title: Thermodynamics, biochemistry and microscopy for the 21st century.
abstract: The aim of biology is the study of the properties of cells in living intact animals. Many steps of research procedures in biochemistry change the entropy, and therefore, the free energy of the chemical reactions from those in vivo. Sections prepared for histology, histochemistry, electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry, yield limited information about the original cells in life, although their problems have been documented. Approaches to the biological and histological difficulties are suggested.
authors.affiliation: Unity Laboratory of Applied Neurobiology, 76 Epsom Road, Guildford, Surrey GUI 2BX, Great Britain.
authors.forename: Harold
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hillman
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D001671:Biochemistry / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D004735:Energy Transfer; D019277:Entropy; D008853:Microscopy / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012107:Research Design / Q000639:trends*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013816:Thermodynamics