title: Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Cyclospora in ancient Peruvians.
abstract: Twenty-two coprolites of human origin, collected from excavations along the north-central coast of Peru, were examined using fluorescent microscopy for the presence of fecal parasites, with emphasis on Cryptosporidium sp., Giardia sp., and Cyclospora sp. Three samples were positive. One coprolite dated between ca. 2,375 and 1,525 BC contained Giardia sp. cysts. This coprolite corresponded to the Peruvian preceramic period. Another positive coprolite ca. AD 770-830 corresponded to Epoch 3 of the Middle Horizon and contained Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts. The third positive coprolite (corresponding to the Middle Horizon. ca. AD 500-900) contained Giardia sp. cysts. This report demonstrates that Giardia sp. and Cryptosporidium sp. were present in Peruvian coastal populations for at least 4,300 and 1,100 BP.
authors.affiliation: Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia 30223, USA. ortega@griffin.uga.edu
authors.forename: Ynes R
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Ortega
authors.forename: Duccio
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bonavia
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003457:Cryptosporidiosis / Q000266:history*; D003458:Cryptosporidium / Q000302:isolation & purification; D021744:Cyclospora / Q000302:isolation & purification; D021866:Cyclosporiasis / Q000266:history*; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology*; D005872:Giardia / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005873:Giardiasis / Q000266:history*; D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans; D010164:Paleopathology; D010568:Peru