title: Patterns of hospital admissions and emergency room visits among patients with scleroderma in South Carolina, USA.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Little research has examined patterns of hospitalization and use of emergency rooms (ER) among patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). We compared the incidence of hospitalizations and ER visits across 3 race groups (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, other) and determined predictors of referral to the Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), a major referral center for patients with SSc residing in the southeastern United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained on all South Carolina hospitalizations (1996-2000) for patients who were ever hospitalized for a diagnosis of SSc during that time period. Hospitalization and ER incidence rates were determined in conjunction with corresponding population sizes obtained from the 2000 US Census, and rates were compared across race, sex, and age groups using Poisson regression models. Logistic regression was used to determine predictors of being treated at MUSC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The hospitalization incidence rate was significantly (p < 0.05) higher among blacks compared to whites (rate ratio 1.66; 95% confidence interval 1.41, 1.96), as was the ER incidence rate (rate ratio 1.78; 95% CI 1.50, 2.11). Even after adjusting for sex, age, median household income, primary insurance claim payor, county, and comorbidity, blacks were 60% less likely (p < 0.05) than whites to receive inpatient treatment at MUSC. Similar results were observed when comparing other non-whites to whites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increased hospitalizations and ER visits among non-whites provide additional evidence of greater disease burden among these population groups. Despite this increased burden, non-whites are less likely to receive care at a major SSc referral center.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Care Research and Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, USA. nieterpj@musc.edu
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Nietert
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Silver
mesh_terms: D000046:Academic Medical Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012595:Scleroderma, Systemic / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000628:therapy; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013022:South Carolina / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*