title: United at last: the tuberous sclerosis complex gene products connect the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway to mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling.
abstract: The molecular interplay between the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling in the control of cell growth and proliferation has been the subject of much interest and debate amongst cell biologists. A recent escalation of research in this area has come from the discovery of the tuberous sclerosis complex gene products, tuberin and hamartin, as central regulators of mTOR activation. The PI3K effector Akt/protein kinase B has been found to directly phosphorylate tuberin and is thereby thought to activate mTOR through inhibition of the tuberin-hamartin complex. The many recent studies aimed at defining the molecular nature of this revamped PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway are reviewed here. The collective data discussed have laid the groundwork for important new insights into the many cancers caused by aberrant PI3K activation and the clinically challenging tuberous sclerosis complex disease and have suggested a possible means of treatment for both.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Manning
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Cantley
mesh_terms: D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor; D006801:Humans; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000235:genetics*; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000235:genetics; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D014402:Tuberous Sclerosis / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D000077004:Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 1 Protein; D000077005:Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 Protein; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins
chemical_list: D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D011494:Protein Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D011506:Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D000077004:Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 1 Protein; D000077005:Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 Protein; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; C000624650:TSC1 protein, human; C000624653:TSC2 protein, human; C546842:MTOR protein, human; C494918:AKT1 protein, human