title: Delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction/hyperhemolysis syndrome in children with sickle cell disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Alloimmunization in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) has a reported incidence of 5% to 36%. One complication of alloimmunization is delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction/hyperhemolysis (DHTR/H) syndrome, which has a reported incidence of 11%. In patients with SCD, clinical findings in DHTR/H syndrome occur approximately 1 week after the red blood cell (RBC) transfusion and include the onset of increased hemolysis associated with pain and profound anemia. The hemoglobin (Hb) often drops below pretransfusion levels. In many reported adult cases, the direct antiglobulin test (DAT) remains negative and no new alloantibody is detected as the cause for these transfusion reactions. To date, few pediatric cases have been reported with this phenomenon. The objective of this study was to describe the clinical and laboratory findings of a case series in children who had SCD and experienced a DHTR/H syndrome at our institution.
  
  
  METHODS
  An 11-year retrospective chart review of patients with discharge diagnosis of SCD and transfusion reaction was performed. DHTR/H syndrome was defined as the abrupt onset of signs and symptoms of accelerated hemolysis evidenced by an unexplained fall in Hb, elevated lactic dehydrogenase, elevated bilirubin above baseline, and hemoglobinuria, all occurring between 4 and 10 days after an RBC transfusion. Patient characteristics, time from transfusion, symptoms, reported DAT, new autoantibody or alloantibody formation, laboratory abnormalities, and complications were recorded. Patients with acute transfusion reactions were excluded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We encountered 7 patients who developed 9 episodes of DHTR/H syndrome occurring 6 to 10 days after RBC transfusion. Each presented with fever and hemoglobinuria. All but 1 patient experienced pain initially ascribed to vaso-occlusive crisis. The DAT was positive in only 2 of the 9 episodes. The presenting Hb was lower than pretransfusion levels in 8 of the 9 events. Severe complications were observed after the onset of DHTR/H: acute chest syndrome, n = 3; pancreatitis, n = 1; congestive heart failure, n = 1; and acute renal failure, n = 1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DHTR/H syndrome occurs in pediatric SCD patients, typically 1 week posttransfusion, and presents with back, leg, or abdominal pain; fever; and hemoglobinuria that may mimic pain crisis. Hb is often lower than it was at the time of original transfusion, suggesting the hemolysis of the patient's own RBCs in addition to hemolysis of the transfused RBCs; a negative DAT and reticulocytopenia are often present. Severe complications including acute chest syndrome, congestive heart failure, pancreatitis, and acute renal failure were associated with DHTR/H syndrome in our patients. DHTR/H in the pediatric sickle cell population is a serious and potentially life-threatening complication of RBC transfusion. It is important to avoid additional transfusions in these patients, if possible, because these may exacerbate the hemolysis and worsen the degree of anemia. DHTR/H syndrome must be included in the differential of a patient who has SCD and vaso-occlusive crisis who has recently had a transfusion.
authors.affiliation: Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, MACC Fund Research Center, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA. jtalano@mail.mcw.edu
authors.forename: Julie-An M
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Talano
authors.forename: Cheryl A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hillery
authors.forename: Jerome L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Gottschall
authors.forename: Diane M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Baylerian
authors.forename: J Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Scott
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000743:Anemia, Hemolytic / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology* / Q000652:urine; D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy* / Q000652:urine; D001787:Blood Group Incompatibility / Q000209:etiology; D001788:Blood Grouping and Crossmatching; D002648:Child; D017707:Erythrocyte Transfusion / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000652:urine; D006456:Hemoglobinuria / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007518:Isoantibodies / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood; D007626:Kell Blood-Group System; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010146:Pain / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000652:urine; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012204:Rh-Hr Blood-Group System; D013577:Syndrome; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D007518:Isoantibodies; D007626:Kell Blood-Group System; D012204:Rh-Hr Blood-Group System