title: East-west differences in the organization of botulinum toxin use in nine Central European countries.
abstract: Availability and quality of expensive treatment modalities such as botulinum toxin (BTX) largely depend on organizational aspects such as costs, reimbursement by insurance companies, expertise and facilities for expert training, and the propagation of research. To investigate which determinants influence the organization of BTX' use throughout nine Central European countries (Austria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Slovakia, Slovenia and Switzerland) we sent out questionnaires to leading BTX experts and consulted data banks of manufacturers and bulletins of international organizations. In Western European countries, there is a tendency for users to organize themselves in formal groups and to concentrate on research whereas the way how BTX is provided is diverse regarding qualifications of specialists and institutions. In the post-communist Eastern European countries, we found a tendency towards a centralized system of reimbursement and BTX treatment seems to be more in the hands of neurologists than any other specialists. Strong correlations were observed between the number of BTX centres, degree of organization of user groups and number of scientific publications, on the one hand, and parameters of healthcare performance and socioeconomic determinants, on the other. Our study suggests that in the nine countries surveyed, organizational aspects of BTX use vary considerably, whilst similarities are based mainly on socioeconomic rather than socio-demographic determinants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Karl Franzens University, Graz, Austria. nik.homann@kfunigraz.ac.at
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Homann
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suppan
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wenzel
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Homann
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pluta-Fürst
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Crevenna
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schinagl
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ruzicka
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dressle
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ivanic
mesh_terms: D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000191:economics / Q000600:supply & distribution* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003710:Demography; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005061:Europe, Eastern / Q000453:epidemiology; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006302:Health Services Research / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D009938:Organizations; D012051:Reimbursement Mechanisms; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D001905:Botulinum Toxins