title: Microbial contamination of dialysate and its prevention in haemodialysis units.
abstract: At the haemodialysis centres of nine hospitals in Japan, microbial contamination of treated water (reverse osmosis method), acid and bicarbonate concentrates, and dialysate was investigated. Among these fluids used in haemodialysis, the dialysate was most frequently contaminated and had the highest concentration of bacteria. Of 40 dialysate samples analysed, 42.5% showed a bacterial count of more than 2000cfu/mL, which was above the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) standard. However, among the 40 samples from 20 dialysis machines, all six dialysate samples from three dialysis machines that used an ultrafiltration membrane in the circuit before the entrance of the dialysate into the dialyser, showed a bacterial count of < or =10 cfu/mL. In addition, when an ultrafiltration membrane was used in the circuit before the entrance of the dialysate into the dialyser for four dialysis machines showing dialysate samples contaminated with 10(4)-10(5)cfu/mL the bacterial count in dialysate samples from these machines became zero. Because dialysis machines are susceptible to microbial contamination, it is necessary to take measures such as placing an ultrafiltration membrane into the circuit before the entrance of dialysate into the dialyser.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Yamaguchi University Hospital, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube 755-8505, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oie
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kamiya
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yoneda
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uchiyama
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsuchida
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takai
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Naito
mesh_terms: D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D020118:Cupriavidus necator / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods; D015312:Hemodialysis Solutions; D006436:Hemodialysis Units, Hospital; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods*; D007564:Japan; D008283:Maintenance; D009016:Moraxella / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016979:Pasteurella multocida / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000302:isolation & purification; D020578:Sphingomonas / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014462:Ultrafiltration / Q000379:methods; D014871:Water Microbiology; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D015312:Hemodialysis Solutions