title: Exposure to high stress in the intensive care unit may have negative effects on health-related quality-of-life outcomes after cardiac surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Up to 20% of patients do not show improvements in health-related quality of life (HRQL) after cardiac surgery, despite apparently successful surgical procedures. We sought to determine whether failed improvements in HRQL after cardiac surgery are associated with the development of traumatic memories and chronic stress states as a result of high perioperative stress exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 10-bed cardiovascular intensive care unit of a tertiary care university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 148 cardiac surgical patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients were evaluated for traumatic memories from postoperative treatment in the cardiovascular intensive care unit (defined as the subjective recollection of pain, respiratory distress, anxiety/panic, and nightmares), symptoms of chronic stress, including those of posttraumatic stress disorder, and HRQL preoperatively (at baseline) and at 6 months after cardiac surgery. A state of chronic stress was defined as the development of posttraumatic stress disorder at 6 months after surgery. Factors predicting the decline in HRQL were determined by multivariable linear regression. Twenty-seven patients (18.2%) had posttraumatic stress disorder at 6 months after cardiac surgery; seven of these patients (4.8%) had evidence of preexisting posttraumatic stress disorder before undergoing cardiac surgery. Patients with new posttraumatic stress disorder at 6 months after cardiac surgery had a significantly higher number of traumatic memories from postoperative treatment in the cardiovascular intensive care unit (p =.01). A multiple regression model included the number of traumatic memories from the intensive care unit and stress symptom scores at 6 months after heart surgery as predictors for variations in physical HRQL outcome scores (R2 =.30, p <.04). Stress symptom scores were the most significant predictors of mental health HRQL outcomes (R2 =.52, p <.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure to high stress in the cardiovascular intensive care unit can have negative effects on HRQL outcomes of cardiac surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Gustav
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schelling
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.forename: Benno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Roozendaal
authors.forename: Hans-Bernd
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Rothenhäusler
authors.forename: Till
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Krauseneck
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stoll
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nollert
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Hans-Peter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Kapfhammer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000523:psychology*; D003422:Critical Care / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005858:Germany; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation / Q000523:psychology*; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D008875:Middle Aged; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D012803:Sick Role; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications*