title: Parental, family, and home characteristics associated with cigarette smoking among adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examines the relationship between smoking-related parental, family, and home factors with adolescents' cigarette use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional surveys of adolescents, via a self-administered questionnaire in classrooms, and their parents, via a telephone interview, were conducted.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen suburban and rural communities within Minnesota.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study sample included 8th, 9th, and 10th grade public school students and their parents.
  
  
  METHODS
  The dependent variable was monthly tobacco use among students. The independent measures were parental, family, and home smoking-related characteristics. There were 1343 parent-child dyads with completed surveys.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The final, multivariate logistic regression model found the following variables to be independently related to higher smoking rates among adolescents: child's grade (odds ratio [OR] = 3.03 for 10th vs. 8th), parents' permissiveness of adult smoking (OR = 1.80), parents' having higher normative estimates of how many people smoke (OR = 1.70), parents' decreased likelihood of punishing their teenager for smoking (OR = 1.65), smoking by an adult living in the home (OR = 1.99), and sibling smoking (OR = 8.95). Lack of communication about consequences for breaking family smoking rules was associated with lower smoking rates among adolescents (OR = .49).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study highlight the importance of parental smoking norms and attitudes and smoking role models in the home. It is important that smoking prevention strategies target and include the entire family. Limitations of the study are its cross-sectional design and that the sample was primarily white.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, 1300 South Second Street, Suite 300, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA.
authors.forename: Kelli A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Komro
authors.forename: Maribet C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: McCarty
authors.forename: Jean L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Forster
authors.forename: Therese M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Blaine
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003710:Demography; D005191:Family Characteristics; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D016015:Logistic Models; D008910:Minnesota / Q000453:epidemiology; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires