title: Aspirin and ticlopidine for prevention of recurrent stroke in black patients: a randomized trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Blacks are disproportionately affected by stroke, and they are about 2 times more likely than most other individuals in the United States to die of or experience stroke.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the efficacy and safety of aspirin and ticlopidine to prevent recurrent stroke in black patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, double-blind, investigator-initiated, multicenter trial of 1809 black men and women who recently had a noncardioembolic ischemic stroke and who were recruited between December 1992 and October 2001 from 62 academic and community hospitals in the United States and followed up for up to 2 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 902 patients received 500 mg/d of ticlopidine and 907 received 650 mg/d of aspirin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Recurrent stroke, myocardial infarction, or vascular death was the composite primary end point (according to intention-to-treat analysis). The secondary outcome was fatal or nonfatal stroke.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The blinded phase of the study was halted after about 6.5 years when futility analyses revealed a less than 1% probability of ticlopidine being shown superior to aspirin in the prevention of the primary outcome end point. The primary outcome of recurrent stroke, myocardial infarction, or vascular death was reached by 133 (14.7%) of 902 patients assigned to ticlopidine and 112 (12.3%) of 907 patients assigned to aspirin (hazard ratio, 1.22; 95% confidence interval, 0.94-1.57). Kaplan-Meier curves for time to event for the primary outcome did not differ significantly (P =.12 by log-rank test). Kaplan-Meier curves for time to the secondary outcome of fatal or nonfatal stroke approached a statistically significant reduction favoring aspirin over ticlopidine (P =.08 by log-rank test). The frequency of laboratory-determined serious neutropenia was 3.4% for patients receiving ticlopdine vs 2.2% for patients receiving aspirin (P =.12) and 0.3% vs 0.2% for thrombocytopenia, respectively (P =.69). One ticlopidine-treated patient developed thrombocytopenia, which was thought to be a case of possible thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura, and recovered after therapy with plasmapheresis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During a 2-year follow-up, we found no statistically significant difference between ticlopidine and aspirin in the prevention of recurrent stroke, myocardial infarction, or vascular death. However, there was a nonsignificant trend for reduction of fatal or nonfatal stroke among those in the aspirin group. Based on these data and the risk of serious adverse events with ticlopidine, we regard aspirin as a better treatment for aspirin-tolerant black patients with noncardioembolic ischemic stroke.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurologic Sciences, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. Philip_B_Gorelick@rush.edu
authors.forename: Philip B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Gorelick
authors.forename: DeJuran
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ruland
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kittner
authors.forename: Sue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leurgans
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D001241:Aspirin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012008:Recurrence; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013988:Ticlopidine / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D013988:Ticlopidine; D001241:Aspirin