title: One-step vs two-step procedure in dynamic graciloplasty.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dynamic graciloplasty, a proven treatment for end-stage faecal incontinence, requires transposition of the gracilis muscle around the anal canal and implantation of a pulse generator and intramuscular electrodes. In view of the risk of infection around the implanted material the implantation was initially not performed in combination with the perineal procedure but 6 weeks later. Sparing the patients an extra operation, however, might be justified if morbidity is not increased. This study aimed to compare the combined single-stage with the two-stage procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two groups of 13 patients were admitted to this prospective, matched control study according to waiting list ranking. They were matched for age, gender and aetiology. Group I had transposition and transplantation combined, group II underwent these procedures separately with a 6-week interval. Continence, manometry, stimulation parameters, quality of life results and adverse events were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After a mean 521-day follow up infection rates were comparable in both groups, as were continence rates, morbidity, anal manometry, stimulation parameters and quality of life.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Outcome, morbidity and quality of life seem to be comparable. A single procedure avoids the need for an extra admission and operation, so the one-stage approach should be the standard procedure in dynamic graciloplasty.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands. m.rongen@ah.unimaas.nl
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rongen
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Adang
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: van der Hoop
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Baeten