title: Anticonvulsant valproic acid inhibits cardiomyocyte differentiation of embryonic stem cells by increasing intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The anticonvulsant valproic acid (VPA) exerts teratogenic properties and has been demonstrated to cause neural tube defects and malformations of the heart. The effect of VPA on the differentiation of cardiomyocytes from pluripotent murine embryonic stem cells (ES cells) was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Embryoid bodies derived from ES cells were treated with different concentrations of VPA and the differentiation of cardiomyocytes was monitored by immunohistochemical staining for sarcomeric alpha-actinin. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by the use of the dead cell stain SYTOX green. Intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within the tissue were evaluated by the use of the redox-sensitive dye dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  VPA retarded the growth of ES cell-derived embryoid bodies but did not exert cytotoxic effects. The compound dose-dependently inhibited the development of spontaneously beating clusters of cardiomyocytes within embryoid bodies grown from ES cells and reduced the extension of beating areas of cardiac cells. Furthermore, VPA significantly increased ROS levels, indicating that VPA altered the intracellular redox balance. To investigate whether the inhibition of cardiomyocyte differentiation by VPA was owing to increased ROS overwhelming the intracellular antioxidative defense, the compound was coadministered with the free radical scavenger vitamin E.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This treatment significantly restored cardiomyogenic differentiation, indicating that VPA inhibits cardiomyogenesis of ES cells by increasing intracellular ROS levels.
authors.affiliation: School of Physical Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Lan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Na
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wartenberg
authors.forename: Heinz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nau
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hescheler
authors.forename: Heinrich
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sauer
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000633:toxicity*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004338:Drug Combinations; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D051379:Mice; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009940:Organoids / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D012518:Sarcomeres / Q000378:metabolism; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000633:toxicity*; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D000927:Anticonvulsants; D004338:Drug Combinations; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014810:Vitamin E; D014635:Valproic Acid