title: Increased fracture rates in Turner's syndrome: a nationwide questionnaire survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Reduced bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) have previously been reported in Turner's syndrome, although appropriate GH treatment and early induction of puberty seem to permit normal bone mass accumulation. Furthermore, an increased risk of fractures and osteoporosis have been reported in a registry study. The aim of the present study was to further characterize the risk of fractures in TS and to explore risk factors, in a historical follow-up survey based on a self-administered questionnaire.
  
  
  METHODS
  The questionnaire was issued to all females with TS (n = 632) in Denmark and to 1888 randomly selected controls (C) matched for age and geographical region. A total of 322 patients (51%) and 1169 controls (62%) returned the questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TS women were younger than C (30 years, range: 1-73 years vs. 34 years, range 2-82 years, P < 0.0005), smoked less often (17%vs. 27%, P < 0.0005), and had less frequent spontaneous menstruation (18%vs. 86%, P < 0.0005). In contrast, they used hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) more often (71%vs. 7%, P < 0.0005). The median age at start of HRT was 16 years (range 8-59 years) in TS vs. 42 years (range 12-53 years) in C (P < 0.0005). Above the age of 15 years, 83% of TS and 8% of C used HRT. GH had been used by 37% of TS but only 0.2% of C. Both type 1 and 2 diabetes were increased sevenfold among TS. Altogether, 77 individuals with TS had 109 fractures. The fracture risk was increased in TS [hazard ratio (HR, status) 1.35, confidence interval (CI) 1.04-1.75, P = 0.025]. Time to first fracture was reduced in TS (53 +/- 2 vs. 63 +/- 1; log-rank P = 0.03). Spontaneous menstruation was protective in females above 13 years of age (HR: 0.70, CI 0.54-0.93, P = 0.012). A history of parental fractures increased the risk (HR 1.92, CI 1.62-2.27, P < 0.001). Fractures of the forearm was more frequent among TS (P = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present nationwide survey, based on questionnaires, confirms an increased risk of early fractures in TS, especially in those without ovarian function and with a positive family history of fracture and osteoporosis. It thereby emphasizes the need for being vigilant with respect to BMD measurements in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Medical Department M (Endocrinology and Diabetes), Aarhus Kommunehospital, Denmark. ch.gravholt@dadlnet.uk
authors.forename: Claus Højbjerg
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Gravholt
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vestergaard
authors.forename: Anne Pernille
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Hermann
authors.forename: Leif
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mosekilde
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brixen
authors.forename: Jens Sandahl
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Christiansen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015519:Bone Density; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000150:complications*; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000150:complications; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012306:Risk; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014424:Turner Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D013006:Growth Hormone