title: Fungi are the predominant micro-organisms responsible for degradation of soil-buried polyester polyurethane over a range of soil water holding capacities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship between soil water holding capacity (WHC) and biodegradation of polyester polyurethane (PU) and to quantify and identify the predominant degrading micro-organisms in the biofilms on plastic buried in soil.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High numbers of both fungi and bacteria were recovered from biofilms on soil-buried dumb-bell-shaped pieces of polyester PU after 44 days at 15-100% WHC. The tensile strength of the polyester PU was reduced by up to 60% over 20-80% soil WHC, but no reduction occurred at 15, 90 or 100% soil WHC. A PU agar clearance assay indicated that fungi, but not bacteria were, the major degrading organisms in the biofilms on polyester PU and 10-30% of all the isolated fungi were able to degrade polyester PU in this assay. A 5.8S rDNA sequencing identified 13 strains of fungi representing the three major colony morphology types responsible for PU degradation. Sequence homology matches identified these strains as Nectria gliocladioides (five strains), Penicillium ochrochloron (one strain) and Geomyces pannorum (seven strains). Geomyces pannorum was the predominant organism in the biofilms comprising 22-100% of the viable polyester PU degrading fungi.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Polyester PU degradation was optimum under a wide range of soil WHC and the predominant degrading organisms were fungi.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By identifying the predominant degrading fungi in soil and studying the optimum WHC conditions for degradation of PU it allows us to better understand how plastics are broken down in the environment such as in landfill sites.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, and Avecia Limited, Blackley, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Barratt
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Ennos
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Greenhalgh
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Robson
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Handley
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D018441:Biofilms; D003470:Culture Media; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000032:analysis; D005658:Fungi / Q000502:physiology*; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D010407:Penicillium / Q000502:physiology; D011091:Polyesters; D011140:Polyurethanes; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013718:Tensile Strength; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D004271:DNA, Fungal; D011091:Polyesters; D011140:Polyurethanes; D014867:Water