title: Microcephaly: an epidemiologic analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted to identify all risk factors that are associated with microcephaly and to quantify the magnitude of risk that is associated with these factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  This population-based case-control study used the Missouri Birth Defects Registry to identify 360 microcephaly cases and 3600 control cases during 1993 through 1999. Logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios and 95% CIs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant risk factors for isolated microcephaly include alcohol use, inadequate weight gain during pregnancy, inadequate prenatal care, black race, and low education. Mothers with one previous live birth were protected against isolated microcephaly compared with nulliparous women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that microcephaly may arise from some preventable factors. These findings may be useful in aiding clinicians, patients, and policymakers in reducing the risk of microcephaly, a source of high perinatal mortality and morbidity rates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health, St Louis University School of Public Health, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Melissa J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Krauss
authors.forename: Adelaide E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Morrissey
authors.forename: Hung N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Winn
authors.forename: Erol
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Amon
authors.forename: Terry L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Leet
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008831:Microcephaly / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008923:Missouri / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors