title: Oral and intraperitoneal acute toxicity studies of yessotoxin and homoyessotoxins in mice.
abstract: The acute toxicity of yessotoxin (YTX), homoyessotoxin (homoYTX) and 45-hydroxy-homoyessotoxin (45-OH-homoYTX) has been studied in comparison to that of okadaic acid (OA), the main diarrhogenic toxin, both after intraperitoneal (i.p.) and oral administration. After i.p. administration, homoYTX and YTX showed similar lethality (LD(50)=444 microg/kg and 512 microg/kg), higher than that of OA (LD(50)=225 microg/kg), while 750 microg/kg of 45-OH-homoYTX did not cause death. OA induced the already known toxic signs: before death, mice were motionless and cyanotic; small intestine and liver damage were shown at post-mortem. Mice treated with YTX and homoYTX were restless and jumped before death; necroscopy did not show major changes. After oral treatment, 2 mg/kg of OA induced diarrhoea and body weight loss, causing 4/5 deaths; necroscopy and/or histology revealed degenerative lesions to small intestine, forestomach and liver (confirmed by increased plasma transaminase), but no myocardium alterations. On the contrary, the oral treatment with YTX (1 and 2 mg/kg) and its derivatives (1 mg/kg) did not cause any death or signs of toxicity, except some ultrastructural myocardiocyte alterations, adjacent to capillaries, such as cytoplasmic protrusions (YTX, 1 and 2 mg/kg), fibrillar alteration (YTX, 1 mg/kg) or mitochondria assemblage (45-OH-homoYTX). Altogether, our data show that YTX and its derivatives are less toxic than OA after acute oral and i.p. treatments, at doses which may represent up to 100 times of the possible human daily intake.
authors.affiliation: DEMREP, University of Trieste, Via A. Valerio 6, 34127 Trieste, Italy. tubaro@univ.trieste.it
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tubaro
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sosa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carbonatto
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Altinier
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vita
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Melato
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Satake
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yasumoto
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D004988:Ethers, Cyclic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008111:Liver Function Tests; D051379:Mice; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008974:Mollusca; D008978:Mollusk Venoms / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D019319:Okadaic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D035964:Oxocins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: C419348:45-hydroxyyessotoxin; D004988:Ethers, Cyclic; D008978:Mollusk Venoms; D035964:Oxocins; D019319:Okadaic Acid; C066632:yessotoxin