title: Pseudoephedrine: effects on milk production in women and estimation of infant exposure via breastmilk.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of pseudoephedrine on breast blood flow, temperature and milk production, and to estimate the likely infant dose during breastfeeding.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight lactating women (mean age 35 years and weight 69 kg) participated in a single-blind randomized crossover study of 60 mg pseudoephedrine hydrochloride vs placebo. Breast blood flow and surface temperature were measured from 0 to 4 h following the dose, and change in plasma prolactin was measured as the difference between predose and 1 h postdose concentrations. Milk production was measured for 24 h following placebo and pseudoephedrine. Infant dose of pseudoephedrine for a 60-mg dose administered four times daily to the mother was quantified as the product of average steady-state drug concentration in milk and an estimated milk production rate of 0.15 l x kg(-1) x day(-1) and expressed relative to the maternal weight-adjusted dose.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no physiologically significant changes in breast blood flow or temperature between the placebo and pseudoephedrine periods. The mean change in plasma prolactin was slightly (13.5%), but not significantly lower (t = 1.245, P = 0.253) after pseudoephedrine (1775 mU x l(-1)) compared with placebo (2014 mU x l(-1)). However, the mean milk volume was reduced by 24% from 784 ml x day(-1) in the placebo period to 623 ml x day(-1) in the pseudoephedrine period (difference between means 161 ml x day(-1) (95% CI: 63, 259 ml x day(-1)); t = 3.9, P = 0.006). Assuming maternal intake of 60 mg pseudoephedrine hydrochloride four times daily, the estimated infant dose of pseudoephedrine was 4.3% (95% CI, 3.2, 5.4%) of the weight-adjusted maternal dose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A single dose of pseudoephedrine significantly reduced milk production. This effect was not attributable to changes in blood flow, but depression of prolactin secretion may be a contributing factor. At the maximum recommended pseudoephedrine doses, the calculated infant dose delivered via milk was < 10% of the maternal dose, and is unlikely to affect the infant adversely. The ability of pseudoephedrine to suppress lactation suggests a novel use for the drug.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Imaging, Curtin University of Technology, Bentley, Western Australia.
authors.forename: Khalidah
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Aljazaf
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Hale
authors.forename: Kenneth F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Ilett
authors.forename: Peter E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Hartmann
authors.forename: Leon R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Mitoulas
authors.forename: Judith H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kristensen
authors.forename: L Peter
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Hackett
mesh_terms: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000328:Adult; D001940:Breast / Q000098:blood supply*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004809:Ephedrine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007774:Lactation / Q000187:drug effects*; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D011388:Prolactin / Q000097:blood; D012044:Regression Analysis
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D011388:Prolactin; D004809:Ephedrine