title: Percutaneous saline-enhanced radiofrequency ablation of unresectable hepatic tumors: initial experience in 26 patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of our study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of percutaneous saline-enhanced radiofrequency ablation for unresectable primary or metastatic hepatic tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six patients with 15 hepatocellular carcinomas and 33 hepatic metastases (maximum diameter < or = 8.6 cm) were treated; of these, seven tumors in five patients were treated twice. Thus, 44 radiofrequency treatments were performed. Saline-enhanced and impedance-controlled radiofrequency ablation (0.5-1.1 mL/min of saline, 15-mm conductive portion of the electrode tip, 25-60 W, 5-43 min) was performed using MR imaging guidance. Coagulation necrosis, volume indexes, morbidity, and complications were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The volume of coagulation necrosis 1-7 days after radiofrequency ablation was 1.6-126.6 cm(3) (median, 18.9 cm(3)), corresponding to coagulation diameters of 1.5-6.2 cm (median, 3.2 cm). The coagulation volume was significantly larger if there were more than four radiofrequency applications (p = 0.006). Tumors of 3 cm or less in diameter were eight times as likely to be successfully completely ablated (p = 0.01) and volume indexes of lesions treated with the patient under general anesthesia were significantly larger than those treated with the patient under conscious sedation (p < 0.001). Major complications occurred in four patients (15%). Incomplete ablation in 19 (35%) of 54 radiofrequency lesions was due to cooling by a large vessel nearby (n = 2) or to low power applied in painful (n = 11) or critical (n = 6) locations. Residual tumor was observed in 14 (58%) of 24 tumors evaluated 6-8 months after radiofrequency ablation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Percutaneous saline-enhanced and impedance-controlled radiofrequency ablation can be effective in the treatment of unresectable hepatic tumors and minimizes potential carbonization. A greater number of radiofrequency applications, general anesthesia, and increasing experience provide significantly better results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Division of Angiography and Interventional Radiology, University of Vienna Medical School, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Austria.
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kettenbach
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Köstler
authors.forename: Ernst
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rücklinger
authors.forename: Burkhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gustorff
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hüpfl
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: Katarina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Peer
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weigner
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lammer
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: S Nahum
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Goldberg
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D012965:Sodium Chloride