title: [Landmarks to the cranial approaches].
abstract: The knowledge of the craniotopography allows the delimitation of the cranial approaches. In this study the landmarks, defined in relation to the craniometric points and used in the different cranial approaches, were systematized. Twenty two landmarks are described: the first twelve are in relation to the skull base and the remainder are in relation to the skull vertex.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Microcirugia de Facultdade de medicina da Universidade Federal de minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brasil.
authors.forename: Sebastião
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gusmão
authors.forename: Roberto Leal
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Silveira
authors.forename: Aluízio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arantes
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery*; D019291:Skull Base / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery