title: Laparoscopic ureterocalicostomy: a feasibility study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ureterocalicostomy is occasionally indicated for reconstruction of recurrent, recalcitrant ureteropelvic junction obstruction associated with postoperative fibrosis and a relatively inaccessible renal pelvis. We investigated the feasibility of performing laparoscopic ureterocalicostomy in a survival porcine model. Anatomical, histological and chronic functional outcomes were evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Laparoscopic ureterocalicostomy was performed in 10 survival female swine. A ureteropelvic junction obstruction model was created by laparoscopic ligation of a 2 to 3 cm. segment of upper ureter. After an interval of complete ureteropelvic junction obstruction laparoscopic ureterocalicostomy was performed in a manner duplicating the steps of conventional open surgery. After transverse amputation of the lower renal pole end-to-end anastomosis of the proximal ureter to the inferior calix was formed by laparoscopic freehand suturing and knot-tying techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean ureter stricture length was 2.2 cm. (range 1.7 to 3.1). Mean duration of obstruction before laparoscopic ureterocalicostomy was 6.3 days (range 2 to 18). Mean operative time for laparoscopic ureterocalicostomy was 165.3 minutes (range 105 to 240). Mean estimated blood loss was 145 cc (range 25 to 400). Mean stent duration in 6 pigs was 8.7 days (range 7 to 11). Excretory urograms demonstrated immediate function with symmetrical and unobstructed drainage in all operated renal units. At 4 to 8 weeks of followup no urine leaks were noted and histological examination documented complete urothelial healing without fibrosis or scar formation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopic ureterocalicostomy is technically feasible in the porcine model and it effectively duplicates the established principles of open surgery. Our technique further extends the application of laparoscopic surgery for difficult ureteropelvic junction obstruction.
authors.affiliation: Section of Laparoscopic and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Glickman Urological Institute and Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Edward E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Cherullo
authors.forename: Inderbir S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.forename: Lee E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Ponsky
authors.forename: Kevin L W
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Banks
authors.forename: MihirR M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Desai
authors.forename: Jihad H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kaouk
authors.forename: Anoop M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Meraney
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Skacel
authors.forename: Gyung Tak
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Sung
mesh_terms: D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D007670:Kidney Calices / Q000601:surgery*; D007682:Kidney Pelvis / Q000473:pathology; D010535:Laparoscopy; D013552:Swine; D014513:Ureter / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D014517:Ureteral Obstruction / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*