title: Enhanced renal ammonia excretion following volume expansion in patients with well compensated cirrhosis of the liver.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In patients with cirrhosis, hepatic encephalopathy is often precipitated by dehydration. This study tests the hypothesis that volume expansion in cirrhotic patients increases renal ammonia excretion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen well compensated cirrhotic patients (mean Pugh score 6.7 (SEM 0.4)) were studied after an overnight fast. One litre of 0.9% saline was administered to patients intravenously over one hour. Plasma and urinary ammonia and sodium, renal plasma flow (RPF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), plasma renin activity (PRA), and angiotensin II (ANG II) were measured before, during, and two hours after saline infusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Saline infusion resulted in a significant reduction in plasma ammonia (93 (SEM 7) to 56 (4) micromol/l; p<0.05) and RPF and GFR increased (p<0.05). Urinary ammonia excretion increased (p<0.05) significantly. There was a significant reduction in ANG II and PRA (p<0.05 for each) and the change in ammonia excretion correlated directly with the change in urinary sodium excretion (p<0.007), ANG II (p<0.002), and PRA (p<0.01). The mean increase in urinary ammonia excretion during the observation period was 1.08 mmol. Assuming a volume of distribution of 45 litres, the corresponding change in whole body ammonia during the same period was 1.67 mmol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study suggest that volume expansion reduces plasma ammonia concentration by increasing ammonia excretion and reducing ammoniagenesis.
authors.affiliation: Liver Failure Group, Institute of Hepatology, University College London Medical School, 69-75 Chenies Mews, London, UK. r.jalan@ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jalan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kapoor
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine*; D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000097:blood; D001810:Blood Volume; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011863:Radioimmunoassay; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D012083:Renin / Q000097:blood; D012964:Sodium / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000804:Angiotensin II; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D000641:Ammonia; D012964:Sodium; D012083:Renin