title: A Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of squalamine, an aminosterol angiogenesis inhibitor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility and characterize the pharmacokinetics of squalamine administered as a continuous i.v. infusion daily for 5 days every 3 weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with advanced solid malignancies were treated with escalating doses of squalamine as a 5-day continuous i.v. infusion every 3 weeks. Doses were initially escalated in 100% increments from a starting dose of 6 mg/m(2)/day, with a single patient treated at each dose level until moderate toxicity was observed, at which time additional patients were treated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-three patients were treated with 73 courses of squalamine at 13 dose levels ranging from 6 to 700 mg/m(2)/day. Hepatotoxicity, characterized by brief, asymptomatic elevations in transaminases and hyperbilirubinemia, was the principal dose-limiting toxicity of squalamine. At 700 mg/m(2)/day, two of three patients developed grade 4 hyperbilirubinemia, which precluded further dose escalation. At 500 mg/m(2)/day, one of seven patients experienced dose-limiting grade 4 hyperbilirubinemia and grade 3 neurosensory changes, which resolved soon after treatment. Squalamine pharmacokinetics were dose-proportional. At 500 mg/m(2)/day, the mean (percentage coefficient of variation) clearance, half-life, and volume of distribution of squalamine were 2.67 liters/h/m(2) (85%), 9.46 h (81%), and 36.84 liters/m(2) (124%), respectively, and steady-state concentrations [20.08 micro g/ml (13%)] were well above those that inhibit angiogenesis in preclinical models.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At the recommended Phase II dose of 500 mg/m(2)/day, squalamine is well tolerated and results in plasma concentrations at least an order of magnitude higher than those required for prominent antiangiogenic effects in preclinical studies.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Drug Development, Cancer Therapy and Research Center and The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA.
authors.forename: Desirée
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Hammond
authors.forename: S Gail
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Eckhardt
authors.forename: Amita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Patnaik
authors.forename: Chris H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Takimoto
authors.forename: Garry H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Goetz
authors.forename: Anthony W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Tolcher
authors.forename: Heather A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: McCreery
authors.forename: Khalid
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mamun
authors.forename: Jon I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Holroyd
authors.forename: Eric K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Rowinsky
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D002777:Cholestanols / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008956:Models, Chemical; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013261:Sterols / Q000737:chemistry*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D002777:Cholestanols; D013261:Sterols; C079655:squalamine