title: Inflammatory markers, adiponectin, and risk of type 2 diabetes in the Pima Indian.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between adiponectin, a known predictor of diabetes in Pima Indians, and markers of inflammation and endothelial function in nondiabetic subjects and to assess whether these markers predict later diabetes in a case-control study within a longitudinal health study in Pima Indians.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants with normal glucose tolerance at baseline were selected. Case subjects (who later developed type 2 diabetes), and control subjects (n = 71 pairs) were matched for BMI, age, and sex. Adiponectin, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, phospholipase A2 (sPLA2), soluble E-selectin (SE-selectin), soluble intracellular adhesion molecule-1, soluble vascular adhesion molecule-1, and von Willebrand factor (vWF) were measured in baseline samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adiponectin was negatively correlated with CRP (r = -0.25, P < 0.05), IL-6 (r = -0.20, P < 0.05), sPLA2 (r = -0.22, P < 0.05), and SE-selectin (r = -0.20, P < 0.05). CRP and IL-6 did not predict diabetes. Only vWF predicted the development of diabetes (incidence rate ratio 0.67 for a 1-SD difference, 95% CI 0.41-1.00, P = 0.05), but this was not significant after adjustment for age, glucose, HbA(1c), waist circumference, and fasting insulin (hazard rate ratio 0.73, 95% CI 0.46-1.16, P = 0.18).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adiponectin is negatively correlated with markers of inflammation in vivo. In case and control subjects matched for BMI, with the exception of vWF, none of the inflammatory markers predicted diabetes. Adiponectin may be the link between adiposity, inflammation, and type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes and Arthritis Epidemiology Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona 85014, USA. jkrakoff@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Krakoff
authors.forename: Tohru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Funahashi
authors.forename: Coen D A
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Stehouwer
authors.forename: Casper G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Schalkwijk
authors.forename: Sachiyo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matsuzawa
authors.forename: Sayuko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kobes
authors.forename: P Antonio
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Tataranni
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Knowler
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Lindsay
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin; D000328:Adult; D001130:Arizona / Q000453:epidemiology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D003094:Collagen / Q000097:blood*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D010741:Phospholipases A / Q000097:blood; D054467:Phospholipases A2; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood; D014841:von Willebrand Factor / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D019040:E-Selectin; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D015850:Interleukin-6; D011506:Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D014841:von Willebrand Factor; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D003094:Collagen; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D010741:Phospholipases A; D054467:Phospholipases A2