title: Estrogen receptor-alpha mediates the brain antiinflammatory activity of estradiol.
abstract: Beyond the key role in reproductive and cognitive functions, estrogens have been shown to protect against neurodegeneration associated with acute and chronic injuries of the adult brain. Current hypotheses reconcile this activity with a direct effect of 17beta-estradiol (E2) on neurons. Here we demonstrate that brain macrophages are also involved in E2 action on the brain. Systemic administration of hormone prevents, in a time- and dose-dependent manner, the activation of microglia and the recruitment of peripheral monocytes induced by intraventricular injection of lipopolysaccharide. This effect occurs by limiting the expression of neuroinflammatory mediators, such as the matrix metalloproteinase 9 and lysosomal enzymes and complement C3 receptor, as well as by preventing morphological changes occurring in microglia during the inflammatory response. By injecting lipopolysaccharide in estrogen receptor (ER)-null mouse brains, we demonstrate that hormone action is mediated by activation of ERalpha but not of ERbeta. The specific role of ERalpha is further confirmed by comparing the effects of ERs on the matrix metalloproteinase 9 promoter activity in transient transfection assays. Finally, we report that genetic ablation of ERalpha is associated with a spontaneous reactive phenotype of microglia in specific brain regions of adult ERalpha-null mice. Altogether, these results reveal a previously undescribed function for E2 in brain and provide a mechanism for its beneficial activity on neuroinflammatory pathologies. They also underline the key role of ERalpha in brain macrophage reactivity and hint toward the usefulness of ERalpha-specific drugs in hormone replacement therapy of inflammatory diseases.
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vegeto
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Belcredito
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Etteri
authors.forename: Serena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghisletti
authors.forename: Alessia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brusadelli
authors.forename: Clara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Meda
authors.forename: Andrée
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krust
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dupont
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ciana
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chambon
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maggi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004958:Estradiol / Q000378:metabolism*; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D016177:Macrophage-1 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D010641:Phenotype; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000502:physiology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013997:Time Factors; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D016177:Macrophage-1 Antigen; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D004958:Estradiol; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9