title: Image-guided craniotomy for cerebral metastases: techniques and outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the present study was to analyze the outcomes after craniotomies for brain metastases in a modern series using image-guided technologies either in the regular operating room or in the intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neurosurgical outcomes were analyzed for 49 patients who underwent 55 image-guided craniotomies for excision of brain metastases during a 5-year period. Tumors were located in critical and noncritical function regions of the brain. A total of 23 craniotomies for tumors in critical brain were performed using intravenous sedation anesthesia; craniotomies for noncritical function brain regions were completed under general anesthesia. The patients were also divided into Radiation Therapy Oncology Group recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) classes on the basis of age, Karnofsky Performance Scale scores, state of primary disease, and presence or absence of extracranial metastases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no perioperative mortality. Gross total resection, as verified by postoperative contrast-enhanced computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, was achieved in 96% of patients. The median anesthesia time was 4.25 hours, and the median length of hospital stay was 3 days. In 51 symptomatic cases, there was complete resolution of symptoms in 70% (n = 36), improvement in 14% (n = 7), and no change in 12% (n = 6) postoperatively. No patient who was neurologically intact preoperatively deteriorated after surgery, and 93% of patients maintained or improved their functional status. Only two patients (3.6%) with significant preoperative deficits had increased long-term deficits postoperatively. The mean follow-up was 1 year, and the local recurrence rate was 16%. The median survival of the entire group was 16.23 months (17.5 mo in RPA Class I, 22.9 mo in RPA Class II, and 9.8 mo in RPA Class III).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gross total resection of brain metastases, including those involving critical function areas, can be safely achieved with a low morbidity rate using contemporary image-guided systems. RPA Class I and II patients with controlled primary disease benefit from aggressive treatment by surgery and radiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Tze-Ching
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McL Black
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery*; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D017567:Karnofsky Performance Status; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted; D013997:Time Factors