title: Cell cycle-dependent transduction of cell-permeant Cre recombinase proteins.
abstract: Protein transduction has been widely used to analyze biochemical processes in living cells quantitatively and under non-steady-state conditions. The present study analyzed the effects of cell cycle on the uptake and activity of cell-permeant Cre recombinase proteins. Previous studies had suggested that the efficiency of recombination and/or protein transduction varied among individual cells, even within a clonal population. We report here that cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle undergo recombination at a lower rate than cells at other phases of the cell cycle, and that this variation results largely from differences in protein uptake, associated with differences in cell size. These results have implications regarding the mechanism of protein transduction and identify a source of heterogeneity that can influence the response of individual cells to cell-permeant proteins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA.
authors.forename: Daewoong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jo
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Abudi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nashabi
authors.forename: Deborah J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Mays
authors.forename: Derya
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Unutmaz
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Pietenpol
authors.forename: H Earl
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Ruley
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001692:Biological Transport; D015139:Blotting, Southern; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D048429:Cell Size / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D019426:Integrases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011995:Recombination, Genetic / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D014764:Viral Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; C045073:Cre recombinase; D019426:Integrases