title: Development and testing of the European Heart Failure Self-Care Behaviour Scale.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Improvement of self-care behaviour is an aim of several non-pharmacological nurse-led management programmes for patients with heart failure. These programmes are often evaluated based on their effects on readmission, costs and quality of life. It is, however, also important to know how patients changed their self-care behaviour as a result of such a programme. Therefore a comprehensive, reliable and valid measure of the self-care behaviour of HF patients is needed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To develop a scale measuring the behaviour that heart failure patients perform to maintain life, healthy functioning, and well-being.
  
  
  METHODS
  The European Heart Failure Self-Care Behaviour Scale (EHFScBS) was developed in three phases: (1) concept analysis and first construction; (2) revision of items and response and scoring format; and (3) testing of the new scale for validity and reliability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The European Heart Failure Self-Care Behaviour Scale is a 12-item, self-administered questionnaire that covers items concerning self-care behaviour of patients with heart failure. Face-validity and concurrent validity was established and the internal consistency of the scale was tested using pooled data of 442 patients from two centres in Sweden, three in the Netherlands and one in Italy. Cronbachs's alpha was 0.81.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The instrument is a valid, reliable and practical scale to measure the self-reported self-care behaviour of heart failure patients. It is ready to use by investigators evaluating the outcome of heart failure management programmes that target changes in patients' self-care practices.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Groningen, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands. t.jaarsma@thorax.azg.nl
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jaarsma
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Strömberg
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mårtensson
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dracup
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016730:Program Development / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012107:Research Design / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012648:Self Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden; D016896:Treatment Outcome