title: Brachytherapy for prostate cancer: a systematic review of clinical and cost effectiveness.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Brachytherapy is emerging as a new treatment option for prostate cancer, and is increasingly being used in Europe and North America.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of studies that compared clinical or cost effectiveness of prostate brachytherapy with radical prostatectomy or external beam radiation for patients with localised prostate cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No randomised controlled trials were identified, but five observational studies with comparable patient groups were included in the review. There were no valid data on overall or disease-free survival. There was no difference in disease-free survival based on PSA as a surrogate measure, or in rates of complications. No cost effectiveness studies were found. Based on Norwegian data, the one-year cost of the three treatment options seem fairly similar, while long term cost data are lacking due to lack of data on long term clinical outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The evidence on the clinical effectiveness of therapies for localised prostate cancer is scarce, but the outcome appears to be comparable for radical prostatectomy, external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy.
authors.affiliation: The Norwegian Centre for Health Technology Assessment, SINTEF Unimed, Postbox 124, Blindern, 0314 Oslo, Norway. inger.n.norderhaug@unimed.sintef.no
authors.forename: Inger
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Norderhaug
authors.forename: Olav
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Dahl
authors.forename: Per A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Høisaeter
authors.forename: Reino
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Heikkilä
authors.forename: Olbjørn
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Klepp
authors.forename: Dag Rune
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: Ivar S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Kristiansen
authors.forename: Håkon
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Waehre
authors.forename: Truls E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Bjerklund Johansen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009664:Norway; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome