title: The development of quality circles/peer review groups as a method of quality improvement in Europe. Results of a survey in 26 European countries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Peer review groups (PRGs) and quality circles (QCs) commenced in The Netherlands and have grown to become an important method of quality improvement in primary care in several other European countries.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to provide an overview of QC/PRG activities and exemplary programmes in European countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey was performed in three consecutive steps by EQuiP (European Working Party on Quality in Family Practice), which is a representative association of experts from 26 European countries. The national representatives initially completed a structured questionnaire documenting the number and objectives of QCs/PRGs, sources of support and special programmes in their countries (step 1). In step 2, these sources were used to extend and validate the expert statements. Step 3 studied paradigmatic initiatives in depth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Step 1 took place in 2000; the response rate was 100% (26 countries). QCs/PRGs were very active in 10 countries; 16 countries showed little or no activity. Participation ranged from <2 to 86% of all GPs. Step 2 concentrated upon the countries with a high level of activity. Development appeared to be associated with establishment in private practice and the portion of GPs with vocational training. Eight programmes from six countries describing the establishment and the targeting of QC/PRG work are presented as case reports (step 3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the last 10 years, substantial development of QCs/PRGs has taken place in The Netherlands, the UK, Denmark, Belgium, Ireland, Sweden, Norway, Germany, Switzerland and Austria. Further evaluation is needed to clarify the impact on quality of care.
authors.affiliation: Institute for General Practice, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany. beyer@allgemeinmedizin.uni-kiel.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beyer
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Gerlach
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Flies
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grol
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Król
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Munck
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Olesen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: O'Riordan
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Seuntjens
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Szecsenyi
mesh_terms: D005060:Europe; D005194:Family Practice / Q000592:standards*; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D008332:Management Quality Circles / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008485:Medical Audit; D018024:Peer Review, Health Care; D017749:Total Quality Management / Q000379:methods* / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data