title: Management of unresectable hilar bile duct cancer--preoperative diagnosis, treatment selection, and clinical outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hilar bile duct cancer progresses slowly but easily invades the nearby portal vein or hepatic artery. Thus, in some cases, curative resection is impossible, so we need to determine the best non-surgical treatments for this tumor.
  
  
  METHODS
  We classified 98 patients with hilar bile duct cancer into 3 categories: a non-surgical group (34 cases), an exploratory laparotomy group (9 cases), and a surgical resection group (55 cases). Survival rates were examined in the light of clinical factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the non-surgical group, extensive vessel invasion was the most common reason for unresectability (13 cases), with broad biliary extension the second most common (11 cases). In the exploratory laparotomy group the most common reason for unresectability was severe vessel invasion (6 cases). Cumulative 1- and 2-year survival rates for patients with unresectable tumors without distant metastasis were 26.9% and 7.2%, respectively. One- and 2-year survival rates for patients with unresectable tumors and with total bilirubin of less than 2 mg/dL on discharge were 36.8% and 9.8%, respectively. The 1-year survival rate with placement of an expandable metallic stent was as high as 55.6%; without the stent it was 7.1% (P = 0.005). Radiation therapy gave a better prognosis than did no radiation (P = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Portal and arterial invasion were the principal reasons for unresectability. Use of an expandable metallic stent or radiation therapy, and a total bilirubin level of less than 2 mg/dL on discharge, were factors that enhanced survival in unresectable cases, but distant metastasis, dissemination, and poor general condition or liver function were negative factors for survival.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Surgery, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan. i-hirai@yf6.so-net.ne.jp
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hirai
authors.forename: Wataru
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fuse
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suto
authors.forename: Fumiaki
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sakurai
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shibasaki
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001650:Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery*; D001653:Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D001663:Bilirubin / Q000097:blood; D002758:Cholangiography; D002780:Cholestasis, Intrahepatic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000473:pathology; D010166:Palliative Care; D018579:Patient Selection; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D015607:Stents; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D001663:Bilirubin