title: Why and how should we assess occupational health impacts in integrated product policy?
abstract: Integrated product policy (IPP) and life cycle assessment (LCA), one of the analytic tools used in IPP, focus traditionally on environmental impacts. However, in an attempt to consider other sustainability criteria and to avoid a shift from environmental health impacts to occupational health impacts one may want to include occupational health in IPP. Should and can occupational health impacts be included in LCA and IPP? Using published and unpublished occupational health data for injuries and illnesses and an economic input-output model of the United States, we provide attributional occupational health impacts measured in disability adjusted life years per dollars output for 491 industry sectors including supply chain impacts. Estimates for the "true" number of United States occupational health impacts suggest that this initial analysis underestimates the total impact 3-7-fold. A comparison suggests that United States occupational health impacts are about 10 times smaller than environmental health impacts and are, relatively speaking, important only for sectors with hazardous working environments but low environmental impacts. A consequential rather than attributional view suggests that a method to assess true consequences on long-term health impacts by product policies needs to be able to predict effects from present-day work place exposure and to account for likely changes in the labor market, including changes in unemployment rates and other substitution mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: U.S. EPA, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, USA. patrick_hofstetter@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hofstetter
authors.forename: Gregory A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Norris
mesh_terms: D000062:Accidents, Occupational / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality; D004782:Environmental Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006285:Health Planning; D006801:Humans; D007221:Industry / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics; D016272:Occupational Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018582:Sick Leave / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014478:Unemployment; D014481:United States