title: Comparing methods and sediment contaminant indicators for determining produced water fate in a Louisiana estuary.
abstract: Produced water is a high salinity by-product resulting from oil and gas production. Disposal methods include surface water discharge. The current field method used to determine its fate in estuarine systems involves extending a compass oriented transect (COT) from the point source discharge--a method designed for a uniformly dispersing effluent discharged into a uniform offshore environment that may be inappropriate for the hydrologic and geomorphologic complexities found in estuarine systems. Prior research established the viability of the salinity stratification transect (SST) method. Both COT and SST methods were used in a small open bay to determine which more accurately detected effluent dispersion. Determination was based on sediment contaminant indicators (SCIs), including interstitial salinity, hydrocarbons, metals, and radium concentrations. Additionally, SCIs were evaluated for their ability to serve as indicators of effluent dispersion. The data revealed that SST stations exhibited higher contaminant concentrations and that this approach was more accurate in tracking the produced water plume. The data also suggested that SCIs varied in their ability to serve as indicators. Good indicators included interstitial salinity, total targeted aromatic hydrocarbons substantiated with a modified fossil fuel pollution index value, certain metals, and radium-228.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, School of the Coast and Environment, Wetland Biogeochemistry Institute, Louisiana State University, 153 Howe-Russell Geosciences, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA. debrawoodall@netscape.net
authors.forename: Debra W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Woodall
authors.forename: Nancy N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Rabalais
authors.forename: Robert P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Gambrell
authors.forename: Ronald D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: DeLaune
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005544:Forecasting; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry*; D055593:Geological Phenomena; D005844:Geology; D006841:Hydrocarbons, Aromatic / Q000032:analysis; D007220:Industrial Waste; D008145:Louisiana; D010578:Petroleum; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000032:analysis*; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D014872:Water Movements; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D006841:Hydrocarbons, Aromatic; D007220:Industrial Waste; D010578:Petroleum; D014873:Water Pollutants; D012965:Sodium Chloride