title: Outcome of carotid endarterectomy in African Americans: is race a factor?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  African American patients have been underrepresented in large-scale trials of carotid endarterectomy (CEA). Thus the role of CEA in the treatment of extracranial carotid artery occlusive disease in black patients remains unclear. We undertook this study to determine the effect of black race on early and late outcome of CEA.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review was performed of records for patients who underwent CEA from 1990 to 1999. Data on demographics, operative indications, hospital course, and long-term follow-up were obtained for each patient. Patients were stratified by race for comparison of perioperative course and late outcome. Risk factors were compared using chi(2) methods, and life table analysis was performed with Kaplan-Meier survival plots.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One thousand forty-five CEA procedures were performed during the study period, 133 (13%) in black patients and 912 (87%) in white patients. Demographic risk factors were similar in both groups, except for hypertension (P =.003), diabetes (P <.001), and renal insufficiency (P =.03), which were more prevalent in blacks. Just over half of patients had symptoms at presentation, with equal racial distribution. The perioperative stroke and death rate was 3.3% (blacks, 5.3%; whites, 3.1%; P =.19). The 8-year actuarial ipsilateral stroke rate was 7% in patients without symptoms and 8% in patients with symptoms, with no racial variation. There was, however, a racial difference in the long-term "all strokes" rate (P =.002), regardless of vascular territory. This difference was largely due to the high late stroke rate in black patients with symptoms at presentation. A Cox proportional hazards analysis showed that only black race was a significant predictor of any stroke.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CEA can be accomplished with acceptable morbidity and mortality in black patients with an expectation of similar protection from ipsilateral ischemic stroke as in white patients. Black patients, however, have a higher incidence of all strokes at long-term follow-up due to the higher risk of stroke in patients with symptoms of carotid bifurcation disease.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
authors.forename: Mark F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Conrad
authors.forename: Alexander D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Shepard
authors.forename: Keshav
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pandurangi
authors.forename: Manesh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Parikshak
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Nypaver
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: Jae-Sung
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Cho
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044383:Black People / Q000235:genetics*; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000601:surgery*; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001741:Black or African American