title: Are children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome at risk for metabolic bone disease?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) may be at risk for metabolic bone disease (MBD) because of biochemical derangements caused by the renal disease, as well as steroid therapy. No large study to date has shown conclusively that these children are prone to MBD.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively studied 100 consecutive children with INS for clinical, biochemical, and radiological evidence of MBD. These children were treated with prednisone as follows: initial episode, prednisone, 60 mg/m2/d for 6 weeks, followed by 40 mg/m2 on alternate days for 6 weeks. Relapses were treated with 60 mg/m2/d until remission for 3 days, followed by 40 mg on alternate days for 4 weeks and tapered by 10 mg/m2/wk. Osteoporosis is defined as a bone mineral density (BMD) value evaluated by dual-energy X-linked absorptiometry of the lumbar spine of a z score of 2.5 SDs less than the mean. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to analyze for factors predictive of low BMD z score. Children were divided into two groups: those who had received repeated courses of steroid therapy (group II: frequent relapsers (FRs), steroid dependent (SD), or steroid nonresponders (SNRs) versus those who had received infrequent courses (group I: infrequent relapsers).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-two of 100 children (22%) had osteoporosis. Comparing clinical features, we observed that 6 of 70 children in group II were symptomatic (hypocalcemic signs) compared with none of 30 children in group I (P = 0.10). However, children in group II had significantly lower mean BMD z scores compared with group I (-1.65 +/- 1.35 versus -1.08 +/- 1.0; P = 0.01). Also, 20 of 70 children in group II had osteoporosis compared with 2 of 30 children in group I (P = 0.012). Children in group II had been administered significantly greater doses of steroids compared with group I (P < 0.00001). On multivariate analysis, factors predictive of a low BMD score were older age at onset (P = 0.000), lower total calcium intake (P = 0.000), and greater cumulative steroid dose (P = 0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with INS are at risk for low bone mass, especially those administered higher doses of steroids (FRs, SD, or SNRs). These children should undergo regular BMD evaluations, and appropriate therapeutic interventions should be planned.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India. sgulati@sgpgi.ac.in
authors.forename: Sanjeev
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gulati
authors.forename: Madan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Godbole
authors.forename: Uttam
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Kiran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gulati
authors.forename: Arvind
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Srivastava
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015519:Bone Density; D001851:Bone Diseases, Metabolic / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000209:etiology; D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009404:Nephrotic Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D011241:Prednisone / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D014807:Vitamin D
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D014807:Vitamin D; D011241:Prednisone