title: Detection of occult cervical micrometastases in patients with head and neck squamous cell cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The incidence of occult nodal metastases associated with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and the clinical significance of nodal micrometastases by cytokeratin immunohistochemical analysis are examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  In all, 1012 lymph nodes from 50 patients treated between 1992 and 2001 at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center (Denver, CO) were evaluated retrospectively for micrometastases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serial sectioning in 5-to 6-microm interval specimens stained either with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) or immunostaining for cytokeratins using the monoclonal antibody cocktail AE1/AE3 was performed in 21 N0, 11 N1, and 14 N2 patient cases. Cases that showed scattered cells with suspect staining qualities but without morphological features consistent with HNSCC were further evaluated by epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) immunohistochemical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  H&E-stained and cytokeratin-stained sections revealed occult nodal micrometastases in 3.8% of N0 and 5% of N1 cases. Overall, 26 micrometastases were identified in N0 and N1 patients, causing 29% of N0 patients and 45% of N1 patients to be upstaged. Cytokeratin immunostaining detected micrometastases in eight cases that were negative on H&E serial sectioning. Serial sectioning by H&E alone identified three additional micrometastases. Negative EMA immunostaining confirmed the absence of malignant cells in lymph node sections that were equivocal on cytokeratin staining.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of serial sectioning with H&E and cytokeratin immunohistochemical analysis increases the detection of micrometastases that are often elusive by routine processing in patients with HNSCC. Improved methods of detecting micrometastases may provide a basis for improved planning of postoperative therapy for patients already at risk for tumor recurrence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, 80262, USA. jebarrera@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Jose E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Barrera
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Sherif
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Said
authors.forename: Bruce W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Jafek
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Campana
authors.forename: Kenneth R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Shroyer
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000556:secondary*; D046508:Culture Techniques; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007633:Keratins / Q000378:metabolism*; D018396:Mucin-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D013125:Spinal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000556:secondary*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D018396:Mucin-1; D007633:Keratins