title: Contrast nephropathy in lower limb angiography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examines the occurrence of contrast nephropathy in a series of 302 consecutive lower limb angiogram and angioplasty procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum creatinine measurements, 1 and 3 days after the procedures, were used to identify cases of contrast nephropathy, defined as a 25% increase above initial creatinine. These cases were reviewed retrospectively. A total of 267 patients had 224 diagnostic, and 78 interventional lower limb angiographic procedures. Of these, 46% had pre-existing renal impairment (creatinine >118 micro mol/l), of whom 11% were on dialysis - dialysis patients were excluded from analysis of changes in creatinine. Repeat creatinine measurements were taken after 191 procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Contrast nephropathy occurred after 15 procedures: of whom 9 died, and 6 recovered. Of these patients, 11 were taking potentially nephrotoxic drugs and 9 had renal impairment. Precautions to avoid contrast nephropathy were taken in only 2 cases. Of the 9 deaths, 6 were associated with severe underlying disease processes, but 3 occurred directly as a result of contrast nephropathy. Contrast nephropathy has an incidence of 8% in this series: the incidence in acute limb-threatening ischaemia is double that for other cases. Death from renal failure is relatively rare, with an incidence of 1%. In uncomplicated angiography or angioplasty, where admission is not prolonged by a need for further treatment, the condition has no mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Accepted precautionary measures should be observed, and alternatives to conventional angiography should be considered - particularly where there is pre-existing renal impairment and other co-morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, Royal London Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Srodon
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matson
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ham
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000517:prevention & control; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000792:Angiography / Q000009:adverse effects; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000098:blood supply; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D003404:Creatinine