title: Causal uncertainty, claimed and behavioural self-handicapping.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Causal uncertainty beliefs involve doubts about the causes of events, and arise as a consequence of non-contingent evaluative feedback: feedback that leaves the individual uncertain about the causes of his or her achievement outcomes. Individuals high in causal uncertainty are frequently unable to confidently attribute their achievement outcomes, experience anxiety in achievement situations and as a consequence are likely to engage in self-handicapping behaviour.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Accordingly, we sought to establish links between trait causal uncertainty, claimed and behavioural self-handicapping.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were N=72 undergraduate students divided equally between high and low causally uncertain groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a 2 (causal uncertainty status: high, low) x 3 (performance feedback condition: success, non-contingent success, non-contingent failure) between-subjects factorial design to examine the effects of causal uncertainty on achievement behaviour. Following performance feedback, participants completed 20 single-solution anagrams and 12 remote associate tasks serving as performance measures, and 16 unicursal tasks to assess practice effort. Participants also completed measures of claimed handicaps, state anxiety and attributions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relative to low causally uncertain participants, high causally uncertain participants claimed more handicaps prior to performance on the anagrams and remote associates, reported higher anxiety, attributed their failure to internal, stable factors, and reduced practice effort on the unicursal tasks, evident in fewer unicursal tasks solved.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings confirm links between trait causal uncertainty and claimed and behavioural self-handicapping, highlighting the need for educators to facilitate means by which students can achieve surety in the manner in which they attribute the causes of their achievement outcomes.
authors.affiliation: University of Tasmania, School of Psychology, Australia. T.Thompson@utas.edu.au
authors.forename: Ted
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hepburn
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D001290:Attitude; D003469:Culture; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005246:Feedback; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D012649:Self Concept; D012919:Social Behavior