title: Early cognitive and affective sequelae of traumatic brain injury: a study using the BNI Screen for Higher Cerebral Functions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate that the Barrow Neurological Institute (BNI) Screen for Higher Cerebral Functions (BNIS) can be used to briefly assess cognitive and affective disturbances during the acute stages after traumatic brain injury (TBI).
  
  
  METHODS
  People with TBI were administered the BNIS during the first 60 days after injury and their performance compared to a convenience sample of control subjects used in the standardization of the BNIS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inpatient units of a neurological institute and medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-two individuals with moderate-to-severe TBI and 21 control subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to patients with TBI, control subjects performed significantly better on the BNIS total and all subtest scores. TBI patients were best classified by poor performance on measures of affect disturbance and impaired awareness. Stepwise discriminant analysis identified disturbances in memory, awareness, and affect as contributing most to the classification of an individual as having TBI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both cognitive and affective disturbances can be directly assessed during the early stages after significant TBI. The BNIS can be used for this purpose and help document that TBI specifically affects memory, awareness, and affect during its early stages and should be addressed in rehabilitation.
authors.affiliation: Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
authors.forename: Susan R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Borgaro
authors.forename: George P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Prigatano
mesh_terms: D000210:Acute-Phase Reaction / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000293:injuries* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D013997:Time Factors; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices