title: Comparison of antibacterial and toxic effects of various root canal irrigants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the antibacterial properties and toxicity of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 2% chlorhexidine gluconate and 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate plus 0.2% cetrimide (Cetrexidin); Vebas, San Giuliano, Milan, Italy).
  
  
  METHODS
  The antibacterial effects of the irrigants in vitro were examined after 5 min and 48 h in freshly extracted human teeth with single roots, whose canals were infected by Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212. In a separate in vivo study, bacterial culture samples were collected before treatment from the infected root canals of deciduous teeth containing necrotic pulp tissue. Irrigants were used to clean the canals which were then left empty for 48 h. Aerobic/facultative anaerobic and anaerobic bacterial growth were compared before and 48 h after irrigation. Finally, the toxic effects of the irrigants were assessed by injecting them into the subcutaneous tissues of rats. The inflammatory reactions that occurred 2 h, 48 h and 2 weeks after the injections were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the laboratory study, the 2% chlorhexidine gluconate and Cetrexidin were significantly more effective on E. faecalis than the 5.25% NaOCl at 5 min (P < 0.05). Similarly, in the in vivo study, 2% chlorhexidine gluconate and Cetrexidin were significantly more effective on anaerobic bacteria than the 5.25% NaOCl at 48 h (P < 0.05). At the end of 2 weeks, the toxicity of the NaOCl solution was greater than that of the other irrigants (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cetrexidin and 2% chlorhexidine gluconate were more effective, and had more residual antibacterial effects and lower toxicity than 5.25% NaOCl solution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pedodontics, Dental Faculty, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey. oncag@egenet.com.tr
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Onçağ
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoşgör
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hilmioğlu
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Zekioğlu
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Eronat
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Burhanoğlu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D001421:Bacteria, Anaerobic / Q000187:drug effects; D000077286:Cetrimonium; D002593:Cetrimonium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D003790:Dental Pulp Necrosis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D012390:Root Canal Therapy; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D002593:Cetrimonium Compounds; D004202:Disinfectants; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite; C010882:chlorhexidine gluconate; D002710:Chlorhexidine; D000077286:Cetrimonium