title: Lower respiratory tract infections: impact on the workplace.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While there is some literature on the cost of specific respiratory infections, much of the existing research focuses only on direct medical treatment costs and does not take into consideration workplace burden due to disability and absenteeism.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the impact of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) on the workplace, specifically regarding the economic burden from an employer's perspective.
  
  
  METHODS
  Specific LRTI considered here were acute bronchitis, acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and pneumonia. Data from medical, prescription drug and disability claims of a large, national company in the US were used. These data provide information on both the healthcare and work loss impacts of LRTI on this major self-insured employer. The annual per capita expenditures for persons with LRTI were determined for beneficiaries (including employees and dependants) of this employer by analysing all claims in 1997. Results were compared with those of a 10% random sample of beneficiaries in the employer's overall beneficiary population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 1997, total per person expenditures and total medical service utilisation were higher among beneficiaries with LRTI than among beneficiaries in the overall beneficiary population sample. Annual per capita employer expenditures for beneficiaries with LRTI totalled 6,116 US dollars, compared with 2,368 US dollars (1997 values) for the average beneficiary in the overall beneficiary population sample. Employer payments for lost work time through disability and absenteeism accounted for 17% of these expenditures amongst beneficiaries with LRTI and for 35% amongst employees with LRTI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Annual per capita expenditures for beneficiaries with LRTI were almost three times that of the average beneficiary. We conclude that it is important to consider work loss in analyses of the cost of LRTI.
authors.affiliation: Analysis Group, Boston, Massachusetts 02199, USA. hbirnbaum@analysisgroup.com
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Birnbaum
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morley
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leong
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.forename: Gene
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Colice
mesh_terms: D000041:Absenteeism; D000328:Adult; D017281:Cost of Illness; D006233:Persons with Disabilities; D017049:Employer Health Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007221:Industry / Q000191:economics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000191:economics*; D014481:United States; D017132:Workplace / Q000191:economics*