title: Embryonic parathyroid rests occur commonly and have implications in the management of secondary hyperparathyroidism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recurrence after surgery for secondary hyperparathyroidism is not infrequent. Regrowth of the residual parathyroid tissue after subtotal parathyroidectomy or of the autograft after total parathyroidectomy occurs in many cases. Supernumerary glands are also frequently cited as the offending cause and upon revisiting the neck, the surgeon may be surprised that such an obvious gland was 'missed' at the first operation. Indeed, multiple glands removed in sequential operations have been reported suggesting that they develop over time rather than being present from the start. It is possible that microscopic parathyroid 'rests' of embryological origin proliferate under the ongoing stimulus of renal failure to produce supernumerary glands after apparently adequate initial surgery for hyperparathyroidism. The aim of the present study was to determine whether such rests occur frequently or infrequently.
  
  
  METHODS
  Operative details and pathology results from 60 consecutive parathyroidectomies were reviewed and the occurrence of parathyroid rests noted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Parathyroid rests were found in 37% of extra parathyroidal tissues submitted for analysis. These rests were found commonly in the thymus. The potential significance of such parathyroid rests undergoing hyperplasia in response to the ongoing stimulus of renal failure and leading to recurrent hyperparathyroidism is discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parathyroid rests are common and potentially serve as a cause of recurrent disease in secondary hyperparathyroidism. Consideration should be given to performing thymectomy as part of the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism. A more detailed study is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia. ahmad_aly@bigpond.com
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aly
authors.forename: Malcolm
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Douglas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006962:Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary / Q000196:embryology* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010280:Parathyroid Glands / Q000196:embryology* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D016105:Parathyroidectomy; D012008:Recurrence; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000196:embryology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013934:Thymectomy; D013950:Thymus Gland / Q000196:embryology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery