title: The neurology of learning and behavioural problems in pre-adolescent children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to evaluate whether in pre-adolescent children specific types of minor neurological dysfunction (MND) are related to specific types of learning and behavioural problems, and whether it is the type or the severity of neurological dysfunction that matters most.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1186, 5.5-11-year-old, children were examined for the presence of clusters of signs of MND. Parents and teachers completed brief behaviour rating scales. In school-aged children (n = 580) cognitive achievement was assessed using standardized Dutch tests. Least-squares regression was used to examine neurobehavioural and neurocognitive links.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children with more MND clusters performed worse scholastically and had more signs of attention deficit than others. Externalizing and internalizing behaviour were only linked to specific forms of MND.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evaluation of the neurological condition of the child with learning and behavioural problems offers insight into the aetiology and pathogenesis of these problems.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Social Psychiatry and Neurology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. l.bastra@med.rug.nl
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Batstra
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Neeleman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hadders-Algra
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index