title: In vitro percutaneous absorption of cobalt.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate skin absorption of cobalt powder in an in vitro system. Experiments with volunteers show that cobalt powder can permeate through the skin, but there are no data with regard to the mechanism or the amount of permeation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Skin permeation was calculated by the Franz diffusion cell method with human skin. A physiological solution was used as receiving phase and the cobalt powder was dispersed in synthetic sweat. The amount of metal passing through the skin was analysed by electro-thermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS). Parallel polarographic analysis (differential pulse polarography-DPP) allowed evaluation of cobalt present as ions (Co(2+)) in donor and receiving phases. Measurements of cobalt skin content were also performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Evaluation of metal in the receiving phase allowed us to demonstrate the permeation of cobalt through the skin. Steady-state flow of percutaneous cobalt permeation was calculated as 0.0123+/-0.0054 microg cm(-2) h(-1), with a lag time of 1.55+/-0.71 h.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The experiments show that cobalt powder can pass through the skin when applied as a dispersion in synthetic sweat, oxidising metallic cobalt into ions, which permeate the skin. These experiments show for the first time how cobalt can permeate the skin.
authors.affiliation: UCO Medicina del Lavoro, Università di Trieste, Via della Pietà 19, 34129 Trieste, Italy. larese@univ.trieste.it
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Larese Filon
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maina
authors.forename: Gianpiero
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Adami
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Venier
authors.forename: Nicoletta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Coceani
authors.forename: Rossana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bussani
authors.forename: Marilena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Massiccio
authors.forename: Pierluigi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Barbieri
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Spinelli
mesh_terms: D003035:Cobalt / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007558:Italy; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D012869:Skin Absorption; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic
chemical_list: D003035:Cobalt