title: Effects of albumin and Ringer's lactate on production of lung cytokines and hydrogen peroxide after resuscitated hemorrhage and endotoxemia in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Acute lung injury is a frequent complication of severe sepsis or blood loss and is often associated with an excessive inflammatory response requiring mechanical ventilation. We tested the hypothesis that the types of fluids used during early resuscitation have an important effect on the evolution of lung injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were subjected to either hemorrhage or endotoxemia for 1 hr, followed by resuscitation to a controlled mean blood pressure with Ringer's lactate, 5% albumin, or 25% albumin for 1 hr. After resuscitation, blood cytokine levels were measured. The lung was then excised and ventilated with a tidal volume of 30 mL/kg for 2 hrs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The volume of fluids required was significantly smaller in the albumin-treated groups than in the Ringer's lactate groups. In the hemorrhagic shock model, plasma concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 were significantly lower and interleukin-10 was significantly higher in the albumin-treated groups compared with the Ringer's lactate-treated group. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were lower and interleukin-10 was higher in the albumin-treated groups than in the Ringer's lactate group. The decreased cytokine production was associated with a reduction of hydrogen peroxide formation with albumin resuscitation. The lung wet/dry ratio was lower in the 5% albumin (0.54 +/- 0.01) and 25% albumin (0.55 +/- 0.02) groups than in the Ringer's lactate group (0.62 +/- 0.02; both p <.05). These effects of albumin seen in the hemorrhagic shock model were not observed in the endotoxic shock model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that resuscitation with albumin may have utility in reducing ventilator-induced lung injury after hemorrhagic shock, but not after endotoxic shock. These findings suggest that the mechanisms leading to ventilator-induced lung injury after hemorrhage differ from those after endotoxemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada. haibo.zhang@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: Haibo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Stefanos
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Voglis
authors.forename: Chang-Ho
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Arthur S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Slutsky
mesh_terms: D000418:Albumins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D054426:Chemokine CXCL2; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D019446:Endotoxemia / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy*; D005440:Fluid Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology*; D007249:Inflammation; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D007552:Isotonic Solutions / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008168:Lung / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D015846:Monokines / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D051381:Rats; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D012151:Resuscitation / Q000379:methods*; D000077325:Ringer's Lactate; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy*; D013990:Tidal Volume; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; D054426:Chemokine CXCL2; D016207:Cytokines; D015850:Interleukin-6; D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D015846:Monokines; D000077325:Ringer's Lactate; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide