title: HIV/AIDS risk behaviors and correlates of injection drug use among drug users in Pakistan.
abstract: We studied prevalence and correlates of injection drug use, awareness of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), and risky behaviors among drug users serviced by a nongovernmental organization catering to drug users in three Pakistani cities (Quetta, Peshawar, and Rawalpindi). Logistic regression analysis was used to identify correlates of injection drug use. Of 608 drug users, 99.8% were male; median age was 32 years, and 44% were married. Most (79.8%) were Pakistani; 15.3% were Afghani. The majority used heroin (98.7%), mostly by inhalation; 15.2% injected drugs. Only 41% had heard of HIV/AIDS, and 30% had been paid for donating blood. Injection drug use and needle sharing were highest in Quetta. Injecting drug users (IDUs) were nearly twice as likely to have donated blood and to have heard about HIV/AIDS compared to other drug users. Interventions to discourage transitions to injection, increase HIV testing, and safeguard the blood supply in Pakistan are urgently needed.
authors.affiliation: Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Mohammad Abrar
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Tariq
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zafar
authors.forename: Heena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Brahmbhatt
authors.forename: Ghazanfar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Imam
authors.forename: Salman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ul Hassan
authors.forename: Joseph C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Bareta
authors.forename: Steffanie A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Strathdee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001782:Blood Donors; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016485:Needle Sharing / Q000009:adverse effects; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012309:Risk-Taking; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000821:virology*