title: Parents' descriptions of development and problems associated with infants with Turner syndrome: a retrospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe parents' experiences of having an infant diagnosed with Turner syndrome and to determine whether receiving the diagnosis influenced the parents' perceptions of their child's development and/or problems during infancy. In addition, we set out to determine whether the late development of the infant and the perceived problems were related to genotype.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this retrospective study, 54 parents (39 mothers and 15 fathers) from different families, each containing a girl with Turner syndrome, were interviewed in order to describe the development, feeding and overall well-being of their daughter during infancy (defined as being before the age of 2 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Late development was reported to occur in the areas of motor activity (39%), fine motor control (59%), speech (37%) and language (37%). Feeding problems were frequent (74%) and screaming periods occurred in 41%. No differences were found between the responses of the parents whose children were diagnosed before 2 years of age and the responses of those whose children were diagnosed after 2 years of age. No differences were found concerning development and/or problems between the genotypes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parents reported delayed development and problems to do with feeding and crying during infancy. These problems had an effect on their everyday life and that of their families, especially the problems relating to feeding. Parents reported that support and advice would have been of significant benefit in coping with the feeding difficulties. Parents were particularly concerned that the personnel at well-baby clinics should be more knowledgeable about the difficulties that can occur in families with an infant with Turner syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Göteborg Pediatric Growth Research Center, Institute for the Health of Women and Children, the Sahlgrenska Academy of Göteborg University, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden. Mikaela.Starke@socwork.gu.se
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Starke
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Albertsson Wikland
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Möller
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014424:Turner Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology