title: Is there a progression from abuse disorders to dependence disorders?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies suggest that a progression occurs from alcohol abuse to alcohol dependence. Although DSM-IV criteria for all substance use-related diagnoses are based largely on the alcohol dependence syndrome, progression from abuse to dependence might not generalize to other substances.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study tested whether a progression from DSM-IV abuse to dependence occurs related to the use of cannabis, cocaine and opiates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective data from the DSM-IV Substance Use Disorders Work Group (n = 1226) were reanalysed using McNemar's chi2, configural frequency analyses and survival analyses. Participants were men and women who were primarily African-Americans or Caucasians.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were recruited from community and clinical settings. The measure was the Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Substance Abuse Module.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For all substances, life-time dependence in the absence of life-time abuse was rare. Results were consistent with a progression occurring for alcohol and cannabis, but not for cocaine and opiates. Abuse and dependence occurred in the same year for 66% of the cocaine users who experienced both disorders (57% of users with any cocaine disorder) and 65% of the opiate users who experienced both disorders (46% of users with any opiate disorder). Because cocaine and opiate dependence in the absence of abuse were rare, it is possible that progressions in cocaine and opiate disorders occur more rapidly than cannabis and alcohol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Research is needed to clarify the mechanisms that influence progressions of substance use disorders. Potential factors leading to between-drug variation in rate of progression of disorders are discussed.
authors.affiliation: The Prevention Research Center, Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16801, USA. tar13@psu.edu
authors.forename: Ty A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Ridenour
authors.forename: Linda B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Cottler
authors.forename: Wilson M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Compton
authors.forename: Edward L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Spitznagel
authors.forename: Renee M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Cunningham-Williams
mesh_terms: D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors