title: The relationship of long term global temperature change and human fertility.
abstract: According to the United Nations, global fertility has declined in the last century as reflected by a decline in birth rates. The earth's surface air temperature has increased considerably and is referred to as global warming. Since changes in temperature are well known to influence fertility we sought to determine if a statistical relationship exists between long-term changes in global air temperatures and birth rates. The most complete and reliable birth rate data in the 20th century was available in 19 industrialized countries. Using bivariate and multiple regression analysis, we compared yearly birth rates from these countries to global air temperatures from 1900 to 1994.A common pattern of change in birth rates was noted for the 19 industrialized countries studied. In general, birth rates declined markedly throughout the century except during the baby boom period of approximately 1940 to 1964. An inverse relationship was found between changes in global temperatures and birth rates in all 19 countries. Controlling for the linear yearly decline in birth rates over time, this relationship remained statistically significant for all the 19 countries in aggregate and in seven countries individually (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of our analyses are consistent with the underlying premise that temperature change affects fertility and suggests that human fertility may have been influenced by change in environmental temperatures.
authors.affiliation: Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Harry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fisch
authors.forename: Howard F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.forename: Karen S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Fisch
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Golden
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liberson
authors.forename: Carl A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Olsson
mesh_terms: D001723:Birth Rate; D002980:Climate; D019049:Developed Countries; D005298:Fertility; D017752:Greenhouse Effect; D006801:Humans; D011153:Population; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors