title: Usefulness of different groups of bacteriophages as model micro-organisms for evaluating chlorination.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the usefulness of bacterial and viral indicators in chlorination processes and to collect quantitative information necessary for risk assessment analysis in water disinfection processes based on chlorination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Naturally occurring bacterial indicators, bacteriophages and enteroviruses were determined to evaluate the effect of chlorination in groundwater and secondary sewage effluents. Additionally, the effect of chlorinating on selected bacteriophages, enteroviruses and Escherichia coli was also tested in spiked samples of bottled water and sewage effluents. Results indicate that chlorination inactivates more efficiently bacteria than phages and enteroviruses. Among the human viruses, phages infecting Bacteroides fragilis and selected somatic coliphages belonging to the Siphoviridae family were the most persistent to chlorination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The three groups of bacteriophages studied were all more resistant to chlorination than bacteria and some of the phages were more resistant than enteroviruses. Results presented here indicate that it is very risky to generalize from information obtained with inactivation experiments done with single isolates of any phage or virus. If possible, inactivation studies should be done with naturally occurring populations. Phages offer a good opportunity for studying naturally occurring populations. Thus, the bacteriophages offer a range of resistance to chlorination that may represent most of the viruses that can be found in water.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data reported in this study support the inclusion of bacteriophages as additional indicators of the efficiency of water chlorination processes and water quality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Durán
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muniesa
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mocé-Llivina
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jofre
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lucena
mesh_terms: D001435:Bacteriophages / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001441:Bacteroides fragilis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000821:virology; D002713:Chlorine / Q000494:pharmacology; D003090:Coliphages / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004770:Enterovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D012722:Sewage / Q000382:microbiology; D017906:Siphoviridae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013242:Sterilization / Q000379:methods*; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D012722:Sewage; D002713:Chlorine