title: Post-traumatic stress disorder: symptom profiles in men and women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the symptom frequencies of a relatively large sample of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) sufferers and compare male and female symptom profiles.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 103 consecutive attendees at a clinic for PTSD were examined using a checklist of DSM-IV PTSD characteristics. The presence and absence of all symptoms was evaluated in a research interview. Some additional symptoms were also routinely asked about, such as mood lability, substance use, sex drive or libido. Symptom profiles of male and female sufferers of PTSD were compared using the chi-squared statistical test.
  
  
  METHODS
  Structured interview using checklist of DSM-IV PTSD characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Certain symptoms were present in more than 30% of sufferers. Symptom frequencies for anxiety, insomnia, distressing and recurrent dreams, flashback imagery and intrusive thoughts, irritability, poor concentration, avoidance behaviour and detachment all reached frequencies above 70%. Some symptoms (such as inability to recall parts of the trauma and restricted affect) occurred in no more than 35% of sufferers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Men are significantly more likely than women to suffer with irritability (p < 0.05) and to use alcohol to excess (p < 0.05). Symptoms tend to follow an acute stress reaction, occur early and persist for many months. A case is made for restricting the diagnosis to the most prevalent symptoms and for including some often overlooked symptoms in the diagnostic guidelines, namely low mood, mood lability, and impaired libido.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Liverpool and Royal Liverpool University Hospital, UK. bengreen@liverpool.ac.uk
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Green
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology; D004325:Dreams; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007989:Libido; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000523:psychology*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000209:etiology