title: Viability and infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts detected in river water in Hokkaido, Japan.
abstract: The viability and infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum) oocysts, detected in water samples collected from river water in Hokkaido, were investigated using Severe Combined Immunodeficient (SCID) mice. The water samples collected from September 27 through October 10, 2001 by filtration using Cuno cartridge filters were purified and concentrated by the discontinuous centrifugal flotation method. From 1.2 x 10 (5) liters of the raw river water, approximately 2 x 10(4) oocysts were obtained and designated as Hokkaido river water 1 isolate (HRW-1). Oocyst identification was carried out using microscopic and immunological methods. Six 8-week-old female SCID mice were each inoculated orally with 1 x 10 (3) oocysts. Infection was successfully induced, resulting in fecal oocyst shedding. Oocysts were then maintained by sub-inoculation into SCID mice every 3 months. Infectivity was evaluated by making comparisons with two known C. parvum stocks, HNJ-1 and TK-1, which were bovine genotypes detected in fecal samples from a cryptosporidiosis patient and young cattle raised in Tokachi, Hokkaido respectively. The oocyst genotypes were determined from a small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU-rRNA) gene by polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis. No significant differences were observed in the average number of oocysts per gram of feces (OPG) in any of the isolates. Our data indicates that the C. parvum oocysts detected in the sampled river water were of C. parvum genotype 2. Moreover, our data on the continued isolation, detection and identification of the C. parvum isolates is consistent with the available epidemiological data for the Tokachi area.
authors.affiliation: National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University, Hokkaido, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tsushima
authors.forename: Panagiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Karanis
authors.forename: Takenori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kamada
authors.forename: Xuenan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xuan
authors.forename: Levi H C
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Makala
authors.forename: Yukinobu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tohya
authors.forename: Hiroomi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Akashi
authors.forename: Hideyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nagasawa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D016785:Cryptosporidium parvum / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology*; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology; D005260:Female; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000469:parasitology*; D007564:Japan; D051379:Mice; D016513:Mice, SCID; D033661:Oocysts / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology*