title: Postoperative analgesia in children undergoing myringotomy and placement equalization tubes in ambulatory surgery.
abstract: We enrolled 120 children undergoing bilateral myringotomy and tube placement in this prospective, randomized, observer-blinded study. Patients were randomized into one of four groups: Group 1 (control) was plain acetaminophen 10 mg/kg orally, Group 2 was acetaminophen 10 mg/kg with 1 mg/kg of codeine orally, Group 3 was transnasal butorphanol 25 micro g/kg given immediately after the induction of anesthesia, and Group 4 was ketorolac 1 mg/kg given IM immediately after the induction of anesthesia. All children received oral midazolam (0.6 mg/kg) before surgery. A nurse blinded to the analgesic technique used assessed the child's behavior at the induction of anesthesia and in the postanesthesia care unit using a 4-point scale. Analgesic effectiveness was determined by assessing the child's pain at 5-min intervals using a modified 10-point objective pain scale. In the postanesthesia care unit, rescue pain medication was administered for an objective pain scale >or=4 or a behavior score >or=3. Our data suggest that IM ketorolac is a promising analgesic to be used in this surgical population. Time to first rescue analgesic was longest in the ketorolac group, and there was no associated postoperative vomiting or nausea. IM ketorolac given during surgery was the best analgesic regimen for these procedures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We compared four different analgesics in the management of pain after placement of pressure equalization tubes during myringotomy in children and demonstrated that ketorolac or butorphanol provided superior analgesia when compared with acetaminophen with codeine or plain acetaminophen. Children who received ketorolac versus butorphanol had less vomiting in the 24 h after surgery.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Anesthesiology, †Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois.
authors.forename: Ana Lucia
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Pappas
authors.forename: Elaine M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Fluder
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Creech
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hotaling
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000556:Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002077:Butorphanol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003061:Codeine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D020910:Ketorolac / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014432:Tympanic Membrane / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000082:Acetaminophen; D002077:Butorphanol; D003061:Codeine; D020910:Ketorolac