title: Postoperative cytology for drained fluid from the pancreatic bed after "curative" resection of pancreatic cancers: does it predict both the patient's prognosis and the site of cancer recurrence?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the postoperative cytology of drained fluid from the pancreatic bed as a predictive indicator of local recurrence after curative (R0) resection of pancreatic cancer.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The pancreatic bed offers a common site of cancer recurrence (local recurrence), even after curative (R0) resection is performed for pancreatic cancer. If local recurrence is thereby predicted precisely, soon after surgery, we have a chance to treat it by adding radiation or some other locoregional therapy before it can grow or spread beyond the pancreatic bed. However, there have been no previous reports of cytology performed on the drained fluid after pancreatectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study includes 94 patients who had shown negative results in the peritoneal washing cytology before resection and subsequently received pancreatectomies for pancreatic tumors. They consisted of 12 benign tumors, 17 noninvasive or minimally invasive carcinomas and 65 invasive ductal carcinomas (R0 = 58; R1/2 = 7). Postoperatively, the drained fluid from the pancreatic bed was collected for 24 hours and used for cytologic examination. The cytologic results were examined in association with the histopathology of the resected tumor, patient's survival, and mode of cancer recurrence, including local recurrence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with benign tumors or noninvasive/minimally invasive carcinomas had negative result in cytology, and none of them have died of local recurrence (limited to the pancreatic bed) to date. However, patients with invasive ductal carcinoma revealed higher cytology-positive rates: 28% (16/58) in curative (R0) resection; and 71% (5/7) in noncurative (R1/2) resection. Among 58 patients with R0 resection, the 3-year survival rate was 14% in 16 cytology-positive patients and 55% in 42 cytology-negative patients (P < 0.05). The 3-year cumulative rate of local recurrence was 85% and 23%, respectively (P < 0.05). Compared with other histopathologic parameters obtained from the resected specimens, the drain cytology was more specific in predicting the subsequent development of local recurrence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Drain-cytology was a quick examination that enabled us to specifically indicate both minute residual cancer and subsequent development of local recurrence even after R0 resection of pancreatic cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, 3-Nakamichi, 1-chome, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-8511, Japan.
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wada
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ohigashi
authors.forename: Yuichiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Doki
authors.forename: Shigekazu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.forename: Shingo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Noura
authors.forename: Terumasa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Yo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Shingi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Imaoka
authors.forename: Tsutomu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kasugai
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsunaga
authors.forename: Akemi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takenaka
authors.forename: Akihiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nakaizumi
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001202:Ascitic Fluid / Q000166:cytology*; D004322:Drainage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000473:pathology*; D018365:Neoplasm, Residual / Q000473:pathology*; D010180:Pancreatectomy / Q000379:methods*; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D010533:Peritoneal Lavage; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis