title: Late sequelae of low birthweight: mediators of poor school performance at 11 years.
abstract: This study examined the effect of low birthweight on school achievement and the mediating roles of cognitive and behavioural factors. The sample (115 females, 100 males) was selected from a longitudinal study of first-born singleton children, born between 1986 and 1988 of German-speaking parents, recruited from eight hospitals of the Rhine-Neckar region in Germany. Twenty-nine very-low-birthweight (VLBW; less than 1500g), 74 low-birthweight (LBW; 1500 to 2500 g) and 112 normal-birthweight children (NBW; more than 2500 g), all without severe neurological disability, were assessed at 11 years on cognitive, motor, scholastic, and behavioural measures. The scholastic measures included a school performance score and a teacher recommendation for type of secondary school the child should attend. LBW and VLBW children performed less well than the NBW group in all areas. LBW and VLBW groups remained at risk for school difficulties into late childhood, even when not neurologically impaired. Arithmetic, vocabulary, concentration, non-verbal intelligence, and attention problems were significant mediators of the effect of low birthweight on the school performance score. Arithmetic, vocabulary, motor skills, and attention problems were found to be mediating factors of birthweight on teacher's recommendations. The poor outcome of the low birthweight children could not be attributed to further obstetric risk factors. Parents and pediatricians should be made aware of specific long-term deficits of low birthweight children that may impair school performance, although they may be within a normal curriculum.
authors.affiliation: Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Weindrich
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jennen-Steinmetz
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laucht
authors.forename: Martin H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Schmidt
mesh_terms: D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007229:Infant Welfare; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight / Q000254:growth & development*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007360:Intelligence / Q000502:physiology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D018743:Perinatal Care; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011295:Prenatal Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011584:Psychology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012572:School Health Services; D013997:Time Factors