title: Hypermethylation can selectively silence multiple promoters of steroid receptors in cancers.
abstract: Multiple promoters and differential splicing of 5' upstream exons are often found in various nuclear receptor genes including steroid receptors. Three promoters control the expression of human estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) isoforms: ERalpha-A, ERalpha-B, and ERalpha-C, and two promoters control the expression of human progesterone receptor (PR) isoforms: PR-A and PR-B. The expression levels of these isoforms differ with respect to each other in certain target tissues. The role of these isoforms may differ in various types of cells and tissues. The ER and PR contain CpG islands in the 5' upstream regions. One possible mechanism for changing the transcriptional status is methylation of CpG-enriched regions in these isoforms. We have investigated the expression and methylation status of the three different ERalpha promoters and the two different PR gene promoters by using methylation specific PCR (MSP) and direct DNA sequencing in several endometrial and prostate cancer cell lines and tissues. The results of these experiments suggest that ERalpha-A, ERalpha-B, and PR-A were expressed and ERalpha-C and PR-B were inactivated in endometrial cancers. To the contrary, ERalpha-A and ERalpha-B were inactivated and ERalpha-C, PR-A and PR-B were expressed in all prostate cancer. Treatment with demethylating agent (5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine) restored these gene expressions, suggesting that inactivation of this gene is through methylation. Our MSP and direct DNA sequencing showed that ERalpha-A, ERalpha-B, and PR-A genes were unmethylated and ERalpha-C and PR-B were methylated in endometrial cancers although ERalpha-A and ERalpha-B were methylated and ERalpha-C, PRA and PRB were unmethylated in prostate cancers. These reports clearly demonstrate that selective hypermethylation can selectively silence multiple promoters of steroid receptors in carcinogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology (112F), University of California-San Francisco and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA. view@itsa.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Masanori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaneuchi
authors.forename: Seiichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
authors.forename: Yuichiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Rajvir
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dahiya
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018899:CpG Islands; D019175:DNA Methylation; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004967:Estrogens / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D020868:Gene Silencing; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011374:Progesterone / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000235:genetics; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000235:genetics; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000235:genetics; D011987:Receptors, Steroid / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; D011987:Receptors, Steroid; D011374:Progesterone