title: Chronic ethanol ingestion increases expression of the angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptor and enhances tumor necrosis factor-alpha- and angiotensin II-induced cytotoxicity via AT2 signaling in rat alveolar epithelial cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alcohol abuse increases the risk of acute lung injury in critically ill patients. We have shown that alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) apoptosis in response to inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), parallels endotoxin-mediated acute lung injury in ethanol-fed rats. Although angiotensin II mediates TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis of AECs in vitro, its role in ethanol-mediated susceptibility to AEC apoptosis is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult male rats were fed the Lieber-DeCarli diet for 6 weeks. AECs were isolated, and TNF-alpha- and angiotensin II-induced cytotoxicity (by terminal transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling staining) was determined with or without the addition of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (lisinopril) or a selective blocker of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT(1)) or type 2 receptor (AT(2)). Finally, the relative expression of the AT(1) and AT(2) receptors in AECs was determined by Western blot analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TNF-alpha-induced cytotoxicity, but not angiotensin II-induced cytotoxicity, was prevented by lisinopril, indicating that de novo angiotensin II synthesis is required for TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis in these cells. Both TNF-alpha- and angiotensin II-induced cytotoxicity in AECs from control-fed and ethanol-fed rats were inhibited by the selective AT(2) blocker, PD123319, but not by the selective AT(1) blocker, losartan. In parallel, ethanol ingestion doubled AT(2) expression in AECs (by Western blot) but had no significant effect on AT(1) receptor expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic ethanol ingestion increases AT(2) expression in the alveolar epithelium and enhances TNF-alpha- and angiotensin II-induced cytotoxicity, both of which act via AT(2). Together, these findings suggest that selective AT(2) receptor inhibition could limit the development of acute lung injury in alcoholic patients.
authors.affiliation: Atlanta VAMC, the Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30033, USA. Rabih_bechara@emoryhealthcare.org
authors.forename: Rabih I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Bechara
authors.forename: Lou Ann S
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Douglas C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Eaton
authors.forename: Jesse
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roman
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Guidot
mesh_terms: D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D004357:Drug Synergism; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D044139:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2; D011945:Receptors, Angiotensin / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000633:toxicity*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D044139:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2; D011945:Receptors, Angiotensin; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000804:Angiotensin II; D000431:Ethanol