Neural systems for compensation and persistence: young adult outcome of childhood reading disability.
BACKGROUND
This study examined whether and how two groups of young adults who were poor readers as children (a relatively compensated group and a group with persistent reading difficulties) differed from nonimpaired readers and if there were any factors distinguishing the compensated from persistently poor readers that might account for their different outcomes.


METHODS
Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we studied three groups of young adults, ages 18.5-22.5 years, as they read pseudowords and real words: 1) persistently poor readers (PPR; n = 24); 2) accuracy improved (compensated) readers (AIR; n = 19); and 3) nonimpaired readers (NI, n = 27).


RESULTS
Compensated readers, who are accurate but not fluent, demonstrate a relative underactivation in posterior neural systems for reading located in left parietotemporal and occipitotemporal regions. Persistently poor readers, who are both not fluent and less accurate, activate posterior reading systems but engage them differently from nonimpaired readers, appearing to rely more on memory-based rather than analytic word identification strategies.


CONCLUSIONS
These findings of divergent neural outcomes as young adults are both new and unexpected and suggest a neural basis for reading outcomes of compensation and persistence in adults with childhood dyslexia.
Shaywitz
Sally E
SE
Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510-8064, USA.
Shaywitz
Bennett A
BA
Fulbright
Robert K
RK
Skudlarski
Pawel
P
Mencl
W Einar
WE
Constable
R Todd
RT
Pugh
Kenneth R
KR
Holahan
John M
JM
Marchione
Karen E
KE
Fletcher
Jack M
JM
Lyon
G Reid
GR
Gore
John C
JC
D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007805:Language Development Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D011932:Reading