title: PCR methodology as a valuable tool for identification of endodontic pathogens.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper reviews the principles of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methodology, its application in identification of endodontic pathogens and the perspectives regarding the knowledge to be reached with the use of this highly sensitive, specific and accurate methodology as a microbial identification test.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies published in the medical, dental and biological literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Evaluation of published epidemiological studies examining the endodontic microbiota through PCR methodology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PCR technology has enabled the detection of bacterial species that are difficult or even impossible to culture as well as cultivable bacterial strains showing a phenotypically divergent or convergent behaviour. Moreover, PCR is more rapid, much more sensitive, and more accurate when compared with culture. Its use in endodontics to investigate the microbiota associated with infected root canals has expanded the knowledge on the bacteria involved in the pathogenesis of periradicular diseases. For instance, Tannerella forsythensis (formerly Bacteroides forsythus), Treponema denticola, other Treponema species, Dialister pneumosintes, and Prevotella tannerae were detected in infected root canals for the first time and in high prevalence when using PCR analysis. The diversity of endodontic microbiota has been demonstrated by studies using PCR amplification, cloning and sequencing of the PCR products. Moreover, other fastidious bacterial species, such as Porphyromonas endodontalis, Porphyromonas gingivalis and some Eubacterium spp., have been reported in endodontic infections at a higher prevalence than those reported by culture procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, R. Herotides de Oliveira 61/601, Icarai, Niterói, RJ 24230-230, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. siqueira@estacio.br
authors.forename: José F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Siqueira
authors.forename: Isabela N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Rôças
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification*; D001438:Bacteroidaceae / Q000145:classification; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D003788:Dental Pulp Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D006089:Gram-Negative Anaerobic Bacteria / Q000145:classification; D006801:Humans; D010483:Periapical Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000145:classification / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017861:Porphyromonas / Q000145:classification; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S