title: Growth hormone resistance in chronic heart failure and its therapeutic implications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In recent years the administration of recombinant human growth hormone (GH) has received great attention. This review compares the potential of this therapeutic intervention in heart failure with that in other diseases where wasting is commonly seen. The pathophysiologic importance of GH and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I in these conditions will be discussed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Abnormalities of the GH-IGF-I axis play an important role in the development of cachexia in chronic illnesses. GH resistance is a major determinant of the wasting process, acting through several different mechanisms: increased catabolism, impaired anabolism, and enhanced apoptosis in peripheral tissues. GH therapy has been evaluated in chronic heart failure (CHF); acquired GH resistance may explain the general lack of therapeutic success in the majority of studies. The assessment of plasma levels of GH, IGF-I, and, in particular, GH binding protein may help to guide dosing of GH for CHF patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GH resistance might be overcome by use of intermittent or higher doses of GH, or alternatively by combining GH with IGF-I. Randomized studies of GH therapy in catabolic states, with targeted dosing and longer duration of treatment are required to fully assess the safety and efficacy of this treatment approach.
authors.affiliation: Divisione Clinicizzata di Cardiologia, Universita' di Verona, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Mariantonietta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cicoira
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Kalra
authors.forename: Stefan D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Anker
mesh_terms: D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000502:physiology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000502:physiology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019282:Wasting Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D019382:Human Growth Hormone; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I