title: Downregulation of nuclear expression of the p33(ING1b) inhibitor of growth protein in invasive carcinoma of the breast.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The inhibitor of growth gene 1 (ING1) is a modulator of cell cycle checkpoints, apoptosis, and cellular senescence. The most widely expressed ING1 isoform is p33(ING1b), which can modulate p53, a molecule that is frequently altered in breast cancer. Reduced ING1 mRNA expression has been observed in primary breast cancer expressing wild-type p53.
  
  
  METHODS
  p33(ING1b), p53, oestrogen receptor (ER), and progesterone receptor (PgR) expression was studied in 86 primary invasive breast cancers using immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reduced nuclear expression of p33(ING1b) was found in cancer cells, both in intensity and the proportion of cells staining. This was associated with enhanced cytoplasmic p33(ING1b) expression in a proportion of cases. Analysis of several known biological factors indicated that high grade tumours were of larger size and more often negative for ER and PgR expression. However, larger tumours were more frequently p53 negative. These results provide evidence that p33(ING1b) alterations are associated with more poorly differentiated tumours. Positive correlations were found between nuclear p33(ING1b) expression and both ER and PgR expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Optimum function of p53 is dependent on p33(ING1b) so that a reduction of nuclear p33(ING1b) expression, as seen in this series, would be predicted to compromise p53 function. This study showed that p33(ING1b) alterations were associated with more poorly differentiated tumours. Therefore, p33(ING1b) expression could be used as a marker of differentiation in invasive breast cancer. These results support the view that loss of p33(ING1b) may be an important molecular event in the differentiation and pathogenesis of invasive breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Science, Umm Alqura University, PO Box 6707, Makkah, Saudi Arabia. ghassan9@aol.com
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Nouman
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Crosier
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shrimankar
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lunec
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Angus
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000473:pathology; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000473:pathology; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000737:chemistry*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D005260:Female; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D000076023:Inhibitor of Growth Protein 1; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000032:analysis; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000032:analysis; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C501503:ING1 protein, human; D000076023:Inhibitor of Growth Protein 1; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011506:Proteins; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins