title: Outcome of continence procedures in the pediatric patient: a single institutional experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Achieving continence remains a major goal in the treatment of children with neurogenic and/or anatomical voiding dysfunction. We reviewed our experience with continence procedures in pediatric lower urinary tract reconstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the records of all pediatric patients who underwent continence procedures at our institution since July 1993. We reviewed the diagnosis, type of primary reconstructive procedure, concomitant procedure(s) and initial success rate. In cases of primary failure we noted the type of secondary continence procedure performed and the ultimate success rate. Success was defined as dry intervals of at least 4 hours when the patient was compliant with a catheterization or voiding regimen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Primary continence procedures were performed in 43 cases and secondary procedures were performed in 6 for a total of 49 continence procedures. The diagnoses included myelomeningocele in 22 patients, exstrophy in 12, epispadias in 3, bilateral single system ureteral ectopia in 3 and spinal cord injury in 3. A total of 32 primary procedures were performed concomitantly with or were preceded by bladder augmentation with creation of a catheterizable stoma. The remaining 11 patients underwent a continence procedure only. The diagnosis in these 11 patients was exstrophy in 5, epispadias in 3, with spinal cord injury in 2 and myelomingocele in 1. Mean followup was 35 months (range 1 to 95). Initial continence procedures included Young-Dees-Leadbetter bladder neck repair in 14 cases, of which 11 (79%) were initially successful, a urethral sling in 9 with 7 initial successes (78%), bladder neck division and closure in 7 with all successful (100%), collagen in 5 with 1 success (20%), other urethral lengthening procedure (eg Pippi Salle or Kropp) in 4 with 3 successes, (75%), combined urethral sling and Young-Dees-Leadbetter in 2 with 1 success (50%), and an artificial sphincter and fascial wrap in 1 each, which were successful. Of the 6 secondary procedures performed for primary failure collagen was injected in 4 and the bladder neck was divided and closed in 2. All were successful.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Various lower urinary tract procedures can be performed to achieve successful continence in the pediatric population. At our institution all procedures had a reasonable success rate except primary collagen injection. Collagen injection and bladder neck division/closure proved to be reliable secondary procedures in cases of primary failure.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Urology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2765, USA.
authors.forename: Emily E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: Mark C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Brock
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Pope
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D014521:Urethra / Q000601:surgery; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000601:surgery; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000150:complications; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*