title: Clinical features and contemporary management of patients with low and preserved ejection fraction heart failure: baseline characteristics of patients in the Candesartan in Heart failure-Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity (CHARM) programme.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the clinical characteristics and contemporary treatment of a broad spectrum of patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) randomised in the Candesartan in Heart failure-Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity (CHARM) programme, consisting of three component studies comparing placebo to candesartan.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CHARM Alternative, CHARM Added and CHARM Preserved enrolled 2028 low left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ACE inhibitor intolerant patients, 2548 low LVEF ACE inhibitor treated patients and 3025 preserved LVEF patients, respectively. Patients in CHARM Preserved were more often female. The proportion of women in CHARM Preserved was 40% compared to 32% in CHARM Alternative and 21% in CHARM Added. Patients in CHARM Preserved were also more often hypertensive than in the other two trials (64% vs. 50% and 48%, respectively). Symptoms and signs (with the exception of a third heart sound) were similar in all three patient groups. Beta-blockers were used in over half of patients in all three groups. Digoxin and spironolactone were used less frequently and calcium antagonists more frequently in CHARM Preserved. Spironolactone was used most frequently in CHARM Alternative, i.e. in ACE inhibitor intolerant patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CHARM Programme provides the largest and most detailed comparison to date of patients low- and preserved-LVEF CHF. It also describes the causes of ACE-inhibitor intolerance in a large cohort of patients and the other treatment which these patients receive.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Western Infirmary, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G11 6NT, Scotland, UK. j.mcmurray@bio.gla.ac.uk
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McMurray
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ostergren
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pfeffer
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Swedberg
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Granger
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yusuf
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Held
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Michelson
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Olofsson
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001210:Asia, Southeastern / Q000453:epidemiology; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019468:Disease Management; D004232:Diuretics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity; D009656:North America / Q000453:epidemiology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D012737:Sex Factors; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D004232:Diuretics