title: Cytokine production by cord blood mononuclear cells stimulated with cows milk proteins in vitro: interleukin-4 and transforming growth factor beta-secreting cells detected in the CD45RO T cell population in children of atopic mothers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Food antigens from the maternal circulation may sensitize fetal T cells in utero and be an important determinant in the development of food allergy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Here we have examined the spontaneous and recall response to cow's milk proteins of cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMC) of newborn children, using single cell ELISPOT assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In term newborns, confirming previous studies, the spontaneous cytokine response of CBMC is dominated by IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and as shown here for the first time, TGF-beta. For TGF-beta only, the response of samples from infants of atopic mothers was significantly lower than samples from infants of non-atopic mothers. In vitro stimulation of CBMC with bovine serum albumin, casein and beta-lactoglobulin resulted in a significant increase of all cytokine-secreting cells, again dominated by T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokines. There was a clear tendency for samples from infants of atopic mothers to have lower Th2 responses than samples from infants of non-atopic mothers, which was particularly significant for both IL-4 and TGF-beta. Spontaneous cytokine secreting cells were virtually absent in cord blood from infants < 34 weeks gestation, as were cows milk protein-induced responses, although they were readily detectable in samples from infants aged > 34 weeks. To explore whether the cytokine secreting cells were in the naive CD4+ CD45RA population or memory CD4+ CD45RO T cells, these subsets were purified by positive and negative selection and tested for spontaneous and cows milk protein-induced cytokine responses. Strikingly, although the responses were small, the CD45RO+ cells from children of atopic mothers showed significant spontaneous and antigen-specific IL-4 and TGF-beta responses, whereas the same population from infants of non-atopic mothers showed virtually no response. In addition CD45RA+ cells from infants of mothers with maternal atopy showed decreased IL-4 and TGF-beta responses, especially the latter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cows milk antigen-specific IL-4 and TGF-beta responses preferentially seen in the memory cell subset of infants with a maternal history of atopy strongly suggests Th2 skewing to dietary antigens in utero.
authors.affiliation: Universitätsklinik fur Kinder- und Jugendheilkunde, Karl-Franzens-Universität, Graz, Austria. almuthe.hauer@kfunigraz.ac.at
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Hauer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Riederer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Griessl
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rosegger
authors.forename: T T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: MacDonald
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D006969:Hypersensitivity, Immediate / Q000276:immunology*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000276:immunology; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D017493:Leukocyte Common Antigens / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange / Q000276:immunology; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000276:immunology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000276:immunology; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D008894:Milk Proteins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D015847:Interleukin-4; D017493:Leukocyte Common Antigens