title: Stimulation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT1)-dependent gene transcription by lipopolysaccharide and interferon-gamma is regulated by mammalian target of rapamycin.
abstract: Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) regulate cell growth, protein synthesis, and apoptosis in response to nutrients and mitogens. As an important source of nitric oxide during inflammation, human inducible nitric oxide synthase also plays a role in the regulation of cytokine-driven cell proliferation and apoptosis. The role of mTOR and PI3K in the activation of human inducible nitric oxide synthase transcription by cytokines and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was investigated in lung epithelial adenocarcinoma (A549) cells. LY294002, a dual mTOR and PI3K inhibitor, blocked human inducible nitric oxide synthase (hiNOS) promoter activation and mRNA induction by cytokines and LPS in a PI3K-independent fashion. On gene expression analysis, LY294002 selectively blocked the induction of a subset of 14 LPS/interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-induced genes, previously characterized as signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT1)-dependent. LY294002, but not wortmannin, inhibited LPS/IFN-gamma-dependent STAT1 phosphorylation at Ser-727 and STAT1 activity. Consistent with dual inhibition of mTOR and PI3K by LY294002, dominant-negative mTOR, anti-mTOR small interfering RNA, or rapamycin each inhibited phosphorylation of STAT1 only in the presence of wortmannin. LPS/IFN-gamma led to the formation of a macromolecular complex containing mTOR, STAT1, as well as protein kinase C delta, a known STAT1alpha kinase. Thus, LPS and IFN-gamma activate the PI3K and mTOR pathways, which converge to regulate STAT1-dependent transcription of pro-apoptotic and pro-inflammatory genes in a rapamycin-insensitive manner.
authors.affiliation: Pulmonary-Critical Care Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. kristofa@nih.gov
authors.forename: Arnold S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Kristof
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marks-Konczalik
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Billings
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moss
mesh_terms: D000730:Androstadienes / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D002455:Cell Division; D002867:Chromones / Q000494:pharmacology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005799:Genes, Dominant; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000378:metabolism*; D008954:Models, Biological; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D010957:Plasmids / Q000378:metabolism; D011233:Precipitin Tests; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism; D051745:Protein Kinase C-delta; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000378:metabolism; D050794:STAT1 Transcription Factor; D012694:Serine / Q000737:chemistry; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D000077191:Wortmannin
chemical_list: D000730:Androstadienes; D002867:Chromones; D016207:Cytokines; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D009025:Morpholines; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D051745:Protein Kinase C-delta; D011494:Protein Kinases; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D050794:STAT1 Transcription Factor; D012694:Serine; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D015534:Trans-Activators; D000077191:Wortmannin; C494079:STAT1 protein, human; C085911:2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one; C496319:NOS2 protein, human; C546842:MTOR protein, human; C497258:PRKCD protein, human