Simultaneous determination of urinary 1- and 2-naphthols, 3- and 9-phenanthrols, and 1-pyrenol in coke oven workers.
A method was developed for simultaneous quantification of urinary 1- and 2-naphthols, 3- and 9-phenanthrols and 1-pyrenol using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). This method was applied to urine samples from coke oven workers (n=28) and controls (n=22) from Northern China. Geometric mean levels of urinary 1-naphthol (58.8 microg l(-1)), 2-naphthol (34.1 microg l(-1)), 3-phenanthrol (7.35 microg l(-1)), 9-phenanthrol (1.28 microg l(-1)) and 1-pyrenol (25.4 microg l(-1)) were significantly higher among coke oven workers than controls. All the substances tested were highest among top-of-oven workers, who had 15-fold higher 1-naphthol, eight-fold higher 2-naphthol and 20-fold higher 1-pyrenol levels compared with controls. Using multiple linear regression models, 72.5% of the variation in 1- and 2-naphthol and 82.8% of the variation in 1-pyrenol were explained by the concentration of naphthalene or pyrene in the urine, the work category and the smoking intensity. Cigarette consumption significantly contributed to levels of urinary 1-pyrenol and naphthols, particularly 2-naphthol. A negative relationship between work category and the ratio of naphthols/1-pyrenol was observed among smokers. Our results suggest that urinary naphthols and phenanthrols reflect polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure as well as the widely used 1-pyrenol, and that interactions between cigarette smoking and PAH exposure result in different patterns of metabolism for individual PAHs.
Serdar
Berrin
B
Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Public Health University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431, USA.
Waidyanatha
Suramya
S
Zheng
Yuxin
Y
Rappaport
Stephen M
SM
D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D015415:Biomarkers; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008669:Metallurgy; D009284:Naphthols / Q000652:urine*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D010618:Phenanthrolines / Q000652:urine*; D011721:Pyrenes / Q000032:analysis*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012907:Smoking / Q000652:urine; D013048:Specimen Handling
D015415:Biomarkers; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D009284:Naphthols; D010618:Phenanthrolines; D011721:Pyrenes; D003404:Creatinine; C033146:1-hydroxypyrene