title: Modifying dyspepsia management in primary care: a cluster randomised controlled trial of educational outreach compared with passive guideline dissemination.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Quality improvement initiatives in health services rely upon the effective introduction of clinical practice guidelines. However, even well constructed guidelines have little effect unless supported by dissemination and implementation strategies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test the effectiveness of 'educational outreach' as a strategy for facilitating the uptake of dyspepsia management guidelines in primary care.
  
  
  METHODS
  A pragmatic, cluster-randomised controlled trial of guideline introduction, comparing educational outreach with postal guideline dissemination alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  One-hundred and fourteen general practices (233 general practitioners) in the Salford and Trafford Health authority catchment area in the northwest of England.
  
  
  METHODS
  All practices received guidelines by post in July 1997. The intervention group practices began to receive educational outreach three months later. This consisted of practice-based seminars with hospital specialists at which guideline recommendations were appraised, and implementation plans formulated. Seminars were followed up with 'reinforcement' visits after a further 12 weeks. Outcome measures were: (a) the appropriateness of referral for; and (b) findings at, open access upper gastrointestinal endoscopy; (c) costs of GP prescriptions for acid-suppressing drugs, and (d) the use of laboratory-based serological tests for Helicobacter pylori. Data were collected for seven months before and/or after the intervention and analysed by intention-to-treat.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (a) The proportion of appropriate referrals was higher in the intervention group in the six-month post-intervention period (practice medians: control = 50.0%, intervention = 63.9%, P < 0.05); (b) the proportion of major findings at endoscopy did not alter significantly; (c) there was a greater rise in overall expenditure on acid-suppressing drugs in the intervention as compared with the control group (+8% versus +2%, P = 0.005); and (d) the median testing rate per practice for H pylori in the post-intervention period was significantly greater in the intervention group (four versus O, P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that educational outreach may be more effective than passive guideline dissemination in changing clinical behaviour. It also demonstrates that unpredictable and unanticipated outcomes may emerge.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastrointestinal Science, Hope Hospital, Salford.
authors.forename: Gurvinder
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Banait
authors.forename: Bonnie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sibbald
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Summerton
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hann
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Talbot
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D004415:Dyspepsia / Q000628:therapy*; D004739:England; D005194:Family Practice / Q000193:education*; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006801:Humans; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000592:standards*