title: A 24-hour continuous infusion study of bivalirudin in the rat.
abstract: The potential toxic effects of bivalirudin (an anticoagulant) were evaluated in this intravenous infusion study in Sprague-Dawley rats. Bivalirudin was administered over a 24-hour period by continuous intravenous infusion to six groups of rats. Dose levels of 100, 500, and 2000 mg/kg/24 h were selected for the low-, mid-, and high-dose groups. Three bivalirudin-treated groups of 12 males and 12 females each were designated for toxicology assessment. Six animals/sex/group were euthanized at the completion of 24-hour infusion, and the remaining animals were assigned to a 14-day recovery period. Three additional groups of 10 rats/sex/group were designated for toxicokinetic assessment. This study included a saline control group and a vehicle control group. No bivalirudin-related toxicity was noted. There were no treatment-related effects on clinical pathology parameters. No definitive test article-related macroscopic, organ weight, or microscopic changes were identified. Three animals in the 500-mg/kg/24 h group, and 7 animals in the 2000-mg/kg/24 h group in the toxicokinetic assessment phase of the study were found dead or euthanized in extremis (following blood sampling). The concurrent clinical signs suggest that the animals hemorrhaged, which is consistent with the pharmacological action of bivalirudin. The extent of systemic exposure was similar in male and female rats, indicating a lack of a sex-related difference. Plasma concentrations of bivalirudin appeared to be linear and dose independent. Based on the results of this study, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for bivalirudin, administered to rats via intravenous infusion over a 24-hour period, was 2000 mg/kg/24 h. However, the known pharmacological properties of bivalirudin could result in hemorrhage in the presence of an appropriate challenge (e.g., blood collection).
authors.affiliation: WIL Research Laboratories, Ashland, Ohio 44805-9281, USA.
authors.forename: Teresa G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Gleason
authors.forename: Christopher P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Chengelis
authors.forename: Carney B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Pia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lindstrom
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D001800:Blood Specimen Collection / Q000009:adverse effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced; D006629:Hirudins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008136:Longevity / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D006629:Hirudins; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C074619:bivalirudin