Cross-cultural education in U.S. medical schools: development of an assessment tool.
OBJECTIVE
Medical education is responding to an increasingly diverse population and to regulatory and quality-of-care requirements by developing cross-cultural curricula in health care. This undertaking has proved problematic because there is no consensus on what elements of cross-cultural medicine should be taught. Further, less is known about what is being taught. This study hypothesized that a tool could be developed to assess common themes, concepts, learning objectives, and methods in cross-cultural education.


METHODS
In 2001, 31 U.S. medical schools were invited to provide the researchers all written and/or Web-based materials related to implementing cross-cultural competency in their curricula. A tool was developed to measure teaching methods, skill sets, and eight content areas in cross-cultural education.


RESULTS
A total of 19 medical schools supplied their curricular materials. There was considerable variation in approaches to teaching and in the content of cross-cultural education across the schools. Most emphasized teaching general themes, such as the doctor-patient relationship, socioeconomic status, and racism. Most also focused on specific cultural information about the ethnic communities they served. Few schools extensively addressed health care access and language issues.


CONCLUSIONS
This assessment tool is an important step toward developing a standard nomenclature for measuring the success of cross-cultural education curricula. On the national level, the tool can be used to compare program components and encourage the exchange of effective teaching tools by promoting a common language, which will be essential for developing and implementing curricula, for comparing programs, and evaluating their effects on quality of care.
Peña Dolhun
Eduardo
E
Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0900, USA. penae@fcm.ucsf.edu
Muñoz
Claudia
C
Grumbach
Kevin
K
D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards; D018864:Cultural Diversity; D003479:Curriculum / Q000592:standards*; D004504:Education, Medical, Undergraduate / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D004521:Educational Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D006285:Health Planning / Q000379:methods; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D011287:Prejudice; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013663:Teaching / Q000379:methods; D014481:United States