title: STaT: a three-question screen for intimate partner violence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a simple, sensitive screening tool for lifetime intimate partner violence (IPV) in women.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the emergency department (ED) of an urban teaching hospital, 75 English-speaking women between 18 and 64 years old were tested. The sensitivity and specificity of 43 dichotomous response-option, IPV screening questions were compared. The reference standard was lifetime IPV, determined by a semistructured interview, using preset criteria of specific violence acts or emotional control or both by an intimate partner. Questions with high sensitivity (>70%) were tested together against the reference standard. Answering yes to any question scored 1 point. Content area and the area under receiver-operator curve (AUROC) of the screening questions determined the final tool.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-three percent of women reported lifetime IPV. Eight of the 43 screening questions had a sensitivity of >70%. After testing possible combinations, the final three-question screen, STaT had the highest AUROC. The STaT questions are: "Have you ever been in a relationship where your partner has pushed or Slapped you?" "Have you ever been in a relationship where your partner Threatened you with violence?" and "Have you ever been in a relationship where your partner has thrown, broken or punched Things?" The sensitivity (95% confidence intervals [95% CI]) of STaT for lifetime IPV is 96% (90%, 100%), 89% (81%, 98%), and 64% (50%, 78%) for a score of >/=1, >/=2, and 3, respectively. The corresponding specificity is 75% (59%-91%), 100%, and 100%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three simple questions when used together can effectively identify lifetime IPV and will aid clinicians' efforts to identify abuse in women.
authors.affiliation: Ambulatory Service, Edith Nourse Rogers Veterans Administration Hospital and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. aparanj@emory.edu
authors.forename: Anuradha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paranjape
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liebschutz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019540:Area Under Curve; D018585:Battered Women / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013179:Spouse Abuse / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D014481:United States; D016387:Women's Health