title: Experimental validation tests of fast Fourier transform convolution and multigrid superposition algorithms for dose calculation in low-density media.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Modern conformal radiotherapy treatments require accurate dose calculation in any relevant clinical situation. One of these situations is the treatment of lung tumors, where irradiation has to be planned under challenging conditions for dose calculation. In this study we assess the errors in dose values predicted by fast Fourier transform convolution (FFTC) and multigrid superposition (MGS) algorithms implemented in a commercial treatment planning system (TPS).
  
  
  METHODS
  FFTC and MGS algorithms were used in a FOCUS 3.0.0 (Computerized Medical Systems, USA) to calculate doses in treatment plans using photon beams of 6 and 25 MV nominal energy from a Saturne 43 linac (GE Medical Systems, USA). A 10x10-cm beam irradiating a mediastinum-lung and a thoracic wall-lung-thoracic wall modeled geometry was assessed. The calculated data were compared with measurements performed with radiographic films and ionization chamber.
  
  
  RESULTS
  FFTC algorithm leads to an average deviation from ionometric dose measurements of over 10%. Discrepancies between measured and calculated beam fringe values (distance between 50 and 90% isodose lines) of up to 8 mm were observed. For MGS algorithm, all the points assessed in both geometries fulfilled the 3%-3 mm accuracy criteria and the average deviation of absolute dose was about 1%. A maximum of 3 mm deviation in the beam fringe for any depth was found and was within 2 mm beyond the buildup region. Deviations between ionometric and film measurements were within 3%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MGS algorithm assesses with reasonable accuracy dose distributions and absolute dose in inhomogeneous regions like the lung region. Therefore, and respecting the inhomogeneity dose calculation, the system could be used in routine clinical practice and in dose-escalation programs. This is not true in the case of FFTC algorithm which leads to errors greater than 10% in the absolute dose calculation and underestimates the beam fringe by up to 8 mm.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Diego de León 62, Madrid 28006, Spain.
authors.forename: Feliciano
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: García-Vicente
authors.forename: Angel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miñambres
authors.forename: Inmaculada
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jerez
authors.forename: Ignaci
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Modolell
authors.forename: Leopoldo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pérez
authors.forename: Juan Jose
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Torres
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011874:Radiometry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal