title: Vigabatrin, but not gabapentin or topiramate, produces concentration-related effects on enzymes and intermediates of the GABA shunt in rat brain and retina.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The antiepileptic drug (AED) vigabatrin (VGB), which exerts its pharmacologic effects on the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system, causes concentric visual field constriction in >40% of exposed adults. This may be a class effect of all agents with GABA-related mechanisms of action. We compared the concentration-related effects of VGB in rat brain and eye with those of gabapentin (GBP) and topiramate (TPM), both of which have been reported to elevate brain GABA concentrations in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult male rats (n = 10) were administered 0.9% saline (control), VGB (250, 500, 1,000 mg/kg), GBP (50, 100, 200 mg/kg), or TPM (12.5, 25, 50, 100 mg/kg). At 2 h after dosing, animals were killed, a blood sample obtained, the brain dissected into eight distinct regions, and the retina and vitreous humor isolated from each eye. Samples were analyzed for several GABA-related neurochemical parameters, and serum and tissue drug concentrations determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VGB treatment produced a significant (p < 0.05) dose-related increase in GABA concentrations and decrease in GABA-transaminase activity in all tissues investigated. This effect was most pronounced in the retina, where VGB concentrations were 18.5-fold higher than those in brain. In contrast, GBP and TPM were without effect on any of the neurochemical parameters investigated and did not accumulate appreciably in the retina.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings corroborate a previously reported accumulation of VGB in the retina, which may be responsible for the visual field constriction observed clinically. This phenomenon does not appear to extend to other GABAergic drugs, suggesting that these agents might not cause visual field defects.
authors.affiliation: Epilepsy Unit, University Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Western Infirmary, Glasgow, Scotland. g.j.sills@clinmed.gla.ac.uk
authors.forename: Graeme J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Sills
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: Gerard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Forrest
authors.forename: Neville
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ratnaraj
authors.forename: Philip N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Patsalos
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Brodie
mesh_terms: D000612:4-Aminobutyrate Transaminase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D000085:Acetates / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D000588:Amines; D000818:Animals; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D003509:Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005632:Fructose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D000077206:Gabapentin; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D000077236:Topiramate; D020888:Vigabatrin / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D014794:Visual Fields / Q000187:drug effects; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D000588:Amines; D000927:Anticonvulsants; D003509:Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; D000077236:Topiramate; D005632:Fructose; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D000077206:Gabapentin; D000612:4-Aminobutyrate Transaminase; D020888:Vigabatrin