title: Enhancement of acute lung injury related to bacterial endotoxin by components of diesel exhaust particles.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diesel exhaust particles (DEP) synergistically aggravate acute lung injury related to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice, but the components in DEP responsible for this have not been identified. A study was undertaken to examine the effects of the organic chemicals (DEP-OC) and residual carbonaceous nuclei (washed DEP) derived from DEP on LPS related lung injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  ICR mice were divided into experimental groups and vehicle, LPS, washed DEP, DEP-OC, washed DEP+LPS, and DEP-OC+LPS were administered intratracheally. The cellular profile of the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, pulmonary oedema, lung histology, and expression of proinflammatory molecules and Toll-like receptors in the lung were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both DEP-OC and washed DEP enhanced the infiltration of neutrophils into BAL fluid in the presence of LPS. Washed DEP combined with LPS synergistically exacerbated pulmonary oedema and induced alveolar haemorrhage, which was concomitant with the enhanced lung expression of interleukin-1beta, macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha, macrophage chemoattractant protein-1, and keratinocyte chemoattractant, whereas DEP-OC combined with LPS did not. Gene expression of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 was increased by combined treatment with washed DEP and LPS. The enhancement effects of washed DEP on LPS related changes were comparable to those of whole DEP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the residual carbonaceous nuclei of DEP rather than the extracted organic chemicals predominantly contribute to the aggravation of LPS related lung injury. This may be mediated through the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and Toll-like receptors.
authors.affiliation: Pathophysiology Research Team, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yanagisawa
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takano
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ichinose
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sadakane
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yoshino
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamaki
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kumagai
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uchiyama
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshikawa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morita
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000166:cytology; D002606:Charcoal; D018925:Chemokines / Q000378:metabolism; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D011654:Pulmonary Edema / Q000209:etiology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D018925:Chemokines; D007375:Interleukin-1; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D002606:Charcoal