title: A novel quality of life instrument for deep brain stimulation in movement disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a short instrument to examine quality of life (QoL) which specifically addresses patients with movement disorders treated by deep brain stimulation (DBS).
  
  
  METHODS
  The instrument was developed within an existing concept of a modular questionnaire (questions on life satisfaction: "general life satisfaction" QLS(M)-A, and "satisfaction with health" QLS(M)-G), in which each item is weighted according to its relative importance to the individual.
  
  
  METHODS
  Items were generated by interviews with 20 DBS patients, followed by item reduction and scale generation, factor analysis to determine relevant and final questionnaire items, estimation of reliability, and validation based on the medical outcome study 36 item short form health survey (SF-36) and the EuroQol (EQ-5D) (data from 152 patients with Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, or idiopathic torsion dystonia, including 75 patients with DBS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Initial questionnaires were reduced to 12 items for a "movement disorder module" (QLS(M)-MD), and five items for a "deep brain stimulation module" (QLS(M)-DBS). Psychometric analysis revealed Cronbach's alpha values of of 0.87 and 0.73, and satisfactory correlation coefficients for convergent validity with SF-36 and EQ-5D.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  QLS(M)-MD and QLS(M)-DBS can evaluate quality of life aspects of DBS in movement disorders. Psychometric evaluation showed the questionnaires to be reliable, valid, and well accepted by the patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Möhlstrasse 28, D-81675 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kuehler
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Henrich
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schroeder
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Conrad
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Herschbach
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ceballos-Baumann
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000145:classification / Q000523:psychology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004422:Dystonia Musculorum Deformans / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000523:psychology*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D020329:Essential Tremor / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D009460:Neurologic Examination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D019736:Prostheses and Implants / Q000523:psychology*; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile