title: [Mechanism of esophageal speech after total laryngectomy].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the characteristics of esophageal speech after total laryngectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Esophageal speech evaluation of 40 cases of esophageal phonation included acoustic parameters, intraesophageal pressures during phonation, speech intelligibility, fluency, communication, respiratory sound and cognate distinctions between voiced and voiceless sounds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 8 poor speakers, the neoglottis was spasmodic and difficult to vibrate during phonation. In 32 good speakers, the neoglottis was relaxed and easy to vibrate during phonation. The training age, speech intelligibility, fluency, communication, respiratory sound, cognate distinctions between voiced and voiceless sounds and intraesophageal pressures during phonation were significantly different between good and poor esophageal speakers. Vocal characteristics of good speakers differed significantly from those in the normal (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The upper intraesphageal pressure during esophageal phonation was higher than that of the normal, especially for poor esophageal phonation. The middle to lower intraesphageal pressures was highest during poor esophageal phonation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Esophageal phonation was completely alaryngeal, and its activators also differ completely, so phonation could not maintain much longer. Patients with poor esophageal phonation could not drive the air through the neoglottis freely.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China. xuwenlily@yahoo.com.cn
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Demin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Lizhen
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Shufeng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Zhigang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Zhenkun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007825:Laryngectomy / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010699:Phonation; D013072:Speech, Esophageal; D014833:Voice Quality