title: Methodological issues and controversies in clinical trials with child and adolescent patients with bipolar disorder: report of a consensus conference.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To achieve consensus among researchers, pharmaceutical industry representatives, federal regulatory agency staff, and family advocates on a template for clinical trials of acute mania/bipolar disorder in children and adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, in collaboration with Best Practice, convened a group of experts from the key stakeholder communities (including adult psychiatrists with expertise in bipolar disorder) and assigned them to workgroups to examine core methodological issues surrounding the design of clinical trials and, ultimately, to generate a consensus statement encompassing: (1) inclusion/exclusion criteria, (2) investigator training needs and site selection, (3) assessment and outcome measures, (4) protocol design and ethical issues unique to trials involving children/adolescents, and (5) regulatory agency perspectives on these deliberations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Conference participants reached agreement on 18 broad methodological questions. Key points of consensus were to assign priority to placebo-controlled studies of acute manic episodes in children and adolescents aged 10-17 years, who may or may not be hospitalized, and who may or may not suffer from common comorbid psychiatric disorders; to require that specialist diagnostic "gatekeepers" screen youths' eligibility to participate in trials; to monitor interviewer and rater competency over the course of the trial using agreed upon standards; and to develop new tools for assessment, including scales to measure aggression/rage and cognitive function, while using the best available instruments (e.g., Young Mania Rating Scale) in the interim.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Methodologically rigorous, large-scale clinical trials of treatment of acute mania are urgently needed to provide information regarding the safety and efficacy, in youth, of diverse agents with potential mood-stabilizing properties.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University-Putnam Hall, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8790, USA. Gabrielle.Carlson@StonyBrook.edu
authors.forename: Gabrielle A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.forename: Peter S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Findling
authors.forename: Roger E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Calabrese
authors.forename: Melissa P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: DelBello
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Emslie
authors.forename: Laurie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Flynn
authors.forename: Frederick
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Goodwin
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hellander
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kowatch
authors.forename: Vivek
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kusumakar
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Laughren
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Leibenluft
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McCracken
authors.forename: Editha
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nottelmann
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pine
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sachs
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shaffer
authors.forename: Renee
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Simar
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Strober
authors.forename: Elizabeth B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Weller
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wozniak
authors.forename: Eric A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Youngstrom
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000296:Adolescent Psychiatry; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D002665:Child Psychiatry; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000941:ethics / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D012107:Research Design / Q000592:standards*; D016896:Treatment Outcome