title: PCR detection of clonal IgH and TCR gene rearrangements at the end of induction as a non-remission criterion in children with ALL: comparison with standard morphologic analysis and risk group classification.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The initial response to induction therapy is currently considered one of the most important prognostic factors in acute lymphoblastic leukemias (ALL). A series of methods for the detection of submicroscopic levels of residual disease in patients with ALL mainly based on PCR and immunophenotyping has been developed, demonstrating that the presence of high levels of residual disease at the end of induction therapy is an important, independent prognostic factor. We determined the usefulness of PCR detection of minimal residual disease using consensus primers as a non-remission criterion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bone marrow samples obtained from 49 children with ALL were analyzed at diagnosis and at the end of induction therapy for the detection of clonal IgH, TCRdelta, and TCRgamma rearrangements by PCR. The results were compared with those obtained by standard morphologic analysis and risk group classification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients who had clonality detected at the end of induction showed a significantly higher recurrence rate and lower event-free survival than those without detected clonality (24.9% vs. 89.7%) (P < 0.0001). Multivariate analysis revealed that detection of clonality at the end of induction was the most important, independent prognostic factor when associated with age, number of white blood cells, and immunophenotyping.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PCR detection of clonality using consensus primers is a relatively simple technique that is able to identify patients with a high chance of recurrence, and shows a higher sensitivity and a better prognostic value than standard morphologic analysis and risk group classification, defining a new remission criterion. However, further multicentric prospective studies using this technique employing a larger number of cases are necessary to confirm these findings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medicine School, São Paulo University, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carlos Alberto
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Scrideli
authors.forename: Rosane Gomes de Paula
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Queiroz
authors.forename: José Eduardo
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Bernardes
authors.forename: Elvis Terci
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Valera
authors.forename: Luiz Gonzaga
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Tone
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002999:Clone Cells / Q000473:pathology; D017931:DNA Primers; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D016694:Gene Rearrangement, delta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor / Q000235:genetics*; D015334:Gene Rearrangement, gamma-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor / Q000235:genetics*; D019676:Genes, T-Cell Receptor delta / Q000235:genetics; D019675:Genes, T-Cell Receptor gamma / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007143:Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains / Q000235:genetics; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D018365:Neoplasm, Residual / Q000235:genetics; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000592:standards*; D054198:Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012074:Remission Induction; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D007143:Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains