title: The effect of flavopiridol on the growth of p16+ and p16- melanoma cell lines.
abstract: Flavopiridol is the first cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor to enter clinical trials. Flavopiridol has been shown to mimic, in part, the effect of the cell cycle control gene p16, which is frequently lost or mutated in malignant melanoma, making it an ideal candidate for targeted therapy in this disease. In these studies we investigated the effect of flavopiridol, at various concentrations, on the growth and gene expression of nine human melanoma cell lines with intact, absent or mutated p16. A cytostatic effect of flavopiridol on the growth of six melanoma cell lines with a mutated or non-expressed p16 (p16-) was seen at low concentrations of flavopiridol (mean 50% inhibitory concentration [IC(50)] = 12.5 nM), while the three melanoma cell lines with intact p16 (p16+) required higher concentrations (mean IC(50) = 25 nM) to produce this effect. Apoptotic cell death increased with increasing concentrations of flavopiridol in both p16- and p16+ cells. Exposure of cells to high flavopiridol concentrations (>100 nM) resulted in decreased expression of genes downstream in the normal p16 cell cycle control pathway (Rb and E2F) and the anti-apoptotic gene BCL2. No change in BCL2 expression was found after exposure to IC(50) concentrations of flavopiridol. These data indicate that flavopiridol in low, clinically achievable concentrations may have significant cytostatic effects, particularly in p16- melanoma cells, and may provide new molecular-based therapies for melanoma, particularly when combined with agents that target anti-apoptotic mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, USA. William.robinson@uchsc.edu
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Troy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Harrold
authors.forename: Lynne T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Bemis
authors.forename: Benjamin M R
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Brady
authors.forename: R Peter
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Nelson
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D019942:Genes, p16; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D008545:Melanoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000166:cytology
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005419:Flavonoids; D010880:Piperidines; C077990:alvocidib