title: Ingestion of Salmonella enterica serotype Poona by a free-living mematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, and protection against inactivation by produce sanitizers.
abstract: Free-living nematodes are known to ingest food-borne pathogens and may serve as vectors to contaminate preharvest fruits and vegetables. Caenorhabditis elegans was selected as a model to study the effectiveness of sanitizers in killing Salmonella enterica serotype Poona ingested by free-living nematodes. Aqueous suspensions of adult worms that had fed on S. enterica serotype Poona were treated with produce sanitizers. Treatment with 20 microg of free chlorine/ml significantly (alpha = 0.05) reduced the population of S. enterica serotype Poona compared to results for treating worms with water (control). However, there was no significant difference in the number of S. enterica serotype Poona cells surviving treatments with 20 to 500 microg of chlorine/ml, suggesting that reductions caused by treatment with 20 microg of chlorine/ml resulted from inactivation of S. enterica serotype Poona on the surface of C. elegans but not cells protected by the worm cuticle after ingestion. Treatment with Sanova (850 or 1,200 microg/ml), an acidified sodium chlorite sanitizer, caused reductions of 5.74 and 6.34 log(10) CFU/worm, respectively, compared to reductions from treating worms with water. Treatment with 20 or 40 microg of Tsunami 200/ml, a peroxyacetic acid-based sanitizer, resulted in reductions of 4.83 and 5.34 log(10) CFU/worm, respectively, compared to numbers detected on or in worms treated with water. Among the organic acids evaluated at a concentration of 2%, acetic acid was the least effective in killing S. enterica serotype Poona and lactic acid was the most effective. Treatment with up to 500 microg of chlorine/ml, 1% hydrogen peroxide, 2,550 microg of Sanova/ml, 40 microg of Tsunami 200/ml, or 2% acetic, citric, or lactic acid had no effect on the viability or reproductive behavior of C. elegans. Treatments were also applied to cantaloupe rind and lettuce inoculated with S. enterica serotype Poona or C. elegans that had ingested S. enterica serotype Poona. Protection of ingested S. enterica serotype Poona against sanitizers applied to cantaloupe was not evident; however, ingestion afforded protection of the pathogen on lettuce. These results indicate that S. enterica serotype Poona ingested by C. elegans may be protected against treatment with chlorine and other sanitizers, although the basis for this protection remains unclear.
authors.affiliation: Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223-1797, USA.
authors.forename: Krishaun N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Caldwell
authors.forename: Barbara B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Adler
authors.forename: Gary L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Phillip L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Larry R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Beuchat
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology / Q000502:physiology; D002713:Chlorine / Q000494:pharmacology; D028463:Cucumis melo / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D018545:Lactuca / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology; D019779:Salmonella enterica / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects*; D012703:Serotyping; D014867:Water / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D004202:Disinfectants; D014867:Water; D002713:Chlorine; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide