title: Relationship between periodontal disease and C-reactive protein among adults in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Moderately elevated serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration is a systemic marker of inflammation and a documented risk factor for cardiovascular disease in otherwise healthy persons. Unrecognized infections, such as periodontal disease, may induce an acute-phase response, elevating CRP levels. We evaluated the association between periodontal disease and CRP levels in adults in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Oral examinations were conducted between January 1, 1996, and December 31, 1998, on 5552 ARIC participants (aged 52-74 years) from 4 US communities. Periodontal disease was quantified as the percentage of periodontal sites with pocket depth of 4 mm or more. Serum CRP concentration was quantified in milligrams per liter using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean (SE) CRP level was 7.6 (0.6) mg/L among people with extensive periodontal pockets (>30% of sites with pocket depth > or =4 mm), approximately one-third greater than that for people with less extensive periodontal pockets (5.7 [0.1] mg/L). In a multivariable linear regression model that controlled for age, sex, diabetes mellitus, cigarette use, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, the association of extensive periodontal pockets with CRP concentration was modified by body mass index (BMI; calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters). For people with a BMI of 20, the model predicted a 2-fold difference in mean CRP concentration between periodontal pocket groups (7.5 vs 3.6 mg/L), but the difference decreased with increasing BMI and was negligible when BMI equaled 35.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Extensive periodontal disease and BMI are jointly associated with increased CRP levels in otherwise healthy, middle-aged adults, suggesting the need for medical and dental diagnoses when evaluating sources of acute-phase response in some patients.
authors.affiliation: Center for Oral and Systemic Disease, Department of Dental Ecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7450, USA.
authors.forename: Gary D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Slade
authors.forename: Elisa M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Ghezzi
authors.forename: Gerardo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Heiss
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: Estelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Riche
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Offenbacher
mesh_terms: D000210:Acute-Phase Reaction / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D000368:Aged; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D002097:C-Reactive Protein