title: Male preponderance in early diagnosed type 2 diabetes is associated with the ARE insertion/deletion polymorphism in the PPP1R3A locus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The ARE insertion/deletion polymorphism of PPP1R3A has been associated with variation in glycaemic parameters and prevalence of diabetes. We have investigated its role in age of diagnosis, body weight and glycaemic control in 1,950 individuals with type 2 diabetes in Tayside, Scotland, and compared the ARE2 allele frequencies with 1,014 local schoolchildren.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Men homozygous for the rarer allele (ARE2) were younger at diagnosis than ARE1 homozygotes (p = 0.008). Conversely, women ARE2 homozygotes were diagnosed later than ARE1 homozygotes (p = 0.036). Thus, men possessing the rarer (ARE2) allele were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes earlier than women (p < 0.000001). In contrast, there was no difference in age of diagnosis by gender in those individuals carrying only the common ARE1 variant. Furthermore, although there was no difference in the frequency between the children and the type 2 diabetic population overall, marked differences in allele frequencies were noted by gender and age-of diagnosis. The ARE2 allele frequency in early diagnosed males (diagnosed earlier than the first quartile of the overall ages at diagnosis) was higher than that found in both later diagnosed males and healthy children (p = 0.021 and p = 0.03 respectively). By contrast, the frequency in early diagnosed females was significantly lower than later diagnosed females and that found in children (p = 0.021 and p = 0.037). Comparison of the male to female ratios at different ages-diagnosed confirms a known phenomenon that men are much more prone to early type 2 diabetes than women. When this feature was examined by the common ARE 1/1 genotype we found that the male to female ratio remained at unity with all ages of diagnosis, however, carriers of the ARE2 variant displayed a marked preponderance of early male diagnosis (p = 0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ARE2 allele of PPP1R3A is associated with a male preponderance to early diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in later life is not modulated by the ARE2 allele in either sex.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom. alex.doney@tuht.scot.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Alex S F
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Doney
authors.forename: Bettina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Joanne E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Cecil
authors.forename: Patricia T W
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Douglas I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Boyle
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Leese
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Colin N A
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Palmer
mesh_terms: D020856:AT Rich Sequence; D000367:Age Factors; D000483:Alleles; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: C114205:PPP1R3A protein, human; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases