title: Clostridium botulinum type D intoxication in a dairy herd in Ontario.
abstract: Thirty-four Holstein cows died after exposure to Clostridium botulinum type D toxin, presumably from contaminated haylage. The presence of type D toxin in ruminal contents was confirmed by mouse inoculation. This is the first confirmation by direct toxin isolation of C. botulinum type D toxin in cattle in North America.
authors.affiliation: Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000382:microbiology*; D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay / Q000662:veterinary; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001906:Botulism / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000662:veterinary*; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000401:mortality; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination; D051379:Mice; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D012417:Rumen / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: C096325:botulinum toxin type D; D001905:Botulinum Toxins