title: Mammalian transforming growth factor beta1 activated after ingestion by Anopheles stephensi modulates mosquito immunity.
abstract: During the process of bloodfeeding by Anopheles stephensi, mammalian latent transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) is ingested and activated rapidly in the mosquito midgut. Activation may involve heme and nitric oxide (NO), agents released in the midgut during blood digestion and catalysis of L-arginine oxidation by A. stephensi NO synthase (AsNOS). Active TGF-beta1 persists in the mosquito midgut to extended times postingestion and is recognized by mosquito cells as a cytokine. In a manner analogous to the regulation of vertebrate inducible NO synthase and malaria parasite (Plasmodium) infection in mammals by TGF-beta1, TGF-beta1 regulates AsNOS expression and Plasmodium development in A. stephensi. Together, these observations indicate that, through conserved immunological cross talk, mammalian and mosquito immune systems interface with each other to influence the cycle of Plasmodium development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061, USA. luckhart@vt.edu
authors.forename: Shirley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Luckhart
authors.forename: Andrea L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Crampton
authors.forename: Ruben
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zamora
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lieber
authors.forename: Patricia C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Dos Santos
authors.forename: Tina M L
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Emmith
authors.forename: Junghwa
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Wink
authors.forename: Yoram
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Vodovotz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000276:immunology* / Q000469:parasitology*; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D008288:Malaria / Q000635:transmission; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010396:Penicillamine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000254:growth & development*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000502:physiology*; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1
chemical_list: C110881:S-nitro-N-acetylpenicillamine; C508960:TGFB1 protein, human; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D010396:Penicillamine