title: Effects of propofol, midazolam and thiopental sodium on outcome and amino acids accumulation in focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of propofol, midazolam and thiopental sodium on outcomes and amino acid accumulation in focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were scheduled to undergo 3-hour middle cerebral artery occlusion by intraluminal suture and 24-hour reperfusion. Neurologic outcomes were scored on a 0-5 grading scale. Infarct volume was shown with triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining and measured by an image analysis system. Concentrations of various amino acids (aspartate, glutamate, glycine, taurine, and gama-aminobutyric acid) were measured after 3 hours of reperfusion using high performance liquid chromatography. Propofol, midazolam and thiopental sodium were given intraperitoneally at the beginning of reperfusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both propofol and midazolam attenuated neurological deficits and reduced infarct and edema volumes. Propofol showed better neurological protection than midazolam while thiopental sodium did not exhibit any protective effect. Both propofol and midazolam decreased excitatory amino acids accumulation, while propofol increased gama-aminobutyric acid accumulation in ischemic areas in reperfusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Propofol and midazolam, but not thiopental sodium, may provide protective effects against reperfusion induced injury in rats subjected to focal cerebral ischemia. This neurological protection may be due to the acceleration of excitatory amino acids elimination in reperfusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, The Ophlhalmology and Otorhinlaryngology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China. chenlianhua@citiz.net
authors.forename: Lianhua
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Qinyan
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.forename: Changsi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xiao
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000188:drug therapy; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism*; D018846:Excitatory Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015742:Propofol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013874:Thiopental / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D018846:Excitatory Amino Acids; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D013874:Thiopental; D008874:Midazolam; D015742:Propofol