title: Glucose hypometabolism in medial frontal cortex of patients with apraxia of lid opening.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether regional cerebral functional abnormalities exist in patients with apraxia of lid opening (ALO).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cerebral glucose metabolism was examined by positron emission tomography (PET) in 11 patients (8 women and 3 men, age 48-69 years); 10 with ALO accompanied by blepharospasm and 1 patient with pure ALO. Eleven normal volunteers (6 women and 5 men, age 45-66 years) were examined as controls. A comprehensive ophthalmological examination, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and PET were performed. The cerebral glucose metabolism was evaluated by the relative uptake of [fluorine-18]fluorodeoxyglucose by PET. The mean +/- two standard deviations of the normal controls was defined as the normal range for cerebral glucose metabolism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MRI revealed no particular lesion except for an infarction in the unilateral basal ganglia in two patients. Decreased glucose metabolism was observed in a wide area of the medial frontal lobe (six cases) and primary visual cortex (PVC) (four cases). Group multiple comparisons revealed a significant decrease ( P<0.0035) in the bilateral anterior cingulate gyrus, left supplementary motor area (SMA), and bilateral PVC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results support the hypothesis that ALO is associated with hypofunction in the SMA and/or anterior cingulate gyrus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima 1-chome 5-45, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8519 , Tokyo, Japan.|Positron Medical Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukihisa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima 1-chome 5-45, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8519 , Tokyo, Japan. m.kiyosawa.oph@tmd.ac.jp.|Positron Medical Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan. m.kiyosawa.oph@tmd.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Motohiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kiyosawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima 1-chome 5-45, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8519 , Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Naonori
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ohno
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima 1-chome 5-45, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8519 , Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Manabu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mochizuki
authors.affiliation: Laboratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Inaba
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hidehiro
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mizusawa
authors.affiliation: Positron Medical Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishii
authors.affiliation: Positron Medical Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Michio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Senda
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D020240:Apraxia, Ideomotor / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004576:Electromyography; D005141:Eyelid Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005947:Glucose / Q000172:deficiency*; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D005947:Glucose