title: Determination of urinary hippuric acid and o-cresol levels as biological indicators of toluene exposure in shoe-workers and glue sniffers.
abstract: In this study, groups exposed to toluene either intentionally (glue sniffers) or unintentionally (shoe-workers) were compared. The groups were evaluated in terms of urinary levels of the toluene metabolites hippuric acid and o-cresol. Results were also compared with control values. Hippuric acid levels were determined by high performance liquid chromatography and o-cresol levels by gas liquid chromatography. The levels of hippuric acid and o-cresol were found to be statistically significantly higher in glue sniffers than in shoe-workers (p <0.001) or controls (p <0.001). In addition, the differences between the levels of urinary hippuric acid and o-cresol in the shoe-workers and in the controls were statistically significant (p <0.05 and p <0.001, respectively). These results suggest that extremely high levels of urinary hippuric acid and o-cresol indicate massive exposure to toluene.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey. ismetc@gazi.edu.tr
authors.forename: Ismet
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cok
authors.forename: Ayfer
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dagdelen
authors.forename: Esin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gökçe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers; D002648:Child; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D003408:Cresols / Q000652:urine*; D006626:Hippurates / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D007221:Industry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D012775:Shoes; D012907:Smoking / Q000378:metabolism; D012997:Solvents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000652:urine*; D014050:Toluene / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003408:Cresols; D006626:Hippurates; D012997:Solvents; D014050:Toluene; C030514:hippuric acid; C034047:2-cresol