title: Non-esterified plant sterols solubilized in low fat milks inhibit cholesterol absorption--a stable isotope double-blind crossover study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The cholesterol absorption inhibiting properties of plant sterols in milks are unknown. The milk fat globule membrane components may enhance the absorption of cholesterol and could make plant sterols less efficient in this complex matrix.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate in hypercholesterolemic men the cholesterol absorption inhibiting properties of verified properly solubilized, non-esterified plant sterols in partly vegetable oil containing milks.
  
  
  METHODS
  The plant sterols in milk were determined to be properly solubilized, and to have effective in vitro functionality. Sixteen hypercholesterolemic adult men (initial total cholesterol 5.8-8.6 mM) then consumed milk containing sterols (1.8 g of non-esterified pure plant sterols/d) and control milk, alternatively, during two 6-day periods in a double blind cross over design. During the trial, cholesterol absorption was evaluated from the ratio of plasma isotopic enrichment of [26, 26, 26, 27, 27, 27-(2)H(6)]cholesterol from oral intake (35.6 +/- 0.2 micromol, +/- SEM) over enrichment of [23, 24, 25, 26, 27-(13)C(5)]cholesterol from intravenous injection (77.9 +/- 0.5 micromol).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plant sterols in low fat milks contained very few crystals > 11 microm in the presence and absence of bile salts and lysophospholipids, and inhibited cholesterol uptake in Caco-2 cell. This assured that the sterols were properly solubilized prior to the clinical trial. In the clinical study, compliance of volunteers was excellent. After tracer injections (72 h), the plasma [(2)H] and [(13)C] isotopic enrichments changed from 0.024 +/- 0.001 and 0.072 +/- 0.003 MPE (control) to 0.015 +/- 0.001 and 0.074 +/- 0.002 MPE during sterol treatment, respectively. Cholesterol absorption was reduced from 70.1 +/- 4.2 % with control to 41.1 +/- 4.0 % with milks containing plant sterol (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that properly solubilized non-esterified plant sterols in milks significantly inhibit cholesterol absorption in mildly hypercholesterolemic men.
authors.affiliation: Nestlé Research Centre, Nestec Ltd, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, P.O. Box 44, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland. etienne.pouteau@rdls.nestle.com
authors.forename: Etienne B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Pouteau
authors.forename: Irina E
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Monnard
authors.forename: Christelle
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Piguet-Welsch
authors.forename: Michel J A
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Groux
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sagalowicz
authors.forename: Alvin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003903:Deuterium; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004655:Emulsions; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy*; D007408:Intestinal Absorption / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size; D010840:Phytosterols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012995:Solubility; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary; D004655:Emulsions; D010840:Phytosterols; D002784:Cholesterol; D003903:Deuterium