title: Psychiatric symptoms in patients with chronic hepatitis C receiving interferon alfa-2b therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psychiatric side effects of interferon alfa are frequently observed in the therapy of patients with chronic hepatitis C infection. The goal of the present study was to assess prospectively the incidence, spectrum, and extent of psychiatric symptoms of patients receiving interferon alfa therapy as compared with an untreated reference group.
  
  
  METHODS
  104 patients with chronic hepatitis C were consecutively enrolled in a prospective longitudinal study. The treatment group (N = 84) received interferon alfa-2b for up to 12 months, and the reference group (N = 20) received no treatment. Patients who began treatment between November 1996 and August 1998 (N = 44) received interferon alfa-2b, 5 million units 3 times per week. Patients who began treatment in September 1998 or later (N = 40) received a combination of interferon alfa-2b, 3 to 5 million units 3 times per week, and ribavirin, 1000-1200 mg/day. Diagnostic scores for depression and anxiety were obtained by means of the psychometric instrument Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and scores for anger/hostility were obtained with the Symptom Checklist-90 Revised.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In contrast to the untreated reference group, we found significantly increased scores for depression (p <.001) and anger/hostility (p <.001) during interferon alfa therapy in the treatment group. Even before therapy, scores of those in the treatment group were above the respective cutoff values for clinically relevant symptoms of depression in 15.5% of the patients, anxiety in 13.1% of the patients, and anger/hostility in 11.3% of the patients. These proportions rose to 35.0% (depression), 25.6% (anxiety), and 24.5% (anger/hostility). The cumulative frequency of clinically relevant emotional distress (depression, anxiety, or anger/hostility) during interferon alfa therapy was 57.7%, as compared with 22.5% before therapy. However, interferon alfa therapy had to be stopped prematurely because of untreatable psychiatric symptoms in only 8.3% of patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In view of the high frequency and extent of psychiatric symptoms with interferon alfa therapy, we recommend a close follow-up of patients receiving this therapy with respect to potential limiting mood changes.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Internal Medicine, University of Würzburg, Germany. m.kraus@mail.uni-wuerzburg.de
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Kraus
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schäfer
authors.forename: Hermann
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Faller
authors.forename: Herbert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Csef
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scheurlen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000786:Anger; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D006791:Hostility; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D000077190:Interferon alpha-2; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D000077190:Interferon alpha-2; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D011994:Recombinant Proteins