title: Anatomical evidence of microbial biofilms in tonsillar tissues: a possible mechanism to explain chronicity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bacteria within biofilms are resistant to host defenses and antibiotics. The presence of bacterial biofilms within the tissue and crypts of inflamed tonsils may explain the chronicity and recurrent characteristics of some forms of tonsillitis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if microbial biofilms occur within clinically abnormal tonsils.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, we evaluated the histomorphological appearance of 19 human tonsils for evidence of biofilm formation using light and transmission electron microscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human tissues were collected during surgical tonsillectomy. Fifteen specimens were removed because of a history of repeated infections, and 4 were removed because of hypertrophy and obstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  No interventions were used in this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Histological and ultrastructural evidence of bacterial biofilms within the crypts of tonsils.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria were seen within otherwise acellular deposits among crypts of 11 of 15 infected tonsils. Regions of accumulated bacteria possessed the ultrastructural appearance of typical amorphous polysaccharide biofilm matrix. Small clusters of bacterial colonies were seen in 3 of 4 tonsils removed because of hypertrophy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is strong anatomical evidence for the presence of bacterial biofilms in chronically diseased tonsils. Because sessile bacteria within biofilms are resistant to host defenses and antibiotics, bacterial biofilms within tonsils may explain the chronicity and recurrent nature of some forms of tonsillitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Mo., USA. choler@msnotes.wustl.edu
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Chole
authors.forename: Brian T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Faddis
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms; D002908:Chronic Disease; D006801:Humans; D014066:Palatine Tonsil / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D012008:Recurrence; D014068:Tonsillectomy; D014069:Tonsillitis / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery