title: Time and economic cost of constipation care in nursing homes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronic constipation is a common disorder among residents in long-term care; yet the cost to the nursing home of constipation-related care is not known. The objective of this study was to quantify the nursing staff and supply-related cost of constipation care to nursing homes from the perspective of the nursing home.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, observational time-and-motion design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two United States nursing homes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 59 nursing home residents with chronic constipation and nursing staff providing constipation care to them.
  
  
  METHODS
  Actual time to complete constipation care-related tasks was measured via stopwatch by trained observers, and the number and professional level (eg, staff nurse, CNA) of staff performing each task was recorded. Frequency of constipation care task data was obtained through 60-day retrospective medical chart review for each subject. Nurse wage rate data was obtained from the Nursing Home Salary and Benefits Report, a US-based national source. Resident and nursing home descriptive information was also collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average cost per task occurrence ranged from 0.72 US dollars for enema administration to 1.74 US dollars for oral medication administration. Average nursing staff costs per subject per year were 1577 US dollars for oral medication administration, 215 US dollars for dietary supplement administration, 39 US dollars for constipation assessment, 17 US dollars for suppository administration, and 6 US dollars for enema administration. Based on estimates of frequency of occurrence, the total annual labor and supply cost per long-term care resident with constipation was 2253 US dollars.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nursing staff performance of constipation care-related tasks is time consuming and costly in the long-term care setting.
authors.affiliation: MEDTAP International, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA. Frank@MEDTAP.com
authors.forename: Lori
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: Jordana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schmier
authors.forename: Leah
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kleinman
authors.forename: Reshmi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Siddique
authors.forename: Cornelia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schnelle
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rothman