title: Regulation of the expression of the apolipoprotein(a) gene: evidence for a regulatory role of the 5' distal apolipoprotein(a) transcription control region enhancer in yeast artificial chromosome transgenic mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)] gene locus is the major determinant of the circulating concentration of the atherothrombogenic lipoprotein Lp(a). In vitro analysis of the intergenic region between the apo(a) and plasminogen genes revealed the presence of a putative apo(a) transcription control region (ACR) approximately 20 kb upstream of the apo(a) gene that significantly increases the minimal promoter activity of the human apo(a) gene.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To examine the function of the ACR in its natural genomic context, we used the Cre-loxP recombination system to generate 2 nearly identical apo(a)-yeast artificial chromosome transgenic mouse lines that possess a single integration site for the human apo(a) transgene in the mouse genome but differ by the presence or absence of the ACR enhancer. Analysis of the 2 groups of animals revealed that the deletion of the ACR was associated with 30% reduction in plasma and mRNA apo(a) levels. Apo(a)-yeast artificial chromosome transgenic mice with and without the ACR sequence were similar in all other aspects of apo(a) regulation, including liver-specific apo(a) expression and alteration in expression levels in response to sexual maturation and a high-fat diet.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides the first experimental in vivo evidence for a functional role of the ACR enhancer in determining levels of apo(a) expression.
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 551, Dyslipemias and Atherosclerosis: Genetics, Metabolism and Therapeutics, Hôpital de la Pitié, Paris, France. thuby@infobiogen.fr
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Huby
authors.forename: Veena
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Afzal
authors.forename: Chantal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Doucet
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Lawn
authors.forename: Elaine L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.forename: M John
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: Joëlle
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thillet
authors.forename: Edward M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Rubin
mesh_terms: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001054:Apolipoproteins A / Q000235:genetics*; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D002678:Chimera; D018244:Chromosomes, Artificial, Yeast / Q000235:genetics*; D004036:Diet, Atherogenic; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000494:pharmacology; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic / Q000235:genetics; D009928:Organ Specificity / Q000235:genetics; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D019076:Transgenes / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D001054:Apolipoproteins A; D004041:Dietary Fats