title: Fisetin, a flavonol, inhibits TH2-type cytokine production by activated human basophils.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Activation of mast cells and basophils through allergen stimulation releases chemical mediators and synthesizes cytokines. Among these cytokines, IL-4, IL-13, and IL-5 have major roles in allergic inflammation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to determine the potency of flavonoids (astragalin, fisetin, kaempferol, myricetin, quercetin, and rutin) for the inhibition of cytokine expression and synthesis by human basophils.
  
  
  METHODS
  The inhibitory effect of flavonoids on cytokine expression by stimulated KU812 cells, a human basophilic cell line, and freshly purified peripheral blood basophils was measured by means of semiquantitative RT-PCR and ELISA assays. The effects of flavonoids on transcriptional activation of the nuclear factor of activated T cells were assessed by means of electrophoretic mobility shift assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fisetin suppressed the induction of IL-4, IL-13, and IL-5 mRNA expression by A23187-stimulated KU812 cells and basophils in response to cross-linkage of the IgE receptor. Fisetin reduced IL-4, IL-13, and IL-5 synthesis (inhibitory concentration of 50% [IC(50)] = 19.4, 17.7, and 17.4 micromol/L, respectively) but not IL-6 and IL-8 production by KU812 cells. In addition, fisetin inhibited IL-4 and IL-13 synthesis by anti-IgE antibody-stimulated human basophils (IC(50) = 5.1 and 6.2 micromol/L, respectively) and IL-4 synthesis by allergen-stimulated basophils from allergic patients (IC(50) = 4.8 micromol/L). Among the flavonoids examined, kaempferol and quercetin showed substantial inhibitory activities in cytokine expression but less so than those of fisetin. Fisetin inhibited nuclear localization of nuclear factor of activated T cells c2 by A23187-stimulated KU812 cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide evidence of a novel activity of the flavonoid fisetin that suppresses the expression of T(H)2-type cytokines (IL-4, IL-13, and IL-5) by basophils.
authors.affiliation: Department III of Internal Medicine, Osaka University Medical School, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Higa
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hirano
authors.forename: Mayumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kotani
authors.forename: Motonobu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: Akihito
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suemura
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kawase
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tanaka
mesh_terms: D001491:Basophils / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D044948:Flavonols; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D018793:Interleukin-13 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D015848:Interleukin-5 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D050778:NFATC Transcription Factors; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D005419:Flavonoids; D044948:Flavonols; D018793:Interleukin-13; D015848:Interleukin-5; D050778:NFATC Transcription Factors; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014157:Transcription Factors; D015847:Interleukin-4; C017875:fisetin