title: CO2 induced acute respiratory acidosis and brain tissue intracellular pH: a 31P NMR study in swine.
abstract: High concentration carbon dioxide (CO(2)) is used to promote pre-slaughter anaesthesia in swine and poultry, as well as short-lasting surgical anaesthesia and euthanasia in laboratory animals. Questions related to animal welfare have been raised, as CO(2) anaesthesia does not set in momentarily. Carbon dioxide promotes anaesthesia by lowering the intracellular pH in the brain cells, but the dynamics of the changes in response to a high concentration of CO(2) is not known. Based on (31)P NMR spectroscopy, we describe CO(2)-induced changes in intracellular pH in the brains of five pigs inhaling 90% CO(2) in ambient air for a period of 60 s, and compare the results to changes in arterial blood pH, P(CO2), O(2) saturation and HCO(3)(-) concentration. The intracellular pH paralleled the arterial pH and P(CO2) during inhalation of CO(2); and it is suggested that the acute reaction to CO(2) inhalation mainly reflects respiratory acidosis, and not metabolic regulation as for example transmembrane fluxes of H(+)/HCO(3)(-). The intracellular pH decreased to approximately 6.7 within the 60 s inhalation period, and the situation was metabolically reversible after the end of CO(2) inhalation. The fast decrease in intracellular pH supports the conclusion that high concentration CO(2) leads to anaesthesia soon after the start of inhalation.
authors.affiliation: Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Grønnegårdsvej 7, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. lmar@kvl.dk
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Martoft
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stødkilde-Jørgensen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Forslid
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Jørgensen
mesh_terms: D000142:Acidosis, Respiratory / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000662:veterinary*; D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000758:Anesthesia; D000818:Animals; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007700:Kinetics; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D010313:Partial Pressure; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide