Relative importance of sources of symptom-induced distress in urinary bladder cancer survivors.
OBJECTIVE
The influence of specific symptoms on emotions and social activities in the individual patient varies. Little is known about this variation in urinary bladder cancer survivors (in other words, about the relative importance of sources of symptom-induced distress).


METHODS
We attempted to enroll 404 surgical patients treated with cystectomy and a conduit or reservoir in four Swedish towns (Stockholm, Orebro, Jönköping, Linköping), 101 surgical patients treated with cystectomy and orthotopic neobladder at the Herlev Hospital in Copenhagen, Denmark, and 71 patients treated with radical radiotherapy for bladder cancer, as well as 581 men and women controls in Stockholm and Copenhagen. An anonymous postal questionnaire was used to collect the information.


RESULTS
A total of 503 out of 576 (87%) treated patients and 422 out of 581 (73%) controls participated but 59 patients were excluded. The primary source of self-assessed distress among cystectomised patients was compromised sexual function; reduced intercourse frequency caused great distress in 19% of the conduit patients, 20% of the reservoir patients and 19% of the bladder substitute patients. The primary source of self-assessed distress in patients treated with radical radiotherapy was symptoms from the bowel; 17% reported great distress due to diarrhoea, 16% due to abdominal pain, 14% due to defecation urgency and 14% due to faecal leakage. The highest proportion of subjects being distressed was 93% (substantial: 43%, moderate: 29% and little: 21%) for treated upper or lower urinary retention (indwelling catheter or nephrostomy).


CONCLUSIONS
The distress caused by a specific symptom varies considerably and the prevalence of symptoms causing great distress differs between treatments in bladder cancer survivors. It is possible that patient care and clinical research can be made more effective by focusing on important sources of symptom-induced distress.
Henningsohn
Lars
L
Department of Oncology, Radiumhemmet, Z:6, Karolinska Institute, Box 4402, S-102 68, Stockholm, Sweden.
Wijkström
Hans
H
Steven
Kenneth
K
Pedersen
Jörgen
J
Ahlstrand
Christer
C
Aus
Gunnar
G
Kallestrup
Else Brohm
EB
Bergmark
Karin
K
Onelöv
Erik
E
Steineck
Gunnar
G
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015653:Cystectomy; D003718:Denmark; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D012647:Self-Assessment; D012735:Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017741:Survivors; D013548:Sweden; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery*; D014547:Urinary Diversion; D016476:Urinary Reservoirs, Continent