title: Wrist kinematic characterization of wheelchair propulsion in various seating positions: implication to wrist pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate wrist kinematic characterization at various wheelchair seat positions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comparative study using a repetitive measures design.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  People who use wheelchairs often sit on pressure-relief cushions, increasing the seat height. Wrist kinematic properties during manual propulsion could be altered. Wrist kinematics from a clinical perspective has not been previously investigated. This study characterizes wrist kinematic performance of subjects during manual wheelchair propulsion at various seat positions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects for this investigation were 11 people with disabilities who use wheelchairs. Combinations of horizontal positions of the rear wheel and vertical seat height were evaluated. Consecutive EMG, wrist joint angle, and trigger signals were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Altered seat height resulted in significant changes to temporal phases and wrist kinematic parameters; however, altered horizontal seat position did not cause significant variations. For all seat positions investigated, wrist extensor and flexor EMG signals maintained a similar level of contraction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During wheelchair propulsion, seat height was found to be a critical factor affecting the temporal parameters of movement and wrist kinematic properties of the subjects. Wrist joint angles and wrist flexion-extension range of motion all varied according to seat height. Observations and statistical analysis of the results provided useful information; however, an ideal seat position was not indicated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Study results have enhanced our understanding of wheelchair design, and should aid in development of future designs. In addition, the results may provide a strategy for dealing with the onset of arm/wrist pain and the prevention of carpal tunnel syndrome and other soft tissue injuries in people who use wheelchairs.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science and Technology, National Yang Ming University, 255 Li-Noon St., Section 2, Shih-Pai, Taipei 112, Taiwan, ROC. shunhwa@ym.edu.tw
authors.forename: Shun-hwa
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Sha- Li
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Chuan-Jiang
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Jong-Chi
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Chiu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002349:Carpal Tunnel Syndrome / Q000517:prevention & control; D004576:Electromyography; D006801:Humans; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D014910:Wheelchairs; D014955:Wrist Joint / Q000502:physiology*