title: An in situ study of the effect of nitrate on the reduction of trichloroethylene by granular iron.
abstract: The effect of nitrate on the reduction of TCE by commercial granular iron was investigated in column experiments designed to allow for the in situ monitoring of the iron surface film with Raman spectroscopy. Three column experiments were conducted; one with an influent solution of 100 mg/l nitrate+1.5 mg/l TCE, and two control columns, one saturated directly with 100 mg/l nitrate solution, the other pre-treated with Millipore water prior to the introduction of a 100 mg/l nitrate solution. In the presence of nitrate, TCE adsorbed onto the iron, but there was little TCE reduction to end-products ethene and ethane. The iron used (Connelly, GPM, Chicago) is a product typical of those used in permeable granular iron walls. The material is covered by an air-formed high-temperature oxidation film, consisting of an inner layer of Fe(3)O(4), and an outer, passive layer of Fe(2)O(3). In the control column pre-treated with Millipore water, the passive Fe(2)O(3) layer was removed upon contact with the water in a manner consistent with an autoreduction reaction. In the TCE+nitrate column and the direct nitrate saturation column, nitrate interfered with the removal of the passive layer and maintained conditions such that high valency protective corrosion species, including Fe(2)O(3) and FeOOH, were stable at the iron surface. The lack of TCE reduction is explained by the presence of these species, as they inhibit both mechanisms proposed for TCE reduction by iron, including catalytic hydrogenation, and direct electron transfer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ritter
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Odziemkowski
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Simpgraga
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Gillham
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Irish
mesh_terms: D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry*; D013696:Temperature; D014241:Trichloroethylene / Q000737:chemistry*; D014873:Water Pollutants
chemical_list: D012989:Soil Pollutants; D012997:Solvents; D014873:Water Pollutants; D014241:Trichloroethylene; D007501:Iron