title: Increased expression of extracellular matrix regulators TIMP1 and MMP1 in deteriorating heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The authors previously identified and compared alterations in gene expression in the myocardia of patients with deteriorating heart failure who underwent left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation with those of patients with stable end-stage failure (ESF). We hypothesized that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their endogenous inhibitors, the tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs), would be implicated in the mechanisms that underlie deteriorating heart failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gridded macro-array filters were used to provide a broad overview of MMP and TIMP mRNA expression in heart failure. Precise mRNA levels of TIMP1, MMP1, and beta-spectrin were determined using quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of myocardial samples from 27 patients with deteriorating heart failure who underwent LVAD implantation, from 17 patients with stable ESF who underwent elective heart transplantation, and from 28 donor organs with good hemodynamic function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gridded macro-arrays analysis of pooled failing heart samples determined that TIMP1 mRNA was the most readily detectable TIMP in failing myocardium. Quantitative RT-PCR showed that expression levels in individual patients were similar in patients with stable ESF (1.00 +/- 0.24, n = 17) and in donor organ samples (1.49 +/- 0.22, n = 28) but were significantly increased in the deteriorating heart failure group (5.38 +/- 0.32, n = 26, p < 0.0001 compared with patients with ESF). Similarly, MMP1 levels did not differ between donor and ESF groups but increased in the deteriorating failure group (6.04 +/- 0.50, n = 27, p < 0.001 compared with the ESF group). Levels of beta-II spectrin were the same in all 3 groups. Both TIMP1 and MMP1 showed positive correlation with each other and with previously determined levels of mRNA for both interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and IL-6 in this patient series when considering all patients individually, but neither correlated with tumor necrosis factor alpha.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with deteriorating heart failure have increased expression of TIMP1 and MMP1 mRNA. Correlation with pro-inflammatory cytokines suggests common pathways of regulation and potential activation by IL-6 and IL1-beta.
authors.affiliation: Heart Science Centre, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospital, Harefield, Middlesex, United Kingdom
authors.forename: Paul J R
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Barton
authors.forename: Emma J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Birks
authors.forename: Leanne E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Felkin
authors.forename: Martin E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Cullen
authors.forename: Maren U
authors.initials: MU
authors.lastname: Koban
authors.forename: Magdi H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Yacoub
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000235:genetics; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000378:metabolism*; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006353:Heart-Assist Devices; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D020784:Matrix Metalloproteinase 8 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D008875:Middle Aged; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D019717:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-3 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D019714:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D000097792:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-4
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1; D020784:Matrix Metalloproteinase 8; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2; D019717:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-3; D019714:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases; D000097792:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-4