title: Alcohol drinking patterns and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus among younger women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship between alcohol consumption and the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus among relatively young and middle-aged women.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective study, 109 690 women, aged 25 to 42 years, without a history of coronary heart disease, stroke, cancer, or diabetes mellitus completed a detailed lifestyle and medical history questionnaire in 1989. During 10 years of follow-up, we documented 935 incident cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found a nonlinear relationship between alcohol consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus after adjustment for multiple confounders, including body mass index, smoking, physical activity, and family history of diabetes mellitus (quadratic trend P =.003). Compared with lifelong abstainers, the adjusted relative risks (95% confidence intervals) were 0.80 (0.66-0.96) for those consuming 0.1 to 4.9 g/d, 0.67 (0.50-0.89) for those consuming 5.0 to 14.9 g/d, 0.42 (0.20-0.90) for those consuming 15.0 to 29.9 g/d, and 0.78 (0.34-1.78) for those consuming 30.0 g/d or more. Further adjustment for dietary factors, including glycemic load, trans-fatty acid, polyunsaturated fat, and total fiber intake, did not appreciably alter these findings. The inverse association with light to moderate drinking was most apparent in women who reported wine or beer drinking. Women who reported 30.0 g/d or more of liquor intake showed a significantly increased risk of diabetes mellitus compared with those who did not report liquor intake (adjusted relative risk, 2.50; 95% confidence interval, 1.00-6.23).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Light to moderate alcoholic beverage consumption may be associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus among women aged 25 to 42 years, although this benefit may not persist at higher levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Mass., USA. goya@pcps.ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: S Goya
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Wannamethee
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Camargo
authors.forename: JoAnn E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Manson
authors.forename: Walter C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Willett
authors.forename: Eric B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Rimm
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D004032:Diet; D015444:Exercise; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires