title: Rapid spread of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae among high-risk hospital inpatients and the role of molecular typing in outbreak confirmation.
abstract: This study describes an outbreak of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae among patients on an ear, nose and throat (ENT) ward. Over a period of 10 days, S. pneumoniae [penicillin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 0.75] was isolated from a total of seven patients with symptoms and signs of lower respiratory tract infection. Standard source isolation was implemented and the ward was closed to admissions and discharges. Screening of nasopharyngeal secretions was undertaken on all patients and staff contacts. Three patients (of eight possible contacts) and none of the staff (47 screened) were identified as colonized with the same strain. Nasal mupirocin and oral rifampicin were administered to carriers. Confirmation of the outbreak was achieved rapidly using a contemporary molecular typing method (pulsed-field gel electrophoresis) and timely introduction of infection control measures successfully contained the outbreak. Implications for pneumococcal vaccination are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK. markwi@pathology.leeds.ac.uk
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Subramanian
authors.forename: J A T
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sandoe
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Keer
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Wilcox
mesh_terms: D002353:Carrier State / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000635:transmission*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000635:transmission*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field / Q000379:methods*; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods; D008403:Mass Screening; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000382:microbiology; D010356:Patient Isolation; D010403:Penicillin Resistance; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000635:transmission*; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000635:transmission*; D015183:Restriction Mapping / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D012703:Serotyping / Q000379:methods; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000235:genetics; D014132:Trachea / Q000382:microbiology; D014611:Vaccination
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial