title: Function of the p97-Ufd1-Npl4 complex in retrotranslocation from the ER to the cytosol: dual recognition of nonubiquitinated polypeptide segments and polyubiquitin chains.
abstract: A member of the family of ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities, called p97 in mammals and Cdc48 in yeast, associates with the cofactor Ufd1-Npl4 to move polyubiquitinated polypeptides from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane into the cytosol for their subsequent degradation by the proteasome. Here, we have studied the mechanism by which the p97-Ufd1-Npl4 complex functions in this retrotranslocation pathway. Substrate binding occurs when the first ATPase domain of p97 (D1 domain) is in its nucleotide-bound state, an interaction that also requires an association of p97 with the membrane through its NH2-terminal domain. The two ATPase domains (D1 and D2) of p97 appear to alternate in ATP hydrolysis, which is essential for the movement of polypeptides from the ER membrane into the cytosol. The ATPase itself can interact with nonmodified polypeptide substrates as they emerge from the ER membrane. Polyubiquitin chains linked by lysine 48 are recognized in a synergistic manner by both p97 and an evolutionarily conserved ubiquitin-binding site at the NH2 terminus of Ufd1. We propose a dual recognition model in which the ATPase complex binds both a nonmodified segment of the substrate and the attached polyubiquitin chain; polyubiquitin binding may activate the ATPase p97 to pull the polypeptide substrate out of the membrane.
authors.affiliation: Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Yihong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Hemmo H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Tom A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Rapoport
mesh_terms: D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases / Q000235:genetics; D003600:Cytosol / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005057:Eukaryotic Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology*; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000378:metabolism; D008239:Lysine / Q000378:metabolism; D008958:Models, Molecular; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000235:genetics; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D028861:Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D029543:Nucleocytoplasmic Transport Proteins; D010455:Peptides / Q000378:metabolism; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000502:physiology; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary / Q000502:physiology; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000235:genetics*; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D025801:Ubiquitin / Q000378:metabolism; D033921:Vesicular Transport Proteins; D015003:Yeasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology*
chemical_list: D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; C104361:NPL4 protein, S cerevisiae; D028861:Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D029543:Nucleocytoplasmic Transport Proteins; D010455:Peptides; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; C444652:UFD1 protein, S cerevisiae; D025801:Ubiquitin; D033921:Vesicular Transport Proteins; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases; C404942:p97 ATPase; D008239:Lysine