title: Evidence that a single nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter of the G protein receptor kinase 3 gene is associated with bipolar disorder.
abstract: In a genome-wide linkage survey, we have previously shown evidence suggesting that the chromosome 22q12 region contains a susceptibility locus for bipolar disorder (BPD). Two independent family sets yielded lod scores suggestive of linkage at markers in this region near the gene G protein receptor kinase 3 (GRK3). GRK3 is an excellent candidate risk gene for BPD since GRK3 is expressed widely in the brain, and since GRKs play key roles in the homologous desensitization of G protein-coupled receptor signaling. We have also previously shown GRK3 expression to be induced by amphetamine in an animal model of mania using microarray-based expression profiling. To identify possible functional mutations in GRK3, we sequenced the putative promoter region, all 21 exons, and intronic sequence flanking each exon, in 14-22 individuals with BPD. We found six sequence variants in the 5'-UTR/promoter region, but no coding or obvious splice variants. Transmission disequilibrium analyses of one set of 153 families indicated that two of the 5'-UTR/promoter variants are associated with BPD in families of northern European Caucasian ancestry. A supportive trend towards association to one of these two variants (P-5) was then subsequently obtained in an independent sample of 237 families. In the combined sample, the P-5 variant had an estimated allele frequency of 3% in bipolar subjects, and displayed a transmission to non-transmission ratio of 26 : 7.7 (chi(2)=9.6, one-sided P value=0.0019). Altogether, these data support the hypothesis that a dysregulation in GRK3 expression alters signaling desensitization, and thereby predisposes to the development of BPD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0603, USA.
authors.forename: T B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Barrett
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Hauger
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Sadovnick
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Remick
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Keck
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: McElroy
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kelsoe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000235:genetics*; D002892:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22; D054770:G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 3; D015894:Genome, Human; D006801:Humans; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010641:Phenotype; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D054770:G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 3; C517848:GRK3 protein, human; C517850:GRK3 protein, mouse