title: Active neck muscle training in the treatment of chronic neck pain in women: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Active physical training is commonly recommended for patients with chronic neck pain; however, its efficacy has not been demonstrated in randomized studies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy of intensive isometric neck strength training and lighter endurance training of neck muscles on pain and disability in women with chronic, nonspecific neck pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Examiner-blinded randomized controlled trial conducted between February 2000 and March 2002.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were recruited from occupational health care systems in southern and eastern Finland.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 180 female office workers between the ages of 25 and 53 years with chronic, nonspecific neck pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were randomly assigned to either 2 training groups or to a control group, with 60 patients in each group. The endurance training group performed dynamic neck exercises, which included lifting the head up from the supine and prone positions. The strength training group performed high-intensity isometric neck strengthening and stabilization exercises with an elastic band. Both training groups performed dynamic exercises for the shoulders and upper extremities with dumbbells. All groups were advised to do aerobic and stretching exercises regularly 3 times a week.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neck pain and disability were assessed by a visual analog scale, the neck and shoulder pain and disability index, and the Vernon neck disability index. Intermediate outcome measures included mood assessed by a short depression inventory and by maximal isometric neck strength and range of motion measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the 12-month follow-up visit, both neck pain and disability had decreased in both training groups compared with the control group (P<.001). Maximal isometric neck strength had improved flexion by 110%, rotation by 76%, and extension by 69% in the strength training group. The respective improvements in the endurance training group were 28%, 29%, and 16% and in the control group were 10%, 10%, and 7%. Range of motion had also improved statistically significantly in both training groups compared with the control group in rotation, but only the strength training group had statistically significant improvements in lateral flexion and in flexion and extension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both strength and endurance training for 12 months were effective methods for decreasing pain and disability in women with chronic, nonspecific neck pain. Stretching and fitness training are commonly advised for patients with chronic neck pain, but stretching and aerobic exercising alone proved to be a much less effective form of training than strength training.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, , Jyväskylä Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland. jari.ylinen@ksshp.fi
authors.forename: Jari
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ylinen
authors.forename: Esa-Pekka
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Takala
authors.forename: Matti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nykänen
authors.forename: Arja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Häkkinen
authors.forename: Esko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mälkiä
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pohjolainen
authors.forename: Sirkka-Liisa
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Karppi
authors.forename: Hannu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kautiainen
authors.forename: Olavi
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Airaksinen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction; D008875:Middle Aged; D009334:Neck Muscles / Q000502:physiology; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D016896:Treatment Outcome