title: Development of murine embryos following electroporation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to establish the parameters for reversible electroporation of murine embryos.
  
  
  METHODS
  In Trial 1, murine presumptive zygotes received an electrical pulse of 5, 10, or 20-micros duration, and one of five voltages (100, 200, 250, 300, or 400 V). In Trial 2, embryo orientation within the electroporation chamber was evaluated with 250 or 400 V at a pulse period of 10 micros.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Presumptive zygotes that received 400 V at each pulse length and zygotes exposed to 20 micros at each voltage had the lowest embryonic development (P < 0.05). Presumptive zygotes that received 250 V had higher development compared to 400 V, irrespective of orientation (P < 0.01), but development was lower than the controls (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Electrical stimulation of presumptive zygotes can have a detrimental impact on early embryo development, but low amounts of stimulation may allow for potential gene transfer in transgenic experimentation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0315, USA.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Schmotzer
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Dunlap-Brown
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Velander
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Gwazdauskas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018274:Electroporation; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D051379:Mice; D015053:Zygote / Q000502:physiology