title: Epileptic spasms and partial seizures as a single ictal event.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the phenomenon of epileptic spasms (ESs) associated with other seizure types in a single ictal event and to study the predictive value of this phenomenon regarding etiology and prognosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We selected retrospectively eight female and five male patients, who had ESs and other seizure types within a single seizure event and for whom a video-EEG recording of the phenomenon was performed in at least one situation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The seizure type associated with ESs was a partial seizure in all patients. We identified three groups with different seizure patterns regarding the temporal association of ES and partial seizures (PSs): (a) PS followed by ES; (b) PS appearing during a cluster of ESs without interrupting the cluster; and (c) complex seizure interaction with a succession of ESs and PSs in a close but variable temporal association. Underlying disorders included cortical dysplasia (three patients), complex cerebral malformations (two patients), and perinatal anoxic-ischemic injuries (two patients); four cases were classified as cryptogenic, and in two children, etiology was unknown, but prenatal origin was suspected. Outcome was poor in nine cases with intractable epilepsy; four cases had a favorable outcome, defined as complete cessation of epileptic seizures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The phenomenon of associated ESs and PSs as a single ictal event can be related to different etiologies and should not be considered distinctive for cortical malformations or severe brain damage. Different seizure patterns of associated ESs and PSs provide no hint for etiology or prognosis. Outcome is prevalently but not constantly unfavorable in patients with the phenomenon.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy. pachatz@opbg.net
authors.forename: Christa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pachatz
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fusco
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vigevano
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004828:Epilepsies, Partial / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D013036:Spasms, Infantile / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014741:Video Recording