title: Preoperative concomitant radiotherapy and chemotherapy in ultrasound-staged T3 and T4 rectal cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To analyze early results of a single institution's experience using neo-adjuvant chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced, ultrasound-staged rectal cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Since 1998, 67 consecutive patients (36 males and 31 females; mean age, 59.5) have received preoperative combined treatment for T3 or T4 rectal cancer. All patients were staged by endorectal ultrasound and computed tomography, and all had a pathology-demonstrated invasive adenocarcinoma of the rectum. Patients were treated preoperatively with concomitant radiochemotherapy: pelvic irradiation (50 Gy in 25 fractions) and protracted-venous-infusion 5-fluorouracil (225 mg/m2/d, 7 days per week). Patients were restaged within 4 weeks, then submitted to surgery within 6-7 weeks after the end of therapy. Adjuvant postoperative chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil plus folinic acid--the "de Gramont" schedule--for 24 weeks was purposed to all patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Radiotherapy was completed in all cases; only one patient required suspension of the treatment for grade 4 toxicity (diarrhea). Instead, chemotherapy was interrupted in 3 cases (2 for central venous catheter thrombosis and 1 for grade IV diarrhea). Sixty-six patients underwent surgical resection (1 patient died before surgical treatment). Radical surgery was performed in 94%, and 46% of the 26 patients with distal rectal cancer had a conservative sphincter-sparing surgery. A complete pathologic response (defined as no evidence of viable tumor cells) was obtained in 22%. At a median follow-up of 17 months, distant metastases have been observed in 10 patients, and 3 of them developed a local recurrence. The actuarial estimations of 4-year overall survival, disease-free survival, local and distant control are 79%, 61%, 94% and 61%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preoperative chemoradiotherapy seems to be an effective and well-tolerated treatment with a low complication rate. The high percentage of down-staging and sphincter sparing, also in distal rectal cancer, shows the efficacy of the treatment, which could significantly influence the incidence of relapses and quality of life.
authors.affiliation: Oncology, Policlinico, Modena, Italy. luppi.g@policlinico.mo.it
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Luppi
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Santantonio
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bertolini
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fiorica
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zanelli
authors.forename: Margherita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gavioli
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Balli
authors.forename: Vittorio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Silingardi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D015996:Survival Rate; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D005472:Fluorouracil