title: Pain Assessment for the Dementing Elderly (PADE): reliability and validity of a new measure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish the reliability and validity of a measure to assess pain in individuals with advanced dementia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-five residents of long-term care facilities were assessed using a new rating tool, the Pain Assessment for the Dementing Elderly (PADE), in two separate studies: (1) Residents were assessed simultaneously by two different raters, at Time 1 and 2, to establish interrater reliability, stability, and internal consistency. (2) Validity was established by assessing the correlation between an agitation scale and the PADE; by comparing groups with pain as a significant clinical factor (as assessed by an independent rater) versus not a significant factor, and by assessing individuals receiving versus not receiving psychoactive medications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four different long-term care facilities, three skilled nursing facilities, and a locked dementia assisted-living facility.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five residents of long-term care facilities with advanced levels of dementia in Study 1, and 40 residents with similar level of dementia in Study 2; 42% of the total sample were rated as having significant painful conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  For Study 1, the PADE was administered; for Study 2, the PADE and the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI) were administered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reliability coefficients were adequate (interrater = 0.54-0.95; stability = 0.70-0.98; and internal consistency = 0.24-0.88). Validity coefficients were likewise encouraging, with the PADE demonstrating the expected relationship with a measure of agitation. The PADE also differentiated between groups that were independently judged to suffer clinically problematic pain versus those who were not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PADE is a reliable and valid tool to assess pain in dementing elderly residents of long-term care facilities.
authors.affiliation: Southern Oregon Neuropsychological Clinic, OR 97504, USA. mvsonc@wave.net
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Villanueva
authors.forename: Tricia L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Janelle S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Erickson
authors.forename: Angela C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Clifford M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Singer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003704:Dementia; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008134:Long-Term Care; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results