title: Cryopreservation of human ovarian tissue by direct plunging into liquid nitrogen.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish a prospective direction for further development of the protocol for cryopreservation of ovarian tissue by direct plunging into liquid nitrogen.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human ovarian biopsies from 20 patients (cut in approximately 0.5mm(3) pieces) were exposed to: 40% ethylene glycol+0.35 M sucrose+5% egg yolk; 40% ethylene glycol+18% Ficoll-70+0.35 M sucrose; 20% ethylene glycol+20% dimethyl sulphoxide. Cryopreservation of pieces was accomplished by plunging 0.25 ml straws or copper grids into liquid nitrogen or 0.25 ml straws into precooled (-196 degrees C) metallic powder. Thawed pieces were transferred to sucrose solution for incremental dilution of cryoprotectants. Histological observation of the tissue was performed after cryopreservation and in vitro culture was done to study hormone production ability after cryopreservation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only ultrarapid cooling in ethylene glycol-sucrose-egg yolk solution protected both follicles and stroma from damage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The following parameters were established as required for a protocol of human ovarian tissue cryopreservation by direct plunging into liquid nitrogen: the vitrification medium should include ethylene glycol, disaccharide and egg yolk; ultrarapid cooling/thawing should take place using standard 0.25 straws or copper grids.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 34, 50931, Cologne, Germany. eugenia.isachenko@medizin.uni-koeln.de
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Isachenko
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Isachenko
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rahimi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nawroth
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000379:methods*; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents; D046508:Culture Techniques; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide; D004530:Egg Yolk; D004958:Estradiol / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019855:Ethylene Glycol; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009584:Nitrogen; D010053:Ovary / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D011374:Progesterone / Q000096:biosynthesis; D012996:Solutions; D013395:Sucrose; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D003451:Cryoprotective Agents; D012996:Solutions; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol; D013395:Sucrose; D019855:Ethylene Glycol; D009584:Nitrogen; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide