title: [Estimation of daily oral exposure to phthalates derived from soft polyvinyl chloride baby toys].
abstract: Daily oral exposure of babies to phthalate was estimated on the basis of the mouthing time of infants and the oral concentration of diisononyl phthalate (DINP) released from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) toy specimens. Total mouthing time, including the use of pacifiers, ranged widely from 11.4 min to 351.8 min with the mean of 105.3 +/- 72.1 min. The mean of the total mouthing time without pacifiers was 73.9 +/- 32.9 min. The average amount of DINP in saliva was 92.4 +/- 56.8 micrograms/10 cm2/hr, ranging from 13.2 micrograms/10 cm2/hr to 240.4 micrograms/10 cm2/hr. The exposure of phthalate in two different trials was estimated by the method of Monte Carlo simulation, one with the total mouthing time with pacifiers and the other with the total mouthing time without pacifiers. The average exposure in the former trial was 21.4 micrograms/kg/day and the 95th percentile was 65.8 micrograms/kg/day, while in the latter it was 14.8 micrograms/kg/day and the 95th percentile was 35.7 micrograms/kg/day.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Health Sciences: 1-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Takiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sugita
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kawamura
authors.forename: Masako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanimura
authors.forename: Rieko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Matsuda
authors.forename: Tatsuhiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Niino
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishibashi
authors.forename: Naoyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hirabahashi
authors.forename: Yasuhiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matsuki
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Tamio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maitani
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D041361:Pacifiers; D010988:Play and Playthings; D011143:Polyvinyl Chloride / Q000032:analysis*; D013391:Sucking Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D011143:Polyvinyl Chloride