title: [Water treatment systems of hemodialysis centers in Lithuania and trace metals in purified water in 2002].
abstract: The objective of this survey was to obtain information on hemodialysis chemical water quality and on water treatment systems of hemodialysis centers in Lithuania. Five trace metals (Al, Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu) were examined in the purified water (sample from a point after the water treatment system) of 28 hemodialysis centers. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was applied to measure water trace metals levels. All hemodialysis centers in Lithuania used treated water. Softeners were used by 100%, reverse osmosis by 86.2% of the centers. Concomitant use of sand filter, softeners, activated carbon, reverse osmosis was found in 72.4% of the centers. The age of the water treatment system varied from 1 to 117 months (mean=39.7+/-30.4). Concentrations of Al, Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu in the purified water of 28 hemodialysis centers did not exceed standards of the European Pharmacopoeia. There was significant decrease in the mean levels of investigated trace elements in the treated water in Lithuania in 2002 compared with examined in 1998.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Nephrology, Kaunas University of Medicine, Kaunas, Lithuania. i.skarupskiene@one.lt
authors.forename: Inga
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Skarupskiene
authors.forename: Vytautas
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kuzminskis
authors.forename: Olegas
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Abdrachmanovas
authors.forename: Stanislovas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ryselis
authors.forename: Alina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Smalinskiene
authors.forename: Rima
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Naginiene
mesh_terms: D000535:Aluminum / Q000032:analysis; D002104:Cadmium / Q000032:analysis; D003300:Copper / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis; D008097:Lithuania; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D013997:Time Factors; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000032:analysis*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000592:standards; D015032:Zinc / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D014131:Trace Elements; D002104:Cadmium; D007854:Lead; D003300:Copper; D000535:Aluminum; D015032:Zinc