title: Saprotrophic and mycoparasitic components of aggressiveness of Trichoderma harzianum groups toward the commercial mushroom Agaricus bisporus.
abstract: We examined the mycoparasitic and saprotrophic behavior of isolates representing groups of Trichoderma harzianum to establish a mechanism for the aggressiveness towards Agaricus bisporus in infested commercial compost. Mycoparasitic structures were infrequently observed in interaction zones on various media, including compost, with cryoscanning electron microscopy. T. harzianum grows prolifically in compost in the absence or presence of A. bisporus, and the aggressive European (Th2) and North American (Th4) isolates produced significantly higher biomasses (6.8- and 7.5-fold, respectively) in compost than did nonaggressive, group 1 isolates. All groups secreted depolymerases that could attack the cell walls of A. bisporus and of wheat straw, and some were linked to aggressiveness. Growth on mushroom cell walls in vitro resulted in rapid production of chymoelastase and trypsin-like proteases by only the Th2 and Th4 isolates. These isolates also produced a dominant protease isoform (pI 6.22) and additional chitinase isoforms. On wheat straw, Th4 produced distinct isoforms of cellulase and laminarinase, but there was no consistent association between levels or isoforms of depolymerases and aggressiveness. Th3's distinctive profiles confirmed its reclassification as Trichoderma atroviride. Proteases and glycanases were detected for the first time in sterilized compost colonized by T. harzianum. Xylanase dominated, and some isoforms were unique to compost, as were some laminarinases. We hypothesize that aggressiveness results from competition, antagonism, or parasitism but only as a component of, or following, extensive saprotrophic growth involving degradation of wheat straw cell walls.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Josie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Clarkson
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Cooper
mesh_terms: D000364:Agaricus / Q000254:growth & development*; D000898:Antibiosis; D003470:Culture Media; D010450:Endopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism; D006026:Glycoside Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism; D007525:Isoelectric Focusing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D014242:Trichoderma / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000254:growth & development*
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D006026:Glycoside Hydrolases; D010450:Endopeptidases