title: Longitudinal changes in weight in perimenopausal and early postmenopausal women: effects of dietary energy intake, energy expenditure, dietary calcium intake and hormone replacement therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether energy intake or energy expenditure affects 5-7 y weight gain in perimenopausal and early postmenopausal women, and whether hormone replacement therapy (HRT) use or dietary calcium (Ca) intake are contributory factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal, observational study of healthy women around the menopause.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1064 initially premenopausal women, selected from a random population of 5119 women aged 45-54 y at baseline. In all, 907 women (85.2%) returned 6.3+/-0.6 y later for repeat measurements. Of these, 36% were postmenopausal (no HRT) and 45% had taken HRT, and 898 women completed the questionnaires.
  
  
  METHODS
  Weight, height, estimation of energy intake by food frequency questionnaire and physical activity level (PAL) by questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Change in PAL influenced weight change explaining 4.4% (P=0.001) of the variation. Alterations in dietary energy intake also had a small but significant effect (0.6% P=0.013). Dietary Ca intake had no effect on weight or weight change.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mean weight had increased and was influenced more by reduced energy expenditure rather than increased energy intake. HRT and dietary Ca intake did not influence weight gain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Aberdeen, Medical School Buildings, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK. h.macdonald@abdn.ac.uk
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Macdonald
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: New
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Reid
mesh_terms: D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D002979:Climacteric / Q000502:physiology; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000502:physiology; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary