title: Antiretroviral drug resistance testing in adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1: 2003 recommendations of an International AIDS Society-USA Panel.
abstract: New information about the benefits and limitations of testing for resistance to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 (HIV-1) drugs has emerged. The International AIDS Society-USA convened a panel of physicians and scientists with expertise in antiretroviral drug management, HIV-1 drug resistance, and patient care to provide updated recommendations for HIV-1 resistance testing. Published data and presentations at scientific conferences, as well as strength of the evidence, were considered. Properly used resistance testing can improve virological outcome among HIV-infected individuals. Resistance testing is recommended in cases of acute or recent HIV infection, for certain patients who have been infected as long as 2 years or more prior to initiating therapy, in cases of antiretroviral failure, and during pregnancy. Limitations of resistance testing remain, and more study is needed to refine optimal use and interpretation.
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. mshirsch@partners.org
authors.forename: Martin S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Hirsch
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Brun-Vézinet
authors.forename: Bonaventura
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Clotet
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Conway
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Kuritzkes
authors.forename: Richard T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: D'Aquila
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Demeter
authors.forename: Scott M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hammer
authors.forename: Victoria A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Clive
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Loveday
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Mellors
authors.forename: Donna M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.forename: Douglas D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Richman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000502:physiology*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006680:HLA Antigens / Q000276:immunology; D006287:Health Planning Guidelines; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D006680:HLA Antigens; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors