title: The effectiveness of psychosocial interventions delivered by general practitioners.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many patients visit their general practitioner (GP) because of problems that are psychosocial in origin. However, for many of these problems there is no evidence-based treatment available in primary care, and these patients place time-consuming demands on their GP. Therefore, GPs could benefit from tools to help these patients more effectively and efficiently. In this light, it is important to assess whether structured psychosocial interventions might be an appropriate tool for GPs. Previous reviews have shown that psychosocial interventions in primary care seem more effective that usual care. However, these interventions were mostly performed by health professionals other than the GP.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To present a systematic review of the literature addressing the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions by general practitioners by assessing the clinical outcomes and the methodological quality of selected studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  The literature search was conducted using the CCDAN Trials Register, the Cochrane Library and reference lists of relevant studies for citation tracking. Also, personal communication with experts took place.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trials, controlled clinical trials and controlled patient preference trials addressing the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions by GPs for any problem or disorder. Studies published before January 2002 were eligible for entry.
  
  
  METHODS
  Methodological quality was independently be assessed by two reviewers using the Maastricht-Amsterdam Criteria List and the CCDAN Quality Rating Scale. The qualitative and quantitative characteristics of selected trials were independently extracted by two reviewers using a standardised data extraction form. Levels of evidence were used to determine the strength of the evidence available. Results from studies that reported similar interventions and outcome measures were meta-analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight studies were included in the review. Selected studies addressed different psychosocial interventions for four distinct disorders or health complaints. There is good evidence that problem-solving treatment by general practitioners is effective for major depression. The evidence concerning the remaining interventions for other health complaints (reattribution or cognitive behavioural group therapy for somatisation, counselling for smoking cessation, behavioural interventions to reduce alcohol reduction) is either limited or conflicting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In general, there is little available evidence on the use of psychosocial interventions by general practitioners. Of the psychosocial interventions reviewed, problem-solving treatment for depression seems the most promising tool for GPs, although a stronger evidence-base is required and the effectiveness in routine practice remains to be demonstrated. More research is required to improve the evidence-base on this subject.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Epidemiology and General Practice, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht, Netherlands. marcus.huibers@hag.unimaas.nl
authors.forename: M J H
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Huibers
authors.forename: A J H M
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Beurskens
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bleijenberg
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: van Schayck
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000628:therapy; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D003376:Counseling; D003863:Depression / Q000628:therapy; D005194:Family Practice; D006801:Humans; D011613:Psychotherapy; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000628:therapy