title: Neoadjuvant photodynamic therapy as a new approach to treating hilar cholangiocarcinoma: a phase II pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Only 20-30% of patients with hilar cholangiocarcinomas (CC) are candidates for potentially curative resection. However, even after curative (R0) resection, these patients have a disease recurrence rate of up to 76%. The current prospective Phase II study investigated photodynamic therapy (PDT) as a neoadjuvant treatment for CC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven patients with advanced proximal bile duct carcinoma were evaluated. Patients were treated with PDT at the area of tumor infiltration and 2 cm beyond and underwent surgery after a median period of 6 weeks (range, 3-44 weeks).
  
  
  RESULTS
  One patient had a Bismuth-Corlette Type II tumor, two patients had Type IIIa, one patient had Type IIIb, and three patients had Type IV. Cholestasis parameters after PDT decreased significantly. No relevant adverse events from PDT occurred except for minor intraoperative phototoxicity in one patient. Three patients underwent right-sided liver resections, two patients underwent left-sided liver resections, and one patient received a combined hilar resection with partial pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) due to tumor extension into the distal bile duct. Liver transplantation and PD were performed in another patient. In all patients, R0 resection was achieved. Four patients developed minor surgical complications, even though the bilioenteric anastomoses were sewn to PDT-pretreated bile ducts. No viable tumor cells were found in the inner 4 mm layer of the surgical specimens. The PDT-pretreated epithelium of the tumor-free proximal resection margins exhibited only minimal inflammatory infiltration. Tumors recurred in 2 patients 6 and 19 months after surgery. The 1-year recurrence free survival rate was 83%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neoadjuvant PDT for hilar CC is a low-risk procedure with efficient selective destruction of the superficial 4 mm layer of bile duct tumor without complications exceeding series without neoadjuvant PDT. Neoadjuvant PDT should be evaluated prospectively to determine whether it reduces the rate of local disease recurrence after potentially curative resection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wiedmann
authors.forename: Karel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Caca
authors.forename: Frieder
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Berr
authors.forename: Ingolf
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Schiefke
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tannapfel
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wittekind
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mössner
authors.forename: Johann
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hauss
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Witzigmann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001650:Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D001653:Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D018281:Cholangiocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006498:Hepatectomy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011446:Prospective Studies