title: Pretreatment with ibuprofen to prevent electroconvulsive therapy-induced headache.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has been widely recognized as an effective treatment for severe depression and various other psychiatric illnesses, adverse effects have been frequently reported, especially a high incidence of headache. Analgesics, such as acetaminophen, narcotics, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), are commonly used to treat ECT-induced headache. The objective of this study was to determine whether pretreatment with ibuprofen would prevent the onset or decrease the severity of headache that occurs after ECT.
  
  
  METHODS
  All inpatients on the psychiatric units who required ECT treatment were asked to participate in the study. Thirty-four patients were randomly assigned to receive either ibuprofen, 600 mg, or placebo orally 90 minutes prior to the initial ECT session, with the alternate treatment given for the second ECT treatment. Patients were asked to complete a questionnaire prior to and after the first 2 ECT treatments regarding the pattern, severity, and onset of headache. Severity of the headache was measured on a visual analogue scale (VAS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten patients experienced headache in neither treatment arm, while 7 patients experienced headache in both treatment arms. Eleven patients experienced headache with placebo but not with ibuprofen, while 2 patients experienced headache with ibuprofen but not with placebo. Ibuprofen was significantly more effective than placebo in preventing the onset of headache post-ECT (p =.022). The mean +/- SD VAS headache scores were 1.49 +/- 1.54 and 0.54 +/- 0.91 in the placebo and ibuprofen arms, respectively. Ibuprofen was significantly more effective than placebo in reducing the severity of ECT-induced headache (p =.007).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ibuprofen premedication reduced the frequency and severity of headache post-ECT and should be considered for appropriate patients who suffer from ECT-induced headache.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, St. Paul's Hospital, Providence Health Care, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Marianna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: Yitzchak
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hollander
authors.forename: Glen R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000628:therapy*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004565:Electroconvulsive Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010919:Placebos; D011292:Premedication / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D010919:Placebos; D007052:Ibuprofen