title: Inhibition of baboon platelet aggregation in vitro and in vivo by the garlic derivative, ajoene.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The infusion of pig growth factor-mobilized peripheral blood leukocytes (containing 1 to 2% progenitor cells) (pPBPC) into baboons is associated with a thrombotic microangiopathy, which results from a direct effect of these pig cells on platelet aggregation. Ajoene is a synthetic derivative of garlic that inhibits aggregation of human platelets induced by all known agents. To assess its potential use in models of xenotransplantation, this agent was tested for its effect on baboon platelet aggregation in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  
  
  
  METHODS
  Baboon platelet aggregation assays, using adenosine diphosphate (ADP) (20 or 40 microm) or collagen (12.5 microg/ml), were performed after incubation with ajoene (0 to 150 microg/ml) or dipyridamole (0 to 200 microg/ml). Platelets were also incubated with pPBPC (5 x 10(6) cells) without or with ajoene in the absence of a known agonist. In vivo studies: Baboons received either a single intravenous dose of ajoene (10 to 25 mg/kg) or dipyridamole (0.8 mg/kg), or repeated doses of both agents at 2 to 3 h intervals. Platelet-rich plasma was obtained for platelet aggregation assays at time points up to 4 h post-drug administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro, platelet aggregation was inhibited by 95% (ADP assay) and 89% (collagen assay) by ajoene at concentrations of > or =75 microg/ml. Dipyridamole had no effect at concentrations of <100 microg/ml, but inhibited aggregation almost completely at higher concentrations. Ajoene inhibited the aggregation caused by pPBPC by 33 to 50%. In vivo, platelet aggregation was completely inhibited for 2 h by ajoene at 25 mg/kg. Dipyridamole at 0.8 mg/kg reduced aggregation by 20% for 15 min, but the effect was lost by 60 min. In combination, the two agents prolonged inhibition marginally. Repeated doses of both agents at 2 h intervals maintained complete inhibition of aggregation, but did not do so when the interval between doses was extended to 2.5 or 3 h. Combined therapy was not associated with any bleeding complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although ajoene is a powerful inhibitor of platelet aggregation, the need for repeated administration and its partial effect on pPBPC-induced platelet aggregation would suggest that it may be of only limited value in preventing the thrombotic microangiopathy that develops when pPBPC are infused into baboons. However, it would seem worthy of further investigation when used in combination with other agents.
authors.affiliation: Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, MGH East, Building 149-9019, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
authors.forename: Katsuhito
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Teranishi
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Apitz-Castro
authors.forename: Simon C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Robson
authors.forename: Egidio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Romano
authors.forename: David K C
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Cooper
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004176:Dipyridamole / Q000494:pharmacology; D004220:Disulfides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005737:Garlic; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D010215:Papio; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010974:Platelet Aggregation / Q000187:drug effects*; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013454:Sulfoxides; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous
chemical_list: D004220:Disulfides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D013454:Sulfoxides; D004176:Dipyridamole; C048980:ajoene