title: Upper airway inflammation in waste handlers exposed to bioaerosols.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine work associated upper airway inflammation in 31 waste handlers, and to correlate these findings with personally monitored exposure to different bioaerosol components.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cell differentials, interleukin 8 (IL-8), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP) were examined in NAL (nasal lavage), and swelling of the nasal mucosa was determined by acoustic rhinometry before work start on Monday and the following Thursday. Bioaerosol exposure was determined by personal full shift exposure measurements on Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday and analysed for total bacteria, fungal spores, endotoxin, and beta(1-->3)-glucans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The increased percentage of neutrophils from Monday (28%) to Thursday (46%) correlated with increases in ECP (r(S) = 0.71, p < 0.001) and MPO (r(S) = 0.38, p < 0.05), and showed a close to significant correlation with nasal swelling (r(S) = -0.55, p = 0.07). The Thursday levels of neutrophils, MPO, and IL-8 were associated with the exposure to fungal spores (range 0-2.0 x 10(6)/m(3)) and endotoxin (range 4-183 EU/m(3)) measured the day before, and the median exposure to beta(1-->3)-glucans (range 3-217 ng/m(3)), respectively (r(S) = 0.47-0.54, p < 0.01). Swelling of the nasal mucosa was associated with the fungal spore and beta(1-->3)-glucan exposure (r(S) = 0.58-0.59, p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results are based on a relatively small population, and conclusions must be drawn with care. The results suggested that a moderate exposure to fungal spores, endotoxins, and beta(1-->3)-glucans during waste handling induced upper airway inflammation dominated by neutrophil infiltration and swelling of the nasal mucosa.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway. kari.heldal@stami.no
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Heldal
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Halstensen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thorn
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Djupesland
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Wouters
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Eduard
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Halstensen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000336:Aerosols / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D004391:Dust; D004487:Edema; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D047091:Eosinophil Granule Proteins; D004804:Eosinophils / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017817:Nasal Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000032:analysis; D012037:Refuse Disposal; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000209:etiology*; D012260:Ribonucleases; D013172:Spores, Fungal / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D001798:Blood Proteins; D004391:Dust; D004731:Endotoxins; D047091:Eosinophil Granule Proteins; D016209:Interleukin-8; D009195:Peroxidase; D012260:Ribonucleases