title: Disease-modifying therapy in multiple sclerosis: strategies for optimizing management.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective for this article is to highlight several challenges faced by patients and providers in the utilization of disease-modifying agent (DMA) therapy in multiple sclerosis (MS) and to offer practical management strategies that can effectively mitigate or even prevent limiting adverse reactions and enhance treatment compliance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our discussion will be limited to the use of interferon beta1a (Avonex, Rebif), interferon beta1b (Betaseron), and glatiramer acetate (Copoxane) as these are the primary agents used in the United States for primary disease-modifying therapy in relapsing forms of MS. Some of the recommendations contained herein are derived from evidence-based studies, while others are contingent upon our collective clinical experiences. At the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas and Texas Neurology in Dallas we actively follow approximately 5000 MS patients. The majority of our patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) or secondary progressive MS (SPMS) are treated with one of the currently available DMAs. Our experience with these patients, and the challenges they face in continuing long-term treatment, constitutes the basis of our proposed treatment strategies. As part of this effort we formulated an assessment and intervention instrument that can be used in the clinic and by telephone to enhance compliance and minimize adverse events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A comprehensive treatment approach to the utilization of disease-modifying therapy in MS can serve to optimize the management of our patients and effectively meet the challenges that arise during the course of treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 75235, USA. elliot.frohman@utsouthwestern.edu
authors.forename: Elliot
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Frohman
authors.forename: Ted
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Kristen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kokel
authors.forename: Jerry
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van Pelt
authors.forename: Shirley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: O'Leary
authors.forename: Shelly
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hawker
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Racke