title: Effect of snoring and obstructive respiratory events on sleep architecture in adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of snoring and obstructive respiratory events on the distribution of sleep stages and arousals in a nonselected group of adolescents from the general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomly selected secondary schools in Seville, Spain. Patients A general population sample of 43 adolescents (mean [SD] age, 13.6 [1.77] years).
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire for the investigation of sleep-related breathing disorders was administered. Symptoms were evaluated according to a 4-point frequency scale. Snorers answered "sometimes" or "often" to the question about snoring, and nonsnorers answered "never" or "rarely." All subjects underwent standard polysomnography at the sleep laboratory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-eight subjects were snorers; 15 were nonsnorers. No statistically significant differences were noted between both groups in the percentages of sleep stages, arousal index, awakenings, or wakefulness during sleep. Snorers showed a significantly higher number of respiratory arousals than nonsnorers (mean [SD], 1.14 [1.5] vs 0.33 [0.6], P<.05). However, neither the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) nor the oxygen desaturation index correlated with the arousal index. Twelve snorers (27.5%) had an AHI of 2 or more; 13 nonsnorers (30.2%) had an AHI of less than 2. Snorers with some obstructive respiratory events had a significantly higher number of awakenings, a lower percentage of stage 4 sleep, and a higher number of respiratory events compared with nonsnorers. However, the total number of arousals and the arousal index were similar for both groups. Wakefulness during sleep tended to be longer in snorers than in nonsnorers although differences were not significant. The percentage of respiratory events that terminated with an arousal was greater in snorers who had an AHI of 2 or more than in nonsnorers who had an AHI of less than 2 (mean [SD], 8.4% [9.5%] vs 4.9% [11.53%], P<.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate normal sleep architecture in the adolescents. Although snorers as well as adolescents with some polysomnographic abnormality showed a higher number of respiratory arousals than control subjects, most obstructive events did not terminate with a cortical arousal, which may suggest that adolescents share with younger children this mechanism for preserving sleep architecture.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pneumology and the Clinical Neurophysiology Service, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain. mangeles@jazzfree.com
authors.forename: Maria A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Fuentes-Pradera
authors.forename: Georgina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Botebol
authors.forename: Angeles
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Armengol
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carmona
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: García-Fernández
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Castillo-Gómez
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Capote-Gil
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D017286:Polysomnography; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology*; D012913:Snoring / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen