title: Itraconazole to prevent fungal infections in chronic granulomatous disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic granulomatous disease is a rare disorder in which the phagocytes fail to produce hydrogen peroxide. The patients are predisposed to bacterial and fungal infections. Prophylactic antibiotics and interferon gamma have reduced bacterial infections, but there is also the danger of life-threatening fungal infections. We assessed the efficacy of itraconazole as prophylaxis against serious fungal infections in chronic granulomatous disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-nine patients at least 5 years old (6 female and 33 male; mean age, 14.9 years) were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. After the initially assigned treatment, each patient alternated between itraconazole and placebo annually. Patients 13 years of age or older and all patients weighing at least 50 kg received a single dose of 200 mg of itraconazole per day; those less than 13 years old or weighing less than 50 kg received a single dose of 100 mg per day. The primary end point was severe fungal infection, as determined by histologic results or culture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One patient (who had not been compliant with the treatment) had a serious fungal infection while receiving itraconazole, as compared with seven who had a serious fungal infection while receiving placebo (P=0.10). No patient receiving itraconazole but five patients receiving placebo had a superficial fungal infection. No serious toxic effects were noted, although one patient had a rash and another had elevated results on liver-function tests; both of these effects resolved with the discontinuation of itraconazole.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Itraconazole prophylaxis appears to be an effective and well-tolerated treatment that reduces the frequency of fungal infections in chronic granulomatous disease, but monitoring for long-term toxic effects is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md 20892, USA.
authors.forename: John I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Gallin
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Alling
authors.forename: Harry L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Malech
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wesley
authors.forename: Deloris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Koziol
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Marciano
authors.forename: Eli M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Eisenstein
authors.forename: Maria L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Ellen S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: DeCarlo
authors.forename: Judith M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Starling
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Holland
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006105:Granulomatous Disease, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D017964:Itraconazole / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009181:Mycoses / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010349:Patient Compliance; D035583:Rare Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D017964:Itraconazole