title: Progress in the implementation of Quality Management in Dutch health care: 1995-2000.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Policymakers and researchers in all countries like to know whether the implementation of Quality Management (QM) in health care is proceeding satisfactorily. Longitudinal surveys can reveal whether sufficient progress is being made. The main objective of the study was to investigate the progress in QM in Dutch health care organizations during the period 1995-2000. A second objective was to explore whether the progress in QM was related to subsectors of care and/or to cultural characteristics of health care organizations.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study has a descriptive longitudinal design, based on repeat measurements in 1995 and 2000. Empirical data about QM activities in health care organizations were gathered using a questionnaire. The analyses are based on data from the 474 health care organizations that participated in the study in 1995 and 2000.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants in the study were organizations from all subsectors of health care, including providers of home care, nursing homes, hospitals, and other care sectors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outcome measures are 46 distinct QM activities, which were listed in the questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two-thirds of the organizations had made progress in the implementation of QM activities. A mean of 25 QM activities per organization was found in 2000 compared with 20 in 1995. More care providers had set up a client council and had carried out patient satisfaction surveys. Home care organizations had made twice as much progress as many other health care organizations. However, nearly one-third of the health care organizations showed a decline in QM activities. Patient organizations were less often involved in the development of quality criteria and protocols. Progress in QM was weakly related to the dedicated and flexible attitude of employees and a non-hierarchical decision-making structure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study demonstrates that the implementation of QM activities can be monitored at the national level and that differences between subsectors of care can be assessed. The decline in QM activities in one-third of the organizations needs to be researched further.
authors.affiliation: NIVEL (Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research), Utrecht, The Netherlands. e.sluijs@nivel.nl
authors.forename: Emmy M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Sluijs
authors.forename: Cordula
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wagner
mesh_terms: D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009426:Netherlands; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011050:Policy Making; D017749:Total Quality Management / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*