title: Fractal dimension of steady nonequilibrium flows.
abstract: The Kaplan-Yorke information dimension of phase-space attractors for two kinds of steady nonequilibrium many-body flows is evaluated. In both cases a set of Newtonian particles is considered which interacts with boundary particles. Time-averaged boundary temperatures are imposed by Nose-Hoover thermostat forces. For both kinds of nonequilibrium systems, it is demonstrated numerically that external isothermal boundaries can drive the otherwise purely Newtonian flow onto a multifractal attractor with a phase-space information dimension significantly less than that of the corresponding equilibrium flow. Thus the Gibbs' entropy of such nonequilibrium flows can diverge.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Science, Post Office Box 808, University of California at Davis-Livermore, California 94550Institute for Experimental Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, AustriaMethods Development Group, Mechanical Engineering Department, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550.
authors.forename: William G.
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Hoover
authors.forename: Harald A.
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Posch
authors.forename: Carol G.
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Hoover