title: Family transmission of marijuana use, abuse, and dependence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the familial aggregation of marijuana use, abuse, and dependence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adolescents recruited from residential and day treatment programs for youths with conduct and substance problems, matched controls, and all available family members were interviewed with structured research instruments. A total of 2,546 individuals from 781 families were interviewed. Risk ratios of relatives of clinical cases were calculated, compared with controls, for marijuana use, abuse, or dependence. Spousal, parent-offspring, and sibling correlations and the proportion of variance attributable to parent-offspring transmission were estimated using structural equation modeling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For all three measures, the risk ratios were elevated in the family members of clinical probands, with estimates ranging from 1.5 to 3.3. Spousal correlations ranged from 0.33 to 0.70. Parent-offspring correlations ranged from 0.17 to 0.30. Sibling correlations ranged from 0.34 to 0.44. The proportion of variance attributable to factors transmitted from parents to children ranged between 25% and 44%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Familial aggregation of marijuana use, abuse, and dependence is present for all three measures. The results suggest significant parent-offspring transmission of risk, sibling environmental influences, and assortative mating for all three levels of marijuana use.
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262, USA. Christian.Hopfer@UCHSC.edu
authors.forename: Christian J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hopfer
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Stallings
authors.forename: John K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Hewitt
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Crowley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D015995:Prevalence; D012931:Social Environment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires