title: Intraspinal adenosine induces spinal cord norepinephrine release in spinal nerve-ligated rats but not in normal or sham controls.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intrathecal adenosine is antinociceptive under conditions of central sensitization, but not in response to acute stimuli in normals. The reasons for this selective circumstance of action remain unclear, but some evidence links adenosine's antinociceptive effects to release of norepinephrine by terminals in the spinal cord. The purpose of this study was to test whether spinal adenosine induces norepinephrine release selectively in settings of hypersensitivity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats randomly assigned to spinal nerve ligation, sham operation, or no operation were anesthetized. A microdialysis fiber was implanted in the spinal cord dorsal horn at the L5-L6 level and perfused with artificial cerebrospinal fluid. After washout and a baseline sample period, adenosine at various concentrations was infused through the fiber for 150 min, and samples were collected every 15 min.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In ligated, but not in sham or normal animals, adenosine perfusion increased norepinephrine in spinal cord microdialysates in a concentration-dependent manner. The effects of adenosine plateaued after 75 min and remained stable until the end of the experiment. Intravenous injection of selective adenosine A1 and A2 receptor antagonists revealed that adenosine's effect on spinal norepinephrine release was A1 receptor mediated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study to provide direct evidence that adenosine is able to release norepinephrine in spinal cord dorsal horns in living animals. However, this effect was only seen in animals after spinal nerve ligation. These data are consistent with behavioral studies demonstrating that adenosine's antinociceptive effects in rats after spinal nerve ligation is totally dependent on intact spinal noradrenergic terminals and can be blocked by spinal alpha 2-adrenergic receptor antagonists.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Munster, Munster, Germany.
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bantel
authors.forename: Xinhui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Eisenach
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D008026:Ligation; D008297:Male; D017551:Microdialysis; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D013127:Spinal Nerves / Q000502:physiology*; D013805:Theobromine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors; D014970:Xanthines / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D014970:Xanthines; C057837:3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine; C051360:1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; D000241:Adenosine; D013805:Theobromine; D009638:Norepinephrine