title: Ewing's sarcoma and peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor cells produce large quantities of bioactive tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) after radiation exposure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the present study, we examined human Ewing's sarcoma (ES) and peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor (pPNET) cell lines that are able to produce TNF-alpha as part of the response to irradiation. Radiation-induced tumor cell production of TNF-alpha may enhance irradiation efficacy and improve the effect of local tumor irradiation. On the other hand, radiation-induced tumor cell production of TNF-alpha may adversely affect the normal tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve different ES/pPNET cell lines were investigated in vitro and (after establishment as tumor xenografts in athymic nude mice) in vivo for their TNF-alpha mRNA expression (real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction) and TNF-alpha protein production (in vitro: enhanced amplified sensitivity immunoassay; in vivo: immunohistochemistry) after exposure to different irradiation doses (2, 5, 10, 20, 30, or 40 Gy) and after different time intervals (1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, or 72 h after irradiation). The bioactivity of the TNF-alpha protein was evaluated in chromogenic cytotoxicity and neutralization assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine out of 12 ES/pPNET cell lines express constitutively significant quantities of bioactive TNF-alpha in vitro. ES/pPNET cells originating from primary tumors secreted higher TNF-alpha levels than cells derived from metastatic lesions. In 5 of the 9 TNF-alpha-producing cell lines, TNF-alpha mRNA and protein levels were upregulated after irradiation exposure in a time- and dose-dependent manner. After establishment of the ES/pPNET cell lines in athymic nude mice, the radiation-induced TNF-alpha release could be demonstrated also in the xenograft tumors in vivo (analogous to the in vitro experiments). Using the same methods for quantitative analysis, it was determined that the TNF-alpha expression of the radiation-responsive tumor cells was up to 2000-fold higher compared to the maximal radiation-induced TNF-alpha release in normal lung tissue measured during the pneumonic phase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Certain ES/pPNET cell lines produce extremely large quantities of bioactive TNF-alpha after radiation exposure in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Radiation-induced TNF-alpha production of tumor cells may be of paramount importance in respect to not only tumor behavior, but also to potential damage to normal tissue and the clinical status of the host.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy-Radiooncology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
authors.forename: Claudia E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Rübe
authors.forename: Frans
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: van Valen
authors.forename: Falk
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wilfert
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Palm
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schuck
authors.forename: Normann
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Willich
authors.forename: Winfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Winkelmann
authors.forename: Heribert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jürgens
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rübe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D018241:Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive, Peripheral / Q000276:immunology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D012512:Sarcoma, Ewing / Q000276:immunology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha