title: Manipulated mouse embryos as bioassay system for water quality control.
abstract: Mouse pronuclear stage embryos with intact slit zona pellucida (manipulated) were cultured in vitro until the hatched blastocyst stage in simplex optimized medium with higher K+ concentration (KSOM) prepared with three different water types: tap, deionized reverse osmosis (D-O) water and Milli-Q system (M-Q) water. The culture media were supplemented with or without protein and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA, disodium salt). The rates of hatched blastocysts were significantly affected (p < 0.01) by micromanipulation, protein supplement and water source. The water source has no influence (p > 0.05) on development in EDTA-supplemented protein-free culture media, whereas in EDTA- and protein-free culture media, the water quality significantly (p < 0.001) affected the rates of development, with higher rates in media prepared with M-Q water. The micromanipulated embryos showed higher sensitivity to the water quality (p < 0.01). It worth mentioning that the rates of hatched blastocysts in protein-free culture media were very low (0-7.5%). Furthermore, the three different water types were analysed by measuring the electrical conductivity, inorganic ions, total organic carbon and endotoxins to evaluate the purity. M-Q water showed the lowest levels of inorganic ion, total organic carbon and endotoxin concentrations. We concluded that manipulated mouse embryos are good system to evaluate the quality of water used in biological system.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Theriogenology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Elsheikh
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagano
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kanagawa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000502:physiology*; D003470:Culture Media; D004492:Edetic Acid; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro / Q000592:standards*; D007477:Ions; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008846:Micromanipulation; D011247:Pregnancy; D011506:Proteins; D011786:Quality Control; D014881:Water Supply / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D007477:Ions; D011506:Proteins; D004492:Edetic Acid