title: Visual function in breast-fed term infants weaned to formula with or without long-chain polyunsaturates at 4 to 6 months: a randomized clinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Breast-fed infants receive docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) in their diet. Upon weaning, infants lose this dietary source of long-chain polyunsaturates because many commercial formulas do not contain these important constituents for neural membrane biogenesis. We evaluated the benefits of postweaning dietary supplementation of DHA + ARA on visual maturation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy term infants (n = 61) were breast-fed to 4 to 6 months, then were randomly assigned to commercial formula or formula supplemented with DHA (0.36%) + ARA (0.72%). Measurements of red blood cell (RBC) fatty acids, visually evoked potential (VEP) acuity, and stereoacuity were done before and after weaning.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 1 year of age, RBC-DHA in the commercial formula-fed group was reduced by 50% from the weaning level, whereas there was a 24% increase in the DHA + ARA-supplemented group. The primary outcome measure, VEP acuity, was significantly more mature in supplemented infants at 1 year of age. Elevated RBC-DHA levels were associated with more mature VEP acuity. There were no significant diet-related differences in stereoacuity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data extend through the first year of life the critical period in which a dietary supply of DHA and ARA can contribute in optimizing visual development in term infants.
authors.affiliation: Retina Foundation of the Southwest, Dallas, Texas 75231, USA. dhoffman@retinafoundation.org
authors.forename: Dennis R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: Eileen E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Birch
authors.forename: Yolanda S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Castañeda
authors.forename: Sherry L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Fawcett
authors.forename: Dianna H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Wheaton
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Birch
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Uauy
mesh_terms: D016718:Arachidonic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001942:Breast Feeding; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000737:chemistry; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007225:Infant Food; D014792:Visual Acuity; D014886:Weaning
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D016718:Arachidonic Acid