title: Controlled damage in thick specimens by multiphoton excitation.
abstract: Controlled damage by light energy has been a valuable tool in studies of cell function. Here, we show that the Ti:Sapphire laser in a multiphoton microscope can be used to cause localized damage within unlabeled cells or tissues at greater depths than previously possible. We show that the damage is due to a multiphoton process and made wounds as small as 1 microm in diameter 20 microm from the surface. A characteristic fluorescent scar allows monitoring of the damage and identifies the wound site in later observations. We were able to lesion a single axon within a bundle of nerves, locally interrupt organelle transport within one axon, cut dendrites in a zebrafish embryo, ablate a mitotic pole in a sea urchin egg, and wound the plasma membrane and nuclear envelope in starfish oocytes. The starfish nucleus collapsed approximately 1 h after wounding, indicating that loss of compartmentation barrier makes the structure unstable; surprisingly, the oocyte still completed meiotic divisions when exposed to maturation hormone, indicating that the compartmentalization and translocation of cdk1 and its regulators is not required for this process. Multiphoton excitation provides a new means for producing controlled damage deep within tissues or living organisms.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neurobiology, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Galbraith
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Terasaki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000528:radiation effects; D049832:Decapodiformes / Q000528:radiation effects; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000528:radiation effects*; D007834:Lasers / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008866:Microsurgery; D009474:Neurons / Q000528:radiation effects*; D009685:Nuclear Envelope / Q000528:radiation effects; D009865:Oocytes / Q000528:radiation effects*; D012617:Sea Urchins / Q000528:radiation effects; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000196:embryology