title: IL-2-based immunotherapy after autologous transplantation for lymphoma and breast cancer induces immune activation and cytokine release: a phase I/II trial.
abstract: We determined the safety, immune activating effects, and potential efficacy of i.v. infusion of ex vivo interleukin-2 (IL-2) activated natural killer (NK) cells (part I) or IL-2 boluses (part II) during daily s.c. IL-2 administration following hematopoietic recovery from autologous transplantation. In all, 57 patients with relapsed lymphoma (n=29) or metastatic breast cancer (n=28) were enrolled. In part I of the study, 34 patients were enrolled at three dose levels of ex vivo IL-2-activated NK cells. Lymphaphereses were performed on days 28 and 42 of s.c. IL-2 administration. Following overnight ex vivo IL-2 activation of the pheresis product, the cells were reinfused the following day. In part II, 23 patients were enrolled at three dose levels of supplemental i.v. IL-2 bolus infusions, given on days 28 and 35 during s.c. IL-2 administration. Toxicities were generally mild, and no patient required hospitalization. Lytic function was markedly enhanced for fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) obtained 1 day postinfusion of either IL-2-activated cells or IL-2 boluses. IL-2 boluses transiently increased the levels of IL-6, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha and IL1-beta, with increases in IL-6 and IFN-gamma being dose dependent. A total of 37 patients (19 patients with lymphoma, 18 with breast cancer) treated with an optimum dose of post-transplant immunotherapy (defined as having received 1.75 x 10(6) IU/m(2)/day of s.c. IL-2 plus at least one of the planned ex vivo IL-2-activated cell infusions/IL-2 boluses) could be matched with controls from the Autologous Blood and Marrow Transplant Registry database. The matched-pairs analysis demonstrated no improvement in disease outcomes of survival and relapse. We conclude that IL-2-activated cells/IL-2 boluses can be safely administered, generate PBMNCs with enhanced cytotoxicity against NK-resistant targets, and increase cytokine levels. With this dose and schedule of administration of IL-2, no improvement in patient disease outcomes was noted. Alternative strategies will be needed to exploit the immunotherapeutic potential of IL-2-activated NK cells.
authors.affiliation: Blood and Marrow Transplant Program and Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Mayo Mail Code 286, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Weisdorf
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: DeFor
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Vesole
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Repka
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Blazar
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Burger
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Panoskaltsis-Mortari
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Keever-Taylor
authors.forename: M-J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000187:drug effects; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000633:toxicity; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000637:transplantation; D017710:Lymphocyte Transfusion; D008223:Lymphoma / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D016555:Matched-Pair Analysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007376:Interleukin-2