title: Treatment and toxicokinetics of acute pediatric arsenic ingestion: danger of arsenic insecticides in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the toxicokinetics and management of acute pediatric arsenic ingestion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case report and literature review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary pediatric intensive care unit, St. John's Children's Hospital, Springfield, IL.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 22-month-old boy ingested approximately twice the estimated lethal dose of arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)) ant bait. Only one household arsenical insecticide is available in the United States and is presumed to be shielded from human exposure. He survived without detectable sequelae. Initially, the patient developed signs of acute hemodynamic compromise with tachycardia, hypertension, gastrointestinal symptoms, and poor urine output. He became lethargic with muscle weakness and was somnolent but never developed encephalopathy, seizures, or late onset peripheral neuropathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  He was stabilized with fluid resuscitation, placed on a sodium bicarbonate intravenous drip, and treated with intramuscular dimercaprol (British anti-Lewisite), 5 mg/kg every 6 hrs for 3 days. When the British anti-Lewisite and the sodium bicarbonate drip were discontinued, oral meso 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (Succimer) was administered three times a day for 5 days and thereafter twice daily until the urine arsenic concentration decreased below 50 microg/L.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Continuous monitoring in the pediatric intensive care unit included continuous electrocardiogram, arterial blood pressure, urine output, vital signs, arterial blood gases, serum and urine arsenic concentrations, electrolytes, electromyography, and determination of arsenic toxicokinetics. The child's serum arsenic concentration was the highest ever reported with survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recovery from arsenic poisoning was attributable to the restoration and maintenance of adequate cardiac output and renal perfusion in early shock, which allowed depot intramuscular British anti-Lewisite to circulate and eliminate the poison. Although an intravenous antiarsenical chelating agent would be advantageous in treating shock from arsenic poisoning, none is currently available. We urge the immediate use of British anti-Lewisite therapy on patient presentation with suspected toxic arsenic ingestion.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Southern Illinois University, School of Medicine, Springfield 62794-9658, USA.
authors.forename: Dimitrios E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Stephanopoulos
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Willman
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shevlin
authors.forename: Larry
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pinter
authors.forename: David D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Gummin