title: A comparison of acute phase proteins and traditional risk factors as markers of combined plaque and intima-media thickness and plaque density in carotid and femoral arteries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that some acute phase proteins may be better independent predictors of objective measures of arterial wall impairment than traditional risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, C3 complement and traditional risk factors were measured in 288 men aged 55-64 years, randomly chosen from the local registry lists. By ultrasound assessment of the bifurcations of carotid and femoral arteries, maximum combined plaque/intima-media thickness (CPIMTmax) and mean plaque density (MPD, in a grey scale from 0 to 255) were also measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In multivariate analysis only traditional risk factors remained associated with the overall CPIMTmax: smoking (r = 0.35, p < 0.0001), cholesterol (r = 0.23, p = 0.0001), age (r = 0.22, p = 0.0002), glucose (r = 0.18, p = 0.002) and systolic blood pressure (r = 0.13, p = 0.02). However, with regard to carotid disease only, fibrinogen was the strongest covariate of CPIMT (r = 0.18, p = 0.002). The overall MPD was independently associated with CRP (r = 0.25, p = 0.0008), physical activity (r = 0.19, p = 0.009), triglycerides (r = -0.18, p = 0.02) and body mass index (r = 0.15, p = 0.04). CRP was mainly associated with femoral MPD, while triglycerides were the major (inverse) covariate of carotid MPD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Traditional risk factors are the main determinants of CPIMTmax, although fibrinogen seems to play a role in carotids. CRP was associated with high density femoral plaques. Finally, no acute phase protein was independently associated with low density, potentially vulnerable, plaques.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Cardioangiology, Hepatology, University of Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Muscari
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martignani
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bastagli
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Poggiopollini
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tomassetti
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Baldini
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Cappelletti
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boni
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ravaglia
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Puddu
mesh_terms: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000473:pathology*; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D015415:Biomarkers; D002784:Cholesterol