title: Recent advances in management of female lower urinary tract trauma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Abdominal and pelvic injuries are often associated with devastating lower urinary tract injuries. The literature is replete with studies involving male lower urinary tract trauma, however the diagnosis and management of similar injuries in women is not as well covered. In this article we will review recent advances in the diagnosis and management of female lower urinary tract trauma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The recent literature emphasizes the importance of diagnosing and managing female lower urinary tract injuries, both of the bladder and the urethra, caused by blunt or penetrating trauma to the lower abdomen, pelvis and perineum. Successful management of these injuries is based upon accurate diagnosis, recognition of associated injuries, and prompt treatment. Diagnosis and treatment of female bladder perforation have been well established. Reports of female urethral injuries are scarce, however, and subsequently the management is not standardized.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High suspicion, accurate diagnosis and prompt treatment are key for the successful management of female lower urinary tract injuries associated with lower abdominal, pelvic and perineal trauma. A standardized algorithm for management of female urethral injuries would be helpful.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, New York University, NY 10016, USA. victor.nitti@med.nyu.edu
authors.forename: Victor H
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: Hartanto
authors.forename: Victor W
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Nitti
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D014521:Urethra / Q000293:injuries*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000293:injuries*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000628:therapy*