Lithium-induced nephropathy: Rate of progression and prognostic factors.
BACKGROUND
Long-term lithium administration in humans may lead to chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis, which develops very slowly. Its progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) has been rarely reported. The aim of this study is to document the rate of progression of lithium-induced nephropathy and its prognostic factors, and to provide an estimation of the percentage of lithium-induced ESRD in France.


METHODS
Two groups have been studied: 54 patients with lithium-induced renal failure, nine of whom underwent renal biopsy; and 20 patients who were referred for systematic renal biopsy, 14 of whom were subsequently followed up. In addition, a survey of lithium-induced ESRD was conducted in French dialysis centers.


RESULTS
The mean annual loss of creatinine clearance in patients with lithium-induced nephropathy was 2.29 mL/min. Among 74 patients, 12 reached ESRD at a mean age of 65 years. Creatinine clearance at referral and at last follow-up was inversely related to the duration of lithium therapy in both univariate and multivariate analyses adjusting for age, gender, hypertension, and proteinuria. The degree of interstitial fibrosis on renal biopsy was also related to the lithium duration and cumulative dose. It was predictive of the final creatinine clearance. About 35% of the patients tested had moderate hypercalcemia, due to hyperparathyroidism. The prevalence of lithium-related ESRD in France was estimated as two per 1000 dialysis patients. The average latency between onset of lithium therapy and ESRD was 20 years.


CONCLUSIONS
Lithium-induced chronic renal disease is slowly progressive. Its rate of progression is related to the duration of lithium administration. Lithium-related ESRD represents 0.22% of all causes of ESRD in France. Regular monitoring of estimated creatinine clearance is mandatory in long-term lithium-treated patients.
Presne
Claire
C
AP-HP, Hôpital Necker, Service de Néphrologie et Université Paris V, Paris, France.
Fakhouri
Fadi
F
Noël
Laure-Hélène
LH
Stengel
Bénédicte
B
Even
Christian
C
Kreis
Henri
H
Mignon
Françoise
F
Grünfeld
Jean-Pierre
JP
D000328:Adult; D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001706:Biopsy; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood; D003625:Data Collection; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005355:Fibrosis; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008094:Lithium / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009395:Nephritis, Interstitial / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology*; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies
D018692:Antimanic Agents; D008094:Lithium; D002118:Calcium