title: Concentrations of dioxins and other organochlorines (PCBs, DDTs, HCHs) in human milk from Seveso, Milan and a Lombardian rural area in Italy: a study performed 25 years after the heavy dioxin exposure in Seveso.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether those who were exposed to high levels of the dioxin TCDD 25 years ago in Seveso, northern Italy still have higher than the expected levels of dioxins in their fat stores, and to investigate the concentrations of dioxins in the breast milk of mothers in Seveso and in two other regions in Italy. The load of vertically transmitted dioxins to the next generation, if being breastfed, was also investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  As there may be a synergistic effect of mixtures of organic chlorines, the concentrations of pesticides such as DDTs and PCBs have also been studied in the same human milk samples. Breast milk from 12 mothers from Seveso, Central Milan and a Lombardian village was collected for analysis during the first week and 1 and 3 mo after delivery. Individual samples were used for the analysis of pesticides and PCBs, whereas dioxins were analysed in pooled samples from all 12 mothers on each occasion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In human milk from Seveso, the TCDD concentration in fat calculated on a fresh weight basis was more than twice as high as the level in the other two regions, whereas the concentrations of investigated other toxins were lower in Seveso possible due to induction of the enzyme cytochrome P4501A, which means that the total level of dioxins was the same in all three locations. The congener profile, measured as mean toxic equivalency (TEQ) values, was the same in the Italian samples as previously reported from Stockholm. The calculations are based on the most recent WHO TCDD equivalency factors (TEF). The DDE concentration was higher in the samples from Milan than in the samples from the other two Italian regions, which may be due to the fact that, to a greater extent than in the other regions, Milanese food is imported from countries where DDT is still used as a pesticide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Twenty-five years after the dioxin catastrophe, human milk from mothers in Seveso has concentrations of the highly toxic dioxin congener TCDD that are more than twice as high as those in central Milan and a Lombardian village. This means that breastfed infants in Seveso still store an appreciable amount of TCDD in their body fat. The health consequences of this fact remain to be elucidated. The effect of the high load of DDTs in central Milan also has to be considered
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Sweden.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Päpke
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bignert
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Greyerz
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Agostoni
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Besana
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Riva
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giovannini
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zetterström
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003634:DDT / Q000032:analysis*; D004147:Dioxins / Q000032:analysis*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D001556:Hexachlorocyclohexane / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000032:analysis*; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012424:Rural Population; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004147:Dioxins; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D001556:Hexachlorocyclohexane; D003634:DDT; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls