title: The effects of 4-nonylphenol and ethanol on acute toxicity, embryo development, and reproduction in Daphnia magna.
abstract: The mean 48-h EC(50) (n=3) of 4-nonylphenol (NP) using ethanol as the carrier solvent was 155 microg/L, compared to a mean 48-h EC(50) (n=3) of 281 microg/L without ethanol. The 96-h EC(50)'s for embryo lethality (arrested egg development) and deformities (curved or unextended shell spines and undeveloped second antennae) were 738 and 263 microg/L, respectively. Reproduction studies were conducted using conditions that stimulate male production (i.e., reduced photoperiod and food levels). An increase in neonate deformities was observed at 50 microg/L (without ethanol), but no changes were observed in fecundity or sex ratios. A decrease in sex ratios was observed at 25 and 50 microg/L (with ethanol) compared to the ethanol control. However, an increase in sex ratios was observed in the ethanol control compared to media controls. The use of ethanol as a solvent carrier confounds the effects of 4-NP on acute toxicity and male production in daphnids.
authors.affiliation: The McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-8591, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gibble
authors.forename: K N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Baer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000633:toxicity*; D003621:Daphnia / Q000502:physiology*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D047108:Embryonic Development; D000431:Ethanol / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility / Q000187:drug effects*; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008297:Male; D010636:Phenols / Q000633:toxicity*; D012744:Sex Ratio; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D010636:Phenols; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D000431:Ethanol; C041594:4-nonylphenol