title: Mouthrinses with alcohol: cytotoxic effects on human gingival fibroblasts in vitro.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mouthrinses are widely utilized in daily oral and dental hygiene to control plaque. However, most commercially available mouthrinses contain alcohol as an excipient. Most studies have focused on the clinical side effects related to the alcoholic fraction of mouthrinses, overlooking alcohol metabolism in the mouth. Due to this oral enzymatic process, the well-recognized toxic compound acetaldehyde is emitted in the mouth. Since gingival fibroblasts play a key role in oral connective tissue health maintenance, we investigated the effects of different doses of acetaldehyde on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) in order to better define the effects of alcohol-containing mouthrinses on oral tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cultured HGFs were exposed to different concentrations of acetaldehyde (10(-4) M to 10(-2) M). The cell adhesion rate was measured after a 3-hour incubation period, and cell viability over a 5-day period. In order to assess the reversibility of the damage produced by acetaldehyde, treatment was interrupted at critical doses (10(-3) M and 3 x 10(-3) M), and cell viability was evaluated on the third and fifth day of incubation. The HGF cytoskeleton was studied by immunocytochemical technique, and internal cell structures were observed with transmission electron microscopy to evaluate the morphological changes due to acetaldehyde.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that acetaldehyde produced a dose- and time-dependent inhibition on cell adhesion and viability, together with disruption of cytoskeletal structures and cytoplasmic organelles. Nevertheless, these quantitative and qualitative damages were reversible when the treatment was interrupted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although more knowledge is necessary, our results suggest that these deleterious effects may also occur in vivo. Pending further investigations, clinicians should be alerted to the potentially adverse effect of alcohol-containing mouthrinses and, to promote oral health, patients should be warned about improper use of these products.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Medicine, Unit of Human Normal Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. denpasar@unipv.it
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Poggi
authors.forename: Ruggero
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rodriguez y Baena
authors.forename: Silvana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rizzo
authors.forename: Massimo T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Rota
mesh_terms: D000079:Acetaldehyde / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D000328:Adult; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D000431:Ethanol / Q000633:toxicity*; D005079:Excipients; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects*; D005881:Gingiva / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D009067:Mouthwashes / Q000633:toxicity*; D015388:Organelles / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D005079:Excipients; D009067:Mouthwashes; D000431:Ethanol; D000079:Acetaldehyde