title: Pre-school children with and without developmental delay: behaviour problems and parenting stress over time.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Children with intellectual disability are at heightened risk for behaviour problems and diagnosed mental disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present authors studied the early manifestation and continuity of problem behaviours in 205 pre-school children with and without developmental delays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Behaviour problems were quite stable over the year from age 36-48 months. Children with developmental delays were rated higher on behaviour problems than their non-delayed peers, and were three times as likely to score in the clinical range. Mothers and fathers showed high agreement in their rating of child problems, especially in the delayed group. Parenting stress was also higher in the delayed group, but was related to the extent of behaviour problems rather than to the child's developmental delay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Over time, a transactional model fit the relationship between parenting stress and behaviour problems: high parenting stress contributed to a worsening in child behaviour problems over time, and high child behaviour problems contributed to a worsening in parenting stress. Findings for mothers and fathers were quite similar.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. baker@psych.ucla.edu
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: McIntyre
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blacher
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Crnic
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Edelbrock
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Low
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000523:psychology*; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016487:Parenting; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires