title: Artificial neural networks in predicting optimum renal stone fragmentation by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy: a preliminary study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the ability of artificial neural networks (ANNs) to predict optimum renal stone fragmentation in patients being managed by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 82 patients with renal stones who were being treated by ESWL. Data (input and output values) from 60 patients in whom there was optimum fragmentation of stones by ESWL were used for training the ANN. These data mainly included the 24-h urinary variables, the radiological features of the stone disease and the ESWL settings used. The predictability of the trained ANN was tested on 22 subsequent patients, by supplying the input variables of the 22 patients into the trained ANN and recording the output values (predicted values). After subjecting these patients to ESWL, the actual results (observed values) were recorded. The predicted and the observed values were then compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the 22 patients in whom predictability was tested, the trained ANN predicted optimum fragmentation at < or = 13 000 shocks/stone (as per study protocol) in 17 and optimum fragmentation at> 13 000 shocks/stone in the other five. In the 17 patients (test set) where the trained ANN had predicted optimum fragmentation at < or = 13 000 shocks/stone, the optimum fragmentation was at that value, although the predicted and observed values were not identical. The overall correlation between the predicted and the observed values was 75.5% (correlation coefficient 0.7547) in these 17 patients. Of the other five patients, none had optimum fragmentation at < 13 000 shocks/stone, as predicted by the trained ANN, giving complete accuracy for this factor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This was a pilot study, i.e. an initial attempt to use an ANN in this regard, and although there were few patients, such that it is not possible to make final recommendations, the overall predictability was approximately 75%. An encouraging outcome of the study was that the trained ANN identified patients unlikely to benefit from ESWL. Using a larger dataset and identifying more significant variables, while eliminating inputs with a negative effect, the efficiency and utility of this ANN can probably be enhanced and in future it might be possible to predict stone fragmentation with reasonable accuracy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hamid
authors.forename: U S
authors.initials: US
authors.lastname: Dwivedi
authors.forename: T N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gopi Kishore
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mahmood
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tandon
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000628:therapy*; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000379:methods*; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity