title: Melatonin and vitamin D3 increase TGF-beta1 release and induce growth inhibition in breast cancer cell cultures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence has accumulated that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1,25-(OH)(2)D(3)] is involved in the regulation of the proliferation of breast tumor cells. For complete tumor suppression high hypercalcemic doses of 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) are needed. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of combined treatment of 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) at low doses and melatonin (MEL) on the proliferation of estrogen-responsive rat breast cancer cell line RM4.
  
  
  METHODS
  RM4 cell proliferation was assessed by [3H]thymidine uptake. The presence of TGF-beta(1) in serum-free conditioned medium was determined by inhibition antibody binding assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 17-betaE cultured RM4 cells both MEL and 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) alone and in combination significantly reduced [3H]thymidine incorporation in a dose-related fashion. MEL by itself was ineffective in inhibiting the FCS-cultured RM4 cells, while 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) strongly inhibited [3H]thymidine incorporation. Meanwhile, MEL increased the sensitivity of the FCS-cultured RM4 cells to 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) in the combined regimen, from 20- to 100-fold. MEL significantly enhanced the TGF-beta(1) secretion from RM4 cells and vitamin D(3) increased the TGF-beta(1) secretion in a dose-dependent manner, from 2- to 7-fold. Moreover, a further enhancement of the TGF-beta(1) release was obtained with the combined treatment, but only for low 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) concentrations. The addition of monoclonal anti-TGF-beta(1) antibody to the medium of RM4 cells exposed to vitamin D(3) alone or in combination with MEL increased the [3H]thymidine uptake compared to the correspondent cells cultured without antibody.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data point to a potential benefit of combination therapy with 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) and MEL in the treatment of breast cancer and suggest that the growth inhibition could be related, at least in part, to the enhanced TGF-beta(1) secretion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Medicine and Pathology, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00161 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Mariano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bizzarri
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cucina
authors.forename: Maria Giovanna
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Valente
authors.forename: Fausto
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tagliaferri
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Borrelli
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Stipa
authors.forename: Antonino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cavallaro
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects*; D002762:Cholecalciferol / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006131:Growth Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D008550:Melatonin / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D006131:Growth Inhibitors; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D002762:Cholecalciferol; D008550:Melatonin