title: Chemokine blockade and chronic inflammatory disease: proof of concept in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chemokines and their receptors are considered important contributors in cell migration and inflammation in chronic inflammatory disorders. Chemokines affecting monocytes/macrophages are considered potential therapeutic targets, but no studies of the effects of blocking the chemokine repertoire in humans with a chronic inflammatory disease have been reported.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To carry out a double blind, placebo controlled, phase Ib clinical trial with a specific, oral CCR1 antagonist.
  
  
  METHODS
  16 patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were randomised 3:1 to active:placebo treatment for 14 days. Synovial biopsy specimens were obtained on days 1 and 15. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the presence of various cell types before and after treatment and the results measured by digital image analysis. Results before and after treatment were compared by paired t test, and a two sample t test was used to compare the changes from baseline in the two groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients completed the study. A significant reduction in the number of macrophages (p=0.016), intimal macrophages (p=0.026), and CCR1+cells (p=0.049) in patients treated with the chemokine antagonist compared with the placebo group occurred in the synovium. Significant decreases in overall cellularity, intimal lining layer cellularity, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells also occurred in treated patients. Cells lacking CCR1 were not affected. Trends towards clinical improvement were seen in the treated patients but not in the placebo group. Severe side effects were not reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Specific chemokine receptor blockade can result in relevant biological effects in patients with active RA.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Centre/University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Haringman
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Kraan
authors.forename: T J M
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Smeets
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Zwinderman
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Tak
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000032:analysis; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic / Q000032:analysis; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008264:Macrophages / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D054389:Receptors, CCR1; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D000097382:CD68 Molecule
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D054389:Receptors, CCR1; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine; C515300:CCR1 protein, human; C067980:CD68 antigen, human; D000097382:CD68 Molecule