title: Test characteristics of orthoptic screening examination in 3 year old kindergarten children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse the test characteristics of orthoptic screening for amblyopia or amblyogenic risk factors (target conditions) in kindergarten.
  
  
  METHODS
  1180 three year old children were screened by orthoptists in 121 German kindergartens. Orthoptic screening consisted of cover tests, examination of eye motility and head posture, and monocular visual acuity testing with the Lea single optotype test. Children were re-examined in kindergarten by different orthoptists after 3-6 months using a more demanding pass threshold for visual acuity. All children with at least one positive orthoptic test result or an inconclusive re-examination were referred to an ophthalmologist for diagnosis. The gold standard was set positive if a target condition was diagnosed on ophthalmological examination. It was set negative if no target condition was found upon ophthalmological examination, or if a child who screened negative or inconclusive passed the orthoptic re-examination without any positive test result.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The gold standard was ascertained in 1114 children. 26 (2.3%) children had a "positive" gold standard. In 10.8% of the children the initial screening was "inconclusive," mostly due to lack of collaboration. Screening test sensitivity (based on conclusive results only) was 90.9% and specificity was 93.8%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Orthoptic vision screening of 3 year olds in kindergarten is sensitive and specific. However, owing to a substantial proportion of inconclusive screening results, rescreening of non-cooperative 3 year old children should be considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology II, University Eye Hospital Tübingen, Schleichstrasse 12-16, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany. JC.Barry@med.uni-Tuebingen.de
authors.forename: J-C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Barry
authors.forename: H-H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: König
mesh_terms: D000550:Amblyopia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006257:Head; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D011187:Posture; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013285:Strabismus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D014787:Vision Tests / Q000379:methods; D015348:Vision, Binocular / Q000502:physiology; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology