title: Is there still an indication for nursing patients with prolonged neutropenia in protective isolation?. An evidence-based nursing and medical study of 4 years experience for nursing patients with neutropenia without isolation.
abstract: Patients with severe neutropenia due to high-dose chemotherapy and/or total-body irradiation are at risk of serious infections and are frequently nursed in strict protective isolation. This is a costly procedure and results in a psychological burden for the patient and its significance has been debated for a long time. The introduction of very potent systemic antibiotics, antibiotic prophylaxis, haematopoietic growth factors and peripheral stem cell transplantation might have decreased the need for it. We performed a systematic literature review and conducted a medical/nursing guideline study. In the literature we searched especially for prospective randomised studies. Only six were found, these were prospective randomised studies and contradicted each other on the usefulness of protective isolation. In an initiative aimed at promoting evidence-based care, we conducted a combined medical and nursing guideline study consisting of three parts: (1) inventory of (inter) national guidelines; (2) analysis of potential sources of infection; and (3) follow-up study post-implementation of new guidelines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (1) The practices in different centres in Europe appeared to vary widely. (2) Micro-organisms spread easily, especially if hands are not adequately dried. Isolation does not prevent this. Based on these findings we decided to stop protective isolation. This change of policy was combined with a campaign for optimal hygiene and introduction of hand alcohol. (3) We monitored the incidence of febrile neutropenia, infections and use of systemic antibiotics and antifungals in a 3-year period without protective isolation and compared this with the findings in the preceding 3 years with isolation. No significant differences in infections and mortality were found. We concluded that abandoning protective isolation combined with increased hygienic measures in nursing of patients with severe neutropenia does not increase the risk of infections, but improves the quality of care and patient satisfaction and reduces costs.
authors.affiliation: Dutch Study Group of Bone Marrow Transplantation Nurses (LOVesT), Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands. a.p.mank@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: Arno
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mank
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van der Lelie
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods; D007391:International Cooperation; D008134:Long-Term Care; D008875:Middle Aged; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D009426:Netherlands; D009503:Neutropenia / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000451:nursing*; D009730:Nursing Assessment; D009859:Oncology Nursing / Q000379:methods*; D010356:Patient Isolation / Q000592:standards*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D019564:Unnecessary Procedures