title: The immune response at onset and during recovery from Borrelia burgdorferi meningoradiculitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Borrelia burgdorferi causes a wide range of neurologic syndromes. In Europe, acute meningoradiculitis is the most common manifestation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To address the nature of the immune response during the course of B burgdorferi meningoradiculitis, with special respect to the early and late changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
  
  
  METHODS
  Serial immunophenotyping was performed and cytokine measurements were obtained in the peripheral blood and CSF of 12 European patients with definite B burgdorferi meningoradiculitis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Early during infection and before initiation of treatment, we observed high levels of interleukin (IL) 10, IL-6, and IL-8, and large numbers of B cells and plasma cells in the CSF of most patients. At the same time, we found a mainly unspecific intrathecal antibody synthesis. During resolution of the infection, cytokine levels normalized rapidly and plasma cells disappeared from the CSF. In parallel, the percentage of B cells in the CSF increased over several months, accompanied by rising levels of intrathecally produced B burgdorferi-specific antibodies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings demonstrate that the early phase of B burgdorferi meningoradiculitis is characterized by a well-coordinated immune response involving specific cytokine release and plasma cell recruitment, followed by a long-lasting, antigen-specific B-cell response in the central nervous system.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cepok
authors.forename: Dun
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Friederike
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.forename: Berit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rosche
authors.forename: Verena
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Grummel
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sommer
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hemmer
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D015153:Blotting, Western; D025065:Borrelia burgdorferi / Q000276:immunology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000276:immunology; D007378:Interleukins / Q000097:blood; D008193:Lyme Disease / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000276:immunology*; D018655:Lymphocyte Count; D008297:Male; D016920:Meningitis, Bacterial / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000276:immunology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010641:Phenotype; D010950:Plasma Cells / Q000502:physiology; D011843:Radiculopathy / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007378:Interleukins