title: Diapause in the egg parasitoid Trichogramma cordubensis: role of temperature.
abstract: The role of temperature in the induction of diapause in Trichogramma cordubensis (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), under controlled laboratory conditions, was investigated using Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs as hosts. Results indicate that prestorage temperatures and the duration of exposure of the parasitoids to these temperatures affected the induction of diapause. It was possible to induce diapause in prepupae of T. cordubensis by exposing the preimaginal stages (prior to the prepupal stage) to 10 degrees C for at least 30 days, but adults emerged without diapause when the duration of exposure was of only 10 or 20 days. Parasitoids failed to enter diapause when prestorage temperatures were 7 or 12 degrees C, regardless of the duration of exposure. However, at these two temperatures, preimaginal development of T. cordubensis was delayed, allowing short-term storage (40 days at induction temperatures followed by 30 days at 3 degrees C) by keeping parasitoids in quiescence without reducing the percentages of adult emergence. Good percentages of adult emergence after long-term low-temperature storage (30 or 40 days at 10 degrees C followed by six months at 3 degrees C) occurred only when T. cordubensis was in diapause. The long-term storage of parasitoids in diapause allows an enlargement in the mass rearing potentialities of this species for future biological control releases by allowing producers to stockpile the parasitoids for release in the field season.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia, Universidade dos Açores, Rua da Mãe de Deus 58, 9500 Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ventura Garcia
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wajnberg
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pizzol
authors.forename: M L.M.
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Oliveira