title: Methodologic issues in the use of bleeding as an outcome in transfusion medicine studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prophylactic platelet transfusions are given to thrombocytopenic patients to prevent bleeding. The benefit of platelet transfusions has frequently been assessed by measuring the count increment; however, more recently, an assessment of bleeding has been used because it is a more clinically relevant outcome measure. The purpose of this study was to identify platelet transfusion trigger studies that used bleeding as an outcome measure, compare and contrast methods used to document bleeding and analyze bleeding outcomes, and identify and discuss methodologic issues to consider when bleeding is used as a study outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search to identify platelet transfusion trigger studies was performed. Relevant articles were reviewed to identify how bleeding data was captured and analyzed, and methodologic considerations were identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven articles meeting the predefined entry criteria were identified. Methods used to document bleeding included chart review and clinical assessment. The frequency of assessment and the type of personnel performing the assessment were variable. Four approaches to analysis were identified: descriptive; comparison of the proportions of patients having at least one bleed; comparison of patient days with bleeding expressed as a proportion of the total days at risk of bleeding; and time-to-event (first bleed) analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Methodologic issues for consideration when designing a clinical study with bleeding as the outcome measure included approaches to minimize bias in the documentation and classification of bleeding and selection of an analysis approach that is appropriate to the question being asked. The need for development of a valid and reliable bleeding scale was also identified.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. heddlen@mcmaster.ca
authors.forename: Nancy M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Heddle
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Kathryn E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Webert
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sigouin
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rebulla
mesh_terms: D003625:Data Collection; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000145:classification / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D017713:Platelet Transfusion; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome