Sildenafil in erectile dysfunction: a critical review.
Sildenafil citrate (Viagra) is a potent orally active cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor that is effective as a peripheral conditioner in the treatment of male erectile dysfunction (ED) of organic, psychogenic or mixed aetiology. Sildenafil is the first effective oral agent in the management of ED that has had a revolutionary impact on management of ED. The present review has been subdivided into five major sections. Based on the most recent peer-reviewed publications, the first section is aimed at critically evaluating PDE5 selectivity as well as the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the drug, mainly to assess the best doses for each group of patients (i.e. adult and elderly men). Effectiveness in a broad spectrum ED population is the subject of the second section of the review, principally reporting post-marketing company-independent results. Safety and tolerability are the key concerns of the third section, with a broad consideration of the most commonly reported adverse events. Special attention has been paid to the cardiovascular safety of the drug, chiefly outlining the positive and potentially protective cardiac effects of sildenafil. Moreover, the impact of sildenafil in special patient populations is considered, namely in men complaining of diabetes mellitus, depression, neurological disorders, renal failure and those who have undergone a radical prostatectomy. Sildenafil and the ageing male has been especially underlined. Finally, the review covers a few new potential applications of sildenafil in ED patients with regard to high-dose treatment and combination therapy. The review ends with several considerations regarding the direct and/or indirect impact of sildenafil over quality of life and quality of partnership.
Salonia
Andrea
A
Department of Urology, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
Rigatti
Patrizio
P
Montorsi
Francesco
F
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000075202:Contraindications; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D007172:Erectile Dysfunction / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D018783:Impotence, Vasculogenic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000150:complications; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010879:Piperazines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011358:Product Surveillance, Postmarketing; D011687:Purines; D011788:Quality of Life; D000068677:Sildenafil Citrate; D013450:Sulfones; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use
D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D010879:Piperazines; D011687:Purines; D013450:Sulfones; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D000068677:Sildenafil Citrate