title: Anesthetic technique and development of pneumocephalus after posterior fossa surgery in the sitting position.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pneumocephalus is a well-known complication of surgical procedures performed with the patients placed in the sitting position. Its incidence and intensity were prospectively studied in 90 consecutive patients undergoing a posterior fossa procedure in this position. Various anesthetic agents, with different effects on cerebral hemodynamics, were used.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were randomly assigned to one of three groups. In group 1 (n=30), anesthesia was induced and maintained with propofol. In group 2 (n=30), anesthesia was induced with thiopental and maintained with isoflurane. In group 3 (n=30), anesthesia was induced with thiopental and maintained with nitrous oxide and low-dose isoflurane. All patients received a load dose and an infusion of fentanyl. A cerebral computed tomography scan was performed to all patients 8 hours after surgery for detecting the presence and location of intracranial air. The size of pneumocephalus was ascertained using the formula for calculating the volume of a spheroid: v = PI / 6. x. y. z. Preoperative diagnosis, existence of shunted or non-shunted hydrocephalus, type and duration of the surgical procedure, detection of intraoperative venous air embolism, and appearance of new neurological symptoms in the postoperative period, were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients included in the study developed postoperative pneumocephalus. There were no significant differences (P = 0.133) in the estimated volume of intracranial air between the groups (group 1, volume = 38.3 -/+ 35.4 ml; group 2, volume = 48.9 -/+ 36.3 ml; group 3, volume = 31.5 -/+ 28.4 ml). Only two patients in the group 2 manifested symptoms of neurological involvement due to the pressure exerted by the intracranial air.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the hypothetical diverse effects of the three anesthetic techniques used in this series on cerebral hemodynamics, our results suggest that none of them has a substantial effect on the amount of intracranial air detected after posterior fossa procedures performed in seated individuals. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report that addresses in a prospective manner the effects of several habitual anesthetic techniques on the development of pneumocephalus in patients submitted to posterior fossa procedures performed in the sitting position.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Anestesiología, Hospital Universitario "Virgen de la Arrixaca". Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hernández-Palazón
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Martínez-Lage
authors.forename: V N
authors.initials: VN
authors.lastname: de la Rosa-Carrillo
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Tortosa
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: López
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Poza
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002648:Child; D003388:Cranial Fossa, Posterior / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011007:Pneumocephalus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011187:Posture; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D005283:Fentanyl; D015742:Propofol