title: The biomechanical effect of posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction on knee joint function. Kinematic response to simulated muscle loads.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effectiveness of posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in restoring normal kinematics under physiologic loading is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction does not restore normal knee kinematics under muscle loading.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro biomechanical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Kinematics of knees with an intact, resected, and reconstructed posterior cruciate ligament were measured by a robotic testing system under simulated muscle loads. Anteroposterior tibial translation and internal-external tibial rotation were measured at 0 degrees, 30 degrees, 60 degrees, 90 degrees, and 120 degrees of flexion under posterior drawer loading, quadriceps muscle loading, and combined quadriceps and hamstring muscle loading.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reconstruction reduced the additional posterior tibial translation caused by ligament deficiency at all flexion angles tested under posterior drawer loading. Ligament deficiency increased external rotation and posterior translation at angles higher than 60 degrees of flexion when simulated muscle loading was applied. Posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction reduced the posterior translation and external rotation observed in posterior cruciate ligament-deficient knees at higher flexion angles, but differences were not significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Under physiologic loading conditions, posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction does not restore six degree of freedom knee kinematics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Abnormal knee kinematics may lead to development of long-term knee arthrosis.
authors.affiliation: Orthopedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.forename: Louis E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: DeFrate
authors.forename: Conrad
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Christopher T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Carey
authors.forename: Shay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zayontz
authors.forename: Bertram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zarins
authors.forename: Guoan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology; D016119:Posterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012016:Reference Values; D012399:Rotation; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013977:Tibia / Q000503:physiopathology