title: Impaired growth hormone secretion correlates with visceral adiposity in highly active antiretroviral treated HIV-infected adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  HIV-infected adults with lipodystrophy, characterized by excess accumulation of intra-abdominal adipose tissue (IAT), showed impaired growth hormone (GH) secretion. Data are lacking in paediatric lipodystrophy with the same features.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five pubertal HIV-infected children were assessed for GH response (GH-AUC(0-120 min)) to arginine + GHRH testing, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3), insulin, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids and nitric oxide levels. Body composition and IAT content were evaluated by dual-energy x-ray-absorptiometry and magnetic resonance imaging. An excess accumulation of IAT was defined as a value > 41 cm2. Differences between children with (V+) and without (V-) excess IAT were assessed by non-parametric tests and multivariate analysis. RESULTS Ten V+ (mean IAT, 82.5 cm2) and 15 V- (mean IAT, 26.8 cm2) were identified; they were similar for age (13.8 versus 14.8 years), body mass index (20.2 versus 19.5 kg/m2), male : female ratio (3/7 versus 8/7), months on highly active antiretroviral therapy (54.5 versus 55 months). V+ showed lower GH-AUC(0-120 min) (16.4 versus 31.6 microg x h/l; P = 0.002), lower IGF-1 concentrations (384 versus 515 ng/ml; P = 0.03) and higher insulin levels (17.8 versus 10.5 microIU/ml; P = 0.01) than V-. V+, as compared to V-, showed lower lean mass (total, P = 0.025; arms, P = 0.024; legs, P = 0.008) and higher fat mass (total, P = 0.0038; arms, P = 0.028; trunk, P < 0.0001). Lipid profile and glucose, IGFBP-3, nitric oxide and free fatty acids levels were similar in the two groups. GH-AUC(0-120 min) correlated negatively with IAT content and insulin levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Impaired GH secretion is detectable in pubertal children with increased visceral adiposity and hyperinsulinemia. GH therapy should be considered in lipodystrophic HIV-infected children with excess IAT.
authors.affiliation: L. Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, IRCCS H S. Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Viganò
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mora
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brambilla
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Marzia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Merlo
authors.forename: Lucilla D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Monti
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Manzoni
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001120:Arginine; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000378:metabolism*; D013007:Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D015497:HIV-1; D039682:HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D018972:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 / Q000097:blood; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D018972:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3; D014280:Triglycerides; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D013006:Growth Hormone; D013007:Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone; D001120:Arginine; D002784:Cholesterol