title: Dystonia update.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dystonia is a movement disorder with a complex and not fully understood pathophysiology. Its better understanding would enable more focused treatment for the disorder. In this review, we provide an overview of recent studies of the pathophysiology of primary and secondary dystonia, with an emphasis on functional brain imaging. Potential mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of deep brain stimulation for dystonia are also summarized.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The recognition of dysfunction at different levels of the nervous system has extended the classical notions of localized striatal abnormalities in primary dystonia. Recent biochemical studies have revealed evidence of abnormal torsion activity in DYT1 dystonia. Abnormal patterns of brain metabolism have also been identified using functional brain imaging in different dystonia genotypes. These findings, in conjunction with new electrophysiological techniques, can be utilized to help define a common mechanism for the neural dysfunction in dystonia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  New insights into the pathophysiology of dystonia have been provided by recent studies using electrophysiology, biochemistry and human genetics, as well as functional brain imaging studies. These advances together may create the basis for new therapies for this disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Ljubljana, 1525 Ljubljana, Slovenia. maja.trost@guest.arnes.si
authors.forename: Maja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trost
mesh_terms: D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000503:physiopathology; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D002899:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9 / Q000235:genetics; D004421:Dystonia / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D018832:Molecular Chaperones; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000502:physiology; D017354:Point Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D017661:Receptors, Presynaptic / Q000502:physiology; D013003:Somatosensory Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000503:physiopathology; D013788:Thalamus / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D018832:Molecular Chaperones; D017661:Receptors, Presynaptic; C108175:TOR1A protein, human