title: Control of Aspergillus growth and aflatoxin production using antioxidants at different conditions of water activity and pH.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effect of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), trihydroxybutyrophenone (THB) and propyl paraben (PP) (at concentrations of 1, 10 and 20 mmol l(-1)) on germination, growth and aflatoxin B1 production by Aspergillus section Flavi was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Studies on the percentage of spore germination, elongation rate, growth rate and aflatoxin B1 production were carried out in vitro in relation to water activity (aw) at 0.982, 0.937, 0.809 and 0.747 values. At 0.809 and 0.747aw values none of the isolates was able to germinate. Overall, PP and BHA were the antioxidants most effective at inhibiting germination of both species. In the presence of the lowest concentration of BHA and PP (1 mmol l(-1)) the conidial germination percentage ranged from 2 to 19% after 15 h of incubation at the highest water activity tested. BHA and PP at 10-20 mmol l(-1) completely inhibited conidial germination. The antioxidants more efficient in controlling Aspergillus elongation rate were PP, BHT and BHA. All strains were much more sensitive to all antioxidants tested on the percentage of spore germination and growth rate at 0.937aw. The antioxidants PP and BHA completely inhibited aflatoxin B1 production by all strains when added at 1 mmol l(-1). Decreased aflatoxin B1 levels in comparison with the control, were observed with BHT at 1, 10 and 20 mmol(-1) with the strain T20 at 0.982aw. In contrast, stimulation was observed with the antioxidant THB at 10 and 20 mmol l(-1) at 0.937aw with the strains T20 and T23. The effect of BHA and PP at 1 mmol l(-1) on lag phase and growth rate was maintained in the pH range between 6 and 8. At all pH values the inhibitory effect of BHA was higher than PP. No aflatoxin B1 was detected at all pH values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data show that BHA and PP could be considered as effective fungitoxicants for A. flavus and A. parasiticus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The information obtained show promise for controlling growth and aflatoxin B1 in stored maize. Futher studies should be carried out to examine the potential for antioxidants, such as BHA and PP to effectively control both growth and aflatoxin production.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Inmunology, Department of Mathematics National Universtiy of Rio Cuarto, Ruta Nacional, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nesci
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Etcheverry
mesh_terms: D016604:Aflatoxin B1 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001230:Aspergillus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D002084:Butylated Hydroxytoluene / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D010226:Parabens / Q000494:pharmacology; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D010226:Parabens; D002084:Butylated Hydroxytoluene; D016604:Aflatoxin B1; C006068:propylparaben