title: The heart failure revascularisation trial (HEART): rationale, design and methodology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most patients with heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) secondary to coronary artery disease (CAD) have evidence of myocardium in jeopardy (reversible ischaemia and/or stunning hibernation). It is not known whether revascularisation in such cases is safe or beneficial.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether revascularisation will improve the survival of patients with LVSD and heart failure secondary to CAD and myocardium in jeopardy.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a randomised controlled trial comparing revascularisation or not, in addition to optimal medical therapy with ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, aldosterone antagonists and an anti-thrombotic agent. Patients must have heart failure requiring treatment with diuretics, a left ventricular ejection fraction <35% and evidence of coronary disease. Myocardial viability and ischaemia are assessed by a broad range of techniques including stress echocardiography and nuclear imaging. All imaging tests are reviewed in core laboratories to ensure uniform reporting. Any conventional revascularisation technique is permitted. The primary outcome measure is all cause mortality. Symptoms, quality of life and health economic issues will also be explored. Assuming an annual mortality of 10% in the control group and allowing for substantial cross-over rates, a study of 800 patients followed for 5 years has 80% power with an alpha of 0.05 (two-sided) to show a 25% reduction in mortality with revascularisation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the time of writing 180 patients have been screened for inclusion, 111 have consented to participate and 70 have been randomised. The results of viability testing are awaited in 22 patients. Twenty-six patients had been investigated for myocardial viability and/or by angiography prior to consent, as part of the routine practice in that cardiology department. Of 68 patients who have completed assessment only after consent, 47 (69%) were included. The principal reason for drop-out between consent and randomisation was lack of evidence of myocardial ischaemia or hibernation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The HEART trial will help to determine whether investigation of myocardial ischaemia and/or viability with a view to revascularisation should become part of the routine care of patients with heart failure due to LVSD and CAD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Academic Cardiology, Castle Hill Hospital, Cottingham, Kingston upon Hull HU16 5JQ, UK. g.m.porter@hull.ac.uk
authors.forename: J G F
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Cleland
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authors.forename: S G
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authors.lastname: Ball
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authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D009204:Myocardial Revascularization; D012107:Research Design; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D006113:United Kingdom; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery