title: Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 are essential for Aspergillus-induced activation of murine macrophages.
abstract: Aspergillus fumigatius is a ubiquitous saprophytic fungus that has become the most prevalent airborne fungal pathogen for immunocompromised patients during the last two decades. In this report we have analysed how macrophages recognize this microorganism. Using transfected human HEK 293 cells we demonstrate that NF-kappaB-dependent promoter activation triggered by A. fumigatus is mediated by Toll-like receptors TLR2 and TLR4, whereas no activation was observed in cells overexpressing other distinct TLR proteins (TLR1, TLR3, TLR5-10). Using macrophages derived from mice lacking TLR2 expression, expressing defective TLR4 or both we found that A. fumigatus conidia and hyphae induce NF-kappaB translocation, release of pro-inflammatory molecules, like TNFalpha, and the chemoattractant MIP-2 in a TLR2- and TLR4-dependent manner. Recognition of A. niger and A. fumigatus, was similar in terms of the parameters analysed, suggesting that pathogenic and non-pathogenic aspergilli are sensed by macrophages in a similar fashion. Finally, we found that recruitment of neutrophils is severely impaired in mice lacking both functional TLR2 and TLR4, but is less impaired in single TLR2- or TLR4-deficient mice, providing evidence that both receptors are required for an optimal immune response to Aspergillus in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Max-von-Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Meier
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kirschning
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nikolaus
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heesemann
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ebel
mesh_terms: D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus; D000818:Animals; D001232:Aspergillus fumigatus / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D002460:Cell Line; D054426:Chemokine CXCL2; D018925:Chemokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000502:physiology*; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000502:physiology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D051194:Toll-Like Receptor 1; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051196:Toll-Like Receptor 3; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051198:Toll-Like Receptor 5; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D054426:Chemokine CXCL2; D018925:Chemokines; C404915:Cxcl2 protein, mouse; D016207:Cytokines; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; C495342:TLR2 protein, human; C495344:TLR3 protein, human; C495345:TLR4 protein, human; C495346:TLR5 protein, human; D051194:Toll-Like Receptor 1; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051196:Toll-Like Receptor 3; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051198:Toll-Like Receptor 5; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D009569:Nitric Oxide