title: Medications and substances as a cause of headache: a systematic review of the literature.
abstract: Medication- or substance-induced headache is probably an underrecognized entity with numerous etiologies, including prescribed medication, over-the-counter medication, illicit drugs, anesthetic agents, foods, food additives, beverages, vitamins, inhaled substances, and substances used in diagnostic procedures. The author performs a systemic review of the literature to provide an exhaustive description of the relationship between medications and substances and headaches of various types, along with pathophysiologic mechanisms whenever possible. Suggestions for improved identification of this phenomenon and its avoidance are provided. More scientific evaluation of substances and their possible association with headache is required with almost all substances indicated herein.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. corytoth@shaw.ca
authors.forename: Cory
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Toth
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D005502:Food / Q000009:adverse effects; D005503:Food Additives / Q000009:adverse effects; D006261:Headache / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects; D016239:MEDLINE
chemical_list: D005503:Food Additives; D013287:Illicit Drugs