title: Rectal dose sparing with a balloon catheter and ultrasound localization in conformal radiation therapy for prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the rectal wall and bladder volume in the high dose region with or without the use of a balloon catheter with both three-dimensional (3D)-conformal and intensity modulated radiation therapy (CRT, IMRT) approaches in the treatment of prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five patients with a wide range of prostate volumes and treated with primary external beam radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer were selected for analysis. Pinnacle treatment plans were generated utilizing a 3D conformal six-field design and an IMRT seven coplanar-field plan with a novel, three-step optimization and with ultrasound localization. Separate plans were devised with a rectal balloon deflated or air inflated with and without inclusion of the seminal vesicles (SV) in the target volume. The prescription dose was 76Gy in 38 fractions of 2Gy each. Cumulative dose-volume histograms (DVHs) were analyzed for the planning target volume (PTV), rectal wall, and bladder with an inflated (60cc air) or deflated balloon with and without SV included. The volumes of rectal wall and bladder above 60, 65, and 70Gy with each treatment approach were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Daily balloon placement was well-tolerated with good patient positional reproducibility. Inflation of the rectal balloon in all cases resulted in a significant decrease in the absolute volume of rectal wall receiving greater than 60, 65, or 70Gy. The rectal sparing ratio (RSR), consisting of a structure's high dose volume with the catheter inflated, divided by the volume with the catheter deflated, was calculated for each patient with and without seminal vesicle inclusion for 3D-CRT and IMRT. For 3D-CRT, RSRs with SV included were 0.59, 0.59, and 0.56 and with SV excluded were 0.60, 0.58, and 0.54 at doses of greater than 60, 65, and 70Gy, respectively. Similarly, for IMRT, the mean RSRs were 0.59, 0.59, and 0.63 including SV and 0.71, 0.66, and 0.67 excluding SV at these same dose levels, respectively. Averaged over all conditions, inflation of the rectal balloon resulted in a significant reduction in rectal volume receiving > or =65Gy to a mean ratio of 0.61 (P=0.01) or, in other words, a mean fractional high dose rectal sparing of 39%. There was a slight overall increase to 1.13 in the relative volume of bladder receiving at least 65Gy; however, this was not significant (P=0.6). Use of an endorectal balloon with a non-image-guided 3D-CRT plan produced about as much rectal dose sparing as a highly conformal, image-guided IMRT approach without a balloon. However, inclusion of a balloon with IMRT produced further rectal sparing still.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that use of a rectal balloon with a 3D-CRT plan incorporating typical treatment margins will produce significant high dose rectal sparing that is comparable to that achieved by a highly conformal IMRT with ultrasound localization. Further sparing is achieved with the inclusion of a balloon catheter in an IMRT plan. Thus, in addition to a previously reported advantage of prostate immobilization, the use of a rectal displacement balloon during daily treatment results in high dose rectal wall sparing during both modestly and highly conformal radiotherapy. Such sparing could assist in controlling and limiting rectal toxicity during increasingly aggressive dose escalation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Avenue K4/B100, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
authors.forename: Rakesh R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Nigel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Orton
authors.forename: Wolfgang A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Tomé
authors.forename: Rick
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chappell
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ritter
mesh_terms: D002404:Catheterization; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000379:methods*; D012007:Rectum / Q000528:radiation effects*; D012669:Seminal Vesicles / Q000528:radiation effects; D014463:Ultrasonography