title: Ischemic preconditioning and nicotinamide in spinal cord protection in an experimental model of transient aortic occlusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Spinal cord injury is a devastating complication after aortic surgery. The aim of the present study is to examine the effects of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) and nicotinamide containing perfusate in transient aortic occlusion in the rat.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two male Spraque-Dawley rats under general anesthesia were randomly assigned to four groups (n=8 in each group). The infrarenal aortas were clamped for 45 min. Groups were as follows: Group 1, undergoing occlusion but receiving no treatment. Group 2, had 5 min of IPC before occlusion. Group 3, received nicotinamide (0.2 ml/l) during the transient occlusion. Group 4, received combined IPC (5 min) and nicotinamide infusion during the transient occlusion. The rats were then allowed for recovery and were tested for their neurological status. All animals were sacrificed at the end of the 48 h and spinal cords also examined histologically. Anti- poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase p85 fragment pAb was used as an immunohistochemical marker for detection of apoptosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 24 h paraplegia represented as grade 0 and 1 occurred in six animals in Group 1 and two animals in Groups 2 and 3 and one in Group 4. In 48 h six animals in Group 1 and only one animal in Groups 2 and 3 showed a paraplegia. The incidence of neurologic deficit was significantly reduced in animals who had IPC and nicotinamide infusion (P<0.05). At 48 h, combined IPC and nicotinamide showed a significant benefit compared to nicotinamide but not to the IPC alone. Histologic examination of the spinal cords revealed that a neuronal necrosis contributes to acute spinal cord degeneration after a period of aortic occlusion and both nicotinamide and IPC have protective effects against neuronal necrosis. No difference was found among the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both IPC and nicotinamide are beneficial in protection against neurological damage in transient aortic occlusion. IPC alone as expected is significantly beneficial both at 24 and 48 h compared to controls. At 24 h combined nicotinamide and IPC show significant benefit compared to only nicotinamide, but this difference is not maintained at 48 h.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Marmara University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey. isbir@yahoo.com
authors.forename: C Selim
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Isbir
authors.forename: Koray
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ak
authors.forename: Ozlem
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kurtkaya
authors.forename: Umit
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Zeybek
authors.forename: Serdar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akgün
authors.forename: Bernd W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Scheitauer
authors.forename: Aydin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sav
authors.forename: Adnan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cobanoglu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001014:Aortic Aneurysm / Q000378:metabolism / Q000601:surgery*; D017209:Apoptosis; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D007261:Infusions, Intra-Arterial; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning / Q000379:methods*; D023421:Models, Animal; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010264:Paraplegia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D009536:Niacinamide