title: [Radio and microwave frequency radiation and health--an analysis of the literature].
abstract: This paper gives an overview of present scientific knowledge in health research on the effects from radio and microwave frequency radiation, at levels to which the general population is typically exposed. The review is based on human experimental and epidemiological studies investigating the effects of radiation in the frequency range between 100 kHz and 10 GHz. The relevant studies were identified via systematic searches of the databases Medline and ISI Web of Science. The review concludes that the existing scientific knowledge base is too limited to draw final conclusions on the health risk from exposure in the low-dose range. Only few studies have investigated the effect of long-term exposure on the general population in the normal environment. Accordingly, little can be predicted regarding long-term health risks. Various studies observed an increased risk for tumours in the hematopoietic and lymphatic tissue of people living in the proximity of TV and radio broadcast transmitters. However, methodological limitations to these studies have been identified and their findings are controversial. In studies of a possible association between brain tumours and mobile phone use, the average period mobile phones use was short compared to the known latency period of brain tumours. Although these studies did not establish an overall increased risk of brain tumours associated with mobile phone use, there were some indications of an association. Immediate effects associated with mobile phone use have been observed in human experimental studies that cannot be explained by conventional thermal mechanisms. The observed effects are within the normal physiological range and are therefore hard to interpret with respect to an increased risk to health. However, it can be concluded that mechanisms other than the established thermal mechanisms exist. Because of the present fragmentary scientific database, a precautionary approach when dealing with radio and microwave frequency radiation is recommended for the individual and the general population.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Sozial- und Präventivmedizin der Universität Basel, Switzerland. Roeoesli@ispm.unibe.ch
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Röösli
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rapp
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Braun-Fahrländer
mesh_terms: D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000209:etiology; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000528:radiation effects; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D040421:Cell Phone; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007953:Leukemia, Radiation-Induced / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008872:Microwaves / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000209:etiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011830:Radiation Effects; D011846:Radio Waves / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D013997:Time Factors