title: The C-terminal tail of Arabidopsis 14-3-3omega functions as an autoinhibitor and may contain a tenth alpha-helix.
abstract: The eukaryotic regulatory protein 14-3-3 is involved in many important plant cellular processes including regulation of nitrate assimilation through inhibition of phosphorylated nitrate reductase (pNR) in darkened leaves. Divalent metal cations (Me2+) and some polyamines interact with the loop 8 region of the 14-3-3 proteins and allow them to bind and inhibit pNR in vitro. The role of the highly variant C-terminal regions of the 14-3-3 isoforms in regulation by polycations is not clear. In this study, we carried out structural analyses on the C-terminal tail of the Arabidopsis 14-3-3omega isoform and evaluated its contributions to the inhibition of pNR. Nested C-terminal truncations of the recombinant 14-3-3omega protein revealed that the removal of the C-terminal tail renders the protein partially Mg2+-independent in both pNR binding and inhibition of activity, suggesting that the C-terminus functions as an autoinhibitor. The C-terminus of 14-3-3omega appears to undergo a conformational change in the presence of polycations as demonstrated by its increased trypsin cleavage at Lys-247. C-terminal truncation of 14-3-3omega at Thr-255 increased its interaction with antibodies to the C-terminus of 14-3-3omega in non-denaturing conditions, but not in denaturing conditions, suggesting that the C-terminal tail contains ordered structures that might be disrupted by the truncation. Circular dichroism (CD) analysis of a C-terminal peptide, from Trp-234 to Lys-249, revealed that the C-terminal tail might contain a tenth alpha-helix, in agreement with the in silico predictions. The function of the putative tenth alpha-helix is not clear because substituting two prolyl residues within the predicted helix (E245P/I246P mutant), which prevented the corresponding peptide from adopting a helical conformation, did not affect the inhibition of pNR activity in the presence or absence of Mg2+. We propose that in the absence of polycations, access of target proteins to their binding groove in the 14-3-3 protein is restricted by the C-terminus, which acts as part of a gate that opens with the binding of polycations to loop 8.
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Raleigh, NC 27695-7631, USA.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: A Clay
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Steven C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Huber
mesh_terms: D048948:14-3-3 Proteins; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000906:Antibodies / Q000276:immunology; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000378:metabolism*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D002412:Cations / Q000494:pharmacology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000187:drug effects; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D048948:14-3-3 Proteins; D000906:Antibodies; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D002412:Cations; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase