title: A prospective audit of stomas--analysis of risk factors and complications and their management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To prospectively audit stomas and to determine the nature and rate of complications and their relationship with various risk factors and their management.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was performed prospectively on 97 consecutive patients who had stomas formed between January 2000 to August 2000. Patients were followed up for one year. Risk factors including age, body mass index (BMI), preoperative siting, contour of the abdominal wall, smoking, grade of operating surgeon, emergency or elective procedure, diabetes, type of stoma and suture material used were noted. The type of surgery, and indications for surgery were also recorded. The complications were documented by two qualified stoma nurses and a photographic record taken. Statistical analysis comprising both univariate and multivariate methods, was performed by SPSS 10.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age was 65 years (standard deviation 16.01, range 16-99) and mean body mass index was 24.5 (standard deviation 4.66, range 15-37). Forty-nine of 97 (50.5%) stomas developed one or more complications. Twenty-three patients experienced retraction, 18 had stomas sited in a skin crease, 16 had early and 12 had late skin excoriation, 12 had detachments and a further 12 had parastomal hernia. Eleven further stoma complications were noted including prolapse, necrosis, ischaemia and sloughing. None of the risk factors achieved statistical significance when analysed against the overall complication rate. However, when the risk factors were analysed against individual complications using univariate logistic regression, a high body mass index was associated with more retractions (P = 0.003), early skin excoriation (P = 0.036) and poor siting (stoma in crease) occurred more commonly in emergencies (P = 0.022). Diabetes was associated with late skin excoriation (P = 0.02). Multivariate logistic regressions confirmed an independent association of body mass index, diabetes and emergency surgery with complications. Forty-five of 49 patients who had complications needed some conservative management such as a convexity appliance. Four patients needed refashioning.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Body mass index, diabetes and emergency surgery were the significant risk factors identified in our study. Overall complications compare favourably with other series. We found that preoperative siting by stoma nurses and the grade of operating surgeon did not affect the outcome.
authors.affiliation: Colorectal Unit, Singleton Hospital, Sketty, Swansea SA2 8QA, UK. ponnandaiarumugam@hotmail.com
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Arumugam
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bevan
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Macdonald
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Watkins
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Beynon
authors.forename: N D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Carr
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003125:Colostomy; D006547:Hernia / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007081:Ileostomy; D007414:Intestinal Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D016015:Logistic Models; D008485:Medical Audit; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D054047:Surgical Stomas / Q000009:adverse effects*