Introduction to the focus issue on granular materials.
In a review paper [H. M. Jaeger, S. R. Nagel, and R. P. Behringer, "Granular solids, liquids and gases," Rev. Mod. Phys. 68, 1259-1273 (1996)] a few years ago, we wrote about granular material as a distinctive form of matter that exhibits behavior rather different from that of ordinary solids, liquids, or gases. We traced this distinction to three characteristic properties. First, the individual particles making up a granular material are typically large so that thermal energy is irrelevant compared to gravitational energy. Consequently, concepts from equilibrium statistical mechanics are often not applicable. Second, the interactions between particles are frictional and can be mobilized to different degrees depending on the preparation history, giving rise to memory effects, i.e., a static pile will remember how it was formed. Third, when particles collide they do so inelastically so that a "gas" of particles will slow down and come to rest in clumps. In the intervening years, the research on granular matter has progressed rapidly and this may be a good time to ask what we have learned since that article was written. In this spirit, the present special issue of the journal Chaos assembles a spectrum of papers discussing recent developments in the field. (c) 1999 American Institute of Physics.
Behringer
Robert
R
Physics Department, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27706.
Jaeger
Heinrich
H
Nagel
Sidney
S