title: Development and characterization of a pooled Haemophilus influenzae genomic library for the evaluation of gene expression changes associated with mucosal biofilm formation in otitis media.
abstract: Haemophilus influenzae is one of the most important respiratory pathogens of man. It has been etiologically associated with otitis media, otorrhea, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Identification of new genomic elements will provide novel targets to fight chronic infections caused by this organism.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The new paradigm that chronic infections are caused by bacterial biofilms prompted us to study the relationship between bacterial pathogenicity, biofilm formation and bacterial communal cooperation. To do this, it is essential to determine the virulence gene sets that are involved in the above processes and whether they are present in every bacterial cell or distributed in a "communal gene-pool", the distributed genome hypothesis (DGH). We designed, constructed and characterized a highly redundant genomic DNA library comprised of the genomes of ten low passage clinical isolates of H. influenzae carrying large numbers of genes that are not present in the laboratory strains of H. influenzae.
  
  
  METHODS
  Genomic DNA fragments of the ten clinical strains were hydro-dynamically sheared to produce a mean fragment size of 1.5-2.5 kb. The ten sheared DNAs were than pooled and used in the construction of a genomic library with 76800 clones.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our restriction endonuclease and sequence analyses of 800 clones demonstrate that 75% of the clones carry an insert larger than 0.5 kb. The library has an approximately 1.5 kb average insert size, and therefore, better than 4.5x redundancy for each of the genomes of the ten clinical isolates. Our sequencing effort ( approximately 1 million nucleotides to date) reveals that a high percentage of genes (75 clones, 11% of the 686 sequenced clones) present in this library are not represented in the genome of the reference strain H. influenzae Rd.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The library, based on the above results, has a better than 4.5x coverage for each of the ten constituent genomes. On the basis of our preliminary sequencing data ( approximately 1 million nucleotides) the library lacks of highly repeated sequences, therefore, the expected genome coverage (4.5x) is not degraded. Using the prevalence of non-Rd like sequences (11%) detected during characterization of the genomic library, we estimated that the library contains DNA sequences equivalent to approximately 2 million bp, which are not represented in the reference genome of the H. influenzae Rd strain and that is greater in size than the genome of this reference strain, providing ample targets for innovative drug design.
authors.affiliation: Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, 320 E. North Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA. gerdos@wpahs.org
authors.forename: Geza
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Erdos
authors.forename: Sameera
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sayeed
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Antalis
authors.forename: Fen Ze
authors.initials: FZ
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Jay
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goodwin
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dopico
authors.forename: J Christopher
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Post
authors.forename: Garth D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Ehrlich
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003001:Cloning, Molecular / Q000379:methods; D004262:DNA Restriction Enzymes; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D015698:Genomic Library; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D009297:Nasal Mucosa; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D004262:DNA Restriction Enzymes