title: [Coping and convalescence course after lumbar disk operations].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aim of the present prospective longitudinal study was the statistical foundation and thus further replication of recent findings of Hasenbring [13], who postulated a significant importance of specific, within the psychological pain research long neglected pain coping strategies as risk factors concerning pain chronification: appeals to "stick it out" on the cognitive level and endurance strategies on the behavioural level.
  
  
  METHODS
  In contrast to Hasenbring's heterogeneous chronic pain patients sample (first plus repeated surgical or conservative treatment) the present 82 low back pain patients with acute radicular pain and simultaneous lumbar disc prolapse all underwent first time lumbar nucleotomy. Prior to treatment we conducted an extensive psychological and neurological examination. The psychological tests included a general depression scale (Allgemeine Depressionsskala; ADS) and the Kiel Pain Inventory (KPI). Based on these scales a cluster analysis was performed, which allocated patients to four distinct groups resembling the group structure ascertained by Hasenbring [12, 13]: A first group of patients characterized by a positive mood and marked endurance strategies (n=7); another cluster with depressive mood and simultaneous cognitive appeals to stick it out (n=10); a third group of emotionally depressed patients who preferably applied social and physical avoidance strategies in their coping with chronic pain (n=29), plus a last cluster without any psychological risk factors (n=26).
  
  
  RESULTS
  As treatment outcome criteria to evaluate the quality of the convalescence process six months later we assessed the pain intensity (11-point self-rating scale), the ability to work, and whether the patients had applied for early retirement or not. Results showed no significant differences in pain intensity between the groups at the 6-month follow up. Concerning the two other outcome variables the two clusters characterized by cognitive or behavioural endurance tendencies turned out to be high risk groups: At the 6-month follow up patients of both groups seemed less likely to return to work. The patients typified by endurance strategies and positive mood had more often applied for early retirement than those patients without psychological risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results corroborate the finding that this subgroup of chronic low back pain patients might indeed carry a bad prognosis and call for further research into this area, especially with regard to rehabilitation potential and facilities of reintegration into working life.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Psychologie I, Universität Regensburg.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grebner
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Breme
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rothoerl
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Woertgen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hartmann
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thomé