title: The activity of camptothecin analogues is enhanced in histocultures of human tumors and human tumor xenografts by modulation of extracellular pH.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most solid human tumors exist in an acidic microenvironment, due in part to inefficient vasculature and a higher intrinsic rate of glycolysis. This leads to a tumor-selective pH gradient, which can be exploited therapeutically with antitumor agents such as the camptothecins (CPTs). Previous work in this laboratory has shown that camptothecin activity is enhanced 40- to 60-fold in monolayer cell culture by reducing the extracellular pH to 6.8. Three-dimensional histoculture has been shown to be a technique that allows human tumor tissue to grow in an in vivo-like way with maintenance of tissue histology and function and drug sensitivity for long periods of time.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In the current study, we utilized these features of histoculture to study new analogues of camptothecin that have superior pharmacological properties.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated six CPT analogues in histocultures of human brain, neuroblastoma, breast, colon, and prostate tumors. Fragments were exposed to 10,11-methylenedioxy-CPT (MDC), 7-chloromethyl-MDC, SN-38, topotecan (TPT), 9-amino-CPT, 10-amino-CPT, paclitaxel, 5-fluorouracil, 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide and doxorubicin, and antitumor activity was assessed. For in vivo tumor outgrowth studies, fragments were treated in parallel, implanted into nude mice, and monitored for development of tumors. RESULTS. Against 15 of 16 tumor xenografts and all primary tumor samples tested, all compounds were cytotoxic at pH 7.4 (IC(50) range 13-921 microM). MDC, SN-38, TPT, and 9-amino-CPT achieved an average 5-fold increase in activity (range 3-14) at pH 6.8, while 7-chloromethyl-MDC was enhanced 8-fold (range 6-14). The most potentiated analogue was 10-amino-CPT at 27-fold (range 17-49). In contrast, the other agents were active against one or more tumor types but were not enhanced by acidic pH. Importantly, the toxicity of MDC in histoculture of D54 glioma xenografts strongly correlated with the outgrowth of treated fragments subsequently implanted in vivo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evaluation of anticancer drug activity in native-state histoculture supports the concept that pH modulation may be an important approach to improve the selectivity and antitumor effectiveness of camptothecin-based chemotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC-3843, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Flowers
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: Timothy A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Driscoll
authors.forename: Monroe E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Wall
authors.forename: Mansukh C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Wani
authors.forename: Govindarajan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Manikumar
authors.forename: Henry S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dewhirst
authors.forename: O Michael
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Colvin
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Adams
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002166:Camptothecin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects*; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D002166:Camptothecin