title: Isoform-specific regulation of adenylyl cyclase: a potential target in future pharmacotherapy.
abstract: Adenylyl cyclase (AC) is a target enzyme of multiple G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). In the past decade, the cloning, structure and biochemical properties of nine AC isoforms were reported, and each isoform of AC shows distinct patterns of tissue distribution and biochemical/pharmacological properties. In addition to the conventional regulators of this enzyme, such as calmodulin (CaM) or PKC, novel regulators, for example, caveolin, have been identified. Most importantly, these regulators work on AC in an isoform dependent manner. Recent studies have demonstrated that certain classic AC inhibitors, i.e., P-site inhibitors, show an isoform-dependent inhibition of AC. The side chain modifications of forskolin, a diterpene extract from Coleus forskolii, markedly enhance its isoform selectivity. When taken together, these findings suggest that it is feasible to develop new pharmacotherapeutic agents that target AC isoforms to regulate various neurohormonal signals in a highly tissue-/organ-specific manner.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan.
authors.forename: Kousaku
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iwatsubo
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsunematsu
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
mesh_terms: D000067956:Adenylyl Cyclase Inhibitors; D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D005576:Colforsin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D000067956:Adenylyl Cyclase Inhibitors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D005576:Colforsin; D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases