title: Developmental toxicity evaluation of 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX) in Wistar rats.
abstract: 3-Chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX) is a genotoxic chlorination by-product in drinking water. There is some evidence that it has developmental toxic effects in vitro but its potential to cause developmental effects in vivo is not known. The developmental effects were evaluated in Wistar rats. Rats (22-26 dams per dose group) were administered MX by gavage at the dose levels of 3, 30, or 60 mg/kg in water on gestation days 6-19. Control animals received plain water. Clinical signs, body weight, and food and water consumption were recorded for the dams. On gestation day 20, a cesarean section was performed and the ovaries anduterine contents of the dams were examined and the liver, kidneys, spleen, and thyroid glands weighed. The fetuses of all dose groups were weighed, sexed, and observed for external and skeletal malformations and the fetuses of the two highest dose groups were evaluated for visceral malformations. The highest dose, 60 mg/kg of MX, was slightly toxic to the dams. It decreased the corrected body weight gain of dams by 32% and the water consumption by 16-17%. Kidney and liver weights were slightly increased. MX did not affect the number of implantations nor did it cause any resorptions. The body weights of fetuses were not significantly affected. MX did not cause external malformations or skeletal anomalies. Two fetuses at 60 mg/kg and one fetus at 30 mg/kg had major visceral malformations (persistent truncus arteriosus, diaphragmatic hernia, dilated aorta with a stenosis of pulmonary arteries) and two minor artery abnormalities were observed in those animals. The frequency of unilateral displaced testis was slightly higher (9.2%) in the 60-mg/kg dose group than in controls (1.6%). Since the abnormalities did not form a consistent pattern and occurred most at maternally toxic dose, we conclude that MX can be regarded as non-teratogenic.
authors.affiliation: National Public Health Institute, Department of Environmental Health, Laboratory of Toxicology, Kuopio, Finland. hannele.huuskonen@ktl.fi
authors.forename: Hannele
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huuskonen
authors.forename: Raili
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Venäläinen
authors.forename: Hannu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Komulainen
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004326:Drinking; D005260:Female; D005663:Furans / Q000633:toxicity*; D009153:Mutagens; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013723:Teratogens
chemical_list: D005663:Furans; D009153:Mutagens; D013723:Teratogens; C054121:3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone