title: Clinical experience as evidence in evidence-based practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This paper's starting point is the recognition (descriptive not normative) that, for the vast majority of day-to-day clinical decision-making situations, the 'evidence' for decision-making is experiential knowledge. Moreover, reliance on this knowledge base means that nurses must use cognitive shortcuts or heuristics for handling information when making decisions. These heuristics encourage systematic biases in decision-makers and deviations from the normative rules of 'good' decision-making.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the paper is to explore three common heuristics and the biases that arise when handling complex information in clinical decision-making (overconfidence, hindsight and base rate neglect) and, in response to these biases, to illustrate some simple techniques for reducing the negative influence of heuristics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nurses face a limited range of types of uncertainty in their clinical decisions and draw primarily on experiential knowledge to handle these uncertainties. This paper argues that experiential knowledge is a necessary but not sufficient basis for clinical decision-making. It illustrates how overconfidence in one's knowledge base, being correct 'after the event' or with the benefit of hindsight, and ignoring the base rates associated with events, conditions or health states, can impact on professional judgements and decisions. The paper illustrates some simple strategies for minimizing the impact of heuristics on the real-life clinical decisions of nurses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The paper concludes that more research knowledge of the impact of heuristics and techniques to combat them in nursing decisions is needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK. cat4@york.ac.uk
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards*; D003657:Decision Making; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D007255:Information Services / Q000592:standards; D007256:Information Systems / Q000592:standards; D009736:Nursing Process / Q000592:standards; D015399:Nursing Research / Q000592:standards; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000523:psychology