title: Compliance with hand hygiene practice in pediatric intensive care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the frequency and predictors of compliance with hand hygiene (HH) practice in pediatric intensive care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational, prospective cohort study performed from February to April 2000.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three intensive care units at a tertiary care children's hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nurses, physicians, respiratory therapists, and other healthcare workers.
  
  
  METHODS
  During 156 30-min daytime observation periods, an unidentified observer monitored 2811 opportunities for HH during patient care and recorded HH compliance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average HH compliance was 34% (946/2811). It was higher (p < 0.001) among respiratory therapists (68%; 171/251) than physicians (37%; 157/426) or nurses (29%; 587/2031). Contact with body fluid secretions was associated with the highest compliance (77%; 46/60), and contact with wounds (71%; 10/14) or indwelling devices (66%; 110/167) were associated with somewhat lesser compliance. The following were important predictors of compliance (all p < 0.01): being a respiratory therapist (odds ratio [OR], 5.1); working in the neonatal intensive care unit (OR, 1.6); and contact with invasive devices (OR, 2.5), wounds (OR, 6.9), or body fluids (OR, 11.5). Compliance was lowest after interrupted patient-care activities (9%; OR, 0.15). Surprisingly, decreased patient-to-nurse ratio (mean, 1.3 +/- 0.3) or opportunities per hr of care (mean, 37 +/- 7) were not independent predictors of compliance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Average HH compliance was low, but it increased during high-risk patient-care activities. Intensified efforts are necessary to increase caretakers' compliance and the awareness of the risk of bacterial contamination after interrupted patient-care activities.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. harbarth@post.harvard.edu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Harbarth
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pittet
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Grady
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Goldmann