title: Amantadine for fatigue in multiple sclerosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fatigue is one of the most common and disabling symptoms of people with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). The effective management of fatigue has an important impact on the patient's functioning, abilities, and quality of life. Although a number of strategies have been devised for reducing fatigue, treatment recommendations are based on a limited amount of scientific evidence. Many textbooks report amantadine as a first-choice drug for MS-related fatigue because of published randomised controlled trials (RCTs) showing some benefit. We performed a systematic review in order to gather existing evidence, and contribute to the topic.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effectiveness and safety of amantadine in reducing fatigue in people with MS.
  
  
  METHODS
  RCTs of amantadine were identified using MEDLINE, EMBASE, bibliographies of relevant articles, personal communications, manual searches of relevant journals, and information from drug companies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised, placebo or other drugs-controlled, double-blind trials of amantadine in MS people with fatigue.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three reviewers selected studies for inclusion in the review and they extracted the data reported in the original articles. Missing and unclear data were requested by correspondence with the trial's principal investigator. A meta-analysis was not performed due to the inadequacy of available data, heterogeneity of outcome measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of twelve pertinent publications, four trials met the criteria for inclusion in this review: one study was a parallel arms study, and 3 were crossover trials. The number of randomised participants ranged between 10 and 115, and a total of 236 MS patients had been studied. Overall the quality of the studies considered was poor and all trials were open to bias. All studies reported small and inconstant improvements in fatigue, whereas the clinical relevance of these findings and the impact on patient's functioning and health related quality of life remains undetermined. The number of participants reporting side effects during amantadine therapy ranged from 10% to 57%, without significant differences between treatment and placebo. The side effects reported were generally mild, and discontinuation of the drug due to side effects occurred in less than 10% of the patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Amantadine treatment is overall well tolerated, however its efficacy in reducing fatigue in people with MS is poorly documented and there is insufficient evidence to make recommendations to guide prescribing. It is advisable to (a) improve knowledge on the underlying mechanisms of MS-related fatigue; (b) achieve an agreement on accurate, reliable and responsive outcome measures of fatigue; (c) perform good quality RCTs.
authors.affiliation: Unità Operativa di neurologia, Ospedale San Salvatore, Piazzale Cinelli,4, Pesaro, Italy. cristianataus@yahoo.it
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Taus
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giuliani
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pucci
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: D'Amico
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Solari
mesh_terms: D000547:Amantadine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D015259:Dopamine Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005221:Fatigue / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000150:complications*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D015259:Dopamine Agents; D000547:Amantadine