title: Depressive symptoms and metabolic risk in adult male twins enrolled in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute twin study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the extent to which depressive symptoms are associated with metabolic risk factors and whether genetic or environmental factors account for this association.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twin structural equation modeling was employed to estimate genetic and environmental contributions to the covariation of depressive symptoms, as indexed by the Centers for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale, and common variance among blood pressure, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, and serum triglycerides and glucose among 87 monozygotic and 86 dizygotic male twin pairs who participated in the NHLBI twin study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Depressive symptoms were associated with individual components of the metabolic syndrome and common variance among the risk factors. Twin structural equation modeling indicated that the associations were attributable to environmental (nongenetic) factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support the hypothesis that depressive symptoms may increase risk for a pattern of physiological risk consistent with the metabolic syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, Brown Medical School and The Miriam Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, USA. Jeanne_McCaffery@brown.edu
authors.forename: Jeanne M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: McCaffery
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Niaura
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Todaro
authors.forename: Gary E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Swan
authors.forename: Dorit
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Carmelli
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001824:Body Constitution; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics; D004777:Environment; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D012307:Risk Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic; D014481:United States; D014728:Veterans / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D014280:Triglycerides