title: Intracellular vacuolation induced by culture filtrates of Plesiomonas shigelloides isolated from environmental sources.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Potential virulence factors produced by culture filtrates of Plesiomonas shigelloides isolated from water were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Culture filtrates of P. shigelloides strains were assayed for cytotoxic activity in CHO (Chinese hamster ovary), Vero (African green monkey kidney), HeLa (human cervix), HT29 (human epithelial intestinal) and SK6 (swine epithelial kidney) cells. Microscopic analyses revealed intensive cytoplasmic vacuolation including cell rounding and swelling, with gradual destruction of the monolayer in filtrate-treated cells. Neutral red assays showed that CHO, HeLa and Vero cells were the most sensitive to the vacuolating activity, which was evident within 30 min of culture filtrate exposure. This activity was inactived by heating at 56 degrees C for 15 min and partially neutralized by antiserum to the cytotoxin of Aeromonas hydrophila. All P. shigelloides strains had a cell-associated haemolysin in the agar plate assay. Three isolates were found to produce a cell-free haemolytic activity at 37 degrees C. In the suckling mouse test, two P. shigelloides culture supernatants were positive for enterotoxic activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  P. shigelloides culture filtrates isolated from aquatic environment cause intracellular vacuolation on mammalian cells, and produce haemolytic and enterotoxic activities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This work revealed the presence of putative virulence factors that could be associated with human infections involving Plesiomonas strains.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Falcón
authors.forename: G V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Carbonell
authors.forename: P M S
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Figueredo
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Butião
authors.forename: H O
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Saridakis
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Pelayo
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yano
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned / Q000633:toxicity; D003603:Cytotoxins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000633:toxicity; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006461:Hemolysis; D006801:Humans; D016981:Plesiomonas / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D014617:Vacuoles / Q000187:drug effects; D014774:Virulence; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D003603:Cytotoxins; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins