title: An operating cost comparison between conventional and home quotidian hemodialysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although several studies have shown that simulated annual direct health care costs are substantially lower for patients undergoing more frequent hemodialysis (HD), there is limited information about the economics of daily HD and nocturnal HD.
  
  
  METHODS
  The London Daily/Nocturnal Hemodialysis Study compared the economics of short daily HD (n = 10), long nocturnal HD (n = 12), and conventional thrice-weekly HD (n = 22) in patients over 18 months. A retrospective analysis of patients' conventional HD costs during the 12 months before study entry was conducted to measure the change in cost after switching to quotidian HD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As the data show, annual costs (in Canadian dollars) for daily HD are substantially lower than for both nocturnal HD and conventional HD: approximately 67,300 Can dollars, 74,400 Can dollars, and 72,700 Can dollars per patient, respectively. Moreover, marginal changes in operating cost per patient year were - 9,800 Can dollars, -17,400 Can dollars, and +3,100 Can dollars for the daily HD, nocturnal HD, and conventional HD groups. Because of the increase in number of treatments, treatment supply costs per patient for the daily HD and nocturnal HD study groups were approximately twice those for conventional HD patients. However, average costs for consults, hospitalization days, emergency room visits, and laboratory tests for quotidian HD patients tended to decline after study entry. The major cost saving in home quotidian HD derived from the reduction in direct nursing time, excluding patient training. Total annualized cost per quality-adjusted life-year for the daily HD and nocturnal HD groups were 85,442 Can dollars and 120,903 Can dollars, which represented a marginal change of - 15,090 Can dollars and - 21,651 Can dollars, respectively, reflecting both improved quality of life and reduced costs for quotidian HD patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Substantial clinical benefits of home quotidian HD, combined with the economic advantage shown by this study, clearly justify its expansion.
authors.affiliation: Optimal Dialysis Research Unit, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kroeker
authors.forename: William F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: A Paul
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Heidenheim
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kuenzig
authors.forename: Rosemary
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Leitch
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meyette
authors.forename: Norman
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Muirhead
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: Randy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Welch
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Lindsay
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001071:Appointments and Schedules; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006437:Hemodialysis, Home / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000191:economics*; D016896:Treatment Outcome