title: Residual debris as a potential cause of postphacoemulsification endophthalmitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine residual debris within sterilised instruments prior to cataract surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  (i) Flushings from 32 sets of phacoemulsification instruments, sterilised according to hospital routine protocols, were taken preoperatively and analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). (ii) A total of 16 sets of flushings from a different institute were collected-with separation of samples collected from phacoemulsification and those from irrigation-aspiration (IA) instruments-and analysed in the same way. (iii) A total of 15 sets of flushings were collected from instruments where an automated flushing system was used prior to sterilisation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (i)In the first study, 62% were clean, 16% were moderately contaminated and 22% were severely contaminated. Various contaminants were identified including lens capsule and cells, man-made fibres, squamous cells, bacteria, fungal elements, diatoms, red blood cells and proteinaceous material. (ii) In the second study, the results were similar and contamination of both phacoemulsification and IA instruments was shown. (iii) The third study showed that although a decrease in contamination followed automated flushing, contamination was not completely eliminated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although all equipment had been sterilised, pyrogenic material was still present. These findings emphasise the importance of meticulous cleaning of all surgical equipment in which biological debris can remain.
authors.affiliation: Tennent Institute of Ophthalmology, Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow, UK. thorfinnleslie@hotmail.com
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Leslie
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Aitken
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Barrie
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Kirkness
mesh_terms: D009877:Endophthalmitis / Q000209:etiology*; D004866:Equipment Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control; D005129:Eye Foreign Bodies / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D018918:Phacoemulsification / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013242:Sterilization / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards