title: Perioperative anxiety and postoperative behavioural disturbances in children undergoing intravenous or inhalation induction of anaesthesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are few published data comparing the psychological effects of intravenous (i.v.) and inhalation methods of anaesthesia induction in children. In the present study, we compared perioperative anxiety and postoperative behavioural changes in children undergoing standardized i.v. induction with thiopental and inhalation induction with sevoflurane for routine ear, nose and throat surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children were randomly assigned to receive inhalation induction with sevoflurane or i.v. induction with thiopental. Anxiety was assessed on arrival, at induction and 30 min after transfer to the recovery room using a four-point scale. The incidence of postoperative behavioural disturbances was determined using a postoperative questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly more children were anxious during induction in the i.v. group than in the inhalation group [23 of 50 (46%) versus 5 of 50 (10%); P = 0.0001]. Mean induction time was shorter (5.6 versus 7.0 min; P = 0.0001) and recovery time longer (30.5 versus 10.4 min; P = 0.0001) in the i.v. group compared with the inhalation group. Problematic behavioural changes were reported in the first 2 weeks after surgery in nine of 32 children (28%) in the i.v. group and 16 of 34 (48%) children in the inhalation group (P = 0.13).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although children were more anxious during i.v. induction than inhalation induction, there was no difference in the incidence of behavioural disturbances in the first 2 weeks postoperatively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, University Hospital Cardiff, Cardiff, Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Pendlebury, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Isabel M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Aguilera
authors.forename: Davandra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: George H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Meakin
authors.forename: Jerry
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Masterson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007432:Intraoperative Period / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D013517:Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures; D010290:Parents; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D011300:Preoperative Care; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013874:Thiopental
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D013874:Thiopental