title: Clinical significance of angiogenesis in gastrointestinal cancers: a target for novel prognostic and therapeutic approaches.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the current data on the prognostic and therapeutic implications of tumor angiogenesis in gastrointestinal cancers.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Numerous studies have evaluated the prognostic value of tumor angiogenesis and the potential role of antiangiogenic therapy in various gastrointestinal cancers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Medline literature search was conducted using "angiogenesis" or the names of various angiogenic factors in combination with the names of gastrointestinal cancers as the key words.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Several studies have demonstrated a significant prognostic impact of tumor microvessel density and tumor expression of angiogenic factors, in particular vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), in various gastrointestinal cancers. A few studies have suggested that circulating VEGF might be a useful prognostic marker. However, results were not consistent across all studies and were limited by the retrospective nature of most studies. Antiangiogenic therapy has been shown to be effective against all common gastrointestinal cancers in preclinical studies, but currently there are few clinical data with regard to antiangiogenic therapy in gastrointestinal cancers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is mounting evidence to suggest that assessment of tumor angiogenesis might provide a novel approach of prognostication in patients with gastrointestinal cancers. However, current results from retrospective studies need to be validated by prospective studies. Antiangiogenic therapy is a promising strategy of cancer treatment that might be particularly useful in combination therapy for unresectable cancers or as an adjuvant therapy for resectable tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong Medical Centre, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China. poontp@hkucc.hku.hk
authors.forename: Ronnie Tung-Ping
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Poon
authors.forename: Sheung-Tat
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D005770:Gastrointestinal Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D013939:Thymidine Phosphorylase / Q000378:metabolism; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008222:Lymphokines; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D013939:Thymidine Phosphorylase