title: Stroke volumes and end-tidal carbon dioxide generated by precordial compression during ventricular fibrillation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to measure stroke volumes produced by precordial compression during cardiopulmonary resuscitation and to quantitate relationships of stroke volume to measurements of end-tidal carbon dioxide.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, observational animal study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical research laboratory in a university-affiliated research and educational foundation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Domestic pigs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen anesthetized male, domestic pigs weighing between 40 and 45 kg were investigated. Ventricular fibrillation was electrically induced and continued for intervals ranging from 4 to 10 mins. Precordial compression was maintained at 80 per minute together with mechanical ventilation after endotracheal intubation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stroke volumes were measured with the aid of transesophageal echocardiographic imaging. End-tidal carbon dioxide was quantitated with conventional capnography. Baseline values of thermodilution cardiac output were highly correlated with echocardiographic measurements (r =.92). The stroke volume index produced by precordial compression averaged 0.45 mL/kg or approximately 37% of the average prearrest value of 1.22 mL/kg. The end-tidal carbon dioxide was highly predictive of stroke volume index (r =.88, p <.001) with a mean bias of 0.003 mL/kg.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We confirmed that precordial compression produces approximately one third of prearrest stroke volumes during cardiopulmonary resuscitation and demonstrated that end-tidal carbon dioxide was quantitatively predictive of stroke volume index estimated by transesophageal echocardiographic imaging.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Critical Care Medicine, Palm Springs, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Andrej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pernat
authors.forename: Max Harry
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Weil
authors.forename: Shijie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Wanchun
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D015588:Observer Variation; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology*; D013552:Swine; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide