title: Effect of caffeine on prospective and retrospective duration judgements.
abstract: The effects of caffeine on prospective and retrospective duration judgements were evaluated in a double-blind placebo-controlled experiment. After taking either 200 mg caffeine or a placebo, participants touched a 17-sided polygon for 15 s. Then they verbally estimated the number of angles and the duration. Participants in the prospective group were told in advance they would be making a duration estimate, whereas those in the retrospective group were not told. Caffeine reduced duration estimates in the prospective condition but not in the retrospective condition. The effect of caffeine on very long duration comparisons (the past year compared with a year at one-half and one-quarter of one's age) was also evaluated, but none was found. The findings do not support the hypothesis that caffeine affects duration experience by increasing the internal clock rate as a result of its dopamine D(2) agonist properties. The hypothesis that caffeine produces its effect by enhancing memory was considered and rejected. The most parsimonious explanation is that caffeine increased arousal level, which led to a narrowing of the focus of attention to the most salient task.
authors.affiliation: Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. rgruber@pacbell.net
authors.forename: Ronald P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Gruber
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Block
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002110:Caffeine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013997:Time Factors; D013998:Time Perception / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D002110:Caffeine