title: Restoring function after spinal cord injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  By affecting young people during the most productive period of their lives, spinal cord injury is a devastating problem for modern society. A decade ago, treating SCI seemed frustrating and hopeless because of the tremendous morbidity and mortality, life-shattering impact, and limited therapeutic options associated with the condition. Today, however, an understanding of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, the development of neuroprotective interventions, and progress toward regenerative interventions are increasing hope for functional restoration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study addresses the present understanding of SCI, including the etiology, pathophysiology, treatment, and scientific advances. The discussion of treatment options includes a critical review of high-dose methylprednisolone and GM-1 ganglioside therapy. The concept that limited rebuilding can provide a disproportionate improvement in quality of life is emphasized throughout.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  New surgical procedures, pharmacologic treatments, and functional neuromuscular stimulation methods have evolved over the last decades that can improve functional outcomes after spinal cord injury, but limiting secondary injury remains the primary goal. Tissue replacement strategies, including the use of embryonic stem cells, become an important tool and can restore function in animal models. Controlled clinical trials are now required to confirm these observations. The ultimate goal is to harness the body's own potential to replace lost central nervous system cells by activation of endogenous progenitor cell repair mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Spinal Cord Injury Neuro-Rehabilitation Section, Restorative Treatment and Research Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63108, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Cristina L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Sadowsky
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: McDonald
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009416:Nerve Regeneration / Q000502:physiology; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy