title: Automated three-dimensional analysis of particle measurements using an optical profilometer and image analysis software.
abstract: The automated collection of topographic images from an optical profilometer coupled with existing image analysis software offers the unique ability to quantify three-dimensional particle morphology. Optional software available with most optical profilers permits automated collection of adjacent topographic images of particles dispersed onto a suitable substrate. Particles are recognized in the image as a set of continuous pixels with grey-level values above the grey level assigned to the substrate, whereas particle height or thickness is represented in the numerical differences between these grey levels. These images are loaded into remote image analysis software where macros automate image processing, and then distinguish particles for feature analysis, including standard two-dimensional measurements (e.g. projected area, length, width, aspect ratios) and third-dimensional measurements (e.g. maximum height, mean height). Feature measurements from each calibrated image are automatically added to cumulative databases and exported to a commercial spreadsheet or statistical program for further data processing and presentation. An example is given that demonstrates the superiority of quantitative three-dimensional measurements by optical profilometry and image analysis in comparison with conventional two-dimensional measurements for the characterization of pharmaceutical powders with plate-like particles.
authors.affiliation: Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, PO Box 191, Norwich, NY 13815, U.S.A. bullman.v@pg.com
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bullman
mesh_terms: D005898:Glass / Q000032:analysis; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods*; D008863:Microspheres; D055095:Optics and Photonics / Q000295:instrumentation; D010316:Particle Size; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012984:Software; D013499:Surface Properties