title: The role of cGMP in the regulation of rabbit airway ciliary beat frequency.
abstract: The involvement of cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) and cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) and their interaction with the Ca2+-dependent mechanisms in the regulation of ciliary activity are not well understood. To investigate how cGMP regulates ciliary activity, changes in ciliary beat frequency (CBF) and intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) of rabbit tracheal ciliated cells in response to 8-bromo-cGMP (Br-cGMP) were simultaneously quantified using digital, high-speed phase-contrast and fluorescence imaging. Br-cGMP induced a response in ciliary activity that could be separated into two parts. Firstly, Br-cGMP induced a concentration-dependent increase in the basal CBF that occurred without increasing the [Ca2+]i. This response was not affected by excessively buffering the [Ca2+]i with BAPTA but was abolished by KT5823, a PKG inhibitor. Secondly, Br-cGMP induced a series of transient increases in CBF that were superimposed on the sustained increases in CBF. These transient increases in CBF correlated with the stimulation of a series of transient increases in [Ca2+]i and were abolished by BAPTA, but were unaffected by KT5823. The magnitude of the transient increases in CBF and [Ca2+]i were not dependent on the concentration of Br-cGMP. The Ca2+-dependent changes in CBF induced by ionomycin or ATP were not affected by KT5823. From these results, we propose that cGMP increases CBF in two ways: firstly through a Ca2+-independent mechanism involving PKG, and secondly through a Ca2+-dependent mechanism following the stimulation of changes in [Ca2+]i. In addition, we suggest that the Ca2+-dependent stimulation of rabbit airway ciliary activity does not initially require PKG activation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
authors.forename: Luo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Sanderson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002021:Buffers; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002923:Cilia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017869:Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D015759:Ionomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D007476:Ionophores / Q000494:pharmacology; D011817:Rabbits; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D014132:Trachea / Q000166:cytology*
chemical_list: D002021:Buffers; D002227:Carbazoles; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007211:Indoles; D007476:Ionophores; C073601:KT 5823; C016276:8-bromocyclic GMP; D015759:Ionomycin; D017869:Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D006152:Cyclic GMP; D002118:Calcium