title: PGE(2) is generated by specific COX-2 activity and increases VEGF production in COX-2-expressing human pancreatic cancer cells.
abstract: In some cancers cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition appears to be anti-mitogenic and anti-angiogenic, but the actions of COX-derived prostaglandins in pancreatic cancer (PaCa) are unknown. In this study COX-2 was detected in three of six PaCa cell lines while COX-1 was identified in all cell lines. COX-2 expression correlated with basal and arachidonic acid (AA) stimulated PGE(2) production. PGE(2) production was inhibited by the COX-2 inhibitor nimesulide. In COX-2 expressing cells, exogenous AA and PGE(2) increased VEGF synthesis via the EP(2) receptor. Whereas PGE(2) stimulated intracellular cAMP formation in COX-2 positive and negative cells, 8-bromo cAMP stimulated VEGF production only in COX-2 expressing cells. Stimulating COX-2 expressing PaCa cell lines with AA enhanced migration of endothelial cells, an effect which was inhibited by a COX-2 inhibitor and EP(2) receptor antagonist. These data identify a subset of human PaCa cell lines that express functional COX-2 enzyme. PGE(2) generated by specific COX-2 activity increases VEGF secretion in human PaCa cells through an autocrine mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Section of Gastrointestinal Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, 72-231 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6904, USA.
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Eibl
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bruemmer
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Duffy
authors.forename: Ronald E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Law
authors.forename: Howard A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Reber
authors.forename: Oscar J
authors.initials: OJ
authors.lastname: Hines
mesh_terms: D015124:8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D016718:Arachidonic Acid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002465:Cell Movement; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism*; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008954:Models, Biological; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D010957:Plasmids / Q000378:metabolism; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008222:Lymphokines; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D013449:Sulfonamides; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D015124:8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate; D016718:Arachidonic Acid; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D015232:Dinoprostone; C012655:nimesulide