title: Measuring the thermal resistance of microorganisms: selecting an appropriate test system, correcting for heat-transfer lags, and determining minimum heating times.
abstract: Errors that occur in physical systems used to evaluate the heat resistance of microorganisms are discussed: namely, (a) not knowing the test heating-medium temperature accurately, (b) using heating times that are so short that the maximum temperature reached in the test unit is significantly below the test heating-medium temperature, and (c) ignoring significant heat-transfer lags, first in the heating and later in the cooling of the test units. Procedures and methods that can be used to minimize the effect of potential test-system errors on microbial resistance data are reported. Examples are included regarding the treatment of the different types of errors. Heating and cooling lag-correction values for several commonly-used testing systems, gleaned from the published literature and from the author's experience, are listed. A method is described and illustrated regarding how we may determine (in advance of carrying out an experiment to gather enumeration or survivor-curve data), the shortest heating time--highest temperature that should be used with a specific test-unit system and microbial DT -value.
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA. pflug001@tc.umn.edu
authors.forename: Irving J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Pflug
mesh_terms: D006358:Hot Temperature; D008829:Microbiology; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods*