title: Depression: its trajectory and correlates in mothers rearing children with intellectual disability.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rearing a child with an intellectual disability (ID) is a lifelong activity, and research needs to reflect the extended nature of the task as well as its complexity. The present longitudinal study reports on an 11-year follow-up of adoptive and birth families rearing children with ID. Its focus was on depressive symptoms and how these changed over time in a sample of 187 mothers. In particular, the authors were interested in whether initial differences in depression between adoptive mothers who knowingly and willingly decided to rear their children with disabilities, and birth mothers for whom the diagnosis of disability was unexpected and frequently crisis-inducing, would persist over time.
  
  
  METHODS
  A longitudinal method with three times of measurement provided data which were analysed with analysis of variance and regression techniques. Moreover, several other individual and family adjustment measures were examined with respect to their correlations with depression and an outcome variable that measured subjective well-being with regard to the child. Furthermore, mothers were classified as typical or atypical for their adoptive/birth group based on their depression scores at the first time of measurement. The authors predicted that later depression would be different based on the earlier scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both adoptive and birth mothers reported low depression, not significantly different from each other, at the 11-year follow-up. The personality variable of neuroticism was the strongest predictor of depression for both adoptive and birth mothers, accounting for 24% and 23% of the variance, respectively, but it did not predict the mother's subjective well-being with regard to the child. Mothers classified as typical or atypical for their groups at initial measurement continued to report significantly different depression scores 11 years later.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The low depression scores, not significantly different for birth and adoptive mothers, portray the long-term prognosis for adjustment to rearing children with disabilities as primarily positive. Moreover, the predictive value of neuroticism suggests that general mental health is an important component influencing this adjustment. Nevertheless, a different pattern for a different outcome variable suggests that multiple measures are necessary to portray accurately the complexity of reaction over time.
authors.affiliation: St Mary's College of Maryland, St Mary's City, Maryland 20686, USA. lmglidden@smcm.edu
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Glidden
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Schoolcraft
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D019988:Children with Disabilities; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers; D011581:Psychological Tests; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors