title: Frequency-dependent, bi-directional plasticity in motor cortex of human adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the plastic changes induced in human motor cortex by afferent stimulation depend on stimulus frequency.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to examine changes in corticospinal excitability in 20 subjects before and after combined peripheral (motor point) and central stimulation. Peripheral stimuli were given as either low frequency (3 Hz) or high frequency (30 Hz) trains.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Low frequency stimulation induced prolonged depression of corticospinal excitability, while high frequency stimulation induced prolonged facilitation. These effects persisted for approximately 40-50 min after stimulation ceased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Corticospinal plasticity induced by dual peripheral and central stimulation is bi-directionally-modifiable in the adult human, with the direction of change being frequency-dependent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therapies using peripheral stimulation to alter human motor cortex excitability could be tailored to exploit the differential effects of stimulus frequency on the direction of the excitability change.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. julia.pitcher@adelaide.edu.au
authors.forename: Julia B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Pitcher
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Ridding
authors.forename: Timothy S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Miles
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004056:Differential Threshold; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004576:Electromyography; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008280:Magnetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors