title: The addition of frontal EEG leads improves detection of cortical arousal following obstructive respiratory events.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the hypothesis that respiratory events in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) end in arousal not detected by conventional electroencephalographic (EEG) leads.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted at a major metropolitan sleep disorders center.
  
  
  METHODS
  10 patients with untreated OSAS and 5 patients undergoing continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) titration for OSAS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Standard clinical nocturnal polysomnography recordings were supplemented to include frontal EEG leads and airflow measured by nasal cannula pressure. In 10 untreated subjects, 1465 obstructive events (apneas, hypopneas, and flow limitation events), and in 5 subtherapeutic CPAP-titrated subjects, 459 total events were identified during non-rapid eye movement (REM) sleep only. American Academy of Sleep Medicine arousal criteria applied to central leads and to frontal leads allowed detection of an additional 24% respiratory event-related arousals by frontal leads than by conventional leads. Frontal arousal detection differed by event type: 16% of apneas, 21% of hypopneas, and 35% of flow limitation events. Autonomic correlate (increased heart rate) of both conventional and frontal arousals was similar (in a subgroup of 8 untreated patients, analyzing only flow limitation events). Tabulating frontal arousals separately for each frontal lead indicated that Fz as the sole frontal lead (added to conventional leads) increased detection of arousals by 19% over using only conventional leads (total of 92% of all obstructive respiratory events).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The addition of a single frontal lead (Fz) yields additional respiratory-related arousal information that appears physiologically relevant. Future studies are needed to assess clinical relevance to the evaluation and treatment of sleep-disordered breathing.
authors.affiliation: Sleep Disorders Center. Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Section, Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT 06856, USA. Ed.O'Malley@norwalkhealth.org
authors.forename: Edward B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: O'Malley
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Norman
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Farkas
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Rapoport
authors.forename: Joyce A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Walsleben
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011175:Positive-Pressure Respiration / Q000379:methods; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000502:physiology