title: Clinical, immunogenetic and outcome features of Hispanic systemic lupus erythematosus patients of different ethnic ancestry.
abstract: The aim of this study was to compare and contrast the clinical, immunogenetic and outcome features of two subgroups of Hispanic patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), one from Northern Spain (Spaniards) and one of from the USA (Hispano-Americans: Hispanics primarily of Mexican ancestry (Amerindian and Spaniard backgrounds). Patients with SLE as per the American College of Rheumatology classification criteria, from two University-affiliated Hospitals (Universidad de Cantabria) and disease of five or less years in duration (n = 28) and with four years of follow up constituted the Spaniard subgroup. Fifty-two patients of Hispano-American ancestry from the LUMINA (Lupus in Minority populations: Nature versus Nurture) cohort constituted the Hispano-American subgroup. Patients were studied using a similar protocol. In short, sociodemographic, clinical, immunological, immunogenetic and psychosocial and behavioral features were obtained at enrollment into the study (baseline visit) and yearly thereafter. The relationship between these variables and disease activity at baseline and over time, as measured by the systemic lupus activity measure (SLAM) and disease damage, as measured by the SLICC (Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics) Damage Index (SDI) were determined. Variables found to be significant at P = 0.10 were then entered into multivariable linear regression models with disease activity at baseline and over time, and damage as the outcome measures. Patients of Hispano-American and Spaniard ethnicity had comparable sociodemographic features except for home density, which was higher among the Hispano-Americans. HLA-DRB1*08 was associated with SLE among the Hispano-Americans but not among the Spaniards. Hispano-American patients had more severe disease as manifested by more frequent clinical manifestations (renal and neurological), higher SLAM scores at baseline and over time and higher SDI scores at the year 4 visit (that despite the fact that Hispano-American patients had overall shorter disease duration than the Spaniard patients). Hispano-American ethnicity, younger age at disease onset and the number of ACR criteria at baseline and over time were consistently associated with disease activity, whereas increased home density and the absence of HLA-DRB1*0301 were significant predictors only over time. Disease damage was associated with disease activity over time, the number of ACR criteria at baseline, increased home density and the presence of HLA-DRB1*08. This is the first longitudinal study of SLE in two different Hispanic subgroups. Hispanics with a strong Amerindian background have a more serious disease than that observed in Spaniards. Genetic and socio-economic differences between these two Hispanic subgroups probably account for these findings.
authors.affiliation: Universidad de Cantabria (Marqués de Valdecilla and Sierrallana Hospitals), Cantabria, Spain. jcalvo@hsll.scsalud.es
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Calvo-Alén
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Reveille
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Valverde
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: McGwin
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Baethge
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Alarcón
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens / Q000235:genetics; D059811:HLA-DRB1 Chains; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013030:Spain; D013781:Texas
chemical_list: D006684:HLA-DR Antigens; D059811:HLA-DRB1 Chains; C553502:HLA-DRB1*03:01 antigen