title: Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: predictors of severity in patients presenting to the emergency department.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Experiences with Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) were reviewed to determine predictors of severity in patients presenting from the community.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients admitted to two hospitals over 4.5 years with a primary diagnosis of CDAD were reviewed. Patients requiring a hospital stay of greater than 14 days, colectomy, intensive care unit admission or who died were classified as 'severe CDAD' and compared with the remainder of the patients (termed 'mild CDAD').
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred fifty-three patients (mean age 63.4+/-20.5 years, range 21 to 93, 64.7% female) were reviewed. Forty-four per cent of the patients had community-acquired CDAD, and the remainder had hospital-acquired disease. There were 44/153 (28.8%) patients with severe CDAD, of which 10/153 (6.5%) died. The severe group had more patients over 70 years old (75% versus 43% in the mild group, OR 3.09, CI 1.81-8.63, P<0.001) and had more comorbid disease (median two major organ systems affected [range zero to five] versus one [range zero to four] in the mild group, OR 1.52, CI 1.27-2.65, P<0.05). Patients with recurrent CDAD were more likely to have severe CDAD (12/44 versus 10/109 in the mild group, OR 4.10, CI 1.47-9.40, P<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Age over 70 years, comorbid illness and CDAD recurrence are significant risk factors for severe disease and a poor outcome in patients admitted to hospital for CDAD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.
authors.forename: Christopher N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Raboud
authors.forename: Barry O
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Kassen
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Enns
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001955:British Columbia / Q000453:epidemiology; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D004761:Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011336:Probability; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents