title: Role of incremental doses of intracoronary adenosine for fractional flow reserve assessment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The achievement of maximal vasodilatation of the coronary microvessels is mandatory for the accurate determination of fractional flow reserve (FFR); the optimal dosing to achieve maximal vasodilation is unclear. This study was designed to address the hypothesis that incremental doses of intracoronary adenosine are necessary to ensure complete vasodilatation of the coronary microcirculation and accurate assessment of FFR. We also examined the relationship between FFR and coronary artery disease risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 191 patients (215 vessels) with intermediate coronary lesions were examined. FFR was measured during cardiac catheterization with a pressure monitoring wire. Incremental doses of intracoronary adenosine (12-42 microg, left coronary artery; 12-48 microg, right coronary artery) were administered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diabetes mellitus was present in 23% of patients, hypertension was present in 65% of patients, and prior myocardial infarction had occurred in 25% of patients. The average percent stenosis in vessels was 57% +/- 15%. Vessels were subdivided on the basis of initial FFR (group 1, <0.75; group II, 0.75-0.79; group III, 0.80-0.89; group IV, >or=0.9). Five of the 24 (21%) vessels with an initial FFR in the 0.75 to 0.80 range had a subsequent FFR of <0.75. There was no difference in FFR or doses of adenosine in the patients with coronary artery disease risk factors. The average adenosine dose given at the achievement of minimal FFR was 26 microg in the right coronary artery (RCA) and 34 microg in the left coronary artery (LCA). The average maximum dose of intracoronary adenosine administered was 29 microg for the RCA and 37 microg for the LCA. The maximum dose of adenosine ever required to achieve minimum FFR was 42 microg in both the LCA and RCA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that a single high dose of 42 microg of intracoronary adenosine for both the RCA and LCA is sufficient to achieve maximum hyperemia and accurate FFR in most patients, independent of risk factors. Alternatively, when a lower initial dose is administered and FFR is in the 0.75 to 0.90 range, incremental doses of adenosine should be administered to ensure maximal hyperemia.
authors.affiliation: Center for Coronary Physiology and Imaging, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Blaithnead
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Murtagh
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Higano
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lennon
authors.forename: Verghese
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mathew
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lerman
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D023921:Coronary Stenosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006940:Hyperemia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007269:Injections, Intra-Arterial; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D014664:Vasodilation; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D000241:Adenosine