title: Use of epidural analgesia for pain management after major spinal surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This is a retrospective study of the role of postoperative epidural analgesia in major spinal surgical procedures. With the number and complexity of the procedures performed on the spine ever-increasing, this method of analgesia is becoming more important.
  
  
  METHODS
  Results of 74 consecutive cases of major spinal surgeries between January 2000 and January 2001 at the Spine Division, Amritha Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Kochi, India, were studied. 32 cases were posterior procedures and the other 42 were anterior procedures of the thoracic and lumbar regions. The use of various combinations of local anaesthetic and opioid to control postoperative pain after spinal surgery were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  36 (49%) of 74 patients did not require any parenteral supplements. Of the remaining 38 patients who required supplementary parenteral analgesia in the first 48 hours, 25 (34%) received a single dose and 13 (18%) required more than one dose. The number of patients requiring parenteral analgesia immediately after operation were 11; between 2 and 6 hours were 12; and between 6 and 24 hours were 11. Of the 74 patients, 67 had a sound sleep after epidural administration. There were 2 cases of respiratory depression and 2 of transient hypotension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most epidural analgesic regimens significantly reduced postoperative pain, and the requirement for supplementary parenteral analgesics was minimal. Adverse effects were rare, yet we recommend that patients treated with this protocol be managed in high-dependency units.
authors.affiliation: Division of Spine Surgery, Amritha Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, India. renjithkumarj@aimshospital.org
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: K V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Menon
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Ranjith
mesh_terms: D015360:Analgesia, Epidural; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local