title: Relationship of walking to mortality among US adults with diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Walking is associated with reduced diabetes incidence, but few studies have examined whether it reduces mortality among those who already have diabetes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the association between walking and the risk for all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality among persons with diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study of a representative sample of the US population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interviewer-administered survey in the general community.
  
  
  METHODS
  We sampled 2896 adults 18 years and older with diabetes as part of the 1990 and 1991 National Health Interview Survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  All-cause and CVD mortality for 8 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with inactive individuals, those who walked at least 2 h/wk had a 39% lower all-cause mortality rate (hazard rate ratio [HRR], 0.61; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.48-0.78; 2.8% vs 4.4% per year) and a 34% lower CVD mortality rate (HRR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.45-0.96; 1.4% vs 2.1% per year). We controlled for sex, age, race, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters), smoking, and comorbid conditions. The mortality rates were lowest for persons who walked 3 to 4 h/wk (all-cause mortality HRR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.29-0.71; CVD mortality HRR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.24-0.91) and for those who reported that their walking involved moderate increases in heart and breathing rates (all-cause mortality HRR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.41-0.80; CVD mortality HRR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.43-1.09). The protective association of physical activity was observed for persons of varying sex, age, race, body mass index, diabetes duration, comorbid conditions, and physical limitations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Walking was associated with lower mortality across a diverse spectrum of adults with diabetes. One death per year may be preventable for every 61 people who could be persuaded to walk at least 2 h/wk.
authors.affiliation: Division of Diabetes Translation, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA. edg7@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Edward W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Gregg
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Gerzoff
authors.forename: Carl J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Caspersen
authors.forename: David F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: K M Venkat
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Narayan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D016138:Walking