title: Choice of electrocardiography lead does not affect the usefulness of the T-wave criterion for detecting intravascular injection of an epinephrine test dose in anesthetized children.
abstract: Accidental intravascular injection of an epinephrine-containing test dose increases T-wave amplitude of lead II electrocardiogram (EKG) in anesthetized children. We designed this study to test whether the choice of EKG lead would affect the usefulness of simulated intravascular test dose. We studied 32 ASA physical status I infants and children (aged 6-49 mo) undergoing elective surgeries during 1.0 minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration sevoflurane and 67% nitrous oxide in oxygen. When hemodynamic stability was obtained, all subjects received IV saline 0.1 mL/kg, followed 4 min later by an IV test dose (0.1 mL/kg) consisting of 1% lidocaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine (epinephrine 0.5 microg/kg) via a peripheral vein to simulate the intravascular injection of the test dose. Heart rate and systolic blood pressure were recorded every 20 and 60 s, respectively, and leads II (n = 32), V(5) (n = 32) and either lead I (n = 15) or III (n = 17), choosing the one with greater preinjection T-wave amplitude, were continuously recorded for 4 min after the saline and the test dose injections. An IV test dose produced significant increases in heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and T-wave amplitude of all EKG leads studied in all subjects, whereas IV saline elicited no changes in these variables. Maximal increases in T-wave amplitude of leads II, I, III, and V(5) were 158% +/- 69%, 175% +/- 78%, 147% +/- 89%, and 170% +/- 72%, respectively (mean +/- SD, P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in temporal changes in T-wave amplitude among the 4 leads, and sensitivity and specificity were 100% on the basis of the T-wave criterion irrespective of the lead examined. Our results indicate that leads II, I, III, and V(5) of EKG are equally effective for detecting intravascular injection of the epinephrine-containing test dose in sevoflurane-anesthetized children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To determine whether an epidurally administered local anesthetic has been accidentally injected into a blood vessel, a small dose of epinephrine is often added to a local anesthetic. We found that increases in T-wave amplitude in leads I, II, III, and V(5) of the electrocardiogram are equally sensitive and specific for detecting intravascular injection of the epinephrine-containing test dose in sevoflurane-anesthetized infants and children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita-city, Japan.
authors.forename: Kumiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ogasawara
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Toshiaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishikawa
mesh_terms: D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000187:drug effects; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000517:prevention & control; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine; D004837:Epinephrine