title: The impact of nutrition intervention on a reliable morbidity and mortality indicator: the hemodialysis-prognostic nutrition index.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of risk for hospitalization in hemodialysis (HD) patients and examine the impact of oral kilocalorie and protein supplementation in two Midwestern outpatient dialysis centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective intervention study conducted at 2 outpatient dialysis centers in the Midwest.
  
  
  METHODS
  The inclusion criteria for patients were (1) more than 18 years of age, (2) receiving HD 3 times per week, and (3) a functioning gastrointestinal tract.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients who met study criteria and signed an informed consent form were screened using the hemodialysis prognostic nutrition index (HD-PNI) to determine risk for hospitalization. Patients determined to be at high risk (HD-PNI > or =0.8) were included in the treatment group, and patients at low risk did not receive the intervention. They followed their normal nutritional regimen. The intervention group received an oral supplement daily for 3 months. The team of the dietitian, patient, researcher, and physician determined the type of oral supplements based on patient needs and preferences.
  
  
  METHODS
  Before and after HD-PNI, 24-hour recall and subjective global assessments (SGA) were conducted to assess risk for hospitalization, dietary intake, and nutritional status, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 117 patients were screened, with a total of 26 in the treatment group (high risk) and 91 in the low-risk group. Baseline SGA distribution was 23% for patients with low nutritional risk (group A), 64% for those with moderate nutritional risk (group B), and 13% for those with severe nutritional risk (group C). When the HD-PNI scores of the treatment group were analyzed using paired t-tests, significant differences were observed between pre- and post-HD-PNI mean scores, 1.92 +/- 1.16 and 1.42 +/- 1.59, (P <.05) respectively. When comparing the responders versus the nonresponders by the dependent and independent variables (pre- and post-HD-PNI, SGA, kilocalorie intake, diabetic status, and presence of hypertension) only post-HD-PNI score was significantly different (0.96 +/- 1.69 and 2.20 +/- 1.09, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study succeeded in showing that 22% of the hemodialysis patients in 2 Midwestern centers were at an increased risk for hospitalization. Furthermore, dietitian intervention with oral kilocalorie and protein supplements decreased the patients' hemodialysis prognostic nutrition index scores and thereby decreased the patients' risks for hospitalization.
authors.affiliation: Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
authors.forename: Alison L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Steiber
authors.forename: Deepa J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Handu
authors.forename: Danielle R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Cataline
authors.forename: Tara R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Deighton
authors.forename: Lorraine J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Weatherspoon
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000418:Albumins / Q000032:analysis; D000554:Ambulatory Care Facilities; D003404:Creatinine / Q000032:analysis; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015146:Midwestern United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D009017:Morbidity; D009752:Nutritional Status; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D003404:Creatinine