title: Tenosynovitis of the digital flexor tendon sheath and annular ligament constriction syndrome caused by longitudinal tears in the deep digital flexor tendon: a clinical and surgical report of 17 cases in warmblood horses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inflammation of the digital flexor tendon sheaths is a chronic and nebulous condition often unresponsive to medical and surgical treatment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the incidence of longitudinal tears (LT) as the underlying cause of chronic tenosynovitis and annular ligament constriction syndrome (ALCS) in warmblood horses.
  
  
  METHODS
  The records of 25 horses with chronic tenosynovitis and ALCS in which tenoscopical inspection of the digital flexor tendon sheath (DFTS) was performed between 1999-2000 were reviewed. Of 25 horses, 17 were diagnosed with an LT in the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT). All horses had a history of distension of the DFTS and/or signs of an ALCS. All cases presented typical signs of a chronic inflamed DFTS on ultrasonography and 11 horses showed ultrasonographic changes (echogenic material or an irregular outlining) at the lateral or medial border of the DDFT. The diagnosis of LTs of the DDFT was established in all cases by tenoscopy. Surgical treatment consisted of removal of the torn collagen fibrils using a mechanical resector and decompressing the fetlock canal by a transection of the palmar annular ligament (PAL) using a hook knife under tenoscopic control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten horses became sound and resumed their previous level of work, 3 horses remained lame, 4 horses returned to previous level of work but needed intrasynovial treatment of the DFTS and reduced competition frequency to remain sound.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Horses presented with chronic inflamed DFTS and/or ALCS might suffer from LTs in the DDFT; however, the diagnosis cannot be established with absolute certainty using only ultrasonography. Longitudinal tears should be suspected if ultrasonographic changes are present lateral or medial to the border of the DDFT but tenoscopical examination of the tendon sheath is essential to establish an accurate diagnosis and an effective treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of these LTs might explain why some cases of chronic tenosynovitis of the digital flexor tendon sheath and/or ALCS do not respond on surgical transection of the PAL alone without tenoscopy.
authors.affiliation: Equine Hospital De Bosdreef, Spelonckvaart 46, 9180 Moerbeke-Waas, Belgium.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wilderjans
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Boussauw
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Madder
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Simon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D006736:Horses / Q000293:injuries*; D007794:Lameness, Animal / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013708:Tendon Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*; D013717:Tenosynovitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*; D016896:Treatment Outcome