title: Ultrasonography of the female reproductive organs in farmed ostriches (Struthio camelus spp.).
abstract: The main objective of this study was to determine whether transcutaneous ultrasonography could be used as a diagnostic tool to monitor the reproductive organs of female breeding ostriches. An additional aim was to investigate whether the use of this technique could facilitate prediction of the start or end of the egg production season. A technique for on-farm ultrasound scanning is described and examples of ultrasonographic images of different ovarian structures, developing ova and eggs within the genital tract are presented. These data were obtained by scanning mature female breeding ostriches (n=8). In vivo scanning took place a day prior to slaughter, and immediately after slaughter the reproductive organs were scanned in vitro in a water bath. By comparing ultrasonographic images with post mortem ovarian morphology, it appeared that the following morphological structures can be identified using ultrasonography: ovarian follicles of different sizes (diameter (phi) 1-9 cm), atretic follicles, post-ovulatory follicles (POFs), ova at different stages of development and eggs within the genital tract. Of the number of follicles counted during post mortem investigation, 58% (95% confidence interval 0.41-0.79) had been detected during previous in vivo examination. In the second part of our study, ultrasonographic scans were made at weekly intervals in two farmed female ostriches (n=2) during the breeding season in order to determine the predictive value of the technique. By comparing the images of ovarian activity with individual egg production of these hens, preliminary evidence was obtained that scanning might be of value in predicting egg production, especially at the start and the end of the breeding season. It is concluded that transcutaneous ultrasound scanning in mature female breeding ostriches is an easy, noninvasive technique for the monitoring of ovarian (in)activity, for visualization of different functional ovarian structures, for following the development of individual ova and for visualization of an egg with calciferous shell within the oviduct, and that this technique will be a valuable tool in future research on reproductive physiology and pathology, and the development of more advanced reproductive technologies, such as artificial insemination.
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Poultry and Ostrich Consultant, Egelinglaan 36, 3705 TD Zeist, The Netherlands. bronneberg.vet@hccnet.nl
authors.forename: Roland G G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Bronneberg
authors.forename: Marcel A M
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Taverne
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D005496:Follicular Atresia; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D006080:Ovarian Follicle / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D010053:Ovary / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D010063:Ovum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011180:Postmortem Changes; D020310:Struthioniformes / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D014463:Ultrasonography