title: Effects on cell proliferation, activator protein-1 and genotoxicity by fecal water from patients with colorectal adenomas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The free water phase of feces (fecal water) may mediate the effects of diet on colon carcinogenesis. We examined the effects of fecal water from adenoma patients and controls on three parameters in colonocytes believed to be relevant to tumorigenesis, i.e. genotoxicity in intact cells and on isolated DNA, proliferative activity and activator protein-1 (AP-1) activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Genotoxicity in intact colonic cells was assayed using the single-cell gel electrophoresis assay ('comet' assay) and on isolated DNA using double-stranded DNA from the X-174 RF plasmid. Cell proliferation was assessed using the commercially available 'alamar blue' proliferation kit and AP-1 activity using cells transiently transfected with an AP-1-luciferase reporter construct.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The data showed that lipid extracts of fecal water samples from the adenoma patients had a significantly higher capacity to induce cell proliferation than those from controls, and that this effect could be explained to a large extent by the concentrations of deoxycholic and chenodeoxycholic acids in the fecal water using regression models. No difference between patients and controls was observed for induction of AP-1 activity or induction of DNA strand breaks in intact cells. However, induction of DNA strand breaks in isolated DNA was significantly higher for the fecal waters from patients than for those from controls, which could be explained in part in a regression model by concentrations of lithocholic acid in fecal water and fecapentaene-12 in feces.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results support the hypothesis that the biochemistry of fecal waters from adenoma patients and controls differs.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Medical Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, Huddinge, Sweden.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Nordling
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Glinghammar
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Karlsson
authors.forename: T M C M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: de Kok
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Rafter
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000378:metabolism*; D000328:Adult; D001834:Body Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects*; D002793:Cholic Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D004249:DNA Damage; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011090:Polyenes / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D002793:Cholic Acids; D011090:Polyenes; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; C037357:1-(1-glycero)dodeca-1,3,5,7,9-pentaene