title: Radiogenic risks from hysterosalpingography.
abstract: The aim of this study was to determine ovarian dose, effective dose and associated radiogenic risks from hysterosalpingography (HSG), and to provide data for the estimation of radiogenic risks related to HSG studies performed in any laboratory. The fluoroscopy time, number of radiographs taken and entrance surface dose were measured in a series of 78 consecutive patients undergoing HSG as part of their infertility work-up. Organ-dose values per radiograph and per minute of fluoroscopy were separately determined using an anthropomorphic phantom and thermoluminescence dosimetry. The radiogenic risk for deleterious effects on a possible future embryo and the radiogenic risk for cancer induction on the patient undergoing HSG were estimated. The average HSG procedure in our laboratory involves a mean fluoroscopic time of 0.3 min and a mean number of radiographs of 3.2. The dose to female gonads from an average HSG procedure was 2.7 mGy and the patient effective dose was 1.2 mSv. The risk for radiogenic anomalies in a future embryo of the woman undergoing an average HSG procedure and the risk for radiogenic fatal cancer induction in the exposed woman were estimated to be less than 10(-3) of the correspondent nominal risks. Radiation risks from a typical HSG are low, but they may be elevated if fluoroscopic and/or radiographic exposures are prolonged for any reason. Present data allow the estimation of radiogenic risks associated with HSG procedures performed in other laboratories with use of different equipment, screening time and number of radiographs taken.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, PO Box 1393, 71500, Stavrakia, Iraklion, Crete, Greece. perisina@med.uoc.gr
authors.forename: Kostas
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Perisinakis
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Damilakis
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grammatikakis
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Theocharopoulos
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gourtsoyiannis
mesh_terms: D000016:Abnormalities, Radiation-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D007047:Hysterosalpingography / Q000009:adverse effects; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008875:Middle Aged; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D010053:Ovary / Q000528:radiation effects*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011835:Radiation Protection; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors