title: Cardiac structure and function in the obese: a cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obesity is a major health problem in the Western world. Among obese subjects cardiac pathology is common, but conventional noninvasive imaging modalities are often suboptimal for detailed evaluation of cardiac structure and function. We investigated whether cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) can better characterize possible cardiac abnormalities associated with obesity, in the absence of other confounding comorbidities.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective cross-sectional study, CMR was used to quantify left and right ventricular volumes, ejection fraction, mass, cardiac output, and apical left ventricular rotation in 25 clinically healthy obese men and 25 age-matched lean controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Obese subjects had higher left ventricular mass (203 +/- 38 g vs. 163 +/- 22 g, p < 0.001), end-diastolic volume (176 +/- 29 mL vs. 156 +/- 25 mL, p < 0.05), and cardiac output (8.2 +/- 1.2 L/min vs. 6.4 +/- 1.3 L/min, p < 0.001). The obese also had increased right ventricular mass (105 +/- 25 g vs. 87 +/- 18 g, p < 0.005) and end-diastolic volume (179 +/- 36 mL vs. 155 +/- 28 mL, p < 0.05). When indexed for height, differences in left and right ventricular mass, and left ventricular end-diastolic volume remained significant. Apical left ventricular rotation and rotational velocity patterns were also different between obese and lean subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Obesity is independently associated with remodeling of the heart. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging identifies subtle cardiac abnormalities and may be the preferred imaging technique to evaluate cardiac structure and function in the obese.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. pdanias@bidmc.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Peter G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Danias
authors.forename: Nicholas A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Tritos
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stuber
authors.forename: Kraig V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Kissinger
authors.forename: Carol J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Salton
authors.forename: Warren J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Manning
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006321:Heart / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric