title: Chlorination by-products in drinking water and menstrual cycle function.
abstract: We analyzed data from a prospective study of menstrual cycle function and early pregnancy loss to explore further the effects of trihalomethanes (THM) on reproductive end points. Premenopausal women ((italic)n(/italic) = 403) collected urine samples daily during an average of 5.6 cycles for measurement of steroid metabolites that were used to define menstrual parameters such as cycle and phase length. Women were asked about consumption of various types of water as well as other habits and demographics. A THM level was estimated for each cycle based on residence and quarterly measurements made by water utilities during a 90-day period beginning 60 days before the cycle start date. We found a monotonic decrease in mean cycle length with increasing total THM (TTHM) level; at > 60 microg/L, the adjusted decrement was 1.1 days [95% confidence interval (CI), -1.8 to -0.40], compared with less than or equal to 40 microg/L. This finding was also reflected as a reduced follicular phase length (difference -0.94 day; 95% CI, -1.6 to -0.24). A decrement in cycle and follicular phase length of 0.18 days (95% CI, -0.29 to -0.07) per 10 microg/L unit increase in TTHM concentration was found. There was little association with luteal phase length, menses length, or cycle variability. Examining the individual THMs by quartile, we found the greatest association with chlorodibromomethane or the sum of the brominated compounds. Incorporating tap water consumption showed a similar pattern of reduced cycle length with increasing TTHM exposure. These findings suggest that THM exposure may affect ovarian function and should be confirmed in other studies.
authors.affiliation: California Department of Health Services, Division of Environmental and Occupational Disease Control, Oakland, California 94612, USA. gwindham@dhs.ca.gov
authors.forename: Gayle C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Windham
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Waller
authors.forename: Meredith
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fenster
authors.forename: Pauline
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mendola
authors.forename: Shanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Swan
mesh_terms: D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000139:chemically induced; D000328:Adult; D002140:California; D002713:Chlorine / Q000737:chemistry; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000652:urine*; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000187:drug effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D022882:Trihalomethanes / Q000652:urine*; D014481:United States; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D022882:Trihalomethanes; D002713:Chlorine