title: Intraoperative high-dose-rate 192Ir radical implant in early breast cancer: a quality assurance and dosimetry study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the variability in catheter length, geometry, and dosimetric parameters of radical intraoperative high-dose-rate breasts implant during 7-11 days.
  
  
  METHODS
  Simulator X-rays, CT scans, and dosimetric studies were repeated on alternate days in 14 consecutive patients treated with radical intraoperative two- or three-plane nylon catheter high-dose-rate implant (34 Gy in 10 fractions within 5 days).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant variation was found in catheter length, but no major change was noted in implant geometry, homogeneity, or inhomogeneity indexes. A variation in length of >5 mm in one or more catheters was seen in all patients and >10 mm in 11 patients at any time during the implant. Of the 171 catheters in 14 patients, 100 (58%) and 38 (22%) showed a variation of >5 mm or >10 mm, respectively. The variation of >10 mm was reduced from 32% of catheters in the first 5 patients to 17% in the subsequent 9 patients (p = 0.028). Rigid catheter fixation might reduce length variation but may cause skin necrosis if the expanding cavity indents the skin for a long period against the fixation device. A dose homogeneity index of 0.90 (range 0.85-0.92) and dose nonuniformity ratio of 0.20 (range 0.12-0.25) were satisfactory.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The catheter fixation and exit catheter length should be measured daily and if the implant is in situ for more than a few days, orthogonal X-rays and, if indicated, dosimetry should be repeated at least once.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India.
authors.forename: S Sowmya
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Narayanan
authors.forename: Vineeta
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Goel
authors.forename: Rajiv
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sarin
authors.forename: Rakesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jalali
authors.forename: Shyam Kishore
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Shrivastava
authors.forename: Deepak Dattatray
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Deshpande
authors.forename: Ketayun Ardeshir
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Dinshaw
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D004867:Equipment Design; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007496:Iridium Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015412:Mastectomy, Segmental / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011786:Quality Control; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage
chemical_list: D007496:Iridium Radioisotopes