title: Glial-derived neurotrophic factor regulates apoptosis in colonic epithelial cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ablation of the enteric glia leads to a fulminant hemorrhagic jejunoileitis. We hypothesized that glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) may be involved in mucosal protection of the gut. Therefore, we examined the regulation of GDNF and its receptor (GFR-alpha1) in colonic inflammation and its effects on colonic epithelial cell apoptosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The expression of GDNF and GFR-alpha1 was investigated in experimental colitis of rats and in human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). GDNF-induced activation of Akt (protein kinase B [PKB]) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in the colonic epithelial cell lines HT-29 and SW480 was studied. Furthermore, the antiapoptotic potency of GDNF in SW480 cells was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GDNF was specifically up-regulated in experimental rat colitis and in IBD. In contrast, GFR-alpha1 was constitutively expressed in rat and human colonic epithelium. GDNF potently activated MAPK and Akt (PKB) in colonic epithelial cells. Moreover, GDNF strongly prevented apoptosis in SW480 cells. Our data show that GDNF-mediated protection against apoptosis depends on activation of the MAPK and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt (PKB) pathways.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GDNF is up-regulated in IBD and has strong antiapoptotic properties in colonic epithelial cells. This points to a novel role of the neurotrophic factor GDNF for mucosal protection and regeneration in IBD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, Robert-Koch-Strasse 8, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Steinkamp
authors.forename: Irmlind
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Geerling
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Seufferlein
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: von Boyen
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Egger
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grossmann
authors.forename: Leopold
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ludwig
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Adler
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reinshagen
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D003106:Colon / Q000473:pathology*; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D051100:Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; D051097:Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Receptors; D019073:HT29 Cells; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000473:pathology*; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology*; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D051096:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000032:analysis; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D051100:Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; D051097:Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Receptors; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D051096:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C495039:GDNF protein, human; C505653:TNFSF10 protein, human; C505655:Tnfsf10 protein, rat; C494918:AKT1 protein, human