title: Differences between general practitioners and cardiologists in diagnosis and management of heart failure: a survey in every-day practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Data on diagnosis and management of heart failure in every-day care are scarce.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare general practitioners' and cardiologists' diagnostic work-up and management of patients with (suspected) heart failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cross-sectional survey we studied a sample of 103 files of patients coded as heart failure in primary care (31 general practices), and 99 files of out-patients coded as heart failure from 9 hospitals in the Netherlands. We defined patients as heart failure "GP patients", when they were managed by a general practitioner without co-treatment of a cardiologist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients managed in general practice were older (mean age 79 years (S.D. 8.5) and more often female than "cardiology patients" (mean age 64 years (S.D. 11.7)). Ischaemic heart disease (31 vs. 57%) was more prevalent in "cardiology patients". Additional investigations such as chest radiography (51% vs. 84%), electrocardiography (39% vs. 100%), and (Doppler-) echocardiography (12% vs. 97%) were performed more often in "cardiology patients". Most patients received diuretics (85% vs.79%). Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (40% vs. 76%), beta-blockers (9% vs. 30%), spironolactone (11% vs. 32%), and angiotensin-II-antagonists (6% vs. 13%) were prescribed much more often to "cardiology patients".
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  General practitioners more often treat elderly, female patients with heart failure than cardiologists. General practitioners use less additional investigations and prescribe less potentially beneficial medication, compared to cardiologists. Population characteristics only partly explain these differences, suggesting that the physician's attitude has an important bearing on the uptake of treatment.
authors.affiliation: Utrecht Heart Failure Organisation (UHFO), Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, Stratenum 6.101, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands. f.h.rutten@med.uu.nl
authors.forename: Frans H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Rutten
authors.forename: Diederick E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Grobbee
authors.forename: Arno W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Hoes
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002309:Cardiology; D019411:Clinical Laboratory Techniques; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004232:Diuretics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004452:Echocardiography; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D010821:Physicians, Family; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D015995:Prevalence; D011945:Receptors, Angiotensin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013148:Spironolactone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D004232:Diuretics; D011945:Receptors, Angiotensin; D013148:Spironolactone