title: Pramlintide for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide an overview of the role of amylin, as well as that of pramlintide, a synthetic analog of amylin, in maintaining glucose homeostasis; and discuss the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, adverse effects, and role of pramlintide in the control of postprandial hyperglycemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data presented in this review were obtained from published literature, abstracts presented at scientific meetings, and information on file with the manufacturer. MEDLINE searches (1986-March 2003) using the search terms pramlintide and amylin were conducted to identify clinical trials and review articles. Additionally, the bibliographies of the identified articles were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinical trials have demonstrated that amylin in combination with insulin controls postprandial glucose levels by decreasing food intake, slowing gastric emptying, and suppressing glucagon secretion. Clinical trials also showed significant decreases in mean plasma glucose levels and glycosylated hemoglobin, as well as the added benefits of weight loss and reduction in insulin doses. The most commonly reported adverse effects associated with pramlintide in clinical trials were gastrointestinal complaints and hypoglycemia, which occurred most frequently during initiation of therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The administration of insulin alone often does not result in optimal metabolic control. The treatment of amylin deficiency, in addition to insulin deficiency, may be warranted in order to obtain glucose homeostasis. The role of pramlintide, an amylin analog, will become clearer as more clinical data become available.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacy Administration, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4495, USA. e.kleppi@usip.edu
authors.forename: Erika L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Kleppinger
authors.forename: Eva M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Vivian
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000682:Amyloid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D058228:Islet Amyloid Polypeptide; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data
chemical_list: D000682:Amyloid; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D058228:Islet Amyloid Polypeptide; C105254:pramlintide