title: [Cell membrane electroporator with digital generation of random shaped pulses].
abstract: A Digital Poration System (DPS), a versatile device for electrotreatment of biological objects by electric field pulses; was designed, constructed, and implemented. A feature distinguishing DPS from the currently available electroporators based on capacitor discharge through the load is the use of a digital-to-analog converter card as a generator of pulses applied for electroporation of biological membranes, with further amplification of the pulse by both voltage and current. The shape of pulses, including bipolar pulses, is arbitrarily programmable in DPS unlike other electroporators providing exponentially decaying and square-wave pulses only. Thus, the application area of DPS is substantially extended. In DPS, many of the drawbacks inherent in capacitor electroporators are removed, including the need for an additional external pulse analyzer monitoring and logging the electroporation processes, the necessity to recharge the capacitor before any new pulse, a poor precision of setting and measuring the pulse parameters, the need for an additional generator of long-lasting low-voltage signals for electrophoresis of ions into the porated object, the need for additional AC generators for the alignment of cells before, after, and during electroporation, and the need for an additional microprocessor to control multi-pulse and/or repetitive protocols. DPS provides a slew rate of about 1 V/1 ns required for the electroporation of most mammalian somatic cells, with +/- 250 V output voltage and 500 Ohm load resistance. The application area of DPS is much wider than for the available porators. It includes electrochemotherapy, cell electrofusion, oocyte activation by mimicking calcium waves (the latter two are the crucial components of mammalian organism cloning technology), dielectrophoretic bunching and orientation ordering of cells, sorting of cells, and electrophoresis of charged species into the cells.
authors.affiliation: Physical Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorob'evy Gory, Moscow, 117234 Russia.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Iakovenko
authors.forename: B V
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Trubitsin
mesh_terms: D002462:Cell Membrane; D018274:Electroporation