title: The role of cross-cultural factors in long-duration international space missions: lessons from the SFINCSS-99 study.
abstract: The role of cross-cultural factors in long-duration international space missions was examined during an isolation study that simulated many of the conditions aboard the International Space Station.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interactions involving two heterogeneous crews and one homogeneous crew staying in isolation from 110 to 240 days were studied. Data consisted of post-isolation interviews with crewmembers, ground support personnel and management, observational data, and public statements by crewmembers. Data was analyzed using the techniques of linguistic anthropology and ethnography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sub-cultural (organizational and professional) differences played a larger role than national differences in causing misunderstandings in this study. Conversely, some misunderstandings and conflicts were escalated by participants falsely assuming cultural differences or similarities. Comparison between the two heterogeneous crews showed the importance of training, personality factors, and commander and language skills in preventing and alleviating cultural misunderstandings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study revealed a number of ways that cultural differences, real as well as assumed, can play a role and interact with other, non-cultural, factors in causing and/or precipitating conflict situations. It is postulated that such difficulties can be avoided by selecting culturally adaptive crewmembers and by cross-cultural and language training. Also the crew composition and role of commander were found to be important in mitigating conflict situations.
authors.affiliation: Canadian Space Agency, Saint-Hubert, Canada. leena.tomi@space.gc.ca
authors.forename: Leena M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Tomi
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rossokha
authors.forename: Janette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hosein
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000884:Anthropology, Cultural / Q000379:methods; D018480:Astronauts / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology*; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D018864:Cultural Diversity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D007407:Interviews as Topic / Q000379:methods; D008037:Linguistics / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D015279:Organizational Culture; D010551:Personality; D012934:Social Isolation / Q000523:psychology*; D013026:Space Flight; D018561:Space Simulation