title: Mass transfer of calcium across the peritoneum at three different peritoneal dialysis fluid Ca2+ and glucose concentrations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In peritoneal dialysis, the rate of ultrafiltration has been predicted to be a major determinant of peritoneal calcium (Ca2+) removal. Hence, dialysis fluid glucose concentration should be an important factor governing the transperitoneal Ca2+ balance. The aim of this study was to test the effect of various dialysate glucose levels and selected dialysate Ca2+ levels on Ca2+ removal in peritoneal dialysis patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients (N = 8) received, during a 7-week period, 2 L of lactate (30 mmol/L)/bicarbonate (10 mmol/L)-buffered peritoneal dialysis solutions containing either 1.5% glucose and 1.0 mmol/L Ca2+ or 2.5% glucose and 1.6 mmol/L Ca2+, or 4% glucose and 2.5 mmol/L Ca2+, respectively, provided in a three-compartment bag (trio system). Patients underwent standardized (4-hour) dwells, one for each of the three dialysates to assess permeability-surface area product (PS) or mass transfer area coefficients (MTAC) for ionized and "freely diffusible" Ca2+, lactate, glucose, bicarbonate, phosphate, creatinine, and urea.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a clear-cut dependence of peritoneal Ca2+ removal on the rate of ultrafiltration. For large peritoneal to dialysate Ca2+ gradients (2.5 mmol/L Ca2+ in 4% glucose) a close fit of measured to simulated data was predicted by the three-pore model using nonelectrolyte equations. For low transperitoneal Ca2+ concentration gradients, however, directly measured Ca2+ data agreed with the simulated ones only when the peritoneal Ca2+ PS was set lower than predicted from pore theory (6 mL/min).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a marked ultrafiltration dependence of transperitoneal Ca2+ transport. Nonelectrolyte equations could be used to simulate peritoneal ion (Ca2+) transport provided that the transperitoneal ion concentration gradients were large. Based on our data 1.38 mmol/L Ca2+ in the dialysis fluid would have created zero net Ca2+ gain during a 4-hour dwell for 1.5% glucose, whereas 1.7 and 2.2 mmol/L Ca2+ would have been needed to produce zero Ca2+ gain for 2.5% glucose and 3.9% glucose, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, University Hospital of Lund, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ole
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Simonsen
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Venturoli
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wieslander
authors.forename: Ola
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Carlsson
authors.forename: Bengt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rippe
mesh_terms: D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D002118:Calcium / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D015314:Dialysis Solutions / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005947:Glucose / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis; D010537:Peritoneum / Q000378:metabolism*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015314:Dialysis Solutions; D005947:Glucose; D002118:Calcium