title: Irreversible perforations in vertebral trabeculae?
abstract: In human cancellous bone, osteoclastic perforations resulting from normal remodeling were generally considered irreversible. In human vertebral samples, examined by backscatter electron microscopy, there was clear evidence of bridging of perforation defects by new bone formation. Hence trabecular perforations may not be irreversible.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Preservation of the trabecular bone microarchitecture is essential to maintain its load-bearing capacity and prevent fractures. However, during bone remodeling, the osteoclasts may perforate the platelike trabeculae and disconnect the structure. Large perforations (>100 microm) are generally considered irreversible because there is no surface on which new bone can be laid down. In this work, we investigated the outcome of these perforations on human vertebral cancellous bone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using backscatter electron microscopy, we analyzed 264 vertebral bone samples from the thoracic and lumbar spine of nine subjects (44-88 years old). Nine fields (2 x 1.5 mm) were observed on each block. Several bone structural units (BSUs) were visible on a single trabecula, illustrating a dynamic, historical aspect of bone remodeling. A bridge was defined as a single and recent BSU connecting two segments of trabeculae previously separated by osteoclastic resorption. They were counted and measured (length and breadth, microm).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed 396 bridges over 2376 images. By comparison, we found only 15 microcalluses on the same material. The median length of the bridge was 165 microm (range, 29-869 microm); 86% being longer than 100 microm and 35% longer than 200 microm. Their breadth was 56 microm (range, 6-255 microm), but the thinnest were still in construction. Bridges were found in all nine subjects included in the study, suggesting that it is a common feature of normal vertebral bone remodeling. These observations support the hypothesis that perforation could be repaired by new bone formation, and hence, might not be systematically irreversible.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Research Laboratory and Arthritis Unit, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium. xavier.banse@orto.ucl.ac.be
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Banse
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Devogelaer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Delloye
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lafosse
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Holmyard
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grynpas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001344:Autopsy; D015519:Bone Density; D016723:Bone Remodeling; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D016474:Weight-Bearing