title: Spindle formation in Aspergillus is coupled to tubulin movement into the nucleus.
abstract: In many important organisms, including many algae and most fungi, the nuclear envelope does not disassemble during mitosis. This fact raises the possibility that mitotic onset and/or exit might be regulated, in part, by movement of important mitotic proteins into and out of the nucleoplasm. We have used two methods to determine whether tubulin levels in the nucleoplasm are regulated in the fungus Aspergillus nidulans. First, we have used benomyl to disassemble microtubules and create a pool of free tubulin that can be readily observed by immunofluorescence. We find that tubulin is substantially excluded from interphase nuclei, but is present in mitotic nuclei. Second, we have observed a green fluorescent protein/alpha-tubulin fusion in living cells by time-lapse spinning-disk confocal microscopy. We find that tubulin is excluded from interphase nuclei, enters the nucleus seconds before the mitotic spindle begins to form, and is removed from the nucleoplasm during the M-to-G1 transition. Our data indicate that regulation of intranuclear tubulin levels plays an important, perhaps essential, role in the control of mitotic spindle formation in A. nidulans. They suggest that regulation of protein movement into the nucleoplasm may be important for regulating mitotic onset in organisms with intranuclear mitosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA.
authors.forename: Yulia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ovechkina
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Maddox
authors.forename: C Elizabeth
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Oakley
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Osmani
authors.forename: Edward D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Salmon
authors.forename: Berl R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Oakley
mesh_terms: D001230:Aspergillus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D001542:Benomyl / Q000494:pharmacology; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000494:pharmacology; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008941:Spindle Apparatus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D014404:Tubulin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D014404:Tubulin; D001542:Benomyl