title: Environmental enrichment decreases nicotine-induced hyperactivity in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous research has determined that rats reared in an enriched condition (EC) are more sensitive to the effects of acute systemic amphetamine than rats raised in an impoverished condition (IC).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present experiments examined the effect of environmental enrichment on locomotor activity following repeated injections of nicotine. Experiment 1 assessed differences in locomotor activity in EC and IC rats and experiment 2 assessed differences between EC rats and rats housed in pairs without novel objects or daily handling (social condition; SC) to determine whether enrichment causes changes beyond that of social contact alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  In experiment 1, EC and IC rats were treated with saline, 0.2 mg/kg or 0.8 mg/kg nicotine, and locomotor activity was assessed for 60 min. Nicotine-induced activity was measured every 48 h for a total of eight sessions. All rats were challenged with 0.8 mg/kg nicotine on session 9. In experiment 2, EC and SC rats were treated with saline or 0.2 mg/kg nicotine, and locomotor activity was assessed using the same regimen as in experiment 1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In experiment 1, EC rats exhibited less sensitivity than IC rats to the psychostimulant effect of nicotine upon both acute and repeated administration. On the nicotine challenge session (session 9), EC rats were again less sensitive to the hyperactive effects of nicotine. In experiment 2, EC rats were also less sensitive than SC rats to nicotine-induced hyperactivity across repeated injections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that environmental enrichment during development reduces the stimulant effect of nicotine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 115 Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Green
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 115 Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Cain
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 115 Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 115 Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506, USA. mbardo@uky.edu.
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Bardo
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects*; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012931:Social Environment
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine