title: Characteristic substructures and properties in chemical carcinogens studied by the cascade model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chemical carcinogenicity is an important subject in health and environmental sciences, and a reliable method is expected to identify characteristic factors for carcinogenicity. The predictive toxicology challenge (PTC) 2000-2001 has provided the opportunity for various data mining methods to evaluate their performance. The cascade model, a data mining method developed by the author, has the capability to mine for local correlations in data sets with a large number of attributes. The current paper explores the effectiveness of the method on the problem of chemical carcinogenicity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rodent carcinogenicity of 417 compounds examined by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) was used as the training set. The analysis by the cascade model, for example, could obtain a rule 'Highly flexible molecules are carcinogenic, if they have no hydrogen bond acceptors in halogenated alkanes and alkenes'. Resulting rules are applied to predict the activity of 185 compounds examined by the FDA. The ROC analysis performed by the PTC organizers has shown that the current method has excellent predictive power for the female rat data.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The binary program of DISCAS 2.1 and samples of input data sets on Windows PC are available at http://www.clab.kwansei.ac.jp/mining/discas/discas.html upon request from the author.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Summary of prediction results and cross validations is accessible via http://www.clab.kwansei.ac.jp/~okada/BIJ/BIJsupple.htm. Used rules and the prediction results for each molecule are also provided.
authors.affiliation: Center for Information & Media Studies, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1-1-155 Uegahara, Nishinomiya, 662-8501, Japan. okada-office@ksc.kwansei.ac.jp
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okada
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D015197:Carcinogenicity Tests / Q000379:methods*; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D003625:Data Collection; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006078:Government Programs / Q000458:organization & administration; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008954:Models, Biological; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced*; D051381:Rats; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012737:Sex Factors; D013045:Species Specificity; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014116:Toxicology / Q000379:methods; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens