title: Concentrations of four fecal steroids in wild baboons: short-term storage conditions and consequences for data interpretation.
abstract: One source of both bias and "noise" in fecal steroid analysis is temporal change in steroid concentrations resulting from duration or conditions of fecal sample storage. However, no consensus currently exists regarding correct procedures or precautions necessary for fecal sample storage, and conditions vary widely within field endocrinology literature. This study considered the effects of short-term, weeks-long, storage conditions on quantifiable fecal testosterone (fT), glucocorticoids (fGC), estrogens (fE), and progestagen (fP) metabolite concentrations in wild baboons (Papio cynocephalus). Quadruplicate subsamples of fecal samples (n=29) collected at Amboseli National Park and its environs were subjected to four different storage conditions prior to lyophilization, in order to determine the effects of storage on subsequent steroid concentrations, as assessed by 125I radioimmunoassays. As expected, the best alternative to the "initial condition" of lyophilization at three days after collection was to freeze fecal samples at -20 degrees C for two weeks prior to lyophilization. This storage method resulted in no significant change from initial steroid concentrations for fE, fT, or fP, although fGC showed a slight but significant decline. Storage for two weeks in a charcoal refrigerator caused a mean increase in all four steroid concentrations. However, the results from this storage condition were robust in terms of practical questions asked of the data: fE and fP values still reflected pregnant versus non-pregnant states in baboon females; a fGC profile constructed by age class resembled that created from the samples from the initial condition, although slightly inflated across age classes; and there were only moderate changes in relative fT concentrations across adult males. Knowledge of the effects of storage upon each steroid analyzed within one's study is a necessary component in determining the optimal compromise for storage protocol in a particular research project.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. jwlynch@ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.forename: M Z
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Altmann
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Njahira
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rubenstein
mesh_terms: D000728:Androgens / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004967:Estrogens / Q000032:analysis; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D005612:Freeze Drying; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D010215:Papio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011372:Progestins / Q000032:analysis; D011863:Radioimmunoassay; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods*; D013256:Steroids / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D004967:Estrogens; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D011372:Progestins; D013256:Steroids