title: Orthopnea and inspiratory effort in chronic heart failure patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Orthopnea is a typical feature of patients with chronic heart failure (CHF), the factors contributing to it are not completely understood. We investigated changes in dyspnea and other respiratory variables, induced by altering posture (from sitting to supine) in 11 CHF patients (NYHA classes II-IV) and 10 control subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We measured dyspnea (Borg scale) the diaphragm pressure time product per minute (PTPdi/m, index of metabolic consumption), and mechanical properties of the lung (lung compliance (C,L) and resistances (R,L). CHF patients also underwent a trial of non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV) in the supine position in order to ascertain whether unloading the inspiratory muscles could somehow relieve dyspnea. While sitting the PTPdi/min was significantly higher in CHF patients than in controls (181 +/- 54 cm H2O x s/min vs. 96 +/- 32; P<0.05). Assuming a supine position caused no major changes in controls, whereas CHF patients showed a significant worsening in dyspnea, a rise in PTPdi/min (243 +/- 97 p<0.01) and R,L (4.7 +/- 1.2 cm H2O/L x s sitting vs. 7.9 +/- 2.5 supine; P<0.01) and a decrease in C,L (0.08 +/- 0.02 L/cm H2O sitting vs. 0.07 +/- 0.01 supine; P<0.05). Applying NIMV to supine CHF patients significantly reduced the PTPdi/min to 81 +/- 42 (P<0.001). Changes in dyspnea, produced by varying position or applying NIMV, were significantly correlated with PTPdi/min (r=0.80, P<0.005 and r=0.58, P<0.01, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CHF patients had a higher PTPdi/min than controls when sitting, and assuming a supine position induced severe dyspnea, a large rise in R,L, and a reduction in C,L so that PTPdi/min increased further. Orthopnea was strongly correlated with the increased diaphragmatic effort.
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione S.Maugeri, Istituto Scientifico di Pavia, Italy. snava@fsm.it
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nava
authors.forename: M Teresa
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Larovere
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fanfulla
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Navalesi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Delmastro
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mortara
mesh_terms: D002303:Cardiac Output, Low / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000502:physiology; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008170:Lung Compliance; D008875:Middle Aged; D018467:Positive-Pressure Respiration, Intrinsic / Q000503:physiopathology; D011187:Posture; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics; D012132:Respiratory Muscles / Q000502:physiology; D014939:Work of Breathing