title: Outcomes of cataract surgery in Bangladesh: results from a population based nationwide survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the outcome of cataract surgery in the population of Bangladesh.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected by the National Blindness and Low Vision Prevalence Survey of Bangladesh, a cross sectional, nationally representative sample (12 782 subjects) of the population aged >or=30 years. An interview recorded socioeconomic data. Each subject was tested for logMAR visual acuity (VA) of each eye, autorefracted, and then underwent optic disc examination. Those with <6/12 VA on presentation in either eye were retested with their refractive correction, dilated, and examined for anterior and posterior segment disease. In aphakic and pseudophakic subjects the date, location and operating conditions (eye camp/hospital), and type of operation(s) were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  11 624 eligible subjects were examined (90.9% response rate) in the survey. 162 subjects, 77 men and 85 women, had undergone cataract surgery in one or both eyes. 199 (88%) eyes had undergone intracapsular cataract extraction (ICCE), and 22 (10%) extracapsular surgery with intraocular lens (ECCE+IOL); surgical technique(s) in four cases were not identified. Presenting VA for the 226 operated eyes were: 68 eyes (30.1%) were 6/12 or better, 31 (13.7%) <6/12 >or=6/18, 63 (27.9%) 6/18 to 6/60, 8 (3.5%) <6/60 >or=3/60, and 56 (24.8%) <3/60. With "best" refractive correction these values were 114 (50.4%), 31 (13.7%), 51 (22.6%), 5 (2.2%), and 25 (11.1%), respectively. Of the 158 eyes with VA of 6/12 or worse on presentation, 44 (28%) were the result of coincident disease (principally age related macular degeneration), 95 (60%) refractive error (44 of these had uncorrected aphakia), and 19 (12%) operative complications. ICCE was more likely to result in a VA of <6/18 (OR: 4.26, p = 0.01) than ECCE+IOL. Likewise, eye camp surgery was more likely to result in a VA of <6/60 (OR: 1.98, p = 0.04). No significant association was found between time since surgery and VA outcome, nor was there a sex difference for postoperative vision. Literate subjects were significantly less likely to have an outcome of <6/18 (OR: 2.38, p <0.01) or <6/60 (OR: 2.87, p <0.01). Following ICCE (199 eyes), 56 (37%) of the 151 eyes with an aphakic spectacle correction achieved 6/12 or better. Females, eye camp surgeries, illiterate subjects, and rural dwellers were less likely to wear their aphakic correction. The ratio of ICCE:ECCE+IOL has reduced in the past 3 years (3.8:1) compared to >or=4 years before the survey (25:1). Hospital based ECCE+IOL surgeries were associated with a better outcome, yet 36% of these eyes were <6/12 postoperatively, after excluding coincident disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This evaluative research study into cataract surgery outcomes in Bangladesh highlights the need for an improvement in quality and increased quantity of surgery with a more balanced distribution of services.
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Eye Health, Department of Epidemiology and International Eye Health, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK. rupert_bourne@hotmail.com
authors.forename: R R A
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Bourne
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Dineen
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: D M Noorul
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Huq
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001459:Bangladesh / Q000453:epidemiology; D002386:Cataract / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002387:Cataract Extraction / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000150:complications; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014792:Visual Acuity