title: Ventricular dysphonia: clinical aspects and therapeutic options.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ventricular dysphonia, also known as dysphonia plica ventricularis, refers to the pathological interference of the false vocal folds during phonation. Despite its low incidence and prevalence, Vd is a well-known phenomenon in voice clinics. The present report reviews symptoms, etiology, diagnosis, and therapeutic options regarding this voice disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature review and case studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  The literature pertaining to all clinical aspects of V(D) was reviewed to define diagnostic and therapeutic clinical decision making.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ventricular dysphonia is characterized by a typical rough, low-pitched voice quality resulting from false vocal fold vibration. Ventricular dysphonia may be compensatory when true vocal folds are affected (resection, paralysis). Noncompensatory types may be of habitual, psychoemotional, or idiopathic origin. Because perceptual symptoms may vary considerably, diagnosis should rely on a meticulous voice assessment, including laryngeal videostroboscopic, perceptual, aerodynamic, and acoustic evaluation. Various therapeutic approaches for the noncompensatory type of ventricular dysphonia may be considered: voice therapy, psychotherapy, anesthetic or botulinum toxin injections, or surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study presents the state of the art with respect to ventricular dysphonia and may be helpful in diagnosis and therapeutic decision-making.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Speech and Language Pathology and Audiology, AZ Sint Hospital, Bruges, Belgium. youri.maryn@azbrugge.be
authors.forename: Youri
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Maryn
authors.forename: Marc S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: De Bodt
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Van Cauwenberge
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007828:Laryngoscopy / Q000379:methods; D007830:Larynx / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011613:Psychotherapy; D013070:Speech Therapy; D014832:Voice Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D014834:Voice Training