title: A study of pelvic ligament strength.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure the strength at tearing of pelvic ligaments used in the cure of prolapse and urinary incontinence.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed our measurements on pelvis ligaments from cadaveric specimens. We dissected 29 human female pelvis cadavers of which storage conditions differed. Ten were frozen, 10 fresh and 9 were stored in formalin. In each cadaver we dissected pre-vertebral ligaments at promontory and right and left symmetrical ligaments. These were the iliopectineal, sacrospinous and arcus tendineus of pelvic fascia. A subjective clinical evaluation of the ligament properties was performed by visual observation as well as finger palpation. Ligaments were classified into three groups. Group A contained high quality ligaments, in terms of thickness and apparent strength following finger palpation. Ligaments of doubtful quality were classified in group B and low apparent quality ligaments in group C. Then the ligaments were stitched by a suture taking the entire ligament and a force was applied on the vagina axis until tearing. The device used for strength measurement during traction was a SAMSON type force gauge, model EASY, serial number SMS-R-ES 300N manufactured by Andilog that was developed for the purpose of our study. Measurements were given in Newton (N).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a great variability in the values obtained at tearing with minimal values at around 20N and maximal values at 200N. Individually measured, ligament strength varied between individuals, and for the same patient between the type of ligaments and the side. The pre-vertebral ligament was on average the strongest. There was no significant difference according to the storage condition except for the pre-vertebral ligament in formalin cadavers. For bilateral ligaments, there was no difference between the left and right side. The iliopectineal ligament was statistically significantly stronger than the sacrospinous and arcus tendineus of pelvic fascia. There was a correlation between subjective evaluation and objective strength measurements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No papers have been published on the strength of pelvic ligaments at tearing. These are however routinely used in the cure of prolapse and urinary incontinence. Our results show that there is a great variability in strength between individuals, and for a same patient between the types of ligaments and side. These observations could explain some of the surgical intervention failures and demonstrate the importance of per-operative strength evaluation. Per-operative subjective evaluation of strength is related to objective measurements and could be used to determine the type of ligaments to be used for surgical suspension. Freezing does not damage pre-vertebral ligament strength and further studies are required to evaluate elasticity of pelvic ligaments.
authors.affiliation: Pôle de Chirurgie Gynécologique, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, 59037 Lille, France. m-cosson@chru-lille.fr
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cosson
authors.forename: Malik
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boukerrou
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lacaze
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lambaudie
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fasel
authors.forename: Henri
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mesdagh
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lobry
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ego
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D015925:Cryopreservation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008022:Ligaments / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010388:Pelvis; D013718:Tensile Strength; D014021:Tissue Preservation; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000601:surgery; D014596:Uterine Prolapse / Q000601:surgery