title: Bacterial adherence to mucosal epithelium in the upper airways has less significance than believed.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bacterial adherence to the upper airway epithelium is considered to be an important phenomenon in the pathogenesis of infections. However, the evidence for the hypothesis that bacterial adherence to mucosal epithelial cells has significance for pathogenesis of mucosal infections is based on studies using indirect techniques. We could find no biopsy studies with direct ocular observations of significant numbers of bacteria adhering to upper airway mucosal epithelial cells either in health or during disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We studied specimens from healthy and infected tonsillar epithelium and specimens from the soft palate epithelium obtained by surgery. The specimens were examined by TEM. In the vast majority of specimens, we found no bacteria adhering to the epithelial cells in the mucosal line regardless of whether the patient was infected or not. Bacteria adhering to shed epithelial cells were seen in higher numbers. Furthermore, as bacteria are small compared to epithelial cells, we calculated the risk of overlooking every adhered bacteria in a section if bacterial adherence was such a significant phenomenon as earlier suggested. We found this risk to be very small.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that bacterial adherence to mucosal surface epithelial cells is not a significant phenomenon, either in healthy mucosa in the upper airways or during infection. This is also in line with our earlier results, where we have shown that the site for the infectious process in pharyngotonsillitis is in the secretion on the tonsillar mucosal surface.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, S-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden. anders.ebenfelt@mailer.gu.se
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ebenfelt
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D014066:Palatine Tonsil / Q000382:microbiology*; D010612:Pharyngitis / Q000382:microbiology; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000382:microbiology*; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000175:diagnosis; D012913:Snoring; D014068:Tonsillectomy; D014069:Tonsillitis / Q000382:microbiology*