title: Domain truncation studies reveal that the streptokinase-plasmin activator complex utilizes long range protein-protein interactions with macromolecular substrate to maximize catalytic turnover.
abstract: To explore the interdomain co-operativity during human plasminogen (HPG) activation by streptokinase (SK), we expressed the cDNAs corresponding to each SK domain individually (alpha, beta, and gamma), and also their two-domain combinations, viz. alphabeta and betagamma in Escherichia coli. After purification, alpha and beta showed activator activities of approximately 0.4 and 0.05%, respectively, as compared with that of native SK, measured in the presence of human plasmin, but the bi-domain constructs alphabeta and betagamma showed much higher co-factor activities (3.5 and 0.7% of native SK, respectively). Resonant Mirror-based binding studies showed that the single-domain constructs had significantly lower affinities for "partner" HPG, whereas the affinities of the two-domain constructs were remarkably native-like with regards to both binary-mode as well as ternary mode ("substrate") binding with HPG, suggesting that the vast difference in co-factor activity between the two- and three-domain structures did not arise merely from affinity differences between activator species and HPG. Remarkably, when the co-factor activities of the various constructs were measured with microplasminogen, the nearly 50-fold difference in the co-factor activity between the two- and three-domain SK constructs observed with full-length HPG as substrate was found to be dramatically attenuated, with all three types of constructs now exhibiting a low activity of approximately 1-2% compared to that of SK.HPN and HPG. Thus, the docking of substrate through the catalytic domain at the active site of SK-plasmin(ogen) is capable of engendering, at best, only a minimal level of co-factor activity in SK.HPN. Therefore, apart from conferring additional substrate affinity through kringle-mediated interactions, reported earlier (Dhar et al., 2002; J. Biol. Chem. 277, 13257), selective interactions between all three domains of SK and the kringle domains of substrate vastly accelerate the plasminogen activation reaction to near native levels.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India.
authors.forename: Vasudha
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sundram
authors.forename: Jagpreet S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Nanda
authors.forename: Kammara
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rajagopal
authors.forename: Jayeeta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dhar
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chaudhary
authors.forename: Girish
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sahni
mesh_terms: D020134:Catalytic Domain; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D004926:Escherichia coli; D005341:Fibrinolysin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D018082:Kringles; D010958:Plasminogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D010960:Plasminogen Activators / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D013300:Streptokinase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D013379:Substrate Specificity
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; C018663:SK potentiator; D010958:Plasminogen; D013300:Streptokinase; D010960:Plasminogen Activators; D005341:Fibrinolysin