title: Gapping phenomenon of longitudinal meniscal tears.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the gapping behaviour of longitudinal meniscal tears.
  
  
  METHODS
  The gap size of longitudinal meniscal tears was measured in porcine knee joints under various joint loading conditions.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Many meniscal fixation implants have low pull out forces. However, it is unknown if these forces are less than the forces the implants must resist in vivo. It is also unknown if gapping occurs in longitudinally torn menisci and what joint loads induce gapping.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal tears were set in the medial menisci of eight porcine knee joints. To observe the tears an opaque placeholder of the same shape as the original articular surface replaced the medial tibial plateau. The knees were exposed to flexion-extension cycles in a loading and motion simulator under 30 and 200 N axial joint load without external moments, under tibial rotation moments, varus or valgus moments, and combined moments. For each load condition the maximum gap of the tear was registered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maximum gapping (1.59 mm, SD 0.47) occurred in the 3 cm tear at 200 N axial joint load under the combination of a valgus and external rotation moment. An internal tibial rotation moment produced the smallest gaps in tears of any length and at any axial joint load.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The maximum gap size found in this study and the previously published pull out stiffnesses of meniscal fixation implants reveal maximum forces on the implant in vivo of only 8.4 N. This explains why meniscal tears fixed with implants of low pull out strength can heal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current study shows that moderate joint loads only lead to small gaps of meniscal tears. Clinically, this means that fixation implants of low pull out strength are not in danger of failure in a normal rehabilitation regimen.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, University of Ulm, Helmholtzstrasse 14, 89081 Ulm, Germany. lutz.duerselen@medizin.uni-ulm.de
authors.forename: Lutz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dürselen
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hebisch
authors.forename: Lutz E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Claes
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bauer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D008592:Menisci, Tibial / Q000502:physiology; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D012421:Rupture; D013552:Swine; D013718:Tensile Strength; D000070600:Tibial Meniscus Injuries; D014945:Wound Healing