title: Paraoxon induces apoptosis in EL4 cells via activation of mitochondrial pathways.
abstract: The toxicity of organophosphorus compounds, such as paraoxon (POX), is due to their anticholinesterase action. Recently, we have shown that, at noncholinergic doses (1 to 10 nM), POX (the bioactive metabolite of parathion) causes apoptotic cell death in murine EL4 T-lymphocytic leukemia cell line through activation of caspase-3. In this study, by employing caspase-specific inhibitors, we extend our observations to elucidate the sequence of events involved in POX-stimulated apoptosis. Pretreatment of EL4 cells with the caspase-9-specific inhibitor zLEHD-fmk attenuated POX-induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner, whereas the caspase-8 inhibitor zIETD-fmk had no effect. Furthermore, the activation of caspase-9, -8, and -3 in response to POX treatment was completely inhibited in the presence of zLEHD-fmk, implicating the involvement of caspase 9-dependent mitochondrial pathways in POX-stimulated apoptosis. Indeed, under both in vitro and in vivo conditions, POX triggered a dose- and time-dependent translocation of cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytosol, as assessed by Western blot analysis. Investigation of the mechanism of cytochrome c release revealed that POX disrupted mitochondrial transmembrane potential. Neither this effect nor cytchrome c release was dependent on caspase activation, since the general inhibitor of the caspase family zVAD-fmk did not influence both processes. Finally, POX treatment also resulted in a time-dependent up-regulation and translocation of the proapoptotic molecule Bax to mitochondria. Inhibition of this event by zVAD-fmk suggests that the activation and translocation of Bax to mitochondria is subsequent to activation of the caspase cascades. The results indicate that POX induces apoptosis in EL4 cells through a direct effect on mitochondria by disrupting its transmembrane potential, causing the release of cytochrome c into the cytosol and subsequent activation of caspase-9. Inhibition of this specific pathway might provide a useful strategy to minimize organophosphate-induced poisoning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 17 666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates. asaleh@uaeu.ac.ae
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Saleh
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vijayasarathy
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Masoud
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shahin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kambal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D053477:Apoptotic Protease-Activating Factor 1; D015153:Blotting, Western; D053453:Caspase 9; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity*; D003574:Cytochrome c Group / Q000378:metabolism; D003600:Cytosol / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D010261:Paraoxon / Q000633:toxicity*; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C506593:Apaf1 protein, mouse; D053477:Apoptotic Protease-Activating Factor 1; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D003574:Cytochrome c Group; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D007306:Insecticides; D011506:Proteins; C506434:Casp9 protein, mouse; D053453:Caspase 9; D020169:Caspases; D010261:Paraoxon