title: Probucol prevents early coronary heart disease and death in the high-density lipoprotein receptor SR-BI/apolipoprotein E double knockout mouse.
abstract: Mice with homozygous null mutations in the high-density lipoprotein receptor SR-BI (scavenger receptor class B, type I) and apolipoprotein E genes fed a low-fat diet exhibit a constellation of pathologies shared with human atherosclerotic coronary heart disease (CHD): hypercholesterolemia, occlusive coronary atherosclerosis, myocardial infarctions, cardiac dysfunction (heart enlargement, reduced systolic function and ejection fraction, and ECG abnormalities), and premature death (mean age 6 weeks). They also exhibit a block in RBC maturation and abnormally high plasma unesterified-to-total cholesterol ratio (0.8) with associated abnormal lipoprotein morphology (lamellar/vesicular and stacked discoidal particles reminiscent of those in lecithin/cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency and cholestasis). Treatment with the lipid-lowering, antiatherosclerosis, and antioxidation drug probucol extended life to as long as 60 weeks (mean 36 weeks), and at 5-6 weeks of age, virtually completely reversed the cardiac and most RBC pathologies and corrected the unesterified to total cholesterol ratio (0.3) and associated distinctive abnormal lipoprotein morphologies. Manipulation of the timing of administration and withdrawal of probucol could control the onset of death and suggested that critical pathological changes usually occurred in untreated double knockout mice between approximately 3 (weaning) and 5 weeks of age and that probucol delayed heart failure even after development of substantial CHD. The ability of probucol treatment to modulate pathophysiology in the double knockout mice enhances the potential of this murine system for analysis of the pathophysiology of CHD and preclinical testing of new approaches for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.forename: Songwen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Helena E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Miettinen
authors.forename: Shamsah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ebrahim
authors.forename: Teresa M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Holm
authors.forename: Eliza
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vasile
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Post
authors.forename: Danita M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Yoerger
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Picard
authors.forename: Joshua L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Krieger
authors.forename: Nancy C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Simons
authors.forename: Monty
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krieger
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics; D018955:CD36 Antigens / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D011341:Probucol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D018110:Receptors, Lipoprotein; D051116:Receptors, Scavenger; D051122:Scavenger Receptors, Class B
chemical_list: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D018955:CD36 Antigens; D008074:Lipoproteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D018110:Receptors, Lipoprotein; D051116:Receptors, Scavenger; C495124:SCARB1 protein, human; C454739:Scarb1 protein, mouse; D051122:Scavenger Receptors, Class B; D011341:Probucol