title: Developmental rates of two congeneric parasitoids, Encarsia formosa and E. pergandiella (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), utilizing different egg provisioning strategies.
abstract: Endoparasitic Hymenoptera vary in the extent to which they provision their eggs and thus in the degree to which they appear to rely on their hosts for resources during embryonic development. In this study, developmental rates were examined in two congeneric parasitoid species, Encarsia formosa and E. pergandiella, that provision their eggs to different degrees. E. formosa eggs are much larger than E. pergandiella eggs. E. formosa eggs hatch significantly earlier than the eggs of E. pergandiella when deposited in 1st or 4th instar nymphs of a common whitefly host, Bemisia tabaci. Both species hatch earlier in 4th instar nymphs, but the delay in hatching in hosts parasitized as 1st instars is much greater in E. pergandiella. While E. formosa develops more rapidly to the 1st larval instar, E. pergandiella emerge as adults significantly earlier, though smaller, than E. formosa adults regardless of the host instar parasitized. These findings show that the extent of provisioning in the eggs of these wasps does not strictly determine their order of progression through different stages of development.
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Program in Insect Science, University of Arizona, AZ, 85721, Tucson, USA
authors.forename: David M.
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Donnell
authors.forename: Martha S.
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Hunter