title: Factors predictive of nephropathy in DCCT Type 1 diabetic patients with good or poor metabolic control.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study aim was to assess the time-related risk of developing diabetic nephropathy [albumin excretion rate (AER) > or =40 mg/24 h] from baseline covariates in Type 1 diabetic patients with either good or poor metabolic control (MC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Based on material from the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial study (n=1441), patients were considered as under good or poor MC if their HbA1c mean level up to last visit fell in the lowest (< or =6.9%) or highest (>or =9.5%) quintile of the overall HbA1c distribution, respectively. Prevalence cases of nephropathy were excluded from the study. Survival analysis and Cox regression were applied to the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among patients with good MC (n=277), 15% had developed nephropathy at the end of the study. Conversely, among patients with poor MC (n=268), the proportion without the complication was 52%. When adjusting for MC, time to diabetic nephropathy was related to age (P<0.0001), AER (P<0.001), duration of diabetes (P<0.005), body mass index (BMI) (P<0.005), all at baseline, and to gender (P<0.01). Patients with upper normal range AER levels, longer duration of diabetes and lower BMI were at higher risk, regardless of MC. The adverse effect of younger age on diabetic nephropathy was more marked in good than in poor MC. Although women tended to develop the complication more often under good MC, they appeared to be better protected under poor MC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirms occurrence of diabetic nephropathy under good MC and non-occurrence of the complication despite poor MC. It also demonstrates that some baseline covariates can affect, in a differential manner, time to diabetic nephropathy depending on MC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Krzentowski
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Lefèbvre
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin