title: [Comparison among families of Mutong].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To distinguish families of Mutong correctly and direct effective and safe clinical administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparison among families of Mutong on Herbs, Taxology, Clinic, Pharmacology and Toxicology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  1. There are mainly three families of Mutong: Lardizabalaceae, Ranunculaceae, Aristolochiaceae, which were all included in China Pharmacopeia in 1963. However only Mutong of Ranunculaceae and Aristolochiaceae family have been included in China Pharmacopeia since 1977, but Mutong of Lardizabalaceae family has not been included in China Pharmacopeia ever since. 2. It was Mutong of Lardizabalaceae family that was used mainly through the ages without toxic records, and Mutong of Aristolochiaceae e.g. Caulis Aristolochia manshuriensis (CAM) was not put down in writing of past ages but is mainly used today with toxicity repeatedly. 3. CAM contain aristolochic acid and aristololactam with high toxicity, which plays an uncertain role in diuresis with poor bactericidal power. Mutong of Lardizabalaceae family e.g. Akebia trifoliata (Thunb.) Koidz. var. australis (Diels) Rehd (ATKV) don't contain aristolochic acid and aristololactam, which has low toxicity and plays a certain role in diuresis with high bactericidal power.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It may be quite safe to use ATKV instead of CAM in clinics. So we suggest that ATKV should be reused as first Mutong in China Pharmacopeia revised edition in order to ensure a correct understanding of the facts and reveal Mutong in its true colors, and CAM should be used as second Mutong strictly according to the rules in China Pharmacopeia revised edition.
authors.affiliation: Tianjin TCM College, Tianjin 300193, China. Mahongmeihao@sina.com
authors.forename: Hong-mei
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Bo-li
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D030022:Aristolochia / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D034341:Aristolochic Acids / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D039324:Clematis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D004232:Diuretics / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D019684:Magnoliopsida / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D051379:Mice
chemical_list: D034341:Aristolochic Acids; D004232:Diuretics; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal