title: Role of PPAR-gamma ligands in neuroprotection against glutamate-induced cytotoxicity in retinal ganglion cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) is the target of the insulin sensitizing thiazolidinediones (TZDs), a class of drugs used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Glaucoma and other retinal disorders are some of the major complications in diabetes. In the present study, the role that PPAR-gamma ligands play in protecting retinal ganglion cells (RGC-5) against glutamate insult was explored.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transformed rat RGC (RGC-5 cells) and two PPAR-gamma agonists, 15-deoxy-D(12,14)-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) and troglitazone were used. RGC-5 cells were incubated with either of the PPAR-gamma ligands and were exposed to either L-glutamic acid or buthionine sulfoximine (BSO). Cell viability was determined with the neutral red dye uptake assay. Levels of PPAR-gamma receptor proteins were monitored by immunoblot analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Glutamate treatment resulted in RGC-5 cell death, and both 15d-PGJ2 and troglitazone protected the RGC-5 cells from glutamate cytotoxicity. The neuroprotective concentrations of both compounds ranged from approximately 1 to 5 micro M. Troglitazone further protected against BSO toxicity, whereas 15d-PGJ2 did not. Glutamate treatment appears to exert its cytotoxicity through oxidative damage, because pretreatment of RGC-5 cells with the antioxidants N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) and thiourea resulted in the reversal of glutamate cytotoxicity. Furthermore, the glutamate effect was not reversed by pretreatment with MK801 or DL-threo-betabenzyloxyaspartate (DL-TBOA), suggesting that glutamate cytotoxicity is not mediated through the NMDA receptor and/or glutamate transporter, respectively. Levels of PPAR-gamma receptor protein did not show any appreciable change in response to glutamate exposure, with or without 15d-PGJ2 or troglitazone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Two PPAR-gamma ligands, 15d-PGJ2 and troglitazone, protect RGC-5, an established transformed rat retinal ganglion cell line, against glutamate cytotoxicity. The neuroprotective effects of the two compounds appear to be mediated through an antioxidant rather than a PPAR-gamma-dependent pathway. These results suggest that PPAR-gamma agonists, in addition to improving insulin sensitivity, may also provide a valuable antioxidant benefit that could prove valuable in targeting ocular complications including glaucoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, USA.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aoun
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Simpkins
authors.forename: Neeraj
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Agarwal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019328:Buthionine Sulfoximine / Q000633:toxicity; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D002470:Cell Survival; D002839:Chromans / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019610:Cytoprotection; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000633:toxicity*; D008024:Ligands; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015230:Prostaglandin D2 / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000819:agonists / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000819:agonists / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D000077288:Troglitazone
chemical_list: C097240:15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2; D000975:Antioxidants; D002839:Chromans; D008024:Ligands; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D013844:Thiazoles; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D014157:Transcription Factors; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D019328:Buthionine Sulfoximine; D000077288:Troglitazone; D015230:Prostaglandin D2