title: Inhibition of plasminogen activation protects against ganglion cell loss in a mouse model of retinal damage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The mechanisms that trigger ganglion cell death in ischemic retinal diseases are not clearly understood. Using a mouse optic nerve ligation model, the objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that extracellular matrix (ECM) modulating plasminogen activators (PAs) potentiate ganglion cell loss.
  
  
  METHODS
  Optic nerve ligation was performed to initiate ganglion cell loss in the retina. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) activity in retinal extracts was determined by plasminogen/fibrinogen zymography. Immunostaining and western blot analysis was performed to detect uPA and tPA proteins. Plasmin activity was determined by casein gel-zymography. Plasminogen and plasmin proteins were detected and quantified by western blotting. Morphology was assessed using hematoxylin and eosin stained retinal cross sections, and programmed cell death was monitored by an apoptotic assay. Laminin degradation in retinal extracts was assessed by western blot analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Optic nerve ligation led to a transient increase in uPA and plasmin proteolytic activity in the retina. Urokinase inhibitor, amiloride, blocked uPA activity in retinal extracts. We found a correlation between the increased uPA activity, and conversion of zymogen plasminogen to active plasmin in retinal extracts with laminin degradation in the retina and apoptosis of ganglion cells. We found that by adding exogenous plasmin, in vitro, laminin present in control retinal extracts could be degraded in similar fashion. In addition, uPA or tPA failed to degrade laminin in control retinal extracts unless plasminogen was added, indicating that plasminogen activation is necessary for laminin degradation, in vitro. After intravitreal injection of plasmin inhibitor, alpha-2 antiplasmin, we found a significant protection against optic nerve ligation-induced ganglion cell loss.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Optic nerve ligation-induced plasmin(ogen) activation that precedes ganglion cell loss suggest that specific targeting of plasmin activity may have therapeutic potential in preventing ganglion cell loss in retinal diseases.
authors.affiliation: Eye Research Institute, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA.
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Aisha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chaudhry
authors.forename: Shravan K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Chintala
mesh_terms: D000584:Amiloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000502:physiology; D019610:Cytoprotection; D005341:Fibrinolysin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D007797:Laminin / Q000378:metabolism; D008026:Ligation; D051379:Mice; D009900:Optic Nerve; D010958:Plasminogen / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D010960:Plasminogen Activators / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D015849:Plasminogen Inactivators / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D015842:Serine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D000979:alpha-2-Antiplasmin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D007797:Laminin; D015849:Plasminogen Inactivators; D015842:Serine Proteinase Inhibitors; D000979:alpha-2-Antiplasmin; D000584:Amiloride; D010958:Plasminogen; D010960:Plasminogen Activators; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator; D005341:Fibrinolysin; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator