title: The effect of inturning of the foot on knee kinematics and kinetics in children with treated idiopathic clubfoot.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effect of internal foot progression angle (inturning) on knee dynamics in children with treated clubfeet.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study dividing a population of clubfeet according to the factor inturning.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Excessive internal or external foot progression angle increases knee flexion by a backward shift of the ground reaction force to the knee joint in children with cerebral palsy. Similarly, inturning in clubfeet was hypothesized to shift the ground reaction force backwards with reference to the knee joint, increasing the external knee flexion moment and the maximal knee flexion at stance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three-dimensional gait analysis was performed on 20 children with surgically treated clubfeet (n=28) to assess alterations of knee dynamics related to inturning (>7 degrees ) and on 13 normal children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inturning occurred in 46% of the clubfeet and was associated during stance, at maximal knee flexion, to an increase in maximal knee flexion (+7 degrees ), external knee flexion moment (+60%) and related lever arm to the knee (+100%) and at minimal knee flexion, to a reduction in external knee extension moment (-62%) and related lever arm (-58%). Inturning was associated with a more frequent prolongation of internal knee extension moment and of rectus femoris activity exceeding 50% of stance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inturning in clubfeet is associated with knee dynamics alteration, which might contribute to the long-term development of knee osteoarthritis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The therapeutic correction of inturning in clubfeet would be of importance if the consecutive knee dynamics alteration is shown by further studies to contribute to long-term degenerative knee pathology.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Analyse de la Posture et du Mouvement, Institut Régional de Réadaptation de Nancy, 51, avenue de la Libération, F 54840 Gondreville, France. c.beyaert@chu-nancy.fr
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Beyaert
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Haumont
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Paysant
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lascombes
authors.forename: J-M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Andre
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003025:Clubfoot / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D004735:Energy Transfer; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005684:Gait; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019415:Torque; D016474:Weight-Bearing