title: Cryopreservation of Mediterranean fruit fly embryos.
abstract: In this paper we present a procedure to cryopreserve the embryos of a tephritid, the Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata), by vitrification. Developmental stages between 24 and 32 hours after oviposition were examined for tolerance to cryopreservation. Embryos, 27-hr-old and incubated at 29 C, were found to be at the most suitable stage for treatment. Effects of the previtrification steps of our protocol, dechorionation, permeabilization, cryoprotectant loading, and dehydration, on survival to hatching were also assessed. Dechorionation did not affect viability, while isopropanol and a hexane treatment used in the permeabilization step of the protocol reduced hatching by about 15%. This reduction was dependent on the amount of isopropyl alcohol carried over into the hexane rinse. The remaining previtrification steps reduced hatching by an additional 10%. After optimization of the procedure, normalized hatching was 44% after vitrification in liquid nitrogen vapor followed by storage under liquid nitrogen for a test period of 7 days. Post cryopreservation larval diets containing wheat bran, corncob grits, or agar as the base were examined for survival to pupation and emergence. A yield of 34% egg to adult emergence was obtained when the agar-based diet was used for rearing larvae that had experienced cryopreservation during the embryonic stage.
authors.affiliation: Entomology Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rajamohan
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Leopold
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: McCombs
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Peabody
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fisher
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D033622:Ceratitis capitata / Q000196:embryology*; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000379:methods*; D003470:Culture Media; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000502:physiology*; D010539:Permeability; D011679:Pupa / Q000254:growth & development; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media