title: Orbicularis oculi muscle graft augmentation after protractor myectomy in blepharospasm.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effectiveness of free orbicularis oculi muscle grafts in correcting volume deficit deformities after protractor myectomy in patients with essential blepharospasm.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective case series. During the 13-month period from October 2000 through November 2001, all patients with essential blepharospasm undergoing primary eyelid protractor myectomy received an orbicularis oculi muscle graft to replace the volume deficit deformity created by the myectomy. Only patients who had at least 6 months of postoperative follow-up were included in the analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-six patients underwent primary eyelid protractor myectomy and had a free orbicularis oculi muscle graft for volume replacement. All patients had significant functional improvement of their eyelid spasms after the myectomy. Of the 38 patients who underwent upper eyelid myectomy, 3 patients were overcorrected and no patients were undercorrected with the orbicularis muscle graft. Two of the overcorrected patients underwent surgical debulking of their muscle grafts. Of the 8 patients who underwent lower eyelid myectomy, no patients were overcorrected and 1 patient was undercorrected. None of the patients were observed to have any spasms, contractions, or other signs of muscular activity or aberrant innervation of the muscle graft.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The orbicularis oculi muscle graft is a useful adjunct to protractor myectomy in improving the aesthetic outcomes for blepharospasm patients. Our study demonstrates the viability of the orbicularis oculi muscle graft and may lead to future applications of the graft in facial aesthetics.
authors.affiliation: Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Small
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018726:Anti-Dyskinesia Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001764:Blepharospasm / Q000601:surgery*; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005143:Eyelids / Q000294:innervation / Q000601:surgery; D005154:Facial Nerve / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000637:transplantation*; D013508:Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018726:Anti-Dyskinesia Agents; D001905:Botulinum Toxins