title: Atrazine catabolism by a combined bacterial association (KRA30) under carbon- and nitrogen-limitations in a retentostat.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nutrient-limited atrazine catabolism study in continuous cultures with biomass retention to mimic in situ environmental conditions and thus gain insight of the efficacy of biosupplementation/biostimulation to eliminate reduced herbicide bioavailability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Carbon- and nitrogen-limited retentostat (1 and 5 l) cultivation of a combined atrazine (100 mg l-1)-catabolizing association KRA30 was made. As a nitrogen source, through citrate supplementation, increased herbicide catabolism resulted and was complete in the absence of NH4-N. Co-metabolism of the molecule in the presence of succinate was identified. Population characterization by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) indicated component species numerical dominance shifts in response to changes in nutrient limitation, mineral salts composition and biofilm formation, although the total species complement and catabolic potential were retained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Biomass and catabolic capacity maintenance, through cost-effective biosupplementation/biostimulation, should promote atrazine bioavailability and so ensure successful amelioration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All planning, implementation and monitoring of bioremediation programmes should be underpinned by a combination of molecular and (continuous) culture-based methods.
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Waste Technology (Africa), School of Applied Environmental Sciences, University of Natal, Scottsville, South Africa. tralebitso@yahoo.com
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Ralebitso-Senior
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: W F M
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Röling
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Braster
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Senior
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: van Verseveld
mesh_terms: D001280:Atrazine / Q000378:metabolism*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000378:metabolism*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002244:Carbon; D006540:Herbicides / Q000378:metabolism*; D009584:Nitrogen; D009747:Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D012988:Soil Microbiology
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D002244:Carbon; D009584:Nitrogen; D001280:Atrazine