title: Measuring single-kidney glomerular filtration rate on single-detector helical CT using a two-point Patlak plot technique in patients with increased interstitial space.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We measured the single-kidney glomerular filtration rate (GFR) with a two-point Patlak plot technique based on multiphasic CT in patients with hydronephrosis or pyelonephritis or both. The question we sought to answer in our study was, Does increased interstitial space as measured with the Patlak plot technique cause overestimation of GFR?
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty adult patients treated with percutaneous nephrostomy were studied. The CT protocol consisted of an unenhanced scan and three subsequent scans obtained 38, 71, and 102 sec after the initiation of the contrast medium injection. Plasma clearance of the contrast medium was determined and used as the reference. Additionally, single-kidney excretory clearance was determined by separate urine collections from the left and right kidneys. A three-compartment model calculation was made using all data available to estimate volume and transfer rate constant of the interstitial space.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The GFR determined using plasma clearance correlated well with the GFR determined using excretory clearance, with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.94 and a regression line of y = -6 + 0.97 x x. GFR of both kidneys as measured using CT was overestimated according to the GFR determined using plasma clearance, with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.80, and a regression line of y = 35 + 0.79 x x. Single-kidney excretory clearance GFR was similarly overestimated using single-kidney CT GFR, with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.81 and a regression line of y = 20 + 0.84 x x. Single-kidney parenchymal volume was used as an indicator of interstitial space enlargement. The overestimation of excretory clearance GFR using CT correlated significantly with the parenchymal volume of the individual kidneys. A high correlation was also found between overestimation of total GFR determined with CT and interstitial space estimated using a three-compartment model calculation. Relative interstitial space was estimated to be 25% (range, 9-46%) of total kidney volume.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using the interstitial space as a third compartment may introduce an error into the measurement of GFR with the Patlak plot technique. We found that the CT protocol in our study resulted in considerable overestimation of GFR as determined with the Patlak plot in patients with increased interstitial space.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Justus-Liebig Universität Giessen, Klinikstr. 36, Giessen 35385, Germany.
authors.forename: Nils
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hackstein
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Ekkehard W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Hauck
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ludwig
authors.forename: Hans-Joachim
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Krämer
authors.forename: Wigbert Stefan
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Rau
mesh_terms: D003287:Contrast Media / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005110:Extracellular Space; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D006869:Hydronephrosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D007472:Iohexol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D007668:Kidney / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous; D011704:Pyelonephritis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D036542:Tomography, Spiral Computed
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D007472:Iohexol; C038192:iopromide