title: Depressive symptoms and health-related quality of life: the Heart and Soul Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known regarding the extent to which patient-reported health status, including symptom burden, physical limitation, and quality of life, is determined by psychosocial vs physiological factors among patients with chronic disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the contributions of depressive symptoms and measures of cardiac function to the health status of patients with coronary artery disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study of 1024 adults with stable coronary artery disease recruited from outpatient clinics in the San Francisco Bay Area between September 2000 and December 2002. Main Measures Measurement of depressive symptoms using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ); assessment of cardiac function by measuring left ventricular ejection fraction on echocardiography, exercise capacity on treadmill testing, and ischemia on stress echocardiography; and measurement of a range of health status outcomes, including symptom burden, physical limitation, and quality of life, using the Seattle Angina Questionnaire. Participants were also asked to rate their overall health as excellent, very good, good, fair, or poor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 1024 participants, 201 (20%) had depressive symptoms (PHQ score > or =10). Participants with depressive symptoms were more likely than those without depressive symptoms to report at least mild symptom burden (60% vs 33%; P<.001), mild physical limitation (73% vs 40%; P<.001), mildly diminished quality of life (67% vs 31%; P<.001), and fair or poor overall health (66% vs 30%; P<.001). In multivariate analyses adjusting for measures of cardiac function and other patient characteristics, depressive symptoms were strongly associated with greater symptom burden (odds ratio [OR], 1.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3-2.7; P =.002), greater physical limitation (OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 2.1-4.6; P<.001), worse quality of life (OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 2.2-4.6; P<.001), and worse overall health (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.3-2.9; P<.001). Although decreased exercise capacity was associated with worse health status, left ventricular ejection fraction and ischemia were not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among patients with coronary disease, depressive symptoms are strongly associated with patient-reported health status, including symptom burden, physical limitation, quality of life, and overall health. Conversely, 2 traditional measures of cardiac function-ejection fraction and ischemia-are not. Efforts to improve health status should include assessment and treatment of depressive symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Section of General Internal Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco 94121, USA.
authors.forename: Bernice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ruo
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Rumsfeld
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hlatky
authors.forename: Haiying
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Warren S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Browner
authors.forename: Mary A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Whooley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015897:Comorbidity; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006304:Health Status; D006334:Heart Function Tests; D006801:Humans; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D012495:San Francisco / Q000453:epidemiology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires