title: Effects of roxifiban on platelet aggregation and major receptor expression in patients with coronary artery disease for the Roxifiban Oral Compound Kinetics Evaluation Trial-I (ROCKET-I Platelet Substudy).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been expected that therapy with oral glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa blockers including roxifiban will reduce mortality and vascular complications in a long-term. However, platelet-related properties of roxifiban in the clinical setting are not well known. We measured platelet characteristics during chronic treatment in patients with coronary artery disease enrolled in the Roxifiban Oral Compound Kinetics Evaluation Trial (ROCKET-I).
  
  
  METHODS
  ROCKET-I was designed as a randomized, double blind, multicenter, dose-ranging study of roxifiban, administered either as monotherapy or concomitantly with aspirin, compared with aspirin alone. Thirty-one patients were assigned for 24 weeks of therapy with aspirin (n = 7), roxifiban (n = 9), or roxifiban plus aspirin (n = 15). Platelets were assessed 5 times in each patient at baseline, and at weeks 2, 4, 12, 18, and 24 thereafter with aggregometry and flow cytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline platelet characteristics were similar in all 3 groups. There was a consistent significant decrease of adenosine diphosphate- (P =.0001) and collagen-induced (P =.002) platelet aggregation in the patients treated with roxifiban when compared with patients treated with aspirin alone. Flow cytometry revealed paradoxical late activation of GP IIb/IIIa expression (P =.007) when roxifiban was used without aspirin, which was significant compared with the aspirin and aspirin-roxifiban groups. There were no differences among groups in GP Ib expression, although its rise was more profound in the patients treated with roxifiban. There were substantial differences in the P-selectin expression. Although aspirin time dependently decreased the percent of P-selectin positive platelets (P =.02), treatment with roxifiban resulted in the phasic changes with the early inhibition (P =.01) and then 2-fold activation (P =.0001) starting at week 12 of the therapy. There was an early transient activation of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 expression (P =.008) at week 2, followed by the later inhibition of this receptor (P =.003) in patients treated with roxifiban.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite achieving sustained inhibition of platelet aggregation, therapy with roxifiban has been associated with over expression or phasic changes of major platelet receptors. These data may explain clinical concerns about the use of oral GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors linking higher mortality rates and incidence of thrombotic episodes with paradoxical switching to alternative passways of platelet activation.
authors.affiliation: Sinai Center for Thrombosis Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md., USA. Heartdrug@aol.com
authors.forename: Victor L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Serebruany
authors.forename: Alex I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Malinin
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: O'connor
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Gurbel
mesh_terms: D000578:Amidines / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001241:Aspirin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D003328:Coronary Thrombosis / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007555:Isoxazoles / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010974:Platelet Aggregation / Q000187:drug effects*; D010979:Platelet Function Tests; D019039:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000578:Amidines; D007555:Isoxazoles; D019039:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex; C118235:roxifiban; D001241:Aspirin