title: Long-term follow-up of 114 patients with congenital hyperinsulinism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The term congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) comprises a group of different genetic disorders with the common finding of recurrent episodes of hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the clinical presentation, diagnostic criteria, treatment and long-term follow-up in a large cohort of CHI patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data from 114 patients from different hospitals were obtained by a detailed questionnaire. Patients presented neonatally (65%), during infancy (28%) or during childhood (7%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 20 of 74 (27%) patients with neonatal onset birth weight was greatly increased (group with standard deviation scores (SDS) >2.0) with a mean SDS of 3.2. Twenty-nine percent of neonatal-onset vs 69% of infancy/childhood-onset patients responded to diazoxide and diet or to a carbohydrate-enriched diet alone. Therefore, we observed a high rate of pancreatic surgery performed in the neonatal-onset group (70%) compared with the infancy/childhood-onset group (28%). Partial (3%), subtotal (37%) or near total (15%) pancreatectomy was performed. After pancreatic surgery there appeared a high risk of persistent hypoglycemia (40%). Immediately post-surgery or with a latency of several Years insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus was observed in operated patients (27%). General outcome was poor with a high degree of psychomotor or mental retardation (44%) or epilepsy (25%). An unfavorable outcome correlated with infancy-onset manifestation (chi(2)=6.1, P=0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high degree of developmental delay, in particular in infancy-onset patients emphasizes the need for a change in treatment strategies to improve the unfavorable outcome. Evaluation of treatment alternatives should take the high risk of developing diabetes mellitus into account.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Dusseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Meissner
authors.forename: Udo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Wendel
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Burgard
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schaetzle
authors.forename: Ertan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mayatepek
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017668:Age of Onset; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003981:Diazoxide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D006946:Hyperinsulinism / Q000151:congenital / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D010180:Pancreatectomy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D003981:Diazoxide