title: Bond strengths of porcelain laminate veneers to tooth surfaces prepared with acid and Er,Cr:YSGG laser etching.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The erbium, chromium: yttrium, scandium, gallium, garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) hydrokinetic laser system has been successful in the ablation of dental tissues. It has been reported that this system is also useful for preparing tooth surfaces for adhesion, but results to date have been controversial.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This in vitro study evaluated the bond strengths of porcelain laminate veneers to tooth surfaces after etching with acid and Er,Cr:YSGG laser conditioning. Material and method Forty extracted caries- and restoration-free human maxillary central incisors were used. The teeth were sectioned 2 mm below the cementoenamel junction. The crowns were embedded in autopolymerizing acrylic resin with the labial surfaces facing up. The labial surfaces were prepared with.05 mm reduction to receive porcelain veneers. The teeth were divided into 4 groups of 10 specimens. Thirty specimens received 1 of the following surface treatments before the bonding of IPS Empress 2 laminate veneers: (1) laser radiation from an Er,Cr:YSGG laser unit; (2) 37% orthophosphoric acid; and (3) 10% maleic acid. Ten specimens received no surface treatment and served as the control group. The veneers were bonded with dual-polymerizing resin, Variolink II. One microtensile specimen from each of the cervical and incisal thirds measuring 1.2 x 1.2 mm was prepared with a slow-speed diamond saw sectioning machine with a diamond-rim blade. These specimens were attached to opposing arms of the microtensile testing device with cyanoacrylate adhesive and fractured under tension at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min, and the maximum load at fracture (Kg) was recorded. The data were analyzed with a 2-way analysis of variance and Tukey HSD tests (alpha=.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  No statistically significant differences were found among the bond strengths of veneers bonded to tooth surfaces etched with Er,Cr:YSGG laser (12.1 +/- 4.4 MPa), 37% orthophosphoric acid (13 +/- 6.5 MPa), and 10% maleic acid (10.6 +/- 5.6 MPa). The control group demonstrated the lowest bond strength values in all test groups. Statistically significant differences were found between the bond strengths of cervical and incisal sections (P<.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In vitro microtensile bond strengths of porcelain laminate veneers bonded to tooth surfaces that were laser-etched showed results similar to orthophosphoric acid or maleic acid etched tooth surfaces.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey. asli_u@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Aslihan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Usumez
authors.forename: Filiz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Aykent
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental; D000538:Aluminum Silicates / Q000737:chemistry; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D003776:Dental Porcelain / Q000737:chemistry*; D003801:Dental Veneers; D006801:Humans; D007834:Lasers; D008298:Maleates / Q000737:chemistry; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010756:Phosphoric Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013718:Tensile Strength; D019246:Tooth Preparation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; C075815:IPS-Empress ceramic; D008298:Maleates; D010756:Phosphoric Acids; D019279:Resin Cements; D003776:Dental Porcelain; C103502:Variolink; C030272:maleic acid