title: Gamma knife radiosurgery for pituitary adenoma: early results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In recent years, gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) has emerged as an important treatment modality in the management of pituitary adenomas. Treatment results after performing GKRS and the complications of this procedure are reviewed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1994 and 2002, a total of 78 patients with pituitary adenomas underwent a total of 84 GKRS procedures in our medical center. This patient group comprised 46 men (59%) and 32 women (41%). All patients were treated for recurrent or residual disease after surgery or radiotherapy, with 83% presenting with extensive tumor involvement. The cavernous sinus was involved in 75 patients (96%), and 22 patients (28%) had hormone-secreting adenomas. This latter subset of patients included 12 prolactinomas (15%), 6 growth-hormone secreting tumors (8%), and 4 adrenocorticotropic hormone-secreting tumors (5%). The median tumor volume was 2.3 cm(3), and the median radiation dose was 15 Gy defined to the 50% isodose line. The mean and median follow-up periods were 41 and 36 months, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GKRS was tolerated well in these patients; acute toxicity was uncommon and of no clinical significance. Late toxicity was noted in three patients (4%) and consisted of VIth cranial nerve palsy. In two patients, there was spontaneous resolution of this palsy, and in one patient, it persisted for the entire 3-year duration of follow-up. Of the 15 patients who presented with cranial nerve dysfunction, 8 (53%) experienced complete recovery and 3 (20%) showed major improvement within 12 months of therapy. Tumor volume reduction was slow, with 30% of patients showing decreased tumor volume more than 3 years after undergoing GKRS. None of the 56 patients with nonfunctioning tumors showed progression in the treated volume, and 4 (18%) of the 22 hormone-secreting tumors relapsed (P = 0.008). Of the four patients with adrenocorticotropic hormone-secreting adenomas, therapy failed in two of them. All six patients with growth hormone-producing tumors responded well to therapy. Of the 12 patients with prolactinomas 10 (83%) had normalization of hormone level and 2 patients experienced increasing prolactin level. Two patients with prolactinomas had three normal pregnancies after undergoing GKRS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GKRS is a safe and effective therapy in selected patients with pituitary adenomas. None of the patients in our study experienced injury to the optic apparatus. A radiation dose higher than 15 Gy is probably needed to improve control of hormone-secreting adenomas. Longer follow-up is required for a more complete assessment of late toxicity and treatment efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA. zpetrovi@hsc.usc.edu
authors.forename: Zbigniew
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Petrovich
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Steven L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Giannotta
authors.forename: Chi-Shing
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Zee
authors.forename: Michael L J
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Apuzzo
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010911:Pituitary Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors