title: The MKK6-p38 MAPK pathway prolongs the cardiac contractile calcium transient, downregulates SERCA2, and activates NF-AT.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our goal was to determine if the MKK6-p38 MAPK pathway regulates cardiac intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)](i)). We also tested if MKK6 might influence expression of SERCA2, a calcium regulatory molecule involved in relaxation, and the activity of nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NF-AT), a calcium-regulated transcription factor that participates in pathological responses to pressure-overload.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neonatal rat ventricular myocytes were transfected with MKK6(Glu), an activator of p38 MAPK. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) was used as transfection marker and [Ca(2+)](i) was evaluated via indo-1. SERCA2 expression was assayed via Northern and Western techniques. The activity of the rat SERCA2 gene promoter and NF-AT-dependent gene expression were monitored with reporter genes. Myocyte contractility was regulated by electrical pacing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MKK6(Glu) prolonged decay of the contractile calcium transients, downregulated SERCA2 expression, and reduced the activity of the rat SERCA2 gene promoter. Diastolic [Ca(2+)](i) in myocytes pacing at 1-2 Hz was dramatically increased by MKK6(Glu). NF-AT-dependent gene expression was activated by MKK6(Glu) and by pacing of contractions in a synergistic manner. Overexpression of SERCA2 mitigated the effects of MKK6(Glu) on [Ca(2+)](i) and NF-AT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MKK6(Glu)-p38 MAPK pathway prolongs the decay phase of the cardiac contractile calcium by downregulating SERCA2, increasing diastolic [Ca(2+)](i) which activates NF-AT. The ability of SERCA2 over-expression to reduce NF-AT activity represents a potential novel therapeutic effect of SERCA2 that should be further considered in the development of cardiac gene therapy strategies.
authors.affiliation: Genetics Cell Biology/Development, University of Minnesota, 1445 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.forename: Peter D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Wolfgang H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Dillmann
authors.forename: Christopher C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Glembotski
authors.forename: Patrick M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: McDonough
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000252:Calcium-Transporting ATPases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D015870:Gene Expression; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D048669:MAP Kinase Kinase 6; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000378:metabolism*; D050778:NFATC Transcription Factors; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D053498:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014162:Transfection; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
chemical_list: C506948:Atp2a2 protein, rat; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D050778:NFATC Transcription Factors; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014157:Transcription Factors; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048669:MAP Kinase Kinase 6; D053498:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases; D000252:Calcium-Transporting ATPases; D002118:Calcium