title: Classifying the precancers: a metadata approach.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During carcinogenesis, precancers are the morphologically identifiable lesions that precede invasive cancers. In theory, the successful treatment of precancers would result in the eradication of most human cancers. Despite the importance of these lesions, there has been no effort to list and classify all of the precancers. The purpose of this study is to describe the first comprehensive taxonomy and classification of the precancers. As a novel approach to disease classification, terms and classes were annotated with metadata (data that describes the data) so that the classification could be used to link precancer terms to data elements in other biological databases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Terms in the UMLS (Unified Medical Language System) related to precancers were extracted. Extracted terms were reviewed and additional terms added. Each precancer was assigned one of six general classes. The entire classification was assembled as an XML (eXtensible Mark-up Language) file. A Perl script converted the XML file into a browser-viewable HTML (HyperText Mark-up Language) file.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The classification contained 4700 precancer terms, 568 distinct precancer concepts and six precancer classes: 1) Acquired microscopic precancers; 2) acquired large lesions with microscopic atypia; 3) Precursor lesions occurring with inherited hyperplastic syndromes that progress to cancer; 4) Acquired diffuse hyperplasias and diffuse metaplasias; 5) Currently unclassified entities; and 6) Superclass and modifiers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This work represents the first attempt to create a comprehensive listing of the precancers, the first attempt to classify precancers by their biological properties and the first attempt to create a pathologic classification of precancers using standard metadata (XML). The classification is placed in the public domain, and comment is invited by the authors, who are prepared to curate and modify the classification.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Diagnosis Program, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA. bermanj@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Jules J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Berman
authors.forename: Donald E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Henson
mesh_terms: D020000:Decision Support Systems, Clinical; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008490:Medical Informatics / Q000379:methods*; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis; D011381:Programming Languages; D017432:Unified Medical Language System / Q000639:trends