title: Annual risk of tuberculous infection in rural areas of Uttar Pradesh, India.
abstract: METHODS
  Rural areas in Uttar Pradesh, the most populous state in India.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  1) To estimate the average annual risk of tuberculous infection (ARI), 2) to study ARI trends with age, and 3) to compare tuberculin reactions among children with and without BCG scar.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional tuberculin survey was conducted among children aged 1-9 years residing in Rae Bareli, Hardoi and Jaunpur districts, Uttar Pradesh. Tuberculin testing was performed using 1TU of PPD RT23 with Tween 80, and indurations were measured 72 hours later. Prevalence of infection was estimated in children without BCG scar based on the cut-off point identified on the frequency distribution of reaction sizes. The ARI was computed from the estimated prevalence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proportion of children with BCG scar varied from 25% to 31% in the study districts. Using a cut-off of 14 mm among children without BCG scar, the ARI was estimated at 2.3% in Rae Bareli, 1.9% in Hardoi and 1.5% in Jaunpur, and was observed to increase with age. Tuberculin test results among children with BCG scar suggest that they may be included in tuberculin surveys to estimate ARI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High rates of transmission of tuberculous infection suggest that tuberculosis control measures need to be intensified.
authors.affiliation: National Tuberculosis Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. ntiindia@blr.vsnl.net.in
authors.forename: V K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Chadha
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Jagannatha
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Vaidyanathan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.lastname: Lakshminarayana
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000367:Age Factors; D001500:BCG Vaccine / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007223:Infant; D015995:Prevalence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013997:Time Factors; D014374:Tuberculin Test / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D001500:BCG Vaccine