title: Long-term mortality in nationwide cohorts of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes in Japan and Finland.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study compares mortality from type 1 diabetes in Japan and Finland and examines the effects of sex, age at diagnosis, and calendar time period of diagnosis on mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with type 1 diabetes from Japan (n = 1,408) and Finland (n = 5,126), diagnosed from 1965 through 1979, at age <18 years, were followed until 1994. Mortality was estimated with and without adjustment for that of the general population to assess absolute and relative mortality using Cox proportional hazard models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall mortality rates in Japan and Finland were 607 (95% CI 510-718) and 352 (315-393), respectively, per 100,000 person-years; standardized mortality ratios were 12.9 (10.8-15.3) and 3.7 (3.3-4.1), respectively. Absolute mortality was higher for men than for women in Finland, but relative mortality was higher for women than for men in both cohorts. Absolute mortality was higher in both cohorts among those whose diabetes was diagnosed during puberty, but relative mortality did not show any significant difference by age at diagnosis in either cohort. In Japan, both absolute and relative mortality were higher among those whose diagnosis was in the 1960s rather than the 1970s.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mortality from type 1 diabetes was higher in Japan compared with Finland. The increased risk of death from type 1 diabetes seems to vary by sex, age at diagnosis, and calendar time period of diagnosis. Further investigation, especially on cause-specific mortality, is warranted in the two countries.
authors.affiliation: Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Asao
authors.forename: Cinzia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sarti
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Forsen
authors.forename: Valma
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hyttinen
authors.forename: Rimei
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsushima
authors.forename: Antti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reunanen
authors.forename: Jaakko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tuomilehto
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tajima
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D011336:Probability; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D016019:Survival Analysis