title: Low-glycemic index diets in the management of diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The use of diets with low glycemic index (GI) in the management of diabetes is controversial, with contrasting recommendations around the world. We performed a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to determine whether low-GI diets, compared with conventional or high-GI diets, improved overall glycemic control in individuals with diabetes, as assessed by reduced HbA(1c) or fructosamine levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature searches identified 14 studies, comprising 356 subjects, that met strict inclusion criteria. All were randomized crossover or parallel experimental design of 12 days' to 12 months' duration (mean 10 weeks) with modification of at least two meals per day. Only 10 studies documented differences in postprandial glycemia on the two types of diet.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Low-GI diets reduced HbA(1c) by 0.43% points (CI 0.72-0.13) over and above that produced by high-GI diets. Taking both HbA(1c) and fructosamine data together and adjusting for baseline differences, glycated proteins were reduced 7.4% (8.8-6.0) more on the low-GI diet than on the high-GI diet. This result was stable and changed little if the data were unadjusted for baseline levels or excluded studies of short duration. Systematically taking out each study from the meta-analysis did not change the CIs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Choosing low-GI foods in place of conventional or high-GI foods has a small but clinically useful effect on medium-term glycemic control in patients with diabetes. The incremental benefit is similar to that offered by pharmacological agents that also target postprandial hyperglycemia.
authors.affiliation: Human Nutrition Unit, School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia. j.brandmiller@mmb.usyd.edu.au
authors.forename: Jennie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brand-Miller
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hayne
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Petocz
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Colagiuri
mesh_terms: D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000178:diet therapy*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004032:Diet; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates