title: Improvement of glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes: favourable changes in blood pressure, total cholesterol and triglycerides, but not in HDL cholesterol, fibrinogen, Von Willebrand factor and (pro)insulin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetes mellitus causes a substantial increase in cardiovascular risk, which can only partly be reduced by antihyperglycaemic treatment. We were interested in whether improvement in glycaemic control is associated with improvement of other cardiovascular risk factors. Therefore, we studied among type 2 diabetic patients the association between on the one hand changes in glycaemic control and on the other hand within-subject changes of both classic cardiovascular risk factors and less conventional cardiovascular risk indicators that are typically associated with type 2 diabetes (proinsulin, insulin, fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor and the urinary albumin-creatinine ratio).
  
  
  METHODS
  The 214 type 2 diabetic patients were randomly assigned to either a strict fasting capillary glucose target level (< 6.5 mmol/l) or a less strict target (< 8.5 mmol/l). Duration of follow-up was two years. Since the interventions did not yield statistically significant differences between the treatment arms, we reanalysed the data focusing on within-subject changes of cardiovascular risk factors and indicators across tertiles of average HbA(1c).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individuals in whom HbA(1c) decreased had significant favourable concurrent changes in triglycerides, total cholesterol, blood pressure, and in the albumin-creatinine ratio in those who were normoalbuminuric at baseline. In contrast, these individuals had unfavourable, although not statistically significant, changes in HDL cholesterol, proinsulin, insulin, fibrinogen and von Willebrand factor. In the whole group, fibrinogen increased more than could be expected on the basis of the relationship between fibrinogen and age, namely from 3.5 +/- 0.8 to 3.9 +/- 0.9 g/l (p value < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that improvement in glycaemia in type 2 diabetes is associated with significant favourable changes in triglycerides, total cholesterol, blood pressure and, in normoalbuminuric individuals, albumin-creatinine ratio. In contrast, it is not consistently associated with favourable changes in some cardiovascular risk indicators typically associated with diabetes, which may in part explain why antihyperglycaemic treatment does not clearly lower atherothrombotic disease risk.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine, Free University Medical Centre, De Boelelaan 1117, 1008 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: F E E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: van der Does
authors.forename: V W M
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: van Hinsbergh
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Heine
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Bouter
authors.forename: C D A
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Stehouwer
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000032:analysis; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011384:Proinsulin / Q000097:blood; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014841:von Willebrand Factor / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002784:Cholesterol; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D005340:Fibrinogen; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D011384:Proinsulin; D014280:Triglycerides; D014841:von Willebrand Factor