title: Proximity of carotid canal wall to tympanic membrane: a human temporal bone study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to examine the possible risk of injury to the internal carotid artery during procedures in the middle ear, including myringotomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Histopathological morphometric study of human temporal bones.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred forty-two human temporal bone specimens obtained from 92 individuals without any known ear disease were prepared for light microscopic study. Using 83 bones that were available for measurement, the thickness of the carotid canal wall (CCW), which is the medial wall of the bony portion of the eustachian tube, was measured. Using 15 bones selected for three-dimensional measurement, the closest distance from CCW to the anterior tympanic annulus was measured. Using all 142 temporal bone specimens, the CCW was examined to detect the presence of partial dehiscence. In one case, the images of CCW dehiscence and its surrounding structures were reconstructed by a personal computer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The thickness of the CCW was 0.00 to 0.73 mm (average thickness, 0.24 mm [+/-0.12 mm]). The distance from the CCW to the anterior tympanic annulus was 1.8 to 8.1 mm (average distance, 4.9 [+/-1.7 mm]). Dehiscence of CCW was observed in 7 (4.9%) of 142 temporal bone specimens. The reconstructed image showed that the posterior half of the dehiscence of CCW could be seen from the external ear canal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CCW was found to be extremely thin or even dehiscent in some cases, rendering the internal carotid artery vulnerable during transtympanic procedures. The study's findings emphasized the need for judicious care when operating in the anterior mesotympanum.
authors.affiliation: Division of Otopathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Seishi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hasebe
authors.forename: Isamu
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sando
authors.forename: Yorihisa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Orita
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000166:cytology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D046508:Culture Techniques; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013506:Otologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D013701:Temporal Bone / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000166:cytology* / Q000601:surgery; D014432:Tympanic Membrane / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000166:cytology*