title: The direct medical cost of type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the direct medical costs associated with type 2 diabetes, as well as its treatments, complications, and comorbidities.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied a random sample of 1,364 subjects with type 2 diabetes who were members of a Michigan health maintenance organization. Demographic characteristics, duration of diabetes, diabetes treatments, glycemic control, complications, and comorbidities were assessed by surveys and medical chart reviews. Annual resource utilization and costs were assessed using health insurance claims. The log-transformed annual direct medical costs were fitted by multiple linear regression to indicator variables for demographics, treatments, glycemic control, complications, and comorbidities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median annual direct medical costs for subjects with diet-controlled type 2 diabetes, BMI 30 kg/m(2), and no microvascular, neuropathic, or cardiovascular complications were 1,700 dollars for white men and 2,100 dollars for white women. A 10-kg/m(2) increase in BMI, treatment with oral antidiabetic or antihypertensive agents, diabetic kidney disease, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral vascular disease were each associated with 10-30% increases in cost. Insulin treatment, angina, and MI were each associated with 60-90% increases in cost. Dialysis was associated with an 11-fold increase in cost.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Insulin treatment and diabetes complications have a substantial impact on the direct medical costs of type 2 diabetes. The estimates presented in this model may be used to analyze the cost-effectiveness of interventions for type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brandle
authors.forename: Honghong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Barbara R K
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Deanna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Marriott
authors.forename: Ray
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: Bahman P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Tabaei
authors.forename: Morton B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Herman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015897:Comorbidity; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology; D004032:Diet; D004180:Direct Service Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017059:Models, Econometric; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology; D020521:Stroke / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States