title: Key parameters for de novo formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans.
abstract: De novo formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDDs and PCDFs) was investigated in an Entrained Flow Reactor (EFR) to simulate combustion conditions. The parameters investigated were carbon content and nature in fly ash; type of gas-phase environment (oxidative versus reducing conditions) influence of combustion gases such as water, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide; amount of gas-phase chlorine; reaction temperature (250-600 degrees C); and reaction time (minutes vs hours). The comprehensive data set was further evaluated with principal component analysis (PCA) to statistically determine the role and importance of each parameter for de novo formation of PCDDs and PCDFs. Results revealed that an initial fast de novo formation occurs within the first minutes with a formation rate in the orders of hundreds of pmol per minutes; however, the reactivity of the ash was found to decline with time. An average formation rate as low as 3 pmol/min was measured after 6 h. The slower de novo formation of PCDDs and PCDFs was found to be through different reaction mechanisms and, thus, controlled by different parameters. The amount of Cl2 in the gas phase was observed to be an important parameter for PCDFs formation; meanwhile the levels of O2 were not found to be a PCDF rate controlling parameter. The formation rate of PCDDs was significantly lower than the PCDFs, and two mechanisms appear to be controlling the formation, one depending on the amount of O2 and one on the amount of Cl2 present in the gas phase. Overall the most significant parameter for the rate of formation for both PCDDs and PCDFs was revealed to be the reaction temperature. A maximum rate of formation was observed between 300-400 degrees C for the PCDDs and 400-500 degrees C for the PCDFs.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, Air Pollution Technology Branch, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA.
authors.forename: Evalena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wikström
authors.forename: Shawn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: Abderrahmane
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Touati
authors.forename: Brian K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Gullet
mesh_terms: D001572:Benzofurans / Q000737:chemistry*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000737:chemistry; D000072338:Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated; D017745:Incineration; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry*; D012037:Refuse Disposal; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D001572:Benzofurans; D000072338:Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002248:Carbon Monoxide