title: Angiogenic effects of prostaglandin E2 are mediated by up-regulation of CXCR4 on human microvascular endothelial cells.
abstract: Stimulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) increases the expression of CXCR4 on endothelial cells, rendering these cells more responsive to stromal-derived factor 1 (SDF-1), an angiogenic CXC chemokine and unique ligand for CXCR4. Here, we show that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) mediates the effects of bFGF and VEGF in up-regulating CXCR4 expression on human microvascular endothelial cells (HMECs). Forskolin or 3-isobutyl-1-methyl xanthine (IBMX), 2 inducers of adenylate cyclase, markedly enhanced, whereas cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors including aspirin, piroxicam, and NS398 markedly inhibited CXCR4 expression on HMECs. Furthermore, the ability of PGE2 to augment in vitro tubular formation in SDF-1alpha containing matrigel was inhibited completely by blocking CXCR4. Treatment of bFGF- or VEGF-stimulated HMECs with COX inhibitors blocked tubular formation by about 50% to 70%. Prostaglandin-induced human endothelial cell organization and subsequent vascularization can be inhibited to a greater extent by a neutralizing antibody to human CXCR4 in severe combined immunodeficient mice. Additionally, VEGF- and bFGF-induced angiogenesis in vivo was also inhibited by about 50% by NS-398 or piroxicam, and this inhibitory effect was accompanied by decreased expression of CXCR4 on murine endothelial cells. Consequently, by inducing CXCR4 expression, prostaglandin accounts for about 50% of the tubular formation in vitro and in vivo angiogenic effects of VEGF and bFGF. Moreover, augmentation of CXCR4 expression by VEGF, bFGF, and PGE2 involves stimulation of transcription factors binding to the Sp1-binding sites within the promoter region of the CXCR4 gene. These findings indicate that PGE2 is a mediator of VEGF- and bFGF-induced CXCR4-dependent neovessel assembly in vivo and show that angiogenic effects of PGE2 require CXCR4 expression.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer Center Research, National Cancer Institute/NIH, Bldg 567, Rm 210, Frederick, MD 21702, USA. lmirosi@mail.ncifcrf.gov
authors.forename: Rosalba
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Salcedo
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Howard A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Nelson
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Michael
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wasserman
authors.forename: Wei-Hong
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martins-Green
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Joost J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Oppenheim
mesh_terms: D015056:1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine / Q000494:pharmacology; D005576:Colforsin / Q000494:pharmacology; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000494:pharmacology; D008833:Microcirculation; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000502:physiology; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008222:Lymphokines; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D005576:Colforsin; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D015232:Dinoprostone; D015056:1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine