title: Impact of cisapride label changes on codispensing of contraindicated medications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the impact of the first three label changes and 'Dear Doctor' letters as sole interventions, sent to prescribers and pharmacists, on the prescribing and dispensing of cisapride and contraindicated drugs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a managed care claims database, a total of 38,757 patients with cisapride prescriptions (July 1993-December 1998) were selected. An interrupted time series analysis and an exponentially weighted moving average analysis (EWMA) were conducted to determine whether there were changes in the proportion of contraindicated codispensing following each intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  3.6% of cisapride dispensing overlapped with contraindicated drug dispensing. Beginning in 1994, the overlapped proportions declined slowly from 4.5% ending at 3.2% in 1998. The interrupted time series analysis showed that there was a statistically significant abrupt permanent decrease in the proportion of contraindicated dispensing following the June 1998 label change (coefficient -1.0094, p = 0.045), meaning that the proportion of contraindicated dispensing dropped nearly one percentage point after the third intervention. The 1995 label changes did not have statistically significant effects. The EWMA analysis showed that the proportion of contraindicated dispensing was lower than 3 standard deviations below average during the period after the June 1998 intervention, with no significant effects following the two earlier interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The June 1998 cisapride label change and accompanying 'Dear Doctor' letter had a downward impact on the proportion of dispensing of contraindicated drugs with cisapride. The other two label changes did not have independent significant impacts.
authors.affiliation: Degge Group, Ltd., 1616 N. Fort Myer Drive, Suite 1430, Arlington, VA 22209, USA. jkjones@deggegroup.com
authors.forename: Jeff Jianfei
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Suellen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Curkendall
authors.forename: Judith K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fife
authors.forename: Earl
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Goehring
authors.forename: Dewei
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: She
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D020117:Cisapride / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000075202:Contraindications; D004348:Drug Labeling; D005260:Female; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'
chemical_list: D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents; D020117:Cisapride