title: Challenges of teaching surgery: ethical framework.
abstract: Surgeons, trainees, and patients may be uncomfortable with the secrecy that surrounds the process of teaching and learning surgical procedures. Well structured training programs use a system of graded responsibility, supervision, and evaluation to ensure skill development and patient safety. Patient outcomes are generally excellent in training institutions. Disclosure of the role of trainees and their contribution to care enhances trust.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Stadium Road, PO Box 3500, Karachi 74800, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Asad J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Raja
authors.forename: Alex V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Levin
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D004995:Ethics, Professional; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education* / Q000941:ethics; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent; D007396:Internship and Residency; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations / Q000941:ethics; D013663:Teaching / Q000941:ethics*