title: LINAC based stereotactic radiotherapy of uveal melanoma: 4 years clinical experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study local tumor control and radiogenic side effects after fractionated LINAC based stereotactic radiotherapy for selected uveal melanoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between June 1997 and March 2001, 90 patients suffering from uveal melanoma were treated at a LINAC with 6 MV. The head was immobilized with a modified stereotactic frame system (BrainLAB). For stabilization of the eye position a light source was integrated into the mask system in front of the healthy or the diseased eye. A mini-video camera was used for on-line eye movement control. Tumors included in the study were either located unfavorably with respect to macula and optical disc (<3 mm distance) or presented with a thickness >7 mm. Median tumor volume was 305+/-234 mm3 (range 70-1430 mm3), and mean tumor height was 5.4+/-2.3 mm (range 2.7-15.9 mm). Total doses of 70 (single dose 14 Gy @ 80% isodose) or 60 Gy (single dose 12 Gy @ 80% isodose) were applied in five fractions within 10 days. The first fractionation results in total dose (TD) (2 Gy) of 175 Gy for tumor and 238 Gy for normal tissue, corresponding values for the second fractionation schedule are 135 and 180 Gy, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After a median follow-up of 20 months (range 1-48 months) local control was achieved in 98% (n=88). The mean relative tumor reductions were 24, 27, and 37% after 12, 24 and 36 months. Three patients (3.3%) developed metastases. Secondary enucleation was performed in seven patients (7.7%). Long term side effects were retinopathy (25.5%), cataract (18.9%), optic neuropathy (20%), and secondary neovascular glaucoma (8.8%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fractionated LINAC based stereotactic photon beam therapy in conjunction with a dedicated eye movement control system is a highly effective method to treat unfavorably located uveal melanoma. Total doses of 60 Gy (single dose 12 Gy) are considered to be sufficient to achieve good local tumor control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy and Radiobiology, University of Vienna, General Hospital Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dieckmann
authors.forename: Dietmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Georg
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zehetmayer
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bogner
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Georgopoulos
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pötter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000601:surgery*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000379:methods*; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014604:Uveal Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*