title: Procedural learning in schizophrenia after 6 months of double-blind treatment with olanzapine, risperidone, and haloperidol.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  First generation antipsychotics induce extrapyramidal motor symptoms (EPS), presumably through dopamine D(2) receptor blockade at the dorsal striatum. This may also produce impairment of cognitive processes, such as procedural learning, that are dependent on this region. Haloperidol and, to a lesser extent, risperidone, are active in the dorsal striatum and may induce EPS and impairment of procedural learning. In contrast, the prototypical second-generation antipsychotic, clozapine, is less active in the dorsal striatum and does not induce EPS or impair procedural learning. Olanzapine is pharmacologically similar to clozapine and has a low incidence of EPS induction.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the hypothesis that olanzapine would not have a deleterious effect on procedural learning.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-nine subjects with early phase schizophrenia were randomly assigned to double blind treatment with haloperidol, risperidone, or olanzapine. They were administered the Tower of Toronto test at an unmedicated baseline and again following 6 weeks and 6 months of treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Procedural learning, defined as the improvement observed between two blocks of five trials of the Tower of Toronto, was preserved after 6 weeks of all three treatments but showed a substantial decline after 6 months of treatment with haloperidol or risperidone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data are consistent with the differential activity of the three medications in dorsal striatum structures and suggest that the advantages of olanzapine over haloperidol and risperidone in relation to extrapyramidal syndromes may also generalize to procedural learning. The results also suggest that the procedural learning disadvantages of haloperidol and risperidone accrue slowly but are apparent after 6 months of treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, CHA-ANE, Box 307, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T5J 2J7. scot.purdon@amhb.ab.ca
authors.forename: Scot E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Purdon
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Woodward
authors.forename: Stacy R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Lindborg
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stip
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D000077152:Olanzapine; D010045:Outpatients; D010890:Pirenzepine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018967:Risperidone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D010890:Pirenzepine; D006220:Haloperidol; D018967:Risperidone; D000077152:Olanzapine