title: Indole-3-carbinol and 3-3'-diindolylmethane antiproliferative signaling pathways control cell-cycle gene transcription in human breast cancer cells by regulating promoter-Sp1 transcription factor interactions.
abstract: Indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a compound that occurs naturally in Brassica vegetables such as cabbage and broccoli, can induce a G1 cell-cycle arrest of human MCF-7 breast cancer cells that is accompanied by the selective inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (Cdk6) expression and stimulation of p21(Waf1/Cip1) gene expression. Construction and transfection of a series of promoter-reporter plasmids demonstrate that the indole-regulated changes in Cdk6 and p21(Waf1/Cip1) levels are due to specific effects on their corresponding promoters. Mutagenic analysis reveals that I3C signaling targets a composite transcriptional element in the Cdk6 promoter that requires both Sp1 and Ets transcription factors for transactivation function. Analysis of protein-DNA complexes formed with nuclear proteins isolated from I3C-treated and -untreated cells demonstrates that the Sp1 DNA element in the Cdk6 promoter interacts with an I3C-inhibited protein-protein complex that contains the Sp1 transcription factor. In indole-treated cells, a fraction of [(3)H]I3C was converted into its natural diindole product (3)H-labeled 3-3'-diindolylmethane ([(3)H]DIM), which accumulates in the nucleus; this suggests that DIM may have a role in the transcriptional activities of I3C. Mutagenic analysis of the p21(Waf1/Cip1) promoter reveals that in transfected breast cancer cells, DIM (as well as I3C) stimulates p21(Waf1/Cip1) transcription through an indole-responsive region of the promoter that contains multiple Sp1 consensus sequences. Furthermore, DIM treatment regulates the presence of a nuclear Sp1 DNA-binding activity. Our results demonstrate that both the Cdk6 and p21(Waf1/Cip1) promoters are newly defined downstream targets of the indole-signaling pathway, and that the observed transcriptional effects are due to a combination of the cellular activities of I3C and DIM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA. glfire@uclink4.berkeley.edu
authors.forename: Gary L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Firestone
authors.forename: Leonard F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Bjeldanes
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor / Q000187:drug effects*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D007211:Indoles; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor; D014157:Transcription Factors; C016517:indole-3-carbinol; C016392:3,3'-diindolylmethane