title: Empirical modelling of population sampling: lessons for designing sentinel surveillance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In order to consider the practical viability of 1% sentinel area surveillance for health information in resource-poor settings where complete registration is unrealistic, the effects of different sampling procedures on the representativeness of 1% population samples have been investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the 1991 census of England as a basis for modelling, 20 1% samples, each incorporating seven key parameters, were drawn at random from the overall dataset by each of eight different sampling procedures. Each sample was compared with the 'gold standard' of the overall census results, enabling comparisons between the different sampling procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Representativeness of the 1% samples varied considerably between parameters and sampling procedures. At one extreme, the proportion of males in the population was distributed such that different sampling methods had little effect. On the other hand, samples of a heterogeneous parameter such as the proportion of non-whites in the population depended greatly on the procedure used. Sampling smaller administrative units tended to be more accurate. However, sampling units using probability proportional to size generally gave less representative samples. Stratifying urban and rural populations in the samples had little effect. Multistage sampling, emulating typical demographic surveillance sites, also generally gave less representative samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is possible to achieve representative data by taking 1% of a national population in a sentinel surveillance approach, but sampling design can have an important influence on the outcome. This modelling supports the concept of 1% sentinel surveillance for health information in poorer settings, where complete data are unavailable.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå 90185, Sweden. peterbyass@aol.com
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Byass
mesh_terms: D019352:Censuses; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D012107:Research Design; D012494:Sampling Studies; D018571:Sentinel Surveillance