title: Strong polarization toward Th1 immune response in ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Human immune response can be classified into 2 different subsets of T helper cells (Th1 and Th2) based on the pattern of cytokine production. In modern immunology, Th1/Th2 paradigm helps to explain the different inflammatory effector pathways and outcomes in human diseases. The present study was designed to determine the type of immunological response that influences anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-(ANCA) associated glomerulonephritis (GN) using cytokine analysis of peripheral T cells and diseased kidney tissues.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed peripheral blood Th1/Th2 ratio in 91 patients with primary GN, including 10 cases of ANCA-associated GN. Tissues were immunostained with markers of T cells and macrophages and osteopontin (OPN). Intrarenal expression of IFN-gamma and IL-4 mRNAs was evaluated by reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Peripheral Th1/Th2 ratio was significantly higher in ANCA-associated GN (19.4 +/- 9.4, mean +/- SD, n = 10), than those in healthy controls (7.6 +/- 4.1, n = 27), IgA nephropathy (9.6 +/- 5.6, n = 45), membranous nephropathy (7.1 +/- 4.4, n = 13), minimal-change nephrotic syndrome (8.2 +/- 4.5, n = 13) and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (8.3 +/- 3.9, n = 10) (p < 0.01, each). In 7 of 10 cases of ANCA-associated GN, Th1/Th2 ratio decreased significantly after treatment with corticosteroid from 21.0 +/- 12.0 to 9.0 +/- 6.6 (p < 0.05). Immunohistochemical staining showed numerous infiltrating T cells, macrophages and OPN-positive cells in both glomerular tuft and cellular crescent; OPN-positive cell distribution was similar to that of macrophages. Intrarenal expression of IFN-gamma mRNA was strongly enhanced whereas a weak expression of IL-4 mRNA was observed especially in advanced cases showing tubulointerstitial injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both peripheral and renal immune responses are strongly polarized toward Th1 type immune response in ANCA-associated GN. Peripheral Th1/Th2 ratio may reflect the immune responses in renal injury of ANCA-associated GN.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Masutani
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tokumoto
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakashima
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsuruya
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kashiwagi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kudoh
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fukuda
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kanai
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akahoshi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Otsuka
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hirakata
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iida
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019268:Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic / Q000276:immunology*; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005921:Glomerulonephritis / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000032:analysis; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000032:analysis; D007668:Kidney / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D019268:Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma