title: Association of widespread body pain with an increased risk of cancer and reduced cancer survival: a prospective, population-based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether reported widespread body pain is related to an increased incidence of cancer and/or reduced survival from cancer, since our previous population surveys have demonstrated a relationship between widespread body pain and a subsequent 2-fold increase in mortality from cancer over an 8-year period.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 6565 subjects in Northwest England participated in 2 health surveys during 1991-1992. The subjects were classified according to their reported pain status (no pain, regional pain, and widespread pain), and were subsequently followed up prospectively until December 31, 1999. During followup, information was collected on incidence of cancer and survival rates among those developing cancer. Associations between the original pain status and development of cancer and cancer survival were expressed as the incidence rate ratio (IRR) and mortality rate ratio (MRR), respectively. All analyses were adjusted for age, sex, and study location, the latter being a proxy measure of socioeconomic status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the study population, 6331 had never been diagnosed with cancer at the time of participation in the survey. Of these subjects, 956 (15%) were classified as having widespread pain, 3061 (48%) as having regional pain, and 2314 (37%) as having no pain. There were a total of 395 first malignancies recorded during followup. In comparison with subjects reporting no pain, those with regional pain (IRR 1.19, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.94-1.50) and widespread pain (IRR 1.61, 95% CI 1.21-2.13) experienced an excess incidence of cancer during the followup period. The increased incidence among subjects previously reporting widespread pain was related, most strongly, to breast cancer (IRR 3.67, 95% CI 1.39-9.68), but there were also cancers of the prostate (IRR 3.46, 95% CI 1.25-9.59), large bowel (IRR 2.35, 95% CI 0.96-5.77), and lung (IRR 2.04, 95% CI 0.96-4.34). Subjects reporting widespread pain who subsequently developed cancer, in comparison with those previously reporting no pain, had an increased risk of death (MRR 1.82, 95% CI 1.18-2.80). This decreased survival was highest among subjects with cancers of the breast and prostate, although the effects on site-specific survival were nonsignificant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has demonstrated that widespread pain reported in population surveys is associated with a substantial subsequent increased incidence of cancer and reduced cancer survival. At present there are no satisfactory biologic explanations for this observation, although several possible leads have been identified.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Epidemiology, The Medical School, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McBeth
authors.forename: Alan J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Silman
authors.forename: Gary J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Macfarlane
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002423:Cause of Death; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005356:Fibromyalgia / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015996:Survival Rate