title: Extraperitoneal endoscopic groin hernia repair under epidural anesthesia.
abstract: We performed a prospective study to evaluate the feasibility of performing endoscopic total extraperitoneal repair of groin hernia (TEP) under epidural anesthesia in selected patients considered to be at high risk or unfit for general anesthesia. Fifty-eight endoscopic total extraperitoneal hernia repairs were performed in 36 patients between January 1997 and December 1999 under epidural anesthesia since they were considered a high risk or unfit for general anesthesia. All patients received intramuscular diclofenac sodium for preemptive analgesia. Intraoperatively, all were sedated with intravenous midazolam and fentanyl. Endoscopic TEP repair was successful under epidural anesthesia in 33 of 36 patients. In the remaining three patients, the procedure had to be converted to Lichtenstein's repair due to shoulder discomfort experienced by the patients as a result of pneumoperitoneum, which was produced by incidental peritoneal tears during extraperitoneal dissection. Intraoperatively, one patient had bleeding from the inferior epigastric artery, which was controlled with clipping of the artery. The mean operative time was 48 minutes (range, 28-72 minutes) in the TEP group and 94 minutes (range, 84-102 minutes) in the converted group. All the patients received an epidural top-up dose at the end of surgery for postoperative analgesia. All patients were ambulatory the same day. Postoperative pain was assessed by a visual analogue scale (VAS). The mean pain score was 1.2 (+/- 0.8) on discharge in the TEP group. During follow-up, seven patients developed scrotal swelling with cord induration, which was treated conservatively with scrotal support and analgesics. In all patients, resolution was observed within 6 weeks. One patient was detected to have a recurrence 4 months after surgery. Endoscopic TEP repair under epidural anesthesia appears to be safe, technically feasible, and an acceptable alternative in patients who are at high risk or unfit for general anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Minimal Access Surgery, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India. chowbey@del2.vsnl.net.in
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Chowbey
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sood
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vashistha
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Khullar
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Soni
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baijal
mesh_terms: D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D000075202:Contraindications; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006552:Hernia, Inguinal / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D010537:Peritoneum / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors