title: A 5-year prospective evaluation of DSM-IV alcohol dependence with and without a physiological component.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The DSM-III-R removed tolerance and withdrawal as required elements for a diagnosis of alcohol dependence. Although this practice was continued in DSM-IV, the more recent manual asked clinicians to note whether physiological aspects of withdrawal (tolerance and withdrawal) had ever been experienced. Few studies have determined the prognostic meaning of a history of a physiological component to DSM-IV alcohol dependence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Face-to-face structured interviews were used to evaluate the course of alcohol, drug, and psychiatric problems during the subsequent 5 years for 1094 alcohol-dependent men and women. These subjects had been classified into subgroups at the time of initial interview regarding evidence of tolerance or withdrawal, and all evaluations were based on DSM-IV criteria. At baseline, the application of DSM-IV diagnostic guidelines resulted in 649 (59.3%) individuals having a history of an alcohol withdrawal syndrome, with or without tolerance (group 1); 391 (35.7%) with histories of tolerance but not withdrawal (group 2); and 54 (4.9%) with no lifetime histories of tolerance or withdrawal (group 3).
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the 5-year follow-up, both the broad (group 1 plus 2 versus group 3) and narrow (group 1 versus group 2 plus group 3) definitions of physiological dependence were associated with more alcohol and drug problems. However, for most items, this differential primarily reflected differences between groups 1 and 3, with a less impressive effect by group 2. Although no group differences were noted for the rate of independent major depressive episodes, substance-induced depressions did differentiate among groups, a finding also most closely related to the distinction between groups 1 and 3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data support the prognostic importance of noting the presence of a physiological component in alcohol dependence and indicate the potential relevance of limiting the definition of a physiological component to withdrawal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California-San Diego, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161-2002, USA. mschuckit@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Schuckit
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Danko
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hesselbrock
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bucholz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology