title: Media exposure in children one hundred miles from a terrorist bombing.
abstract: This study assessed indirect interpersonal exposure to the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing, broadcast and print media exposure in the aftermath of the explosion, emotional reactions to media coverage, and posttraumatic stress reactions in children distant from the explosion. A survey was administered to 88 sixth-grade students in the public middle school in a community 100 miles from Oklahoma City 2 years after the bombing. Many children reported indirect interpersonal exposure and most reported bomb-related media exposure. Print media exposure was more strongly associated with enduring posttraumatic stress than broadcast exposure. Indirect interpersonal exposure and the interaction of media exposure with emotional reaction to media coverage in the aftermath of the explosion each predicted ongoing posttraumatic stress. The results suggest that children may have lingering reactions to highly publicized terrorist incidents. Concern about the influence of television viewing has long been proclaimed. This study implicates print media exposure as well. Media exposure to terrorist incidents, therefore, should be monitored and those working with children should assess exposure and stress even in children not directly impacted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Center for Terrorism Studies, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73190-3048, USA. betty-pfefferbaum@ouhsc.edu
authors.forename: Betty
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pfefferbaum
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Seale
authors.forename: Edward N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Brandt
authors.forename: Rose L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Pfefferbaum
authors.forename: Debby E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Doughty
authors.forename: Scott M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Rainwater
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003625:Data Collection; D005107:Explosions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008402:Mass Media; D009825:Oklahoma; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D023481:Terrorism / Q000523:psychology*