title: Technical advances of pulmonary thromboendarterectomy for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To minimize the side-effects of circulatory arrest times and profound hypothermia in patients undergoing pulmonary thromboendarterectomy (PTE) for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH).
  
  
  METHODS
  Between March 2000 and June 2002, 30 patients (in New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III or IV) were operated for CTEPH using our modified technique. It includes moderate hypothermic (28-32 degrees C), total cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and simultaneous selective antegrade cerebral perfusion and occlusion of the bronchial arteries by introducing an occlusive balloon catheter into the descending aorta. The preoperative pulmonary vascular resistance in the cohort was 873+/-248dynes/s/cm(-5).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean total CPB, cross-clamp times and duration of anterograde cerebral perfusion were 132+/-40, 98+/-21 and 21+/-10min, respectively. Mean core temperature 29.5+/-1.9 degrees C. The duration of postoperative mechanical ventilatory support was 34+/-44h and the mean stay in the ICU was 5+/-9 days. Seven patients had mild to moderate lung reperfusion injury, one transient neurological dysfunction. Three patients (10%) died during their hospital stay, two for multiorgan failure and one for persistent pulmonary hypertension. All patients had a significant pulmonary hemodynamic improvement and all achieved NYHA class I (P<0.01) status 4 weeks after discharge, remaining stable at a median follow-up time of 16 months (range, 1-29 months) postoperatively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These technical advances improve neurological outcome, control back-bleeding from bronchial arteries and avoid prolonged rewarming phases in patients undergoing PTE.
authors.affiliation: Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hagl
authors.forename: Nawid
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Khaladj
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Marius M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Hoeper
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Logemann
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haverich
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Macchiarini
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods; D004691:Endarterectomy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000601:surgery*; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000601:surgery*