title: Cardiovascular disease risk factors in HIV patients--association with antiretroviral therapy. Results from the DAD study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) among HIV-infected persons, and to investigate any association between such risk factors, stage of HIV disease, and use of antiretroviral therapies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline data from 17,852 subjects enrolled in DAD, a prospective multinational cohort study initiated in 1999.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional analyses of CVD risk factors at baseline. The data collected includes data on demographic variables, cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, body mass index, stage of HIV infection, antiretroviral therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Almost 25% of the study population were at an age where there is an appreciable risk of CVD, with those receiving a protease inhibitor (PI) and/or non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) tending to be older. 1.4% had a previous history of CVD and 51.5% were cigarette smokers. Increased prevalence of elevated total cholesterol (> or = 6.2 mmol/l) was observed among subjects receiving an NNRTI but no PI [odds ratio (OR), 1.79; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.45-2.22], PI but no NNRTI (OR, 2.35; 95% CI, 1.92-2.87), or NNRTI + PI (OR, 5.48; 95% CI, 4.34-6.91) compared to the prevalence among antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive subjects. Subjects who have discontinued ART as well as subjects receiving nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors had similar cholesterol levels to treatment-naive subjects. Higher CD4 cell count, lower plasma HIV RNA levels, clinical signs of lipodystrophy, longer exposure times to NNRTI and PI, and older age were all also associated with elevated total cholesterol level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIV-infected persons exhibit multiple known risk factors for CVD. Of specific concern is the fact that use of the NNRTI and PI drug classes (alone and especially in combination), particularly among older subjects with normalized CD4 cell counts and suppressed HIV replication, was associated with a lipid profile known to increase the risk of coronary heart disease.
authors.affiliation: DAD Coordinating Centre, Copenhagen HIV Programme, Hvidovre University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark. nfm@cphiv.dk
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Friis-Møller
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Reiss
authors.forename: Rodolphe
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thiébaut
authors.forename: Ole
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kirk
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: d'Arminio Monforte
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pradier
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Morfeldt
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mateu
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Law
authors.forename: Wafaa
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: El-Sadr
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Wit
authors.forename: Caroline A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Sabin
authors.forename: Andrew N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Jens D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Lundgren
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001823:Body Composition; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol