title: An observational study of severe hypertriglyceridemia, hypertriglyceridemic acute pancreatitis, and failure of triglyceride-lowering therapy when estrogens are given to women with and without familial hypertriglyceridemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We assessed severe hypertriglyceridemia, hypertriglyceridemic acute pancreatitis, and failure of triglyceride-lowering therapy when estrogens were given to 56 women with and without familial hypertriglyceridemia. The 56 women had been consecutively referred to our center over a 3-year period because of triglycerides >400 mg/dl despite diet-drug treatment and/or a history of hypertriglyceridemic acute pancreatitis (AP). Of the 56 women, 17 had received estrogen replacement therapy (ERT), hormone replacement (HRT, n=6), or selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM, n=1).
  
  
  METHODS
  After study at entry, in 56 women (median age, 52 years), 36 with familial hypertriglyceridemia, to lower triglycerides, estrogens and SERMs (hormone treatment, HT) were stopped; a very low fat diet (<15% of calories), gemfibrozil (1.2-1.5 mg/day), and omega-3-fatty acid (4-12 g/day) were started, with restudy 2-4 weeks later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 56 women, 24 (43%) were taking HT at entry, with median fasting triglycerides 1270 mg/dl in the HT group and 1087 mg/dl in the no-HT group. Seventeen women (30%) had a history of AP, nine of whom (53%) were/had been on HT at the development of AP. Significant positive correlates of triglycerides at entry in a stepwise regression model were hemoglobin A(1C) (partial r(2)=10.7%, p<0.05) and an interaction between estrogen use and familial hypertriglyceridemia (partial r(2)=15%, p=0.017). After 2-4 weeks on therapy, median triglycerides in the previous-HT group fell from 1270 to 284 mg/dl (p<0.0001) and in the no-HT group from 1087 to 326 mg/dl (p<0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Before starting HT, to avoid HT induced hypertriglyceridemic AP and exacerbation of overt or covert familial hypertriglyceridemia, triglycerides must be measured. HT is contraindicated in women with preexisting hypertriglyceridemia (triglycerides> or =500 mg/dl). Triglyceride-lowering diets and drugs often fail in the presence of HT and/or poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, but commonly succeed when HT is stopped and diabetes mellitus is tightly controlled.
authors.affiliation: Cholesterol Center, Alliance Hospitals, ABC Building, 3200 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
authors.forename: Naila M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Goldenberg
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Charles J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Glueck
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications; D004347:Drug Interactions; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D015248:Gemfibrozil / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D006953:Hyperlipoproteinemia Type IV / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications; D015228:Hypertriglyceridemia / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators; D014280:Triglycerides; D015248:Gemfibrozil