The conduct of in vitro and in vivo drug-drug interaction studies: a Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) perspective.
Current regulatory guidances do not address specific study designs for in vitro and in vivo drug-drug interaction studies. There is a common desire by regulatory authorities and by industry sponsors to harmonize approaches, to allow for a better assessment of the significance of findings across different studies and drugs. There is also a growing consensus for the standardization of cytochrome P450 (P450) probe substrates, inhibitors and inducers and for the development of classification systems to improve the communication of risk to health care providers and to patients. While existing guidances cover mainly P450-mediated drug interactions, the importance of other mechanisms, such as transporters, has been recognized more recently, and should also be addressed. This article was prepared by the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) Drug Metabolism and Clinical Pharmacology Technical Working Groups and represents the current industry position. The intent is to define a minimal best practice for in vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction studies targeted to development (not discovery support) and to define a data package that can be expected by regulatory agencies in compound registration dossiers.
Bjornsson
Thorir D
TD
Wyeth, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA.
Callaghan
John T
JT
Einolf
Heidi J
HJ
Fischer
Volker
V
Gan
Lawrence
L
Grimm
Scott
S
Kao
John
J
King
S Peter
SP
Miwa
Gerald
G
Ni
Lan
L
Kumar
Gondi
G
McLeod
James
J
Obach
R Scott
RS
Roberts
Stanley
S
Roe
Amy
A
Shah
Anita
A
Snikeris
Fred
F
Sullivan
John T
JT
Tweedie
Donald
D
Vega
Jose M
JM
Walsh
John
J
Wrighton
Steven A
SA
D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism; D004345:Drug Industry; D004347:Drug Interactions; D012107:Research Design
D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System