title: Exposure to diagnostic ionizing radiation in sports medicine: assessing and monitoring the risk.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To understand the estimation of both the effective dose and the risk estimate associated with diagnostic ionizing radiation in sports medicine and to appreciate strategies by which this radiation exposure may be minimized.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sports medicine practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  A theoretical patient, athlete X (male, aged 20-29 years, 80 kg), was used to illustrate how the effective dose and the corresponding risk estimate are calculated for various common sports medicine investigations. Doses and risk estimates for female and pediatric athletes also are discussed.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effective dose and corresponding risk estimate associated with common sports medicine investigations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Computed tomography and radiographic examinations of the extremities have significantly lower effective doses than investigations about the trunk region. Bone scanning and computed tomography have a significantly higher effective dose than radiography. The risk estimates associated with the low doses used in diagnostic ionizing radiation procedures are extrapolated from epidemiologic studies on exposures to high doses of radiation, and several uncertainties exist in this estimation. Notwithstanding this, the responsible clinician should be aware of both the effective doses and the risk estimates that are associated with the more common investigations. The principles of justification and optimization for these investigations will help guide clinicians to reduce radiation exposure without compromising the management of their patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Certain investigations have a greater effective dose and risk estimate than others. Elite athletes may potentially undergo numerous investigations in their career. An athlete radiation record may be useful to better manage this exposure.
authors.affiliation: Sports Physicians ACT, Deakin, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. tom.cross@sports-physicians-act.com.au
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Cross
authors.forename: Richard C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Smart
authors.forename: Julian E M
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Thomson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011839:Radiation, Ionizing; D011859:Radiography / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013178:Sports Medicine / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data