title: Complete sequencing shows a role for MSX1 in non-syndromic cleft lip and palate.
abstract: MSX1 has been proposed as a gene in which mutations may contribute to non-syndromic forms of cleft lip and/or cleft palate. Support for this comes from human linkage and linkage disequilibrium studies, chromosomal deletions resulting in haploinsufficiency, a large family with a stop codon mutation that includes clefting as a phenotype, and the Msx1 phenotype in a knockout mouse. This report describes a population based scan for mutations encompassing the sense and antisense transcribed sequence of MSX1 (two exons, one intron). We compare the completed genomic sequence of MSX1 to the mouse Msx1 sequence to identify non-coding homology regions, and sequence highly conserved elements. The samples studied were drawn from a panethnic collection including people of European, Asian, and native South American ancestry. The gene was sequenced in 917 people and potentially aetiological mutations were identified in 16. These included missense mutations in conserved amino acids and point mutations in conserved regions not identified in any of 500 controls sequenced. Five different missense mutations in seven unrelated subjects with clefting are described. Evolutionary sequence comparisons of all known Msx1 orthologues placed the amino acid substitutions in context. Four rare mutations were found in non-coding regions that are highly conserved and disrupt probable regulatory regions. In addition, a panel of 18 population specific polymorphic variants were identified that will be useful in future haplotype analyses of MSX1. MSX1 mutations are found in 2% of cases of clefting and should be considered for genetic counselling implications, particularly in those families in which autosomal dominant inheritance patterns or dental anomalies appear to be cosegregating with the clefting phenotype.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA.
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Jezewski
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ludwig
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Daack-Hirsch
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Schultz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nepomucena
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Romitti
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Orioli
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Castilla
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Machida
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Natsume
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Murray
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D001208:Asia; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002417:Cattle; D002645:Chickens / Q000235:genetics; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000235:genetics*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000235:genetics*; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D005060:Europe; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics; D005828:Genetics, Population / Q000379:methods; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium / Q000235:genetics; D051957:MSX1 Transcription Factor; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D016415:Sequence Alignment / Q000379:methods; D013020:South America; D013577:Syndrome; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D020506:Untranslated Regions / Q000235:genetics; D029867:Xenopus Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D051957:MSX1 Transcription Factor; C497998:Msx1 protein, rat; D014157:Transcription Factors; D020506:Untranslated Regions; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; D004247:DNA