title: Inhibition of THP-1 cell adhesion to endothelial cells by alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocotrienol is dependent on intracellular concentration of the antioxidants.
abstract: Vitamin E analogs such as alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocotrienol have been shown to reduce endothelial expression of adhesion molecules. The reactivity of alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocotrienol in inhibiting lipid peroxidation in vitro was essentially identical but the inhibition of adhesion of THP-1 cells, a monocytic-"like" cell line, to endothelial cells differs substantially. To determine the mechanism underlying this response, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were assessed for their ability to accumulate vitamin E analogs. alpha-Tocotrienol accumulated in HUVECs to levels approximately 10-fold greater than that of alpha-tocopherol. The decrease in expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and the adhesion of THP-1 cells to HUVECs by alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocotrienol was also determined. Both alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocotrienol suppressed VCAM-1 expression and adhesion of THP-1 cells to HUVECs in a concentration-dependent manner. The efficacy of tocotrienol for reduction of VCAM-1 expression and adhesion of THP-1 cells to HUVECs was also 10-fold higher than that of tocopherol. The inhibitory effects of vitamin E analogs on the adhesiveness of endothelial cells clearly correlated with their intracellular concentrations. The data demonstrated that, in assessing the biological responses of antioxidants, intracellular accumulation and metabolism were additional important factors that must be considered.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Systems Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. nonoriko@oxygen.rcast.-tokyo.ac.jp
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Noguchi
authors.forename: Ryuhei
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hanyu
authors.forename: Aya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nonaka
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okimoto
authors.forename: Tatsuhiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kodama
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000502:physiology*; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D006801:Humans; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D009000:Monocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D024508:Tocotrienols; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D024508:Tocotrienols; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D014810:Vitamin E; C082032:tocotrienol, alpha; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol