title: Laparoscopic ice slush renal hypothermia for partial nephrectomy: the initial experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We describe a novel technique of laparoscopic renal hypothermia with intracorporeal ice slush during partial nephrectomy as well as clinical experience with the initial 12 patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 12 select patients with an infiltrating renal tumor who were candidates for nephron sparing surgery underwent transperitoneal laparoscopic partial nephrectomy with renal hypothermia. An Endocatch II (United States Surgical Corp., Norwalk, Connecticut) bag was placed around the mobilized kidney and its drawstring was cinched around the intact renal hilum. The renal artery and vein were occluded en bloc with a Satinsky clamp. The bottom of the engaged bag was retrieved through a 12 mm port site and opened, and ice slush was introduced within the bag to completely surround the kidney. After renal hypothermia was achieved laparoscopic partial nephrectomy was performed by duplicating open surgical techniques. Renal parenchymal temperature was measured using a thermocouple needle in 5 patients. Median tumor size was 3.2 cm (range 1.5 to 5.5), 6 tumors (50%) were central in location and an imperative indication for partial nephrectomy was present in 7 patients (58%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All procedures were successfully completed laparoscopically without open conversion. Median time to deploy the bag around the kidney was 7 minutes (range 5 to 20), the median volume of ice slush introduced was 600 cc (range 300 to 750) and the time needed to insert the ice slush was 4 minutes (range 3 to 10). Median blood loss was 200 cc, total ischemia time was 43.5 minutes (range 25 to 55) and total operative time was 4.3 hours (range 3 to 5.5). Nadir renal parenchymal temperature was 5C to 19C and the mean decrease in systemic temperature was 0.6C. Histopathology confirmed renal cell carcinoma in 11 patients (92%), of whom all had negative surgical margins. Intraoperative complications occurred in 2 initial patients, including partial bag slippage in 1 and Satinsky clamp malfunction in 1. Postoperatively renal scan confirmed a functioning ipsilateral kidney in all cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To our knowledge we present the initial clinical report of laparoscopic renal hypothermia for partial nephrectomy. By replicating standard open surgical practice our intracorporeal ice slush technique has the potential to extend the scope of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy to more complicated renal tumors.
authors.affiliation: Section of Laparascopic and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Urological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue A-100, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Inderbir S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.forename: Sidney C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Abreu
authors.forename: Mihir M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Desai
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Steinberg
authors.forename: Anup P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Ramani
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Banks
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Novick
authors.forename: Jihad H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kaouk
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003250:Constriction; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D007053:Ice; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D007053:Ice