title: Combined androgen blockade-induced anemia in prostate cancer patients without bone involvement.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To determine the onset and extent of combined androgen blockade (CAB)-induced anemia in prostate cancer patients without bone involvement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-two patients with biopsy-proven prostatic adenocarcinoma [26 with stage C (T3N0M0) and 16 with stage D1 (T3N1M0)] were included in this study. All patients received CAB [leuprolide acetate (LHRH-A) 3.75 mg, intramuscularly, every 28 days plus 250 mg flutamide, tid, per Os] and were evaluated for anemia by physical examination and laboratory tests at baseline and 4 subsequent intervals (1, 2, 3 and 6 months post-CAB). Hb, PSA and Testosterone measurements were recorded. Patients with stage D2-3 disease, abnormal hemoglobin level or renal and liver function tests that were higher than the upper limits were excluded from the study. The duration of the study was six months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean hemoglobin (Hb) levels were significantly declined in all patients from baseline of 14.2 g/dl to 14.0 g/dl, 13.5 g/dl, 13.2 g/dl and 12.7 g/dl at 1, 2, 3 and 6 months post-CAB, respectively. Severe and clinically evident anemia of Hb < 11 g/dl with clinical symptoms was detected in 6 patients (14.3%). This CAB-induced anemia was normochromic and normocytic. At six months post-CAB, patients with severe anemia had a Hb mean value of 10.2 +/- 0.1 g/dl (X +/- SE), whereas the other patients had mild anemia with Hb mean value of 13.2 +/- 0.17 (X +/- SE). The development of severe anemia at 6 months post-CAB was predictable by the reduction of Hb baseline value of more than 2.5 g/dl after 3 months of CAB (p = 0.01). The development of severe CAB-induced anemia in prostate cancer patients did not correlate with T baseline values (T < 3 ng/ml versus T > or = 3 ng/ml), with age (< 76 yrs versus > or = 76 yrs), and clinical stage (stage C versus stage D1). Severe and clinically evident anemia was easily corrected by subcutaneous injections (3 times/week for 1 month) of recombinant erythropoietin (rHuEPO-beta).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that rHuEPO-beta correctable CAB-induced anemia occurs in 14.3% of prostate cancer patients after 6 months of therapy.
authors.affiliation: Urology Clinic, METAXA Memorial Anticancer Hospital, Piraeus, 18537, Greece.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bogdanos
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Karamanolakis
authors.forename: Constantine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Milathianakis
authors.forename: Panayiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Repousis
authors.forename: Athanassios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsintavis
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koutsilieris
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000368:Aged; D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000740:Anemia / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005485:Flutamide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D016729:Leuprolide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D006454:Hemoglobins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D004921:Erythropoietin; D013739:Testosterone; D005485:Flutamide; D016729:Leuprolide