title: Diameters of the cavo-sinus-tricuspid area in relation to type I atrial flutter.
abstract: Cardiac arrhythmias have troubled patients and fascinated physicians for centuries. The twentieth century was an era of progress, when the mechanism of cardiac disorders became more commonly recognised. Arrhythmias may be due to abnormalities of automaticity, to abnormalities of conduction, or to a combination of both. In order for re-entry to occur, an area of slowing conduction combined with unidirectional block must be present. Much investigation has centred on the underlying re-entry mechanisms of atrial flutter. In the light of these facts, it would seem that a close acquaintance with the detailed topography of the vena cava orifice (cavo), coronary sinus orifice (sinus) and the attachment of the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve (tricupid) area could be of great interest, especially for invasive cardiologists. The research was conducted carried out on material consisting of 41 hearts of humans of both sexes from the age of 12 to 80 (6 female, 35 male). Classical macroscopic methods of anatomical evaluation were used. The following measurements were made: the shortest distance between the Eustachian valve and the attachment of the tricuspid valve on the left margin of the coronary sinus orifice (diameter 1), the distance between the attachment of the tricuspid valve and the inferior margin of the sinus orifice (diameter 2), the distance between the Eustachian valve and the attachment of the tricuspid valve on the right margin of the coronary sinus orifice (diameter 3), the distance between the inferior margin of the vena cava inferior and the attachment of the tricuspid valve (diameter 4) and, finally, the diameter between the attachment of the septal cusp of the tricuspid valve and the extemal border of the vena cava inferior (diameter 5). No correlation was found between the age and sex of the three groups of the material. The dimensions of the structure examined were similar in the three groups of hearts. In young adult hearts all the diameters measured ranged from 4 to 47 mm. The average diameters were, respectively: 15.02 mm (diameter 1), 8.97 mm (diameter 2), 17.27 mm (diameter 3), 26.87 mm (diameter 4), 36.42 mm (diameter 5). In the mature adult hearts all the diameters measured ranged from 8 to 45 mm; 18.19 mm (diameter 1), 10.54 mm (diameter 2), 19.95 mm (diameter 3), 28.90 mm (diameter 4), 39.63 mm (diameter 5). In the older adults hearts all the diameters measured ranged from 4 to 47 mm. The average diameters were, respectively: 15.65 mm (diameter 1), 8.70 mm (diameter 2), 7.25 mm (diameter 3), 26.80 mm (diameter 4), 35.85 mm (diameter 5). On the basis of our study we were able to conclude that the diameters of the cavo-sinus-tricuspid area were constant and did not differ significantly within the three (young, mature, old) adult groups examined.
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Cardiac Diseases, Institute of Cardiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland. dkozl@amg.gda.pl
authors.forename: Dariusz
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kozłowski
authors.forename: Jolanta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hreczecha
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Skwarek
authors.forename: Grzegorz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Piwko
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kosiński
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gawrysiak
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grzybiak
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001282:Atrial Flutter / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D014261:Tricuspid Valve / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior / Q000033:anatomy & histology*