title: Anaerobic bacteria commonly colonize the lower airways of intubated ICU patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate respiratory tract colonization by aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in mechanically ventilated patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bacterial colonization of the stomach and the respiratory tract was qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed over time in 41 consecutive mechanically ventilated patients in a Swedish intensive care unit (ICU), with special emphasis on elucidation of the role of anaerobic bacteria in the lower respiratory tract. Samples were taken from the oropharynx, gastric juice, subglottic space and trachea within 24 h (median 14 h) of intubation, and then every third day until day 18 and every fifth day until day 33.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients were often heavily colonized with microorganisms not considered to belong to a healthy normal oropharyngeal and gastric flora on admission to the ICU. A majority harbored enterococci, coagulase-negative staphylococci and Candida spp. in at least one site on day 1. Anaerobic bacteria, mainly peptostreptococci and Prevotella spp., were isolated from subglottic and/or tracheal secretions in 59% of the patients. Different routes of tracheal colonization for different groups of microorganisms were found. Primary or concomitant colonization of the oropharynx with staphylococci, enterococci, enterobacteria and Candida was often seen, while Pseudomonas spp., other non-fermenting Gram-negative rods and several anaerobic species often primarily colonized the trachea, indicating exogenous or direct gastrointestinal routes of colonization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mechanically ventilated patients were heavily colonized in their lower airways by potential pathogenic microorganisms, including a high load of anaerobic bacteria. Different routes of colonization were shown for different species.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. charlotta.Edlund@impi.ki.se
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Agvald-Ohman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wernerman
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Nord
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Edlund
mesh_terms: D001421:Bacteria, Anaerobic / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D009960:Oropharynx / Q000382:microbiology; D012137:Respiratory System / Q000382:microbiology*; D013270:Stomach / Q000382:microbiology; D013997:Time Factors