title: Testicular sperm extraction (TESE) and ICSI in patients with permanent azoospermia after chemotherapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients persistently azoospermic after chemotherapy have been considered traditionally as sterile unless sperm was frozen before therapy. Recent advances during the last decade combining testicular sperm extraction (TESE) and ICSI in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia allow these males to father their own genetic offspring.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study was conducted of 12 patients with non-obstructive azoospermia after chemotherapy undergoing TESE between 1995 and 2002. Cancer type and anti-neoplastic treatments were recorded, together with maximum testicular volume, serum FSH levels and testicular histopathology. When TESE was successful, spermatozoa were cryopreserved for performing ICSI later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In five patients (41.6%) motile spermatozoa for cryopreservation and ICSI were retrieved. Four of them had received chemotherapy for testicular cancer, and one had been treated by chemotherapy/radiotherapy for Hodgkin's disease. Clinical and histological parameters were unable to predict with certainty TESE outcome in an individual patient. Eight ICSI cycles were performed on five couples and one pregnancy was obtained which resulted in the delivery of a healthy girl.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some patients with permanent azoospermia after chemotherapy can be successfully treated by TESE-ICSI. This procedure, however, may have potential genetic risks. Therefore, freezing semen before starting gonadotoxic therapy is the strategy of choice, and patients should be counselled accordingly.
authors.affiliation: Andrology Laboratory and Semen Bank, Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad, Spain. marcos.meseguer@ivi.es
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meseguer
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Garrido
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Remohí
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pellicer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Simón
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Martínez-Jabaloyas
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gil-Salom
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015925:Cryopreservation; D004624:Embryo Transfer; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D009845:Oligospermia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000628:therapy; D011247:Pregnancy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012662:Semen Preservation; D020554:Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic; D013081:Sperm Motility; D013737:Testis / Q000166:cytology*; D020858:Tissue and Organ Harvesting; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents