title: Can patients be anticoagulated after intracerebral hemorrhage? A decision analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Warfarin increases both the likelihood and the mortality of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), particularly in patients with a history of prior ICH. In light of this consideration, should a patient with both a history of ICH and a clear indication for anticoagulation such as nonvalvular atrial fibrillation be anticoagulated? In the absence of data from a clinical trial, we used a decision-analysis model to compare the expected values of 2 treatment strategies-warfarin and no anticoagulation-for such patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a Markov state transition decision model stratified by location of hemorrhage (lobar or deep hemispheric). Effectiveness was measured in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Data sources included English language literature identified through MEDLINE searches and bibliographies from selected articles, along with empirical data from our own institution. The base case focused on a 69-year-old man with a history of ICH and newly diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For patients with prior lobar ICH, withholding anticoagulation therapy was strongly preferred, improving quality-adjusted life expectancy by 1.9 QALYs. For patients with prior deep hemispheric ICH, withholding anticoagulation resulted in a smaller gain of 0.3 QALYs. In sensitivity analyses for patients with deep ICH, anticoagulation could be preferred if the risk of thromboembolic stroke is particularly high.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Survivors of lobar ICH with atrial fibrillation should not be offered long-term anticoagulation. Similarly, most patients with deep hemispheric ICH and atrial fibrillation should not receive anticoagulant therapy. However, patients with deep hemispheric ICH at particularly high risk for thromboembolic stroke or low risk of ICH recurrence might benefit from long-term anticoagulation.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine and the Center for Clinical Effectiveness, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA. mark.eckman@uc.edu
authors.forename: Mark H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Eckman
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rosand
authors.forename: Katherine A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Knudsen
authors.forename: Daniel E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Singer
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Greenberg
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001241:Aspirin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D020767:Intracranial Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008390:Markov Chains; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D012306:Risk; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014859:Warfarin / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D014859:Warfarin; D001241:Aspirin