title: Identification and purification from the plasma of Type 1 diabetic subjects of a proteolytically active Grp94Evidence that Grp94 is entirely responsible for plasma proteolytic activity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The overall increase in proteolytic activity in diabetes is known to be associated with the development and progression of vascular complications. Our aim was to investigate in detail the molecular nature of this activity in the plasma of Type 1 diabetic subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma of both diabetic and control subjects was subjected to various purification procedures (ion exchange and affinity chromatography, HPLC, immunoprecipitation, electrophoresis, immunoblot and mass analyses) to identify the proteins of interest. Biological activities were measured on specific substrates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In diabetic but not normal plasma we identified the presence of two heat shock proteins, Grp94 (Glucose-regulated protein94) and HSP70. The higher-than-normal proteolytic activity of Grp94 was: (i) directed against casein, but not against endogenous plasma proteins; (ii) fully and specifically inhibited only by anti-Grp94 polyclonal antibodies; and (iii) coupled with low-level ATPase activity. In addition, ATP binding to Grp94 was able to modulate proteolytic activity. We found that Grp94 in plasma circulates only as high molecular mass homo- and hetero-complexes, the latter mostly formed with IgG to which Grp94 is also linked by tenacious binding. Proteolytically-active Grp94 was purified by immunoprecipitation, which co-immunoprecipitated alpha(1)antitrypsin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show the unexpected extracellular location and characteristic biological function of Grp94 even at a late stage of disease. These findings have physiopathological relevance for predicting activation of both autoimmune and inflammatory processes potentially associated with vascular complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Anaesthesiology, University of Padova, Largo E. Meneghetti 2, 35131 Padua, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pagetta
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Folda
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Brunati
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Finotti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002846:Chromatography, Affinity; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood*; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D005260:Female; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000097:blood* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000097:blood* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008875:Middle Aged; D018832:Molecular Chaperones / Q000097:blood; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D018832:Molecular Chaperones; C018551:glucose-regulated proteins