title: Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 4G/5G polymorphism and coagulation factor XIII Val34Leu polymorphism: impaired fibrinolysis and early pregnancy loss.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A successful outcome of pregnancy depends on proper placental formation. In the very beginning of this process, trophoblast invasion and fibrin deposition into the wall of the decidual veins play an important part. Two polymorphisms, coagulation factor XIII (FXIII) Val34Leu and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) 4G/5G, interfere with fibrin cross-linking and regulation of fibrinolysis and may therefore contribute to early pregnancy loss.
  
  
  METHODS
  We enrolled 49 unrelated Caucasian women with a history of two consecutive or three to six nonconsecutive early pregnancy losses and 48 unrelated parous healthy controls without a history of pregnancy loss and evaluated them for the following genetic variants: the factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A gene mutations, the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T and A1298C polymorphisms, and the PAI-1 4G/5G and FXIII Val34Leu polymorphisms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the isolated occurrence of PAI-1 4G/5G or FXIII Val34Leu, we found no statistically significant difference between cases and controls. For homozygosity of either or compound carrier status of both mutations, the overall relative risk for early pregnancy loss was significantly increased (odds ratio = 2.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-5.5; P = 0.032). We observed no statistically relevant association of any of the other tested mutations with early pregnancy loss.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Homozygosity for PAI-1 4G or FXIII 34Leu polymorphisms as well as compound carrier status is associated with early pregnancy loss.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Rudolfstiftung Hospital, Juchgasse 25, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Astrid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dossenbach-Glaninger
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Trotsenburg
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dossenbach
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Oberkanins
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moritz
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Krugluger
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hopmeier
mesh_terms: D000026:Abortion, Habitual / Q000235:genetics*; D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000235:genetics*; D000328:Adult; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005176:Factor XIII / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005342:Fibrinolysis; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D005176:Factor XIII