title: A study of hepatopulmonary syndrome among patients of cirrhosis of liver and portal hypertension.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hepatopulmonary syndrome consists of a triad of hepatic dysfunction and/or portal hypertension, intrapulmonary vascular dilatations and hypoxemia. A study of hepatopulmonary syndrome among patients of cirrhosis of liver and portal hypertension was undertaken.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty patients participated in this study. The diagnosis of cirrhosis of liver was confirmed by liver biopsy. Arterial blood gas analysis, pulmonary function tests, two-dimensional transthoracic air contrast echocardiography were undertaken in all the patients. Those patients in whom contrast echocardiogram showed intrapulmonary vascular dilatations were classified as the positive group while others were labelled as the negative group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten patients (33.33%) had a positive contrast echocardiogram; five (16.67%) of them were found to have PaO2<70 mmHg and were qualified for the diagnosis of hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS); and other five (16.67%) with PaO2>70 mmHg were diagnosed as intrapulmonary dilatations syndrome (IPVDS). Five patients of HPS revealed significant P(A-a)O2 gradient and intrapulmonary shunts of moderate severity computed by a/A ratio. Cyanosis (p=0.001), clubbing (p=0.009) and orthodeoxia (p=0.0024) were significantly commoner in the five patients of hepatopulmonary syndrome. Presence of spider naevi was significantly related with the presence of intrapulmonary vascular dilatations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study results showed presence of hepatopulmonary syndrome and intrapulmonary vascular dilatation syndrome among patients of portal hypertension. The presence of cyanosis, clubbing and orthodeoxia were found to be suggestive indicators of hepatopulmonary syndrome. Even though not very specific, spider naevi were found to be a useful clinical indicator for the presence of intrapulmonary vascular dilatations.
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Pulmonary Medicine and Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Hira
authors.forename: Jaya
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Tyagi
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Jain
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D020065:Hepatopulmonary Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D006975:Hypertension, Portal / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged