title: Genetic variation among world populations: inferences from 100 Alu insertion polymorphisms.
abstract: We examine the distribution and structure of human genetic diversity for 710 individuals representing 31 populations from Africa, East Asia, Europe, and India using 100 Alu insertion polymorphisms from all 22 autosomes. Alu diversity is highest in Africans (0.349) and lowest in Europeans (0.297). Alu insertion frequency is lowest in Africans (0.463) and higher in Indians (0.544), E. Asians (0.557), and Europeans (0.559). Large genetic distances are observed among African populations and between African and non-African populations. The root of a neighbor-joining network is located closest to the African populations. These findings are consistent with an African origin of modern humans and with a bottleneck effect in the human populations that left Africa to colonize the rest of the world. Genetic distances among all pairs of populations show a significant product-moment correlation with geographic distances (r = 0.69, P < 0.00001). F(ST), the proportion of genetic diversity attributable to population subdivision is 0.141 for Africans/E. Asians/Europeans, 0.047 for E. Asians/Indians/Europeans, and 0.090 for all 31 populations. Resampling analyses show that approximately 50 Alu polymorphisms are sufficient to obtain accurate and reliable genetic distance estimates. These analyses also demonstrate that markers with higher F(ST) values have greater resolving power and produce more consistent genetic distance estimates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA.
authors.forename: W Scott
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Watkins
authors.forename: Alan R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: Christopher T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Ostler
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wooding
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bamshad
authors.forename: Anna-Marie E
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Brassington
authors.forename: Marion L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: Son V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Jerilyn A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: B V Ravi
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.forename: P Govinda
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: Pradipta K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Batzer
authors.forename: Lynn B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Jorde
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa; D020087:Alu Elements / Q000235:genetics*; D019295:Computational Biology; D005060:Europe; D005202:Asia, Eastern; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics*; D005828:Genetics, Population / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*