title: Detecting chloroquine retinopathy: electro-oculogram versus colour vision.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relative sensitivity and specificity of two tests of retinal function (the electro-oculogram (EOG) and a computerised colour vision test) in screening for ocular toxicity caused by chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine.
  
  
  METHODS
  93 patients with rheumatic diseases receiving long term chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine therapy were followed for an average of 2.6 years. Clinical examination, an EOG, and a quantitative test of colour vision were carried out every 6 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mild fundus changes were observed in 38 patients. Four patients developed typical bull's eye maculopathy, three of whom had received 250, 365, and 550 g total dose of chloroquine, and one 1500 g of hydroxychloroquine. Statistical analysis of all patients showed that for those with no fundus changes or stippled pigmentation a number showed elevation of tritan threshold, so that if macular stippling is a sign of mild retinopathy the test on tritan changes has a 64% sensitivity and 63% specificity for an upper threshold value of 7%. All four patients with bull's eye lesions showed a marked disturbance of tritan colour vision, with a threshold of 14.8%, a sensitivity of 75%, and a specificity of 94%. For protan colour vision a threshold of 10% gives 75% sensitivity and 91% specificity. By contrast, neither an absolute nor a relative EOG reduction was a valid criterion for early or late chloroquine retinopathy. In advanced retinopathy an Arden coefficient (AQ) <180% yields 50% sensitivity and 54% specificity. When AQ <160% is the threshold, sensitivity does not increase but specificity rises to 82%. Occurrence of marked corneal deposits on clinical examination yields 50% sensitivity and 90% specificity in this situation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Screening for chloroquine retinopathy can be improved by using a sensitive colour test. Disturbance of the tritan axis appears to occur first. A normal test result on computerised colour testing virtually excludes any retinopathy by antimalarials. The EOG is of little diagnostic value.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany. aneubaue@ak-i.med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Neubauer
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Samari-Kermani
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schaller
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Welge-Lübetaen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rudolph
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Berninger
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003118:Color Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D003315:Cornea / Q000473:pathology; D004585:Electrooculography / Q000379:methods*; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014787:Vision Tests / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D002738:Chloroquine