title: The safety of peroxide-containing at-home tooth whiteners.
abstract: Scientific data from research conducted during the past decade have demonstrated the safety of the dentist-dispensed at-home whiteners containing 10% carbamide peroxide. There has been no evidence of systemic adverse effects associated with the proper use of these whitening systems. Most commonly observed local adverse effects are mild-to-moderate tooth sensitivity and/or gingival irritation, which usually do not prevent the patient from completing the whitening treatment. The sensitivity and irritation are transient in most cases, and they dissipate when the patient discontinues the use of the whitener. There is no evidence of any long-term consequences that have resulted from tooth sensitivity and/or gingival irritation. However, potential adverse effects may occur from inappropriate applications, abuses, or the use of inappropriate products. The risks of using at-home whiteners without a dentist's involvement, or using formulations with a higher peroxide content than recommended, are yet to be determined. To maximize benefits while minimizing potential risks, the author advises using at-home tooth whiteners under the supervision of a dental professional.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA.
authors.forename: Yiming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000077463:Carbamide Peroxide; D003812:Dentist-Patient Relations; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006801:Humans; D004366:Nonprescription Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016877:Oxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010545:Peroxides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012449:Safety; D012646:Self Administration; D014073:Tooth Bleaching / Q000379:methods*; D014508:Urea / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D004366:Nonprescription Drugs; D016877:Oxidants; D010545:Peroxides; D000077463:Carbamide Peroxide; D014508:Urea