title: [Regional anesthesia in newborn infants, infants and children--what prerequisites must be met?].
abstract: In general, every anaesthetic technique should only be used with a given indication after a careful risk-benefit evaluation, when there are no contraindications and when the physician has sufficient knowledge and skill to safely perform the technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  the great advantage of regional blocks is that they can be administered without the risks of opioids, e.g. respiratory depression, nausea, vomiting and delayed gastric emptying. Regional anaesthesia is rarely indicated instead of general anaesthesia: even ex-premature babies can safely undergo general anaesthesia supplemented with a regional block. Special risks occur when regional blocks are performed in anaesthetised children, and special care is needed. However, in contrast to adult practice, this is a generally accepted modality of paediatric anaesthesia worldwide. In addition, perfect analgesia may obscure the signs of compartment syndrome and beginning pressure sores. Preoperative evaluation: the preoperative evaluation relies mainly on the patient's history. Coagulation tests are not performed as routine screening. However, even with a careful history, bleeding disorders can be overlooked, especially in neonates and infants. Mastering the technique: caudal anaesthesia can be used for a large variety of interventions below the umbilicus; therefore, a sufficient caseload can be achieved by most anaesthetists, and the technique can be easily learned. It should belong, together with wound infiltration, ilioinguinal and penile block, to the armamentarium of all anaesthetists caring for children. However, regional blocks are of limited duration and are therefore only part of a concept of balanced analgesia, which also involves nonsteroidals, paracetamol and opioids.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Anästhesie, Kantonsspitals Luzern/Schweiz. joehrmartin@bluewin.ch
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jöhr
mesh_terms: D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000009:adverse effects; D000763:Anesthesia, Caudal / Q000009:adverse effects; D000765:Anesthesia, Conduction / Q000009:adverse effects; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000633:toxicity; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000009:adverse effects; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local