title: Difference in uptake and toxicity of trivalent and pentavalent inorganic arsenic in rat heart microvessel endothelial cells.
abstract: Intake of inorganic arsenic is known to cause vascular diseases as well as skin lesions and cancer in humans. We investigated the differences in cytotoxicity, uptake rate of arsenic, and gene expression of antioxidative enzymes between arsenite (As(3+))- and arsenate (As(5+))-exposed rat heart microvessel endothelial cells. As(3+) was more cytotoxic than As(5+), and LC(50) values were calculated to be 36 and 220 micro M, respectively. As(3+) (1-25 micro M) increased mRNA levels of antioxidant enzymes such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), thioredoxin peroxidase 2, NADPH dehydrogenase, and glutathione S-transferase P subunit. HO-1 mRNA levels showed the most remarkable increase in response to As(3+). cDNA microarray analysis indicated that there was no prominent difference in arsenic-induced transcriptional changes between As(3+)- and As(5+)-exposed cells, when the cells were exposed to one-fourth the LC(50) concentration of arsenic (9 and 55 micro M for As(3+) and As(5+), respectively). N-acetyl- l-cysteine (NAC) reduced both the cytotoxicity of inorganic arsenic and the HO-1 mRNA level, and buthionine sulfoximine enhanced cytotoxicity of inorganic arsenic. As(3+) was taken up by the endothelial cells 6-7 times faster than As(5+), and the presence of NAC in the culture medium did not change the uptake rate of As(3+). These results suggest that the effects of NAC on arsenic-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress were due to the antioxidative role of non-protein thiols and not to chelation of arsenic in the culture medium. The difference in cellular uptake of arsenic between As(3+) and As(5+) appeared not to be due to the ionic charge on arsenic (at physiological pH, trivalent arsenic is neutral whereas pentavalent arsenic is negatively charged). These results suggest that the higher toxicity of As(3+) compared with that of As(5+) is probably due to the faster uptake of As(3+) by endothelial cells, and inorganic arsenic exerts its toxicity at least in part via intracellular oxidative stress.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Health Sciences Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, 305-8506, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. seishiro@nies.go.jp
authors.forename: Seishiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hirano
authors.forename: Xing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Song
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Sanae
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kanno
authors.forename: Yayoi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hayakawa
authors.forename: Amjad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shraim
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants; D001149:Arsenates / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D018053:Arsenites / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects*; D019328:Buthionine Sulfoximine / Q000494:pharmacology; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects; D006419:Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing) / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1; D006801:Humans; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009249:NADP / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D051381:Rats; D013879:Thioredoxins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001149:Arsenates; D018053:Arsenites; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D019328:Buthionine Sulfoximine; D013879:Thioredoxins; D009249:NADP; C496541:HMOX1 protein, human; D006419:Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing); D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1; D000111:Acetylcysteine