title: A novel BDNF gene promoter directs expression to skeletal muscle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cell-specific expression of the gene that encodes brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is required for the normal development of peripheral sensory neurons and efficient synaptic transmission in the mature central and peripheral nervous system. The control of BDNF gene expression involves multiple tissue and cell-specific promoters that are differentially regulated. The molecular mechanisms that are responsible for tissue and cell-specific expression of these promoters are still incompletely understood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cloning and analysis of three additional zebrafish (Danio rerio) BDNF gene exons and two associated promoters, is reported. Among them are two exons that generate a novel tripartite mature transcript. The exons were located on the transcription unit, whose overall organization was determined by cloning, Southern blot hybridization and sequence analysis, and compared with the pufferfish (Fugu rubripes) and mammalian BDNF loci, revealing a conserved but more compact organization. Structural and functional analysis of the exons, their adjacent promoters and 5' flanks, showed that they are expressed cell-specifically. The promoter associated with the 5' exon of the tripartite transcript is GC-rich, TATA-less and the 5' flank adjacent to it contains multiple Sp1, Mef2, and AP1 elements. A fusion gene containing the promoter and 1.5 KB of 5' flank is directed exclusively to skeletal muscle of transiently transfected embryos. The second promoter, whose associated 5' exon contains a 25-nucleotide segment of identity with a mammalian BDNF gene exon, was transiently expressed in yolk of the early embryo. RT-PCR analysis of total RNA from whole juvenile fish and adult female skeletal muscle revealed tissue-specific expression of the 5' exons but the novel exon could not be detected even after two rounds of nested PCR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The zebrafish BDNF gene is as complex as the mammalian gene yet much more compact. Its exons are expressed in an independently regulated and cell-specific fashion. An initial structural and functional analysis has shown that the regions controlling zebrafish BDNF gene expression have been cloned and identified. They can now be subjected to detailed molecular and genetic analyses to identify the cellular mechanisms by which the transcription factors that act on these regions control BDNF gene expression.
authors.affiliation: Medical Service, VA Northern California Health Care System, 150 Muir Road, Martinez, CA 94553, USA. gheinrich@ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Heinrich
mesh_terms: D024506:5' Flanking Region / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics*; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D004530:Egg Yolk / Q000378:metabolism; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics; D020862:GC Rich Sequence; D006801:Humans; D007814:Larva; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D009928:Organ Specificity / Q000235:genetics; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D012313:RNA / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D023741:Takifugu / Q000235:genetics; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; D012313:RNA