title: Degradation, cyclic adenosine monophosphate production, insulin secretion, and glycemic effects of two novel N-terminal Ala2-substituted analogs of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide with preserved biological activity in vivo.
abstract: Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) has significant potential in diabetes therapy due to its ability to serve as a glucose-dependent activator of insulin secretion. However, its biological activity is severely compromised by the ubiquitous enzyme dipeptidylpeptidase IV (DPP IV), which removes the N-terminal Tyr(1)-Ala(2) dipeptide from GIP. Therefore, 2 novel N-terminal Ala(2)-substituted analogs of GIP, with Ala substituted by 2-aminobutyric acid (Abu) or sarcosine (Sar), were synthesized and tested for metabolic stability and biological activity both in vitro and in vivo. Incubation with DPP IV gave half-lives for degradation of native GIP, (Abu(2))GIP, and (Sar(2))GIP to be 2.3, 1.9, and 1.6 hours, respectively, while in human plasma, the half-lives were 6.2, 7.6, and 5.4 hours, respectively. In Chinese hamster lung (CHL) cells expressing the cloned human GIP receptor, native GIP, (Abu(2))GIP, and (Sar(2))GIP dose-dependently stimulated cyclic adenosine monophosphate (camp) production with EC(50) values of 18.2, 38.5, and 54.6 nmol/L, respectively. In BRIN-BD11 cells, both (Abu(2))GIP and (Sar(2))GIP (10(-13) to 10(-8) mol/L) dose-dependently stimulated insulin secretion with significantly enhanced effects at 16.7 mmol/L compared with 5.6 mmol/L glucose. In obese diabetic (ob/ob) mice, GIP and (Sar(2))GIP significantly increased (1.4-fold to 1.5-fold; P <.05) plasma insulin concentrations, whereas (Abu(2))GIP exerted only minor effects. Changes in plasma glucose were small reflecting the severe insulin resistance of this mutant. The present data show that substitution of the penultimate N-terminal Ala(2) in GIP by Abu or Sar results in analogs with moderately reduced metabolic stability and biological activity in vitro, but with preserved biological activity in vivo.
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, N. Ireland, UK.
authors.forename: Victor A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Gault
authors.forename: Finbarr P M
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: O'Harte
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Harriott
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Flatt
mesh_terms: D000409:Alanine; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D000613:Aminobutyrates; D000818:Animals; D001769:Blood / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000378:metabolism; D018819:Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 / Q000378:metabolism; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D008168:Lung / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D009765:Obesity; D012521:Sarcosine; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
chemical_list: D000613:Aminobutyrates; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide; C012223:alpha-aminobutyric acid; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D018819:Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4; D005947:Glucose; D000409:Alanine; D012521:Sarcosine