title: Sensory threshold of off-flavors caused by proteolysis and lipolysis in milk.
abstract: The objective of this study was to determine the sensory threshold of off-flavor caused by lipolysis in 2% fat milk and to establish the relationship between increased proteolytic activity in milk and the detection of bitter off-flavor. Homogenized raw milk was held at room temperature for 100 min to allow the native milk lipase to release free fatty acids from the triglycerides. Low and high lipolysis pasteurized milk containing 2% fat were blended together in varying amounts to create a series of six milks with increasing free fatty acid (FFA) concentration for sensory evaluation. Sensory threshold for lipolysis in 2% fat milk was determined by ascending forced-choice procedure, with a series of triangle tests in four sessions with 25 panelists in each session. The group best estimated threshold was the geometric mean of the individual thresholds within each of four panel sessions. The geometric mean best estimated detection thresholds for off-flavors caused by lipolysis in 2% fat milk carried out by native milk lipases were 0.320, 0.322, 0.351, and 0.316 meq of FFA/kg milk for panels 1 to 4, respectively. One third of the panelists detected an off-flavor at or below 0.250 meq of FFA/kg milk. To establish the relationship between proteolysis and detection of off-flavor in pasteurized skim milk, 2800 ppm of CO2 were added to pasteurized skim milk, and it was stored for 27 d at 6 degrees C. Another portion of the same milk was frozen on d 1 at -40 degrees C for use as a low proteolysis portion of the same milk. Decrease in casein as a percentage of true protein (CN/TP) was used as an index of proteolysis. After 27 d at 6 degrees C the milk had a decrease in CN/TP of 4.76% and a standard plate count of 430 cfu/ml. The novel approach of storing milk at 6 degrees C for 27 d with added CO2 blocked microbial growth but allowed proteolytic degradation by milk enzymes to proceed. Before sensory analysis, CO2 was removed by vacuum from the high proteolysis milk and the low proteolysis milk was given the same heat and vacuum. Two triangle tests were performed to determine whether panelists could detect off-flavors caused by proteolysis in milk. The threshold detection of off-flavor in skim milk produced by the action of native milk proteases was less than a decrease of CN/TP of 4.76%, but this value is probably near the threshold.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Nutrição e Produção Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Caplan
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Barbano
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002364:Caseins / Q000032:analysis; D010450:Endopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism*; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D005615:Freezing; D006801:Humans; D008049:Lipase / Q000378:metabolism; D008066:Lipolysis; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000382:microbiology; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D013649:Taste; D013696:Temperature; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002364:Caseins; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D008894:Milk Proteins; D014280:Triglycerides; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D008049:Lipase; D010450:Endopeptidases