title: The use of end-to-side nerve grafts to reinnervate the paralyzed orbicularis oculi muscle.
abstract: Facial paralysis is a serious neurologic disorder, particularly when it affects the eye. Loss of the protective blink reflex may lead to corneal ulceration and, possibly, visual loss. The purpose of this study was to compare different nerve-grafting techniques to reanimate the paralyzed eyelid. Sixteen adult dogs (25 kg each) were allocated into four groups. Denervation of the left hemi-face was performed in all cases. One dog served as a control animal (group I). Group II dogs (n = 5) underwent end-to-side coaptation of the nerve graft to the intact palpebral branch and end-to-end coaptation to the denervated palpebral branch. Group III dogs (n = 5) underwent end-to-end coaptation of the nerve graft to the intact palpebral branch and end-to-end coaptation to the denervated palpebral branch. Group IV dogs (n = 5) underwent end-to-side coaptation of the nerve graft to the intact and denervated palpebral branches. The animals were monitored for 9 months after the surgical procedures, to allow adequate time for reinnervation. The dogs were postoperatively monitored with clinical observation, electrophysiologic testing, video motion analysis, and histologic assessments. Clinical observation and electrophysiologic testing demonstrated the production of an eye blink in the denervated hemi-face in all experimental groups. There was a trend toward increased speed of reinnervation for group III animals (end-to-end coaptations). It was concluded that end-to-side coaptation can produce a contralateral synchronous eye blink in a clinically relevant, large-animal model.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, University of California-Irvine Medical Center, Orange, 92868, USA. msundine@uci.edu
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Sundine
authors.forename: Edwin E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Quan
authors.forename: Ozlen
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Saglam
authors.forename: Vikas
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dhawan
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Quesada
authors.forename: Lynn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ogden
authors.forename: Thomas G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Harralson
authors.forename: M Douglas
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Gossman
authors.forename: Claudio J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Maldonado
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Barker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001767:Blinking / Q000502:physiology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology; D005143:Eyelids / Q000294:innervation*; D005158:Facial Paralysis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D008866:Microsurgery; D009121:Muscle Denervation; D009416:Nerve Regeneration; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000637:transplantation*