title: The removal torque of titanium screw inserted in rabbit tibia treated by dual acid etching.
abstract: Chemical acid etching alone of the titanium implant surface have the potential to greatly enhance osseointegration without adding particulate matter (e.g. TPS or hydroxyapatite) or embedding surface contaminants (e.g. grit particles). The aims of the present study were to evaluate any differences between the machined and dual acid etching implants with the removal torque as well as topographic analysis. A total of 40 custom-made, screw-shaped, commercially pure titanium implants with length of 5 mm and an outer diameter of 3.75 mm were divided into 4 groups, 10 screws in each, and chemical modification of the titanium implant surfaces were achieved using HF and HCl/H(2)SO(4) dual acid etching. The first exposure was to hydrofluoric acid and the second was to a combination of hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid. The tibia metaphysics was exposed by incisions through the skin, fascia, and periosteum. One implant of each group was inserted in every rabbit, 2 in each proximal tibia metaphysics. Every rabbit received 3 implants with acid etched surfaces and 1 implant with a machined surface. Twelve weeks post-surgically, 7 rabbits were sacrificed, Subsequently, the leg was stabilized and the implant was removed under reverse torque rotation with a digital torque gauge (Mark-10 Corporation, USA) (Fig. 1). Twelve weeks after implant placement, the removal torque mean values were the dual acid etched implants (24%HF+HCl/H(2)SO(4), group C) required a higher average force (34.7 Ncm), than the machined surface implants (group A) (p=0.045) (Mann-Whiteney test). Scanning electron micrographs of acid etching of the titanium surface created an even distribution of very small (1-2 microm) peaks and valleys, while machining of the titanium surface created typical microscopically grooved surface characteristics. Nonetheless, there was no difference in surface topography between each acid etched implant groups. Therefore, chemically acid etching implant surfaces have higher strengths of osseointegration than machined implant surfaces. There is less correlation between removal torque and the difference in HF volume%.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 101 2 Gu Dong-In Dong, Jung-Gu, Daegu, South Korea. sacho@kyungpook.ac.kr
authors.forename: Sung-Am
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Kyung-Tae
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000143:Acids / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D001863:Bone Screws; D020878:Device Removal; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D016348:Osseointegration; D011817:Rabbits; D013499:Surface Properties; D013977:Tibia; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D019415:Torque
chemical_list: D000143:Acids; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D014025:Titanium