title: Smoking cessation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Smoking cessation is the most important treatment for smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but little is known about the effectiveness of different smoking cessation interventions for this particular group of patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions in people with COPD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electronic searches were undertaken on MEDLINE (from 1966 to March 2002), EMBASE (from 1989 to March 2002) and Psyclit (from 1971 to March 2002), and CENTRAL (Issue 1, 2002).
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trials in which smoking cessation was assessed in participants with confirmed COPD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two authors extracted the data and performed the methodological quality assessment independently for each study, with disagreements resolved by consensus. High-quality was defined, based on pre-set criteria according to the DelphiList.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five studies were included in this systematic review, two of which were of high-quality. The high-quality studies show the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions combined with pharmacological intervention compared to no treatment: psychosocial interventions combined with nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and a bronchodilator versus no treatment at a 5 year follow-up (RD = 0.16, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.18), (RR = 4.0, 95% CI 3.25 to 4.93), psychosocial interventions combined with NRT and placebo versus no treatment at a 5 year follow-up (RD = 0.17, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.19), (RR = 4.19, 95% CI 3.41 to 5.15). Furthermore the results show the effectiveness of various combinations of psychosocial and pharmacological interventions at a 6 months follow-up (RD = 0.07, 95% CI 0.0 to 0.13), (RR = 1.74, 95% CI 1.01 to 3.0). Unfortunately, none of the included studies compared psychosocial interventions with no treatment. Therefore we found no evidence with regard to the effectiveness of these interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on this systematic review, the authors found evidence that a combination of psychosocial interventions and pharmacological interventions is superior to no treatment or to psychosocial interventions alone. Furthermore we conclude that there is no clear or convincing evidence for the effectiveness of any psychosocial intervention for patients with COPD due to lack of a sufficient number of high-quality studies.
authors.affiliation: Defacto - for a smokefree future, Parkstraat 83, P.O. Box 16070, Den Haag, Netherlands. rvdmeer@defacto-rookvrij.nl
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: van der Meer
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Wagena
authors.forename: R W J G
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Ostelo
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: van Schayck
mesh_terms: D001521:Behavior Therapy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003376:Counseling; D006801:Humans; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000628:therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012907:Smoking / Q000628:therapy*; D016540:Smoking Cessation