title: Adrenergic drugs for urinary incontinence in adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adrenergic drugs have been used for the treatment of urinary incontinence. However, they have generally been considered to be ineffective or to have side effects which may limit their clinical use.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effectiveness of adrenergic agonists in the treatment of urinary incontinence in adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Incontinence Group trials register (January 2002) and the reference lists of relevant articles. Date of the most recent searches: January 2002.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials which include an adrenergic agonist drug in at least one arm for adults with urinary incontinence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two reviewers independently assessed eligibility, trial quality and extracted data. Data were processed as described in the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifteen randomised trials were identified, which included 832 women, of whom 506 received an adrenergic drug (phenylpropanolamine in 11 trials, Midodrine in two and Clenbuterol in another two). Of these, six were crossover trials. No trials included men. The limited evidence suggested that an adrenergic agonist drug is better than placebo in reducing number of pad changes and incontinence episodes, as well as improvement in subjective symptoms. The drugs also appeared to be better than pelvic floor muscle training in two small trials, possibly reflecting relative acceptability of the treatments to women but perhaps due to differential withdrawal of women from the trial groups. There was not enough evidence to evaluate the use of higher compared to lower doses of adrenergic agonists nor the relative merits of an adrenergic agonist drug compared with oestrogen, whether used alone or in combination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was weak evidence to suggest that use of an adrenergic agonist is better than placebo treatment. There was not enough evidence to assess the effects of adrenergic agonists when compared to or combined with other treatments. Patients using adrenergic agonists may suffer from minor side effects, only occasionally leading them to stop treatment. Rare but serious side effects such as cardiac arrhythmias and hypertension have been reported, however.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK, EH4 2XU. alhasso@doctors.org.uk
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alhasso
authors.forename: C M A
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Glazener
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pickard
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: N'Dow
mesh_terms: D000322:Adrenergic Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000328:Adult; D002976:Clenbuterol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008879:Midodrine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010665:Phenylpropanolamine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014550:Urinary Incontinence, Stress / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D000322:Adrenergic Agonists; D010665:Phenylpropanolamine; D008879:Midodrine; D002976:Clenbuterol