title: Addition of treatment for trichomoniasis to syndromic management of urethritis in Malawi: a randomized clinical trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Male urethritis is generally treated syndromically, but failure of empirical treatment is common.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The study goal was to evaluate the addition of metronidazole to the syndromic management of urethritis in Malawi in a randomized clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Men with urethritis were randomized to receive either 2 g of metronidazole by mouth or placebo, in addition to standard care for urethritis (i.e., a single intramuscular dose of 240 mg gentamicin and 100 mg doxycycline twice daily for 7 days). The primary endpoints of the study included measurement of the effects of treatment on Trichomonas vaginalis, signs and symptoms of urethritis, and the concentration of HIV RNA in semen in dually infected subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall prevalence of T vaginalis was 17.3% (71/411), and treatment with metronidazole cleared 95% of culture-positive infections, compared with 54% clearance among men receiving placebo (P = 0.006). Prevalence of persistent urethritis was observed in approximately 16% of both groups at the end of 1 week (29/179 of those receiving metronidazole versus 29/187 in the placebo group; P = 0.86). For a subset of HIV-infected men with trichomoniasis, the seminal plasma HIV RNA concentration was higher than in a group of HIV-positive control subjects (median copies/mL:35,000 vs. 1800 P = 0.06) [correction].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In areas with a high prevalence of trichomoniasis, the addition of metronidazole to the syndromic management of male urethritis can eliminate infection with T vaginalis and may help to reduce the transmission of HIV. Such treatment should be strongly considered as part of empirical therapy for urethritis in men in Malawi and places where T vaginalis infection in men is common.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: Dickman
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zimba
authors.forename: Irving F
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: S Cornelia
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Kaydos-Daniels
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Martinson
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chilongozi
authors.forename: Ester
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kip
authors.forename: Esnath
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Msowoya
authors.forename: Marcia M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Hobbs
authors.forename: Peter  N
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kazembe
authors.forename: Myron S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D004318:Doxycycline / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005839:Gentamicins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006678:HIV / Q000235:genetics; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008295:Malawi / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008795:Metronidazole / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015995:Prevalence; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D012661:Semen / Q000821:virology; D013577:Syndrome; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014245:Trichomonas Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014246:Trichomonas vaginalis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014526:Urethritis / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D005839:Gentamicins; D012367:RNA, Viral; D008795:Metronidazole; D004318:Doxycycline