title: Postoperative pain relief after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a randomised prospective double-blind clinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The clinical value of infiltration of wounds with local anaesthetics (LA) and their intraperitoneal application for treating pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) still remain controversial. In this study the use of intraincisional and intraperitoneal LA was evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty patients were prospectively randomised into four groups. In the control group (G1) LA was not used. In G2 all wounds were infiltrated with 80 ml of 0.125 % Bupivacaine containing 5 mg of Phenylephrine. In G3 the wounds were infiltrated with 80 ml of 0.9 % NaCl. In G4, in addition to wound infiltration with Bupivacaine/Phenylephrine, 200 ml of normal saline, containing 0.15 % of Lidocaine, was left intraperitoneally under the right diaphragm. Postoperative abdominal and shoulder pain scores were recorded on a visual analogue scale (VAS) during 24 hours after LC. Narcotic analgesic consumption was also recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean abdominal pain scores were significantly lower in G2, compared with G3, 3 to 24 hours after operation, compared with G4, 3 to 6 hours and compared with G1, 3 to 24 hours (except at hour 12) after surgery. The incidence of shoulder pain was 30 %. There were no significant differences in the mean shoulder pain scores between the groups. The mean dosage and the total amount of Pethidine at 24 hours were significantly lower in G2 compared with G1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intraincisional infiltration with a Bupivacaine/Phenylephrine mixture reduces significantly abdominal postoperative pain (for up to 24 h) and narcotic analgesic consumption after LC. An intraperitoneal subdiaphragmatic dilute solution of Lidocaine was not effective in reducing overall pain and shoulder pain after LC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. urmas.lepner@kliinikum.ee
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Lepner
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goroshina
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Samarütel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008614:Meperidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010656:Phenylephrine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019987:Persons with Visual Disabilities
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D004008:Diclofenac; D010656:Phenylephrine; D008012:Lidocaine; D008614:Meperidine; D002045:Bupivacaine