title: Vaginal hysterectomy in generally considered contraindications to vaginal surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to evaluate the feasibility and complication rate of vaginal hysterectomy with or without adnexectomy in women with enlarged uteri and/or other considered contraindications to the vaginal route.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over a period of 2 years, a total of 204 women underwent vaginal hysterectomy for benign pathology. Normally considered contraindications to the vaginal route were: moderate to excessive uterine enlargement, nulliparity or no prior vaginal delivery, previous cesarean or pelvic surgeries and adnexal pathologies. Laparoscopy was used only if it became necessary. Patients with uterine prolapse were excluded. The clinical outcomes and complication rate were analyzed even with regards to the type of contraindication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of the patients was 46.96+/-4.8 years (range: 38-68). The mean uterine weight was 427.74+/-254.75 g (range: 150-2,000). The operative time ranged from 30 to 140 min (mean: 61.59+/-21.80 SD) for vaginal hysterectomy alone, increasing up to 170 min (mean: 83.6+/-38.28 SD) in case of adnexectomy or laparoscopic assistance. The patient characteristics, the uterine weight and the postoperative results and clinical outcome did not differ among the groups of contraindications. Overall, the complication rate was 9.8%. No patient required a transfusion for surgical blood loss, a return to the operating room or readmission to the hospital. During vaginal hysterectomy, adnexectomy was possible in 90.6% of the cases in which it was indicated (unilateral in 21.8% because of adnexal pathology) and was technically impossible in 9.3%. In 4 cases (1.9%) it was not possible to complete vaginal hysterectomy owing to the presence of thick adhesions obliterating the cul-de-sac, of severe endometriosis or other unforeseen circumstances. In these few cases with a difficult access to the ovaries (2.9% of all VH) or with difficulties in mobilizing the uterus, we resorted to laparoscopy. The pneumoperitoneum was achieved by means of an insufflation tube inserted via the vagina into the abdominal cavity and packing the vagina. Thus, the risks associated to the insertion of the Veress needle were avoided. In all but two cases in which conversion to laparotomy was necessary, laparoscopy was successfully completed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vaginal hysterectomy appears to be feasible in about 97% of cases in which this approach would have been judged unsuitable. This figure decreases to 94.2% when oophorectomy is indicated.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gynecologic Endocrinology, Complesso Integrato Columbus, Via Moscati 31, 00168, Rome, Italy. columbus.ginec@linet.it
authors.forename: Pierluigi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Paparella
authors.forename: Ornella
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sizzi
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rossetti
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: De Benedittis
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Paparella
mesh_terms: D000290:Adnexa Uteri / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical / Q000517:prevention & control; D000075202:Contraindications; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007045:Hysterectomy, Vaginal / Q000009:adverse effects; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007889:Leiomyoma / Q000601:surgery*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009929:Organ Size; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014594:Uterine Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D014599:Uterus / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*