title: Ca2+ sparks evoked by depolarization of rat ventricular myocytes involve multiple release sites.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the fundamental nature of calcium release events (Ca2+ "sparks") evoked in rat ventricular myocytes during excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling.
  
  
  METHODS
  High-resolution line-scan confocal imaging with the fluorescent calcium indicator and patch-clamp techniques were used to study the spontaneous Ca2+ sparks and sparks evoked by depolarization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  1) Line scans oriented along the length of the cell showed that both spontaneous sparks and sparks evoked by depolarization to -35 mV appeared to arise at single sites spacing about 1.8 microm apart (ie, the sarcomere length), and measurements of their longitudinal spread (full-width at half-maximal amplitude: FWHM) followed single Gaussian distributions with means of 2.6 microm. 2) Different to this, transverse line scans often revealed spontaneous and evoked sparks that appeared to arise near-synchronously from paired sites. Measurements of transverse FWHM of both spontaneous and evoked sparks showed bimodal distributions, which were fit well by the sums of two Gaussian curves with means of 1.8 and 2.9 microm for spontaneous sparks and with means of 1.9 and 3.1 microm for evoked sparks. Relative areas under the two Gaussian curves were 1.73:1 and 1.85:1, respectively, for spontaneous and evoked sparks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ca2+ sparks evoked by depolarization are not "unitary" events, but often involve multiple sites of origin along Z-lines, as previously shown for spontaneous sparks. Thus, Ca2+ released during sparks directly triggered by influx through L-type Ca2+ channels may, in turn, trigger neighboring sites. The restricted involvement of only a few transverse release sites preserves the essential feature of the "local control" theory of E-C coupling.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pharmacology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China. zwj@mail.xjtu.edu.cn
authors.forename: Wei-Jin
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Zang
authors.forename: Xiao-Jiang
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Yi-Min
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Zang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002469:Cell Separation; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000166:cytology; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008564:Membrane Potentials; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012519:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002118:Calcium