title: HIVAN and medication use in chronic dialysis patients in the United States: analysis of the USRDS DMMS Wave 2 study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use and possible effects of factors known to improve outcomes in patients with human immunodeficiency virus associated nephropathy (HIVAN), namely of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) and antiretroviral therapy, has not been reported for a national sample of dialysis patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a historical cohort study of the United States Renal Data System (USRDS) Dialysis Morbidity and Mortality Study (DMMS) Wave 2 to identify risk factors associated with increased mortality in these patients. Data were available for 3374 patients who started dialysis and were followed until March 2000. Cox Regression analysis was used to model adjusted hazard ratios (AHR) with HIVAN as a cause of end stage renal disease (ESRD) and its impact on mortality during the study period, adjusted for potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 3374 patients who started dialysis, 36 (1.1%) had ESRD as a result of HIVAN. Only 22 (61%) of patients with HIVAN received antiretroviral agents, and only nine patients (25%) received combination antiretroviral therapy, and only 14% received ACE inhibitors. Neither the use of multiple antiretroviral drugs (AHR, 0.62, 95% CI, 0.10, 3.86, p = 0.60), or ACE inhibitors were associated with a survival advantage. Patients with HIVAN had an increased risk of mortality (adjusted hazard ratio, 4.74, 95% Confidence Interval, 3.12, 7.32, p < 0.01) compared to patients with other causes of ESRD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Medications known to improve outcomes in HIV infected patients were underutilized in patients with HIVAN. Adjusted for other factors, a primary diagnosis of HIVAN was associated with increased mortality compared with other causes of ESRD.
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Service, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA. Kevin.Abbott@NA.AMEDD.ARMY.MIL
authors.forename: Kevin C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Abbott
authors.forename: Fernando C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Trespalacios
authors.forename: Lawrence Y
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Agodoa
authors.forename: Tejinder S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Ahuja
mesh_terms: D016263:AIDS-Associated Nephropathy / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D013223:Statistics as Topic
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents