title: The moderating effect of alcohol intake on the relationship between work strains and psychological distress.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the extent to which alcohol intake modified the associations between psychological distress and work strains.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data were obtained from a sample of 10,387 employees nested in 422 occupations. Four types of alcohol drinkers were defined according to drinker status measured by alcohol intake over the last week (1) abstainers, (2) drinkers who abstained from drinking in the last seven days, (3) low-risk drinkers (according to the Canadian guidelines), (4) high-risk drinkers. The Ilfeld scale was used to measure the level of psychological distress (referencing the last week). Work strains were measured according to Karasek's skills utilization, decision authority and psychological demands, as well as by regularity of work schedule, number of working hours per week, exposure to physical and chemical risks, job status and type of remuneration. Multilevel logistic regressions were conducted with adjustments for gender and age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  6.1% of the logit variance of psychological distress was between occupations. Alcohol intake showed a U-shaped relationship with psychological distress, and it was a moderator of skills utilization and exposure to physical risks. Decision authority, psychological demands, work schedule, gender and age were linked to psychological distress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Moderate alcohol intake is not associated with psychological distress and does not intensify the effect of work strains. The results give some support to the positive effect of moderate alcohol consumption on stress reduction and mental health.
authors.affiliation: Health and Prevention Social Research Group (GRASP), University of Montreal, P.O. Box 6128, Downtown Station, Montreal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada. alain.marchand@umontreal.ca
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marchand
authors.forename: Andrée
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Demers
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Durand
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Simard
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D017132:Workplace / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data