title: Effects of exercise on bone mineral density in calcium-replete postmenopausal women with and without hormone replacement therapy.
abstract: Osteoporosis is a major public health concern. The combination of exercise, hormone replacement therapy, and calcium supplementation may have added benefits for improving bone mineral density compared to a single intervention. To test this notion, 320 healthy, non-smoking postmenopausal women, who did or did not use hormone replacement therapy (HRT), were randomized within groups to exercise or no exercise and followed for 12 months. All women received 800 mg calcium citrate supplements daily. Women who exercised performed supervised aerobic, weight-bearing and weight-lifting exercise, three times per week in community-based exercise facilities. Regional bone mineral density (BMD) was assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Women who used HRT, calcium, and exercised increased femoral neck, trochanteric and lumbar spine bone mineral density by approximately 1-2%. Trochanteric BMD was also significantly increased by approximately 1.0% in women who exercised and used calcium without HRT compared to a negligible change in women who used HRT and did not exercise. The results demonstrate that regional BMD can be improved with aerobic, weight-bearing activity combined with weight lifting at clinically relevant sites in postmenopausal women. The response was significant at more sites in women who used HRT, suggesting a greater benefit with hormone replacement and exercise compared to HRT alone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. going@u.arizona.edu
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Going
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lohman
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Houtkooper
authors.forename: Lauve
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Metcalfe
authors.forename: Hilary
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Flint-Wagner
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Blew
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Stanford
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cussler
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Milliken
authors.forename: Arturo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Figueroa-Galvez
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weber
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D019355:Calcium Citrate / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004032:Diet; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010349:Patient Compliance; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000502:physiology; D014891:Weight Lifting / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D019355:Calcium Citrate