title: Apolipoprotein E expression and behavioral toxicity of high charge, high energy (HZE) particle radiation.
abstract: Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a lipid binding protein that plays an important role in tissue repair following brain injury. In the present studies, we have investigated whether apoE affects the behavioral toxicity of high charge, high energy (HZE) particle radiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen male apoE knockout (KO) mice and sixteen genetically matched wild-type (WT) C57BL mice were used in this experiment. Half of the KO and half of the WT animals were irradiated with 600 MeV/amu iron particles (2 Gy whole body). The effect of irradiation on motor coordination and stamina (Rotarod test), exploratory behavior (open field test), and spatial working and reference memory (Morris water maze) was assessed.
  Performance was adversely affected by radiation exposure in both KO and WT groups at 30 d after irradiation. By 60 d after radiation, the radiation effect was lost in WT, but still apparent in irradiated KO mice.
  Radiation reduced open field exploratory activity 14, 28, 56, 84, and 168 d after irradiation of KO mice, but had no effect on WT mice.
  Radiation adversely affected spatial working memory in the KO mice, but had no discernible effect in the WT mice as assessed 180 d after irradiation. In contrast, irradiated WT mice showed marked impairment of spatial reference memory in comparison to non-irradiated mice, while no effect of radiation was observed in KO mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These studies show that apoE expression influences the behavioral toxicity of HZE particle radiation and suggest that apoE plays a role in the repair/recovery from radiation injury of the CNS. ApoE deficiency may exacerbate the previously reported effects of HZE particle radiation in accelerating the brain aging process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Medicine, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Higuchi
authors.forename: Gregory A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vazquez
authors.forename: Daniel T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Laskowitz
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Slater
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Pearlstein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000378:metabolism*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D005106:Exploratory Behavior / Q000528:radiation effects; D020450:Heavy Ions; D007501:Iron; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000528:radiation effects; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D010315:Particle Accelerators; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D007501:Iron