title: Clinical responses to tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonists do not show a bimodal distribution: data from the Stockholm tumor necrosis factor alpha followup registry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the distribution of clinical responses to treatment with the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) antagonists etanercept and infliximab, and in particular, to determine whether there is a biologically meaningful distinction between responders and nonresponders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Among patients in the Stockholm TNFalpha Followup Registry, we analyzed the clinical responses to etanercept and infliximab, using the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) core set of outcome measures. For each parameter, the absolute change (value at baseline - current value) and the percentage change ([absolute change]/[value at baseline] x 100) from baseline were calculated. The results were plotted as histograms and inspected visually, and the distributions were statistically compared with computer-generated normal distributions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Absolute and relative changes in outcomes on the ACR core set of measures in 406 patients receiving etanercept or infliximab were studied. All but a few of these analyses yielded normal or somewhat skewed distributions. The statistical analyses did not detect any non-normal distributions, and visually, the distributions did not appear to be bimodal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clinical response to TNFalpha blockade displays a normal or skewed, but not bimodal, distribution. The frequently encountered perception that a clear distinction can be made between responders and nonresponders is not borne out. These relatively straightforward findings imply that the biologic mechanisms determining responsiveness to TNFalpha blockade are multifactorial and may also have important implications for regulatory guidelines pertaining to treatment with these biologic agents.
authors.affiliation: Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. ronald.vollenhoven@ks.se
authors.forename: Ronald F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: van Vollenhoven
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Klareskog
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001799:Blood Sedimentation; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D000068800:Etanercept; D006304:Health Status; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000069285:Infliximab; D007596:Joints / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012042:Registries; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016008:Statistical Distributions; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D000069285:Infliximab; D000068800:Etanercept