title: Causal inference in lead research: introduction to the special section on the neurobehavioral effects of environmental lead.
abstract: This Special Section on the Neurobehavioral Effects of Environmental Lead includes empirical reports from three major longitudinal prospective studies and a review of animal research modeling effects of lead on human cognition. This Introductory article addresses a fundamental controversy in lead and other epidemiologic research. It is argued that, contrary to conventional wisdom, valid causal inferences can be made from correlational research. Justification for this is to be found in contemporary frameworks drawn from the field of the philosophy of science; an essential, but often neglected perspective for such metatheoretical issues as causal inference. It is concluded that the nonexperimental methods described in the articles comprising this Special Section can, indeed, contribute to causal formulations of lead effects on human development, and that such inferences are not exclusive to experimental evidence.
authors.affiliation: Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA. douglas.ris@cchmc.org
authors.forename: M Douglas
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Ris
mesh_terms: D015984:Causality; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000523:psychology; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007855:Lead Poisoning / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D012106:Research
chemical_list: D007854:Lead