title: The algogenic-induced nociceptive flexion test in mice: studies on sensitivity of the test and stress on animals.
abstract: Recently we developed a new technique, known as peripheral nociception test or algogenic-induced nociceptive flexion (ANF) test, to study the in vivo signal transduction of pain at the peripheral nerve endings in mice. In the present report, we examined the sensitivity of the method to detect pain signal and the stresses induced by the test on experimental animals. In the algogenic-induced biting and licking (ABL) test, bradykinin could not induce significant biting-licking response even at a dose of 1nmol. It induced significant biting-licking response only at 10nmol. However, with the ANF test, 100fmol of bradykinin was enough to produce sharp and significant nociceptive flexion response. Similarly, substance P, ATP and ONO-54918-07, a stable prostaglandin I(2) agonist, induced nociceptive flexion response in ANF test at much lower doses than needed to induce biting-licking responses in ABL test. Next, we measured the plasma corticosterone level after different nociception tests, which is a measure of stress on animals due to experimental manipulations. However, no significant rise in corticosterone level was observed with ANF test. Altogether, these findings indicate that the ANF test is a highly sensitive and less stressful technique to study in vivo mechanisms of pain at the peripheral nerve ending.
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Md Harunor
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Rashid
authors.forename: Toshiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawashima
authors.forename: Misaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: Takehiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.forename: Shiroh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kishioka
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ueda
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001733:Bites and Stings / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology; D001920:Bradykinin / Q000494:pharmacology; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000097:blood; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D011464:Epoprostenol / Q000819:agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000494:pharmacology; D007103:Immobilization / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D010146:Pain / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects / Q000379:methods*; D017933:Peripheral Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology; D011460:Prostaglandins F / Q000494:pharmacology; D012018:Reflex / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013373:Substance P / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C476158:15-cis-(4-n-propylcyclohexyl)-16,17,17,19,20-pentanor-9-deoxy-6,9-alpha-nitriloprostaglandin F1; D011460:Prostaglandins F; D005557:Formaldehyde; D013373:Substance P; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D011464:Epoprostenol; D001920:Bradykinin; D003345:Corticosterone