title: Developmental competence of oocytes showing increased cytoplasmic viscosity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of the study was to investigate the developmental fate of oocytes with increased cytoplasmic viscosity as assessed by the persistence of the injection funnel after withdrawal of the ICSI pipette.
  
  
  METHODS
  For this purpose, 1008 oocytes showing a characteristic injection funnel during ICSI were subdivided into two groups according to the oocyte's ability to restore its spherical shape within 2-3 min after ICSI. Fertilization and further development was evaluated in both groups. In addition, implantation and pregnancy rates were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the funnel positive cohort (group 1) significantly fewer oocytes degenerated after injection (P < 0.01) compared with oocytes without persistent funnel (group 2). However, at zygote stage, presence of a halo (P < 0.05) and a optimal pronuclear pattern 0 (P < 0.01) was increased in group 2. In addition, significantly fewer poor quality embryos were found in this group (P < 0.01). The number of good quality blastocysts but not blastocyst formation was increased in group 2 (P < 0.05). This resulted in an increased clinical pregnancy rate if embryos which derived exclusively from funnel negative oocytes were transferred (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that cytoplasm of higher viscosity delays development up to cleavage stage and impairs optimal development. Injection funnel persistence was found to be a negative prognostic marker of preimplantation development.
authors.affiliation: Women's General Hospital, IVF-Unit, Linz, Upper Austria, Austria. Thomas.ebner@gespag.at
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ebner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moser
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sommergruber
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Puchner
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wiesinger
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tews
mesh_terms: D001755:Blastocyst / Q000502:physiology; D002970:Cleavage Stage, Ovum / Q000502:physiology; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000502:physiology*; D010064:Embryo Implantation; D004624:Embryo Transfer; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009865:Oocytes / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D011247:Pregnancy; D020554:Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014783:Viscosity; D015053:Zygote / Q000648:ultrastructure