title: Expression of maspin is up-regulated during the progression of mammary ductal carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The tumour suppressor gene maspin is reported to inhibit the motility, invasiveness and metastasis of breast cancer cells. Maspin is expressed in normal mammary myoepithelial cells but is down-regulated during the progression of ductal carcinoma. However, we recently reported that maspin expression was frequently observed in invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) with an aggressive phenotype, and it was a strong indicator of a poor prognosis. To our knowledge, to date, there has been no report investigating maspin expression in a large series of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  To clarify whether there is down-regulation during the progression of ductal carcinoma, we immunohistochemically investigated the expression of maspin in 145 DCIS, 92 invasive ductal carcinomas with a predominant intraductal component as well as 94 usual ductal hyperplasias and 27 atypical ductal hyperplasias. The expression of maspin in carcinoma cells was observed in 9.6% (14 of 145) of DCIS and 18.5% (17 of 92) of IDC with a predominant intraductal components. It significantly correlated with larger tumour size (P = 0.013; P = 0.042), higher histological grade (P = 0.015; P = 0.0003) and the presence of comedo-necrosis (P = 0.000005; P = 0.0074) in DCIS and IDC with a predominant intraductal components, respectively. In epithelial cells, the expression of maspin was observed in only one case of usual ductal hyperplasia, and all cases of atypical ductal hyperplasia were negative.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results and our previous investigation in which 27.4% of IDC were positive for maspin suggest that the expression of maspin in epithelial cells could be up-regulated during the progression of ductal carcinoma, and that it could be correlated with the acquisition of an aggressive phenotype.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan. umekita@m2.kufm.kagoshima-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Umekita
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoshida
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000556:secondary; D002285:Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000556:secondary; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015843:Serpins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D011506:Proteins; C085344:SERPIN-B5; D015843:Serpins