title: 13C urea breath test (UBT) in the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori: why does it work better with acid test meals?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acid test meals may improve the accuracy of the (13)C urea breath test (UBT). This has been attributed to changes in gastric emptying rather than to the effects of gastric pH on Helicobacter pylori urease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether enhancement of (13)CO(2) excretion in the UBT in H pylori infected volunteers by acidification of a test meal is due to a delay in gastric emptying.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urease activity in vitro was measured in intact bacteria and in bacterial homogenates. Urease activity in vivo was assessed by means of the UBT. Eleven H pylori infected subjects underwent UBTs with neutral Ensure (pH 7.0), acidified Ensure (pH 3.0), and apple juice (pH 3.0). Gastric emptying was assessed by (13)C sodium acetate breath test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From pH 7 to pH 3, the in vitro urease activity of intact bacteria increased sixfold. In contrast, urease activity of bacterial homogenates was inactivated by low pH. In vivo, urease activity, as measured by the UBT 20 minutes after meal ingestion, was higher with apple juice (delta (13)CO(2)=21.1; p=0.03) and acidified Ensure (delta (13)CO(2)=25.5; p=0.01) than with neutral Ensure (delta (13)CO(2)=12.5). Gastric emptying was faster with apple juice (T(max)=36.7 (8) minutes) but not with acidified Ensure (T(max)=63.3 (5) minutes; p=0.06) than with neutral Ensure (T(max)=65.0 (3) minutes; p=0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The higher UBT found with acidified compared with neutral test meals was independent of the emptying rates of the test meals but may have been due to medium acidity dependent activation of intra-bacterial urease in intact H pylori.
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterology Department, CHUV-BH10, Lausanne, Switzerland. dpantofl@hotmail.com
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pantoflickova
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sachs
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dorta
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Blum
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001944:Breath Tests / Q000379:methods*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000652:urine*; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005526:Food, Formulated; D005746:Gastric Emptying / Q000502:physiology*; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000201:enzymology*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008297:Male; D027845:Malus / Q000378:metabolism; D014508:Urea / Q000032:analysis*; D014510:Urease / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D019422:Dietary Sucrose; C082131:Ensure formulated food; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D019343:Citric Acid; D014508:Urea; D014510:Urease