title: Endotoxin contamination in wound dressings made of natural biomaterials.
abstract: Contamination by endotoxin of nine kinds of wound dressings made of natural biomaterials (calcium alginate, collagen, chitin, and poly-L-leucine) was examined with the use of water extracts. By applying the Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) test, high concentrations of endotoxin were detected in extracts from three kinds of products made of calcium alginate. These extracts evoked fever in rabbits and induced the release of a proinflammatory (pyrogenic) cytokine, interleukin-6 (IL-6), from human monocytic cells (MM6-CA8). The effects disappeared when the extracts were treated with endotoxin-removing gel column chromatography or with an endotoxin antagonist, B464, confirming that the contaminating pyrogen was endotoxin. A noteworthy finding was that one of the endotoxin-containing extracts showed very weak IL-6-inducibility in human monocytic cells in contrast to its high pyrogenicity to rabbits. The discrepancy could be explained based on differences between humans and rabbits in sensitivity to the endotoxin, because the extract showed higher proinflammatory-cytokine (TNF-alpha)-inducibility in rabbit whole-blood cells (WBCs) than human WBCs. The results suggest that the LAL test is a useful method of detecting endotoxin contamination in wound dressings and the MM6-CA8 assay is a good supplement to the LAL test for evaluating pyrogenicity in humans accurately.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biological Evaluation, Osaka Branch, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-1-43, Hoenzaka, Chuo-ku, Osaka 540-0006, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Murai
authors.forename: Chie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hirata
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsuchiya
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yagami
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Haishima
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001458:Bandages / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000633:toxicity*; D001773:Blood Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D004340:Drug Contamination; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000032:analysis / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008033:Limulus Test; D008050:Lipid A / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008422:Materials Testing; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D011749:Pyrogens / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D011817:Rabbits; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: C088580:B 464; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D004731:Endotoxins; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008050:Lipid A; D011749:Pyrogens; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha