title: Protective effects of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside from blackberry extract against peroxynitrite-induced endothelial dysfunction and vascular failure.
abstract: Anthocyanins are a group of naturally occurring phenolic compounds as colorants in several plants, flowers and fruits. These pigments have a great importance as quality indicators, as chemotaxonomic markers and antioxidants. The content of blackberry (Rubus species) juice was investigated by HPLC/ESI/MS using narrow bore HPLC columns. Using this method we demonstrated that cyanidin-3-O-glucoside represents about 80% of the total anthocyanin contents in blackberry extract. Here we investigated antioxidant activity of the blackberry juice and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside on the endothelial dysfunction in cells and in vascular rings exposed to peroxynitrite. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in vitro, peroxynitrite caused a significant suppression of mitochondrial respiration (38 +/- 2.1% of control cells), as measured by the mitochondrial-dependent conversion of the dye MTT to formazan. Peroxynitrite caused DNA strand breakage (63 +/- 1.9% single strand vs 3 +/- 0.9% single strand in control cells), as measured by the alkaline unwinding assay, and caused an activation of PARS, as measured by the incorporation of radiolabeled NAD(+) to nuclear proteins. Blackberry juice (different dilutions that contained 80 ppm;40 ppm;14.5 ppm of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside) and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (as chloride) (0.085 microM; 0.028 microM; 0.0085 microM) reduced the peroxynitrite-induced suppression of mitochondrial respiration, DNA damage and PARS activation in HUVECs. Vascular rings exposed to peroxynitrite exhibited reduced endothelium-dependent relaxant responses in response to acetylcholine as well as a vascular contractility dysfunction in response to norepinephrine. The development of this peroxynitrite-induced vascular dysfunction was ameliorated by the blackberry juice (different dilutions that contained 80 ppm;40 ppm;14.5 ppm of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside) and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (as chloride) (0.085 microM;0.028 microM;0.0085 microM). In conclusion our findings clearly demonstrate that blackberry juice containing cyanidin-3-O-glucoside is a scavenger of peroxynitrite and that exert a protective effect against endothelial dysfunction and vascular failure induced by peroxynitrite.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento Clinico e Sperimentale di Medicina e Farmacologia, Torre Biologica, Policlinico Universitario, 98123 Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Serraino
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dugo
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dugo
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mondello
authors.forename: Emanuela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mazzon
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dugo
authors.forename: Achille Patrizio
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Caputi
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cuzzocrea
mesh_terms: D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004249:DNA Damage; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D005960:Glucosides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D009126:Muscle Relaxation / Q000187:drug effects; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D000975:Antioxidants; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D005960:Glucosides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; C462279:cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases