title: The Doppler-guided transfalcine venous approach in selected cases of vein of Galen malformations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This investigation was performed to evaluate the specific procedural issues and indications of a surgically assisted Doppler-guided endovascular transfalcine venous approach for the treatment of vein of Galen aneurysmal malformations (VGAM) in critically ill neonates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two neonates out of a clinical series of 15 children (8 males and 7 females) with vein of Galen malformations were treated by our neurovascular team, using a combined surgically assisted endovascular transfalcine approach. In the biplanar angiography room a radiographically guided craniotomy (1.5 cm) was placed over the cranial projection of the falciforme sinus. After craniotomy the orthograd flow of the falciforme sinus was identified by Doppler ultrasonography. The sinus was punctured by an i. v. cannula with injection port and was sutured to the skin. A microcatheter was maneuvered over a guide into the malformation under fluoroscopic control. For embolization Guglielmi electrolytically detachable platinum coils were placed into the malformation as an embolic agent. Neurological examination records, available MR images, computed tomographic scans, pre- and postembolization angiograms and follow-up data were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both individuals the malformation was classified as VGAM. The follow-up was 6 and 7 months, respectively. No technique associated morbidity or mortality occurred in the present series. At discharge both selected neonates were in stable condition and the flow in the VGAMs could be significantly reduced by a combination of approaches including the venous transfalcine approach. Meanwhile, 6 months after birth one neonate died due to a deterioration of the pulmonary hypertension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endovascular treatment is presently the most efficient strategy to allow neonates and infants survive the early manifestation of vein of Galen malformations and probably render a normal neurological development. Consequently, a combination of approaches in selected cases including the Doppler guided venous transfalcine route should be regarded as a preferential treatment modality, especially in patients with arterial vasospasms and venous stenosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany. benes@post.med.uni-marburg.de
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Benes
authors.forename: J-P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Wakat
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jüttner
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Riegel
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Krischek
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bertalanffy
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bien
mesh_terms: D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D002550:Cerebral Veins / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D003399:Craniotomy; D016638:Critical Illness; D004572:Electrolysis; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000503:physiopathology; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D012086:Reoperation; D012640:Seizures / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial