title: Development and psychometric evaluation of the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) scale.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a clinically relevant and easy to use pain assessment tool for individuals with advanced dementia that has adequate psychometric properties.
  
  
  METHODS
  Instrument development study using expert clinicians and behavioral observation methods. Measurement of sensitivity of the instrument to detect the effects of analgesic medications in a quality improvement activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inpatient dementia special care units in a Veterans Administration Medical Center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen residents with advanced dementia who were aphasic or lacked the ability to report their degree of pain and six professional staff members. Additionally, data from medical records of 25 residents who were receiving pain medications as required (PRN) were collected.
  
  
  METHODS
  Based on the literature review, related assessment tools and consultation with expert clinicians, a five-item observational tool with a range of 0 to 10 was developed. The tool, Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD), was compared with the Discomfort Scale and two visual analog scales (discomfort and pain) by trained raters/expert clinicians in the development study, and used for detection of analgesic efficacy in a quality improvement activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adequate levels of interrater reliability were achieved between dyads of the principal investigator with each clinical research rater and between two raters. PAINAD had satisfactory reliability by internal consistency with a one factor solution. PAINADthe Discomfort Scale-Dementia of Alzheimer Type (DS-DAT) were significantly correlated, providing evidence of construct validity. PAINAD detected statistically significant difference between scores obtained before and after receiving a pain medication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PAINAD is a simple, valid, and reliable instrument for measurement of pain in noncommunicative patients. Since the patient population used for its development and testing was limited to a relatively small number of males, further research is needed before it can be universally recommended.
authors.affiliation: Geriatric Research Education Clinical Center, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Bedford, Massachusetts 01730, USA. Victoria.Warden@med.va.gov
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Warden
authors.forename: Ann C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Hurley
authors.forename: Ladislav
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Volicer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000145:classification*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D006787:Hospitals, Veterans; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000145:classification* / Q000188:drug therapy; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index