title: Thorough warm-up before take-off in honey bee swarms.
abstract: In a bivouacked swarm of honey bees, most individuals are quiescent while a small minority (the scouts) are active in choosing the swarm's future nest site. This study explores the way in which the members of a swarm warm their flight muscles for take-off when the swarm eventually decamps. An infrared camera was used to measure the thoracic (flight muscle) temperatures of individual bees on the surface of a swarm cluster. These are generally the coolest bees in a swarm. The warming of the surface-layer bees occurred mainly in the last 10 min before take-off. By the time a take-off began, 100% of the bees had their flight muscles heated to at least 35 degrees C, which is sufficient to support rapid flight. Take-offs began only a few seconds after all the surface-layer bees had their flight muscles warmed to at least 35 degrees C, but exactly how take-offs are triggered remains a mystery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, 14853, Ithaca, NY, USA, tds5@cornell.edu
authors.forename: Thomas D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Seeley
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kleinhenz
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bujok
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tautz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000502:physiology*; D001831:Body Temperature; D005426:Flight, Animal; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D012919:Social Behavior; D013997:Time Factors