title: Radicular pain after vertebroplasty: compression or irritation of the nerve root? Initial experience with the "cooling system".
abstract: METHODS
  During vertebroplasty (VP), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) may leak into the posterior epidural venus plexus, provoking symptoms ranging from radicular pain to medullar compression.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To propose and test the feasibility of a procedure (cooling system) to prevent radicular irritation caused by foraminal PMMA leakage.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Foraminal leak of PMMA, as observed during VP, may lead to radiculalgia. Several mechanisms of nerve root irritation have been proposed. Considering heat or local chemical irritation has led us to treat immediately by local periradicular irrigation with a cooling liquid.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four consecutive patients with observed foraminal leakage were treated by local fluid injection. Immediately after observation of a foraminal leak, a 20-gauge Chiba needle was positioned to reach the foramen. Ten cubic centimeters of lidocaine (0.2%) was followed by 100-200 cc of pressurized saline perfusion within 10-20 minutes (cooling system).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all patients with foraminal leakage, no radicular pain existed after application of the cooling system. No complications were observed with its use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In presence of a foraminal leakage, the immediate application of a cooling irrigation may protect the root from injury, which is explained by the hypothesis that the main mechanism of injury may be more related to heat or chemical irritation of the nerve than compression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland. Alexis.Kelekis@hcuge.ch
authors.forename: Alexis D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Kelekis
authors.forename: Jean-Baptiste
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Somon
authors.forename: Stephan G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Wetzel
authors.forename: Pierre-Yves
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Dietrich
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Ruefenacht
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001843:Bone Cements / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008875:Middle Aged; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D010146:Pain / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate / Q000009:adverse effects; D011843:Radiculopathy / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D001843:Bone Cements; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate; D008012:Lidocaine