title: Social networks, caregiver strain, and utilization of mental health services among elementary school students at high risk for ADHD.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study explores whether parental support networks vary by sociodemographic factors among children at high risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and whether network characteristics influence the receipt of mental health treatment for the child.
  
  
  METHODS
  A school district-wide, two-phase screening study design was used to identify 266 children at high risk for ADHD. Parents completed standardized instruments assessing network structure and function, DSM-IV diagnoses of disruptive disorders, caregiver strain, and treatment receipt, and children self-reported internalizing symptoms. Relationships were examined with analysis of variance and multivariate prediction, adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, psychopathology, and parental strain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Network characteristics varied by race and socioeconomic status (SES), but not by child gender. African-American and disadvantaged parents reported smaller network sizes, but more frequent contact and higher levels of support than their white and high-SES counterparts. High levels of instrumental support lowered the odds of ADHD treatment during the 12 months before (OR =.7, p <.001) and after (OR =.7, p <.001) the network assessment interview. In contrast, parental strain increased the likelihood of ADHD treatment during both periods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinicians should anticipate high levels of caregiver strain and low levels of instrumental support among their patients' parents and address the potential high need for respite care in treatment plans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA. rbussing@psychiatry.ufl.edu
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bussing
authors.forename: Bonnie T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Zima
authors.forename: Faye A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Gary
authors.forename: Dana M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: Christina E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Leon
authors.forename: Karabi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sinha
authors.forename: Cynthia Wilson
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Garvan
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening; D008605:Mental Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012944:Social Support; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires