Testing for genital gonorrhea infections in prepubertal girls with suspected sexual abuse.
BACKGROUND
The medical diagnosis of child sexual abuse is based on a combination of factors, including disclosures by the child, specific physical examination findings and sexually transmitted infections. Genital infections with Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) are regarded as definitive evidence of sexual contact in children, but current microbiologic culture methods have low sensitivity for detecting vulvovaginal GC infections in prepubertal girls.


METHODS
To compare the three strategies of culture alone, nonculture alone (Gen-Probe PACE 2) and sequential testing for genital GC (nonculture followed by culture of nonculture positives), we conducted a decision analysis to identify optimal testing strategies using published test sensitivities, specificities and pretest probabilities of genital GC. We surveyed community child welfare professionals to determine values for each potential health outcome.


RESULTS
Sequential testing yielded a higher overall health outcome value (0.855) than culture (0.834) or nonculture methods (0.838). These results were insensitive to changes in GC prevalence, test characteristics and individual health outcome values over clinically important ranges. With a baseline prevalence of 10%, more children (4 per 100) with GC infection were missed by culture than were inaccurately labeled as having GC infection (0.5 per 100) by nonculture methods. Sequential testing yielded fewer false negative results (0.8 per 100) than culture and had no false positives.


CONCLUSIONS
With the use of clinical decision analysis, sequential testing using nonculture methods followed by culture was preferred to culture or nonculture methods alone in the evaluation of GC in prepubertal girls with genital discharge. Current recommendations for GC testing should be reassessed with clinical decision analysis as new test methods or strategies become available.
Palusci
Vincent J
VJ
DeVos Children's Hospital Child Protection Team, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, USA. Vincent.Palusci@Spectrum-Health.org
Reeves
Mathew J
MJ
D002648:Child; D002650:Child Abuse, Sexual; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D005260:Female; D006069:Gonorrhea / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D009344:Neisseria gonorrhoeae / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015231:Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Bacterial / Q000175:diagnosis; D019522:Vaginal Discharge / Q000382:microbiology*; D014626:Vaginal Smears