title: Testing and modelling the interaction of alfentanil and propofol on the EEG.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  For total intravenous anaesthesia an opioid is often combined with a hypnotic. A supra-additive interaction has been reported for clinical signs such as loss of consciousness or loss of the eyelash reflex. This study investigated the type of interaction of alfentanil and propofol on the electroencephalogram.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty patients scheduled for abdominal surgery were enrolled in the study. Anaesthesia was induced and maintained with alfentanil and propofol. Each patient received a target-controlled infusion of alfentanil. Three target concentrations of 150, 225 and 300 ng mL(-1) were applied to each patient in random order. Propofol was added to the alfentanil infusion by a feedback system. The set point was the range of 1.5-2.5 Hz median frequency of the electroencephalogram. Four arterial blood samples were taken within the last 20 min of each period. The mean drug concentrations were used to determine the type of interaction and an isobole was estimated by fitting Bernstein spline functions to the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 17 patients, all three alfentanil target concentrations could be administered. The test for supra-additivity as well as the isobole construction resulted in an additive type of interaction. The line of additivity cA/cA0 + cP/cP0 = 1 was best fitted for the values (standard deviation) cA0 = 1240 (51)ng mL(-1) and cP0 = 5.21 (0.36) microg mL(-1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The type of interaction between alfentanil and propofol on the electroencephalogram in the investigated dose range is additive. This gives the freedom and need to select the appropriate dosing ratio of alfentanil and propofol by other considerations.
authors.affiliation: Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Anaesthesiology, Erlangen, Germany. schwilden@kfa.imed.uni-erlangen.de
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schwilden
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fechner
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Albrecht
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hering
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ihmsen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schüttler
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D015760:Alfentanil / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003243:Consciousness / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D015742:Propofol / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D015760:Alfentanil; D015742:Propofol