title: Tuberculin reactivity in a population of schoolchildren with high BCG vaccination coverage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the influence of BCG vaccination or revaccination on tuberculin skin test reactivity, in order to guide the correct interpretation of this test in a setting of high neonatal BCG vaccination coverage and an increasing BCG revaccination coverage at school age.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted tuberculin skin testing and BCG scar reading in 1 148 children aged 7-14 years old in the city of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. We measured the positive effect of the presence of one or two BCG scars on the proportion of tuberculin skin test results above different cut-off levels (induration sizes of > or = 5 mm, > or = 10 mm, and > or = 15 mm) and also using several ranges of induration size (0, 1-4, 5-9, 10-14, and > or = 15 mm). We also measured the effects that age, gender, and the school where the child was enrolled had on these proportions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proportion of tuberculin results > or = 10 mm was 14.2% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 8.0%-20.3%) for children with no BCG scar, 21.3% (95% CI = 18.5%-24.1%) for children with one BCG scar, and 45.0% (95% CI = 32.0%-58.0%) for children with two BCG scars. There was evidence for an increasing positive effect of the presence of one and two BCG scars on the proportion of results > or = 5 mm and > or = 10 mm. Similarly, there was evidence for an increasing positive effect of the presence of one and two scars on the proportion of tuberculin skin test results in the ranges of 5-9 mm and of 10-14 mm. The BCG scar effect on the proportion of results > or = 5 mm and > or = 10 mm did not vary with age. There was no evidence for BCG effect on the results > or = 15 mm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Brazilian schoolchildren, BCG-induced tuberculin reactivity is indistinguishable, for results under 15 mm, from reactivity induced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. BCG revaccination at school age increases the degree of BCG-induced tuberculin reactivity found among schoolchildren. This information should be taken into account in tuberculin skin test surveys intended to estimate M. tuberculosis prevalence or to assess transmission patterns as well as in tuberculin skin testing of individuals used as an auxiliary tool in diagnosing tuberculosis. Taking this information into consideration is especially important when there is increasing BCG revaccination coverage.
authors.affiliation: London University, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom. ana.bierrenbach@lstm.ac.uk
authors.forename: Ana L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Bierrenbach
authors.forename: Sérgio S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Cunha
authors.forename: Maurício L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Barreto
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Inês
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dourado
authors.forename: Maria Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Ichihara
authors.forename: Silvana C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Brito
authors.forename: Laura C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology; D001500:BCG Vaccine; D001938:Brazil; D002648:Child; D002921:Cicatrix; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007117:Immunization, Secondary / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D009163:Mycobacterium bovis / Q000276:immunology; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000276:immunology; D014374:Tuberculin Test; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000175:diagnosis; D014611:Vaccination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D001500:BCG Vaccine