title: PAI-1 level and the PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphism in relation to risk of non-fatal myocardial infarction: results from the Stockholm Heart Epidemiology Program (SHEEP).
abstract: This study examines the relationship between plasma Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) activity and the PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphism, and their association with the risk of myocardial infarction (MI). Furthermore, this study explores whether a high level of PAI-1 or whether the PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphism synergistically interacts with any established environmental risk factor for MI. This case-referent study of subjects aged 45-70 and living in Stockholm includes 851 men and 361 women with first-time MI and 1051 men and 505 women who were randomly chosen as referents from a population register. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) of MI was 1.9 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4-2.8) for men with a plasma PAI-1 activity level greater than the 90 th percentile value of referents. The corresponding OR for women was 1.5 (95% CI 0.9-2.5). A strong indication of synergistic interaction was found in men for the co-exposure to high plasma PAI-1 activity and current smoking, an adjusted synergy index score of 3.9 (95% CI 1.2-13.2). In women, the 4G allele was associated slightly with an increased risk of MI, OR 1.4 (95% CI 1.0-1.9). This association was not found in men. There were no clear indications of synergistic interaction effects involving the PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphism and the environmental exposures considered (cigarette smoking, physical inactivity, overweight, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolaemia, hypertension, high C-reactive protein and hypertriglyceridaemia).
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. karin.leander@imm.ki.se
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Leander
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wiman
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hallqvist
authors.forename: Margareta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sten-Linder
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: de Faire
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D016368:Frameshift Mutation; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D006184:Habits; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1