title: Histological changes of minimally invasive procedures for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer: clinical implications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is near universal in aging men, creating tremendous costs in morbidity and surgical treatment. In the last decade numerous nonsurgical minimally invasive methods have emerged for ablation of prostatic tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the recently published English language literature on minimally invasive techniques for treating BPH and cancer with an emphasis on histopathological findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We compared the spectrum of contemporary minimally invasive treatments for BPH and cancer, with an emphasis on histopathological results. Clinical results were summarized briefly for each treatment method. These procedures ablate tissue by thermal, cryogenic, chemical or enzymatic injury. The 5-year results for some techniques were promising, although long-term durability is still uncertain, and other methods were in preclinical or early clinical stages. Invariably the treated tissue was devitalized with a thin border of granulation tissue and fibrosis. These procedures have applications for BPH and prostate cancer, although some studies are limited to only 1 disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Minimally invasive procedures show promise of a durable replacement for surgical resection.
authors.affiliation: Bostwick Laboratories, 2807 N. Parham Road, Richmond, VA 23294, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Bostwick
authors.forename: Alberto G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Corica
authors.forename: Thayne R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Larson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003452:Cryosurgery; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D009336:Necrosis; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D020728:Transurethral Resection of Prostate; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy; D014546:Urinary Catheterization