title: Evaluating concordance to American Diabetes Association standards of care for type 2 diabetes through group visits in an uninsured or inadequately insured patient population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effectiveness of a managed care approach to health care delivery, group visits, in the management of uninsured or inadequately insured patients with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 120 patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to receive their care in group visits or usual care for 6 months. After 6 months, concordance with 10 process-of-care indicators recommended by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) standards of care was evaluated through chart abstraction. The 10 items evaluated were up-to-date HbA(1c) levels and lipid profiles, urine for microalbumin, appropriate use of ACE inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blockers, use of lipid-lowering agents where indicated, daily aspirin use, annual foot examinations, annual referrals for retinal examinations, and immunizations against streptococcal pneumonia and influenza.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients who received care in group visits showed statistically significant improvement in concordance with these 10 process-of-care indicators (P < 0.001). Of the patients, 76% who received care in group visits had at least 9 of these 10 items up to date, as compared with 23% of control patients; 86% of patients in group visits had at least 8 of the 10 indicators compared with 47% of control patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Group visits proved more effective in promoting concordance with ADA standards of care than usual care in the treatment of uninsured or inadequately insured patients with type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA. clancyd@musc.edu
authors.forename: Dawn E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Clancy
authors.forename: Dennis W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Cope
authors.forename: Kathryn Marley
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Magruder
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Tamara E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Wolfman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D017057:Medically Uninsured / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D044469:Racial Groups; D012955:Societies, Medical / Q000592:standards*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D008055:Lipids