Contaminant exposure and effects in pinnipeds: implications for Steller sea lion declines in Alaska.
After nearly 3 decades of decline, the western stock of Steller sea lions (SSL; Eumetopias jubatus) was listed as an endangered species in 1997. While the cause of the decline in the 1970s and 1980s has been attributed to nutritional stress, recent declines are unexplained and may result from other factors including the presence of environmental contaminants. SSL tissues show accumulation of butyltins, mercury, PCBs, DDTs, chlordanes and hexachlorobenzene. SSL habitats and prey are contaminated with additional chemicals including mirex, endrin, dieldrin, hexachlorocyclohexanes, tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related compounds, cadmium and lead. In addition, many SSL haulouts and rookeries are located near other hazards including radioactivity, solvents, ordnance and chemical weapon dumps. PCB and DDT concentrations measured in a few SSL during the 1980s were the highest recorded for any Alaskan pinniped. Some contaminant exposures in SSL appear to be elevated in the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea compared to southeast Alaska, but there are insufficient data to evaluate geospatial relationships with any certainty. Based on very limited blubber data, current levels of PCBs may not pose a risk to SSL based on comparison to immunotoxicity tissue benchmarks, but SSL may have been at risk from pre-1990 PCB exposures. While exposure to PCBs and DDTs may be declining, SSL are likely exposed to a multitude of other contaminants that have not been monitored. The impacts of these exposures on SSL remain unknown because causal effects have not been established. Field studies with SSL have been limited in scope and have not yet linked contaminant exposures to adverse animal health or population effects. Several biomarkers may prove useful for monitoring exposure and additional research is needed to evaluate their utility in SSL. We conclude that there are insufficient data to reject the hypothesis that contaminants play a role in the continued decline of SSL, and suggest that a coordinated monitoring program be developed which can be related to key biological, ecological and laboratory toxicity data.
Barron
Mace G
MG
P.E.A.K. Research, 1134 Avon Lane, Longmont, CO 80501, USA. macebarron@hotmail.com
Heintz
Ron
R
Krahn
Margaret M
MM
D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000737:chemistry; D000413:Alaska; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D003634:DDT / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005260:Female; D007306:Insecticides / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008297:Male; D011157:Population Dynamics; D046070:Sea Lions; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
D015415:Biomarkers; D007306:Insecticides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D003634:DDT