title: [Yawning].
abstract: Yawning is a normal reflex triggered by arousal, drowsiness, boredom, hunger and emotional conditions and it is associated to several neurological diseases and drug abuse. Its wide presence in the phylogenetic vertebrate scale and even in human fetuses as young as 12 weeks directed the search for the common anatomic and biochemical mechanisms involved. The demonstration that yawning is not connected with high CO2 or low O2 blood levels left aside a prevalent metabolic hypothesis. Its close relationship with the sleep-wake cycle, specially in moments previous to falling asleep and after awaking has been related to changes in personal situation and activity. A single component of this reflex which is to be found exclusively in humans, is the fact that yawning is contagious. Thus, it is considered a component of the adaptative mechanism that is part of the surveillance reflex, becoming a significant paralinguistic evolutive expression aimed at protection and social cohesion. The common anatomical structures and neurochemical systems taking part in yawning, the sleep-wake cycle and the temporal lobe epilepsy may imply that yawning results from a set of protective systems induced by endogenous opiods which intervene in the inhibition and prevention of the temporal lobe epileptic seizures.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Alfredo Lanari, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Salomón
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Muchnik
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Finkielman
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Semeniuk
authors.forename: María Inés
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: de Aguirre
mesh_terms: D004833:Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000503:physiopathology; D015000:Yawning / Q000502:physiology*