title: Renal blood flow measurement with contrast-enhanced harmonic ultrasonography: evaluation of dopamine-induced changes in renal cortical perfusion in humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An accessible non-invasive method for evaluating renal regional blood flow in real time is highly desirable in the clinical setting. Recent progress in ultrasonography with microbubble contrast has allowed quantification of regional blood flow in animal models.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Goal ofthis study was to establish a convenient contrast--enhanced harmonic ultrasonography (CEHU) method for evaluating renal cortical blood flow in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  We carried out intermittent second harmonic imaging in 9 healthy volunteers. Pulse interval was progressively decreased from 4 s - 0.2 s during continuous venous infusion of the microbubble contrast agent.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pulse interval versus CEHU-derived acoustic intensity plots provided microbubble velocity (MV) and fractional vascular volume (FVV) during renal cortical perfusion in humans. Low-dose dopamine infusion (2 microg/min/kg) resulted in a significant increase in MV which correlated well with the increase in total renal blood flow (RBF) determined by a conventional study of p-aminohippurate clearance (C(PAH)) (r = 0.956, p < 0.0001). Although FVV was not significantly increased, alterations in CEHU-derived renal cortical blood flow calculated by the products of MV and FVV were also correlated with alterations in total RBF (r = 0.969, p < 0.0001). Thus, low-dose dopamine infusion increases renal cortical blood flow observed in CEHU, mainly by increasing MV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study shows that renal cortical blood flow in humans can be measured non-invasively by CEHU and that CEHU can be used for quantitatively evaluating changes induced by a therapeutic agent such as dopamine in flow velocity and in FVV.
authors.affiliation: Renal Division, Department of Medicine II, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kishimoto
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishiue
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shibasaki
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Iba
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nose
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Uchiyama-Tanaka
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Masaki
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsubara
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Iwasaka
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003287:Contrast Media; D004298:Dopamine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000187:drug effects; D007672:Kidney Cortex / Q000098:blood supply; D008297:Male; D012079:Renal Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D004298:Dopamine