title: Williams syndrome deficits in visual spatial processing linked to GTF2IRD1 and GTF2I on chromosome 7q11.23.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify the relationship between specific genes and phenotypic features of Williams syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were selected based on their deletion status determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization using a panel of 24 BACs and cosmids spanning the region commonly deleted and single gene analysis using Southern blotting. From the cohort of subjects, three had atypical deletions. Physical examinations and cognitive tests were administered to the three subjects and the results were compared to those from a cohort of typical WS subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The molecular results indicate smaller deletions for each subject. In all three cases, typical Williams facies were absent and visual spatial abilities were above that of full deletion WS subjects, particularly in the qualitative aspects of visual spatial processing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combining the molecular analysis with the cognitive results suggest that the genes GTF2IRD1 and GTF2I contribute to deficits on visual spatial functioning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hamao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hirota
authors.forename: Rumiko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Matsuoka
authors.forename: Xiao-Ning
authors.initials: XN
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Lora S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Salandanan
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lincoln
authors.forename: Fredric E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: Mariko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sunahara
authors.forename: Makiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Osawa
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bellugi
authors.forename: Julie R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Korenberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D002897:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003360:Cosmids; D005260:Female; D017353:Gene Deletion; D018628:Gene Dosage; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008957:Models, Genetic; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D010641:Phenotype; D020161:Physical Chromosome Mapping; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000235:genetics*; D019473:Transcription Factors, TFII / Q000235:genetics*; D018980:Williams Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: C104259:GTF2I protein, human; C405493:GTF2IRD1 protein, human; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; D019473:Transcription Factors, TFII