title: Artemisinin autoinduction is caused by involvement of cytochrome P450 2B6 but not 2C9.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our goal was to investigate whether artemisinin autoinduction is caused by an increase in cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2B6 or CYP2C9 activities, we evaluated the effects of multiple-dose artemisinin administration on S-mephenytoin N-demethylation in healthy subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen subjects, 6 poor metabolizers of CYP2C19 and 8 extensive metabolizers, received a single oral dose of 200 mg racemic mephenytoin (CYP2B6 in vivo marker) before (day -28) and during multiple-dose artemisinin administration (250 mg/d orally for 9 days and 500 mg on the tenth day). A 500-mg single dose of artemisinin was administered on day -28. The CYP2C9 in vivo marker tolbutamide was administered on day -28 and on days 7, 12, and 17 to monitor the minor involvement of CYP2C9 in S-mephenytoin N-demethylation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Artemisinin oral clearance increased 5.3-fold (P <.001) by the tenth day of administration. Its pharmacokinetics was not different in the 2 CYP2C19 phenotypes. The oral clearance of R-mephenytoin increased 1.7-fold (P <.05) in both phenotypes during the period of artemisinin administration. The area under the concentration-time curve ratio of S-nirvanol/S-mephenytoin, an index of CYP2B6 activity, increased 1.9-fold (P <.05) in CYP2C19 poor metabolizers during artemisinin multiple-dose administration, whereas the urinary excretion ratio of hydroxytolbutamide plus carboxytolbutamide/tolbutamide remained constant during the study period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that artemisinin induces the N-demethylation of S-mephenytoin probably by an increased capacity of CYP2B6. The autoinduction phenomenon of artemisinin may, therefore, be attributed, at least in part, to induction of CYP2B6, because this is the isozyme primarily involved in its metabolism. In addition, artemisinin alters the disposition of R-mephenytoin by an unidentified isozyme.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Therapy, Uppsala University, Sweden. ulrika.simonsson@farmbio.uu.se
authors.forename: Ulrika S H
authors.initials: US
authors.lastname: Simonsson
authors.forename: Britt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jansson
authors.forename: Trinh Ngoc
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Hai
authors.forename: Dinh Xuan
authors.initials: DX
authors.lastname: Huong
authors.forename: Gunnel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tybring
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ashton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019540:Area Under Curve; D037621:Artemisinins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D065702:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6; D065731:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D010089:Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating; D010641:Phenotype; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D037621:Artemisinins; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; C031327:artemisinin; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; C450260:CYP2C9 protein, human; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; C585599:CYP2B6 protein, human; C045793:CYP2C19 protein, human; D065702:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6; D065731:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19; D010089:Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating