title: Production of isometric forces during sustained acceleration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The operation of high-performance aircraft requires pilots to apply finely graded forces on controls. Since they are often exposed to high levels of acceleration in flight, we investigated to what extent this ability is degraded in such an environment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve healthy non-pilot volunteers were seated in the gondola of a centrifuge and their performance was tested at normal gravity (1 G) and while exposed to sustained forces of 1.5 G and 3 G oriented from head to foot (+Gz). Using an isometric joystick, they attempted to produce force vectors with specific lengths and directions commanded in random order by a visual display.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Acceleration had substantial effects on the magnitude of produced force. Compared with 1 G, maximum produced force was about 2 N higher at 1.5 G and about 10 N higher at 3 G. The size of this effect was constant across the different magnitudes, but varied with the direction of the prescribed force.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acceleration degrades control of force production. This finding may indicate that the motor system misinterprets the unusual gravitoinertial environment and/or that proprioceptive feedback is degraded due to increased muscle tone. The production of excessive isometric force could affect the safe operation of high-performance aircraft.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, German Sport University, Köln, Germany.
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Sand
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Girgenrath
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bock
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pongratz
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D000401:Aircraft; D002498:Centrifugation; D006801:Humans; D018471:Hypergravity