title: Effects of a non-drug reinforcer, saccharin, on oral self-administration of phencyclidine in male and female rhesus monkeys.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous research with male subjects has demonstrated that alternative non-drug reinforcers reduce self-administration of drugs of abuse under a wide variety of conditions. Recent findings indicate sex differences in drug self-administration, and females may be more responsive to the suppressive effects of pharmacological treatment strategies than males; however, it is not known whether or not there are similar sex differences in the effect of behavioral interventions, such as non-drug reinforcers, on drug self-administration.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this research was to determine whether the suppressive effects of non-drug reinforcers vary as a function of sex using behavioral economic measures in rhesus monkeys.
  
  
  METHODS
  During daily 3-h sessions, seven male and seven female adult rhesus monkeys orally self-administered concurrently available phencyclidine (PCP) and water, PCP and saccharin, or saccharin and water, from two separate spouts, under a series of fixed-ratio (FR) values. The FR value was varied from 4 to 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128, and the demand (consumption x FR) for PCP was measured in order to determine the effect of concurrent access to saccharin (versus water).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The availability of saccharin resulted in reduced PCP self-administration compared with the condition when water was available in both males and females. Consumption of PCP and saccharin was similar between the sexes under the two conditions when water was concurrently available. When saccharin was available with PCP, PCP responses and deliveries were reduced in both sexes at low to intermediate FR values, but the amount of PCP consumed (mg/kg) was reduced significantly more in females than in males only at FR 32.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  . Non-drug reinforcers are an effective treatment for drug abuse in females as well as males over a range of PCP FR values. Males show elevated drug-maintained responding compared with females, but when differential body weights are considered (mg/kg) females consume more than males only under limited schedule parameters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
authors.forename: Kelly P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Cosgrove
authors.forename: Marilyn E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Carroll
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D005260:Female; D006213:Hallucinogens / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D010622:Phencyclidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012439:Saccharin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012646:Self Administration; D012737:Sex Factors; D013549:Sweetening Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D006213:Hallucinogens; D013549:Sweetening Agents; D012439:Saccharin; D010622:Phencyclidine