title: Bone loss associated with gastrointestinal disease: prevalence and pathogenesis.
abstract: Decreased bone mineral density is a frequent finding in gastrointestinal disease. Factors contributing to this are (1) malabsorption of vitamin D, calcium and possibly vitamin K and other nutrients; (2) treatment with glucocorticoids; (3) inflammatory cytokines in inflammatory bowel disease; and (4) hypogonadism induced by gastrointestinal disease. A low bone mineral density has been reported in (1) patients who have undergone gastrectomy (27-44% with Z-scores of < -1); (2) pernicious anaemia; (3) coeliac disease (8-22% with Z-scores of < -2); (4) Crohn's disease (mean 32-38% with Z-scores of < -1); and (5) ulcerative colitis (mean 23-25% with Z-scores of < -1). Reduced bone mineral density is thus prevalent in these individuals and is compounded by age related bone loss, leading to the development of severe bone disease in some patients.
authors.affiliation: The Osteoporosis Clinic, Aarhus Amtssygehus, Tage Hansens Gade 2, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. p-vest@post4.tele.dk
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vestergaard
mesh_terms: D000752:Anemia, Pernicious / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism; D003109:Colonic Diseases, Functional / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005743:Gastrectomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007006:Hypogonadism / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D008286:Malabsorption Syndromes / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D005938:Glucocorticoids