title: [Optimal margin in nephron-sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma 4 cm or less in diameter].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the optimal margin in nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) 4 cm or less in diameter.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-two kidneys with RCC 4 cm or less in diameter resected by radical nephrectomy were prospectively studied. The kidney samples were sectioned at 3 mm interval and examined for multicentricity. On each layer of tissue sectioned, parenchyma margin of 15 mm beyond pseudocapsule was continuously sectioned and examined for completeness of pseudocapsule and extra-pseudocapsule cancer lesion. The farthest distance between extra-pseudocapsule lesion and primary tumor was measured. PCNA expression was detected in 41 patients by using standard SP immunohistochemistry technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The diameter of 82 primary tumors was 3.4 +/- 0.8 cm (range 1.5 - 4.0 cm). Of these, 31.7% (26/82) were found without intact pseudocapsule and 17.1% (14/82) with positive cancer lesions beyond pseudocapsule. The average distance between extra-pseudocapsule cancer lesion and primary tumor was 0.5 +/- 1.3 mm (range 0 - 5.0 mm), with a confidential interval (CI) of 95% (0.11, 0.94). Statistically, the one side percentile P(95) was 4.9 mm, P(97.5) was 5.0 mm and P(100) was 5.0 mm. The mean PCNA index in the 41 patients with RCC was (29.5 +/- 17.6)%, which was (49.6 +/- 21.5)% in the group with extra-pseudocapsule cancer lesions and (24.6 +/- 12.7)% in the group without (t = 3.162, P = 0.013). The ratio of strong expression was 5/8 in the group with extra-pseudocapsule cancer lesions, and 18.2% (6/33) in the group without the lesions (chi(2) = 6.442, P = 0.011). Logistic regression analysis showed that completeness of pseudocapsule and PCNA index were significant predictors of extra-pseudocapsule cancer lesions (P = 0.019).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that when NSS is performed in RCC 4 cm or less in diameter, a margin of more than 5 mm of adjacent parenchyma should be excised with the tumor. Enucleation alone was associated with a significant risk of incomplete excision, and therefore liable for local recurrence. Tumors with incomplete pseudocapsule and(or) high PCNA indices are more likely to have extra-pseudocapsule cancer lesions, so intensive follow-up is necessary after NSS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China.
authors.forename: Quan-lin
authors.initials: QL
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Hong-wei
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.forename: Li-zhi
authors.initials: LZ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Qiu-ping
authors.initials: QP
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Fa-peng
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yong-ji
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods*; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen