title: Cognitive-behavioral therapy versus education and desipramine versus placebo for moderate to severe functional bowel disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Studies of antidepressants and psychological treatments in functional bowel disorders (FBD) are methodologically limited. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical efficacy and safety of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) against education (EDU) and desipramine (DES) against placebo (PLA) in female patients with moderate to severe FBD (irritable bowel syndrome, functional abdominal pain, painful constipation, and unspecified FBD). We also evaluated the amenability of clinically meaningful subgroups to these treatments.
  
  
  METHODS
  This randomized, comparator-controlled, multicenter trial enrolled 431 adults from the University of North Carolina and the University of Toronto with moderate to severe symptoms of FBD. Participants received psychological (CBT vs. EDU) or antidepressant (DES vs. PLA) treatment for 12 weeks. Clinical, physiologic, and psychosocial assessments were performed before and at the end of treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The intention-to-treat analysis showed CBT as significantly more effective than EDU (P = 0.0001; responder rate, 70% CBT vs. 37% EDU; number needed to treat [NNT ], 3.1). DES did not show significant benefit over PLA in the intention-to-treat analysis (P = 0.16; responder rate, 60% DES vs. 47% PLA; NNT, 8.1) but did show a statistically significant benefit in the per-protocol analysis (P = 0.01; responder rate, 73% DES vs. 49% PLA; NNT, 5.2), especially when participants with nondetectable blood levels of DES were excluded (P = 0.002). Improvement was best gauged by satisfaction with treatment. Subgroup analyses showed that DES was beneficial over PLA for moderate more than severe symptoms, abuse history, no depression, and diarrhea-predominant symptoms; CBT was beneficial over EDU for all subgroups except for depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For female patients with moderate to severe FBD, CBT is effective and DES may be effective when taken adequately. Certain clinical subgroups are more or less amenable to these treatments.
authors.affiliation: UNC Center for Functional GI and Motility Disorders, Division of Digestive Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599-7080, USA.
authors.forename: Douglas A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Drossman
authors.forename: Brenda B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Toner
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Whitehead
authors.forename: Nicholas E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Diamant
authors.forename: Chris B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Dalton
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.forename: Shelagh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Emmott
authors.forename: Valerie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Proffitt
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Akman
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Frusciante
authors.forename: Terry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Le
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bradshaw
authors.forename: Kristi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mikula
authors.forename: Carolyn B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Carlar J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Blackman
authors.forename: Yuming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Huanguang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.forename: Jim Z
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Gary G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: Shrikant I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Bangdiwala
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D003109:Colonic Diseases, Functional / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D003248:Constipation / Q000188:drug therapy; D003863:Depression / Q000188:drug therapy; D003891:Desipramine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D011584:Psychology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012742:Sex Offenses; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; D003891:Desipramine