title: Cardiomyocyte-mediated contact programs human mesenchymal stem cells to express cardiogenic phenotype.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intercellular crosstalk and cellular plasticity are key factors in embryogenesis and organogenesis. The microenvironment plays a critical role in directing the progression of stem cells into differentiated cells. We hypothesized that intercellular interaction between adult human mesenchymal stem cells and adult human cardiomyocytes would induce stem cells to acquire the phenotypical characteristics of cardiomyocytes, and we tested the role that direct cell-to-cell contact plays in directing this differentiation process. Human mesenchymal stem cells were cultured in the presence of human cardiomyocytes ("coculture") or in the presence of media conditioned by separate cultures of human cardiomyocytes ("conditioned media").
  
  
  METHODS
  Human cardiomyocytes were labeled with chloromethyl derivatives of fluorescein diacetate. In the coculture experiments, human mesenchymal stem cells and human cardiomyocytes were mixed at a 1:1 ratio in smooth muscle 2 media and seeded at a cell density of 10,000 cells/cm(2). Cells were cocultured in an incubator at 37 degrees C for 48 hours. Subsequently, fluorescence-activated cell sorting was used to extract the differentiating human mesenchymal stem cells. In the conditioned media experiments, human mesenchymal stem cells were incubated in media previously conditioned by cardiomyocytes, in the presence and absence of serum (+/-serum). The conditioned media was changed 3 times, at intervals of 48 hours. Total RNA was isolated and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was performed for expression of contractile proteins and cardiac specific genes. Immunostaining against myosin heavy chain, beta-actin troponin-T, and troponin-I was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis identified 66% of the human mesenchymal stem cells in the G1 phase. Differentiated hMSCs from the coculture experiments expressed myosin heavy chain, beta-actin, and troponin-T by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Immunostaining was also positive against myosin heavy chain and troponin-T. In contrast, only beta-actin expression was observed in the human mesenchymal stem cells incubated with conditioned media +/- serum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In addition to soluble signaling molecules, direct cell-to-cell contact is obligatory in relaying the external cues of the microenvironment controlling the differentiation of adult stem cells to cardiomyocytes. These data indicate that human mesenchymal stem cells are plastic and can be reprogrammed into a cardiomyogenic lineage that may be used in cell-based therapy for treating heart failure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA.
authors.forename: Sunil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rangappa
authors.forename: John W C
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Entwistle
authors.forename: Andrew S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Wechsler
authors.forename: J Yasha
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Kresh
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D002450:Cell Communication / Q000502:physiology; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D008040:Genetic Linkage / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008938:Mitosis / Q000502:physiology; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010641:Phenotype; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D019210:Troponin I / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020107:Troponin T / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D019210:Troponin I; D020107:Troponin T; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains