title: Influence of the Sonicare toothbrush on the structure and thickness of laboratory grown Streptococcus mutans biofilms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of powered brushing with the Sonicare electronic toothbrush on the structure and thickness reduction of S. mutans biofilms using digital time-lapse microscopy (DTLM) and confocal microscopy (CM) techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  S. mutans biofilms grown on glass microscope slides on BHI and 2% sucrose were exposed to Sonicare for 15 seconds with the bristle tips just contacting the slide, and at distances of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mm above the slide.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With direct bristle contact, the reduction in biofilm thickness was greater than 99%. DTLM showed the break up and detachment of biofilm caused by the shear forces generated by the rapid bristle motion in real time. The Sonicare was shown to significantly reduce biofilm thickness even when the bristles were 1 mm above the biofilm. The percent biofilm thickness reduction was inversely proportional to the bristle distance. This study demonstrates the Sonicare toothbrush effectively removed biofilm from hard flat surfaces both by direct bristle contact and by fluid dynamic shear forces alone.
authors.affiliation: Center for Biofilm Engineering, 366 EPS Building, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heersink
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Costerton
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stoodley
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D018441:Biofilms; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D016014:Linear Models; D008853:Microscopy / Q000379:methods; D013010:Sonication; D013295:Streptococcus mutans; D014099:Toothbrushing / Q000295:instrumentation*