title: Recruitment by motor nerve root stimulators: significance for implant design.
abstract: Three paraplegics have been implanted with stimulators of the lumbar anterior roots. Twelve roots were trapped in slots, each with three electrodes, a central cathode and two anodes, but the anodes in all the slots were connected together to reduce the number of wires. Cross-talk between roots was observed at lower levels than expected. Cross-talk was assessed from the ratio of the root's threshold to the threshold of the contralateral response (expected ratio: 72). Two hypothetical reasons for this low ratio were: that the cathode current was not equally shared by the anodes; or that the contralateral responses were reflex. Experiments showed that neither explanation was valid. The ratio of the contralateral to ipsilateral threshold for individual slots (K(1)) was sometimes low because the ipsilateral threshold was high. By taking the ratio of the lowest contralateral response to lowest ipsilateral response, for all roots in each subject (K(2)), the ratio should approach the theoretical value. However, for the two subjects with small slots, it was 7.9 and 15.3, much less than 72, suggesting that the original theory was incorrect. Approximate calculations of the activation function suggest that the reason may be that roots which run close to a slot, but not through it, may pass through a virtual anode region outside the ends of the slots, and that anodal break stimulation in those regions causes the cross-talk. Our estimate is that this cross-talk would be expected to occur at intensities above 5.3 times the cathodal threshold. If the roots are stimulated in pairs, below the levels of cross-talk, experimental results show that the moments obtained in response are additive to within 5%.
authors.affiliation: Implanted Devices Group, Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, University College London, 11-20 Capper Street, WC1E 6JA London, UK. nickd@medphys.ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: N de N
authors.initials: Nde N
authors.lastname: Donaldson
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Rushton
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Perkins
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Norton
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Krabbendam
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D004056:Differential Threshold; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009046:Motor Neurons; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010264:Paraplegia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots / Q000503:physiopathology*