title: Clinical significance of co-expression of VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 in non-small cell lung cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship between vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) expression, VEGFR-3 expression, lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-six NSCLC samples were stained for VEGF-C, VEGFR-3 and CD34 with immunohistochemical methods. Assessment of lymphatic vessel density (LVD) and microvessel density (MVD) was performed. The expressions of VEGF-C in 24 fresh NSCLC samples were determined with Western blot assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 76 NSCLC cases, 55 were VEGF-C positive and 40 were VEGFR-3 positive in cancer cells. A significant positive correlation was found between VEGF-C expression and VEGFR-3 expression in cancer cells (P < 0.05). VEGF-C expression was negatively associated with differentiation of tumor cells (P < 0.05). VEGF-C expression and VEGFR-3 expression were positively associated with lymph node metastasis and lymphatic invasion (P < 0.05). LVD was positively related to VEGF-C expression, lymph node metastasis, lymphatic invasion and clinical stage (P < 0.05). There was a significant correlation between LVD and MVD (R = 0.732, P < 0.05). Patients with positive VEGF-C expression had worse outcomes than those with negative VEGF-C expression (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In NSCLC, VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 are related to the lymphangiogenesis, angiogenesis, and occurrence and development of lung cancers. VEGF-C expression could be a useful predictor of poor prognosis in NSCLC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.
authors.forename: Qingchang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Xueshan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.forename: Enhua
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000378:metabolism*; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C; D040321:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-3 / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C; D040321:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-3