title: Rhein inhibits transforming growth factor beta1 induced plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in endothelial cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of rhein on endothelial plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) mRNA expression and protein production induced by transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1), and to explore the mechanism of the protective action of rhein on endothelial cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  A human umbilical endothelium derived cell line (ECV-304) from ATCC was used in this study. The PAI-1 mRNA expression and protein synthesis in the endothelial cells were detected by Northern blot and flow cytometry analysis, respectively. The activity of phospho-p44/p42 MAP kinase induced by TGFbeta1 was determined by immunoprecipitation analysis and western blot.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TGFbeta1 rapidly increased PAI-1 mRNA expression in the endothelial cells, and this effect lasted at least 24 hours. The upregulation of PAI-1 mRNA expression induced by TGFbeta1 in endothelial cells was inhibited by rhein in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, rhein inhibited endothelial PAI-1 protein production. Further study revealed that rhein had a significant inhibitory effect on the activity of phospho-p44/p42 MAP kinase induced by TGFbeta1 in human endothelial cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results showed that rhein may have a protective effect on the endothelial dysfunction by inhibiting overexpression of PAI-1, indicating a way for the treatment of vascular diseases.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Nephrology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, China.
authors.forename: Jiaming
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Zhihong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Haidong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Zhaohong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Leishi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000880:Anthraquinones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1
chemical_list: D000880:Anthraquinones; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C508960:TGFB1 protein, human; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C020491:rhein