title: Increased cortical cerebral blood flow by continuous infusion of adrenaline (epinephrine) during experimental cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effects of continuously administered adrenaline (epinephrine), compared to bolus doses, on the dynamics of cortical cerebral blood flow during experimental cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and after restoration of spontaneous circulation (ROSC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Ventricular fibrillation was induced in 24 anaesthetised pigs. After a 5-min non-intervention interval, closed-chest CPR was started. The animals were randomised into two groups. One group received three boluses of adrenaline (20 microg/kg) at 3-min intervals. The other group received an initial bolus of adrenaline (20 microg/kg) followed by an infusion of adrenaline (10 microg/kg x min). After 9 min of CPR, defibrillation was attempted, and if spontaneous circulation was achieved the adrenaline infusion was stopped. Cortical cerebral blood flow was measured continuously using Laser-Doppler flowmetry. Jugular bulb oxygen saturation was measured to reflect global cerebral oxygenation. Repeated measurements of 8-iso-prostaglandin F(2alpha) (8-iso-PGF(2alpha)) in jugular bulb plasma were performed to evaluate cerebral oxidative injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During CPR mean cortical cerebral blood flow was significantly higher (P=0.009) with a continuous adrenaline infusion than with repeated bolus doses. Following ROSC there was no significant difference in cortical cerebral blood flow between the two study groups. No differences in coronary perfusion pressure, rate of ROSC, jugular bulb oxygen saturation or 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) were seen between the study groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Continuous infusion of adrenaline (10 microg/kg x min) generated a more sustained increase in cortical cerebral blood flow during CPR as compared to intermittent bolus doses (20 microg/kg every third minute). Thus, continuous infusion might be a more appropriate way to administer adrenaline as compared to bolus doses during CPR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Sciences - Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Uppsala University Hospital, S-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden. jakob.johansson@surgsci.uu.se
authors.forename: Jakob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gedeborg
authors.forename: Samar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Basu
authors.forename: Sten
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rubertsson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001776:Blood Circulation Time; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000379:methods*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000628:therapy*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D011897:Random Allocation; D012016:Reference Values; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013552:Swine; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D004837:Epinephrine