title: Treatment seeking for acute myocardial infarction symptoms: differences in delay across sex and race.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients experiencing an acute myocardial infarction are known to delay seeking treatment between 2 and 4 hours. This delay is problematic because individuals who receive treatment 2 or more hours after the onset of symptoms are less likely to benefit from emergent reperfusion techniques. Persons most likely to delay seeking treatment for an acute myocardial infarction and their reasons have not been clearly identified.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of selected demographic, clinical, cognitive, and environmental variables on the length of the time of delay. In addition, the study was designed to identify whether women delayed longer than men, and whether African Americans delayed longer than non-Hispanic Whites during an acute myocardial infarction.
  
  
  METHODS
  A structured interview was conducted in a convenience sample (N eq> 212) of African American and non-Hispanic White patients hospitalized after acute myocardial infarction. Patients were asked detailed information about the sequence of events prior to the acute myocardial infarction, and the symptoms experienced. Medical records were examined for clinical information.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women did not delay significantly longer than men (2.0 vs. 2.5 median hours). African Americans delayed significantly longer than non-Hispanic Whites (3.25 hours vs. 2.0 median hours). Race did not contribute unique variance to delay time in a simultaneous multiple regression analysis; however, race was a significant predictor variable in whether or not participants sought treatment within the first hour after the onset of symptoms. The variance in delay time for African American and Non-Hispanic White men and women that could be explained by the predictor variables ranged from 23-47%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reasons for delay differed in part by sex and race.
authors.affiliation: University of Illinois at Chicago, School of Nursing, 60612-7350, USA. juljohns@uic.edu
authors.forename: Julie Johnson
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Zerwic
authors.forename: Catherine J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: Holli A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: DeVon
authors.forename: Mary Jo
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Drell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008571:Men / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015146:Midwestern United States; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D015425:Myocardial Reperfusion / Q000523:psychology; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000523:psychology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology*; D014930:Women / Q000523:psychology*