title: Tissue engineering of stratified articular cartilage from chondrocyte subpopulations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test if subpopulations of chondrocytes from different cartilage zones could be used to engineer cartilage constructs with features of normal stratification. ESIGN: Chondrocytes from the superficial and middle zones of immature bovine cartilage were cultured in alginate, released, and seeded either separately or sequentially to form cartilage constructs. Constructs were cultured for 1 or 2 weeks and were assessed for growth, compressive properties, and deposition, and localization of matrix molecules and superficial zone protein (SZP).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cartilaginous constructs formed from superficial zone chondrocytes exhibited less matrix growth and lower compressive properties than constructs from middle zone chondrocytes, with the stratified superficial-middle constructs exhibiting intermediate properties. Expression of SZP was highest at the construct surfaces, with the localization of SZP in superficial-middle constructs being concentrated at the superficial surface.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Manipulation of subpopulations of chondrocytes can be useful in engineering cartilage tissue with a biomimetic approach, and in fabricating constructs that exhibit stratified features of normal articular cartilage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Schumacher
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Voegtline
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Masuda
authors.forename: E J-M A
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Thonar
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Sah
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western / Q000379:methods; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D002417:Cattle; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000502:physiology; D006614:Hindlimb; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000032:analysis; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D000099158:Proteoglycan 4
chemical_list: D011509:Proteoglycans; C498836:PRG4 protein, Bos taurus; D000099158:Proteoglycan 4