title: Oral and maxillofacial surgery in patients with chronic orofacial pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this investigation, we evaluated a population of patients with chronic orofacial pain who sought treatment at a pain center in an academic institution. These patients were evaluated with respect to 1) the frequency and types of previous oral and maxillofacial surgery procedures, 2) the frequency of previous significant misdiagnoses, and 3) the number of patients who subsequently required surgical treatment as recommended by an interdisciplinary orofacial pain team. The major goal of this investigation was to determine the role of oral and maxillofacial surgery in patients with chronic orofacial pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population included patients seen at the Center for Oral, Facial and Head Pain at New York Presbyterian Hospital from January 1999 through April 2001. (120 patients; female-to-male ratio, 3:1; mean age, 49 years; average pain duration, 81 months; average number of previous specialists, 6). The patient population was evaluated by an interdisciplinary orofacial pain team and the following characteristics of this population were profiled: 1) the frequency and types of previous surgical procedures, 2) diagnoses, 3) the frequency of previous misdiagnoses, and 4) treatment recommendations made by the center team.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a history of previous oral and maxillofacial surgical procedures in 38 of 120 patients (32%). Procedures performed before our evaluation included endodontics (30%), extractions (27%), apicoectomies (12%), temporomandibular joint (TMJ) surgery (6%), neurolysis (5%), orthognathic surgery (3%), and debridement of bone cavities (2%). Surgical intervention clearly exacerbated pain in 21 of 38 patients (55%) who had undergone surgery. Diagnoses included myofascial pain (50%), atypical facial neuralgia (40%), depression (30%), TMJ synovitis (14%), TMJ osteoarthritis (12%), trigeminal neuralgia (10%), and TMJ fibrosis (2%). Treatment recommendations included medications (91%), physical therapy (36%), psychiatric management (30%), trigger injections (15%), oral appliances (13%), biofeedback (13%), acupuncture (8%), surgery (4%), and Botox injections (1%) (Allergan Inc, Irvine, CA). Gross misdiagnosis leading to serious sequelae, with delay of necessary treatment, occurred in 6 of 120 patients (5%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Misdiagnosis and multiple failed treatments were common in these patients with chronic orofacial pain. These patients often have multiple diagnoses, requiring management by multiple disciplines. Surgery, when indicated, must be based on a specific diagnosis that is amenable to surgical therapy. However, surgical treatment was rarely indicated as a treatment for pain relief in these patients with chronic orofacial pain, and it exacerbated and perpetuated pain symptoms in some of them.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Surgery, Cornell University Weill Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10021, USA. hoi2001@med.cornell.edu
authors.forename: Howard A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Israel
authors.forename: John Desmond
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Brenda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Horrell
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Scrivani
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D005156:Facial Neuralgia / Q000175:diagnosis; D005157:Facial Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019647:Oral Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018710:Pain Clinics; D010307:Parotid Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D014277:Trigeminal Neuralgia / Q000175:diagnosis