title: Efficacy and safety of the cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors parecoxib and valdecoxib in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inhibition of cyclooxygenase 2 provides analgesia in ambulatory patients. We prospectively evaluated the safety and efficacy of a newly introduced cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery through a median sternotomy in a randomized clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 462 patients with New York Heart Association classes I to III who were less than 77 years of age and were from 58 institutions in the United States, Canada, Germany, and the United Kingdom participated in this multicenter, phase III, placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group trial. Patients were allocated at a ratio of 2:1 to parecoxib/valdecoxib or standard care (control) groups, respectively. Intravenous study drug (40 mg) was administered within 30 minutes after extubation and every 12 hours for a minimum of 3 days. Subsequently, oral treatment at a dose of 40 mg every 12 hours was initiated and administered for a combined total of 14 days. Patient-controlled analgesia with morphine, oral opioids, or acetaminophen was available as required. Assessment of the analgesic efficacy of the study drug was primarily based on morphine and morphine equivalent use. Additional efficacy evaluations included daily pain intensity, patient and physician global evaluation of study medication, and pain effect on quality of life. Clinical adverse events were assessed by the principal investigator at each site from the time of the first dose through the 30-day postdosing period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients in the parecoxib/valdecoxib group received significantly less morphine or morphine equivalents than patients in the control group during the 0- to 24-hour (P =.009), 24- to 48-hour (P =.017), 72- to 96-hour (P =.002), 96- to 120-hour (P =.004), and 120- to 144-hour (P =.037) periods. Both patients (P <.001) and physicians (P <.001) evaluated the study medication as significantly better than control therapy. The modified Brief Pain Inventory questionnaire used in the oral dosing period detected significant improvements in the parecoxib/valdecoxib treatment group in 6 of 8 domains tested (eg, current pain, worst pain, and mood) beginning on day 4 and continuing for at least 4 days. Although there were no differences between the groups in overall adverse events, serious adverse events occurred twice as frequently in parecoxib/valdecoxib-treated patients (19.0%, 59/311 patients) than in control patients (9.9%, 15/151 patients; P =.015). Regarding individual serious adverse events, a greater incidence in sternal wound infection was found in the parecoxib/valdecoxib patients (10 [3.2%]) versus control patients (0 [0%]) (P =.035). The incidences of other individual serious adverse events, including cerebrovascular complications, myocardial infarction, and renal dysfunction, were proportionally greater but not significantly different between the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery, the cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor combination, parecoxib/valdecoxib, was effective for postoperative analgesia. However, the 14-day treatment regimen also was associated with an increased incidence of serious adverse events overall and sternal wound infections in particular. Therefore our study raises important concerns requiring their comprehensive evaluation in a large-scale trial before these cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors are used in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery.
authors.affiliation: Ischemia Research and Education Foundation, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. dnmngn@aol.com
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ott
authors.forename: Nancy A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Nussmeier
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Duke
authors.forename: Robert O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Feneck
authors.forename: R Peter
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Alston
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Snabes
authors.forename: Richard C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Hubbard
authors.forename: Ping H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Lawrence J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Saidman
authors.forename: Dennis T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Mangano
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods*; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D007555:Isoxazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D012449:Safety; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides
chemical_list: D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D007555:Isoxazoles; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009020:Morphine; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D013449:Sulfonamides; C406224:valdecoxib; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides; C409945:parecoxib; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human