title: In vivo and in vitro effects of an Er:YAG laser, a GaAlAs diode laser, and scaling and root planing on periodontally diseased root surfaces: a comparative histologic study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present histologic study was to compare the in vivo and in vitro effects of an erbium: yttrium, aluminum, and garnet (Er:YAG) laser (ERL), combined with a fluorescent calculus detection system, a diode laser (DL) and scaling and root planing (SRP) on periodontally diseased root surfaces.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four single rooted teeth, considered for extraction due to severe periodontal destruction, were included in the study. Prior to extraction all mesial root surfaces were randomly assigned to the following treatment groups: (1) ERL combined with a calculus detection system with fluorescence induced by 655 nm InGaAsP DL radiation (160 mJ/pulse and 10 pulses/second under water irrigation) (ERL), or (2) GaAlAs DL (1.8 W, pulse/pause relation 1:10), or (3) SRP using hand instruments. Immediately after extraction, all distal root surfaces were treated with the same instruments under standardized conditions. For light microscopic investigation, a plastic embedding technique was used to cut the undecalcified roots into 30 microm thick crossections. The following parameters were recorded by on blind examiner: remaining debris, root surface morphology, and thermal side effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Root surfaces instrumented with both, ERL in vivo and DL in vitro exhibited no detectable surface alterations. In contrast, ERL scaling in vitro and SRP in vivo/in vitro produced superficial microchanges in root cementum. However, irradiation with DL in vivo caused severe damages to the root surface (i.e., crater formation). There were no signs of thermal side effects in all laser treated groups. ERL provided subgingival calculus removal on a level equivalent to that provided by SRP. DL was unsuitable for calculus removal, since macroscopic inspection revealed the presence of large amounts of subgingival calculus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present in vivo results showed that (i) ERL, combined with a fluorescent calculus detection system, provided a selective subgingival calculus removal on a level equivalent to that provided by SRP, and (ii) DL, using this power output, was unsuitable for calculus removal and altered the root surface in an undesirable manner.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany. info@frank-schwarz.de
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sculean
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berakdar
authors.forename: Ludwig
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Szathmari
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Georg
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Becker
mesh_terms: D003728:Dental Calculus / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D012534:Dental Scaling / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D053685:Laser Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D016745:Root Planing / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D014092:Tooth Root