title: Vasculogenic erectile dysfunction: newer therapeutic strategies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite recent advances in therapy, reversal of vasculogenic erectile dysfunction (ED) is rarely possible. A review of vasculogenic ED may further our understanding of the underlying pathophysiology and help develop more effective curative therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the mechanisms of vasculogenic erectile dysfunction and discuss the therapies currently available or being developed for possible future use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Penile erection is a complex neurovascular phenomenon that may be affected by hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerotic vascular occlusive disease, veno-occlusive dysfunction and cavernosal fibrosis. Animal models of diffuse pelvic atherosclerosis can be maintained by feeding oral cholesterol and injuring the arterial endothelium. Impaired inflow may be addressed by penile revascularization but this strategy is applicable only in select cases. Neovascularization using vascular growth factors has recently been demonstrated to be feasible in animal models. Permanent reversal of impaired cavernosal relaxation requires control of hypercholesterolemia and lifestyle changes, such as smoking cessation. Cavernosal fibrosis may be reversible via some of the same approaches used in treating Peyronie's disease but to date little clinical success has been reported. Venous ligation appears to have a limited role in treating veno-occlusive dysfunction only in highly selected men with minimal cavernosal smooth muscle dysfunction. Hypoxemia, sleep apnea and respiratory failure may also affect erectile dysfunction. However, little attention has been paid to oxygen as therapy for ED.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current therapy, while effective in circumventing vasculogenic ED, is relatively ineffective in permanently reversing the condition. Further research aimed at long-term treatment strategies in vasculogenic ED is needed.
authors.affiliation: Boston Veterans Administration Medical Center, 150 South Huntington Ave., Room A4-43, Boston, Massachusetts 02130, USA. msiroky@bu.edu
authors.forename: Mike B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Siroky
authors.forename: Kazem M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Azadzoi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000494:pharmacology; D007172:Erectile Dysfunction / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005355:Fibrosis; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D008019:Life Style; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000473:pathology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology; D010410:Penile Erection / Q000502:physiology*; D010413:Penis / Q000098:blood supply; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000494:pharmacology; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008222:Lymphokines; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D009569:Nitric Oxide