title: Screening for interference in immunoassays.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The presence of interfering substances in patient samples submitted for immunoassay cannot be reliably anticipated. We therefore evaluated three interference screening techniques and estimated the prevalence of interfering substances as defined by positive outcomes with these protocols.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated 160 samples for the presence of substances that may interfere with four immunoassays (40 samples for each): thyroid-stimulating hormone, prostate-specific antigen, beta-human chorionic gonadotropin, and cortisol. Interference was defined by nonlinear responses with serial dilution, discrepant results after pretreatment with heterophile blocking reagent (HBR), and positive reactions on a mouse-antibody-negative control reaction (Tandem ICON ImmunoConcentration HCG). Criteria for declaring significant discrepant results were based on a Z-score computed using the assay CV. The McNemar test was used to compare the prevalence of discrepancies across the three screening techniques. The association between type of immunoassay and prevalence of discrepant results was determined by a modified Pearson chi(2) statistic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five of the 160 samples [3.1%; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.0-7.1%] screened positive with the ICON. Seventy-two of the 148 samples with informative serial dilutions (48.6%; 95% CI, 40.4-57.0%) had at least one discrepant result at higher dilutions. After pretreatment with HBR, 53 of the 140 samples (38%; 95% CI, 29.8-46%) were discrepant. Only 48 of the 140 samples with informative measurements for all three screening techniques (34%; 95% CI, 26-43%) were negative by all three. The prevalence of positive screens varied significantly by type of immunoassay (P <0.0001) for both HBR and serial dilution. Only 3% (0.8-7%) of the samples tested with HBR showed a change from normal to abnormal or the reverse after treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Introducing a protocol based on any of these three techniques into the immunochemistry laboratory to prescreen for interfering substances is not warranted. The evaluation of specimens for the presence of interfering anti-animal antibodies should be reserved for cases in which clinical history or suspicious results indicate the need.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, 101 The City Drive S., Orange, CA 92868, USA. jemerson@uci.edu
authors.forename: Jane F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Emerson
authors.forename: Gilda
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ngo
authors.forename: Scott S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Emerson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018997:Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human / Q000032:analysis; D003429:Cross Reactions; D006041:Goats; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000032:analysis; D007118:Immunoassay / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D051379:Mice; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D011817:Rabbits; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D018997:Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human; D013972:Thyrotropin; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen; D006854:Hydrocortisone