title: Huntingtin interacts with REST/NRSF to modulate the transcription of NRSE-controlled neuronal genes.
abstract: Huntingtin protein is mutated in Huntington disease. We previously reported that wild-type but not mutant huntingtin stimulates transcription of the gene encoding brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF; ref. 2). Here we show that the neuron restrictive silencer element (NRSE) is the target of wild-type huntingtin activity on BDNF promoter II. Wild-type huntingtin inhibits the silencing activity of NRSE, increasing transcription of BDNF. We show that this effect occurs through cytoplasmic sequestering of repressor element-1 transcription factor/neuron restrictive silencer factor (REST/NRSF), the transcription factor that binds to NRSE. In contrast, aberrant accumulation of REST/NRSF in the nucleus is present in Huntington disease. We show that wild-type huntingtin coimmunoprecipitates with REST/NRSF and that less immunoprecipitated material is found in brain tissue with Huntington disease. We also report that wild-type huntingtin acts as a positive transcriptional regulator for other NRSE-containing genes involved in the maintenance of the neuronal phenotype. Consistently, loss of expression of NRSE-controlled neuronal genes is shown in cells, mice and human brain with Huntington disease. We conclude that wild-type huntingtin acts in the cytoplasm of neurons to regulate the availability of REST/NRSF to its nuclear NRSE-binding site and that this control is lost in the pathology of Huntington disease. These data identify a new mechanism by which mutation of huntingtin causes loss of transcription of neuronal genes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zuccato
authors.forename: Marzia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tartari
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Crotti
authors.forename: Donato
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goffredo
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Valenza
authors.forename: Luciano
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Conti
authors.forename: Tiziana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cataudella
authors.forename: Blair R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Leavitt
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Hayden
authors.forename: Tõnis
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Timmusk
authors.forename: Dorotea
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rigamonti
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cattaneo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000235:genetics*; D002460:Cell Line; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D000071058:Huntingtin Protein; D006816:Huntington Disease / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D037941:Silencer Elements, Transcriptional; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D000099229:RE1-Silencing Transcription Factor
chemical_list: D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; D000071058:Huntingtin Protein; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000099229:RE1-Silencing Transcription Factor; C086055:HTT protein, human; C506812:Htt protein, mouse; C499524:Htt protein, rat