title: Enhanced estrogen receptor (ER) alpha, ERBB2, and MAPK signal transduction pathways operate during the adaptation of MCF-7 cells to long term estrogen deprivation.
abstract: The mechanisms involved in resistance to estrogen deprivation are of major importance for optimal patient therapy and the development of new drugs. Long term culture of MCF-7 cells in estrogen (E2)-depleted medium (long term estrogen deprivation; LTED) results in hypersensitivity to E2 coinciding with elevated levels of estrogen receptor (ER) alpha phosphorylated on Ser118 and MAPK, together with several of its downstream targets associated previously with ERalpha phosphorylation. Our data suggest elevated MAPK activity results from enhanced ERBB2 expression in the LTED cells versus the wild-type (wt), and treatment with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor ZD1839 revealed increased sensitivity in both transcription and proliferation assays. Similarly the MEK inhibitor U0126 decreased transcription and proliferation in the LTED cells and reduced their sensitivity to the proliferative effects of E2, while having no effect on the wt. However, the complete suppression of MAPK activity in the LTED cells did not inhibit ERalpha Ser118 phosphorylation suggesting that ER activity remained ligand-dependant. The LTED cells also expressed elevated levels of insulin-like growth factor-1R, and inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity with LY294002 reduced basal ERalpha transactivation by 70% in the LTED cells compared with the wt. However, LY294002 had no effect on ERalpha Ser118 phosphorylation. These data suggest that although elevated levels of MAPK occur during LTED and influence the phenotype, this is unlikely to be the sole pathway operating to achieve adaptation.
authors.affiliation: Academic Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom. martinl@icr.ac.uk
authors.forename: Lesley-Ann
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Farmer
authors.forename: Stephen R D
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: Simak
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: Mitch
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dowsett
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D003470:Culture Media / Q000494:pharmacology; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000235:genetics; D004958:Estradiol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D004967:Estrogens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077267:Fulvestrant; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D010641:Phenotype; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D012694:Serine / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000502:physiology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D004958:Estradiol; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D004967:Estrogens; D000077267:Fulvestrant; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D012694:Serine