title: Investigation into patient doses for intravenous urography and proposed Irish diagnostic reference levels.
abstract: With the introduction of Council Directive 97/43/Euratom, all member states should establish relevant diagnostic reference levels for X-ray examinations. Diagnostic reference levels help to facilitate standardisation and optimisation within departments and attempt to reduce dose variations between hospitals. High variation of individual patient doses for plain-film examinations by up to a factor of 75 was demonstrated by a previous Irish study, which highlighted the necessity for further investigation into other examinations in Ireland. The current work aimed to establish reference values for intravenous urography (IVU) examinations, an important contributor to collective dose. Eleven Irish hospitals were randomly selected, representing 30% of the total number of hospitals. Dose-area product (DAP) readings for IVUs were recorded along with technical and procedural details. Resultant data demonstrated mean hospital and individual patient DAP variations of a factor of 4 and 58, respectively. Stepwise regression analysis demonstrated that number of images taken, method of image acquisition and patient weight were the main causal agents for dose variations recorded. A proposed diagnostic reference level of 12 Gy cm(2) was established at the level of the third-quartile value of the mean hospital DAP values. This article provides evidence of large variations in DAP values for IVU examinations. It is hoped that application of the proposed DRL of 12 Gy cm(2 )will reduce the size of these variations.
authors.affiliation: UCD School of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Anthony's, Herbert Avenue, Dublin 4, Ireland.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Brennan
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007494:Ireland; D008297:Male; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D012016:Reference Values; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014567:Urography / Q000592:standards*