title: Genetically altered mouse models: the good, the bad, and the ugly.
abstract: Targeted gene disruption in mice is a powerful tool for generating murine models for human development and disease. While the human genome program has helped to generate numerous candidate genes, few genes have been characterized for their precise in vivo functions. Gene targeting has had an enormous impact on our ability to delineate the functional roles of these genes. Many gene knockout mouse models faithfully mimic the phenotypes of the human diseases. Because some models display an unexpected or no phenotype, controversy has arisen about the value of gene-targeting strategies. We argue in favor of gene-targeting strategies, provided they are used with caution, particularly in interpreting phenotypes in craniofacial and oral biology, where many genes have pleiotropic roles. The potential pitfalls are outweighed by the unique opportunities for developing and testing different therapeutic strategies before they are introduced into the clinic. In the future, we believe that genetically engineered animal models will be indispensable for gaining important insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying development, as well as disease pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment.
authors.affiliation: Functional Genomics Unit and Gene Targeting Facility, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Building 30, Room 527, 30 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Tamizchelvi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Thyagarajan
authors.forename: Satish
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Totey
authors.forename: Mary Jo S
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Danton
authors.forename: Ashok B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000235:genetics; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000235:genetics*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018390:Gene Targeting; D016678:Genome; D006801:Humans; D008445:Maxillofacial Development / Q000235:genetics*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout / Q000235:genetics; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains / Q000235:genetics*; D008822:Mice, Transgenic / Q000235:genetics; D014071:Tooth Abnormalities / Q000235:genetics*