Urban traffic and pollutant exposure related to respiratory outcomes and atopy in a large sample of children.
Conflicting results have been reported for the relationship between traffic exposure and inception of atopy. The effect of traffic on the prevalence of asthma and atopy at school age was investigated in a representative population. Random samples of schoolchildren (n=7,509, response rate 83.7%) were studied using the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood phase-II protocol with skin-prick tests, measurements of specific immunoglobulin E and lung function. Traffic exposure was assessed via traffic counts and by an emission model which predicted soot, benzene and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Traffic counts were associated with current asthma, wheeze and cough. In children with tobacco-smoke exposure, traffic volume was additionally associated with a positive skin-prick test. Cough was associated with soot, benzene and NO2, current asthma with soot and benzene, and current wheeze with benzene and NO2. No pollutant was associated with allergic sensitisation. High vehicle traffic was associated with asthma, cough and wheeze, and in children additionally exposed to environmental tobacco smoke, with allergic sensitisation. However, effects of socioeconomic factors associated with living close to busy roads cannot be ruled out.
Nicolai
T
T
University Children's Hospital, Munich, Germany. tnicolai@kk-i.med.uni-muenchen.de
Carr
D
D
Weiland
S K
SK
Duhme
H
H
von Ehrenstein
O
O
Wagner
C
C
von Mutius
E
E
D001249:Asthma / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006969:Hypersensitivity, Immediate / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000097:blood; D018986:Motor Vehicles / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D015995:Prevalence; D011897:Random Allocation; D012120:Respiration Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012882:Skin Tests; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis
D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D007073:Immunoglobulin E