title: Cognitive performance and MR markers of cerebral injury in cognitively impaired MS patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To relate neuropsychological performance to measures of cerebral injury in persons with MS selected for cognitive impairment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 37 individuals with relapsing-remitting (59.5%) and secondary progressive (40.5%) MS. They were tested at baseline as part of a clinical trial to enhance cognition with an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Eligibility criteria included at least mild cognitive impairment on a verbal learning and memory task. A modified Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Tests formed the core of the behavioral protocol. Neuroimaging measures were central (ventricular) cerebral atrophy, lesion volume, and ratios of N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) to both creatine and choline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A clear, consistent relation was found between cognitive and MR measures. Among neuroimaging measures, central atrophy displayed the highest correlations with cognition, accounting for approximately half the variance in overall cognitive performance. NAA ratios in right hemisphere sites displayed larger correlations than those on the left. Multiple regression models combining the MR measures accounted for well over half the variance in overall cognitive performance. The Symbol Digit Modalities Test was the neuropsychological task most strongly associated with the neuroimaging variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If a strong and stable association can be firmly established between cognitive and MR variables in appropriate subsets of MS patients, it might aid in the investigation of interventions to enhance cognition and modify the course of the disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, NY 11794-8121, USA. christopher.christodoulou@sunysb.edu
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Christodoulou
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Krupp
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Melville
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Roque
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Scherl
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: MacAllister
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Tudorica
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Roche
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Peyster
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis; D001284:Atrophy; D001369:Axons / Q000737:chemistry; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology*; D002794:Choline / Q000032:analysis; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003401:Creatine / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000150:complications*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001224:Aspartic Acid; C000179:N-acetylaspartate; D003401:Creatine; D002794:Choline