Gene expression and intracellular pathways involved in endothelial dysfunction induced by VLDL and oxidised VLDL.
OBJECTIVE
The molecular mechanisms underlying the relationship between elevated plasma concentrations of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and coronary artery disease remain uncertain. In the present work, we investigated the gene expression pattern and intracellular pathways in human endothelial cells incubated with very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). Moreover, as VLDL can enter the arterial wall and undergo oxidative modification, we compared the VLDL-induced expression pattern with the one of oxidised VLDL (Ox-VLDL).


METHODS
Total RNA from endothelial cells incubated with 75 microg/ml VLDL or Ox-VLDL and total RNA from endothelial cells under basal conditions were hybridised to identical microarrays containing 8411 genes. Seven clusters of expression profiles were identified. This pattern was validated by quantitative real-time PCR of selected genes. The intracellular pathway involved in VLDL or Ox-VLDL mediated endothelial responses were also investigated.


CONCLUSIONS
VLDL predominantly activated the ERK1/2 pathway while P38 MAPK was the main target of Ox-VLDL. CREB and NF-kappa B were activated by both VLDL and Ox-VLDL. Real-time PCR demonstrated that VLDL induced matrix metalloproteinase-2 (5.47+/-1.74 fold), CD38 (2.38+/-0.23) and transforming growth factor-alpha (2.51+/-0.30) expression. Ox-VLDL was found to induce interleukin-15 (2.10+/-0.48) and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (3.19+/-0.07) expression. In addition, several genes implicated in endothelial cell activation and damage/proliferation were identified by the array analysis. Ox-VLDL was found to promote the generation of reactive oxygen species and exert a cytotoxic effect, while VLDL lacks these effects. These findings confirm the involvement of VLDL and Ox-VLDL in endothelial dysfunction and suggest new genes and molecular mechanisms involved in these actions.
Norata
G D
GD
Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
Pirillo
A
A
Callegari
E
E
Hamsten
A
A
Catapano
A L
AL
Eriksson
P
P
D016923:Cell Death; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism*; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D019409:Interleukin-15 / Q000235:genetics; D008079:Lipoproteins, VLDL / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors / Q000235:genetics; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; D019409:Interleukin-15; D008079:Lipoproteins, VLDL; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors; D016328:NF-kappa B; C108132:oxidized very low density lipoprotein; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases