title: Nogo-A inhibits neurite outgrowth and cell spreading with three discrete regions.
abstract: Nogo-A is a potent neurite growth inhibitor in vitro and plays a role both in the restriction of axonal regeneration after injury and in structural plasticity in the CNS of higher vertebrates. The regions that mediate inhibition and the topology of the molecule in the plasma membrane have to be defined. Here we demonstrate the presence of three different active sites: (1) an N-terminal region involved in the inhibition of fibroblast spreading, (2) a stretch encoded by the Nogo-A-specific exon that restricts neurite outgrowth and cell spreading and induces growth cone collapse, and (3) a C-terminal region (Nogo-66) with growth cone collapsing function. We show that Nogo-A-specific active fragments bind to the cell surface of responsive cells and to rat brain cortical membranes, suggesting the existence of specific binding partners or receptors. Several antibodies against different epitopes on the Nogo-A-specific part of the protein as well as antisera against the 66 aa loop in the C-terminus stain the cell surface of living cultured oligodendrocytes. Nogo-A is also labeled by nonmembrane-permeable biotin derivatives applied to living oligodendrocyte cultures. Immunofluorescent staining of intracellular, endoplasmic reticulum-associated Nogo-A in cells after selective permeabilization of the plasma membrane reveals that the epitopes of Nogo-A, shown to be accessible at the cell surface, are exposed to the cytoplasm. This suggests that Nogo-A could have a second membrane topology. The two proposed topological variants may have different intracellular as well as extracellular functions.
authors.affiliation: Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, and Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland. oertle@hifo.unizh.ch
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oertle
authors.forename: Marjan E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: van der Haar
authors.forename: Christine E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Bandtlow
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Robeva
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Burfeind
authors.forename: Armin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Buss
authors.forename: Andrea B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.forename: Marjo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Simonen
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schnell
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brösamle
authors.forename: Klemens
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kaupmann
authors.forename: Rüdiger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vallon
authors.forename: Martin E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Schwab
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000502:physiology; D019921:Biotinylation; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D016466:CHO Cells; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D002642:Chick Embryo; D006224:Cricetinae; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009185:Myelin Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D016501:Neurites / Q000502:physiology*; D000070798:Nogo Proteins; D000070816:Nogo Receptor 1; D009836:Oligodendroglia / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000502:physiology; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017384:Sequence Deletion
chemical_list: D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; D009185:Myelin Proteins; D000070798:Nogo Proteins; D000070816:Nogo Receptor 1; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; C000603201:Rtn4 protein, mouse; C000603197:Rtn4 protein, rat; C419790:Rtn4r protein, mouse; C486581:Rtn4r protein, rat