title: Antioxidant and oxidative stress indices in dialysis-dependent acute renal failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Experimental animal models and in vitro studies have established a role for reactive oxygen species and the therapeutic potential for free radical scavengers in acute renal failure (ARF). Little is known of the effects of hemodialysis and other clinical variables on antioxidant defenses and oxidative stress among patients with ARF.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined antioxidant defenses and oxidative stress status in 24 patients with ARF requiring hemodialysis (HD). Blood samples were drawn prior to the first dialysis session (baseline), as well as before and after the third and sixth dialysis sessions. At each time point, the following parameters were measured: plasma alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), plasma glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), serum total oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interleukin-10 (IL-10). Multivariate linear regression analyses were performed to examine clinical/laboratory variables associated with antioxidant/oxidative stress indices. The changes in antioxidant/oxidative stress indices over time after initiation of hemodialysis was evaluated in a subgroup of patients (n = 11) who completed six dialysis sessions. Intradialytic changes in antioxidant/oxidative stress indices and the differential impact of cellulose acetate vs. polysulfone dialyzers were also evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Factors associated with alpha-tocopherol level were serum albumin (301 microg/dl upward arrow for each 1 g/dl upward arrow in albumin) and ORAC (188 microg/dl upward arrow for each 1,000 micromol Trolox Eq/l upward arrow in ORAC). Age was independently associated with plasma GSH-Px levels (55 U/l downward arrow for each 10-year age upward arrow ). Factors associated with ORAC were alpha-tocopherol (85 micromol Trolox Eq/l upward arrow for each 100 microg/dl upward arrow in alpha-tocopherol) and total bilirubin (30 micromol Trolox Eq/l downward arrow for each 1 mg/dl upward arrow in total bilirubin). Total bilirubin was independently associated with TBARS (0.2 microM upward arrow for each 1 mg/dl upward arrow in total bilirubin). GSH-Px and ORAC levels declined over time between baseline and the sixth dialysis session (p < 0.05 for both). Finally, there was a significant intradialytic decline in ORAC levels, which appeared to be more pronounced with use of cellulose acetate compared with polysulfone dialyzer membranes (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These observations indicate that antioxidant and oxidative stress indices in ARF patients are associated with several clinical and laboratory variables as well as the dialysis procedure. Further studies are needed to investigate the therapeutic role of anti-oxidant therapy in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tupper Research Institute, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, Mass., USA.
authors.forename: Vaidyanathapuram S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Balakrishnan
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blumberg
authors.forename: Brian J G
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Bertrand L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Jaber
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000097:blood* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D000368:Aged; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D019963:Clinical Chemistry Tests; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers