title: Immunocytochemical localization of cytokines and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in oral mucosa and lymph nodes of patients with paracoccidioidomycosis.
abstract: Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a deep mycosis caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, with high incidence in Brazil. In order to examine the immune response in lesional tissue from patients with PCM, we analyzed cytokines as well as the phenotype of the cell infiltrate. Paraffin-embedded tissue from the oral mucosa of eight patients with the localized adult form (AF) of PCM and from the lymph nodes of 10 patients with the juvenile form (JF) of PCM was analyzed by immunohistochemistry to detect tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and interleukin-10 (IL-10). Most of the inflammatory cells in the lymph nodes were CD68+ (macrophages, epithelioid and giant cells), while a mixed infiltrate with macrophages, plasma cells and neutrophils was detected in the oral mucosa. TNF-alpha as well as iNOS expression was similar in lymph nodes and oral mucosa, whereas TGF-beta and IL-10 were observed in a larger number of macrophages, epithelioid and giant cells in the lymph nodes, where numerous yeast cells were visualized. The higher expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-beta) in lesions of patients with the JF of PCM (lymph nodes) may represent a mechanism by which the fungus evades the host immune response, contributing to a more severe and disseminated form of the disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pathology, State University of Campinas Medical School, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: E P M
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Neworal
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Altemani
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Mamoni
authors.forename: I L
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Noronha
authors.forename: M H S L
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Blotta
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis* / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000201:enzymology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000201:enzymology*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D010228:Paracoccidioides; D010229:Paracoccidioidomycosis / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; C496319:NOS2 protein, human; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II