title: Broad antiretroviral defence by human APOBEC3G through lethal editing of nascent reverse transcripts.
abstract: Viral replication usually requires that innate intracellular lines of defence be overcome, a task usually accomplished by specialized viral gene products. The virion infectivity factor (Vif) protein of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is required during the late stages of viral production to counter the antiviral activity of APOBEC3G (apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3G; also known as CEM15), a protein expressed notably in human T lymphocytes. When produced in the presence of APOBEC3G, vif-defective virus is non-infectious. APOBEC3G is closely related to APOBEC1, the central component of an RNA-editing complex that deaminates a cytosine residue in apoB messenger RNA. APOBEC family members also have potent DNA mutator activity through dC deamination; however, whether the editing potential of APOBEC3G has any relevance to HIV inhibition is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that it does, as APOBEC3G exerts its antiviral effect during reverse transcription to trigger G-to-A hypermutation in the nascent retroviral DNA. We also find that APOBEC3G can act on a broad range of retroviruses in addition to HIV, suggesting that hypermutation by editing is a general innate defence mechanism against this important group of pathogens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Bastien
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mangeat
authors.forename: Priscilla
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Turelli
authors.forename: Gersende
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Caron
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Friedli
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Perrin
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Trono
mesh_terms: D000071480:APOBEC-3G Deaminase; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D001483:Base Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D003564:Cytidine Deaminase; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics*; D016346:Gene Products, vif / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016296:Mutagenesis / Q000235:genetics*; D009700:Nucleoside Deaminases; D017354:Point Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017393:RNA Editing / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D019562:Viral Load; D014779:Virus Replication; D054320:vif Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D004279:DNA, Viral; D016346:Gene Products, vif; D011506:Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D054320:vif Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; D009700:Nucleoside Deaminases; D000071480:APOBEC-3G Deaminase; C464924:APOBEC3G protein, human; D003564:Cytidine Deaminase