title: Genetics of HDL regulation in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review gene regulation of HDL-cholesterol and discuss molecular abnormalities in HDL candidate genes that may lead to human pathologic states.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The inverse association between HDL-cholesterol and vascular disease, especially coronary heart disease, has long been recognized, but understanding gene regulation of HDL in humans gained considerable momentum following the identification of ABCA1 as playing a pivotal role in reverse cholesterol transport. Recent data suggest that potentially important targets for upregulating HDL in humans include upregulators of ABCA1 and APOA1 (e.g. peroxisome proliferator activated receptor and liver X receptor agonists) and downregulators of CETP (e.g. JTT-705). A host of other nuclear receptors under investigation in animal models may advance to human testing in the near future.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Disorders affecting HDL metabolism are complex because monogenic disorders causing low HDL do not necessarily correlate with premature vascular disease. To date, pathologic phenotypes have only been deduced among several HDL candidate genes. Understanding the genetic underpinnings associated with variant HDL and reverse cholesterol transport provides an exceptional opportunity to identify novel agents that may optimize this process and reduce vascular event rates beyond currently available LDL lowering therapies.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, Veterans Affairs and University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. mmiller@heart.umaryland.edu
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rhyne
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hamlette
authors.forename: Josh
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Birnbaum
authors.forename: Anabelle
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
mesh_terms: D064286:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018955:CD36 Antigens / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053480:Cholesterol Ester Transfer Proteins; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015536:Down-Regulation; D006023:Glycoproteins; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008071:Lipoprotein Lipase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009154:Mutation; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D018110:Receptors, Lipoprotein; D051116:Receptors, Scavenger; D051122:Scavenger Receptors, Class B; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: C577836:ABCA1 protein, human; D064286:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I; D018955:CD36 Antigens; C506642:CETP protein, human; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D053480:Cholesterol Ester Transfer Proteins; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D006023:Glycoproteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D018110:Receptors, Lipoprotein; D051116:Receptors, Scavenger; C454739:Scarb1 protein, mouse; D051122:Scavenger Receptors, Class B; D008071:Lipoprotein Lipase