title: Differences in the permeability of high-flux dialyzer membranes for bacterial pyrogens.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The increasing use of high-flux membranes for hemodialysis has raised concerns that patients dialyzed with these membranes may be at higher risk of being exposed to cytokine-inducing bacterial substances in the dialysate than patients dialyzed with low-flux membranes. We investigated the permeability of various high-flux membranes for both purified E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as well as for LPS derived from Stenotrophomonas (Sten.) maltophilia.
  
  
  METHODS
  An in vitro dialysis circuit with saline in the blood compartment of 3 dialyzers containing different membranes (polysulfone, helixone and Diapes) was employed. The dialysate was challenged with increasing doses of sterile filtrates derived from Sten. maltophilia cultures or with purified LPS from E. coli. Samples from the blood compartment were tested for cytokine induction (IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF) in mononuclear cells as well as for LPS by limulus amebocyte lysate test (LAL).
  
  
  RESULTS
  IL-6 induction above sterile controls (< 0.02 ng/ml IL-6) was observed by samples from the blood side of DIAPES dialyzers (1.2 +/- 0.7 ng/ml IL-6) after challenging the dialysate with 4.1 +/- 3.6 U/ml E. coli LPS (9.9 +/- 4.5 ng/ml IL-6). In contrast, at the same challenge dose no significant IL-6 induction above sterile controls was observed by blood side samples of polysulfone (0.15 +/- 0.07 ng/ml) and helixone (0.09 +/- 0.05 ng/ml) dialyzers. Increasing the amount of E. coli LPS in the dialysate further augmented IL-6 induction by blood side samples of Diapes but not of polysulfone and helixone dialyzers. Similar results were obtained for IL-1beta and TNF. After challenging the dialysate with E. coli LPS as well as with cultures of Sten. maltophilia, significantly more LAL reactivity was observed in the blood compartment of Diapes compared to polysulfone and helixone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are considerable differences between high-flux membranes regarding their permeability for cytokine-inducing substances from E. coli as well as for LPS derived from E. coli and Sten. maltophilia. Dialyzers that leak CIS under aqueous conditions in vivo should not be used unless the dialysate has passed through an ultrafilter.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine, Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany. ralf.schindler@charite.de
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schindler
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Christ-Kohlrausch
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Frei
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shaldon
mesh_terms: D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007688:Kidneys, Artificial; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D010539:Permeability; D011108:Polymers; D011749:Pyrogens / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D020615:Stenotrophomonas maltophilia / Q000378:metabolism; D013450:Sulfones
chemical_list: D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D011108:Polymers; D011749:Pyrogens; D013450:Sulfones; C017662:polysulfone P 1700