title: NFAT functions as a working memory of Ca2+ signals in decoding Ca2+ oscillation.
abstract: Transcription by the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) is regulated by the frequency of Ca(2+) oscillation. However, why and how Ca(2+) oscillation regulates NFAT activity remain elusive. NFAT is dephosphorylated by Ca(2+)-dependent phosphatase calcineurin and translocates from the cytoplasm to the nucleus to initiate transcription. We analyzed the kinetics of dephosphorylation and translocation of NFAT. We show that Ca(2+)-dependent dephosphorylation proceeds rapidly, while the rephosphorylation and nuclear transport of NFAT proceed slowly. Therefore, after brief Ca(2+) stimulation, dephosphorylated NFAT has a lifetime of several minutes in the cytoplasm. Thus, Ca(2+) oscillation induces a build-up of dephosphorylated NFAT in the cytoplasm, allowing effective nuclear translocation, provided that the oscillation interval is shorter than the lifetime of dephosphorylated NFAT. We also show that Ca(2+) oscillation is more cost-effective in inducing the translocation of NFAT than continuous Ca(2+) signaling. Thus, the lifetime of dephosphorylated NFAT functions as a working memory of Ca(2+) signals and enables the control of NFAT nuclear translocation by the frequency of Ca(2+) oscillation at a reduced cost of Ca(2+) signaling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
authors.forename: Taichiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tomida
authors.forename: Kenzo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hirose
authors.forename: Azusa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takizawa
authors.forename: Futoshi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Shibasaki
authors.forename: Masamitsu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iino
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D020013:Calcium Signaling; D002460:Cell Line; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D006224:Cricetinae; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D019169:Jurkat Cells; D007700:Kinetics; D008954:Models, Biological; D050778:NFATC Transcription Factors; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D010766:Phosphorylation; D021381:Protein Transport; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050778:NFATC Transcription Factors; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors