title: The struggle for language: perspectives and practices of urban parents with children who are deaf or hard of hearing.
abstract: Research is scarce on young children with hearing impairments growing up in urban environments. A qualitative study was used to explore and describe the perspectives and practices of these children's parents. An ethnographic approach enabled documentation of parents' routines, daily activities, thoughts (perceptions), and behaviors (practices). In-depth interviews and observations were the primary data sources. Data collection occurred within a 6-month period. Research questions focused on efforts parents make independently and with others (e.g., educational staff, family members) to facilitate and support their child's efforts to communicate and acquire language. Nine parents, two grandparents, and six staff members disclosed their perspectives and practices. While similarities and differences arose, universal perspectives and practices emerged among the parents that are discussed as prevailing themes. Results suggest that the parents' struggle, systemic barriers, and the urban environment are the greatest challenges facing families. Addressing these challenges will contribute to establishment of truly equitable and effective interventions for urban children, whether deaf or hard of hearing, their parents, and other family members.
authors.affiliation: Northeast Ohio Health Services, Beachwood, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: Cynthia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Dieterich
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rak
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003638:Deafness; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D016487:Parenting; D010290:Parents; D019986:Persons with Hearing Disabilities; D013663:Teaching; D014505:Urban Population