title: Time to threshold (TT), a safety parameter for heating by diagnostic ultrasound.
abstract: Activities in the standardisation of medical ultrasonic imaging and monitoring devices have been undertaken to ensure the safe application and to provide the user with tools to perform risk-to-benefit analysis. Internationally, agreement has not been reached to implement a system based on a physical quantity such as temperature rise. Therefore, recently, the IEC Standard 60601-2-37 has adopted the thermal index (TI) as a safety parameter. TI indicates conditions that are more likely than others to produce thermal effects. The models used to calculate TI are based on the equilibrium temperature rise for a stationary transducer. Ultrasound (US) is often applied during a short time at one place. To characterise the situation before equilibrium is reached, this study proposes a new parameter: TT (time to threshold). TT indicates the time after which a threshold temperature rise is exceeded. TT is calculated for some tissue models to illustrate the meaning of TT. TT indicates how long one piece of tissue can be insonated safely, provided the safe threshold is known. Using TT, higher intensities can be applied safely during a limited time. This paper illustrates the effects of short insonation times and the influence of the beam diameter. Questions that are critical to the introduction of TT as a safety parameter are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of BioMedical Engineering (AO), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. j.lubbers@med.rug.nl
authors.forename: Jaap
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lubbers
authors.forename: Rob T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Hekkenberg
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Bezemer
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D017751:Safety Management / Q000379:methods*; D013696:Temperature; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000592:standards