title: Takeoff forces transmitted to the upper extremity during water-skiing.
abstract: As data were unavailable, this study quantified the forces acting on the upper extremities during water-skiing takeoff in 10 male volunteers (mean age: 28 years). Body weight ranged between 141 and 195 lbs. Low, medium, and full-power takeoffs were used to propel each skier out of the water. Although low-power takeoffs produced significantly less peak force (P < or = .0004), they yielded a trend toward greater time under load (P = .097). As the data suggest that forces assume roughly one and one-half times body weight, individuals with pre-existing shoulder morbidity may risk exacerbation of their condition.
authors.affiliation: Carolina Orthopaedic Specialists, Lenoir, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Keverline
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Englund
authors.forename: Timothy E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Cooney
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001835:Body Weight; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012865:Skiing / Q000293:injuries / Q000502:physiology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D034941:Upper Extremity; D014867:Water; D016474:Weight-Bearing
chemical_list: D014867:Water