title: Fathers of children with Down's syndrome versus other types of intellectual disability: perceptions, stress and involvement.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The present study examined fathers' perceptions of, stress relating to and involvement with children with Down's syndrome (DS) (n = 30) versus those with other types of intellectual disability (ID) (n = 20).
  
  
  METHODS
  Fathers and mothers completed questionnaires about their children's personalities and maladaptive behaviours, their own parenting stress, and the fathers' level of involvement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both fathers and mothers rated their children with DS as having more positive personality traits and fewer maladaptive behaviours. Possibly because of these positive perceptions, fathers of children with DS also reported less child-related stress, particularly in the areas of acceptability, adaptability and demandingness. The two groups of fathers were very similarly involved in child rearing. The personality, age and maladaptive behaviours of the children related to stress levels in the fathers of children with DS, while maladaptive behaviours, gender and the fathers' education levels related to stress levels in the fathers of children with other types of ID.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results highlight the importance of examining parental stress and involvement with children with different types of ID.
authors.affiliation: UCLA Graduate School of Education and Information Studies, Los Angeles, California 90095-1521, USA.
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Ricci
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hodapp
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D019988:Children with Disabilities; D004314:Down Syndrome; D005220:Fathers / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability; D008297:Male; D012938:Social Perception; D012944:Social Support; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires