title: Detection of interferon-gamma-inducible chemokines in human milk.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the immunological role of human milk by analysing the concentrations of interferon-gamma-inducible protein of 10 kda (IP-10) and monokine induced by interferon-gamma (MIG) in human milk from mothers of preterm and term infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  IP-10 and MIG levels of colostrum, early milk, mature milk and sera were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). IP-10 and MIG mRNA expression levels in cellular components of human milk were determined by RT-PCR. IP-10 and MIG protein expression in mammary gland tissues was analysed by immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant amounts of IP-10 and MIG were detected in human milk. The concentrations of IP-10 and MIG in colostrum and early milk were significantly higher than those of sera from healthy controls or lactating mothers. These chemokine concentrations in colostrum and early milk were significantly higher than those of mature milk. Premature delivery or pregnancy complications of mothers had no significant correlation with these chemokine concentrations in breast milk. There were significant correlations between MIG and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) or IP-10 levels (p < 0.001) in human milk. Expression of IP-10 and MIG genes and proteins in the milk cells as well as in mammary gland epithelial tissues was detected by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IP-10 and MIG in human milk, probably derived from milk cells and mammary gland epithelial cells, may contribute to the migration and activation of intestinal T lymphocytes to enhance mucosal immunity during the early neonatal period.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. takahata@pediatr.med.kyushu-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takahata
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takada
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nomura
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakayama
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohshima
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hara
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001940:Breast / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D003126:Colostrum / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000276:immunology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; D007371:Interferon-gamma