title: Clinical toxinology--where are we now?
abstract: Clinical toxinology encompasses a broad range of medical conditions resulting from envenomation by venomous terrestrial and marine organisms, and also poisoning from ingestion of animal and plant toxins. Toxin-related disease is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in the tropical and subtropical continents. Snake bite is the single most important toxin-related disease, causing substantial mortality in many parts of Africa, Asia, and the Americas. The most important snake families are Viperidae and Elapidae, causing a range of clinical effects including local necrosis, neurotoxicity, coagulopathy and hemorrhage, myotoxicity and renal toxicity. These effects vary according to geography and group of snake. Arachnid envenomation results mainly in morbidity, particularly scorpion stings which can cause severe systemic envenomation. Spider bite is far less of a problem, and the majority of medically important cases can be attributed to widow spiders (Latrodectus spp.) and recluse spiders (Loxosceles spp.). Marine-related envenomations are common, but severe effects are less so. Plant and mushroom poisoning occur in most parts of the world, but the types and methods of poisoning vary considerably between continents. Management of toxin-related disease is often difficult, and in many cases meticulous supportive care is all that is available. The mainstay of treatment is the use of antivenoms for many envenomations and poisoning, although these do not exist for all dangerous organisms. Unfortunately antivenoms are not an economically viable product, so development and manufacture of these agents have been limited. This is now further worsened by a current shortage of antivenom. There is a need for improvement in the preventionand management of toxin-related disease. This will require well-designed studies to define the extent of the problem, initiatives to improve the prevention and management of these conditions, and development of new, and continuation of current, antivenom supplies.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia. toxinaus@wch.sa.gov.au
authors.forename: Julian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Warrell
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eddleston
authors.forename: Bart J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Currie
authors.forename: Ian M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Whyte
authors.forename: Geoffrey K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Isbister
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000931:Antidotes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000997:Antivenins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001733:Bites and Stings / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D010939:Plant Poisoning / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000931:Antidotes; D000997:Antivenins