title: Importance of Vp1 calcium-binding residues in assembly, cell entry, and nuclear entry of simian virus 40.
abstract: For polyomaviruses, calcium ions are known to be essential for virion integrity and for the assembly of capsid structures. To define the role of calcium ions in the life cycle of the virus, we analyzed simian virus 40 (SV40) mutants in which structurally deduced calcium-binding amino acids of Vp1 were mutated singly and in combination. Our study provides evidence that calcium ions mediate not only virion assembly but also the initial infection processes of cell entry and nuclear entry. Mutations at Glu48, Glu157, Glu160, Glu216, and/or Glu330 are correlated with different extents of packaging defects. The low packaging ability of mutant E216R suggests the need to position the Glu216 side chain for proper virion formation. All other mutants selected for further analysis produced virus-like particles (VLPs) but were poorly infectious. The VLPs of mutant E330K could not attach to or enter the cell, and mutant E157A-E160A and E216K VLPs entered the cell but failed to enter the nucleus, apparently as a result of premature VLP dissociation. Our results show that five of the seven acidic side chains at the two calcium-binding sites-Glu48 and Glu330 (site 1), Glu157 and Glu160 (site 2), and Glu216 (both sites)-are important for SV40 infection. We propose that calcium coordination imparts not only stability but also structural flexibility to the virion, allowing the acquisition or loss of the ion at the two sites to control virion formation in the nucleus, as well as virion structural alterations at the cell surface and in the cytoplasm early during infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
authors.forename: Peggy P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Naknanishi
authors.forename: Mary A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.forename: Ken-Ichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishizu
authors.forename: Masaaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawano
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Handa
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Liddington
authors.forename: Harumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kasamatsu
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D001483:Base Sequence; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D036022:Capsid Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000821:virology*; D017931:DNA Primers; D008561:Membrane Fusion; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D016296:Mutagenesis; D010957:Plasmids; D011485:Protein Binding; D013539:Simian virus 40 / Q000502:physiology*; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D036022:Capsid Proteins; D017931:DNA Primers; C062481:VP1 protein, polyomavirus; D002118:Calcium