title: Pharmacokinetics of nelfinavir and indinavir in HIV-1-infected pregnant women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Protease inhibitor (PI)-based combination antiretroviral therapy is often indicated for treatment of maternal HIV disease, but little is known about PI pharmacokinetics during pregnancy. Increased cytochrome P450 activity may affect the disposition of PI and decrease drug exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Steady-state PI pharmacokinetics, measured by the area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC(tau)), were evaluated in women on stable antiretroviral regimens containing nelfinavir (n = 9) or indinavir (n = 4) with or without ritonavir (n = 2) during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy and postpartum. Cytochrome P450 activity was assessed by measuring the urine 6 beta-hydroxycortisol to cortisol ratio (6 beta-OHF/F).
  
  
  RESULTS
  AUC(tau) in women on indinavir alone decreased and 6 beta-OHF/F ratios increased during pregnancy compared with postpartum control values (n = 2). Nelfinavir results demonstrated no clear change and were highly variable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results for indinavir suggest that metabolic induction occurs during pregnancy, which apparently resolves spontaneously postpartum. This may warrant dosage adjustment during pregnancy. This induction is offset by concomitant use of ritonavir. Nelfinavir results were variable and, therefore, the impact of pregnancy on nelfinavir disposition was not fully determined.
authors.affiliation: Drug Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, 94143, USA.
authors.forename: Bradley W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Kosel
authors.forename: Karen P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Beckerman
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Homma
authors.forename: Francesca T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Aweeka
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine / Q000821:virology; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000097:blood*; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000652:urine; D019469:Indinavir / Q000097:blood; D019888:Nelfinavir / Q000097:blood; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine / Q000821:virology; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; C001380:6 beta-hydroxycortisol; D019469:Indinavir; D019888:Nelfinavir; D006854:Hydrocortisone