title: Nuclear factor YY1 inhibits transforming growth factor beta- and bone morphogenetic protein-induced cell differentiation.
abstract: Smad proteins transduce transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signals that regulate cell growth and differentiation. We have identified YY1, a transcription factor that positively or negatively regulates transcription of many genes, as a novel Smad-interacting protein. YY1 represses the induction of immediate-early genes to TGF-beta and BMP, such as the plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 gene (PAI-1) and the inhibitor of differentiation/inhibitor of DNA binding 1 gene (Id-1). YY1 inhibits binding of Smads to their cognate DNA elements in vitro and blocks Smad recruitment to the Smad-binding element-rich region of the PAI-1 promoter in vivo. YY1 interacts with the conserved N-terminal Mad homology 1 domain of Smad4 and to a lesser extent with Smad1, Smad2, and Smad3. The YY1 zinc finger domain mediates the association with Smads and is necessary for the repressive effect of YY1 on Smad transcriptional activity. Moreover, downregulation of endogenous YY1 by antisense and small interfering RNA strategies results in enhanced transcriptional responses to TGF-beta or BMP. Ectopic expression of YY1 inhibits, while knockdown of endogenous YY1 enhances, TGF-beta- and BMP-induced cell differentiation. In contrast, overexpression or knockdown of YY1 does not affect growth inhibition induced by TGF-beta or BMP. Accordingly, YY1 does not interfere with the regulation of immediate-early genes involved in the TGF-beta growth-inhibitory response, the cell cycle inhibitors p15 and p21, and the proto-oncogene c-myc. In conclusion, YY1 represses Smad transcriptional activities in a gene-specific manner and thus regulates cell differentiation induced by TGF-beta superfamily pathways.
authors.affiliation: Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Biomedical Center, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kurisaki
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kurisaki
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Valcourt
authors.forename: Alexei A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Terentiev
authors.forename: Katerina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pardali
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ten Dijke
authors.forename: Carl-Henrik
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Heldin
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ericsson
authors.forename: Aristidis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moustakas
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D019556:COS Cells; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002455:Cell Division; D002460:Cell Line; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002843:Chromatin / Q000378:metabolism; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D050981:Erythroid-Specific DNA-Binding Factors; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D010957:Plasmids / Q000378:metabolism; D011233:Precipitin Tests; D011485:Protein Binding; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D051785:Smad Proteins; D051898:Smad1 Protein; D051899:Smad2 Protein; D051900:Smad3 Protein; D051901:Smad4 Protein; D013936:Thymidine / Q000378:metabolism; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000502:physiology*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D050986:YY1 Transcription Factor
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D002843:Chromatin; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050981:Erythroid-Specific DNA-Binding Factors; C000715470:MAS1 protein, human; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; C497399:SMAD1 protein, human; C497782:SMAD2 protein, human; C497790:SMAD3 protein, human; C497796:SMAD4 protein, human; D051785:Smad Proteins; D051898:Smad1 Protein; C497401:Smad1 protein, mouse; D051899:Smad2 Protein; C497783:Smad2 protein, mouse; D051900:Smad3 Protein; C497791:Smad3 protein, mouse; D051901:Smad4 Protein; C490810:Smad4 protein, mouse; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D050986:YY1 Transcription Factor; C494698:YY1 protein, human; C494699:Yy1 protein, mouse; D004247:DNA; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D013936:Thymidine