title: Depression and coronary heart disease in women with diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The protective effects of female gender on the appearance and course of coronary heart disease (CHD) in nondiabetic subjects are diminished in the presence of diabetes. Depression predicts onset of and poor outcome from CHD in nondiabetic populations. We hypothesized that the doubled rates of depression in female diabetic patients could help explain the high prevalence of CHD in women with diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-six female type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients with (N=16) or without (N=60) active major depression (DSM-III) at index evaluation underwent systematic annual investigation of diabetes and its complications for up to 10 years. Occurrences of CHD and other macrovascular complications were examined in relation to depression status using survival analysis statistics. A multivariate model incorporating other CHD risk factors (age, duration of diabetes, body mass index, glycosylated hemoglobin, and presence of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, or tobacco use) was used to determine independent effects of depression on outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Development of CHD was significantly more rapid in the depressed subset (p<0.01 between 10-year curves), an effect that persisted after controlling for base-line differences in body mass index. Depression also was retained as an independent predictor of CHD in the multivariate model with an age-adjusted hazard ratio of 5.2 (95% CI: 1.4-18.9; p=.01). In contrast, depression did not predict the development of clinically apparent peripheral or cerebrovascular disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this sample of diabetic women, major depression was an independent risk factor that accelerated the development of CHD. Depression recognition and management may improve outcomes from diabetes in this gender subgroup.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA. rclouse@im.wustl.edu
authors.forename: Ray E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Clouse
authors.forename: Patrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Lustman
authors.forename: Kenneth E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Freedland
authors.forename: Linda S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Griffith
authors.forename: Janet B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: McGill
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Carney
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000453:epidemiology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000453:epidemiology; D015994:Incidence; D015993:Life Tables; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology