title: High and intermediate risk prostate cancer treated with three-dimensional computed tomography-guided brachytherapy: 2-8-year follow-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report post-brachytherapy results in high and intermediate risk patients of prostatic adenocarcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  From June 1994 to June 2000, 356 consecutive high and intermediate risk patients were treated with three-dimensional computed tomography-guided stereotactic pararectal brachytherapy. The age was 42-90 years (median, 68 years), the initial prostate volume was 14-180 cm3 (median, 59 cm3), and initial PSA was 1.7-143 ng/ml (median, 10.5 ng/ml). Three hundred forty-eight patients were available for follow-up for 2-8 years (median, 4.5 years). Two hundred eighty patients had one or more high risk factors (PSA >20 ng/ml, Gleason>7, Stage T2b, T3a, or T3b). Sixty-eight patients had only one intermediate risk factor (PSA 10-20 ng/ml or Gleason=7). Patients with both intermediate risks were considered high risk. The high-risk group was further stratified into subgroups with similar risk profile. A dose of 144 Gy with 125I or 120 Gy with 103Pd was achieved in 90-100% of the target. Thirty (30) patients (9%) had prior transurethral resection and 229 (64%) were treated with 3 months neoadjuvant androgen ablation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Biochemical disease-free survival was 92% of 280 high risk patients and 96% of 68 intermediate risk patients. Seven patients (2%) required catheterization during the first year for urinary retention, nine patients (3%) required TUR 1-3 years post-implant, three patients (1%) developed grade 1 or 2 incontinence after a second TUR, and four patients (1%) developed grade 3 rectal complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This method produces a high level of biochemical control 2-8 years (median 4.5 years). Morbidity is acceptable regardless of risk profile or initial prostate volume.
authors.affiliation: Uro-Radiology Prostate Institute, 8320 Old Courthouse Road, Suite 150, Vienna, VA 22182, USA.
authors.forename: Panos G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Koutrouvelis
authors.forename: Jay
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gillenwater
authors.forename: Niko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lailas
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hendricks
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sehn
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gil-Montero
authors.forename: Nabil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Khawand
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000209:etiology