title: Malnutrition at age 3 years and lower cognitive ability at age 11 years: independence from psychosocial adversity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Early malnutrition is linked to poor cognition, but long-term effects have not been extensively examined and psychosocial confounds have not always been controlled.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that malnutrition at age 3 years will be associated with poorer cognitive ability at age 11 years independent of psychosocial confounds.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, longitudinal study of a birth cohort of 1559 children originally assessed at age 3 years for malnutrition (low hemoglobin level, angular stomatitis, kwashiorkor, and sparse, thin hair) and followed up to age 11 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  A community sample of 1559 children (51.4% boys and 48.6% girls) born between September 1, 1969, and August 31, 1970, in 2 towns in the island of Mauritius, with 68.7% Indians and 25.7% Creoles (African origin).
  
  
  METHODS
  Verbal and spatial ability measured at ages 3 and 11 years and reading, scholastic ability, and neuropsychologic performance measured at age 11 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Malnourished children had poorer cognition at both ages. Deficits were stable across time, applied to all sex and ethnic groups, and remained after controlling for multiple measures of psychosocial adversity. Children with 3 indicators of malnutrition had a 15.3-point deficit in IQ at age 11 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Malnutrition at age 3 years is associated with poor cognition at age 11 years independent of psychosocial adversity. Promoting early childhood nutrition could enhance long-term cognitive development and school performance, especially in children with multiple nutritional deficits.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles.
authors.forename: Jianghong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raine
authors.forename: Peter H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Venables
authors.forename: Cyril
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dalais
authors.forename: Sarnoff A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Mednick
mesh_terms: D000740:Anemia / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D005260:Female; D006201:Hair Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D007732:Kwashiorkor / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009748:Nutrition Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013280:Stomatitis / Q000209:etiology