title: Inactivation of the tuberous sclerosis complex-1 and -2 gene products occurs by phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt-dependent and -independent phosphorylation of tuberin.
abstract: The tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a genetic disorder that is caused through mutations in either one of the two tumor suppressor genes, TSC1 and TSC2, that encode hamartin and tuberin, respectively. Interaction of hamartin with tuberin forms a heterodimer that inhibits signaling by the mammalian target of rapamycin to its downstream targets: eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) and ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1). During mitogenic sufficiency, the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway phosphorylates tuberin on Ser-939 and Thr-1462 that inhibits the tumor suppressor function of the TSC complex. Here we show that tuberin-hamartin heterodimers block protein kinase C (PKC)/MAPK- and phosphatidic acid-mediated signaling toward mammalian target of rapamycin-dependent targets. We also show that two TSC2 mutants derived from TSC patients are defective in repressing phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced 4E-BP1 phosphorylation. PKC/MAPK signaling leads to phosphorylation of tuberin at sites that overlap with and are distinct from Akt phosphorylation sites. Phosphorylation of tuberin by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate was reduced by treatment of cells with either bisindolylmaleimide I or UO126, inhibitors of PKC and MAPK/MEK (MAPK/ERK kinase), respectively, but not by wortmannin (an inhibitor of PI3K). This work reveals that both PI3K-independent and -dependent mechanisms modulate tuberin phosphorylation in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Tee
authors.forename: Rana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Anjum
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blenis
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002460:Cell Line; D039561:Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-4E / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000502:physiology*; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000502:physiology; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011506:Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D019893:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077004:Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 1 Protein; D000077005:Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 Protein; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D039561:Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-4E; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011506:Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D019893:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; D000077004:Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 1 Protein; D000077005:Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 Protein; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C087000:EIF4EBP1 protein, human; C000624650:TSC1 protein, human; C000624653:TSC2 protein, human; C494918:AKT1 protein, human