title: Dietary intake of various nutrients in older patients with congestive heart failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Anorexia, nausea and premature satiety with eating, prevalent in congestive heart failure (CHF), have been held responsible for reduced dietary intake and deficiency of magnesium, potassium and probably other nutrients. Since solid data is not available, this study was undertaken with the following aims (1) to assess dietary intake in CHF, (2) to compare dietary intake in older CHF patients with a similar patient population free of CHF (control group), and (3) to evaluate these data in patients with moderate versus severe CHF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dietary intake of 57 consecutively hospitalized furosemide-treated CHF patients over the age of 60 was compared with that of 40 similar patients free of CHF. In addition, a statistical analysis was performed comparing the data of the 37 patients with moderate versus the 20 patients with severe CHF. Dietary content of various nutrients was assessed with the food frequency recall technique. Dietary intake was comparable in the two respective pairs of groups. However, the intake of magnesium, calcium, zinc, copper, manganese, energy, thiamin, riboflavin, and folate in all subgroups fell short of recommended levels for intake, while vitamins A, C and niacin contents exceeded those recommended. Intakes of potassium and proteins were within the recommended values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CHF per se, even severe CHF, is not responsible for a reduced dietary intake of various nutrients. A population-related dietary culture, old age or other chronic conditions, rather than CHF, might be mainly involved. The increased intake of vitamins A, C and niacin in our patients may be attributed to the high content of fruits and vegetables in the Mediterranean diet. Insufficient intake of the above-mentioned group of electrolytes and essential nutrients may contribute to the frequently observed negative balance of some of them. This is especially relevant in furosemide-treated CHF patients. Therefore, supplementation should be considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine 'F', Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel. internal6@asaf.health.gov.il
authors.forename: Oleg
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gorelik
authors.forename: Dorit
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Almoznino-Sarafian
authors.forename: Ilana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Feder
authors.forename: Orit
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Wachsman
authors.forename: Irena
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Alon
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Litvinjuk
authors.forename: Mira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roshovsky
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Modai
authors.forename: Natan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000855:Anorexia / Q000209:etiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008903:Minerals / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009325:Nausea / Q000209:etiology; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D012528:Satiety Response; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D018977:Micronutrients; D008903:Minerals; D014815:Vitamins