title: Stable transformation of Theobroma cacao L. and influence of matrix attachment regions on GFP expression.
abstract: We describe a protocol for Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of Theobroma cacao L. using cotyledonary explants from primary somatic embryos (SEs) and A. tumefaciens strain AGL1. Transgenic plants carrying the visible marker, gene green fluorescent protein ( EGFP), the selectable marker gene neomycin phosphotransferase II ( NPTII), the class I chitinase gene from cacao ( Chi), and tobacco nuclear matrix attachment regions (MARs) in different combinations were successfully produced via regeneration of secondary SEs. The presence of the Chi gene or MARs did not influence the number of transgenic plants produced compared to the marker genes alone. However, the inclusion of MARs contributed to increased mean GFP expression in the population of transgenics. Additionally, the presence of MARs reduced the occurrence of gene silencing and stabilized high levels of GFP expression in lines of transgenic plants multiplied via reiterative somatic embryogenesis. Ninety-four transgenic plants were acclimated in a greenhouse and grown to maturity. Detailed growth analysis indicated that there were no differences in various growth parameters between transgenic and non-transgenic SE-derived plants. Seeds produced from two genetic crosses with one of the transgenic lines were analyzed for EGFP expression-a near-perfect 1:1 segregation was observed, indicating that this line resulted from the insertion of a single locus of T-DNA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Horticulture, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 103 Tyson Building, University Park, PA 16802-4200, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maximova
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Antúnez de Mayolo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pishak
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Guiltinan
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D002099:Cacao / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D017931:DNA Primers; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D014170:Transformation, Genetic
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins