title: Inhibition of interferon (IFN) gamma-induced Jak-STAT1 activation in microglia by vasoactive intestinal peptide: inhibitory effect on CD40, IFN-induced protein-10, and inducible nitric-oxide synthase expression.
abstract: Interferon (IFN)-gamma is one of the most important microglia stimulators in vivo participating in inflammation and Th1 activation/differentiation. IFN-gamma-mediated signaling involves the activation of the Jak/STAT1 pathway. The neuropeptides vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and the pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) are two potent microglia-deactivating factors that inhibit the production of proinflammatory mediators in vitro and in vivo. The present study investigated the molecular mechanisms involved in the VIP/PACAP regulation of several IFN-gamma-induced microglia-derived factors, including IFN-gamma-inducible protein-10 (IP-10), inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS), and CD40. The results indicate that VIP/PACAP inhibit Jak1-2 and STAT1 phosphorylation, and the binding of activated STAT1 to the IFN-gamma activated site motif in the IFN regulatory factor-1 and CD40 promoter and to the IFN-stimulated response element motif of the IP-10 promoter. Through its effect in the IFN-gamma-induced Jak/STAT1 pathway, VIP and PACAP are able to control the gene expression of IP-10, CD40, and iNOS, three microglia-derived mediators that play an essential role in several pathologies, i.e. inflammation and autoimmune disorders. The effects of VIP/PACAP are mediated through the specific receptor VPAC1 and the cAMP/protein kinase A transduction pathway. Because IFN-gamma is a major stimulator of innate and adaptive immune responses in vivo, the down-regulation of IFN-gamma-induced gene expression by VIP and PACAP could represent a significant element in the regulation of the inflammatory response in the central nervous system by endogenous neuropeptides.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Parasitologia y Biomedicina Lopez-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada 18001, Spain. mdelgado@ipb.csic.es
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Delgado
mesh_terms: D020816:Amino Acid Motifs; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D015153:Blotting, Western; D019013:CD40 Antigens / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000276:immunology; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000378:metabolism; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D054746:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type II; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D053613:Janus Kinase 1; D053614:Janus Kinase 2; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D017628:Microglia / Q000378:metabolism*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008954:Models, Biological; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000378:metabolism; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D009841:Oligonucleotides / Q000737:chemistry; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry; D010766:Phosphorylation; D051219:Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011485:Protein Binding; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D050794:STAT1 Transcription Factor; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013997:Time Factors; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism*; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C495401:ADCYAP1 protein, human; C495402:Adcyap1 protein, mouse; D019013:CD40 Antigens; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D009479:Neuropeptides; D009841:Oligonucleotides; D010455:Peptides; D051219:Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D050794:STAT1 Transcription Factor; C494079:STAT1 protein, human; C494080:Stat1 protein, mouse; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D000242:Cyclic AMP; C496319:NOS2 protein, human; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; C507904:JAK1 protein, human; C507924:JAK2 protein, human; C507905:Jak1 protein, mouse; C507926:Jak2 protein, mouse; D053613:Janus Kinase 1; D053614:Janus Kinase 2; D054746:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type II; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases