title: Risk factors for new detection of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in acute-care hospitals that employ strict infection control procedures.
abstract: Accurate assessment of the risk factors for colonization with vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) among high-risk patients is often confounded by nosocomial VRE transmission. We undertook a 15-month prospective cohort study of adults admitted to high-risk units (hematology, renal, transplant, and intensive care) in three teaching hospitals that used identical strict infection control and isolation procedures for VRE to minimize nosocomial spread. Rectal swab specimens for culture were regularly obtained, and the results were compared with patient demographic factors and antibiotic exposure data. Compliance with screening was defined as "optimal" (100% compliance) or "acceptable" (minor protocol violations were allowed, but a negative rectal swab specimen culture was required within 1 week of becoming colonized with VRE). Colonization with VRE was detected in 1.56% (66 of 4,215) of admissions (0.45% at admission and 0.83% after admission; the acquisition time was uncertain for 0.28%), representing 1.91% of patients. No patients developed infection with VRE. The subsequent rate of new acquisition of VRE was 1.4/1,000 patient days. Renal units had the highest rate (3.23/1,000 patient days; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.54 to 6.77/1,000 patient days). vanB Enterococcus faecium was the most common species (71%), but other species included vanB Enterococcus faecalis (21%), vanA E. faecium (6%), and vanA E. faecalis (2%). The majority of isolates were nonclonal by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis. Multivariate analysis of risk factors in patients with an acceptable screening suggested that being managed by a renal unit (hazard ratio [HR] compared to the results for patients managed in an intensive care unit, 4.6; 95% CI, 1.2 to 17.0 [P = 0.02]) and recent administration of either ticarcillin-clavulanic acid (HR, 3.6; 95% CI, 1.1 to 11.6 [P = 0.03]) or carbapenems (HR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.0, 8.0 [P = 0.05]), but not vancomycin or broad-spectrum cephalosporins, were associated with acquisition of VRE. The relatively low rates of colonization with VRE, the polyclonal nature of most isolates, and the possible association with the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics are consistent with either the endogenous emergence of VRE or the amplification of previously undetectable colonization with VRE among high-risk patients managed under conditions in which the risk of nosocomial acquisition was minimized.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. alex.padiglione@med.monash.edu.au
authors.forename: Alexander A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Padiglione
authors.forename: Rory
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wolfe
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Grabsch
authors.forename: Di
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Olden
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pearson
authors.forename: Clare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Spelman
authors.forename: Barrie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mayall
authors.forename: Paul D R
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: M Lindsay
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Grayson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D004363:Drug Utilization; D016983:Enterococcus / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control; D008297:Male; D012007:Rectum / Q000382:microbiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D020713:Vancomycin Resistance
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents