title: alpha-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha production in leukocytes by modulating protein kinase A, p38 kinase, and nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathways.
abstract: The neuropeptide alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) inhibits inflammation by down-regulating the expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in leukocytes via stimulation of alpha-MSH cell surface receptors. However, the signaling mechanism of alpha-MSH action has not yet been clearly elucidated. Here, we have investigated signaling pathways by which alpha-MSH inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced TNF-alpha production in leukocytes such as THP-1 cells. We focused on the possible roles of protein kinase A (PKA), p38 kinase, and nuclear factor kappa B (NF kappa B) signaling. In THP-1 cells, LPS is known to activate p38 kinase, which in turn activates NF kappa B to induce TNF-alpha production. We found that pretreatment of cells with alpha-MSH blocked LPS-induced p38 kinase and NF kappa B activation as well as TNF-alpha production. This response was proportional to alpha-MSH receptor expression levels, and addition of an alpha-MSH receptor antagonist abolished the inhibitory effects. In addition, alpha-MSH treatment activated PKA, and PKA inhibition abrogated the inhibitory effects of alpha-MSH on p38 kinase activation, NF kappa B activation, and TNF-alpha production. Taken together, our results indicate that stimulation of PKA by alpha-MSH causes inhibition of LPS-induced activation of p38 kinase and NF kappa B to block TNF-alpha production.
authors.affiliation: Proteome Research Lab, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejon 305-600, Korea.
authors.forename: Sun-Woo
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Sung-Ho
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Goh
authors.forename: Jang-Soo
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Chun
authors.forename: Eun-Wie
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Myung-Kyu
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Kil-Lyong
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jae-Jin
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Chul-Joong
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Haryoung
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Poo
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D018922:HL-60 Cells; D006801:Humans; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000201:enzymology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000378:metabolism*; D008156:Luciferases / Q000378:metabolism; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D011233:Precipitin Tests; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D000521:alpha-MSH / Q000502:physiology*; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000521:alpha-MSH; D008156:Luciferases; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases