title: Immunization issues for the 21st century.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Review and discuss major issues of vaccination and immunization. The development and application of vaccination and immunization is one of the most remarkable successes of the 20th century. This is true both in the United States and worldwide. In the United States, a number of vaccine-preventable diseases have been all but eliminated through the development of a recommended childhood immunization schedule by governmental and nongovernmental organizations, education of providers about these recommendations, and enforcement of these recommendations by school and day care entry mandates. Despite these successes, vaccine-preventable diseases continue to occur, in part because of missed opportunities by health care providers, antivaccine forces empowered by misguided mass media, and parental ignorance. Important aspects of the 2002 recommended childhood immunization schedule are reviewed, including: birth dose hepatitis B, diphtheria underimmunization and tetanus overimmunization, increasing pertussis disease, the success of conjugate vaccines, the change in poliovirus vaccines, measles vaccine and autism, the safety of varicella vaccine, and adult vaccination recommendations. Finally, future prospects for vaccination and immunization are discussed, including: combination vaccines, vaccines against new diseases such as rotavirus, new routes of delivery of immunizing agents, the use of computerized vaccine registries to prevent missed opportunities, and vaccines against bioterrorism agents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A careful analysis of risk and benefit suggests that the benefit of vaccination far outweighs the risks from the utilization of immunizing agents. Vaccination delayed may be protection denied. The bottom line is that vaccines are good and disease is bad.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics University of Illinois, College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, Illinois 61107, USA. lfrenkel@uic.edu
authors.forename: Lawrence Dean
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Frenkel
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nielsen
mesh_terms: D002669:Child Welfare; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D007115:Immunization Schedule; D014481:United States; D014612:Vaccines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000600:supply & distribution
chemical_list: D014612:Vaccines