title: Evaluation of low ligation and high ligation procedures of varicocele.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the mode of presentation of varicocele and to compare the low ligation (Inguinal approach/Ivanissevich's procedure) and high ligation (Retroperitoneal approach/modified Palomo's procedure) of varicocele repair regarding efficacy and postoperative complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Institutional-based randomized comparative clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was conducted at the Urology Department, Bolan Medical College and Sandeman Provincial Teaching Hospital, Quetta from December 1996 to November 2001 (5 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 213 patients of varicocele who underwent treatment in the department and completed 6 months follow-up were included in the study. The mode of presentation of varicocele was recorded for all patients. For treatment purpose patients were randomly divided into two groups: in group I (n: 115) varicocele was ligated by inguinal approach (Ivanissevich's procedure) while in group II (n: 98) by retroperitoneal approach (modified Palomo's procedure). The efficacy and postoperative complications of the two procedures were carefully recorded and compared between the two groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of the patients of group-I and group-II was 27.2 and 27.5 years respectively. More than 50% patients of both groups presented with feeling of heaviness/dragging sensation on ipsilateral side. Presentation with infertility/sub fertility in group-I and group-II was 16.5% and 15.3% respectively. Majority of patients of both groups had grade III varicocele with visible deformity. The rate of postoperative complications was very low in both groups of patients. Recurrence of varicocele and postoperative hydrocele formation were slightly more common in group-II as compared to group-I but the difference was statistically not significant (p>0.05). An extremely significant improvement occurred postoperatively in both sperms density and motility in infertile/sub fertile patients of both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both procedures of varicocele repair are equally effective and have a low rate of complications. There is no significant difference in postoperative complications. An extremely significant improvement occurs in semen parameters of infertile/sub fertile patients postoperatively, irrespective of method/technique of varicocelectomy
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Bolan Medical College and Sandeman Teaching Hospital, Quetta.
authors.forename: Masha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Saadat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Arif
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pervez
authors.forename: Haq
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nawaz
authors.forename: Sher
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Sultan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tareen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D008026:Ligation / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D013521:Urologic Surgical Procedures, Male / Q000379:methods; D014646:Varicocele / Q000601:surgery*