title: Surface changes induced by fluoride prophylactic agents on titanium-based orthodontic wires.
abstract: This study investigated the effect of fluoride prophylactic agents on the surfaces of titanium-based orthodontic wires. Four types of titanium-based orthodontic wires (2 nickel-titanium alloy wires [nickel-titanium and copper-nickel-titanium] and 2 beta-titanium alloy wires [titanium-molybdenum and titanium-niobium], all from Ormco, Glendora, Calif) with similar sizes were prepared and immersed in 5 fluoride prophylactic agents (2 acidulated phosphate fluoride agents [Nupro APF (Dentsply International, York, Pa) and Florentine III (Confi-Dental, Louisville, Colo)], 1 neutral agent [Neupro Neutral (Dentsply International)] and 2 stannous fluoride agents [Florentine II (Confi-Dental) and Perio-Med (Omni International, Warrenton, Va)]) for 5 minutes, 1 hour, and 24 hours. After immersion, average surface roughness and color changes were evaluated. The surface changes were observed with a scanning electron microscope. The average surface roughness data were statistically analyzed by analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test at a significance level of alpha = 0.05. There were no significant differences in average surface roughness value among fluoride solutions or orthodontic wires, except for the titanium-molybdenum wire, which showed significantly (P <.05) higher average surface roughness values after immersion in Nupro APF for 24 hours. The results suggested that a few applications of acidulated phosphate fluoride agents might change the surface color of the beta-titanium alloy wires, particularly the titanium-molybdenum wire, which contains a large amount (about 80%) of titanium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomaterials Science, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University Sytem Health Science Center, Dallas, 75246, USA. iwatanabe@tambcd.edu
authors.forename: Ikuya
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Etsuko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Watanabe
mesh_terms: D000149:Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride / Q000737:chemistry; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D003116:Color; D003300:Copper / Q000737:chemistry; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry*; D005459:Fluorides / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007101:Immersion; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008982:Molybdenum / Q000737:chemistry; D009532:Nickel / Q000737:chemistry; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors; D014002:Tin Fluorides / Q000737:chemistry; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D003722:Dental Alloys; D014002:Tin Fluorides; C070282:Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy; C040654:titanium nickelide; D000149:Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride; D003300:Copper; D009532:Nickel; D008982:Molybdenum; D014025:Titanium; D005459:Fluorides