title: The contribution of glycolytic and oxidative pathways to retinal photoreceptor function.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To consider how aerobic and anaerobic metabolic processes limit posthypoxemic decay in retinal function, measured by electroretinogram (ERG).
  
  
  METHODS
  The hypothesis that lowering metabolic demand would prolong endogenous metabolic stores was tested by comparing the rate of ERG decay in rats in dark- (n = 5) versus light-adapted (15 minutes, 112 cd/m(2), n = 5) conditions and with serial versus single (n = 5 at each of seven time points) light stimulation. Postmortem hypoxemia was induced by cervical dislocation. Glucose (10 and 100 mM) and glutamine or lactate (100 mM) were injected into the vitreous 10 minutes before hypoxemic insult, to consider glycolytic-oxidative versus oxidative metabolism, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lowering the metabolic drain by light adaptation or serial stimulation significantly improved the photoreceptoral saturated amplitude during the first 5 to 7.5 minutes after postmortem hypoxemia. Increasing substrate availability with exogenous glucose preloading delayed the loss of the photoreceptoral response, thereby extending the delay constant from 4.8 to 10.9 minutes. Postreceptoral amplitudes were not improved by any exogenous substrate. Providing glucose at 5 minutes after hypoxemia provided no benefits. Similar to glucose, glutamine and lactate loading significantly delayed photoreceptoral decay over the first 7.5 minutes, after which time glucose was the more effective substrate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The postmortem decay of photoreceptoral function reflects depletion of both endogenous oxygen and carbon substrate reserves. The findings provide evidence that a transition between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism occurs after approximately 8 minutes of complete hypoxemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Bang V
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Bui
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kalloniatis
authors.forename: Algis J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Vingrys
mesh_terms: D000332:Aerobiosis; D000693:Anaerobiosis; D000818:Animals; D003623:Dark Adaptation; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004596:Electroretinography; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology; D005973:Glutamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D006019:Glycolysis / Q000502:physiology; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D020419:Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D014785:Vision, Ocular; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D005973:Glutamine; D019344:Lactic Acid; D005947:Glucose; D010100:Oxygen