title: In vivo colocalization of 2-nitroimidazole EF5 fluorescence intensity and electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry in mouse tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The primary objective of this study was to establish in vivo the relationship between 2-2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1yl-N-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl)-acetamide (EF5) adduct formation and intratumoral oxygen concentrations measured by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) in a tumor model mimicking a clinical situation. The secondary objective was an attempt to calibrate in situ the immunofluorescence (IF) signal with EPR oximetry.
  
  
  METHODS
  IM syngeneic fibrosarcoma (NFSA) bearing C3H mice were used. Three days after injection of a paramagnetic charcoal into the tumor, the mice were anesthetized, injected with the hypoxic marker EF5, and monitored every 20 min for 3 h with a low-frequency EPR spectrometer. Animals were allowed to breath either under 21 or 100% O(2). Tumors were then harvested, frozen, cut into sections including the charcoal and processed for EF5 adducts detection using monoclonal antibodies. Slices were viewed with a fluorescence microscope and 190x140 micrometer areas surrounding the charcoal were digitized and analyzed with the NIH-Image and Adobe Photoshop software. The fluorescence intensity (FI) was measured in the whole pictures and in strips of 10 micrometer around the charcoal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EF5 binding increased with decreasing pO(2), most substantially at pO(2) below 5 mm Hg. Baseline (ambient air) pO(2) reached 3.2+/-2.1 mm Hg in NFSA tumors. It increased to 9.8+/-3.2 mm Hg under 100% O(2). A statistically significant correlation was observed on an individual tumor basis between the FI in the first 10 micrometer strip around the charcoal and the pO(2) determined by EPR oximetry (Wilcoxon signed rank test: P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study confirms the intrinsic relationship between EF5 adduct binding and intratumoral pO(2) in an in vivo environment under biologically-relevant pO(2) values of less than 10 mm Hg.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Oncology Department, Université catholique de Louvain, St-Luc University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mahy
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Bast
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gallez
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gueulette
authors.forename: Cameron J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Scalliet
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Grégoire
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D002606:Charcoal / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003196:Computer Graphics; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods; D017341:Etanidazole / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D005354:Fibrosarcoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D019042:Muscle Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D010092:Oximetry / Q000379:methods; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis*; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D005466:Fluorocarbons
chemical_list: D002606:Charcoal; D017341:Etanidazole; D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated; D010100:Oxygen; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; C096011:2-(2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl)acetamide; D005466:Fluorocarbons