title: Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Enuresis (bedwetting) is a socially disruptive and stressful condition which affects around 15-20% of five year olds, and up to 2% of young adults.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of alarm interventions on nocturnal enuresis in children, and to compare alarms with other interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Incontinence Group trials register (December 2002) and the reference lists of relevant articles. Date of the most recent searches: December 2002.
  
  
  METHODS
  All randomised or quasi-randomised trials of alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children were included, except those focused solely on daytime wetting. Comparison interventions included no treatment, simple and complex behavioural methods, desmopressin, tricyclics, and miscellaneous other methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two reviewers independently assessed the quality of the eligible trials, and extracted data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty three trials met the inclusion criteria, involving 2862 children. The quality of many trials was poor, and evidence for many comparisons was inadequate. Most alarms used audio methods. Compared to no treatment, about two thirds of children became dry during alarm use (RR for failure 0.36, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.43). Nearly half who persisted with alarm use remained dry after treatment finished, compared to almost none after no treatment (RR of failure or relapse 45/81 (55%) vs 80/81 (99%), RR 0.56, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.68). There was insufficient evidence to draw conclusions about different types of alarm, or about how alarms compare to other behavioural interventions. Relapse rates were lower when overlearning was added to alarm treatment (RR 1.92, 95% CI 1.27 to 2.92). Penalties for wet beds appeared to be counter-productive. Alarms using electric shocks were unacceptable to children or their parents. Although desmopressin may have a more immediate effect, alarms appear more effective by the end of a course of treatment (RR 0.71, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.99) and there was limited evidence of greater long-term success (RR 4/22 (18%) vs 16/24 (67%),RR 0.27, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.69). Alarms were better than tricyclics during treatment (RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.61 to 0.88) and afterwards (7/12 (58%) vs 12/12 (100%), RR 0.58, 95% CI 0.36 to 0.94).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alarm interventions are an effective treatment for nocturnal bedwetting in children. Alarms appear more effective than desmopressin or tricyclics by the end of treatment, and subsequently. Overlearning (giving extra fluids at bedtime after successfully becoming dry using an alarm) and avoiding penalties may further reduce the relapse rate. Better quality research comparing alarms with other treatments is needed, including follow-up to determine relapse rates.
authors.affiliation: Health Services Research Unit (Foresterhill Lea), University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK, AB25 2ZD. c.glazener@abdn.ac.uk
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Glazener
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Peto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004775:Enuresis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D009398:Nephrology / Q000379:methods; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012076:Renal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D012076:Renal Agents