title: Femoral endarteritis associated with percutaneous suture closure: new technology, challenging complications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Use of percutaneous suture closure devices after catheter-based interventions is increasing. We recently have seen several severe femoral arterial wall infections after use of such devices. The purpose of this study was to examine the incidence, comorbid associations, and management of femoral arterial infections associated with percutaneous suture closure devices.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed all infectious complications that occurred after 2223 consecutive cardiac catheterization procedures performed over 12 months in a university-affiliated community teaching hospital. Outcome variables included demographics, procedural details, infection, type of arterial reconstruction required, mortality, and limb loss.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During this study, 822 patients received percutaneous suture devices. Infection developed in 6 patients (0.7%). The incidence of diabetes in the population undergoing percutaneous suture closure was 219 of 822 patients (26.6%). Three comorbid conditions, noted in multiple patients with infectious complications, included diabetes mellitus, obesity, and placement of a percutaneous suture closure device within the past 6 months. Invasive femoral endarteritis developed in 4 patients. Gram-positive cocci predominated in 4 patients. In 1 patient with polymicrobial infection catastrophic complications developed, including multiple anastomotic ruptures and hemorrhage. A new method of repair that incorporated double-thickness everted saphenous vein was used in 2 patients, and safe arterial closure was achieved. There was 1 late fatality on postoperative day 36. Limb salvage was achieved in all patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Femoral endarteritis complicating percutaneous suture closure is a challenging new problem for vascular surgeons and can result in catastrophic complications. Customary techniques that use saphenous vein patch or interposition grafting are not adequate in all circumstances. Successful outcome requires operative exploration in patients with suspected infection. Removal of the percutaneous suture closure device and debridement to normal arterial wall is recommended in all patients with suspected femoral endarteritis, based on positive intraoperative Gram stains or abnormal appearance of the adjacent femoral artery. Early success with an autologous bolstered repair is reported. Caution is advised when considering the use of a percutaneous suture closure device in patients with comorbid conditions including diabetes, obesity, and previously implanted devices.
authors.affiliation: Colorado Permanente Medical Group, Division of Vascular Surgery, Exempla Saint Joseph Hospital Department of Surgery, and The University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80205, USA. hwhollis@attbi.com
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Whitton Hollis
authors.forename: Thomas F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Rehring
mesh_terms: D001167:Arteritis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000382:microbiology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D012086:Reoperation / Q000009:adverse effects; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013536:Suture Techniques / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation