title: Retinoblastoma: Abnormal gadolinium enhancement of anterior segment of eyes at MR imaging with clinical and histopathologic correlation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate abnormal gadolinium enhancement of the anterior segment of eyes harboring retinoblastoma at magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and correlate this finding with clinical and histopathologic information.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three neuroradiologists examined 46 eyes with 34 retinoblastomas in 25 children on gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted orbital MR images obtained shortly after contrast material injection for evidence of abnormally high signal intensity in the anterior segment. Twenty-two of the 34 affected eyes were enucleated, and six of these 22 eyes were treated with preenucleation adjuvant therapy. Thus, correlation of the clinical, MR imaging, and histopathologic findings in 16 eyes was performed. Statistical analysis was performed with nonparametric methods (Fisher exact test). P <.05 indicated a statistically significant difference.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen of the 34 affected eyes showed abnormal gadolinium enhancement of the anterior segment. Regarding the 16 eyes evaluated for statistical analysis, a significant correlation (P =.011) between abnormal gadolinium enhancement of the anterior segment and histopathologically documented optic nerve infiltration was noted. A trend toward an association between abnormal enhancement and elevated intraocular pressure (P =.215), tumor growth beyond the equator at MR imaging (P =.125), and histopathologically proved iris neoangiogenesis (P =.182) also was noted. Histopathologic evidence of optic nerve and/or choroid infiltration correlated significantly (P =.001; sensitivity, 100% [nine of nine eyes]; specificity, 86% [six of seven eyes]) with abnormal enhancement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Abnormal gadolinium enhancement of the anterior segments of eyes harboring retinoblastoma seems to indicate more aggressive tumor behavior.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, and Interdepartmental Center of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, University of Siena, Policlinico Le Scotte, Italy. neurorad@ao-siena.toscana.it
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Galluzzi
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cerase
authors.forename: Theodora
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hadjistilianou
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Francesco
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Toti
authors.forename: Ignazio Maria
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Vallone
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Filosomi
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Monti
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bracco
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gennari
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ginanneschi
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Venturi
mesh_terms: D000867:Anterior Chamber; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007429:Intraocular Pressure; D008297:Male; D019572:Retinal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D012175:Retinoblastoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA