title: Pressure pain threshold of the posterior aspect of the temporomandibular joint measured with a semi-spherical probe.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop and test a probe for measurement of the pressure pain threshold (PPT) over the posterior aspect of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in healthy individuals, including determination of PPT levels, reliability, and the smallest detectable difference (SDD) between measurements.
  
  
  METHODS
  A semi-spherical probe was designed to measure PPT levels over the posterior aspect of the TMJ through the external auditory meatus. The probe was connected to an electronic algometer. Three consecutive measurements were performed with this probe over the posterior and lateral aspects of the left and right TMJs as well as over a reference point on the forehead (glabella) in 31 healthy subjects: 10 male and 21 female. Measurements were also performed for comparison with a conventional flat probe with a 1 cm2 area over the lateral aspect of the TMJ and the reference point.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The PPT measured with the semi-spherical probe and the conventional probe showed similar degrees of interindividual variation and reproducibility. The relative SDD, expressed as the percentage of the mean PPT for 2 measurements, showed similar levels for the flat and semi-spherical probes, i.e., 28% to 32% of the mean PPT at the TMJ.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The semi-spherical probe shows similar reliability and relative SDD for measurement of PPT levels over the posterior aspect of the TMJ in healthy individuals as measurement over the lateral aspect with a flat probe. Measurement of the posterior PPT with a semi-spherical probe may be a useful adjunct to conventional lateral PPT measurements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Oral Physiology, Institute of Odontology, Karolinska Institutet, Box 4064, S-141 04 Huddinge, Sweden. silvi.nordahl@swipnet.se
authors.forename: Silvi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nordahl
authors.forename: Sigvard
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kopp
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004056:Differential Threshold; D004581:Electronics / Q000295:instrumentation; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D005546:Forehead / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000295:instrumentation*; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000502:physiology*; D011312:Pressure; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012737:Sex Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013499:Surface Properties; D013704:Temporomandibular Joint / Q000502:physiology*