title: Occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of Gram-negative bacteria isolated in haemodialysis water and dialysate of renal units: results of a Greek multicentre study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the occurrence, identity and antimicrobial resistance of Gram-negative bacteria isolated from municipal water supplies, treated water, and dialysate of all 85 Greek haemodialysis centres.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 141 Gram-negative bacterial isolates (98 non-fermentative and 43 enterobacteria) were recovered from 255 water samples. Twenty-four of them were isolated from tap water, 31 from treated water, and 86 from dialysate samples. The mean concentrations (CFU per 100 ml +/- s.d.) of the positive Gram-negative bacteria samples were 69.2 +/- 43.9, 31.2 +/- 28.7 and 3552.3 +/- 4485.0, respectively. The most common isolates, in order of frequency were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (22.7%), Chryseobacterium meningosepticum (14.9%), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (13.5%), Escherichia coli (12.8%) and Enterobacter cloacae (7.8%), representing 71.6% of all isolates. Ps. aeruginosa was the most prevalent isolate in all types of water sample followed by C. meningosepticum in tap and treated water and by E. coli in dialysate. Nineteen per cent of the enterobacteria and 35% of the non-fermenters were resistant against three or more of the nine antibiotics tested.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that dialysate and treated water could be a source of infection for several non-fermentative and enterobacterial species.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Microbiological monitoring of such samples is needed in order to know the identity and antibiotic resistance profiles of their potentially pathogenic bacterial population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hygiene, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arvanitidou
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vayona
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Spanakis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsakris
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D016972:Enterobacter cloacae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005417:Flavobacterium / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000209:etiology; D006115:Greece; D006436:Hemodialysis Units, Hospital; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D020588:Stenotrophomonas / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014881:Water Supply / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents