title: The in vitro delivery of NSAIDs across skin was in proportion to the delivery of essential fatty acids in the vehicle--evidence that solutes permeate skin associated with their solvation cages?
abstract: As part of our investigations into novel dual action topical anti-arthritis systems, the permeation of ibuprofen or ketoprofen plus eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were determined from a fish oil vehicle across pig ear skin in vitro. The steady state fluxes of ibuprofen and ketoprofen were 9.17+/-1.98 microgram cm(-2)h(-1) and 6.12+/-2.39 microgram cm(-2)h(-1), respectively. At 24h, 5.7 microgram cm(-2) EPA and 3.1 microgram cm(-2) DHA permeated when the solute was ibuprofen; 1.4 microgram cm(-2) EPA and 1.0 microgram cm(-2) DHA when ketoprofen was the solute. At 12h, the ketoprofen/ibuprofen ratio of the moles permeated was 0.27, the ratio of EPA permeated simultaneously with ketoprofen and ibuprofen was 0.22 and the ratio of DHA permeated simultaneously with ketoprofen and ibuprofen was 0.24. We believe this is the first time that simultaneous permeation across skin of a solute and its vehicle has been determined purposefully. The data successfully demonstrated that simultaneous permeation of NSAIDs and essential fatty acids, EPA and DHA from a formulation containing fish oil is feasible. In addition, for both NSAIDs, the relative rates of permeation of EPA and DHA, were in proportion to their levels in the fish oil and the permeation rate of either fatty acid was higher when the permeation rate of the solute was greater. This suggested that the greater the rate of permeation of the NSAID, the greater the rate of permeation of the vehicle, and that a solute permeates skin complete with its vehicular solvation cage. This apparent relationship between solute and vehicle fluxes may be of more widespread significance to skin permeation experimentation.
authors.affiliation: Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, CF10 3XF, Cardiff, UK. heard1@cf.ac.uk
authors.forename: Charles M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Heard
authors.forename: Simon J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Gallagher
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harwood
authors.forename: Paula B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Maguire
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005395:Fish Oils; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007660:Ketoprofen / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D010539:Permeability; D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles; D012869:Skin Absorption; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D005395:Fish Oils; D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D007660:Ketoprofen; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid; D007052:Ibuprofen