title: Vulvar carcinoma associated with lichen sclerosus. Experience at the Florence, Italy, Vulvar Clinic.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with lichen sclerosus (LS)-associated squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the vulva with those of patients with tumors not histologically associated with LS in a series of patients with vulvar SCC not HPV correlated.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed histologic specimens and clinical files of all vulvar SCCs referred to the Vulvar Clinic, University of Florence, Florence, Italy, since 1990.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-five out of the 72 cases in this study (34.7%) were LS associated. Among these cases, 8 (32%) were diagnosed with LS before occurrence of the cancer and received treatment for the disease. In 17 cases the diagnosis of LS was simultaneous with that of SCC; in 13 cases the diagnosis was achieved by clinical examination and confirmed afterwards histologically. In 4 cases this was confirmed only by means of histologic examination. The shared profile of patients with LS-associated vulvar SCC was a subject (mean age, 72 years) seldom with a past medical history of vitiligo (16% of cases), with invasive cancer (92% of cases), clinically characterized by an exophitic tumor (73%), seldom ulcerated (18%) or showing hyperkeratosis (9%). Labia majora (32%), labia minora (27%) and vestibule (23%) were the most frequently involved sites. In most cases (80%) the cancer was limited to 1/3 of the vulvar region. An itch was the most frequent symptom. However, for all of these variables, no overall statistically significant difference was found with patients who had SCCs not associated with LS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The experience of the Vulvar Clinic, University of Florence, confirms the suggested role of LS as a possible precursor of vulvar carcinoma since 32% of our cases not HPV related were LS associated. We demonstrated that the profile of patients with LS-associated cancer does not differ from that of patients with cancer not associated with LS, excluding HPV-related cases. The existence of accessory conditions, probably needed to promote the progression from LS to cancer in a minority of subjects remains to be established.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Dermatology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pathologic Anatomy and Oncology, University of Florence, Via degli Alfani, 31, 50121 Florence, Italy. carli@unifi.it
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Carli
authors.forename: Angelina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Magnis
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mannone
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Botti
authors.forename: Gianluigi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Taddei
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cattaneo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D018459:Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus / Q000150:complications*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014846:Vulvar Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology