title: Carcinogenesis and cyclooxygenase: the potential role of COX-2 inhibition in upper aerodigestive tract cancer.
abstract: Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is upregulated in a number of epithelial cancers, including in upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) premalignant and malignant lesions. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive examination of the potential of COX-2 inhibition in prevention of UADT premalignant and malignant disease. A Medline and Cancerlit literature search was conducted for the period 1993-2002, and identified literature was reviewed. There is evidence from in vitro studies, as well as animal models, that inhibition of COX-2 may suppress carcinogenesis by affecting a number of pathways of carcinogenesis, promoting apoptosis and inhibiting angiogenesis. Preliminary studies of gastro-intestinal (GI) carcinogenesis suggest that COX-2 inhibitors may represent an approach to the chemoprevention of epithelial cancers. COX-2 inhibitors may have a potential role in chemoprevention of UADT cancer, and clinical trials appear warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Sivani
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mohan
authors.forename: Joel B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Epstein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017209:Apoptosis; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D000068579:Celecoxib; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004790:Enzyme Induction; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000201:enzymology; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D023421:Models, Animal; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000517:prevention & control; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism; D011720:Pyrazoles; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D000068579:Celecoxib