title: The use of small intestine submucosa in the repair of paraesophageal hernias: initial observations of a new technique.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent reports suggest that when laparoscopy is used to repair paraesophageal hernias recurrence rates reach 20% to 40%. Tension-free hernia closure with synthetic mesh reduces recurrence but occasionally results in esophageal injury. We hypothesized that reinforcement of the hiatal closure with small intestine submucosa (SIS) mesh, in some unusually large hernias, might reduce recurrence rates without causing injury to the esophagus.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 2001 to March 2002 we treated 18 large paraesophageal hernias via a laparoscopic approach. In 9 of the largest hernias (one type II and 8 type III, of which 1 was recurrent) the repair was reinforced with SIS mesh (Surgisis, Cook Surgical) and represent the subjects of this study. Nissen fundoplication with gastropexy was performed in all patients. Clinical follow-up ranged from 3 to 16 months (median 8). Every patient was evaluated with barium esophagram or endoscopy or both 1 to 8 months (median 2) postoperatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The presenting symptoms were postprandial pain/fullness (9 of 9), heartburn (4 of 9), anemia (4 of 9), dysphagia (3 of 9), regurgitation (3 of 9), and chest pain (3 of 9). One patient died of a hemorrhagic stroke within 30 days of the operation. Postoperatively, presenting symptoms resolved (83%) or improved (17%) in each of the remaining 8 patients. One patient required endoscopic dilation for mild dysphagia. Seven of 8 patients had a normal barium esophagram without evidence of hernia. One morbidly obese (body mass index = 47) patient had a small (2 cm) sliding hiatal hernia postoperatively. There were no other complications, and specifically no perforations or mesh erosions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These observations suggest that the use of SIS in the repair of paraesophageal hernias is safe and may reduce recurrence. Longer follow-up and a randomized study are needed to validate these results.
authors.affiliation: The Swallowing Center, and Department of Surgery, 1959 NE Pacific St., Box 356410, Seattle, WA 98195-6410, USA. brant@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Brant K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Oelschlager
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barreca
authors.forename: Lily
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Pellegrini
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D018662:Fundoplication; D006551:Hernia, Hiatal / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000637:transplantation*; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000637:transplantation*; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013526:Surgical Mesh; D016896:Treatment Outcome