title: Ethics and equipoise: rationale for a placebo-controlled study design of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition in coronary intervention.
abstract: Rarely is it straightforward to specify the design and parameters of a clinical trial investigating an alternative therapy where effective therapies already exist. If existing therapeutic interventions are highly efficacious, safe, inexpensive, and firmly entrenched, an active-control design becomes the logical first choice. Short of this absolute condition, however, the merits and realities of the scientific, clinical, corporate, and regulatory environments need to be weighed before determining the appropriate approach. A state of clinical equipoise with regard to the use of glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa therapy in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) provided the unique opportunity to address the complexities in selecting a placebo-controlled design for the Enhanced Suppression of the Platelet IIb/IIIa Receptor with Integrilin Trial (ESPRIT). ESPRIT investigators assessed whether a high dose of eptifibatide would improve the outcomes of patients undergoing coronary stenting. By using the example of the ESPRIT trial, we examine factors warranting the need for this trial and evaluate the process whereby the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) gave approval for a placebo-controlled design. Although the focus of this trial is GP IIb/IIIa inhibition therapy, the issues pertaining to the trial and how they were resolved are general enough to be applied to the design and conduct of clinical trials across a broad spectrum of illnesses and therapeutic modalities.
authors.affiliation: Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC. tchen001@mc.duke.edu
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Tcheng
authors.forename: Mina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Madan
authors.forename: J Conor
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: O'Shea
authors.forename: Eric A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Christopher E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Buller
authors.forename: A Michael
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lincoff
authors.forename: Jeffrey J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Popma
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Teirstein
authors.forename: Michael M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Kitt
authors.forename: Todd J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Lorenz
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.forename: Norman
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fost
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Califf
mesh_terms: D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary; D018849:Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000941:ethics* / Q000379:methods*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D023381:Endpoint Determination; D000077542:Eptifibatide; D032984:Ethics, Research; D006801:Humans; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010455:Peptides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010919:Placebos; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019039:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D012107:Research Design; D015607:Stents; D014481:United States; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration
chemical_list: D010455:Peptides; D010919:Placebos; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D019039:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex; D000077542:Eptifibatide