title: Concurrent cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, and radiotherapy for invasive bladder cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the tolerance and efficacy of a modified concurrent chemoradiation (CCRT) protocol for patients with invasive bladder cancer "unfit" for radical cystectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-three muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients who were unfit for or unwilling to receive radical cystectomy were enrolled in this study. All patients had transitional cell carcinoma of bladder, and distribution of stage was 14 (61%), 1 (4%), and 8 (35%) for T3a, T3b, and T4, respectively. This study included a relatively old-age population, with the median age being 75 and 70% of patients over 70 years old. Patients were treated with maximal transurethral resection of the bladder tumor followed by curative CCRT. The chemotherapy (C/T) regimen was comprised of cisplatin, 50 mg/m(2) intravenously (i.v.) on Day 1; 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), 500 mg/m(2)/day by continuous i.v. infusion on Days 1-3; and leucovorin, 50 mg/day by continuous i.v. infusion on Days 1-3. Chemotherapy course was repeated at 21-day intervals. The radiation dose was 44-45 Gy to whole pelvis and 60-61.2 Gy to bladder, with a daily fraction of 1.8-2 Gy. The completeness of the CCRT protocol was defined as patients receiving at least 55 Gy of radiotherapy to the whole bladder and at least three courses C/T.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-four percent of patients (17/23) completed the CCRT protocol. Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) Grade 3 acute toxicities were observed in 4 patients, which included leucopenia, vomiting, genitourinary (GU) tract infection, and diarrhea. No treatment-related deaths occurred during the CCRT period. RTOG Grade 3 or more late complications were observed in 3 patients; one of them died of radiation cystitis superimposed with GU infection. Of the 18 patients whose response to CCRT was evaluated, a complete tumor response was documented in 16 patients (89%). With a median follow-up of 3 years, the 3-year overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) for all patients was 69% and 65% respectively. Meanwhile, the 3-year overall and DFS rates for patients who completed CCRT vs. those who did not complete CCRT were 82% vs. 33% and 75% vs. 33%, respectively (p = 0.18 for OS and p = 0.04 for DFS).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Concurrent cisplatin, 5-FU, leucovorin, and radiotherapy for treatment of invasive bladder cancer is a feasible and promising treatment even for relatively old patients. Our results are comparable to those in recent studies by using combined modality treatment or neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus radical cystectomy. Consequently, this novel protocol warrants a prospective clinical trial and may be a safe, effective alternative to radical cystectomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wen-Cheng
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Chuag-Chi
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Liaw
authors.forename: Cheng-Keng
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Chuang
authors.forename: Miao-Fen
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Chih-Shou
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Paul Yann
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Phei-Lang
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Sheng-Hsien
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Chun-Te
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Ji-Hong
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Hong
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D002955:Leucovorin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012074:Remission Induction; D016019:Survival Analysis; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*
chemical_list: D002945:Cisplatin; D002955:Leucovorin; D005472:Fluorouracil