title: Modulation transfer functions in children: pupil size dependence and meridional anisotropy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study quantified preschool children's optical quality in terms of their aberrations and modulation transfer function (MTF), and examined the dependence of MTF on pupil size and grating orientation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Aberrometry was used to measure Zernike coefficients in 34 Chinese preschool children (18 males, 16 females; aged 4.95-6.89 years; mean, 5.91 +/- 0.56). For each subject, after mathematical correction for refractive error, these wavefront errors were used to calculate MTF (lambda = 550 nm) for pupil sizes from 1 to 5 mm and for gratings at orientations in 15 degrees intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Aberrations were correlated between right and left eyes, for wavefront RMS and some Zernike coefficients. Average aberrometry results showed that third-order terms predominated, in addition to some positive spherical aberration with an average higher order root mean square (RMS) of 0.20 micro m over a 5-mm pupil. Average MTFs were optimal for 3-mm pupil sizes at lower spatial frequencies (<69 cyc/deg) and slightly better than those found by similar techniques in young adults. Heights of MTFs were significantly related to higher order RMS (Spearman rho = -0.926). MTFs showed a small meridional anisotropy for 3-mm pupils, with average MTF for vertical gratings (horizontal modulation) being slightly, but significantly better than for horizontal gratings (vertical modulation). There was no evidence of an oblique effect in the optics of these children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In these children, ocular optical quality is pupil dependent, shows slight meridional anisotropy and is slightly better than that for young adults.
authors.affiliation: Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore. seri_acarkeet@snec.com.sg
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carkeet
authors.forename: Seo-Wei
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Leo
authors.forename: Boo-Kian
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Khoo
authors.forename: Kah-Guan
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Au Eong
mesh_terms: D016880:Anisotropy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003315:Cornea / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011680:Pupil / Q000502:physiology*; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000503:physiopathology; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*