title: Epidemiology of systemic mycoses among renal-transplant recipients in India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Systemic mycoses have a high impact on tropical renal-transplant recipients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from 1,476 primary renal-transplant recipients was prospectively recorded from 1986 to 2000 at a single center. Cumulative incidence of systemic mycoses, its time of occurrence, risk factors, outcome, and postmortem findings in 30 patients with systemic mycoses were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 110 episodes of systemic mycoses occurred in 98 patients. The fungal genera Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, and Candida constituted 61% of pathogens, 45% localizing to the lungs. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease caused a 5-fold and chronic liver disease a 2-fold increase in systemic mycoses. Tuberculosis (TB) with or without nocardiosis was a significant coinfection. Cyclosporine (CsA) was associated with nearly a 4-fold risk of systemic mycoses less than 6 months from the time of transplantation as compared with prednisolone+azathioprine (PRED+AZA) therapy. Overall, the probability of survival with systemic mycoses was 73.4%, 60.8%, 39.5%, and 25.6% and was 92.5%, 87.5%, 80.0%, and 75.5% without systemic mycoses at 1, 2, 5, and 10 years, respectively (P<0.0001). An extended Cox model with time-independent and dependent covariates showed greater than 15 times the risk of death among those who develop systemic mycoses. Similarly, Posttransplantation (postTX) TB+/-Nocardiosis, preTX TB, CMV disease, diabetes mellitus, PTDM, chronic liver disease (>40 months), and Pred+AZA immunosuppression (>2 years) had 3.5, 1.5, 2.9, 1.9, 1.4, 1.6, 2.3 times the risk for death, respectively, as compared with those who did not have those risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a recent predominance of Aspergillus among the transplant recipients. The risk factors for systemic mycoses are CMV disease, chronic liver disease, and hyperglycemia, and TB is an important coinfection. Systemic mycoses increased in the early postTX period with CsA. The risk factors for death are systemic mycoses, CMV disease, chronic liver disease (>40 months), diabetes mellitus, and Pred+AZA immunosuppression (>2 years). Overall, the probability of survival with systemic mycoses was poor; however, survival has recently improved.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Christian Medical College Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India. george@cmcvellore.ac.in
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tharayil John
authors.forename: Viswanathan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Shankar
authors.forename: Girish
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Talaulikar
authors.forename: Mary S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Mathews
authors.forename: Mookanottle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abraham Abraham
authors.forename: Paulose
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Punnakuzhathil Thomas
authors.forename: Chakko
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Korula Jacob
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009181:Mycoses / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate