title: Dynamic three-dimensional color flow Doppler: an improved technique for the assessment of mitral regurgitation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prior studies have reconstructed mitral regurgitant flow in three dimensions displaying gray scale renditions of the jets, which were difficult to differentiate from surrounding cardiac structures. Recently, a color-coded display of three-dimensional (3D) regurgitant flow has been developed. However, this display was unable to integrate cardiac anatomy, thereby losing spatial information, which made it difficult to determine the jet origin and its spatial trajectory. To overcome this limitation, an improved method of 3D color reconstruction of regurgitant jets obtained from color flow Doppler using a transesophageal approach was developed to allow the combined display of both color flow and gray scale information.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate the feasibility of 3D reconstruction of regurgitant mitral flow jets using an improved method of color encoding digital data acquired by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE).
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 46 patients undergoing a clinically indicated TEE study. All subjects had mitral regurgitation detected on a previous transthoracic study. Atrial fibrillation or poor image quality were not used as exclusion criteria. The 3D study was performed using a commercial ultrasound imaging system with a TEE probe (Sonos 5500, Agilent Technologies). A rotational mode of acquisition was used to collect two-dimensional (2D) color flow images at 3-degree intervals over 180 degrees. Images were processed off line using the Echo-View Software (TomTec Imaging Systems). Volume-rendered 3D color flow jets were displayed along with gray scale information of the adjacent cardiac structures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mitral regurgitant flow, displayed in left atrial and two longitudinal orientations, was successfully reconstructed in all patients. The time for acquisition, post-processing, and rendering ranged between 10 and 15 minutes. There were 28 centrally directed jets and 15 eccentric lesions. Eight patients in the study had periprosthetic mitral regurgitant flow.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three-dimensional imaging of mitral regurgitant jets is feasible in the majority of patients. This improved technique provides additional information to that obtained from the 2D examination. Particularly, in patients with paravalvular leaks 3D color flow Doppler provides information on the origin and the extent of the dehiscence, as well as insight into the jet direction. In addition, in patients with eccentric mitral regurgitation, this new modality overcomes the inherent limitations of 2D echo Doppler by depicting the full extent of the jet trajectory.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Chicago Medical Center, IL, USA. lsugeng@medicine.bsd.uchicago.edu
authors.forename: Lissa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sugeng
authors.forename: Kirk T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mor-Avi
authors.forename: Jeanne M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: DeCara
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Bednarz
authors.forename: Lynn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Weinert
authors.forename: Claudia E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Korcarz
authors.forename: Georgeanne
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lammertin
authors.forename: Beth
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Balasia
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jayakar
authors.forename: Valluvan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jeevanandam
authors.forename: Roberto M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Lang
mesh_terms: D018618:Echocardiography, Doppler, Color; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology