title: Exercise training improves exertional dyspnea in patients with COPD: evidence of the role of mechanical factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To our knowledge, no data have been reported on the effects of exercise training (EXT) on central respiratory motor output or neuromuscular coupling (NMC) of the ventilatory pump, and their potential association with exertional dyspnea. Accurate assessment of these important clinical outcomes is integral to effective management of breathlessness of patients with COPD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty consecutive patients with stable moderate-to-severe COPD were tested at 6-week intervals at baseline, after a nonintervention control period (pre-EXT), and after EXT. Patients entered an outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation program involving regular exercise on a bicycle. Incremental symptom-limited exercise testing (1-min increments of 10 W) was performed on an electronically braked cycle ergometer. Oxygen uptake (O(2)), carbon dioxide output (CO(2)), minute ventilation (E), time, and volume components of the respiratory cycle and, in six patients, esophageal pressure swings (Pessw), both as actual values and as percentage of maximal (most negative in sign) esophageal pressure during sniff maneuver (Pessn), were measured continuously over the runs. Exertional dyspnea and leg effort were evaluated by administering a Borg scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Measurements at baseline and pre-EXT were similar. Significant increase in exercise capacity was found in response to EXT: (1) peak work rate (WR), O(2), CO(2), E, tidal volume (VT), and heart rate increased, while peak exertional dyspnea and leg effort did not significantly change; (2) exertional dyspnea/O(2) and exertional dyspnea/CO(2) decreased while E/O(2) and E/CO(2) remained unchanged. The slope of both exertional dyspnea and leg effort relative to E fell significantly after EXT; (3) at standardized WR, E, and CO(2), exertional dyspnea and leg effort decreased while inspiratory capacity (IC) increased. Decrease in E was accomplished primarily by decrease in respiratory rate (RR) and increase in both inspiratory time (TI) and expiratory time; VT slightly increased, while inspiratory drive (VT/TI) and duty cycle (TI/total time of the respiratory cycle) remained unchanged. The decrease in Pessw and the increase in VT were associated with lower exertional dyspnea after EXT; (4) at standardized E, VT, RR, and IC, Pessw and Pessw(%Pessn)/VT remained unchanged while exertional dyspnea and leg effort decreased with EXT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, increases in NMC, aerobic capacity, and tolerance to dyspnogenic stimuli and possibly breathing retraining are likely to contribute to the relief of both exertional dyspnea and leg effort after EXT.
authors.affiliation: Fondazione Don C. Gnocchi, IRCCS, Pozzolatico, Firenze. fgigliotti@dongnocchi.it
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gigliotti
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Coli
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bianchi
authors.forename: Isabella
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Romagnoli
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lanini
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Binazzi
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Scano
mesh_terms: D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000628:therapy*; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D017079:Exercise Tolerance; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D010100:Oxygen