title: Surgical management of anomalous head posture because of horizontal gaze palsy or acquired vertical nystagmus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To confirm the effectiveness of the Kestenbaum-Anderson principle in the surgical management of compensatory head posture because of horizontal gaze palsy and acquired vertical nystagmus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine patients with anomalous head posture because of horizontal gaze palsy, and four patients with acquired vertical nystagmus and oscillopsia and compensatory torticollis underwent surgery according to the Kestenbaum-Anderson principle. As in the treatment of congenital nystagmus, the eyes have to be shifted in the orbits, in the direction of anomalous head posture. Homonymously based prisms were used preoperatively to assess the potential benefit of surgery. At the time of surgery, the clinical conditions of the patients had been stable for at least 1 year.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After surgery, compensatory head posture and visual performances improved in all cases and the results remained stable for at least 2 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Contrary to what is generally believed, the ocular condition of the patients with compensatory head posture secondary to neurological causes can be often improved with surgery. The aim of surgery is obviously not to modify ocular motility, but rather to improve the head position.
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmology Service, University of Bologna School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy. campos@alma.unibo.it
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schiavi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bellusci
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009759:Nystagmus, Pathologic / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000601:surgery*; D015840:Oculomotor Nerve Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D011187:Posture; D014103:Torticollis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014792:Visual Acuity