title: Psychopathological features in Alzheimer's disease: course and relationship with cognitive status.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the course, clinical correlates, and relationship between cognitive status and psychopathological features in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) followed over a 5-year period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort study with follow-up of 5 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were recruited at three sites: 91 patients at Columbia Medical Center, 84 at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and 61 at Massachusetts General Hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients diagnosed with probable AD (n = 236) enrolled in a longitudinal study (Predictors study).
  
  
  METHODS
  Wandering/agitation, physical aggression, hallucinations, and delusions were evaluated at 6-month intervals using the Columbia Scale for Psychopathology in Alzheimer's Disease. Descriptive analyses were used to provide estimates of prevalence and course of psychopathological features. General estimating equations determined the odds of having any of the four psychopathological behaviors as a function of cognitive status. Markov analyses provided 6-month transition probabilities for psychopathological behaviors given patients' cognitive status and the presence or absence of such behaviors in the previous evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For wandering/agitation, prevalence (39-57%) and persistence increased as a function of time and decrement in cognitive status. Physical aggression was less prevalent (6-22%) and increased as a function of cognitive decline but tended to persist only in the more severely impaired patients. Delusions (34-49%) reached a peak at the second year and then declined. The odds of delusions were maximal with intermediate decline but remained persistent regardless of cognitive status. Hallucinations, despite some fluctuations, were relatively stable during the follow-up period (8-17%) and moderately persistent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Psychopathological features, particularly wandering/agitation and delusions, in AD were common throughout the disease course. The natural history and persistence of the four psychopathological features varied. These findings provide important information to clinicians and caregivers regarding the course, predictability, and possible treatment of psychopathological behaviors in patients with probable AD.
authors.affiliation: Sergievsky Center, New York, New York 10032, USA.
authors.forename: Roee
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Holtzer
authors.forename: Ming-Xin
authors.initials: MX
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Devanand
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.forename: Domonick J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Wegesin
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Marder
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: Marilyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brandt
authors.forename: Yaakov
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Stern
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors