title: Distinct cortical areas for motor preparation and execution in human identified by Bereitschaftspotential recording and ECoG-EMG coherence analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To clarify the cortical areas involved in motor preparation and execution by investigating Bereitschaftspotentials (BPs) and electrocorticogram-electromyogram (ECoG-EMG) coherence from subdural electrodes placed around the rolandic area.
  
  
  METHODS
  BPs and ECoG-EMG coherence were investigated for presurgical evaluation in a patient with cavernoma in the left frontal lobe. BPs were recorded in association with the tongue, right hand and right foot movements. ECoG-EMG coherence was calculated in association with weak muscle contraction of the right hand.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two cortical areas related to voluntary motor control were identified; one in the primary hand motor area, which generated surface-negative BPs with hand movements and showed significant coherence of ECoG with EMG of the contralateral hand muscle, and the other in the ventral rolandic area posterior to the central sulcus, which generated surface-positive BPs with voluntary movements of multiple sites (hand, tongue and foot) but did not show any ECoG-EMG coherence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is postulated that the former area represents the primary motor area involved in both motor preparation and execution, and the latter area represents the non-primary motor area involved in motor preparation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BP recording combined with ECoG-EMG coherence analysis could reveal the functional roles of motor cortices and the reorganization induced by structural brain lesion.
authors.affiliation: Human Brain Research Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Satow
authors.forename: Masao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsuhashi
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: Junichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Motohiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takayama
authors.forename: Tahamina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Begum
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mima
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nagamine
authors.forename: Nobuhiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mikuni
authors.forename: Susumu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.forename: Nobuo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shibasaki
mesh_terms: D001931:Brain Mapping; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003265:Contingent Negative Variation; D004566:Electrodes; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods*; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor; D005528:Foot / Q000503:physiopathology; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006225:Hand / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D014059:Tongue / Q000503:physiopathology