title: High-throughput microwave-digestion procedures to monitor neurotoxic elements in body fluids by means of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.
abstract: Microwave (MW) digestion procedures with high sample throughput (simultaneous digestion of 36 or 80 samples) and procedural simplicity (disposable plastic tubes, or re-usable liners with screw-cap) were investigated for their efficiency in routine analyses of biological samples. Different digestion vessel materials were tested for metal leaching/adsorption and thermal resistance: quartz, glass, polyethylene (PE) and polystyrene (PS). For the instrumental quantification of Al, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, and Tl at ultra-trace levels in urine, serum, and whole blood, sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SF-ICP-MS) was used. The different pretreatment conditions and vessels were evaluated in terms of contamination risk, effective power of detection, accuracy, and precision. Results of analyses of serum, urine and whole blood certified reference materials (CRMs) were fully satisfactory for almost all the analytes. In the case of Hg, Mo, and Tl in serum digested in plastic containers the results were just below the lower limit of uncertainty of the certified range. On the basis of the present data the following MW procedures can be suggested: 1. for urine, digestion with nitric acid at atmospheric pressure in plastic vials; 2. for serum, digestion with nitric acid at atmospheric pressure in glass vessels; and 3. for whole blood, digestion under pressure in quartz tubes. Because of the levels of the procedural blanks, Bi was not measurable at the concentrations expected in human fluids, and Al was accurately detectable in whole blood only.
authors.affiliation: Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy. b.bocca@iss.it
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bocca
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alimonti
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Forte
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Petrucci
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pirola
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Senofonte
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Violante
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008872:Microwaves; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D009498:Neurotoxins