title: Transition from open to laparoscopic adrenalectomy: the need for advanced training.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We sought to determine the learning curve for laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA), current use of the procedure, and if indications for adrenalectomy had changed in the past decade.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review was performed for all adrenalectomies after 1990. Practicing community surgeons in Oregon were mailed a questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-five LAs were performed at the Oregon Health and Sciences University and Portland VA Medical Center. Average operating room (OR) time was 161 min and average estimated blood loss (EBL) was 84 ml. There were four complications and two conversions. Comparing the first 20 to the last 20 patients, OR times were 154 vs 159 min (not significant), and EBL was 102 vs 47 ml ( p < 0.05). There were two vs one complications ( p > 0.05) and one conversion each. Most residents completed less than two procedures during training, and community surgeons performed none during training. Of 17 currently performing LA, 14 had postresidency training. Open technique was used more often for hormonal ablation and malignancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Operative time and complications do not decrease with experience, but EBL does. Few, if any, residents acquire enough experience to perform LA in practice. The procedure is performed laparoscopically more often for benign disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Oregon Health and Sciences University, L223A, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97201-3098, USA. maccabee@ohsu.edu
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Maccabee
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Domreis
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Deveney
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Sheppard
mesh_terms: D000310:Adrenal Gland Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D000315:Adrenalectomy / Q000193:education* / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003480:Cushing Syndrome / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007902:Length of Stay; D009922:Oregon; D010673:Pheochromocytoma / Q000601:surgery; D011159:Population Surveillance; D016896:Treatment Outcome