title: Development of a model to describe the compositional growth and dietary lysine requirements of pigs fed ractopamine.
abstract: The objective of this research was to use recent ractopamine research data to develop an updated mathematical model to describe the daily compositional growth of pigs fed ractopamine. Mean increases of 18.2, 23.1, and 25.0% for daily protein accretion were assumed for 5, 10, and 20 ppm of ractopamine for an overall gain of 40 kg of BW gain during the feeding period. The relative effect of ractopamine described the rapid increase and subsequent decrease in the effect of ractopamine as a function of BW gain or days on test and ractopamine concentration (RC, ppm). The reduction in ME intake produced by ractopamine was described as 0.036 x (RC/20)(0.7) multiplied by the ME intake for the first 20 kg of BW gain, and then increasing to 0.078 x (RC/20)(0.7) at 40 kg of BW gain feeding period. The ratio of fat-free muscle gain to protein accretion increased by 14 to 16% with the feeding of ractopamine, depending on the dietary lysine/essential AA levels. The ratio of carcass fat gain to empty body lipid gain was increased when lysine and essential AA requirements were met. Daily protein accretion and fat-free lean growth were described as functions of dietary lysine/essential AA intakes. The percentage of lysine in protein accretion increased with the feeding of ractopamine from 6.80 to 7.15%, depending on ractopamine concentration. Equations predicting carcass measurements, such as fat and longissimus muscle depths from carcass weight and composition, were modified to incorporate prediction biases produced by ractopamine. For the four concentrations of ractopamine (0, 5, 10, and 20 ppm, respectively) during a 78 to 110 kg of BW feeding period, the model predicted performance levels for ADG (1.03, 1.15, 1.16, and 1.16 kg/d), gain:feed (kg of ADG/kg of ADFI; 0.360, 0.401, 0.412, and 0.425), dressing percentage (75.1, 76.0, 76.3, and 76.4), percentage fat-free lean (48.7, 51.0, 51.5, and 52.2), longissimus muscle area (38.8,41.8,42.5, and 43.5 cm2), 10th-rib fat depth (22.1, 19.8, 19.3, and 18.7 mm), and fat-free lean gain (321, 446, 467, and 495 g/d), comparable to recent research data. The model allows the effect of ractopamine to be added to farm specific pig growth curves. It can be used to evaluate ways to optimize the use of ractopamine, including duration of ractopamine feeding, concentration of ractopamine, and dietary lysine concentration.
authors.affiliation: Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054, USA. aschinck@purdue.edu
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Schinckel
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: B T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Richert
authors.forename: P V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Preckel
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Einstein
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D001823:Body Composition / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D008239:Lysine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000502:physiology; D008954:Models, Biological; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D010627:Phenethylamines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D013552:Swine / Q000254:growth & development*; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D010627:Phenethylamines; C060897:ractopamine; D008239:Lysine