title: An open-label extension trial of galantamine in patients with probable vascular dementia and mixed dementia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) are the most common types of dementia worldwide. Galantamine, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and allosteric nicotinic modulator, has shown broad clinical benefits in patients with mild to moderate dementia due to AD, probable VaD, or AD with cerebrovascular disease (CVD)-so-called mixed dementia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety profiles of galantamine 24 mg/d in patients with VaD or AD with CVD over the longer term (>6 months).
  
  
  METHODS
  This was an open-label extension of a 6-month double-blind study of galantamine. Patients who had been randomized to receive galantamine 24 mg/d or placebo in the double-blind phase were eligible to continue open-label treatment with galantamine 24 mg/d for 6 months. The primary efficacy end point was change in cognition, based on scores on the 11-item Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale (ADAS-cog/11). Secondary measures included changes in functional ability (as measured on the Disability Assessment for Dementia [DAD]) and behavior (as measured on the Neuropsychiatric Inventory [NPI]). Safety and tolerability were also monitored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four hundred fifty-nine patients (240 men, 219 women; mean [SE] age, 75.2 [0.33] years) entered the open-label phase. Of these patients, 195 (42.5%) had a diagnosis of probable VaD, and 238 (51.9%) had a diagnosis of AD with CVD; the remainder had an inconclusive diagnosis. At month 12 of the study, improvements from baseline (the start of the double-blind phase) in ADAS-cog/11 scores were observed in both the group that received placebo during the double-blind phase (placebo/galantamine group: -0.3 point; 95% CI, -1.64 to 1.06) and the group that received galantamine during the double-blind phase (galantamine/galantamine group: -0.9 point; 95% CI, -1.73 to 0.03). Improvement in functional ability was demonstrated by statistically significant mean (SE) changes from baseline in DAD score in both the placebo/galantamine group (-7.4 [1.68]; P < or = 0.001) and the galantamine/galantamine group (-3.6 [1.33]; P < or = 0.01). There was no significant change in mean (SE) NPI scores in either group (0.2 [0.98] and 0.1 [0.70], respectively). Galantamine treatment was well tolerated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In these patients with VaD and AD with CVD, galantamine treatment produced similar sustained benefits in terms of maintenance of or improvement in cognition (ADAS-cog/11), functional ability (DAD), and behavior (NPI) after 12 months.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. timo.erkinjuntti@hus.fi
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Erkinjuntti
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kurz
authors.forename: Gary W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Small
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bullock
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lilienfeld
authors.forename: C V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Damaraju
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000150:complications; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects; D015140:Dementia, Vascular / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005702:Galantamine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D005702:Galantamine