title: Unique biological properties and molecular mechanism of 5,6-bridged quinolones.
abstract: We have characterized an early series of 5,6-bridged dioxinoquinolones which behaved strikingly different from typical quinolones. The 5,6-bridged dioxinoquinolones inhibited Escherichia coli DNA gyrase supercoiling activity but, unlike typical quinolones, failed to stimulate gyrase-dependent cleavable complex formation. Analogous unsubstituted compounds stimulated cleavable complex formation but were considerably less potent than the corresponding 5,6-bridged compounds. Consistent with a previous report (M. Antoine et al., Chim. Ther. 7:434-443, 1972) and contrary to established quinolone SAR trends, a compound with an N-1 methyl substitution (PGE-8367769) was more potent than its analog with an N-1 ethyl substitution (PGE-6596491). PGE-8367769 was shown to antagonize ciprofloxacin-mediated cleavable complex formation in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting an interaction with the gyrase-DNA complex that overlaps that of ciprofloxacin. Resistance to PGE-8367769 in E. coli was found to arise through missense mutations in gyrA, implicating DNA gyrase as the primary antibacterial target. Notably, only 1 of 15 distinct mutations selected on PGE-8367769 (D87G) has previously been implicated in quinolone resistance in E. coli. The remaining 14 mutations (E16V, G31V, R38L, G40A, Y50D, V70A, A84V, I89L, M135T, G173S, T180I, F217C, P218T, and F513C) have not been previously reported, and most were located outside of the traditional quinolone resistance-determining region. These novel GyrA mutations decreased sensitivity to 5,6-bridged dioxinoquinolones by four- to eightfold, whereas they did not confer resistance to other quinolones such as ciprofloxacin, clinafloxacin, or nalidixic acid. These results demonstrate that the 5,6-bridged quinolones act via a mechanism that is related to but qualitatively different from that of typical quinolones.
authors.affiliation: Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Mason, Ohio 45040, USA.
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Macinga
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Renick
authors.forename: Kelly M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Makin
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: Allison A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Kreiner
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Kirk J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Rupnik
authors.forename: Erica M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Kincaid
authors.forename: Cynthia D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: Benoit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ledoussal
authors.forename: Timothy W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Morris
mesh_terms: D042462:4-Quinolones; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D001952:Bridged-Ring Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D027081:DNA Gyrase / Q000235:genetics; D004278:DNA, Superhelical / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D005838:Genotype; D007700:Kinetics; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D009841:Oligonucleotides / Q000494:pharmacology; D010641:Phenotype; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D059005:Topoisomerase II Inhibitors; D059003:Topoisomerase Inhibitors
chemical_list: D042462:4-Quinolones; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; D001952:Bridged-Ring Compounds; D004278:DNA, Superhelical; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D009841:Oligonucleotides; D059005:Topoisomerase II Inhibitors; D059003:Topoisomerase Inhibitors; D027081:DNA Gyrase