title: The incidence and risk factors of cholesterol embolization syndrome, a complication of cardiac catheterization: a prospective study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cholesterol embolization syndrome is a systemic disease caused by distal showering of cholesterol crystals after angiography, major vessel surgery, or thrombolysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively evaluated a total of 1,786 consecutive patients 40 years of age and older, who underwent left-heart catheterization at 11 participating hospitals. The diagnosis of CES was made when patients had peripheral cutaneous involvement (livedo reticularis, blue toe syndrome, and digital gangrene) or renal dysfunction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-five patients (1.4%) were diagnosed as having CES. Twelve patients (48%) had cutaneous signs, and 16 patients (64%) had renal insufficiency. Eosinophil counts were significantly higher in CES patients than in non-CES patients before and after cardiac catheterization. The in-hospital mortality rate was 16.0% (4 patients), which was significantly higher than that without CES (0.5%, p < 0.01). All four patients with CES who died after cardiac catheterization had progressive renal dysfunction. The incidence of CES increased in patients with atherosclerotic disease, hypertension, a history of smoking, and the elevation of baseline plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) by univariate analysis. The femoral approach did not increase the incidence, suggesting a possibility that the ascending aorta may be a potential embolic source. As an independent predictor of CES, multivariate regression analysis identified only the elevation of pre-procedural CRP levels (odds ratio 4.6, P = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cholesterol embolization syndrome is a relatively rare but serious complication after cardiac catheterization. Elevated plasma levels of pre-procedural CRP are associated with subsequent CES in patients who undergo vascular procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fukumoto
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsutsui
authors.forename: Miyuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsuchihashi
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Masumoto
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takeshita
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000209:etiology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000150:complications; D018438:Blue Toe Syndrome / Q000209:etiology; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D017700:Embolism, Cholesterol / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D004804:Eosinophils; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D015994:Incidence; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D017445:Skin Diseases, Vascular / Q000209:etiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D013577:Syndrome
chemical_list: D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D003404:Creatinine