title: Alkaline hydrolysis of the cyclic nitramine explosives RDX, HMX, and CL-20: new insights into degradation pathways obtained by the observation of novel intermediates.
abstract: Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX, I) and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) hydrolyze at pH > 10 to form end products including NO2-, HCHO, HCOOH, NH3, and N2O, but little information is available on intermediates, apart from the tentatively identified pentahydro-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohex-1-ene (II). Despite suggestions that RDX and HMX contaminated groundwater could be economically treated via alkaline hydrolysis, the optimization of such a process requires more detailed knowledge of intermediates and degradation pathways. In this study, we hydrolyzed the monocyclic nitramines RDX, MNX (hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazine), and HMX in aqueous solution (pH 10-12.3) and found that nitramine removal was accompanied by formation of 1 molar equiv of nitrite and the accumulation of the key ring cleavage product 4-nitro-2,4-diazabutanal (4-NDAB, O2NNHCH2NHCHO). Most of the remaining C and N content of RDX, MNX, and HMX was found in HCHO, N2O, HCOOH, and NH3. Consequently, we selected RDX as a model compound and hydrolyzed it in aqueous acetonitrile solutions (pH 12.3) in the presence and absence of hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CD) to explore other early intermediates in more detail. We observed a transient LC-MS peak with a [M-H] at 192 Da that was tentatively identified as 4,6-dinitro-2,4,6-triaza-hexanal (O2NNHCH2NNO2CH2NHCHO, III) considered as the hydrolyzed product of II. In addition, we detected another novel intermediate with a [M-H] at 148 Da that was tentatively identified as a hydrolyzed product of III, namely, 5-hydroxy-4-nitro-2,4-diaza-pentanal (HOCH2NNO2CH2NHCHO, IV). Both III and IV can act as precursors to 4-NDAB. In the case of the polycyclic nitramine 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20), denitration (two NO2-) also led to the formation of HCOOH, NH3, and N2O, but neither HCHO nor 4-NDAB were detected. The results provide strong evidence that initial denitration of cyclic nitramines in water is sufficient to cause ring cleavage followed by spontaneous decomposition to form the final products.
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council of Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H4P 2R2.
authors.forename: Vimal K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Balakrishnan
authors.forename: Annamaria
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Halasz
authors.forename: Jalal
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hawari
mesh_terms: D001392:Azocines / Q000737:chemistry*; D001952:Bridged-Ring Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D006573:Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring / Q000737:chemistry*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D006868:Hydrolysis; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D014227:Triazines / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001392:Azocines; D001952:Bridged-Ring Compounds; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D006573:Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D014227:Triazines; C083639:hexanitrohexaazaisowurzitane; C007950:octogen; C009160:cyclonite