title: The Football Association Medical Research Programme: an audit of injuries in professional football: an analysis of ankle sprains.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To conduct a detailed analysis of ankle sprains sustained in English professional football over two competitive seasons.
  
  
  METHODS
  Club medical staff at 91 professional football clubs annotated player injuries. A specific injury audit questionnaire was used together with a weekly form that documented each club's current injury status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Completed injury records for the two competitive seasons were obtained from 87% and 76% of the participating clubs. Ankle ligament sprains accounted for 11% of the total injuries over the two seasons, with over three quarters (77%) of sprains involving the lateral ligament complex. A total of 12 138 days and 2033 matches were missed because of ankle sprains. More sprains were caused by contact mechanisms than non-contact mechanisms (59% v 39%) except in goalkeepers who sustained more non-contact sprains (21% v 79%, p<0.01). Ankle sprains were most often observed during tackles (54%). More ankle sprains were sustained in matches than in training (66% v 33%), with nearly half (48%) observed during the last third of each half of matches. A total of 44% of sprains occurred during the first three months of the season. A high number of players (32%) who sustained ankle sprains were wearing some form of external support. The recurrence rate for ankle sprains was 9% (see methodology for definition of reinjury).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ankle ligament sprains are common in football usually involving the lateral ligament complex. The high rate of occurrence and recurrence indicates that prevention is of paramount importance.
authors.affiliation: The Football Association, Medical and Exercise Department, Lilleshall National Sports Centre, Shropshire, UK. caroline.woods@TheFA.com
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Woods
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hawkins
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hulse
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hodson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000293:injuries*; D008297:Male; D008485:Medical Audit / Q000379:methods*; D010806:Physical Education and Training; D012307:Risk Factors; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D012916:Soccer / Q000293:injuries*; D013180:Sprains and Strains / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors