title: Immune-enhancing enteral diet increases blood flow and proinflammatory cytokines in the rat ileum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Enteral feeding improves outcome following surgery. Benefits depend on timing, route (enteral vs parenteral), and nutrient composition (standard vs immune-enhancing diets; IED). IED augments intestinal immunity and stimulates gut blood flow during absorption in a nutrient-specific manner. We hypothesize that a mechanism for the gut protective effect of IED is augmentation of blood flow to the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) in the terminal ileum.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Sprague-Dawley rats (200-230 g) were fed for 5 days either an IED (Impact, Novartis) or an isocaloric, isonitrogenous control diet (CD, Boost, Mead-Johnson) matched to the daily caloric intake (rat chow). Rats were then anesthetized and cannulated for microsphere determination of whole organ blood flow. Blood glucose levels and blood flow to abdominal organs were determined at baseline and 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after gastric gavage (2 ml) with IED or CD. Intestinal tissues were harvested for cytokine levels (ELISA: IL-4, IL-10, IFN-gamma, and IgA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chronic IED increased baseline blood flow in the distal third of the small intestine compared to chow-fed and CD. Baseline blood flow was comparable between IED and CD in all other organs. CD and IED produced different blood flow patterns after gavage. CD increased blood flow compared to baseline and IED in antrum, duodenum, and jejunum. Ileal blood flow remained elevated in IED rats for 2 h, perhaps suggesting maximal blood flow. IED increased blood glucose compared to CD. Chronic IED increased IL-4 and decreased IL-10 in the terminal ileum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic IED exposure increases and sustains ileal blood flow compared to CD with altered proinflammatory cytokine expression. Our data suggest that a mechanism for the IED effect involves the selective perfusion of the terminal ileum and contiguous GALT during IED nutrient absorption.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, 800 Zorn Avenue, Research Building 19, Louisville, KY 40292, USA. pjmath01@gwise.louisville.edu
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Matheson
authors.forename: Ryan T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Hurt
authors.forename: Olivia F
authors.initials: OF
authors.lastname: Mittel
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Spain
authors.forename: R Neal
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Garrison
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002151:Calorimetry; D016207:Cytokines / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D004750:Enteral Nutrition; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000494:pharmacology; D007082:Ileum / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D007372:Interferons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D007378:Interleukins / Q000276:immunology; D008221:Lymphoid Tissue / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013152:Splanchnic Circulation / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D016207:Cytokines; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D007378:Interleukins; D007372:Interferons