title: The human hepatic metabolism of simvastatin hydroxy acid is mediated primarily by CYP3A, and not CYP2D6.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms responsible for the metabolism of simvastatin hydroxy acid (SVA), the most potent metabolite of simvastatin (SV).
  
  
  METHODS
  The metabolism of SVA was characterized in vitro using human liver microsomes and recombinant CYPs. The effects of selective chemical inhibitors and CYP antibodies on SVA metabolism were assessed in human liver microsomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In human liver microsomes, SVA underwent oxidative metabolism to three major oxidative products, with values for Km and Vmax ranging from about 50 to 80 microM and 0.6 to 1.9 nmol x min(-1) x mg(-1) protein, respectively. Recombinant CYP3A4, CYP3A5 and CYP2C8 all catalysed the formation of the three SVA metabolites, but CYP3A4 was the most active. CYP2D6 as well as CYP2C19, CYP2C9, CYP2A6, CYP1A2 did not metabolize SVA. Whereas inhibitors that are selective for CYP2D6, CYP2C9 or CYP1A2 did not significantly inhibit the oxidative metabolism of SVA, the CYP3A4/5 inhibitor troleandomycin markedly (about 90%) inhibited SVA metabolism. Quercetin, a known inhibitor of CYP2C8, inhibited the microsomal formation of SVA metabolites by about 25-30%. Immunoinhibition studies revealed 80-95% inhibition by anti-CYP3A antibody, less than 20% inhibition by anti-CYP2C19 antibody, which cross-reacted with CYP2C8 and CYP2C9, and no inhibition by anti-CYP2D6 antibody.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The metabolism of SVA in human liver microsomes is catalysed primarily (> or = 80%) by CYP3A4/5, with a minor contribution (< or = 20%) from CYP2C8. CYP2D6 and other major CYP isoforms are not involved in the hepatic metabolism of SVA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA. thomayant_prueksaritanont@merck.com
authors.forename: Thomayant
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Prueksaritanont
authors.forename: Bennett
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases / Q000502:physiology*; D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 / Q000502:physiology*; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008861:Microsomes / Q000378:metabolism; D010089:Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating / Q000502:physiology*; D019821:Simvastatin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D019821:Simvastatin; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; D010089:Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating