title: Long-term islet allograft survival in nonobese diabetic mice treated with tacrolimus, rapamycin, and anti-interleukin-2 antibody.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice develop autoimmune diabetes with features similar to those observed in the human disease. The concurrence of allorecognition and recurrence of autoimmunity might explain why most of the treatments successful in preventing islet allograft destruction in other nonautoimmune combinations often fail in NOD recipients. To assess the value of the NOD mouse model for the evaluation of treatments relevant to clinical islet transplantation, the authors have tested the effect of a protocol closely resembling the one successfully used in the Edmonton clinical trial on the survival of islet allografts in NOD mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  C57BL/6 islets were transplanted under the kidney capsule of spontaneously diabetic NOD mice. Treatment consisted of a combination of rapamycin, tacrolimus, and anti-interleukin (IL)-2 monoclonal antibody. Control groups received each treatment alone, a combination of two agents, or no treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Untreated animals invariably lost their graft within 13 days. Administration of rapamycin and tacrolimus significantly prolonged graft survival, with two of seven animals bearing a functional graft longer than 100 days. Addition of anti-IL-2 antibody therapy further improved graft survival, with six of eight grafts functioning longer than 100 days and two of eight grafts functioning longer than 200 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In view of the limited success obtained with other treatments in this model, the dramatic prolongation of graft survival observed in the authors' study, by using a therapy that mimics one successfully used in clinical trials, seems to validate the NOD mouse as a meaningful model for the study of therapeutic interventions for the prevention of islet graft loss.
authors.affiliation: Cell Transplant Center, Diabetes Research Institute, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
authors.forename: R Damaris
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Molano
authors.forename: Antonello
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pileggi
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Berney
authors.forename: Raffaella
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Poggioli
authors.forename: Elsie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zahr
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Oliver
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Malek
authors.forename: Camillo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ricordi
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Inverardi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000494:pharmacology; D001835:Body Weight; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000601:surgery*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006085:Graft Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000276:immunology*; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D016381:Islets of Langerhans Transplantation; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D016688:Mice, Inbred NOD; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D016207:Cytokines; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D007376:Interleukin-2; D020123:Sirolimus; D016559:Tacrolimus