title: Childhood trauma and hallucinations in bipolar affective disorder: preliminary investigation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Strong evidence exists for an association between childhood trauma, particularly childhood sexual abuse, and hallucinations in schizophrenia. Hallucinations are also well-documented symptoms in people with bipolar affective disorder.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship between childhood sexual abuse and other childhood traumas and hallucinations in people with bipolar affective disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 96 participants was drawn from the Medical Research Council multi-centre trial of cognitive-behavioural therapy for bipolar affective disorder. The trial therapists recorded spontaneous reports of childhood sexual abuse made during the course of therapy. Symptom data were collected by trained research assistants masked to the hypothesis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant association was found between those reporting general trauma (n=38) and auditory hallucinations. A highly significant association was found between those reporting childhood sexual abuse (n=15) and auditory hallucinations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The relationship between childhood sexual abuse and hallucinations in bipolar disorder warrants further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. Paul@hammersly7616.freeserve.co.uk
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hammersley
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.forename: Gillian
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Todd
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bowen-Jones
authors.forename: Bernadette
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Reilly
authors.forename: Richard P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Bentall
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001308:Auditory Perceptual Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D002650:Child Abuse, Sexual / Q000523:psychology*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D014754:Violence / Q000523:psychology