title: High frequency of hepatitis B virus infection in patients with beta-thalassemia receiving multiple transfusions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hepatitis B virus (HBV) may occasionally be transmitted through transfusion of blood units that are hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) negative but HBV DNA positive. Children with beta-thalassemia are particularly susceptible to HBV because they receive multiple blood transfusions. These children have high infection rates despite vaccination against HBV. Post-vaccination infections may be a result of viruses harbouring surface (S)-gene mutations (e.g. G587A) in a region critical for reactivity to antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs). The true prevalence of HBV in individuals with beta-thalassemia has not been studied previously.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy patients with beta-thalassemia (median age 6 years; range 8 months to 22 years; 49 male), who had received seven to 623 (median 61) units of blood each and three doses (10/20 micro g) of HBV vaccine (Engerix B) before presentation to us, were included in the study; 50 of the 70 patients had received transfusions prior to vaccination. Enzyme-linked immunoassay for serological markers [HBsAg, antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) and quantitative anti-HBs] and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by Southern hybridization for molecular detection of hepatitis B, was performed on all samples. The PCR-amplified product was cloned, sequenced and the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences for the HBV S and polymerase (P) genes were analysed for mutations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four of 70 (5.7%) individuals with beta-thalassemia were HBsAg positive and 14 (20%) were anti-HBc positive. The prevalence of serological markers increased with number of transfusions (P < 0.01). Of 70 patients, 53 (75.7%) had an anti-HBs titre of > 10 IU/l following vaccination and 17 (24.3%) were non-responders (< 10 IU/l); 22 (31.4%) of the 70 were DNA positive. The frequency of HBV infection in beta-thalassemia was similar in vaccine responders and non-responders. The virus was of subtype ayw (genotype D) in the five DNA-positive samples in which a 388-nucleotide region of the S gene was sequenced. Mutations occurred at 13 positions in the S gene and at 10 positions in the P gene. Hydrophobicity plots revealed differences in amino acid regions 117-165 and 195-211. Some of these amino acid substitutions coincided with the putative cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitopes of both S and P proteins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high frequency of HBV infection was seen using molecular methods in thalassemic patients. The frequency of infection was similar in vaccine responders and non-responders. A number of mutations were observed in the S gene, which could have implications for viral replication as well as virus-host cell interaction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pradhan
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Phadke
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Naik
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aggarwal
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Naik
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001483:Base Sequence; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000635:transmission*; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D017354:Point Mutation; D015995:Prevalence; D065227:Transfusion Reaction; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D017086:beta-Thalassemia / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D014764:Viral Proteins