title: Eustachian tube function in older children and adults with persistent otitis media.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Otitis media (OM) is most common in infants and young children. Despite a dramatic reduction in its incidence after the age of six, the disease still occurs in older children, adolescents, and may even persist into adulthood. The goal of this study was to identify characteristics of eustachian tube (ET) function in an older population which may underlie their persistent OM.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following a medical history and a head and neck examination, 38 subjects over 6 years of age (64 ears) had their ET function assessed with the forced-response test (FRT). Parameters derived from this test included opening and closing pressures as well as steady-state and active resistances.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adenoidectomy had previously been performed in 71% of the sample. Clinically, 5% of these subjects had evidence of nasopharyngeal inflammation. The distributions of closing pressure and steady-state resistance were very similar to the distributions of the historic normal controls. The distributions of opening pressure and active resistance were highly skewed relative to the control sample. All study subjects had either abnormal opening pressures or high active resistance, with 79% having both abnormalities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If nasopharyngeal inflammation and hypertrophied adenoids are significantly correlated to ET dysfunction and persistent OM, this sample should be free of middle-ear (ME) disease. However, these individuals suffer persistent OM due to ET dysfunction characterized by high opening pressures and high active resistances. The abnormalities underlying these skewed forced-response parameters must be identified and corrected if we are going to alleviate the ME disease in these and similar patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 3705 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. dswarts@pitt.edu
authors.forename: J Douglas
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Swarts
authors.forename: Charles D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Bluestone
mesh_terms: D000158:Acoustic Impedance Tests; D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005064:Eustachian Tube / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011312:Pressure