title: Increased levels of C-reactive protein after oral hormone replacement therapy may not be related to an increased inflammatory response.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been suggested that hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in postmenopausal women is associated with an increased inflammatory response that may trigger acute cardiovascular events. This suggestion is mainly based on the finding of elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) levels after HRT. The aim of the present study was to evaluate a broad spectrum of vascular inflammation markers in 389 postmenopausal women with increased cardiovascular risk at baseline and after either 6 months of HRT (126 women) or no HRT (263 women).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with baseline, CRP levels significantly increased after HRT (0.9+/-0.2 versus 1.6+/-0.4 mg/L, P<0.01); on the contrary, soluble intracellular adhesion molecule-1 decreased from 208+/-57 to 168+/-37 ng/mL (P<0.01) after HRT. Similarly, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 decreased from 298+/-73 to 258+/-47 ng/mL (P<0.01), plasma E-selectin levels were reduced from 17.8+/-5.6 to 14.8+/-3.9 ng/mL (P<0.01), interleukin-6 levels decreased from 1.51+/-0.22 to 1.29+/-0.28 pg/mL, and s-thrombomodulin plasma levels decreased from 4.8+/-0.7 to 4.3+/-0.9 ng/mL (P<0.01). No significant changes in either CRP or vascular inflammatory marker were detected in women not taking HRT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The discrepancy between increased plasma levels of CRP and reduced plasma levels of all other markers of inflammation suggests that the increased CRP levels after oral HRT may be related to metabolic hepatic activation and not to an acute-phase response. HRT seems to be associated with an overall decrease in vascular inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Unit, San Raffaele-Roma, Tosinvest Sanità, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonello
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Silvestri
authors.forename: Otavio
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gebara
authors.forename: Cristiana
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vitale
authors.forename: Mauricio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wajngarten
authors.forename: Filippo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Leonardo
authors.forename: Josè A F
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ramires
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fini
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mercuro
authors.forename: Giuseppe M C
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Rosano
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis*; D003176:Complement C3 / Q000032:analysis; D003181:Complement C4 / Q000032:analysis; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000097:blood; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D004966:Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000209:etiology*; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000097:blood* / Q000187:drug effects; D018180:Thrombomodulin / Q000097:blood; D013995:Time; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003176:Complement C3; D003181:Complement C4; D019040:E-Selectin; D004966:Estrogens, Conjugated (USP); D015850:Interleukin-6; D018180:Thrombomodulin; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate