title: Low-dose tissue plasminogen activator thrombolysis in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare results of low-dose tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) in children with arterial and venous thrombi relative to standard published dosing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects consisted of all consecutive children with objectively confirmed thrombi for whom TPA thrombolysis was clinically ordered by the authors. Initial dosing used published standard dose (0.1-0.5 mg/kg per hour). With experience, a low-dose regimen (0.01-0.06 mg/kg per hour) was given in an attempt to derive a minimal effective dose.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-five children were treated with TPA. Either standard or low-dose infusions of TPA resulted in complete thrombolysis of 28 of 29 (97%) acute thrombi, while all 6 chronic thrombi had a partial response. In contrast to the recommended adult-derived dosages of 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg per hour, the authors found that initial doses of less than 0.01 mg/kg per hour were effective in 12 of 17 patients with acute thrombosis. Neonates required 0.06 mg/kg per hour. Route of administration (local or systemic) did not affect efficacy. Major bleeding occurred in only one extremely preterm infant. Minor bleeding, primarily oozing at intravenous sites, occurred in 27% of children during TPA infusions. Prophylactic unfractionated or low-molecular-weight heparin was infused concomitant with TPA in 42% of the children and did not increase the risk of bleeding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TPA in very low doses appears to be safe and effective for thrombolysis of acute thromboses in most children, given appropriate patient selection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Taru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hays
authors.forename: Vinod
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Balasa
authors.forename: Rochelle
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bagatell
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gruppo
authors.forename: Eric F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Grabowski
authors.forename: Leonard A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Valentino
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tsao-Wu
authors.forename: Marilyn J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Manco-Johnson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator