title: Periodontal disease is associated with brachial artery endothelial dysfunction and systemic inflammation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine whether periodontal disease is associated with endothelial dysfunction and systemic inflammation. Epidemiological studies suggest that severe periodontal disease is associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk, but the mechanisms remain unknown.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We assessed flow-mediated dilation and nitroglycerin-mediated dilation of the brachial artery using vascular ultrasound in 26 subjects with advanced periodontal disease and 29 control subjects. The groups were matched for age and sex, and patients with hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and history of cigarette smoking were excluded. We also examined serum levels of C-reactive protein using an established high-sensitivity method. Subjects with advanced periodontal disease had lower flow-mediated dilation compared with control patients (7.8+/-4.6% versus 11.7+/-5.3%, P=0.005). Nitroglycerin-mediated dilation was equivalent in the two groups. Subjects with advanced periodontitis exhibited higher serum levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein compared with healthy controls patients (2.3+/-2.3 versus 1.0+/-1.0 mg/L, P=0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subjects with advanced periodontal disease exhibit endothelial dysfunction and evidence of systemic inflammation, possibly placing them at increased risk for cardiovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Boston University School of Dental Medicine, Mass, USA.
authors.forename: Salomon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Amar
authors.forename: Noyan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gokce
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Loukideli
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Van Dyke
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Vita
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D005996:Nitroglycerin / Q000494:pharmacology; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000502:physiology*; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D005996:Nitroglycerin