title: A novel Xenopus SWS2, P434 visual pigment: structure, cellular location, and spectral analyses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to clone and characterize the green rod pigment in Xenopus laevis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cDNA for the Xenopus "green rod" pigment was cloned and sequenced from Xenopus retina mRNA by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and the 5' end cloned by rapid amplification of the cDNA ends. The cellular localization of the Xenopus opsin was determined by immunolabeling of flat-mounted retinas using a specific antibody against this opsin. Spectral properties of the expressed protein were determined by absorption spectroscopy using recombinant pigment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A novel Xenopus opsin cDNA containing a full-length coding region has been cloned and sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequence predicts a protein of 362 amino acids, forming 7 hydrophobic helices. Sequence analysis indicates that it belongs firmly to the SWS2 class of visual pigments and has 89%, 80%, and 75% amino acid sequence identity with bullfrog, tiger salamander, and newt SWS2 pigments, respectively. Staining of Xenopus retina with a Xenopus SWS2 opsin-specific polyclonal antibody demonstrated that the SWS2 pigment is expressed in green rods. After expression in COS cells, reconstitution with 11-cis retinal, and purification, the SWS2 pigment exhibits an absolute absorption maximum of 434 nm Thus, the name "SWS2, P434" was assigned for this opsin. The pigment decays rapidly in hydroxylamine in the dark, unlike the red rod pigment, rhodopsin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A novel green rod opsin cDNA has been cloned and sequenced from the retina of adult Xenopus laevis, which encodes a protein belonging to the SWS2 group of opsins. The expressed opsin possesses cone-opsin-like properties although it was identified only in the Xenopus green rod cells.
authors.affiliation: Storm Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. dardena@citadel.edu
authors.forename: Alix G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Darden
authors.forename: Bill X
authors.initials: BX
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Sergey L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Znoiko
authors.forename: E Starr
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Hazard
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kono
authors.forename: Rosalie K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Crouch
authors.forename: Jian-Xing
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Ma
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D001483:Base Sequence; D019556:COS Cells; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000032:analysis; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D005784:Gene Amplification; D015870:Gene Expression; D015151:Immunoblotting; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000276:immunology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D011817:Rabbits; D017948:Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells / Q000737:chemistry*; D017299:Rod Opsins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D009842:Oligopeptides; D017299:Rod Opsins