title: The effects of local and intravenous anesthetics on recombinant rat VR1 vanilloid receptors.
abstract: Capsaicin, acting at the vanilloid 1 receptor (VR1), may potentiate local anesthetic activity, and as a ligand-gated ion channel of the transient receptor potential family, may also be a target for IV general anesthetics. We have examined whether local (lidocaine, prilocaine, and procaine 0.1-10 mM; 10 mM represents 0.25%-0.27% wt/vol) or IV anesthetics (propofol 10 micro M, thiopental 100 micro M, and ketamine 100 micro M) interact with recombinant rat VR1 expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells (VR1-HEK293). We have assessed receptor interaction functionally by monitoring intracellular Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](i)) in Fura2-loaded cells at 37 degrees C. The addition of capsaicin (60 nM) produced a time-dependent biphasic increase in [Ca(2+)](i) amounting to 50-100 nM above than basal, which was inhibited by capsazepine 10 micro M and was absent in wild type HEK293 cells. Lidocaine and prilocaine alone (e.g., at 10 mM) significantly increased [Ca(2+)](i) by 67 +/- 6 nM and 33 +/- 7 nM, respectively, and concentration-dependently inhibited the capsaicin response. The effects of procaine were obscured by anesthetic-induced quenching of Fura2. In wild type HEK293 cells, lidocaine (10 mM) alone produced a small increase in [Ca(2+)](i). All IV anesthetics failed to modify capsaicin-increased [Ca(2+)](i). In conclusion, the present data suggest that local but not IV general anesthetics interact with recombinant rat VR1 receptors with the former anesthetics having antagonistic activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vanilloid receptors (VR1) are activated by capsaicin, the pain-producing component of hot chili peppers. We suggest that local (but not IV general) anesthetics may have inhibitory actions on this receptor.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Anesthesiology, University of Hirosaki School of Medicine, Japan; †Neurology-CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, Essex; and ‡University Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Management, Leicester Royal Infirmary, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Kazuyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hirota
authors.forename: Darren
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Smart
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Lambert
mesh_terms: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002211:Capsaicin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D002460:Cell Line; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D016257:Fura-2; D006801:Humans; D051381:Rats; D011955:Receptors, Drug / Q000187:drug effects*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D011955:Receptors, Drug; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C071423:capsazepine; D002211:Capsaicin; D002118:Calcium; D016257:Fura-2