title: Protein S declines during winter respiratory infections.
abstract: There is an increase in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular morbidity and mortality in the older adult population during the winter that could be related to prothrombotic changes caused by seasonal effects or acute respiratory tract infections. Therefore, a prospective cohort study was conducted to assess the effect of acute winter respiratory infection on hemostatic parameters including complement 4b-binding protein (C4-BP), functional protein S, total protein S, free protein S, and the inflammatory marker, interleukin-6 (IL-6), in younger and older adults. The changes in the levels of hemostatic and inflammatory markers during winter respiratory infections in the younger and older adults were compared with matched, non-infected controls. In younger and older adults (combined), total protein S increased from 83% [95% confidence interval (CI); 77-88] to 98% (95% CI; 91-106, P < 0.001) while free protein S decreased from 100% (95% CI; 95-105) to 70% (95% CI; 66-75, P < 0.001). There were no significant changes in C4-BP (P = 0.622), functional protein S (P = 0.061) or IL-6 (P = 0.651) from baseline. In a multivariate analysis, only total protein S and free protein S showed significant association with seasonal change after adjusting for the effect of infection. The estimated effect of season on total protein S was 15 +/- 4%, P < 0.001 and on free protein S was -27 +/- 3%, P < 0.001. After adjusting for seasonal effect, only functional protein S showed a significant association with infection, with the estimated effect of -17 +/- 5%, P < 0.001. The results in the younger and older adults were similar to those in the combined groups. Seasonal and infection-related changes in hemostatic parameters including an increase in fibrinogen and a decrease in free protein S, observed in this study, may contribute to thrombotic risk and excess vascular disease morbidity and mortality in older populations in the winter season.
authors.affiliation: University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
authors.forename: N K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Kaba
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Falsey
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003169:Complement Inactivator Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000032:analysis; D006023:Glycoproteins; D006487:Hemostasis; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017293:Protein S / Q000032:analysis*; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D012621:Seasons
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003169:Complement Inactivator Proteins; D006023:Glycoproteins; D015850:Interleukin-6; D017293:Protein S; D005340:Fibrinogen