title: Neurodevelopmental outcome of infants supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation after cardiac surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the long-term neurodevelopmental outcome of infants who underwent cardiac surgery and required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support, and to examine variables that predict death or disability in these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied all infants who had congenital heart disease and were supported postoperatively with ECMO from 1990 to 2001 at our institution (n = 53). Medical records were reviewed retrospectively to obtain clinical variables. Neurologic and age-appropriate developmental examinations occurred at ages 1, 1.5, 2.5, and 4.5 years. Median age at follow-up was 55 months (9-101). Cognitive outcome was defined as suspect when scores were between 1 and 2 SD below the mean for age and abnormal when scores were >2 SD below mean for age. Neuromotor outcome was defined as suspect when the patient manifested clumsiness, tremor, or mild tone and reflex changes without functional limitations, and abnormal when there were functional limitations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In-hospital survival was 17 (32%) of 53. Of survivors, 14 (88%) of 16 are living and 1 patient was lost to follow-up. Of the 53 patients, 7 survived completely intact (13%). Seven (50%) of 14 patients had a normal cognitive outcome, 3 (21%) had a suspect cognitive outcome, and 4 (29%) were abnormal. Ten (72%) of 14 patients had a normal neuromotor outcome, 1 (7%) patient had a suspect neuromotor outcome, and 3 (21%) were abnormal. No survivor with an aortic cross-clamp time >40 minutes had a normal cognitive outcome. Nonsurvivors were more likely than survivors to have had cardiac arrest as an indication for ECMO (31% vs 6%), to have had a longer aortic cross-clamp time (mean 73 minutes vs 32 minutes), and to have required continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration (78% vs 35%). The age and weight at cannulation, gender, cardiac diagnosis, interval from surgery to ECMO, cardiopulmonary bypass time, diagnosis of sepsis or mediastinitis, and duration of ECMO were not significantly associated with survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although mortality was 68% in infants who had congenital heart disease and were treated with ECMO postoperatively, of those who survive to hospital discharge, 75% have a normal neuromotor outcome and 50% have a normal cognitive outcome. These high rates of mortality and disability suggest that increased attention be paid to neuroprotection in these complex disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, 521 Parnassus Ave, C-215, San Francisco, CA 94122-0663, USA. segh@itsa.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Shannon E G
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Hamrick
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Gremmels
authors.forename: Corinne A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Keet
authors.forename: Carol H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Leonard
authors.forename: J Kelly
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Connell
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hawgood
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Piecuch
mesh_terms: D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D002657:Child Development; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000453:epidemiology; D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D020234:Gait Ataxia / Q000453:epidemiology; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009420:Nervous System / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013903:Thoracic Surgery / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome