title: Indirect airway challenges.
abstract: Indirect challenges act by causing the release of endogenous mediators that cause the airway smooth muscle to contract. This is in contrast to the direct challenges where agonists such as methacholine or histamine cause airflow limitation predominantly via a direct effect on airway smooth muscle. Direct airway challenges have been used widely and are well standardised. They are highly sensitive, but not specific to asthma and can be used to exclude current asthma in a clinic population. Indirect bronchial stimuli, in particular exercise, hyperventilation, hypertonic aerosols, as well as adenosine, may reflect more directly the ongoing airway inflammation and are therefore more specific to identify active asthma. They are increasingly used to evaluate the prevalence of bronchial hyperresponsiveness and to assess specific problems in patients with known asthma, e.g. exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, evaluation before scuba diving. Direct bronchial responsiveness is only slowly and to a modest extent, influenced by repeated administration of inhaled steroids. Indirect challenges may reflect more closely acute changes in airway inflammation and a change in responsiveness to an indirect stimulus may be a clinically relevant marker to assess the clinical course of asthma. Moreover, some of the indirect challenges, e.g. hypertonic saline and mannitol, can be combined with the assessment of inflammatory cells by induction of sputum.
authors.affiliation: Dept Respiratory Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. guy.joos@rug.ac.be
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Joos
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Cockcroft
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dahlén
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: DiMaria
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Foresi
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Hargreave
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Holgate
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lötvall
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Magnussen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Polosa
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Postma
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Riedler
mesh_terms: D001249:Asthma / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001985:Bronchial Provocation Tests / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D010812:Physical Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D012137:Respiratory System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D013268:Stimulation, Chemical