title: Effect of plasterboard composition on Stachybotrys chartarum growth and biological activity of spores.
abstract: The effects of plasterboard composition on the growth and sporulation of Stachybotrys chartarum as well as on the inflammatory potential of the spores were studied. S. chartarum was grown on 13 modified plasterboards under saturated humidity conditions. The biomass was estimated by measuring the ergosterol content of the S. chartarum culture while the spore-induced cytotoxicity and production of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and interleukin-6 in mouse macrophages was used to illustrate the bioactivity of spores. The ergosterol content of S. chartarum correlated with the number of spores collected from plasterboards. The growth and sporulation decreased compared to that of the reference board in those cases where (i) the liner was treated with biocide, (ii) starch was removed from the plasterboard, or (iii) desulfurization gypsum was used in the core. Spores collected from all the plasterboards were toxic to the macrophages. The biocide added to the core did not reduce the growth; in fact, the spores collected from that board evoked the highest cytotoxicity. The conventional additives used in the core had inhibitory effects on growth. Recycled plasterboards used in the core and the board lacking the starch triggered spore-induced TNF-alpha production in macrophages. In summary, this study shows that the growth of a strain of S. chartarum on plasterboard and the subsequent bioactivity of spores were affected by minor changes to the composition of the core or liners, but it could not be totally prevented without resorting to the use of biocides. However, incomplete prevention of microbial growth by biocides even increased the cytotoxic potential of the spores.
authors.affiliation: National Public Health Institute, Department of Environmental Health, PO Box 95, FIN-70701 Kuopio, Finland. Timo.Murtoniemi@ktl.fi
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Murtoniemi
authors.forename: Aino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nevalainen
authors.forename: Maija-Riitta
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Hirvonen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018533:Biomass; D002133:Calcium Sulfate / Q000494:pharmacology; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival; D003252:Construction Materials / Q000032:analysis* / Q000382:microbiology*; D004875:Ergosterol / Q000378:metabolism; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000494:pharmacology; D006813:Humidity; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D013172:Spores, Fungal / Q000502:physiology*; D013191:Stachybotrys / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D013213:Starch / Q000494:pharmacology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D005557:Formaldehyde; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D013213:Starch; D002133:Calcium Sulfate; D004875:Ergosterol