Kallmann's syndrome: molecular pathogenesis.
Kallmann's syndrome (KS) is a genetic condition characterised by hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism (HH) and anosmia; although these are the defining features of the condition, additional neurological and non-neurological sequel may also occur depending on the specific mode of inheritance. KS affects about 1 in 8000 males and 1 in 40,000 females, with most presentations being of the 'sporadic' type. Of the inherited forms, hitherto, only the gene responsible for the X-linked form (X-KS), namely KAL-1, has been identified and the encoded protein, anosmin-1, consists primarily of a whey acidic protein (WAP) and fibronectin-like type III (FnIII) domains which appear to mediate distinctly different protein functions. The WAP/FnIII combination is conserved in anosmins across species and recent studies in rodents and in Caenorhabditis elegans demonstrate that anosmin functions in both axonal targeting and branching. Screening for loci that modify these phenotypes in C. elegans has identified heparan-6-O-sulphotransferase as a key interactor mediating anosmin-1 function. Furthermore, over-expression and loss of function of the C. elegans Kal-1 gene disrupt epidermal morphogenesis, resulting in ventral enclosure and male tail formation defects. These findings provide novel insights into the molecular pathogenesis of X-KS.
Hu
Youli
Y
Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK.
Tanriverdi
Fatih
F
MacColl
Gavin S
GS
Bouloux
Pierre-Marc G
PM
D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005353:Fibronectins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019812:Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D017436:Kallmann Syndrome / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009833:Olfactory Pathways / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism
C076266:ANOS1 protein, human; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D005353:Fibronectins; D019812:Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans; D008894:Milk Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; C024471:whey acidic proteins