title: Analysis of Vibrio vulnificus from market oysters and septicemia cases for virulence markers.
abstract: Representative encapsulated strains of Vibrio vulnificus from market oysters and oyster-associated primary septicemia cases (25 isolates each) were tested in a blinded fashion for potential virulence markers that may distinguish strains from these two sources. These isolates were analyzed for plasmid content, for the presence of a 460-bp amplicon by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA PCR, and for virulence in subcutaneously (s.c.) inoculated, iron-dextran-treated mice. Similar percentages of market oyster and clinical isolates possessed detectable plasmids (24 and 36%, respectively), produced the 460-bp amplicon (45 and 50%, respectively), and were judged to be virulent in the mouse s.c. inoculation-iron-dextran model (88% for each). Therefore, it appears that nearly all V. vulnificus strains in oysters are virulent and that genetic tests for plasmids and specific PCR size amplicons cannot distinguish between fully virulent and less virulent strains or between clinical and environmental isolates. The inability of these methods to distinguish food and clinical V. vulnificus isolates demonstrates the need for alternative subtyping approaches and virulence assays.
authors.affiliation: Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Dauphin Island, AL 36528, USA. adepaola@cfsan.fda.gov
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: DePaola
authors.forename: Jessica L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Nordstrom
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dalsgaard
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Forslund
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oliver
authors.forename: Tonya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bates
authors.forename: Keri L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Bourdage
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Gulig
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000382:microbiology*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D007505:Iron-Dextran Complex / Q000008:administration & dosage; D051379:Mice; D010125:Ostreidae / Q000382:microbiology*; D010957:Plasmids; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D019105:Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique; D014735:Vibrio Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D041261:Vibrio vulnificus / Q000145:classification* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D007505:Iron-Dextran Complex