title: A performance study comparing manual and robotically assisted laparoscopic surgery using the da Vinci system.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of the da Vinci robotic system using both the three-dimensional view (3D) and two-dimensional (2D) view options with traditional manually assisted laparoscopic techniques in performing standardized exercises.
  
  
  METHODS
  To evaluate surgical efficiency in the use of robotically assisted and manual laparoscopic surgery for standardized exercises six, last-year medical students without any surgical experience were selected. The exercises consisted of placing rings over receptacles, grasping a free hanging suture and cutting three pieces of it, running a suture, and performing a surgical knot. Each student performed the exercise twice. The median times needed for completion of the exercises and the median number of errors in performing the tasks were noted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The unexperienced students performed the standardized tasks significantly quicker and with fewer errors when assisted by the da Vinci robot in the 3D optical display mode, as compared with traditional manually assisted laparoscopic surgery. Even when the 2D mode was selected, a significant advantage favoring the da Vinci robotic system was seen both in time and efficacy for most exercises. When the 3D and 2D modes were compared, time differences in favor of the 3D mode remained, but a significant difference in efficacy favoring the 3D mode was seen only in one exercise (exercise 2: suture cutting).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The da Vinci robotic system permits standardized minimal invasive surgical exercises to be performed quicker and more efficiently than traditional minimally invasive techniques. Therefore, with the aid of this robotic system, difficult laparoscopic interventions may become easier to perform, and indications for minimal invasive surgery may be expanded.
authors.affiliation: Department of Abdominal Surgery, University Hospital of Antwerp, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2560 Edegem, Belgium. guy.hubens@uza.be
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hubens
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Coveliers
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Balliu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruppert
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Vaneerdeweg
mesh_terms: D003626:Data Display; D004501:Education, Medical; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000193:education; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008328:Man-Machine Systems; D012371:Robotics / Q000193:education; D013536:Suture Techniques; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis