title: Biological tissue characterization by magnetic induction spectroscopy (MIS): requirements and limitations.
abstract: Magnetic induction spectroscopy (MIS) aims at the contactless measurement of the passive electrical properties (PEP) sigma, epsilon, and mu of biological tissues via magnetic fields at multiple frequencies. Whereas previous publications focus on either the conductive or the magnetic aspect of inductive measurements, this article provides a synthesis of both concepts by discussing two different applications with the same measurement system: 1) monitoring of brain edema and 2) the estimation of hepatic iron stores in certain pathologies. We derived the equations to estimate the sensitivity of MIS as a function of the PEP of biological objects. The system requirements and possible systematic errors are analyzed for a MIS-channel using a planar gradiometer (PGRAD) as detector. We studied 4 important error sources: 1) moving conductors near the PGRAD; 2) thermal drifts of the PGRAD-parameters; 3) lateral displacements of the PGRAD; and 4) phase drifts in the receiver. All errors were compared with the desirable resolution. All errors affect the detected imaginary part (mainly related to sigma) of the measured complex field much less than the real part (mainly related to epsilon and mu). Hence, the presented technique renders possible the resolution of (patho-) physiological changes of the electrical conductivity when applying highly resolving hardware and elaborate signal processing. Changes of the magnetic permeability and permittivity in biological tissues are more complicated to deal with and may require chopping techniques, e.g., periodic movement of the object.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 18, A-8010 Graz, Austria. scharfetter@bmt.tu-graz.ac.at
authors.forename: Hermann
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Scharfetter
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Casañas
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rosell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D003198:Computer Simulation; D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D017097:Electric Impedance; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism; D019190:Iron Overload / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008280:Magnetics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008954:Models, Biological; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013057:Spectrum Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D014054:Tomography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D007501:Iron