title: Decision aids for people facing health treatment or screening decisions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Decision aids prepare people to participate in preference-sensitive decisions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  1. Create a comprehensive inventory of patient decision aids focused on healthcare options. 2. Review randomized controlled trials (RCT) of decision aids, for people facing healthcare decisions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were identified through databases and contact with researchers active in the field.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two independent reviewers screened abstracts for interventions designed to aid patients' decision making by providing information about treatment or screening options and their associated outcomes. Information about the decision aids was compiled in an inventory; those that had been evaluated in a RCT were reviewed in detail.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two reviewers independently extracted data using standardized forms. Results of RCTs were pooled using weighted mean differences (WMD) and relative risks (RR) using a random effects model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over 200 decision aids were identified. Of the 131 available decision aids, most are intended for use before counselling. Using the CREDIBLE criteria to evaluate the quality of the decision aids: a) most included potential harms and benefits, credentials of the developers, description of their development process, update policy, and were free of perceived conflict of interest; b) many included reference to relevant literature; c) few included a description of the level of uncertainty regarding the evidence; and d) few were evaluated. Thirty of these decision aids were evaluated in 34 RCTs and another trial evaluated a suite of eight decision aids. An additional 30 trials are yet to be published. Among the trials comparing decision aids to usual care, decision aids performed better in terms of: a) greater knowledge (WMD 19 out of 100, 95% CI: 13 to 24; b) more realistic expectations (RR 1.4, 95%CI: 1.1 to 1.9); c) lower decisional conflict related to feeling informed (WMD -9.1 of 100, 95%CI: -12 to -6); d) increased proportion of people active in decision making (RR 1.4, 95% CI: 1.0 to 2.3); and e) reduced proportion of people who remained undecided post intervention (RR 0.43, 95% CI: 0.3 to 0.7). When simpler were compared to more detailed decision aids, the relative improvement was significant in: a) knowledge (WMD 4 out of 100, 95% CI: 3 to 6); b) more realistic expectations (RR 1.5, 95% CI: 1.3 to 1.7); and c) greater agreement between values and choice. Decision aids appeared to do no better than comparisons in affecting satisfaction with decision making, anxiety, and health outcomes. Decision aids had a variable effect on which healthcare options were selected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The availability of decision aids is expanding with many on the Internet; however few have been evaluated. Trials indicate that decision aids improve knowledge and realistic expectations; enhance active participation in decision making; lower decisional conflict; decrease the proportion of people remaining undecided, and improve agreement between values and choice. The effects on persistence with chosen therapies and cost-effectiveness require further evaluation. Finally, optimal strategies for dissemination need to be explored.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing and Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, C4 Ottawa Hospital, 1053 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1Y 4E9. aoconnor@ohri.ca
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stacey
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Entwistle
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Llewellyn-Thomas
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rovner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Holmes-Rovner
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tait
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tetroe
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fiset
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barry
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D006801:Humans; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D010358:Patient Participation; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic