title: A prospective randomized trial comparing a virtual reality simulator to bedside teaching for training in sigmoidoscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Clinical investigation using endoscopy simulators is now possible due to recent advances in virtual reality technology. A prospective randomized trial was conducted to compare the exclusive use of a virtual reality endoscopy simulator with bedside teaching for training in sigmoidoscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Internal medicine residents were randomly assigned to training exclusively using a virtual reality simulator (group 1) or via bedside teaching (group 2). Residents were then observed performing five sigmoidoscopic procedures in asymptomatic patients referred for colorectal cancer screening. Endoscopic examinations were evaluated for procedure duration, completion, ability to perform retroflexion, and level of patient comfort/discomfort. Each examination was scored from 1 (inability to insert the endoscope beyond the rectum) to 5 (able to complete the entire examination independently in less than 20 min).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-six sigmoidoscopic examinations were completed by nine residents in group 1 (simulator-trained group) and seven residents in group 2 (traditional teaching group). Participants in group 1 had more difficulty with initial endoscope insertion and negotiation of the rectosigmoid junction (mean score +/- SEM 2.9 +/- 0.2) than those in group 2 (3.8 +/- 0.2) ( P < 0.001). The splenic flexure was reached independently in 10 of 34 examinations (29 %) in group 1, compared with 23 of 32 examinations (72 %) in group 2 ( P = 0.001). Retroflexion was successfully performed by 19 of 34 (56 %) in group 1 compared to 27 of 32 (84 %) in group 2 ( P = 0.02). The average procedure time, patient satisfaction, and discomfort associated with the procedure did not differ statistically between the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of a state-of-the-art virtual reality-based endoscopy simulator is inferior to traditional bedside teaching techniques when used exclusively for training medical residents to perform sigmoidoscopy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA. lgerson@stanford.edu
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Gerson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van Dam
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012812:Sigmoidoscopy; D013663:Teaching / Q000379:methods*; D014584:User-Computer Interface