title: The Toll-IL-1 receptor adaptor family grows to five members.
abstract: Toll-like receptor (TLR) signal transduction is mediated by an adaptor protein termed MyD88. In the case of TLR2 and TLR4, another adaptor related to MyD88 called Mal also participates in signalling. Two recent papers have added a third adaptor to the family, called Toll-interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing adaptor inducing interferon-beta (IFN-beta) (TRIF) or TIR-containing adaptor molecule-1 (TICAM-1), which is particularly important for IFN regulatory factor-3 (IRF-3) activation by antiviral TLR3. Two additional adaptors are present in humans, termed Trif-related adaptor molecule (TRAM) and sterile alpha and HEAT-Armadillo motifs (SARM). It is probable that differential use of adaptors will help explain the distinct pathways activated by TLRs during host defence.
authors.affiliation: Cytokine Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland. laoneill@tcd.ie
authors.forename: Luke A J
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: O'Neill
authors.forename: Katherine A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
authors.forename: Andrew G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Bowie
mesh_terms: D033942:Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport / Q000276:immunology; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D051186:Armadillo Domain Proteins; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1 / Q000276:immunology; D017385:Sequence Homology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology*; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051196:Toll-Like Receptor 3; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors
chemical_list: D033942:Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport; D051186:Armadillo Domain Proteins; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1; C435689:SARM1 protein, human; C470409:TICAM1 protein, human; C495342:TLR2 protein, human; C495344:TLR3 protein, human; C495345:TLR4 protein, human; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051196:Toll-Like Receptor 3; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors