title: Changing prevalence of prenatal substance abuse in Utah.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the current prevalence of prenatal exposure to methamphetamines and other drugs of abuse among infants born in Utah and compare the results with those of a maternal substance abuse prevalence study performed in 1991 in the same geographic area.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen well baby nurseries in calendar year 2000 and six neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in 2001-2002 collected anonymous meconium samples and associated, but nonidentifiable, demographic data on consecutively born infants. Samples were screened by enzyme immunoassay and confirmed by gas chromotography/mass spectroscopy for methamphetamines, cannabinoids, and benzoylecognine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Meconium samples were collected from 1202 well baby nursery infants and 317 NICU infants. There were no significant differences in the rates of positivity for methamphetamines (0.6% versus 0.4%) or marijuana (2.9% versus 1.8%) between the 1991 and 2000/2001 studies. Cocaine prevalence declined from 1.1% in 1991 to 0.3% in 2000/2001 (P =.04). The prevalence of positivity for any of these three drugs declined over the 10-year period from 4.4% to 2.4% (P =.02). The prevalence for positivity for any of these three drugs was higher in the NICUs (4.7%) than in the well baby nurseries (1.9%, P =.008).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rate of drug-positive infants declined during the decade of the 1990s in a geographic area that is experiencing a sharp rise in the use of methamphetamine among women of childbearing age. Further studies that focus on women of childbearing age who use methamphetamine may help determine factors that impact their drug use during pregnancy and after the infant is born.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84132, USA. karen.buchi@hsc.utah.edu
authors.forename: Karen F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Buchi
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zone
authors.forename: Kraig
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Langheinrich
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Varner
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D016015:Logistic Models; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008470:Meconium / Q000737:chemistry; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000458:organization & administration*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D015995:Prevalence; D011336:Probability; D018570:Risk Assessment; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014589:Utah / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs