title: Belt-positioning booster seats and reduction in risk of injury among children in vehicle crashes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although more than a dozen states have ratified laws that require booster seats for children older than 4 years, most states continue to have child restraint laws that only cover children through age 4 years. Lack of booster seat effectiveness data may be a barrier to passage of stronger child restraint laws.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the association of belt-positioning booster seats compared with seat belts alone and risk of injury among 4- to 7-year-old children and to assess patterns of injury among children in booster seats vs seat belts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study of children aged 4 to 7 years in crashes of insured vehicles in 15 states, with data collected via insurance claims records and a telephone survey. A probability sample of 3616 crashes involving 4243 children, weighted to represent 56 593 children in 48 257 crashes was collected between December 1, 1998, and May 31, 2002.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parent report of clinically significant injuries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Injuries occurred among 1.81% of all 4- to 7-year-olds, including 1.95% of those in seat belts and 0.77% of those in belt-positioning booster seats. The odds of injury, adjusting for child, driver, crash, and vehicle characteristics, were 59% lower for children aged 4 to 7 years in belt-positioning boosters than in seat belts (odds ratio, 0.41; 95% confidence interval, 0.20-0.86). Children in belt-positioning booster seats had no injuries to the abdomen, neck/spine/back, or lower extremities, while children in seat belts alone had injuries to all body regions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Belt-positioning booster seats were associated with added safety benefits compared with seat belts to children through age 7 years, including reduction of injuries classically associated with improper seat belt fit in children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and the Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104, USA. durbind@e-mail.chop.edu
authors.forename: Dennis R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Durbin
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: Flaura K
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Winston
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004867:Equipment Design; D004868:Equipment Failure; D006801:Humans; D015370:Infant Equipment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016015:Logistic Models; D012306:Risk; D012622:Seat Belts / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*