title: Ischemic preconditioning is not cardioprotective in senescent human myocardium.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cellular and functional changes secondary to aging could impair myocardial tolerance to ischemia and affect the heart's response to ischemic preconditioning.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the impact of cardiac aging on preconditioning in right atrial trabeculae of adult patients (< or = 55 years) and senescent patients (> or = 70 years) with coronary artery disease. Specimens were subjected to 30 minutes of simulated ischemia (hypoxic substrate-free superfusion) with and without 5 minutes of ischemic pretreatment. Postischemic contractile recovery was measured and expressed as percentage of base line force values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the reoxygenation period, trabeculae of adult patients but not those of senescent patients improved after ischemic preconditioning. After 40 minutes of reoxygenation, preconditioned adult trabeculae developed 57% +/- 5% of their preischemic force (nonpreconditioned control 44% +/- 5%, p < 0.01), senescent trabeculae recovered to 44% +/- 4% (control 45% +/- 3%). Especially myocardium from adult patients with Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) stage III angina pectoris treated with ACE inhibitors recovered well (70% +/- 7%; control 50% +/- 8%, p < 0.01), contrasting with trabeculae from patients with CCS stage II angina (44% +/- 5%; control 40% +/- 10%). Ischemia-inducible Hsp70 (human heat shock protein) was additionally measured after reoxygenation. Total Hsp70 mRNA was elevated in preconditioned myocardium along with its contractile recovery (r = 0.33, p = 0.07). Because the control transcription, analyzing 18S rRNA and beta-actin, was reduced by ischemia but recovered in preconditioned trabeculae, relative Hsp70 mRNA was not altered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicate that ischemic preconditioning has no beneficial effect on the postischemic functional recovery of senescent human myocardium.
authors.affiliation: Cardiothoracic Surgery, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany. andreas.simm@medizin.unihalle.de
authors.forename: Babett
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bartling
authors.forename: Ivar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Friedrich
authors.forename: Rolf E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Silber
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Simm
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D001483:Base Sequence; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D046508:Culture Techniques; D004548:Elasticity; D005260:Female; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced; D006801:Humans; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D015425:Myocardial Reperfusion / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000473:pathology*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology*; D011336:Probability; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D012016:Reference Values; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger