title: The cost effectiveness of ACE inhibitors as first-line antihypertensive therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Current hypertension guidelines differ in their recommendations for first-line antihypertensive therapy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the cost effectiveness of ACE inhibitor therapy as antihypertensive first-line therapy as compared with conventional antihypertensive therapy with beta-adrenoceptor antagonists or diuretics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cost-effectiveness analysis based on data from randomised trials and observational studies comparing the effectiveness of ACE inhibitor and conventional antihypertensive therapy, we constructed a Markov model to compare four strategies in the management of uncomplicated hypertension: (i) prescribing ACE inhibitor therapy to all patients; (ii) prescribing conventional therapy to all patients; (iii) individualised antihypertensive therapy based on the presence or absence of left ventricular hypertrophy on electrocardiography (ECG); or (iv) individualised antihypertensive therapy based on the presence or absence of left ventricular hypertrophy on echocardiography.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cost data were derived from the medical literature and focus groups, and utility values were derived from patients on antihypertensive monotherapy. All costs were calculated in 1999 Canadian dollars, but are reported in US dollars according to the 1999 purchasing power parity rate for medical and healthcare. The effectiveness of ACE inhibitor therapy in the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy was derived from observational studies. The time horizon was over a lifetime.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Third-party payer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of men aged 40 years without cardiovascular comorbidity requiring antihypertensive drug therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the baseline analysis, all four strategies resulted in expected discounted QALYs that differed from each other only at the third decimal point (i.e. less than 0.003). Given the uncertainties in the variable estimates and the small size of the differences, these differences are extremely small and unlikely to represent real differences. Even accepting the small gains as real, the resulting cost-effectiveness ratios are unattractively high: $US 200,000 per QALY gained for the echocardiography strategy (compared with ECG), and $US 700,000 for the "ACE inhibitor for all" strategy (compared with ECG). The incremental cost effectiveness of prescribing ACE inhibitor therapy to everybody was never less than $US 100,000/QALY in the sensitivity analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prescribing ACE inhibitors as antihypertensive first-line therapy in patients without cardiovascular morbidity cannot be recommended at the present time unless the acquisition costs of ACE inhibitors become substantially more attractive.
authors.affiliation: The Programme in Clinical Epidemiology and Health Care Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. nordmanna@uhbs.ch
authors.forename: Alain J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Nordmann
authors.forename: Murray
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krahn
authors.forename: Alexander G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Logan
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Naglie
authors.forename: Allan S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Detsky
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004232:Diuretics / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics; D008390:Markov Chains; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D004232:Diuretics