title: Regression of microalbuminuria in type 1 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the present study, we aimed to determine the frequency of a significant reduction in urinary albumin excretion and factors affecting such reduction in patients with type 1 diabetes and microalbuminuria.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 386 patients with persistent microalbuminuria, indicated by repeated measurements of urinary albumin excretion (estimated on the basis of albumin-to-creatinine ratios) in the range of 30 to 299 microg per minute during an initial two-year evaluation period. Subsequent measurements during the next six years were grouped into two-year periods, averaged, and analyzed for regression of microalbuminuria, which was defined as a 50 percent reduction in urinary albumin excretion from one two-year period to the next.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regression of microalbuminuria was frequent, with a six-year cumulative incidence of 58 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 52 to 64 percent). The use of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors was not associated with the regression of microalbuminuria. However, microalbuminuria of short duration, salutary levels of glycosylated hemoglobin (less than 8 percent), low systolic blood pressure (less than 115 mm Hg), and low levels of both cholesterol and triglycerides (less than 198 mg per deciliter [5.12 mmol per liter] and 145 mg per deciliter [1.64 mmol per liter], respectively) were independently associated with the regression of microalbuminuria. Patients with salutary levels of all modifiable factors had a hazard ratio for regression of 3.0 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.5 to 6.0), as compared with patients with no salutary levels of any modifiable factor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Frequent regression of microalbuminuria in patients with type 1 diabetes indicates that elevated urinary albumin excretion does not imply inexorably progressive nephropathy. Identification of the multiple determinants of the regression of microalbuminuria has implications for current theories about the mechanisms of early diabetic nephropathy.
authors.affiliation: Section on Genetics and Epidemiology, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Bruce A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Perkins
authors.forename: Linda H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Ficociello
authors.forename: Kristen H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Dianne M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Finkelstein
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Warram
authors.forename: Andrzej S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Krolewski
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000150:complications*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications / Q000652:urine*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012075:Remission, Spontaneous