title: Anatomic landmarks of the glossopharyngeal nerve: a microsurgical anatomic study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Compared with other lower cranial nerves, the glossopharyngeal nerve (GPhN) is well hidden within the jugular foramen, at the infratemporal fossa, and in the deep layers of the neck. This study aims to disclose the course of the GPhN and point out landmarks to aid in its exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  The GPhN was studied in 10 cadaveric heads (20 sides) injected with colored latex for microsurgical dissection. The specimens were dissected under the surgical microscope.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The GPhN can be divided into three portions: cisternal, jugular foramen, and extracranial. The rootlets of the GPhN emerge from the postolivary sulcus and course ventral to the flocculus and choroid plexus of the lateral recess of the fourth ventricle. The nerve then enters the jugular foramen through the uppermost porus (pars nervosa) and is separated from the vagus and accessory nerves by a fibrous crest. The cochlear aqueduct opens to the roof of this porus. On four sides in the cadaver specimens (20%), the GPhN traversed a separate bony canal within the jugular foramen; no separate canal was found in the other cadavers. In all specimens, the Jacobson's (tympanic) nerve emerged from the inferior ganglion of the GPhN, and the Arnold's (auricular branch of the vagus) nerve also consisted of branches from the GPhN. The GPhN exits from the jugular foramen posteromedial to the styloid process and the styloid muscles. The last four cranial nerves and the internal jugular vein pass through a narrow space between the transverse process of the atlas (C1) and the styloid process. The styloid muscles are a pyramid shape, the tip of which is formed by the attachment of the styloid muscles to the styloid process. The GPhN crosses to the anterior side of the stylopharyngeus muscle at the junction of the stylopharyngeus, middle constrictor, and hyoglossal muscles, which are at the base of the pyramid. The middle constrictor muscle forms a wall between the GPhN and the hypoglossal nerve in this region. Then, the GPhN gives off a lingual branch and deepens to innervate the pharyngeal mucosa.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Two landmarks help to identify the GPhN in the subarachnoid space: the choroid plexus of the lateral recess of the fourth ventricle and the dural entrance porus of the jugular foramen. The opening of the cochlear aqueduct, the mastoid canaliculus, and the inferior tympanic canaliculus are three landmarks of the GPhN within the jugular foramen. Finally, the base of the styloid process, the base of the styloid pyramid, and the transverse process of the atlas serve as three landmarks of the GPhN at the extracranial region in the infratemporal fossa.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Firat University School of Medicine, Elazig, Turkey.
authors.forename: M Faik
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Ozveren
authors.forename: Uğur
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Türe
authors.forename: M Memet
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Ozek
authors.forename: M Necmettin
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Pamir
mesh_terms: D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D001270:Cervical Atlas / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D002831:Choroid Plexus / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D002946:Cisterna Magna / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D003052:Cochlear Aqueduct / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D003391:Cranial Nerves / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D004210:Dissection; D004432:Ear, Middle / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D020546:Fourth Ventricle / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D005924:Glomus Jugulare / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D005930:Glossopharyngeal Nerve / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008416:Mastoid / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008526:Medulla Oblongata / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008866:Microsurgery