title: Interrupted time series analysis in clinical research.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate the usefulness of interrupted time series analysis in clinical trial design.
  
  
  METHODS
  A safety data set of electrocardiographic (ECG) information was simulated from actual data that had been collected in a Phase I study. Simulated data on 18 healthy volunteers based on a study performed in a contract research facility were collected based on single doses of an experimental medication that may affect ECG parameters. Serial ECGs were collected before and during treatment with the experimental medication. Data from 7 real subjects receiving placebo were used to simulate the pretreatment phase of time series; data from 18 real subjects receiving active treatment were used to simulate the treatment phase of the time series. Visual inspection of data was performed, followed by tests for trend, seasonality, and autocorrelation by use of SAS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no evidence of trend, seasonality, or autocorrelation. In 11 of 18 simulated individuals, statistically significant changes in QTc intervals were observed following treatment with the experimental medication. A significant time of day and treatment interaction was observed in 4 simulated patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interrupted time series analysis techniques offer an additional tool for the study of clinical situations in which patients must act as their own controls and where serial data can be collected at evenly distributed intervals.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait. l.matowe@hsc.kuniv.edu.kw
authors.forename: Lloyd K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Matowe
authors.forename: Cathie A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Leister
authors.forename: Concetta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Crivera
authors.forename: Joan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Korth-Bradley
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008133:Long QT Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology; D012107:Research Design; D012621:Seasons; D013997:Time Factors