title: Cadmium is a mutagen that acts by inhibiting mismatch repair.
abstract: Most errors that arise during DNA replication can be corrected by DNA polymerase proofreading or by post-replication mismatch repair (MMR). Inactivation of both mutation-avoidance systems results in extremely high mutability that can lead to error catastrophe. High mutability and the likelihood of cancer can be caused by mutations and epigenetic changes that reduce MMR. Hypermutability can also be caused by external factors that directly inhibit MMR. Identifying such factors has important implications for understanding the role of the environment in genome stability. We found that chronic exposure of yeast to environmentally relevant concentrations of cadmium, a known human carcinogen, can result in extreme hypermutability. The mutation specificity along with responses in proofreading-deficient and MMR-deficient mutants indicate that cadmium reduces the capacity for MMR of small misalignments and base-base mismatches. In extracts of human cells, cadmium inhibited at least one step leading to mismatch removal. Together, our data show that a high level of genetic instability can result from environmental impediment of a mutation-avoidance system.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
authors.forename: Yong Hwan
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Alan B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Robbert J C
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Slebos
authors.forename: Hanan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Al-Refai
authors.forename: Jack A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Kunkel
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Resnick
authors.forename: Dmitry A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Gordenin
mesh_terms: D020137:Base Pair Mismatch / Q000187:drug effects*; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity*; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000187:drug effects*; D004261:DNA Replication / Q000187:drug effects; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000187:drug effects*; D004259:DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase / Q000378:metabolism; D016678:Genome; D007700:Kinetics; D008938:Mitosis; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity*; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004271:DNA, Fungal; D009153:Mutagens; D002104:Cadmium; D004259:DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase