title: Energy, macronutrients and laryngeal cancer risk.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A role for diet in laryngeal carcinogenesis has been suggested, but only a few studies have examined the potential relationship with a wide variety of macronutrients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control study was conducted between 1992 and 2000 in Italy and Switzerland, including 527 incident cases of laryngeal cancer, and 1297 controls hospitalized for acute, non-neoplastic conditions. The subjects' usual diet was investigated through a validated food frequency questionnaire, including 78 foods and beverages. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using unconditional multiple logistic regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cases reported higher energy intake than controls. The continuous OR for 100 kcal/day was 1.16 (95% CI 1.12-1.21) for alcohol energy, and 1.02 (95% CI 1.01-1.04) for non-alcohol energy. A significantly increased risk of laryngeal cancer was observed for animal protein (continuous OR = 1.21, 95% CI 1.03-1.41), polyunsaturated fats other than linoleic and linolenic fatty acids (OR = 1.43, 95% CI 1.19-1.70), and cholesterol intake (OR = 1.43, 95% CI 1.19-1.71). Laryngeal cancer risk was slightly reduced with increasing vegetable protein (OR = 0.75, 95% CI 0.62-0.91), sugar (OR = 0.84, 95% CI 0.71-1.00) and monounsaturated fatty acid intake (OR = 0.83, 95% CI 0.70-0.99).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laryngeal cancer cases have a higher energy intake than control subjects, and report a higher intake of animal protein and cholesterol.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy. bosetti@marionegri.it
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bosetti
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: La Vecchia
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Talamini
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Negri
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Levi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fryzek
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: McLaughlin
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Garavello
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Franceschi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004032:Diet; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D007822:Laryngeal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009747:Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology