title: Hypertonic saline resuscitation reduces apoptosis and tissue damage of the small intestine in a mouse model of hemorrhagic shock.
abstract: The effect of hypertonic saline resuscitation on intestinal damage and the incidence of apoptosis after hemorrhagic shock were investigated. After anesthesia, male BALB/c mice weighing 24-34 g were hemorrhaged to the mean arterial pressure of 40 +/- 5 mmHg for 90 min. Animals were randomly assigned to four groups: 1) resuscitation with 4 mL/kg of 7.5% NaCl (hypertonic saline; HS) + shed blood (SB); 2) resuscitation with two times the volume of shed blood of lactated Ringer's solution (2LR) + SB; 3) sham (catheter only); or 4) control (no treatment). Intestinal damage was graded based on the extent of the vacuolation at the basal area of the intestinal villi. Apoptosis of the small intestines was examined with the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine 5-triphosphate nick-end labeling method and with DNA laddering. Caspase-3 activation, heat shock protein (HSP) 70, and HSP40 were assessed by western blotting. Apoptosis of the small intestine and intestinal damage were significantly lower (P < 0.01) in the HS+SB group compared with the 2LR+SB group 2 h and 6 h after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation, respectively. This corresponded with more DNA fragmentation in the small intestine of the 2LR+SB group compared with the HS+SB group 2 h after hemorrhage and resuscitation. In addition, we observed less caspase-3 activation in the small intestine of the HS+SB group compared with the 2LR+SB group at 2 h after resuscitation. The content of HSP40 and HSP70 in the HS+SB group was similar to that in controls, but slightly decreased in the 2LR+SB group. HS resuscitation reduced intestinal damage and apoptosis after hemorrhagic shock, suggesting that HS resuscitation may improve the outcome after hemorrhagic shock by reducing apoptosis and damage to the small intestine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan 634-8522. ymurao@nmu-gw.naramed-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Murao
authors.forename: Michiaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hata
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohnishi
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okuchi
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.forename: Yoshio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hiasa
authors.forename: Wolfgang G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Junger
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Hoyt
authors.forename: Takeo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohnishi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D015153:Blotting, Western; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000187:drug effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D050956:HSP40 Heat-Shock Proteins; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D012151:Resuscitation; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology*; D012964:Sodium / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D050956:HSP40 Heat-Shock Proteins; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic; D012964:Sodium; C505409:Casp3 protein, mouse; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases