title: Increased risk of late posttraumatic seizures associated with inheritance of APOE epsilon4 allele.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Late posttraumatic seizures are a common complication of moderate and severe traumatic brain injury. Inheritance of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) epsilon4 allele is associated with increased risk of Alzheimer disease, progression to disability in multiple sclerosis, and poor outcome after traumatic brain injury.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether inheritance of APOE epsilon4 is associated with increased risk of developing late posttraumatic seizures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neurosurgical service at an urban level I trauma center.Patients Patients admitted with a diagnosis of moderate and severe traumatic brain injury were enrolled.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six months after injury, patients were contacted to determine functional outcome (according to the Glasgow Outcome Scale-Expanded [GOS-E]) and the presence of late posttraumatic seizures. Genotype at the APOE locus was determined by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DNA and outcome information was obtained from 106 subjects. Six months after injury, 31 (29%) had a poor outcome (GOS-E score, 1-4), 47 (44%) had an intermediate outcome (GOS-E score, 5-6), and 28 (26%) had a favorable outcome (GOS-E score, 7-8). Twenty-one patients (20%) had at least 1 late posttraumatic seizure. The relative risk of late posttraumatic seizures for patients with the epsilon4 allele was 2.41 (95% confidence interval, 1.15-5.07; P =.03). In this cohort, inheritance of APOE epsilon4 was not associated with an unfavorable GOS-E score 6 (P =.47).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inheritance of the APOE epsilon4 allele is associated with increased risk of late posttraumatic seizures. In this cohort, this risk appears to be independent of an effect of epsilon4 on functional outcome. A better understanding of the molecular role of APOE in neurodegenerative diseases may be helpful in developing antiepileptogenic therapies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Ramon.Diaz-Arrastia@UTSouthwestern.edu
authors.forename: Ramon
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Diaz-Arrastia
authors.forename: Yunhua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.forename: Suzette
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fair
authors.forename: Kristin D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Maria C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: Mary C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Carlile
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Agostini
authors.forename: Paul C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Van Ness
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D023261:Glasgow Outcome Scale; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012640:Seizures / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D004247:DNA