[Uremic patients--late referral, early death].
OBJECTIVE
A number of reports from various countries document that patients with renal failure who are referred late to renal units, have more complications e. g. lack of vascular access when dialysis has to be started as well as longer hospitalisation and have also a higher risk of early death. No data on these points are available from Germany.


METHODS
In a retrospective analysis the timing of referral to the nephrologists was studied in two Departments of Medicine, e. g. Heidelberg and Vienna, for all patients who started renal replacement therapy. For patients in Heidelberg the relation between timing of referral and survival on dialysis was analysed using the Kaplan-Maier-technique.


RESULTS
In Heidelberg 280 patients were analysed, 174 men, 106 women, age 61.8 +/- 14.5 years; 136 diabetic patients (9 type 1). They had been referred from GPs (n = 131), specialists (diabetologists, cardiologists; n = 20), emergency departments (n = 33), other hospitals (n = 90) or other institutions (n = 16). The measured median creatinine clearance at the time of referral was 14 ml/min (5-34). The median interval between referral and start of dialysis was 17 weeks. 137 patients had been referred < 17 weeks and 143 patients > or = 17 weeks prior to the start of dialysis. 97 of the 111 patients referred < or = 4 weeks prior to dialysis and 59 of the 169 patients referred > 4 weeks had to be dialysed with a central catheter. There were clear differences in patient survival. In patients referred < 17 weeks before the start of dialysis, the actuarial risk of death during the first 12 month was 34.2 % compared to 5.5 % (p < 0.0001) in patients referred > or = 17 weeks. Even the mortality in the interval between 12 and 24 months after the start of dialysis was clearly higher (15.3 %) in patients with late compared to early referral (11.4 %).


CONCLUSIONS
Late referral of patients with impaired renal function to renal units causes more frequent problems of vascular access, longer hospitalisation, more medical complications, higher costs and higher mortality. Early referral of patients with renal failure is indispensable to improve dialysis outcomes.
Schwenger
V
V
Medizinische Universitäts-Klinik Heidelberg.
Hofmann
A
A
Khalifeh
N
N
Meyer
T
T
Zeier
M
M
Hörl
W H
WH
Ritz
E
E
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001317:Austria / Q000453:epidemiology; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010531:Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014511:Uremia / Q000150:complications / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy*