title: Simplified method for detecting tritium contamination in plants and soil.
abstract: Cost-effective methods are needed to identify the presence and distribution of tritium near radioactive waste disposal and other contaminated sites. The objectives of this study were to (i) develop a simplified sample preparation method for determining tritium contamination in plants and (ii) determine if plant data could be used as an indicator of soil contamination. The method entailed collection and solar distillation of plant water from foliage, followed by filtration and adsorption of scintillation-interfering constituents on a graphite-based solid phase extraction (SPE) column. The method was evaluated using samples of creosote bush [Larrea tridentata (Sessé & Moc. ex DC.) Coville], an evergreen shrub, near a radioactive disposal area in the Mojave Desert. Laboratory tests showed that a 2-g SPE column was necessary and sufficient for accurate determination of known tritium concentrations in plant water. Comparisons of tritium concentrations in plant water determined with the solar distillation-SPE method and the standard (and more laborious) toluene-extraction method showed no significant difference between methods. Tritium concentrations in plant water and in water vapor of root-zone soil also showed no significant difference between methods. Thus, the solar distillation-SPE method provides a simple and cost-effective way to identify plant and soil contamination. The method is of sufficient accuracy to facilitate collection of plume-scale data and optimize placement of more sophisticated (and costly) monitoring equipment at contaminated sites. Although work to date has focused on one desert plant, the approach may be transferable to other species and environments after site-specific experiments.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Geological Survey, 333 West Nye Lane, Room 203, Carson City, NV 89706, USA. andraski@usgs.gov
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Andraski
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Sandstrom
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Michel
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Radyk
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Stonestrom
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Mayers
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D032442:Larrea / Q000737:chemistry; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D011850:Radioactive Waste; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012990:Soil Pollutants, Radioactive / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D014316:Tritium / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D011850:Radioactive Waste; D012990:Soil Pollutants, Radioactive; D014316:Tritium