title: Ischemic preconditioning preserves connexin 43 phosphorylation during sustained ischemia in pig hearts in vivo.
abstract: During myocardial ischemia, connexin 43 (Cx43) is dephosphorylated in vitro, and the subsequent opening of gap junctions formed by two opposing Cx43 hexamers was suggested to propagate ischemia/reperfusion injury. Reduction of infarct size (IS) by ischemic preconditioning (IP) involves activation of protein kinase C (PKC) and p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), both of which can phosphorylate Cx43. We now studied in anesthetized pigs whether IP impacts on Cx43 phosphorylation by measuring the density of non-phosphorylated and total Cx43 (confocal laser) during normoperfusion and 90-min ischemia in non-preconditioned and preconditioned hearts. Co-localization of PKCalpha, p38MAPKalpha, and p38MAPKbeta with Cx43 and the activity of p38MAPK were assessed. IP by 10 min ischemia and 15 min reperfusion reduced IS. Non-phosphorylated Cx43 remained unchanged during ischemia in preconditioned hearts, while it increased from 35+/-3 to 75+/-8 AU (P<0.05) in non-preconditioned hearts. Co-localization of PKCalpha, p38MAPKalpha, and p38MAPKbeta with Cx43 during ischemia increased only in preconditioned hearts. While the ischemia-induced increase in p38MAPKalpha activity was comparable in preconditioned and non-preconditioned hearts, p38MAPKbeta activity was increased only in preconditioned hearts. Blockade of p38MAPK by SB203580 attenuated the IS-reduction and the increased p38MAPK-Cx43 co-localization by IP. We conclude that IP increases co-localization of protein kinases with Cx43 and preserves phosphorylation of Cx43 during ischemia.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Pathophysiologie, Zentrum für Innere Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany. rainer_schulz@uni-essen.de
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gres
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Skyschally
authors.forename: Alexej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Duschin
authors.forename: Sergej
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Belosjorow
authors.forename: Ina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Konietzka
authors.forename: Gerd
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Heusch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018031:Connexin 43 / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial; D007700:Kinetics; D048290:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 11; D048308:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 14; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000032:analysis / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000473:pathology; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000032:analysis; D051571:Protein Kinase C-alpha; D051744:Protein Kinase C-epsilon; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D018031:Connexin 43; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007093:Imidazoles; D011725:Pyridines; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D051571:Protein Kinase C-alpha; D051744:Protein Kinase C-epsilon; D048290:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 11; D048308:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 14; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C093642:SB 203580