title: Cross-cultural psychometric testing of the Care Dependency Scale with data.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The importance of the present study lies in addressing whether it is justified to compare the care dependency status of older patients from different settings and cultures using the same instrument.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this international study was to compare the psychometric properties of the Care Dependency Scale (CDS) by analysing data gathered in Finland, Spain and the United Kingdom (UK).
  
  
  METHODS
  The Finnish, Spanish and UK research instruments were translations of the original Dutch CDS. Psychometric evaluations of this were carried out for each country separately as well as for the three countries combined, based on a convenience sample of 378 older patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High alpha coefficients between 0.94 and 0.97 were obtained. Subsequent test-retest and interrater reliability revealed moderate to almost perfect kappa values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  One of the main outcomes of the international comparison was that the findings between the three countries showed more similarities than differences in psychometric assessment, indicating that the CDS can be used for care dependency assessment in different countries.
authors.affiliation: Northern Centre For Healthcare Research, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. ate.dijkstra@znb.nl
authors.forename: Ate
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dijkstra
authors.forename: Mick
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Coleman
authors.forename: Concepcion
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tomas
authors.forename: Maritta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Välimäki
authors.forename: Theo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dassen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003858:Dependency, Psychological; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015577:Geriatric Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009730:Nursing Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D015588:Observer Variation; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013030:Spain; D006113:United Kingdom