title: Isolated lymphoid follicle formation is inducible and dependent upon lymphotoxin-sufficient B lymphocytes, lymphotoxin beta receptor, and TNF receptor I function.
abstract: The gastrointestinal mucosa contains a complex network of lymphoid compartments that have evolved to efficiently protect the host from invading pathogens. Recently, an additional lymphoid structure resembling Peyer's patches (PP) in composition and architecture has been identified in the murine small intestine, the isolated lymphoid follicle (ILF). In this study we examine the nature and factors required for ILF formation. We observed a spectrum of structures fitting the previous descriptions of ILFs, ranging from clusters of B220(+) cells (which we have termed immature ILFs) to well-organized lymphoid nodules (which we have termed mature ILFs). Here we demonstrate that that similar to PP formation, ILF formation requires lymphotoxin (LT)- and LT beta receptor-dependent events. However unlike PP formation, the LT- and LT beta receptor-dependent events required for ILF formation can occur in adulthood and require LT-sufficient B lymphocytes. We demonstrate that mature ILF formation occurs in response to lumenal stimuli, including normal bacterial flora, and requires TNF receptor I function. These findings suggest that ILFs are organized intestinal lymphoid structures whose formation can be induced and whose mass can be expanded in response to mucosal challenges.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
authors.forename: Robin G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Lorenz
authors.forename: David D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Chaplin
authors.forename: Keely G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: Jacquelyn S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: McDonough
authors.forename: Rodney D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Newberry
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D016175:B-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D002449:Cell Aggregation / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D017493:Leukocyte Common Antigens / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008221:Lymphoid Tissue / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D053259:Lymphotoxin beta Receptor; D008233:Lymphotoxin-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D011247:Pregnancy; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; C505699:Ltbr protein, mouse; D053259:Lymphotoxin beta Receptor; D008233:Lymphotoxin-alpha; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I; D017493:Leukocyte Common Antigens