title: Equivalent dipoles of the binaural interaction components and their comparison with binaurally evoked human auditory 40 Hz steady-state evoked potentials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to acquire the Binaural Interaction (BI) components of the auditory middle-latency steady-state 40 Hz potentials, compare them with those of the binaurally evoked 40 Hz response and with transient-evoked Auditory Middle Latency Evoked Potentials (AMEP) and suggest possible contributors and generators of the composite 40 Hz BI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Potentials were recorded from 15 normal-hearing adults in response to 40/sec clicks. BI was derived by subtracting the binaurally evoked potentials from the algebraic sum of the evoked potentials to left and to right ear stimulation. Latencies, magnitudes and orientations of the dipole equivalents of 40 Hz components were compared with their BI counterparts, as estimated by three-channel Lissajous' trajectories. Comparison of the transient AMEP to binaural stimulation with the BI of the steady-state 40 Hz response was also conducted to elucidate the contributions of different levels along the auditory pathway to the 40 Hz BI responses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Each cycle of the BI of the steady-state 40 Hz AMEP included four components that corresponded in latency, amplitude, and dipole orientation to their counterparts in the binaurally evoked waveform. Amplitudes of BI components were 50 to 60% of the respective values in the binaurally evoked potentials. Orientations of BI components matched those of the cortical components in the transient-evoked AMEP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that the main contribution to the 40 Hz BI is from rate resistant thalamo-cortical neurons. The results also suggest that the binaural cortical neurons contributing to the 40 Hz BI are less affected by increased rate than monaural neurons.
authors.affiliation: Evoked Potentials Laboratory, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel. mzaaroor@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Menashe
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zaaroor
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bleich
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mittelman
authors.forename: Hillel
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pratt
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001306:Auditory Pathways / Q000502:physiology*; D004007:Dichotic Listening Tests; D005072:Evoked Potentials, Auditory / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011571:Psychoacoustics; D011930:Reaction Time