title: Ammonia, volatile fatty acids, phenolics, and odor offensiveness in manure from growing pigs fed diets reduced in protein concentration.
abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate whether reducing dietary CP concentration decreases fecal VFA, manure ammonia (NH3) emission and odor, and urinary phenolic metabolites. Six barrows were allotted to one of six dietary treatments in a Latin square design. Treatments consisted of four corn-soybean meal based diets containing 15, 12, 9, and 6% CP, a casein-based diet containing 15% CP, and a protein-free diet (0% protein). Crystalline AA were included in the 12, 9, and 6% CP diets. The casein-based and protein-free diets were used to determine basal endogenous contribution of VFA, phenolics, NH3, and manure odor. Pigs were housed individually in metabolism cages to allow total collection of feces and urine. Feces and urine were collected and pooled within pig and period. Feces and urine were analyzed for VFA and phenolic metabolite concentrations, respectively. Feces and urine were then mixed, stored, and fermented at room temperature for 30 d. For NH3 determination, headspace air was sampled from manure slurries at 24, 48, and 72 h after fermentation. Slurry samples were placed into vials, capped, and randomized before odor panel evaluation. Odor offensiveness was classified on severity: 1 = non-offensive; 2 = mildly offensive; 3 = moderately offensive; 4 = strongly offensive; and 5 = extremely offensive. Reducing dietary CP increased (P < 0.05) fecal VFA concentrations but did not affect phenolic concentrations in urine. Manure NH3 emission was reduced (P < 0.05) as dietary CP concentration decreased from 15 to 0%. The 15% diet had the least offensive manure slurry with odor qualitative ranking of 2.58 (i.e., mild-moderately offensive). Compared with the 15% CP diet, manure from the 9 and 6% CP diets was found to be more offensive (P < 0.05), with qualitative rankings of 2.92 and 3.10, respectively. Odor qualitative rank for the 12% CP, protein-free diet, and casein-based diet did not differ from that of the 15% CP diet. These results indicate that reduction in dietary CP concentrations decreases manure NH3 emission, but it does not diminish manure odor offensiveness and fecal VFA concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824, USA.
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Otto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hengemuehle
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: von Bermuth
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: van Kempen
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Trottier
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D018753:Diet, Protein-Restricted / Q000662:veterinary*; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile / Q000032:analysis; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry*; D005285:Fermentation; D008297:Male; D008372:Manure / Q000032:analysis*; D009812:Odorants / Q000032:analysis; D010636:Phenols / Q000652:urine; D011897:Random Allocation; D013552:Swine / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile; D008372:Manure; D010636:Phenols; D000641:Ammonia