title: Linezolid resistance since 2001: SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The oxazolidinone class of antimicrobials has demonstrated remarkable activity against gram-positive cocci. Linezolid has proven to be a first-line therapeutic option for vancomycin-resistant strains. Linezolid clinical trial results and subsequent published case reports cite rare resistance emerging in patients receiving prolonged therapy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To report the initial linezolid-resistant organisms from cases obtained through the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, after screening >40,000 gram-positive cocci without resistance between 1998 and 2000.
  
  
  METHODS
  During 2001-2002, 8 resistant strains (from 8 different patients) located in 6 states from 7 different participating SENTRY institutions in the US were identified among bloodstream, respiratory, skin and soft tissue, and urinary tract infection isolates of Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Streptococcus oralis. Resistance was detected by reference broth microdilution methods and confirmed by identical results using Etest (AB BIODISK, Solna, Sweden) and the standardized disk diffusion method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and disk diffusion tests showed elevated MICs (> or =8 microg/mL) and small inhibitory zone diameters (< or =15 mm) for all strains to both linezolid and the investigational oxazolidinone AZD2563. Vancomycin resistance was detected in 2 of the 8 linezolid-resistant strains. All enterococci and the viridans-group streptococcus (S. oralis) strain showed resistance to erythromycin. E. faecium strains were resistant to penicillins, but susceptible to quinupristin/dalfopristin. Only 3 of the patients had previously received the drug.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Linezolid resistance remains rare, with only 8 isolates among 9833 (0.08%) monitored isolates identified between January 1, 2001, and June 30, 2002. Resistance, however, was no longer limited to enterococci. Clinical laboratories should test linezolid more widely to detect emerging resistance, especially for patients receiving oxazolidinone therapy. Longitudinal surveillance programs are warranted to detect a trend in the development of resistance, determine the molecular mechanism of resistance, and recommend alternative therapies or epidemiologic interventions.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology, The JONES Group/JMI Laboratories, North Liberty, IA 52317-9258, USA. alan-mutnick@jmilabs.com
authors.forename: Alan H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Mutnick
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Enne
authors.forename: Ronald N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000081:Acetamides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D016908:Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D006095:Gram-Positive Cocci / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D000069349:Linezolid; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D008875:Middle Aged; D023303:Oxazolidinones / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000081:Acetamides; D023303:Oxazolidinones; D000069349:Linezolid