title: Meta-analysis of the effect of structured exercise training on cardiorespiratory fitness in Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Low cardiorespiratory fitness is a powerful and independent predictor of mortality in people with diabetes. Several studies have examined the effects of exercise on cardiorespiratory fitness in Type 2 diabetic individuals. However, these studies had relatively small sample sizes and highly variable results. Therefore the aim of this study was to systematically review and quantify the effects of exercise on cardiorespiratory fitness in Type 2 diabetic individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE, EMBASE, and four other databases were searched up to March 2002 for randomized, controlled trials evaluating effects of structured aerobic exercise interventions of 8 weeks or more on cardiorespiratory fitness in adults with Type 2 diabetes. Cardiorespiratory fitness was defined as maximal oxygen uptake (VO(2max)) during a maximal exercise test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven studies, presenting data for nine randomized trials comparing exercise and control groups (overall n=266), met the inclusion criteria. Mean exercise characteristics were as follows: 3.4 sessions per week, 49 min per session for 20 weeks. Exercise intensity ranged from 50% to 75% of VO(2max). There was an 11.8% increase in VO(2max) in the exercise group and a 1.0% decrease in the control group (post intervention standardized mean difference =0.53, p<0.003). Studies with higher exercise intensities tended to produce larger improvements in VO(2max). Exercise intensity predicted post-intervention weighted mean difference in HbA(1c) (r=-0.91, p=0.002) to a larger extent than did exercise volume (r=-0.46, p=0.26).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regular exercise has a statistically and clinically significant effect on VO(2max) in Type 2 diabetic individuals. Higher intensity exercise could have additional benefits on cardiorespiratory fitness and HbA(1c).
authors.affiliation: School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Boulé
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Kenny
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Haddad
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Sigal
mesh_terms: D016208:Databases, Factual; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D006801:Humans; D016239:MEDLINE; D008875:Middle Aged; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010809:Physical Fitness; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012143:Respiratory Physiological Phenomena