title: Real-time imaging of two-dimensional cardiac strain using a harmonic phase magnetic resonance imaging (HARP-MRI) pulse sequence.
abstract: The harmonic phase (HARP) method provides automatic and rapid analysis of tagged magnetic resonance (MR) images for quantification and visualization of myocardial strain. In this article, the development and implementation of a pulse sequence that acquires HARP images in real time are described. In this pulse sequence, a CINE sequence of images with 1-1 spatial modulation of magnetization (SPAMM) tags are acquired during each cardiac cycle, alternating between vertical and horizontal tags in successive heartbeats. An incrementing train of imaging RF flip angles is used to compensate for the decay of the harmonic peaks due to both T(1) relaxation and the applied imaging pulses. The magnitude images displaying coarse anatomy are automatically reconstructed and displayed in real time after each heartbeat. HARP strain images are generated offline at a rate of four images per second; real-time processing should be possible with faster algorithms or computers. A comparison of myocardial contractility in non-breath-hold and breath-hold experiments in normal humans is presented.
authors.affiliation: Image Analysis and Communications Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA.
authors.forename: Smita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sampath
authors.forename: J Andrew
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Derbyshire
authors.forename: Ergin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Atalar
authors.forename: Nael F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Osman
authors.forename: Jerry L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Prince
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D016477:Artifacts; D004548:Elasticity; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D019028:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine / Q000379:methods*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D011786:Quality Control; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000502:physiology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013382:Subtraction Technique; D016276:Ventricular Function; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*