title: Auditory comprehension of language in young children: neural networks identified with fMRI.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The organization of neuronal systems that process language in young children is poorly understood. The authors used fMRI to identify brain regions underlying auditory comprehension in healthy young children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen right-handed children (mean age 6.8 years) underwent fMRI at 1.5-T using blood oxygen level dependent echoplanar imaging. They listened to stories with a reverse speech control condition. Group data were analyzed with statistical parametric mapping. Individual subject data were analyzed with a region of interest approach based on t-maps. An asymmetry index (AI = [(L-R)/(L+R)]) was calculated for each region.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Group analysis showed significant activation in the left middle temporal gyrus (Brodmann area [BA] 21) and left superior temporal gyrus (BA 22) along the superior temporal sulcus extending back to the angular gyrus (BA 39). Individual maps showed lateralized activation in temporal regions (AI > 0.49 +/- 0.39). There was minimal activation in the frontal lobe. There were no significant correlations between age and regional AI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Networks for auditory language processing are regionally localized and lateralized by age 5. These data may provide a means to interpret language fMRI studies performed in preparation for brain surgery, and may be employed to investigate the effect of chronic disease states, such as epilepsy, on language organization during critical periods for plasticity.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Epilepsy Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, M, USA.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Balsamo
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Sachs
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Gaillard
mesh_terms: D001306:Auditory Pathways / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D032882:Comprehension; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007804:Language Development; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000502:physiology