title: The influence of finasteride on the development of prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Androgens are involved in the development of prostate cancer. Finasteride, an inhibitor of 5alpha-reductase, inhibits the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, the primary androgen in the prostate, and may reduce the risk of prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial, we randomly assigned 18,882 men 55 years of age or older with a normal digital rectal examination and a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level of 3.0 ng per milliliter or lower to treatment with finasteride (5 mg per day) or placebo for seven years. Prostate biopsy was recommended if the annual PSA level, adjusted for the effect of finasteride, exceeded 4.0 ng per milliliter or if the digital rectal examination was abnormal. It was anticipated that 60 percent of participants would have prostate cancer diagnosed during the study or would undergo biopsy at the end of the study. The primary end point was the prevalence of prostate cancer during the seven years of the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prostate cancer was detected in 803 of the 4368 men in the finasteride group who had data for the final analysis (18.4 percent) and 1147 of the 4692 men in the placebo group who had such data (24.4 percent), for a 24.8 percent reduction in prevalence over the seven-year period (95 percent confidence interval, 18.6 to 30.6 percent; P<0.001). Tumors of Gleason grade 7, 8, 9, or 10 were more common in the finasteride group (280 of 757 tumors [37.0 percent], or 6.4 percent of the 4368 men included in the final analysis) than in the placebo group (237 of 1068 tumors [22.2 percent], P<0.001 for the comparison between groups; or 5.1 percent of the 4692 men included in the final analysis, P=0.005 for the comparison between groups). Sexual side effects were more common in finasteride-treated men, whereas urinary symptoms were more common in men receiving placebo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Finasteride prevents or delays the appearance of prostate cancer, but this possible benefit and a reduced risk of urinary problems must be weighed against sexual side effects and the increased risk of high-grade prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, USA.
authors.forename: Ian M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Phyllis J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.forename: Catherine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Tangen
authors.forename: M Scott
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Lucia
authors.forename: Gary J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Leslie G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.forename: Michael M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Lieber
authors.forename: R Duane
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Cespedes
authors.forename: James N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Atkins
authors.forename: Scott M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lippman
authors.forename: Susie M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Carlin
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: Connie M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Szczepanek
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Crowley
authors.forename: Charles A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Coltman
mesh_terms: D058891:5-alpha Reductase Inhibitors; D000368:Aged; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001706:Biopsy; D018120:Finasteride / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity; D009376:Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent / Q000517:prevention & control; D011467:Prostate / Q000473:pathology; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D058891:5-alpha Reductase Inhibitors; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D018120:Finasteride; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen