title: Attitudes and distress levels in women at risk to carry a BRCA1/BRCA2 gene mutation who decline genetic testing.
abstract: Genetic testing enables women at risk for hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancer to find out whether they have inherited the gene mutation, and if so, to opt for undergoing frequent surveillance and/or prophylactic surgery. However, the option to know about one's genetic status is not always seen as a benefit by women at risk. Motives for declining genetic testing were explored in 13 women at 25% or 50% risk to be a BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation carrier, who participated in a surveillance program for breast/ovarian cancer (the non-tested group). We hypothesized that high anxiety might be an important motive to decline testing. In addition, we investigated whether the non-tested group differed from a reference group of women who did undergo the test (tested group; n = 85) with regard to biographical factors, experience with cancer in relatives, and personality traits. Most non-tested women (10/13) were satisfied with participating in the surveillance program. Four reported to feel emotionally unprepared to cope with the consequences of testing. Compared with the tested group, the non-tested women had similar mean distress levels (which were not high), but a higher education level, they were more often childless, showed more reluctance towards prophylactic surgery, were younger when first confronted with a relative affected with breast/ovarian cancer, and were longer aware of the genetic nature of the disease. This study showed that women were more likely to have thoroughly reflected on their decision not to undergo genetic testing, than to deny the whole issue due to high anxiety. Being confronted at a relatively young age with breast/ovarian cancer in a relative, and being aware of the genetic risk for a many years, may have resulted in the risk for cancer becoming an integrated part of their lives. However, generalization of these results to women who neither underwent the test nor participated in a surveillance program should be considered with caution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Erasmus University, Rotterdam/Netherlands Institute for Health Sciences, the Netherlands. l.n.lodder@freeler.nl
authors.forename: Litanja
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lodder
authors.forename: Petra G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Frets
authors.forename: R Willem
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Trijsburg
authors.forename: Jan G M
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Klijn
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Seynaeve
authors.forename: Madeleine M A
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Tilanus
authors.forename: Carina C M
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Bartels
authors.forename: E Johanna
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Meijers-Heijboer
authors.forename: Leon C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Verhoog
authors.forename: Martinus F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Niermeijer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001294:Attitude to Health; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology*; D002755:Choice Behavior; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005260:Female; D019398:Genes, BRCA1; D024522:Genes, BRCA2; D006580:Genetic Carrier Screening; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000523:psychology*; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology*; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012307:Risk Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires