title: Pericardial effusion after open heart surgery for congenital heart disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence and time course of pericardial effusion after open heart surgery for congenital heart diseases and to identify predisposing risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective assessment of development of pericardial effusion in 336 patients (163 males) undergoing open heart surgery for congenital heart disease by serial echocardiography on days 5, 7, 14, 21, and 28 postoperatively.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary paediatric cardiac centre.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of pericardial effusion was 23% (77 of 336). Of the 77 patients who developed effusion, 43 (56%) had moderate to large effusions and 18 (23%) were symptomatic. Patients who had a large amount of effusion were more likely to be symptomatic than those with only a small to moderate amount (47.4% v 15.5%, p = 0.01). The mean (SD) onset of pericardial effusion was 11 (7) days after surgery, with 97% (75 of 77) of cases being diagnosed on or before day 28 after surgery. The prevalence of effusion after Fontan-type procedures (60%, 6 of 10) was significantly higher than that after other types of cardiac surgery: repair of left to right shunts (22.1%, 43 of 195), repair of lesions with right ventricular outflow tract obstruction (22.6%, 19 of 84), arterial switch operation (6.7%, 1 of 15), and miscellaneous procedures (25%, 8 of 32) (p = 0.037). Univariate analyses showed that female patients (p = 0.009) and those receiving warfarin (p = 0.002) had increased risk of postoperative pericardial effusion. A greater pericardial drain output in the first four hours after surgery also tended to be significant (p = 0.056). Multivariate logistic regression similarly identified warfarin treatment (beta = 1.73, p = 0.009) and female sex (beta for male = -0.63, p = 0.037) as significant determinants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pericardial effusion occurs commonly after open heart surgery for congenital heart disease. Serial echocardiographic monitoring up to 28 days postoperatively is indicated in selected high risk patients such as those with symptoms of postpericardiotomy syndrome and those given warfarin.
authors.affiliation: Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Grantham Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China. xfcheung@hkucc.hku.hk
authors.forename: E W Y
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: K K Y
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: A K T
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Chau
authors.forename: C S W
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: Y F
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Cheung
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015984:Causality; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010490:Pericardial Effusion / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D011182:Postoperative Care; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors