title: Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV/AIDS patients at an urban district hospital in Kenya.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia has generally been regarded to be an uncommon opportunistic infection in HIV infected individuals in sub-Saharan Africa. The reason for this has not been clear but postulates included a lack of suitable pathogenic types in the African environment, diagnostic difficulties and the more commonly held belief that African HIV infected individuals were dying early from common non-opportunistic pathogens before severe degrees of immunosuppression occured. Recently a trend has emerged at the Mbagathi district hospital whereby an increasing number of HIV infected patients are empirically treated for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) based on clinical and radiological features.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of PCP and clinical outcomes of HIV infected patients presenting at the Mbagathi District Hospital, Nairobi with the presumptive diagnosis of PCP.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mbagathi District Hospital, a 169-bed public hospital in Nairobi, Kenya.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients presenting with a sub-acute onset of cough and dyspnoea were eligible for the study if they were found to have bilateral pulmonary shadows and had negative sputum smears for AFBS. Consenting patients who had no contraindication to fiberoptic bronchoscopy had a clinical evaluation which was followed with a fiberoptic bronchoscopy procedure where bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was obtained. BALF was examined for cysts of P. carinii using toluidine blue stain and immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT). BALF was also processed for fungi, bacteria and mycobacteria using routine procedures. Standard treatment with high dose cotrimoxazole was offered to all patients who were then followed up until discharge from hospital or death whichever came first.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between June 1999 and August 2000 a total of 63 patients were referred for bronchoscopy. Of these four declined to undergo the fiberoptic bronchoscopy procedure, four died before the procedure could be done, one was judged too sick to undergo the procedure and three had been on cotrimoxazole for longer than five days. Thus 51 patients underwent bronchoscopy. Pneumocystis carinii stain was positive in 19 (37.2%) while death occured in 16 (31.4%) of the 51 patients. There were more deaths in those without PCP but this difference was not statistically significant (odds ratio 0.68 (95% CI 0.35-1.32; P=0.2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PCP was found to be common in HIV infected patients presenting with clinical and radiological features of the disease. The mortality rate for patients with a presumptive diagnosis of PCP is high. This study suggests that cotrimoxazole preventive therapy may be a useful intervention in symptomatic HIV infected patients in Kenya for the prevention of PCP and may avert deaths from this disease.
authors.affiliation: CRDR, KEMRI, P.O. Box 47855, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Chakaya
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bii
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ng'ang'a
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Amukoye
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ouko
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Muita
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gathua
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gitau
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Odongo
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kabanga
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nagai
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suzumura
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sugiura
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000328:Adult; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011020:Pneumonia, Pneumocystis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D014505:Urban Population