title: Sleep disturbances and depression in the elderly in Japan.
abstract: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between sleep disturbances and depression in the Japanese elderly.
  
  
  METHODS
  These investigations in the Japanese elderly were carried out with the Geriatric Depression Scale, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and questions on restless legs syndrome and nocturnal eating disorder. A total of 2023 people (male: 1008; female: 1015; average age: 74.2 +/- 6.3 years) were analyzed by chi2 test and simple and multiple logistic regression. The prevalence of sleep disturbance was 37.3% and that of depression was 31.3%. Female gender and/or older (> or =75 years) age were significantly associated with depression. Characteristics in depressive elderly were poor sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances due to difficulty of initiating sleep (DIS), breathing discomfort, coldness and pain, poor subjective sleep quality and lack of enthusiasm for activities. Sleep disturbances due to using the bathroom, breathing discomfort and coldness and long sleep latency were associated with depression in younger (65-74 years) men. Sleep disturbance due to DIS was associated with depression in older (> or =75 years) men. Sleep disturbance due to pain was associated with depression in younger and older women. Poor sleep efficiency was associated with depression in older women. Poor subjective sleep quality was associated with depression in younger and older men and younger women. Lack of enthusiasm was associated with depression in younger and older men and older women. Restless legs syndrome was statistically significantly associated with depression in younger men. It is concluded that sleep disturbance and depression among the Japanese elderly are closely related symptoms. The features of sleep disturbance with depression differed with sex and age.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Shimane Medical University, Izumo City, Japan. sukegawt@tottori.hosp.go.jp
authors.forename: Tsuruhei
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sukegawa
authors.forename: Motoi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Itoga
authors.forename: Haruo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Seno
authors.forename: Seiji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miura
authors.forename: Takuji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inagaki
authors.forename: Wakaba
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Uegaki
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miyaoka
authors.forename: Isamu
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Momose
authors.forename: Kyosuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kasahara
authors.forename: Ryutaro
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Oshiro
authors.forename: Yoshiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Rei
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yasukawa
authors.forename: Takumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mihara
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.forename: Soichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mizuno
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsubouchi
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Inami
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Horiguchi
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000339:Affect; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000208:ethnology; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012737:Sex Factors; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology*