title: The beverage maté: a risk factor for cancer of the head and neck.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Maté is a tealike beverage consumed habitually in South America and among South Americans throughout the world. It is brewed from the dried leaves and stemlets of the perennial tree Ilex paraguariensis (yerba maté), a species that belongs to the Aquifoliaceae family. Maté consumption has been associated with an increased rate of oral, oropharyngeal, esophageal, and laryngeal cancers. The purpose of this study is to review the literature and discuss the role of Maté consumption as a risk factor for head and neck cancers.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a thorough review of the relevant literature linking maté consumption with head and neck cancer and the proposed carcinogenicity of maté. Case control studies on maté-drinking populations and in vivo and in vitro studies on the carcinogenicity of maté were reviewed. The populations included in many of these studies also used alcohol and tobacco products, confounding the influence of maté as an independent risk factor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Evidence in the literature suggests that maté consumption is carcinogenic and plays a role in the development of cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, and esophagus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The exact mechanism of carcinogenesis of maté is unknown. Both chemical and thermal carcinogenesis mechanisms have been suggested. Available information suggests that maté drinking is a risk factor for upper aerodigestive tract cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rambam Medical Center, Israel. gdavid@tx.technion.uc.il
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goldenberg
authors.forename: Avishay
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Golz
authors.forename: Henry Zvi
authors.initials: HZ
authors.lastname: Joachims
mesh_terms: D001628:Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000208:ethnology*; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D030019:Ilex paraguariensis / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000009:adverse effects; D018547:Plant Stems / Q000009:adverse effects; D012307:Risk Factors