title: [In vitro effects of antiallergic eyedrops on complement activation induced by particulate matter].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent decades have been marked by an increasing number of patients suffering from ocular allergic-like symptoms without being associated with an increase in IgE levels. These symptoms include heaviness of the lid, foreign body sensation, burning, stinging and photophobia. Both epidemiological studies and controlled human exposure clinical studies have shown cause-effect relationships between allergic-like symptoms and environmental factors such as outdoor air pollutants or poor indoor air quality. An ocular surface subclinical inflammation is thought to be responsible for pseudoallergic, pollution-related conjunctivitis. The complement system is considered as one of the major effector mechanisms involved in initiation of the subclinical inflammation that leads to IgE-independent eye irritation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the capability of nine antiallergic eyedrops commonly used in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis to inhibit complement activation induced in vitro by pollutants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Normal human serum obtained from healthy individuals was used as a source of complement. Activation of complement was assessed using the complement hemolytic 50% (CH50) assay, in the absence or the presence of antiallergic eyedrops and in the absence or the presence of various stimuli, including sand, common house dust, eye mascara, and Dactylis glomerata pollen extract. Zymosan was used as a standardized complement activator. The following eyedrops were studied: Naabak (4.9% N-acetyl aspartic acid-glutamic acid, NAAGA, sodium salt), Almide (lodoxamide 0.1%), Levophta (0.05% levocabastine), Emadine (0.05% emedastine), Tilavist (2% nedocromil), Allergodil (0.05% azelastine), Patanol (olopatadine), and Zaditen (0.025% ketotifen). Effects of preservative-free lodoxamide and ketotifen were also assessed and compared to those of the preserved formulations. A solution of 0.01% benzalkonium chloride (BAC), the most widely used preservative in topical eyedrops, was also tested.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Zymosan-induced activation of complement (30+/-6%) was significantly lowered by preincubation of serum with unpreserved NAAGA (16.6+/-4%, p=0.0026) or benzalkonium-preserved nedocromil (20+/-2%, p=0.022). Preserved levocabastine, emedastine, olopatadine and ketotifen did not interfere with zymosan-induced complement activation, whereas preserved azelastine, lodoxamide and benzalkonium chloride significantly aggravated complement activation induced by zymosan. Similar results were obtained when complement activation was triggered by sand, common house dust, mascara, or by an allergenic extract of Dactylis glomerata pollen. In the absence of complement activator, none of the antiallergic eyedrops induced a significant change in CH50 titer, indicating that the deleterious pro-inflammatory effect of preserved azelastine and lodoxamide may occur only once complement activation has been initiated, i.e., on an inflamed ocular surface.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among the antiallergic eyedrops tested in this study, only Naabak and Tilavist were found to significantly inhibit complement activation triggered by particulate matters or pollen allergenic extract. Such an anticomplement activity confers these two molecules a potential in the therapeutic management of pollution-related pseudoallergic conjunctivitis.
authors.affiliation: INSERM U430, Hôpital Broussais.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Blondin
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cholley
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Haeffner-Cavaillon
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Goldschmidt
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018926:Anti-Allergic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001548:Benzalkonium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D003167:Complement Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D003231:Conjunctivitis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology; D003358:Cosmetics; D003990:Dibenzoxepins / Q000494:pharmacology; D004151:Dipeptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D004341:Drug Evaluation; D004391:Dust; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007665:Ketotifen / Q000494:pharmacology; D017835:Nedocromil / Q000494:pharmacology; D000069605:Olopatadine Hydrochloride; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010072:Oxamic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D010793:Phthalazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011058:Pollen; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D015054:Zymosan / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D018926:Anti-Allergic Agents; D001548:Benzalkonium Compounds; D001562:Benzimidazoles; D003358:Cosmetics; D003990:Dibenzoxepins; D004151:Dipeptides; D004391:Dust; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D010793:Phthalazines; D010880:Piperidines; D017835:Nedocromil; C027172:isospaglumic acid; D000069605:Olopatadine Hydrochloride; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D015054:Zymosan; C043345:emedastine; C047340:levocabastine; D010072:Oxamic Acid; C021702:lodoxamide ethyl; D007665:Ketotifen; C020976:azelastine