title: Direct and indirect effects of amino acids on hepatic glucose metabolism in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study was designed to examine the contribution of direct (substrate-mediated) and indirect (hormone-mediated) effects of amino acids on hepatic glucose metabolism in healthy men.
  
  
  METHODS
  The protocols were: (i) CON+S (n=7): control conditions with somatostatin to inhibit endogenous hormone release resulting in fasting plasma concentrations of amino acids, insulin (approximately 28 pmol/l) and glucagon (approximately 65 ng/l), (ii) AA+S ( n=7): amino acid infusion-fasting insulinaemia-fasting glucagonaemia, (iii) GLUC+S ( n=6): fasting amino acids-fasting insulinaemia-hyperglucagonaemia (approximately 99 ng/l) and (iv) AA-S (n=5): amino acid infusion without somatostatin resulting in amino acid-induced hyperinsulinaemia (approximately 61 pmol/l)-hyperglucagonaemia (approximately 147 ng/l). Net glycogenolysis was calculated from liver glycogen concentrations using (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Total gluconeogenesis (GNG) was calculated by subtracting net glycogenolysis from endogenous glucose production (EGP) which was measured with [6,6-(2)H(2)]glucose. Net GNG was assessed with the (2)H(2)O method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During AA+S and GLUC+S, plasma glucose increased by about 50% (p<0.01) due to a comparable rise in EGP. This was associated with a 53-% (p<0.05) and a 65% increase (p<0.01) of total and net GNG during AA+S, whereas net glycogenolysis rose by 70% (p<0.001) during GLUC+S. During AA-S, plasma glucose remained unchanged despite nearly-doubled (p<0.01) total GNG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Conditions of postprandial amino acid elevation stimulate secretion of insulin and glucagon without affecting glycaemia despite markedly increased gluconeogenesis. Impaired insulin secretion unmasks the direct gluconeogenic effect of amino acids and increases plasma glucose.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Vienna Medical School, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krebs
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brehm
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krssak
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Anderwald
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bernroider
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nowotny
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chandramouli
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Landau
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Waldhäusl
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roden
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D002149:Energy Intake; D005943:Gluconeogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D013004:Somatostatin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D013004:Somatostatin; D005947:Glucose