title: Prospective ranking of the sonographic markers for aneuploidy: data of 2143 prenatal cytogenetic diagnoses referred for abnormalities on ultrasound.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To design a scheme to rank sonographic anomalies as indicators of aneuploidy and record the distribution of data from 2143 prenatal amniotic fluid/chorionic villous sample diagnoses referred for karyotyping because of fetal anomalies detected with ultrasound.
  
  
  METHODS
  In all cases the records of sonographic anomalies were obtained prior to karyotyping. A cascade of seven prospective categories of ultrasound anomalies was chosen and the data were included in the highest compatible sonography category. The categories were in descending order: (I) combined central nervous system (CNS)/cranial shape and cardiac anomalies (excluding spina bifida and anencephaly); (II) key anomaly present (exomphalos/ intrauterine growth restriction/duodenal atresia/cystic hygroma/fetal hydrops/talipes--with other multiple anomalies); (III) CNS +/- other abnormality (excluding choroid plexus cyst, spina bifida, anencephaly); (IVa) increased nuchal translucency--first trimester +/- other abnormality; (IVb) increased nuchal thickening--second trimester +/- other abnormality; (V) cardiac anomaly +/- other abnormality; (VI) other markers of aneuploidy (pyelectasis/two vessel cord/echogenic bowel/short femur); and (VII) other (mostly isolated) malformations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 412/2143 (19.2%) chromosome abnormalities detected in this sonographically abnormal group. Overall, the prevalence of aneuploidy significantly ranged from 51 to 3% according to the above I-VII ultrasound categories and from approximately 1-80% for individual ultrasound anomalies. Likelihood ratios were derived for many ultrasound anomalies for several aneuploidy groups: trisomies of 13; 18; and 21; 45,X and 45,X mosaics; triploidy; other autosomal duplications and/or deletions; and other (than 45,X) sex chromosomal aneuploidies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is suggested this data could be used to assist pre-procedural counselling of patients after the ultrasound scan in tertiary referral centres for prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cytogenetics, Western Sydney Genetics Program, Children's Hospital at Westmead, NSW, Australia. artd@chw.edu.au
authors.forename: Art
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Daniel
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Athayde
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ogle
authors.forename: Alice M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Michael
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Pertile
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bryan
authors.forename: Vapinder
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jammu
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Trudinger
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D000649:Amniocentesis; D000782:Aneuploidy; D015193:Chorionic Villi Sampling; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007621:Karyotyping; D008423:Maternal Age; D011247:Pregnancy; D018566:Pregnancy, High-Risk; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis; D015995:Prevalence; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal