title: Determination of the upper limit of vulnerability using implantable cardioverter-defibrillator electrograms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The upper limit of vulnerability (ULV) correlates with the defibrillation threshold and can be determined with 1 episode of ventricular fibrillation (VF). To automate the ULV in an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD), the most vulnerable intervals must be identified from an ICD electrogram rather than the latest-peaking surface T wave (Tpeak). We hypothesized that the recovery time (TR), defined as the maximum derivative (dV/dt) of the T wave of the shock electrogram, correlates with the most vulnerable intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We determined ULV, defibrillation threshold, and the most vulnerable intervals in 25 patients at ICD implantation. The ULV was the weakest T-wave shock that did not induce VF. The most vulnerable intervals were the ones associated with the strongest shocks that induced VF. Telemetered shock electrograms were stored on digital tape and differentiated offline to measure TR. Tpeak and TR were highly correlated (Tpeak-TR=-2+/-11 ms; rho=0.80, P<0.001). At least 1 most vulnerable interval timed between -20 ms and +20 ms relative to Tpeak in all patients and between -40 ms and +20 ms relative to TR in 96% of patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The recovery time of shock electrograms provides accurate information about global repolarization. TR closely approximates Tpeak. The ULV method may be automated in an ICD by timing T-wave shocks relative to TR.
authors.affiliation: Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, Calif, USA. swerdlow@ucla.edu
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Swerdlow
authors.forename: Kalyanam
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shivkumar
authors.forename: Jianxin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000592:standards; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004554:Electric Countershock / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000592:standards; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*