title: Effects of perinatal exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on spatial and visual reversal learning in rats.
abstract: 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that has been shown to alter spatial and visual learning following developmental exposure. The current study examined the effects of gestational and lactational exposure to TCDD on spatial and visual discrimination/reversal learning (spatial and visual RL) in rats using two-lever operant testing chambers. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats (10 per dose) received either 0 or 0.1 microg/kg TCDD per orem in corn oil from gestational day (GD) 10 to GD 16. One male and one female from each litter were tested beginning at 100 days of age. For spatial RL, animals were reinforced for pressing the lever associated with the correct spatial location (either left or right). For visual RL, the animals were reinforced for pressing the lever associated with the correct visual stimulus (either the illuminated or nonilluminated cuelight). After reaching 85% correct for two consecutive days, the opposite spatial location or visual cue was reinforced. Five reversals were conducted for spatial RL, and two reversals for visual RL. For spatial RL, there were no differences between the TCDD-exposed and control rats in total number of errors committed. However, an in-depth analysis of errors in four different phases of the learning process revealed that TCDD-exposed rats made more errors early in learning when they were just beginning to learn the new reinforcement contingencies. The importance of this increase in errors during the initial stage of learning is unclear, given that there was no increase in overall errors to criterion. For visual RL, there was a reduction in errors on original learning (OL) for TCDD-exposed males, while TCDD-exposed females exhibited a reduction in errors on the second reversal. Subsequent response pattern analyses revealed that the facilitation in performance was due to a more rapid transition through the early phase of learning. Why males were improved on OL and females were not until the second reversal is unknown, but the different patterns could reflect differences in learning style in male and female rats. In keeping with previous research, the results of the current study underscore the fact that (1) alterations in cognitive function observed following early TCDD exposure are very subtle and (2) under some conditions, learning is actually facilitated, rather than impaired, in TCDD-exposed animals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 South Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL 61802, USA. jwidholm@uiuc.edu
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Widholm
authors.forename: Byung Woun
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.forename: Barbara J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Strupp
authors.forename: Richard F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Seegal
authors.forename: Susan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Schantz
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011930:Reaction Time; D012193:Reversal Learning / Q000187:drug effects*; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013037:Spatial Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins