title: The EmulSiv filter removes microbial contamination from propofol but is not a substitute for aseptic technique.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the ability of the EmulSiv filter (EF) to remove extrinsic microbial contaminants from propofol.
  
  
  METHODS
  Aliquots of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Candida albicans (C. albicans), Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae), Moraxella osloensis (M. osloensis), Enterobacter agglomerans (E. agglomerans), Escherichia coli (E. coli), Serratia marcescens (S. marcescens), Moraxella catarrhalis (M. catarrhalis), Haemophilus influenzae (H. influenzae) and Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) were inoculated into vials containing 20 mL of sterile propofol. The unfiltered inoculated propofol solutions served as controls. Ten millilitres and 20 mL samples of the inoculated propofol were filtered through the EF. All solutions were then subplated onto three culture plates using a precision 1 micro L calibrated platinum loop and incubated. The number of colony forming units (CFU) were counted. Data were analyzed using a one-sample t test, and a P value of less than 0.05 was selected as the level of statistical significance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The EF was able to completely remove CFU of S. aureus, C. albicans, K. pneumoniae, M. osloensis, E. agglomerans, E. coli, S. marcescens, and M. catarrhalis (P < 0.05). A small number of H. influenzae CFU were able to evade filtration in both the 10 mL and 20 mL samples. C. jejuni CFU were able to evade filtration in only the 10 mL sample.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The EF removes the majority of microbial contaminates from propofol with the exception of H. influenzae and C. jejuni. Although the EF is capable of removing most of the microbial contamination produced by H. influenzae and C. jejuni, a few CFU are capable of evading filtration. Consequently, even the use of a filter capable of removing microbial contaminants is not a substitute for meticulous aseptic technique and prompt administration when propofol is used.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta Hospitals, Walter C. Mackenzie Health Sciences Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Wendy C E
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Donald T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Jolly
authors.forename: Jiri
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hrazdil
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Galbraith
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Greacen
authors.forename: Alexander S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Clanachan
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004340:Drug Contamination; D005374:Filtration; D006801:Humans; D015742:Propofol / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D015742:Propofol