title: Elevated expression of tyrosine kinase DDR2 in primary biliary cirrhosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is characterized by chronic progressive destruction of small intrahepatic bile ducts with portal inflammation and cholestasis, leading to fibrosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We utilized a novel restriction analysis system to profile the expression of tyrosine kinases (TKs). This methodology targets a conserved sequence present in the majority of human TKs, and exploits the known restriction map of the TK cDNA sequences. We isolated mRNA from biliary epithelial cell (BEC)-enriched cell fractions, amplified the TK transcripts using degenerative primers, and identified specific TKs by restriction enzyme digest analysis and then performed in situ hybridization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BEC-enriched samples from PBC livers displayed marked expression of discoidin domain receptor-2 (DDR2), whereas, non-diseased livers showed no detectable DDR2. Furthermore, in situ hybridization of PBC livers revealed that DDR2 is expressed in the small bile duct epithelial regions as well as in fibroblasts/stromal cells of fibrotic regions. A similar pattern was observed in livers of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), although the amount of small ducts that were positively stained was lower than in PBC. Furthermore, cirrhotic livers of patients with other diseases, including alcoholic liver disease and chronic hepatitis C, DDR2 transcripts were noted only within fibrotic lesions and the degree of intensity was much lower than in PBC and PSC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DDR2, a TK that is stimulated by fibrillar collagens that accumulate in cirrhotic livers, is present at elevated levels in the small bile ducts of PBC patients. DDR2 is part of a positive feedback loop in which its enhanced expression leads to enhanced deposition of fibrillar collagens (types I andIII). These fibrillar collagens can also provide binding sites for immune mediators, such as cytokines and chemokines. Therefore, unusually high DDR2 expression in the bile ducts of PBC patients could contribute to duct injury by altering local cytokine levels and thereby increasing immune-mediated damage.
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, TB 192, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Tin K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.forename: Yasunori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.forename: Thomas P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Kenny
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Branchi
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Gishi
authors.forename: Judy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van de Water
authors.forename: Hsing-Jien
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kung
authors.forename: Scott L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: M Eric
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Gershwin
mesh_terms: D001659:Biliary Tract / Q000378:metabolism*; D000070818:Discoidin Domain Receptors; D004848:Epithelium / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008105:Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D011975:Receptors, Mitogen / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011975:Receptors, Mitogen; D000070818:Discoidin Domain Receptors; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases