title: Infective endocarditis in dialysis patients: new challenges and old.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Since the 1960s chronic hemodialysis (HD) has been recognized as a risk factor for the development of infective endocarditis (IE). Historically, it has been particularly associated with vascular access via dual lumen catheters. We wished to examine the risk factors for, and consequences of, IE in the modern dialysis era.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cases of IE (using the Duke criteria) at St. Thomas' Hospital (1980 to 1995), Guy's (1995 to 2002), and King's College Hospitals (1996 to 2002) were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-eight patients were identified as having developed IE (30 episodes of IE). Twenty-seven patients were on long-term HD and one patient was on peritoneal dialysis (PD). Mean age was 54.1 years, and mean duration of HD prior to IE was 46.3 months. Eight patients were diabetic. Primary HD hemoaccess was an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) in 41.3%, a dual-lumen tunneled catheter (DLTC) in 37.9%, a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) graft in 10.3%, and a dual- lumen non-tunneled catheter (DLNTC) in 4%. The presumed source of sepsis was directly related to hemoaccess in 25 HD patients: DLTC in 48%; AVF in 32%; PTFE in 12%; and DLNTC in 4%. Staphylococcus aureus[including methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)] was present in 63.3%. The mitral valve was affected in 41.4% of patients, aortic valve in 37.9% of patients, and both valves were affected in 17.2% of patients. Of note, 51.7% of patients had an abnormal valve before the episode of IE. In 15 cases surgery was undertaken. Fourteen patients survived to discharge, and 12 survived for 30 days. In 15 cases antibiotic treatment alone was employed; in this case, eight patients died and seven survived to discharge.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the largest reported confirmed IE series in dialysis patients. Infective endocarditis in HD patients remains a challenging problem-although hemoaccess via dual-lumen catheters remains a significant risk, many cases developed in patients with AVFs and this group suffered the greatest mortality. An abnormal valve (frequently calcified) was another risk factor; because valve calcification is now common after 5 years on dialysis, more effort in preventing this avoidable form of ectopic calcification may reduce the risk of developing IE.
authors.affiliation: Renal Unit, Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Doulton
authors.forename: Nikhant
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sabharwal
authors.forename: Hugh S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Cairns
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schelenz
authors.forename: Susannah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eykyn
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: O'Donnell
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chambers
authors.forename: Conell
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Austen
authors.forename: David J A
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Goldsmith
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001024:Aortic Valve Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D004452:Echocardiography; D004697:Endocarditis, Bacterial / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008946:Mitral Valve Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D010531:Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*