title: Vaccine immunity to pathogenic fungi overcomes the requirement for CD4 help in exogenous antigen presentation to CD8+ T cells: implications for vaccine development in immune-deficient hosts.
abstract: Systemic fungal infections with primary and opportunistic pathogens have become increasingly common and represent a growing health menace in patients with AIDS and other immune deficiencies. T lymphocyte immunity, in particular the CD4+ Th 1 cells, is considered the main defense against these pathogens, and their absence is associated with increased susceptibility. It would seem illogical then to propose vaccinating these vulnerable patients against fungal infections. We report here that CD4+ T cells are dispensable for vaccine-induced resistance against experimental fungal pulmonary infections with two agents, Blastomyces dermatitidis an extracellular pathogen, and Histoplasma capsulatum a facultative intracellular pathogen. In the absence of T helper cells, exogenous fungal antigens activated memory CD8+ cells in a major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted manner and CD8+ T cell-derived cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha, interferon gamma, and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor-mediated durable vaccine immunity. CD8+ T cells could also rely on alternate mechanisms for robust vaccine immunity, in the absence of some of these factors. Our results demonstrate an unexpected plasticity of immunity in compromised hosts at both the cellular and molecular level and point to the feasibility of developing vaccines against invasive fungal infections in patients with severe immune deficiencies, including those with few or no CD4+ T cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin Medical School, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wuthrich
authors.forename: Hanna I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Filutowicz
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Warner
authors.forename: George S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Deepe
authors.forename: Bruce S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Klein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017951:Antigen Presentation; D001758:Blastomyces / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity; D001759:Blastomycosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D015704:CD4 Antigens / Q000235:genetics; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D005657:Fungal Vaccines / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I / Q000378:metabolism; D006658:Histoplasma / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity; D006660:Histoplasmosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008168:Lung / Q000276:immunology; D008172:Lung Diseases, Fungal / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D051379:Mice; D020297:Mice, Congenic; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D015704:CD4 Antigens; D005657:Fungal Vaccines; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor