title: The effect of ovariectomy and estradiol on rabbit bladder smooth muscle contraction and morphology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The bladder can be considered a target organ for the actions of estrogen. Decreases in circulating estrogen after menopause have been associated with bladder dysfunctions, including incontinence and detrusor instability. We determined the effects of estrogen on rabbit bladder contractile function and morphology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female New Zealand White rabbits were ovariectomized or sham operated and treated with vehicle or estradiol (1 mg/kg weekly) for 5 weeks. Serum estradiol concentration was monitored every 2 weeks. After treatment each rabbit was anesthetized, the bladder was catheterized, cystometry was performed, and the bladder was removed for contractile and morphological studies. Apoptosis in paraffin embedded rabbit bladder tissue was detected using in situ end-labeling, specifically terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase nick end labeling or the TUNEL assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ovariectomy resulted in a 50% decrease in circulating estrogen and estradiol treatment resulted in a 5-fold increase. Ovariectomy had no significant effects on bladder capacity, micturition pressure or bladder weight; whereas estradiol treatment resulted in significant increases in bladder capacity and bladder weight. Ovariectomy resulted in a decreased rate of tension generation in response to field stimulation, carbachol and KCl. Estradiol resulted in increased contractile responses to FS and carbachol, and an increased rate of tension generation for carbachol and KCl. Histologically ovariectomy resulted in significant urothelial apoptosis, which was not present in the sham operated or estradiol treated groups. Estradiol treatment resulted in the appearance of large cytoplasmic vacuoles in the urothelium and significant smooth muscle hypertrophy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate that bladder function and structure can be significantly affected by modulating the circulating estrogen level. In addition, estrogen given in pharmacological doses can have a significant hypertrophic effect on bladder smooth muscle, resulting in increased contractile function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy, and Stratton Veteran's Medical Center, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Aikawa
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sugino
authors.forename: Seiji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chichester
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Whitbeck
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Levin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010052:Ovariectomy; D011817:Rabbits; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D004958:Estradiol