title: Extracellular glutamine to glutamate ratio may predict outcome in the injured brain: a clinical microdialysis study in children.
abstract: The amino acid content of hourly microdialysis samples from nine severely head-injured children was examined. Of particular interest was the measurement of the excitatory amino acid glutamate, as high levels of this substance, which are associated with the excitotoxicity cascade, have been linked to high intracranial pressure and poor outcome in a similar study in adults. Interpretation of these data is complicated by many clinical and methodological factors and these are discussed in relation to the findings. Our findings from this pilot study in children confirm the associations between glutamate levels, intracranial pressure and outcome, but fail to corroborate the correlation between excitatory and structural amino acid levels seen in adult patients, that was interpreted as evidence of non-specific leakage of amino acids through damaged cell membranes. In addition, we have shown that the role of glutamine in glutamate homeostasis is an important consideration and that estimation of the extracellular glutamine/glutamate ratio may have some prognostic value in head trauma cases as there is evidence of links to clinical outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK. d.a.richards@bham.ac.uk
authors.forename: Douglas A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: Christos M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Tolias
authors.forename: Spyros
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sgouros
authors.forename: Norman G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Bowery
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000378:metabolism*; D002648:Child; D045604:Extracellular Fluid / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D005973:Glutamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007427:Intracranial Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D017551:Microdialysis / Q000379:methods; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011379:Prognosis
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D005973:Glutamine; D018698:Glutamic Acid