title: Violence against women in Mexico: a study of abuse before and during pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We identified the prevalence and types of violence experienced by pregnant women, the ways victimization changed during pregnancy from the year prior to pregnancy, and factors associated with violence during pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We interviewed 914 pregnant women treated in health clinics in Mexico about violence during and prior to pregnancy, violence during childhood and against their own children, and other socioeconomic indicators.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately one quarter of the women experienced violence during pregnancy. The severity of emotional violence increased during pregnancy, whereas physical and sexual violence decreased. The strongest predictors of abuse were violence prior to pregnancy, low socioeconomic status, parental violence witnessed by women in childhood, and violence in the abusive partner's childhood. The probability of violence during pregnancy for women experiencing all of these factors was 61%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Violence is common among pregnant women, but pregnancy does not appear to be an initiating factor. Intergenerational violence is highly predictive of violence during pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Regional Center of Multidisciplinary Research, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Cuernavaca. Morelos. rcastro@servidor.unam.mx
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.forename: Corinne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Peek-Asa
authors.forename: Agustin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ruiz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018585:Battered Women / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D037841:Pregnant People / Q000523:psychology*; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015995:Prevalence; D011336:Probability; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013179:Spouse Abuse / Q000145:classification / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*