title: Late remote ischemic preconditioning in rat muscle and adipocutaneous flap models.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine whether remote ischemic preconditioning can be induced by a late mechanism. The rat cremaster flap model was used for assessment of ischemia-reperfusion injury. In the control group (N = 9), 2 hours of flap ischemia was induced after preparation of the cremaster muscle. Ten minutes of ischemia of the contralateral hind limb was induced 24 hours before flap ischemia in the late remote ischemic preconditioning group (LRIP) (N = 8). In vivo microscopy was performed after 1 hour of flap reperfusion in each animal. The epigastric adipocutaneous flap model was used for the second part of the experiment. Three hours of flap ischemia was induced in the control group (N = 8). A similar late remote ischemic preconditioning protocol as in the LRIP group was used for the second late remote ischemic preconditioning group (N = 8). A significantly higher muscle red blood cell velocity in the capillaries, first-order arterioles, and venules, and a higher capillary flow as well as a decreased number of "stickers" were observed in the late remote ischemic preconditioning group compared with the first control group (p < 0.05). Average flap necrotic area was not significantly different within the second control group and the second late remote ischemic preconditioning group in the adipocutaneous flaps. These data show that late remote ischemic preconditioning attenuates ischemia-reperfusion injury in muscle flaps, whereas it is ineffective in adipocutaneous flaps.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic & Hand Surgery-Burn Center, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, Plastic & Hand Surgery, The University of Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Markus V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Küntscher
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kastell
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Engel
authors.forename: Martha Maria
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Gebhard
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Heitmann
authors.forename: Günter
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Germann
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000098:blood supply; D000818:Animals; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000098:blood supply; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000098:blood supply*