title: Serum lipids, glucose homeostasis and abdominal adipose tissue distribution in protease inhibitor-treated and naive HIV-infected children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the extent and degree of abnormalities of serum lipids, glucose homeostasis and abdominal adipose tissue distribution in protease inhibitor (PI)-treated and PI-naive HIV-infected children.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study involving HIV-infected children, 3-18 years of age, in a paediatric tertiary care centre.
  
  
  METHODS
  Total, HDL and LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, insulin, proinsulin and C-peptide were determined in the fasting state. Insulin resistance was assessed using the homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Abdominal adipose tissue distribution was determined by single-slice computed tomography at the umbilical level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty PI-treated and 20 PI-naive children were evaluated (76% prepubertal). PI-treated children had significantly higher total cholesterol (P = 0.0021), LDL-cholesterol (P = 0.019) and triglycerides (P = 0.0018). Serum glucose, insulin, proinsulin and C-peptide, the insulin : glucose ratio, HOMA-IR and abdominal adipose tissue distribution were similar in the two groups. Clinical and immunological HIV categories, viral load, CD4 cell count and stavudine therapy were not significantly associated with serum lipids, insulin resistance or abdominal adipose tissue distribution. The predictor variable most strongly associated with fasting serum insulin and HOMA-IR was the Tanner stage. Age was the most significant predictor variable of the visceral : subcutaneous adipose tissue ratio.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this cohort of predominantly prepubertal HIV-infected children, PI therapy was associated with an atherogenic dyslipidemia but not with insulin resistance or abnormal abdominal adipose tissue distribution. The results suggest that children, particularly prepubertal children, are less susceptible than adults to PI-induced changes in glucose homeostasis and abdominal adipose tissue distribution.
authors.affiliation: Division of aInfectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Canada. ari.bitnun@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: Ari
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bitnun
authors.forename: Etienne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sochett
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Babyn
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Holowka
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stephens
authors.forename: Stanley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Read
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: King
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D000293:Adolescent; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011384:Proinsulin / Q000097:blood; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002096:C-Peptide; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D014280:Triglycerides; D011384:Proinsulin; D002784:Cholesterol