title: Analysis of ecstasy tablets: comparison of reflectance and transmittance near infrared spectroscopy.
abstract: Calibration models for the quantitation of commonly used ecstasy substances have been developed using near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) in diffuse reflectance and in transmission mode by applying seized ecstasy tablets for model building and validation. The samples contained amphetamine, N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxy-amphetamine (MDMA) and N-ethyl-3,4-methylenedioxy-amphetamine (MDE) in different concentrations. All tablets were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode array detection as reference method. We evaluated the performance of each NIR measurement method with regard to its ability to predict the content of each tablet with a low root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP). Best calibration models could be generated by using NIR measurement in transmittance mode with wavelength selection and 1/x-transformation of the raw data. The models build in reflectance mode showed higher RMSEPs using as data pretreatment, wavelength selection, 1/x-transformation and a second order Savitzky-Golay derivative with five point smoothing was applied to obtain the best models. To estimate the influence of inhomogeneities in the illegal tablets, a calibration of the destroyed, i.e. triturated samples was build and compared to the corresponding data of the whole tablets. The calibrations using these homogenized tablets showed lower RMSEPs. We can conclude that NIR analysis of ecstasy tablets in transmission mode is more suitable than measurement in diffuse reflectance to obtain quantification models for their active ingredients with regard to low errors of prediction. Inhomogeneities in the samples are equalized when measuring the tablets as powdered samples.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Ralph Carsten
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Karl-Artur
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Kovar
mesh_terms: D000662:Amphetamines / Q000032:analysis; D002138:Calibration; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000032:analysis; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005554:Forensic Medicine / Q000379:methods; D006213:Hallucinogens / Q000032:analysis*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine / Q000032:analysis*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared / Q000379:methods*; D013607:Tablets / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000662:Amphetamines; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D006213:Hallucinogens; D013607:Tablets; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine