title: Optimization of ultrasound parameters for cardiac gene delivery of adenoviral or plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid by ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was undertaken to optimize echocardiographic parameters for successful gene delivery to the heart and to extend the method from adenoviral to plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  We have previously shown that ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction can direct tissue expression of adenoviral transgenes to the heart. The optimal echocardiographic parameters for this technique have not been reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adenoviral or plasmid DNA encoding the luciferase reporter gene was incorporated into liposome microbubbles and infused intravenously into anesthetized rats. We systematically evaluated the effects of ultrasound parameters known to influence microbubble destruction, including electrocardiogram (ECG) triggering, ultrasound frequency, mode of ultrasound, and mechanical index, on gene expression in rat myocardium four days after treatment. In addition, gene expression in heart, liver, and skeletal muscle were compared between adenoviral and plasmid DNA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Optimal ultrasound parameters for this technique include low-transmission frequency (1.3 MHz), maximal mechanical index, and ECG triggering to allow complete filling of the myocardial capillary bed by microbubbles. No difference was seen between ultraharmonics and power Doppler mode. Using adenoviral DNA, optimal ultrasound parameters yielded myocardial luciferase activity on the order of 104 relative light units/mg protein/min but with even higher liver activity. Plasmid DNA was expressed in rat myocardium at similar levels but without detectable liver expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction can be used to deliver adenoviral or plasmid DNA to the myocardium. This technique holds great promise in applying the rapidly expanding repertoire of gene therapies being developed for cardiac disease.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Shuyuan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ralph V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Shohet
authors.forename: Raffi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bekeredjian
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Frenkel
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Grayburn
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000235:genetics*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics*; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D004562:Electrocardiography; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000235:genetics*; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D017930:Genes, Reporter / Q000235:genetics*; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000235:genetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008099:Liver; D008156:Luciferases / Q000235:genetics*; D008863:Microspheres; D023421:Models, Animal; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal; D009206:Myocardium / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D011924:Rats, Zucker; D019076:Transgenes / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004247:DNA; D008156:Luciferases