title: Cerebral and lung kinetics of morphine in conscious sheep after short intravenous infusions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The analgesic effects of morphine are delayed relative to its concentration in blood. The rate of equilibration of morphine between blood and brain may contribute to this delay, but the kinetics of this process have not been modelled. This was determined in conscious instrumented sheep. The lung kinetics of morphine were also determined given their importance in defining systemic kinetics after i.v. bolus administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sheep were given short i.v. infusions of morphine (30 mg over 4 min). Cerebral kinetics were inferred from arterio-sagittal sinus concentration gradients and cerebral blood flow, and lung kinetics from the pulmonary artery-aortic gradient and cardiac output. These data were fitted to flow- and membrane-limited models of the kinetics in each organ.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Morphine had minimal cardiovascular effects, did not alter cerebral blood flow and caused insignificant respiratory depression. Lung kinetics were best described by a single distribution volume (2036 ml) with a first-order loss (1370 ml min(-1)), which was attributed to deep distribution. The cerebral kinetics of morphine were characterized by a significant permeability barrier. Permeability across the barrier (7.44 ml min(-1)) was estimated with good precision, and was approximately one-fifth of the nominal cerebral blood flow. The distribution volume of morphine in the brain was estimated with less precision, but was described by a brain:blood partition coefficient of approximately 1.4. The time required for 50% equilibration between brain and blood concentrations was approximately 10.3 min.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cerebral equilibration of morphine was relatively slow, and was characterized by significant membrane limitation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Royal Adelaide Hospital, University of Adelaide, SA 5005 Adelaide, Australia. richard.upton@adelaide.edu.au
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Upton
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Ludbrook
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Milne
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000187:drug effects; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism*; D009020:Morphine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D012756:Sheep
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009020:Morphine