title: Isovolume hypertonic solutes (sodium chloride or mannitol) in the treatment of refractory posttraumatic intracranial hypertension: 2 mL/kg 7.5% saline is more effective than 2 mL/kg 20% mannitol.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the clinical benefit of increasing the osmotic load of the hypertonic solution administered for the treatment of refractory intracranial hypertension episodes in patients with severe head injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A trauma center in a university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty consecutive patients with head trauma and persistent coma who required infusions of an osmotic agent to treat episodes of intracranial hypertension resistant to well-conducted standard modes of therapy were studied. Intracranial hypertension was considered refractory when it persisted despite deep sedation, optimal hemodynamic status, and, in some patients, drainage of cerebral spinal fluid.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were randomly assigned to receive isovolume infusions of either 7.5% hypertonic saline solution (2400 mOsm/kg/H(2)O) or 20% mannitol (1160 mOsm/kg/H(2)O). The patients were given 2 mL/kg (body weight) of either solution, i.e., 361 +/- 13 mOsm of saline or 175 +/- 12 mOsm of mannitol per injection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The main variables studied were the number and the duration of episodes of intracranial hypertension per day during the study period, which was stopped after the last episode of intracranial hypertension was recorded from intracranial pressure monitoring or after the allocated treatment failure. Patients in the HHS group were monitored for 7 +/- 5 days and those in the mannitol group for 7 +/- 6 days (not significant). The rate of failure for each treatment was also evaluated. Failure was defined as the persistence of intracranial hypertension despite two successive infusions of the same osmotic agent. The mean number of osmotic solute infusions was 3.7 +/- 5.3 in the mannitol group and 3.3 +/- 4.1 in the hypertonic saline solution group (not significant). The mean number (6.9 +/- 5.6 vs. 13.3 +/- 14.6 episodes) of intracranial hypertension episodes per day and the daily duration (67 +/- 85 vs. 131 +/- 123 min) of intracranial hypertension episodes were significantly lower in the hypertonic saline solution group (p <.01). The rate of clinical failure was also significantly lower in the hypertonic saline solution group: 1 of 10 patients vs. 7 of 10 patients (p <.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, when a hypertonic solute was required for the treatment of refractory intracranial hypertension episodes in patients with severe head trauma, increasing the osmotic load by giving 2 mL/kg (body weight) of 7.5% saline (361 +/- 13 mOsm) was more effective than giving 2 mL/kg (body weight) of 20% mannitol (175 +/- 12 mOsm). Within the limitations of the present study, these data suggest that giving 2 mL/kg hypertonic saline solution (approximately 480 mOsm/70 kg body weight) is an effective and safe initial treatment for intracranial hypertension episodes in head-trauma patients when osmotherapy is indicated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, School of Medicine, Marseilles University Hospital System, 13915 Marseilles Cedex 20, France.
authors.forename: Renaud
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vialet
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Albanèse
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Thomachot
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Antonini
authors.forename: Aurélie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bourgouin
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Alliez
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019586:Intracranial Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008353:Mannitol / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic; D008353:Mannitol