title: Tourniquets for hemorrhage control on the battlefield: a 4-year accumulated experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tourniquet application is a known means for bleeding prevention in the military prehospital setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was a 4-year retrospective analysis of silicone and improvised tourniquet applications by Israeli Defense Force soldiers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 550 soldiers who were treated in the prehospital setting, tourniquets were applied to 91 (16%) patients and in less than 15 minutes in 88% of the cases with almost no complications. Penetrating trauma was the main mechanism of injury. The indication was situational and nonmedical in 58 (53%) of the cases. The patients' ischemic time was 83 +/- 52 minutes (range, 1-305 minutes). A total of 78% of applications were effective, with higher success rates for medical staff compared with fellow soldiers and for upper limbs (94%) compared with lower limbs (71%, p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tourniquet application is an effective and easily applied (by medical and nonmedical personnel) method for prevention of exsanguination in the military prehospital setting.
authors.affiliation: Israel Defense Force Medical Corps, Tel-Aviv University, Israel.
authors.forename: Dror
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lakstein
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blumenfeld
authors.forename: Tali
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sokolov
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Roni
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bssorai
authors.forename: Mauricio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lynn
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ben-Abraham
mesh_terms: D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel; D008889:Military Personnel; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012828:Silicones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013997:Time Factors; D014111:Tourniquets / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014857:Warfare; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D012828:Silicones