title: Ischemic skin lesions as a complication of continuous vasopressin infusion in catecholamine-resistant vasodilatory shock: incidence and risk factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report on the incidence and risk factors associated with the development of ischemic skin lesions (ISL) in critically ill patients with catecholamine-resistant vasodilatory shock treated with a continuous infusion of arginine-vasopressin (AVP).
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve-bed general and surgical intensive care unit in a university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 63 critically ill patients with catecholamine-resistant vasodilatory shock.
  
  
  METHODS
  Continuous AVP infusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Demographic, hemodynamic, laboratory data, and skin status were evaluated 24 hrs before and during AVP therapy (24 and 48 hrs). Patients were grouped according to development of new ISL during AVP therapy. A mixed-effects model was used to compare groups. A multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent risk factors for the development of ISL. ISL developed in 19 of 63 patients (30.2%). Thirteen of 19 patients (68%) developed ISL in distal limbs, two patients (10.5%) developed ISL of the trunk, four patients (21%) developed ISL in distal limbs and in the trunk. Five patients (26%) had additional ischemia of the tongue. Body mass index, preexistent peripheral arterial occlusive disease, presence of septic shock, and norepinephrine requirements were significantly higher in patients developing ISL. ISL patients received significantly more units of fresh frozen plasma and thrombocyte concentrates than patients without ISL. Preexistent peripheral arterial occlusive disease and presence of septic shock were independently associated with the development of ISL during AVP therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ISLs are a common complication during continuous AVP infusion in patients with catecholamine-resistant vasodilatory shock. The presence of septic shock and a history of peripheral arterial occlusive disease are independent risk factors for the development of ISL.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Leopold Franzens University of Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Martin W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Dünser
authors.forename: Andreas J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Mayr
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tür
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Pajk
authors.forename: Friesenecker
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Barbara
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Knotzer
authors.forename: Hanno
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ulmer
authors.forename: Walter R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Hasibeder
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001127:Arginine Vasopressin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001157:Arterial Occlusive Diseases / Q000150:complications; D001317:Austria / Q000453:epidemiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005260:Female; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007511:Ischemia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009102:Multiple Organ Failure / Q000150:complications; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012769:Shock / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply*; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D001127:Arginine Vasopressin; D009638:Norepinephrine