title: Association between fruit and vegetable intake and change in body mass index among a large sample of children and adolescents in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether intake of fruits and vegetables was associated with change in body mass index (BMI) among a large sample of children and adolescents in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study of children and adolescent who were 9-14 y of age in 1996, when the study began.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects included 8203 girls and 6715 boys in an ongoing cohort study who completed at least two questionnaires between 1996 and 1999.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fruit and vegetable intake was assessed in 1996-1998 with a validated food frequency questionnaire designed specifically for children and adolescents. The outcome measure was change in age- and gender-specific z-score of BMI (kg/m(2)). Self-reported weight and height, which were used to calculate BMI, were collected annually from 1996 to 1999.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During 3 years of follow-up, annual changes in BMI were slightly greater among the boys than the girls. After controlling for Tanner stage of development, age, height change, activity and inactivity, which are known or suspected predictors of change in BMI, among the girls there was no relation between intake of fruits, fruit juice, or vegetables (alone or combined) and subsequent changes in BMI z-score. Among the boys, intake of fruit and fruit juice was not predictive of changes in BMI, however, vegetables intake was inversely related to changes in BMI z-score (beta per serving=-0.003). However, after adjusting for caloric intake, the magnitude of the effect was diminished and no longer significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that the recommendation for consumption of fruits and vegetables may be well founded, but should not be based on a beneficial effect on weight regulation.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital Boston, Division of Adolescent Medicine, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Alison.Field@TCH.harvard.edu
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Field
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Gillman
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rosner
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Rockett
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Colditz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014481:United States; D014675:Vegetables