title: Evaluation of lower urinary tract symptoms in females.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ongoing controversy exists as to the extent of the necessary evaluation of the female presenting with lower urinary tract symptoms. Most would agree that a detailed history, a physical examination and a urine analysis are essential components of the initial evaluation of lower urinary tract symptoms in the female. Beyond these assessments, however, there are no universally accepted guidelines or recommendations. In selected patients, a urodynamic, endoscopic and/or radiographic evaluation may be indicated. When further investigation of lower urinary tract symptoms is being considered, individual test characteristics, including sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility and accuracy, must be balanced against such factors as cost, morbidity, discomfort, availability and invasiveness. This review discusses some of the recent reports, controversies and developments in the evaluation of lower urinary tract symptoms in the female, and briefly reviews the most recent relevant International Continence Society subcommittee publications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proceedings of the International Consultation on Incontinence, as well as recent publications by a number of its subcommittees, have provided some guidance for the structured evaluation of lower urinary tract symptoms in the female, especially with regard to the investigation of urinary incontinence. The role of urodynamics and radiographic imaging continues to be refined. Magnetic resonance imaging is, at present, still primarily a research tool in the evaluation of lower urinary tract disorders in the female; however, a clinical role for this technology is evolving.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The goal of a diagnostic evaluation is the accurate characterization of lower urinary tract symptoms for the purposes of treatment. Ideally, a brief, low-cost, non-invasive evaluation would provide a high degree of diagnostic accuracy. However, existing technology is limited in this regard. Until future refinements permit a completely non-invasive, cost-effective and accurate analysis of female lower urinary tract symptoms, existing technology must be appropriately utilized. Well-conducted, evidence-based, prospective studies are needed.
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. erovner@mail.med.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Eric S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Rovner
authors.forename: Alan J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Wein
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D009626:Terminology as Topic; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000175:diagnosis; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D014563:Urodynamics; D014567:Urography; D014570:Urologic Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging