title: Site-specific footprinting reveals differences in the translocation status of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Implications for polymerase translocation and drug resistance.
abstract: Resistance to nucleoside analogue inhibitors of the reverse transcriptase of the HIV-1 often involves phosphorolytic excision of the incorporated chain terminator. Previous crystallographic and modeling studies suggested that this reaction could only occur when the enzyme resides in a pre-translocational stage. Here we studied mechanisms of polymerase translocation using novel site-specific footprinting techniques. Classical footprinting approaches, based on the detection of protected nucleic acid residues, are not sensitive enough to visualize subtle structural differences at single nucleotide resolution. Thus, we developed chemical footprinting techniques that give rise to hyperreactive cleavage on the template strand mediated through specific contacts with the enzyme. Two specific cuts served as markers that defined the position of the polymerase and RNase H domain, respectively. We show that the presence of the next correct dNTP, following the incorporated chain terminator, caused a shift in the position of the two cuts a single nucleotide further downstream. The footprints point to monotonic sliding motions and provide compelling evidence for the existence of an equilibrium between pre- and post-translocational stages. Our data show that enzyme translocation is reversible and uncoupled from nucleotide incorporation and the release of pyrophosphate. This translocational equilibrium ensures access to the pre-translocational stage after incorporation of the chain terminator. The efficiency of excision correlates with an increase in the population of complexes that exist in the pre-translocational stage, and we show that the latter configuration is preferred with an enzyme that contains mutations associated with resistance to nucleoside analogue inhibitors.
authors.affiliation: McGill University AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Marchand
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Götte
mesh_terms: D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D001665:Binding Sites; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D018983:DNA Footprinting / Q000379:methods; D004260:DNA Repair; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000201:enzymology; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D007700:Kinetics; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D021381:Protein Transport; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D013698:Templates, Genetic; D013728:Terminator Regions, Genetic; D013816:Thermodynamics
chemical_list: D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase