title: Melanopsin and rod-cone photoreceptive systems account for all major accessory visual functions in mice.
abstract: In the mammalian retina, besides the conventional rod-cone system, a melanopsin-associated photoreceptive system exists that conveys photic information for accessory visual functions such as pupillary light reflex and circadian photo-entrainment. On ablation of the melanopsin gene, retinal ganglion cells that normally express melanopsin are no longer intrinsically photosensitive. Furthermore, pupil reflex, light-induced phase delays of the circadian clock and period lengthening of the circadian rhythm in constant light are all partially impaired. Here, we investigated whether additional photoreceptive systems participate in these responses. Using mice lacking rods and cones, we measured the action spectrum for phase-shifting the circadian rhythm of locomotor behaviour. This spectrum matches that for the pupillary light reflex in mice of the same genotype, and that for the intrinsic photosensitivity of the melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells. We have also generated mice lacking melanopsin coupled with disabled rod and cone phototransduction mechanisms. These animals have an intact retina but fail to show any significant pupil reflex, to entrain to light/dark cycles, and to show any masking response to light. Thus, the rod-cone and melanopsin systems together seem to provide all of the photic input for these accessory visual functions.
authors.affiliation: Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hattar
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mrosovsky
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Douglas
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Hankins
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lem
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Biel
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: K-W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Yau
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D054815:Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Cation Channels; D003624:Darkness; D005260:Female; D017353:Gene Deletion; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008027:Light; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D012025:Reflex, Pupillary / Q000502:physiology; D017949:Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D017948:Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D017299:Rod Opsins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014785:Vision, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology; D000099210:Melanopsin
chemical_list: D054815:Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Cation Channels; D007473:Ion Channels; D017299:Rod Opsins; D000099210:Melanopsin