title: Assessment of bismuth thiols and conventional disinfectants on drinking water biofilms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Biofilms in water distribution systems represent a far more significant reservoir of micro-organisms than the water phase. Biofilms are (i) resistant to disinfectants, (ii) nuclei for microbial regrowth, (iii) a refuge for pathogens, (iv) accompanied by taste and odour problems, and (v) corrode surfaces. The effects of the current strategies for disinfection of drinking water systems in large buildings (chlorination, copper and silver ionization, and hyper-heating) were compared with a new generation of bismuth thiol (BT) biocides.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multispecies biofilms were treated with 0.8 mg l(-1) of free chlorine, 400 and 40 microg l(-1) of copper and silver ions, respectively, at 55 and 70 degrees C, and bismuth-2,3-dimercaptopropanol (BisBAL). Furthermore, the effect of combined heat and BisBAL on planktonic cell viability was examined in monoculture using Escherichia coli suspensions. Inactivation rates for BisBAL were similar to copper-silver ions, where the effects were slower than for free chlorine or temperature. The BisBAL effect on E. coli monocultures was augmented greatly by increasing temperatures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Like copper-silver ions, BTs show more persistent residual effects than chlorine and hyper-heating in water systems. BT efficiency increased with temperature. Like copper-silver ions, BT action is relatively slow.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BT presents a new approach to containing water biofilms. BT action is not as rapid, but is more thorough than chlorine, and less caustic. BTs may also be more efficacious in hot water systems. At sub-minimum inhibition concentration levels, BTs uniquely inhibit bacterial exopolysaccharide, thereby retarding biofilm formation. Thus, the combination of bactericidal and residual effects may prevent slime build-up in hot water systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain, and Cardio Pulmonary Research Institute. Winthrop-University Hospital, Mineola, NY, USA. fcodony@imsb.bcn.es
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Codony
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Domenico
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mas
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D001729:Bismuth / Q000494:pharmacology; D002713:Chlorine / Q000494:pharmacology; D003114:Colony-Forming Units Assay; D004112:Dimercaprol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014871:Water Microbiology; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D004338:Drug Combinations; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; C103324:bismuth dimercaptopropanol; D004112:Dimercaprol; D002713:Chlorine; D001729:Bismuth