title: Cervical cancer screening program of Paraná: cost-effective model in a developing country.
abstract: The purpose of this study is to report the organization of a cost-effective screening program for cervical cancer in a developing country such as Brazil. The Cervical Cancer Screening Program of Paraná (CCSPP) was launched in October 1997 and was the result of a joint collaboration between the government of Paraná (Secretary of Health of the State of Paraná), scientific societies (pathologists, gynecologists, and nurses), and a non governmental organization called the Women's Popular Forum of Paraná. The main goal of the program was to enhance the Papanicolaou (Pap) smear screening to coverage up to 85% of female adult population with a 3-yr interval between examinations, as well as to reduce the incidence and mortality from cervical cancer in the state of Paraná, a Southern state of Brazil. The cytological findings in all Pap smears recorded in a central computer-based register during 5 yr of the program (October 1997-October 2002) are discussed. During that period, 2,244,158 Pap smears were performed in women included in the program from the 398 cities of the state of Paraná. The cytological smears were analyzed according to the Bethesda System. The previous year, before the program was launched, a Pap smear was taken from 43% of women of Paraná. At the end of 5 yr, coverage was increased to around 86%. The great majority of examinations had a negative result (98%). Only 2% of examinations had cytological abnormalities (n = 44,621). Low-grade lesions predominated in women aged 15-30 yr, and the high-grade lesions were more common in women aged 25-45 yr. Patients older than 40 yr had the greatest incidence of invasive cancer. Although the program is only 5 yr old, a decrease in the mortality from cervical cancer in women from Paraná is clearly apparent: in 1998, 297 women died of cervical cancer, as compared with 188 as of September 2002.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. bleggi@hc.ufpr.br
authors.forename: Luiz F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Bleggi Torres
authors.forename: Bettina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Totsugui
authors.forename: Luiz M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Collaço
authors.forename: Samuel Régis
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Araújo
authors.forename: Márcia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huçulak
authors.forename: Edwin Javier
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Boza
authors.forename: Rose Mari
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Lucinelli
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: De Laat
authors.forename: Luiz Carlos
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Sobbania
authors.forename: Armando
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raggio
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001938:Brazil; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009313:National Health Programs / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration; D065006:Papanicolaou Test; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000191:economics* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014626:Vaginal Smears / Q000191:economics*