title: Using intake biomarkers to evaluate the extent of dietary misreporting in a large sample of adults: the OPEN study.
abstract: This paper describes the Observing Protein and Energy Nutrition (OPEN) Study, conducted from September 1999 to March 2000. The purpose of the study was to assess dietary measurement error using two self-reported dietary instruments-the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and the 24-hour dietary recall (24HR)-and unbiased biomarkers of energy and protein intakes: doubly labeled water and urinary nitrogen. Participants were 484 men and women aged 40-69 years from Montgomery County, Maryland. Nine percent of men and 7% of women were defined as underreporters of both energy and protein intake on 24HRs; for FFQs, the comparable values were 35% for men and 23% for women. On average, men underreported energy intake compared with total energy expenditure by 12-14% on 24HRs and 31-36% on FFQs and underreported protein intake compared with a protein biomarker by 11-12% on 24HRs and 30-34% on FFQs. Women underreported energy intake on 24HRs by 16-20% and on FFQs by 34-38% and underreported protein intake by 11-15% on 24HRs and 27-32% on FFQs. There was little underreporting of the percentage of energy from protein for men or women. These findings have important implications for nutritional epidemiology and dietary surveillance.
authors.affiliation: Applied Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA. subara@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Amy F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Subar
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kipnis
authors.forename: Richard P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Troiano
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Midthune
authors.forename: Dale A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Schoeller
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bingham
authors.forename: Carolyn O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Sharbaugh
authors.forename: Jillian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Trabulsi
authors.forename: Shirley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Runswick
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ballard-Barbash
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sunshine
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schatzkin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015982:Bias; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D017666:Deuterium Oxide / Q000652:urine; D004032:Diet; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002149:Energy Intake; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008396:Maryland / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D012107:Research Design; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D014508:Urea / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D014508:Urea; D017666:Deuterium Oxide