title: Antibiotics for acute maxillary sinusitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For adults seeking care in ambulatory medical practices, sinusitis is the most common diagnosis treated with antibiotics.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined whether antibiotics are indicated for acute sinusitis, and if so, which antibiotic classes are most effective.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relevant studies were identified from searches of MEDLINE and EMBASE in December 2001, contacts with pharmaceutical companies and bibliographies of included studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized trials were eligible that compared antibiotic to control or antibiotics from different classes, for acute maxillary sinusitis. Additional criteria for inclusion were diagnostic confirmation by radiograph or sinus aspiration, outcomes that included clinical cure or improvement, and a sample size of 30 or more adults. Of 2058 potentially relevant studies, two or more reviewers identified 49 studies meeting selection criteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were extracted independently by two persons and synthesized descriptively. Some data were analyzed quantitatively using a random effects model. Primary outcomes were: a) clinical cure, and b) clinical cure or improvement. Secondary outcomes were radiographic improvement, relapse rates, and dropouts due to adverse effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-nine trials, involving 13,660 participants, evaluated antibiotic treatment for acute maxillary sinusitis. Major comparisons were antibiotic versus control (n of 5); newer, non-penicillin antibiotic versus penicillin class (n of 10); and amoxicillin-clavulanate versus other extended spectrum antibiotics (n of 17), where n is the number of trials. Most trials were conducted in otolaryngology settings. Only 8 trials described adequate allocation and concealment procedures; 20 were double-blind. Compared to control, penicillin improved clinical cures [relative risk (RR) 1.72; 95% CI 1.00 to 2.96]. Treatment with amoxicillin did not significantly improve cure rates (RR 2.06; 95% CI 0.65 to 6.53) but there was significant variability between studies. Radiographic outcomes were improved by antibiotic treatment. Comparisons between classes of antibiotics showed no significant differences: newer non-penicillins versus penicillins (RR for cure 1.07; 95% CI 0.99 to 1.17); newer non-penicillins versus amoxicillin-clavulanate (RR for cure 1.03; 95% CI 0.96 to 1.11). Compared to amoxicillin-clavulanate, dropouts due to adverse effects were significantly lower for cephalosporin antibiotics (RR 0.47; 95% CI 0.30 to 0.73). Relapse rates within one month of successful therapy were 7.7%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For acute maxillary sinusitis confirmed radiographically or by aspiration, current evidence is limited but supports the use of penicillin or amoxicillin for 7 to 14 days. Clinicians should weigh the moderate benefits of antibiotic treatment against the potential for adverse effects.
authors.affiliation: Medicine, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center/ Duke University Medical Center, 508 Fulton Street, HSRD (152), Durham, NC 27705, USA. willi007@mc.duke.edu
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Aguilar
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cornell
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Chiquette
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Makela
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Holleman
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Simel
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D015523:Maxillary Sinusitis / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents