479:Receptors, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; C092830:FRK protein, human; D051417:Focal Adhesion Kinase 1; D051416:Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; C490512:Frk protein, mouse; C496050:PTK2 protein, human; C496051:Ptk2 protein, mouse; C496052:Ptk2 protein, rat; D019061:src-Family Kinases