title: Role of osteoclast extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in cell survival and maintenance of cell polarity.
abstract: Morphological changes of osteoclasts by a MEK1 inhibitor, PD98059, were investigated to clarify a role of ERK. PD98059 promoted apoptosis of osteoclasts and the loss of ruffled borders. This study supports the importance of ERK in survival and polarity of osteoclasts.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is a mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) that has been reported to play a role in the survival and apoptosis of osteoclasts. However, the precise signal transduction mechanism is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to clarify the role of ERK in osteoclasts by histological analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a rat calvarial organ culture system, the inhibition of ERK phosphorylation by PD98059, a MAPK/ERK kinase 1 (MEK1) inhibitor, was assayed by immunoblotting. Morphological changes in osteoclasts induced by PD98059 were elucidated by light and electron microscopy. The cellular localization of ERK was also determined by immunoelectron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PD98059 inhibited phosphorylated ERK after a 1-h incubation. Ultrastructural study demonstrated that PD98059 induced the accumulation of vesicles and vacuoles in osteoclasts and the loss of ruffled border at 1 h. At 3 h, some osteoclasts showed apoptosis with nuclear condensation, and at 6 h after PD98059 treatment, many osteoclasts were detached from the bone surface and had lost their cell polarity. Electron microscopic immunohistochemistry revealed that ERK was mainly localized in the cytoplasm of clear zones in control osteoclasts, but apoptotic osteoclasts also showed immunoreactivity in clear zone-like structures in contact with osteoblast-lineage cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that ERK in osteoclasts is involved in their survival and may be involved in the formation of a ruffled border and the maintenance of cell polarity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Morphology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama, Japan. nakam@md.okayama-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Azumi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hirata
authors.forename: Takehito
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsuji
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D015153:Blotting, Western; D016764:Cell Polarity / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D005419:Flavonoids; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C093973:2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one