title: The Pain Distress Inventory: development and initial psychometric properties.
abstract: A new 26-item self-report measure, the Pain Distress Inventory (PDI), was designed to assess affective distress symptoms related to physical pain. Phases 1 to 3 were designed to construct the PDI using contemporary test development strategies. Studies 1 and 2 were conducted to define and confirm the four-factor oblique structure of the PDI: PDI-Depression, PDI-Anger, PDI-Pain Sensitivity, and PDI-Somatic Anxiety. The internal consistency reliability estimates were high for both the PDI total and scale scores. Study 3 examined relationships of the PDI with demographic variables and pain- and psychological-related responses. Scores on the PDI were useful in predicting scores on a pain-interference index and a pain-symptom index. Study 4 was designed to replicate previous findings of reliability and validity. The PDI total and scale scores were useful in differentiating between the responses of the clinic and nonclinic study participants. Limitations and potential uses of the PDI are discussed.
authors.affiliation: University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls 50614-0505, USA. augustine.osman@uni.edu
authors.forename: Augustine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Osman
authors.forename: Francisco X
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Barrios
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Gutierrez
authors.forename: Beverly A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Kopper
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: Courtney L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Bagge
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D017288:Pain Threshold; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods*; D012649:Self Concept; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires