title: Prevalence of hematuria among Zuni Indians with and without diabetes: The Zuni kidney Project.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is an epidemic of kidney disease among the Zuni Indians. In contrast to other American Indian tribes, the epidemic among the Zuni Indians is attributable to diabetic and nondiabetic renal disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Zuni Kidney Project, established to reduce the burden of renal disease, conducted a population-based cross-sectional survey of Zuni Indians aged 5 years or older to precisely estimate the prevalence of hematuria. The survey used neighborhood household clusters as the sampling frame to maximize ascertainment and minimize bias. During the survey, we administered a questionnaire; collected blood and urine samples; and measured blood pressure, height, and weight.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age and sex distributions in our sample (n = 1,469) were similar to those of the eligible Zuni population (n = 9,228). Prevalences of hematuria, defined as dipstick of trace or greater and 50 red blood cells/microL or greater, age- and sex-adjusted to the Zuni population aged 5 years or older, were 33.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 30.7 to 35.6) and 17.8% (95% CI, 15.8 to 19.8), respectively. Hematuria of trace or greater was more common among females (40.6%; 95% CI, 37.0 to 44.1) than males (25.1%; 95% CI, 21.8 to 28.4). Hematuria of trace or greater was common among Zuni Indians without diabetes (females, 39.7%; 95% CI, 35.7 to 43.8; males, 22.7%; 95% CI, 19.4 to 26.1) and with diabetes (females, 47.5%; 95% CI, 39.8 to 55.2; males, 45.8%; 95% CI, 34.3 to 57.3). Diabetes and alcohol use for greater than 10 years were associated with hematuria among males, but not females.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of hematuria is high among Zuni Indians with and without diabetes. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that nondiabetic kidney disease is common among Zuni Indians with and without diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-5241, USA.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tentori
authors.forename: Christine A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Stidley
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scavini
authors.forename: Vallabh O
authors.initials: VO
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Andrew S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Narva
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paine
authors.forename: Arlene
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bobelu
authors.forename: Thomas K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Welty
authors.forename: Jean W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Maccluer
authors.forename: Philip G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Zager
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000208:ethnology*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000208:ethnology*; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006417:Hematuria / Q000208:ethnology*; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000453:epidemiology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D007198:Indians, North American; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009516:New Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence