Receptor-independent induction of apoptosis by synthetic retinoids.
Retinoids modulate cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Many of these effects are mediated by nuclear retinoid receptors. However, studies with certain synthetic retinoids, including some that can activate retinoid receptors, revealed that they affect cell growth and especially apoptosis by mechanisms that are independent of nuclear receptors. This chapter describes the pro-apoptotic effects of the synthetic retinoid CD437 [6-[3-(1-adamantyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-2-naphthalene carboxylic acid], and structurally-related retinoids and summarizes the mechanisms by which they induce apoptosis.
Lotan
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Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA. rlotan@mdanderson.org
D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D006801:Humans; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D012176:Retinoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism
C099555:CD 437; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D012176:Retinoids; D014157:Transcription Factors; D020169:Caspases