title: Maternal fish consumption and infant birth size and gestation: New York State Angler Cohort Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The scientific literature poses a perplexing dilemma for pregnant women with respect to the consumption of fish from natural bodies of water. On one hand, fish is a good source of protein, low in fat and a rich source of other nutrients all of which have presumably beneficial effects on developing embryos and fetuses. On the other hand, consumption of fish contaminated with environmental toxicants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) has been associated with decrements in gestation and birth size.
  
  
  METHODS
  2,716 infants born between 1986-1991 to participants of the New York State Angler Cohort Study were studied with respect to duration of maternal consumption of contaminated fish from Lake Ontario and its tributaries and gestation and birth size. Hospital delivery records (maternal and newborn) were obtained for 92% of infants for the ascertainment of gestation (weeks), birth size (weight, length, chest, and head circumference) and other known determinants of fetal growth (i.e., maternal parity, history of placental infarction, uterine bleeding, pregnancy loss or cigarette smoking and infant's race, sex and presence of birth defect). Duration of maternal fish consumption prior to the index infant's birth was categorized as: none; 1-2, 3-7, 8+ years, while birth weight (in grams), birth length (in centimeters), and head and chest circumference (in centimeters) were left as continuous variables in multiple linear regression models. Birth size percentiles, ponderal indices and head to chest circumference ratios were computed to further assess proportionality and birth size in relation to gestational age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of variance failed to identify significant mean differences in gestation or any measure of birth size in relation to duration of maternal lifetime fish consumption. Multiple linear regressions identified gestational age, male sex, number of daily cigarettes, parity and placental infarction, as significant determinants of birth size.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results support the absence of an adverse relation between Lake Ontario fish consumption and reduced birth size as measured by weight, length and head circumference. Biological determinants and maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy remain important determinants of birth size.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Branch Division of Epidemiology, Statistics & Prevention Research National Institute of Child Health & Human Development 6100 Executive Blvd, Room 7B03 Rockville, MD 20852, USA. gb156i@nih.gov
authors.forename: Germaine M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Buck
authors.forename: Grace P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Tee
authors.forename: Edward F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Vena
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Weiner
authors.forename: Mya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Swanson
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Msall
mesh_terms: D001724:Birth Weight / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000187:drug effects; D005396:Fish Products / Q000633:toxicity*; D005506:Food Contamination; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008019:Life Style; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D009518:New York; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical