title: [Important prognostic factors in patients with skull base erosion from nasopharyngeal carcinoma after radiotherapy].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the long-term outcome and prognostic factors in patients with skull base erosion from nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) after initial radiation therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 1985 to December 1986, 100 patients (71 male, 29 female) with the diagnosis of NPC were found to have skull base erosion from computed tomography (CT). The mean age was 41 (16-66) years. Ninety-six patients had World Health Organization (WHO) type III undifferentiated carcinoma while four had type I carcinomas. Metastatic workup including chest radiography, liver ultrasound and liver function test were negative. All patients underwent external beam radiotherapy alone to 66-80 Gy over 6-8 weeks. Daily fraction size of 2 Gy was delivered utilizing cobalt-60 or linear accelerator. No patient received chemotherapy. All patients were followed up at regular intervals after irradiation. Median follow-up was 22.3 months (2 months-174 months). Overall survival of the cohort was computed by the Kaplan-Meier method. Potential prognostic factors on survival were examined. Multivariate analyses was performed using Cox regression model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One, three, five, and ten year overall survival rates for the cohort were 79%, 38%, 27% and 13%, respectively. However, in the sub-group of patients with both anterior cranial nerves (I-VIII) and posterior cranial nerve (IX-XII) involvement had a five-year survival of only 7.7%. Causes of death included local recurrence (59 patients), distant metastases (21 patients), both local recurrence and distant metastases (1 patient) and unrelated causes (5 patients). After multivariate analysis, complete recovery of cranial nerve involvement, cranial nerves palsy and recovery of headache after irradiation were found to be independent prognostic factors in this cohort.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This report presents one of the longest follow-ups of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma invading skill base. It demonstrates the importance of cranial nerves involvement as well as recovery of headache and cranial nerve palsy. These factors should be evaluated carefully from history and physical examination as well as imaging studies. Currently available magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is highly recommended as an additional test. A subgroup of patients with skull base involvement had long-term survival after radiotherapy alone. More aggressive strategy such as combined chemo-radiotherapy and altered fractionation radiotherapy may improve outcome in patients with poor prognostic factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510060, China. xhzhang@public.guangzhou.gd.cn
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mai
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy; D020209:Cranial Nerve Injuries; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009303:Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019292:Skull Base Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy; D015996:Survival Rate