title: Comparative study on apoptosis induction of SMMC7721 and Vero cells by Clostridium difficile toxin A.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Clostridium difficile is recognized as a frequent cause of antibiotic-induced diarrhea. This study was designed to investigate whether Clostridium difficile toxin A might induce apoptosis on human hepatoma cell line SMMC7721 and African green monkey kidney Vero cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Highly purified toxin A was obtained by bovine thyroglobulin affinity purification followed by ion exchange chromatography on Q sepharose. The apoptosis induction of toxin A was examined on SMMC7721 cells with Vero cells as a control. Inhibition of proliferation was measured by MTT assay. Morphological assessment of apoptosis was performed with fluorescence and electronic microscopy. DNA fragmentation was observed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Cell cycle distribution was analyzed by flow cytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Toxin A (0.293-4.690 mg x L(-1) ) inhibited proliferation of SMMC7721 and Vero cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Morphological changes of typical apoptosis showed that SMMC7721 had a higher percentage of apoptosis than Vero cells. Agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA from SMMC7721 treated with toxin A for 48 hours revealed a "ladder" pattern.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clostridium difficile toxin A induced apoptosis of SMMC7721 and Vero cells. The apoptosis induction on SMMC7721 cells was more effective than that on Vero cells.
authors.affiliation: The Fifth Department,Medical College of Northwest Minorities University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China. gm_zh@21cn.com
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Di
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000187:drug effects; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D014709:Vero Cells
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004768:Enterotoxins; C041348:tcdA protein, Clostridium difficile