title: A tap water turbidity crisis in Tel Aviv, Israel, due to technical failure: toxicological and risk management issues.
abstract: Herein, we report on the actual events linked to an ammonia spillage into the main waterline of the Tel-Aviv metropolitan area and its surrounding municipalities. Based upon a large magnitude increase of unknown origin in the turbidity and ammonia levels of the main drinking water supply, area residents were warned of possible serious contamination and advised to refrain from drinking tap water until further notice. Turbidity was later linked only to CaCO3, which was precipitated from the water due to the rise in pH caused by the excessive ammonia levels. The source of the ammonia (a malfunction of the measurement buoy in the ammonia tank) was not identified until several days after the warning was issued. The toxicological implications of the turbidity and ammonia elevations are considered and reconciled with the management strategies that followed. Of consequence to the management of this crisis was the approach of Ministry of Health officials to regard the ammonia, from the onset, as an indicator of several possible sources of origin rather than as a contaminant. Decision-making policies were hampered by ineffective communication between the national water supplier and government health officials. An outcome of this crisis was a heightened awareness of the potential of a water crisis occurring during peace time and not only in association with terrorist activities, to which Israeli citizens are highly sensitized. Finally, the present paper may serve to guide municipal environmental and health officials more appropriately in the event of similar drinking water crises in Israel or elsewhere.
authors.affiliation: Israel Public Health Services, Department of Environmental Health, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Winston
authors.forename: Shlomo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lerman
authors.forename: Shalom
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goldberger
authors.forename: Malcolm
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leventhal
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia; D003142:Communication; D003657:Decision Making; D004189:Disaster Planning; D004782:Environmental Health; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel; D010316:Particle Size; D011050:Policy Making; D011634:Public Health; D011786:Quality Control; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D000641:Ammonia