title: Neuro-ophthalmologic findings in konzo, an upper motor neuron disorder in Africa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the neuro-ophthalmological manifestations in konzo, a non-progressive symmetric spastic para/tetraparesis of acute onset associated with consumption of insufficiently processed bitter cassava roots combined with a low protein intake.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one Congolese konzo patients underwent neuro-ophthalmological investigations including visual acuity testing, assessment of light pupillary reflexes, evaluation of ocular motility and deviation, direct ophthalmoscopy, and visual field perimetry. Objective refraction including retinoscopy and keratometry, and slit-lamp biomicroscopy were also done.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five patients had visual impairment, and 14 had temporal pallor of the optic disc. Fourteen presented visual field defects, the most frequent being concentric constriction and peripheral defects. Overall, 11 subjects had symptoms qualifying for the diagnosis of optic neuropathy. Two had spontaneous pendular nystagmus in primary position of gaze. Visual field defects and pallor of the optic discs were found in mild, moderate and severe forms of konzo. No correlation was found between the severity of the motor disability of konzo and the extent of visual field loss.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Konzo was associated with optic neuropathy and a few patients had nystagmus. Although the etiopathogenesis of this optic neuropathy remains to be elucidated, the symmetry of the involvement suggests a toxic origin. We suggest that cyanide causes the neuro-ophthalmological damage in konzo. However, the optic neuropathy in konzo patients does not resemble the features of the epidemic optic neuropathy in Tanzania, Cuba or Nigeria, Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, tobacco amblyopia or vitamin B deficiency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Kinshasa University Hospital, Kinshasa. jcmwanza@hotmail.com
authors.forename: J C K
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Mwanza
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tshala-Katumbay
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Kayembe
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Eeg-Olofsson
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tylleskär
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000349:Africa; D002648:Child; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016472:Motor Neuron Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D009759:Nystagmus, Pathologic / Q000209:etiology; D009901:Optic Nerve Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D020336:Paraparesis, Spastic / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D014794:Visual Fields