title: Hereditary haemochromatosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in males: a strategy for estimating the potential for primary prevention.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Homozygosity for the C282Y mutation of the HFE gene is the main cause of iron overload in hereditary haemochromatosis. This study calculated the number of hepatocellular carcinoma cases among a cohort of white males that could be attributed to C282Y homozygosity. A better understanding of the extent of potentially preventable mortality arising from this cancer might help with decision making about the feasibility of population screening.
  
  
  METHODS
  We combined information from published life tables, age-specific cancer rates and DNA studies of archived liver biopsy specimens to calculate the number of cases of hepatocellular carcinoma that might occur during the lifetime of a cohort of 1,000,000 men, including a subgroup of 5000 C282Y homozygotes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hepatocellular carcinoma was estimated to occur in 2673 men in the cohort (1:374); 267 of these cases were in the subgroup of 5000 C282Y homozygotes (1:17). If these 267 cases were prevented, the remaining lifetime risk among all males would be 1:416. The relative risk for this cancer in C282Y homozygotes is 23.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There continues to be uncertainty about the efficacy of screening for haemochromatosis. Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most readily quantifiable serious health problem attributable to this source. Further confirmatory DNA (C282Y) studies would be helpful in larger, unbiased sets of archived biopsy specimens, as a way to confirm the present estimate. Any strategy designed to prevent attributable liver cancer is likely to prevent other serious problems from haemochromatasis as well.
authors.affiliation: Foundation for Blood Research, 69 US Route One, Scarborough, Maine 04074, USA. jhaddow@fbr.org
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Haddow
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Palomaki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McClain
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Craig
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006432:Hemochromatosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D015993:Life Tables; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011322:Primary Prevention / Q000379:methods*; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology