title: Anesthesia during high-field intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging experience with 80 consecutive cases.
abstract: Intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been used for years to update neuronavigation and for intraoperative resection control. For this purpose, low-field (0.1-0.2 T) MR scanners have been installed in the operating room, which, in contrast to machines using higher magnetic field strength, allowed the use of standard anesthetic and surgical equipment. However, these low-field MR systems provided only minor image quality and a limited battery of MR sequences, excluding functional MRI, diffusion-weighted MRI, or MR angiography and spectroscopy. Based on these advantages, a concept using high-field MRI (1.5 T) with intraoperative functional neuronavigational guidance has been developed that required adaptation of the anesthetic regimen to working in the close vicinity to the strong magnetic field. In this paper the authors present their experience with the first 80 consecutive patients who received anesthesia in a specially designed radio frequency-shielded operating room equipped with a high-field (1.5 T) MR scanner. We describe the MR-compatible anesthesia equipment used including ventilator, monitoring, and syringe pumps, which allow standard neuroanesthesia in this new and challenging environment. This equipment provides the use of total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil allowing rapid extubation and neurologic examination following surgery. In addition, extended intraoperative monitoring including EEG monitoring required for intracranial surgery is possible. Moreover, problems and dangers related to the effects of the strong magnetic field are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nimsky
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wendel
authors.forename: Juergen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wienerl
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ganslandt
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jacobi
authors.forename: Rudolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fahlbusch
authors.forename: Juergen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schüttler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000732:Androstanols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D009467:Neuromuscular Depolarizing Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010880:Piperidines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015742:Propofol / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077208:Remifentanil; D000077123:Rocuronium
chemical_list: D000732:Androstanols; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D009467:Neuromuscular Depolarizing Agents; D010880:Piperidines; D000077208:Remifentanil; D000077123:Rocuronium; D015742:Propofol