title: Novel dipeptide prodrugs of acyclovir for ocular herpes infections: Bioreversion, antiviral activity and transport across rabbit cornea.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A series of dipeptide prodrugs of antiviral nucleoside acyclovir (ACV) were designed to target the oligopeptide transporter on the cornea with an aim of improving the ocular bioavailability and therapeutic activity of ACV.
  
  
  METHODS
  Aqueous stability, ocular bioreversion kinetics in various tissues, in vitro antiviral activity, cell proliferation assay and corneal transport characteristics of the dipeptide prodrugs were studied. Results. ACV dipeptide prodrugs were found to be more stable at pH 5.6 in comparison to L-Val-ACV, an amino acid prodrug of ACV. The prodrugs exhibited higher solubility than ACV. Val-Val-ACV and Val-Tyr-ACV were found to have excellent antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1). All the dipeptide prodrugs exhibited lower cytotoxicity as compared to currently approved anti-HSV agent, trifluorothymidine (TFT). Transport of [(3)H] Val-ACV was inhibited significantly in the presence of the dipeptide prodrugs of ACV. Corneal permeabilities of all the ACV dipeptide prodrugs were observed to be higher than ACV possibly due to recognition of the prodrugs by the oligopeptide transporter on the cornea.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The dipeptide prodrugs were found to be more permeable than the parent drug, ACV. More permeable, less cytotoxic ACV dipeptide prodrugs exhibited excellent chemical stability and antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus thereby rendering these lead compounds promising drug candidates against herpes virus infections.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
authors.forename: Banmeet
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Anand
authors.forename: Yasser
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nashed
authors.forename: Ashim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mitra
mesh_terms: D000212:Acyclovir / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001692:Biological Transport; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D003315:Cornea / Q000378:metabolism; D004151:Dipeptides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004355:Drug Stability; D004798:Enzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D006868:Hydrolysis; D016849:Keratitis, Herpetic / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D008297:Male; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011817:Rabbits; D018139:Simplexvirus / Q000187:drug effects; D000077483:Valacyclovir; D014633:Valine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D004151:Dipeptides; D004798:Enzymes; D011355:Prodrugs; C004194:glycylsarcosine; D014633:Valine; D000077483:Valacyclovir; D000212:Acyclovir