title: Integrations of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human papillomavirus (HPV) into the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene in liver and cervical cancers.
abstract: Chronic infections with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are important risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cervical cancer (CC), respectively. HBV and HPV are DNA viruses that almost invariably integrate into the host genome in invasive tumors. The viral integration sites occur throughout the genome, leading to the presumption that there are no preferred sites of integration. A number of viral integrations have been shown to occur within the vicinity of important cancer-related genes. In studies of HBV-induced HCC and HPV-induced CC, we have identified two HBV and three HPV integrations into the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene. Detailed characterization of the integrations revealed that four integrations occurred within the hTERT promoter and upstream region and the fifth integration occurred in intron 3 of the hTERT gene. None of the integrations altered the hTERT coding sequence and all resulted in juxtaposition of viral enhancers near hTERT, with potential activation of hTERT expression. Our work supports the hypothesis that the sites of oncogenic viral integration are nonrandom and that genes at the sites of viral integration may play important roles in carcinogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ferber
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Montoya
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Aderca
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McGee
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Thorland
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Nagorney
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Gostout
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Burgart
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Boix
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bruix
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: McMahon
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: T K H
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Y F
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: D I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D005260:Female; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000209:etiology / Q000821:virology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics*; D019098:Telomerase / Q000235:genetics*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000209:etiology / Q000821:virology*; D016662:Virus Integration
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D019098:Telomerase