title: Drug resistance among failure and relapse cases of tuberculosis: is the standard re-treatment regimen adequate?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine acquired drug resistance among failure and relapse cases after treatment of new smear-positive tuberculosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 2901 patients with new smear-positive tuberculosis was enrolled in Vietnam. Sputum samples were stored at enrolment. Upon failure or relapse, another sputum sample was collected. Both were cultured and underwent drug susceptibility testing and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) typing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 40 failure cases, 17 had multidrug resistance (MDR) at enrolment. At failure, 15 of the 23 (65%) patients without primary MDR had acquired MDR. Of 39 relapse cases and 143 controls, none had primary MDR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Primary drug resistance was a strong risk factor for failure and relapse and for acquiring further resistance. As 80% of failure cases had MDR, the standard re-treatment regimen appears inadequate for failure cases in this control programme with a very high cure rate among new cases.
authors.affiliation: Pham Ngoc Thach Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Centre, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
authors.forename: H T W
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Quy
authors.forename: N T N
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Lan
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Borgdorff
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grosset
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Linh
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Tung
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: van Soolingen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raviglione
authors.forename: N V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Cô
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Broekmans
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology; D017211:Treatment Failure; D018088:Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D014744:Vietnam