title: Spinal stiffness increases with axial load: another stabilizing consequence of muscle action.
abstract: This paper addresses the role of lumbar spinal motion segment stiffness in spinal stability. The stability of the lumbar spine was modelled with loadings of 30 Nm or 60 Nm efforts about each of the three principal axes, together with the partial body weight above the lumbar spine. Two assumptions about motion segment stiffness were made: first the stiffness was represented by an 'equivalent beam' with constant stiffness properties; second the stiffness was updated based on the motion segment axial loading using a relationship determined experimentally from human lumbar spinal specimens tested with 0, 250 and 500 N of axial compressive preload. Two physiologically plausible muscle activation strategies were used in turn for calculating the muscle forces required for equilibrium. Stability analyses provided estimates of the minimum muscle stiffness required for stability. These critical muscle stiffness values decreased when preload effects were used in estimating spinal stiffness in all cases of loadings and muscle activation strategies, indicating that stability increased. These analytical findings emphasize that the spinal stiffness (as well as muscular stiffness) is important in maintaining spinal stability, and that the stiffness-increasing effect of 'preloading' should be taken into account in stability analyses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405-0084, USA. Ian.Stokes@uvm.edu
authors.forename: Ian A F
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Stokes
authors.forename: Mack
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gardner-Morse
mesh_terms: D001415:Back; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D013131:Spine / Q000502:physiology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical