title: Specific amino acid dependency regulates invasiveness and viability of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells.
abstract: Androgen-independent prostate cancer is resistant to therapy and is often metastatic. Here we studied the effect of deprivation of tyrosine and phenylalanine (Tyr/Phe), glutamine (Gln), or methionine (Met), in vitro on human DU145 and PC3 androgen-independent prostate cancer cells, and on nontumorigenic human infant foreskin fibroblasts and human prostate epithelial cells. Deprivation of the amino acids similarly inhibited growth of DU145 and PC3 cells, arresting the cell cycle at G0/G1. Met and Tyr/Phe deprivation induces apoptosis in DU145, but only Met deprivation induces apoptosis in PC3 cells. The growth of normal cells is inhibited, but no apoptosis is induced by amino acid deprivation. Tyr/Phe deprivation inhibits expression and phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) in DU145 but not PC3 or normal cells. Met deprivation inhibits phosphorylation but not protein expression of FAK and ERK in PC3. Therefore, apoptosis of DU145 and PC3 cells by amino acid restriction is FAK and ERK dependent. Tyr/Phe and Met deprivation inhibits invasion of DU145 and PC3, but Gln deprivation only inhibits invasion of DU145 cells. This indicates that the inhibition of invasion is not dependent on induction of apoptosis. The inhibition of invasion by Tyr/Phe restriction in DU145 and Met restriction in PC3 is consistent with the inhibition on FAK/ERK signaling. The inhibition of Tyr/Phe restriction in PC3 and Gln restriction in DU145 is not associated with inhibition of FAK/ERK. This indicates that FAK/ERK-dependent and independent pathways are modulated by specific amino acid restriction. This study shows the potential for specific amino acid restriction to treat prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention & Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6510, USA.
authors.forename: Ya-Min
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Zu-Xi
authors.initials: ZX
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Yi-Qi
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xiaokang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.forename: Phillip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Sanchez
authors.forename: Xing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Gary G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Meadows
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D000728:Androgens / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D051417:Focal Adhesion Kinase 1; D051416:Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010649:Phenylalanine / Q000172:deficiency; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000172:deficiency
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D000728:Androgens; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D014443:Tyrosine; D010649:Phenylalanine; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D051417:Focal Adhesion Kinase 1; D051416:Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; C496050:PTK2 protein, human; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases