title: Opportunities for improvement in the diagnosis and treatment of heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Improved treatment of congestive heart failure (CHF) can slow disease progression, promote clinical stability, and prolong survival.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Patterns in diagnostic test utilization and pharmacotherapy among patients with newly diagnosed heart failure may affect outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Claims data were analyzed from all diagnostic procedures and prescriptions from 1995 to 1998 in 3,353 patients with heart failure diagnosed within 1 year. Rates of diagnostic testing and categories of drugs prescribed were the main outcome measures. Demographic variables and type of provider were analyzed within a setting whose access to care was controlled.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rates of diagnostic testing with respect to basic, metabolic/endocrine, alternative diagnoses, underlying ischemia, and left ventricular function varied as a function of gender, age, race, and primary versus specialty care provider. Only 4.7% of patients underwent all diagnostics and treatments recommended in current guidelines. However, those patients (27.5%) who underwent an evaluation for ischemic heart disease and were prescribed vasodilators or beta blockers enjoyed the lowest crude mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are multiple opportunities apparent to improve the initial diagnostic and therapeutic care of patients with heart failure. There appears to be an early survival benefit with respect to use of vasodilators and beta blockers within the first year of treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Science, Cardiology Section, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Truman Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, USA. pmc975@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: McCullough
authors.forename: Edward F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Philbin
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Spertus
authors.forename: Keisha R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Sandberg
authors.forename: Roberta A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaatz
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D018450:Disease Progression; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017723:Drug Utilization Review; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008329:Managed Care Programs / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008824:Michigan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D017749:Total Quality Management; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D014665:Vasodilator Agents