title: Implicit memory varies as a function of hypnotic electroencephalogram stage in surgical patients.
abstract: Previous studies have observed a correlation of implicit memory with certain electroencephalogram (EEG) measures during anesthesia. Here, we tested the relationship between hypnotic depth determined by computer system (Narcotrend(TM)) and implicit memory in anesthetized patients, assessed by a postoperative reading speed test. Thirty-two patients undergoing laparoscopic herniotomy and 30 age-matched volunteer controls were included the study. All patients received IV midazolam 2-3 mg followed by an induction dose of propofol and remifentanil. The anesthesia was maintained with propofol and remifentanil infusions and cisatracurium. Each patient was exposed to 2 of 4 stories, repeated 6 times. The first story was presented during light to moderate hypnotic EEG stages, and the second story was presented during deep hypnosis. Presentation of stories was balanced between patients and hypnotic stages. The controls listened to the two stories without receiving anesthesia. The reading speed for the previously presented stories and two new stories was measured approximately 7 h later with a computer program. No signs of inadequate anesthesia were observed, and no explicit memories of intraoperative events were revealed by a structured interview. No change of reading speed was observed for words presented during deep hypnotic stages. In contrast, an increased reading speed of 20 ms per word was found for content words (i.e., nouns, verbs, and adjectives), but not for function words (conjunctions, prepositions, and so on), presented during light to moderate hypnotic stages. Increased reading speed for semantically rich content words indicates that anesthetized patients are able to process acoustic information during light and moderate, but not deep, hypnosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, implicit memory was observed during general anesthesia at light to moderate, but not deep, hypnotic stages. Hypnotic stages were determined by a commercial electroencephalogram device, and implicit memory was measured by using a postoperative reading speed task. During lighter phases of anesthesia, patients should be protected against acoustic information that could negatively influence their postoperative outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Medical School of Hannover, Germany. Muente.Sinikka@MH-Hannover.de
authors.forename: Sinikka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Münte
authors.forename: Thomas F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Münte
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grotkamp
authors.forename: Gertrud
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Haeseler
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Raymondos
authors.forename: Siegfried
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Piepenbrock
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kraus
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D003243:Consciousness / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects*; D008874:Midazolam; D008875:Middle Aged; D010880:Piperidines; D011184:Postoperative Period; D015742:Propofol; D011932:Reading; D000077208:Remifentanil
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D010880:Piperidines; D000077208:Remifentanil; D008874:Midazolam; D015742:Propofol