title: Association of autistic spectrum disorder and the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine: a systematic review of current epidemiological evidence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To systematically review the evidence for and against the existence of an association between autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) and the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a systematic review of the medical literature to identify all controlled epidemiological articles examining for an association between ASD and the MMR vaccine. We extracted data from the articles on the characteristics and objectives of the study as well as evidence of an association.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve articles met the inclusion criteria. One study found no difference in the rates of ASD and the MMR vaccine in children who were vaccinated and those who were not. Six studies examined for evidence of an increase in ASD associated with an increase in the MMR vaccine coverage, none of which showed evidence of an association. Four studies examined if a variant form of ASD was associated with the MMR vaccine, none of which showed evidence of an association. Eight studies attempted to determine if there was a temporal association between developing ASD and receiving the MMR vaccine. Of these, 1 study identified an increase in parental concern in the 6-month period following vaccination with MMR in one of its analyses. The results of all other studies showed no association between ASD and the MMR vaccine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current literature does not suggest an association between ASD and the MMR vaccine; however, limited epidemiological evidence exists to rule out a link between a rare variant form of ASD and the MMR vaccine. Given the real risks of not vaccinating and that the risks and existence of variant ASD remain theoretical, current policies should continue to advocate the use of the MMR vaccine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Health Policy, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Kumanan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Ed
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.forename: Cory
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Jessie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McGowan
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jadad
mesh_terms: D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D022542:Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012107:Research Design
chemical_list: D022542:Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine