title: Complementary and alternative therapies for pain management in labour.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many women would like to avoid pharmacological or invasive methods of pain management in labour and this may contribute towards the popularity of complementary methods of pain management. This review examined currently available evidence supporting the use of alternative and complementary therapies for pain management in labour.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effectiveness of complementary and alternative therapies for pain management in labour on maternal and perinatal morbidity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group trials register (July 2002), the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (The Cochrane Library Issue 2, 2002), MEDLINE (1966 to July 2002), EMBASE (1980 to July 2002) and CINAHL (1980 to July 2002).
  
  
  METHODS
  The inclusion criteria included published and unpublished randomised controlled trials comparing complementary and alternative therapies with placebo, no treatment or pharmacological forms of pain management in labour. All women whether primiparous or multiparous, and in spontaneous or induced labour, in the first and second stage of labour were included.
  
  
  METHODS
  Meta-analysis was performed using relative risks for dichotomous outcomes and weighted mean differences for continuous outcomes. The outcome measures were maternal satisfaction, use of pharmacological pain relief and maternal and neonatal adverse outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven trials involving 366 women and using different modalities of pain management were included in this review. The trials included one involving acupuncture (n = 100), one involving audio-analgesia (n = 25), one involving aromatherapy (n = 22), three trials of hypnosis (n = 189) and one trial of music (n = 30). The trial of acupuncture decreased the need for pain relief (relative risk (RR) 0.56, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.39 to 0.81). Women receiving hypnosis were more satisfied with their pain management in labour compared with controls (RR 2.33, 95% CI 1.55 to 4.71). No differences were seen for women receiving aromatherapy, music or audio analgesia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acupuncture and hypnosis may be beneficial for the management of pain during labour. However, few complementary therapies have been subjected to proper scientific study and the number of women studied is small.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Adelaide, Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William Road, North Adelaide, Australia. caroline.anne.smith@adelaide.edu.au
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Cyna
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Crowther
mesh_terms: D015667:Acupuncture Analgesia; D016362:Analgesia, Obstetrical / Q000379:methods*; D019341:Aromatherapy; D000529:Complementary Therapies / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006990:Hypnosis; D009147:Music Therapy; D007744:Obstetric Labor Complications / Q000628:therapy*; D059408:Pain Management; D011247:Pregnancy