title: Medical therapy cost considerations for glaucoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the calculated daily patient cost (cost minimization) of medical glaucoma therapy and review cost trends.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental, controlled, prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The actual volume of various glaucoma medications or glaucoma medications with redesigned bottles was determined for most commercially available sizes of the tested products. The drops per milliliter based on the actual volume and the daily costs of the dosage schedules recommended by the manufacturers were compared. The cost of each bottle of medication was determined from the average wholesale price (AWP) in the United States. A comparison to 1999 prices where applicable will be analyzed to review costing trends.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The generic timolol products (range, US dollars 0.38-US dollars 0.46 per day) were similar on a cost per day basis vs Betimol (Santen, Napa Valley, California, USA), Optipranolol (Bausch and Lomb Pharmaceuticals, Tampa, Florida, USA) and Timoptic (Merck, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA). Their percentage cost increase ranged from 5% to 22% since 1999, except for generic timolol XE gel-forming solution (48%). Betagan (Allergan, Irvine, California, USA), Betoptic S (Alcon Laboratories, Fort Worth, Texas, USA), and Ocupress (Novartis, Duluth, Georgia, USA) ranged from US dollars 0.88 to US dollars 1.11 per day, and their percentage cost increase ranged from 33% to 53%. Some brand-only products have raised their AWPs a greater percentage, including Betoptic S (37%), Iopidine (Alcon, Fort Worth, Texas, USA) (50%), Ocupress (Novartis Ophthalmics, Duluth, Georgia, USA) (53%), and Pilopine gel (Alcon, Fort Worth, Texas, USA) (32%). The mean cost per day for the topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors Azopt (Alcon Laboratories; US dollars 1.33 per day) and Trusopt (Merck; US dollars 1.05 per day) differed from 1999 when prices were almost identical. Cosopt (Merck; timolol 0.5% plus dorzolamide 2%, US dollars 1.04 per day) was less than the cost of separate bottles of a topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitor and a beta-blocker. The selective alpha-2 agonist brimonidine 0.15% with Purite (Alphagan-P, Allergan, 5 ml) twice daily was US dollars 1.29 per day. The prostaglandin analogs were comparably priced with Lumigan (Allergan) US dollars 0.95 per day, Xalatan (Pharmacia and Upjohn, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA) US dollars 1.25 per day, Travatan (Alcon Laboratories) US dollars 1.01 per day, and Rescula (Novartis) US dollars 0.90 per day.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All generic timolol, Betimol, Optipranolol, Timoptic, and Timoptic XE (Merck) ranged from US dollars 0.38 to US dollars 0.50 per day. Other beta-blocker products were about twice as costly, ranging from US dollars 0.88 to US dollars 1.11 per day. Cosopt (US dollars 1.05 per day) was less costly than separate bottles of a topical beta-blocker and a topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitor dosed three times daily or twice daily. The prostaglandin analogs ranged from US dollars 0.90 per day (Rescula) to US dollars 1.25 per day (Xalatan). Newer glaucoma medications exhibit similar costs per day in many cases, compared with more traditional medications, especially with greater price increases in older brand-only products.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA. Fisc@UIC.EDU
authors.forename: Richard G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Fiscella
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Daniel H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Patuszynski
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wilensky
mesh_terms: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000191:economics; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000191:economics; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000191:economics*; D002257:Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors / Q000191:economics; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D016527:Drug Costs; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000191:economics; D016568:Drugs, Generic / Q000191:economics; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions / Q000191:economics*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011453:Prostaglandins / Q000191:economics; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D002257:Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors; D016568:Drugs, Generic; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D011453:Prostaglandins