title: Creatine and other nonsteroidal strength-enhancing aids.
abstract: Although most discussions of ergogenic supplements to enhance strength focus on anabolic steroids, there are several nonsteroidal supplements of importance. These agents, including creatine, beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB), chromium, human growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor are popular, easily accessible, sometimes impossible to detect, and (in some cases, ie, creatine) not banned by official sports organizations. They are purported to be natural and safe because they are not anabolic steroids, have at least a theoretic basis for potential benefit, and in some cases, have data suggesting athletic improvement in certain controlled conditions. They also have a significant potential for causing at least bothersome if not dangerous adverse effects. Studies to date have generally addressed efficacy, with little data to support effectiveness in unmonitored, uncontrolled use. Human growth hormone is officially banned. In general, none of these agents can be recommended at present.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, L2003 Womens, Box 0239, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Amy Miller
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bohn
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Betts
authors.forename: Thomas L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Schwenk
mesh_terms: D001823:Body Composition / Q000187:drug effects; D002857:Chromium / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism; D003401:Creatine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004300:Doping in Sports; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000187:drug effects*; D013002:Somatomedins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism; D013177:Sports / Q000502:physiology*; D014481:United States; D014631:Valerates / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D013002:Somatomedins; D014631:Valerates; D002857:Chromium; D019382:Human Growth Hormone; C004961:beta-hydroxyisovaleric acid; D003401:Creatine