title: Saccades, vergence and combined eye movements in a young subject with Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CCHS).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study saccades, vergence and combined eye movements in a case of Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 16-year-old girl with congenital partial third cranial nerve palsy, with ptosis and divergent strabismus dependent on viewing distance, participated in this study. A first operation for her ptosis was done seven years ago and an operation for her strabismus was done four years ago. The day of our oculomotor test, the patient had a residual exotropia of 12 prism diopters, mild amblyopia of the left eye and no binocular vision. LEDs on a table placed at eye level were used to stimulate saccades, pure vergence along the median plane and combined saccade-vergence movements. Horizontal eye movements from both eyes were recorded simultaneously with a photoelectric device (Bouis Oculometer).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The binocular coordination of saccades in this subject was unstable and more variable than normal, and there was divergent post-saccadic drift, i.e., in the direction of her residual deviation. The patient had difficulty making movements in space, particularly vergence eye movements. Pure saccades and combined movements showed abnormally long latencies and marked hypometrias. The velocity of pure saccades was normal. In contrast, the velocity of saccades in the combined movements was abnormally slow.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The long latency and the low accuracy of the eye movements in natural space indicate a general deficit in the central circuitry that controls the initiation and programming of all these types of eye movements. The absence of pure vergence and the slowness of the saccades in the combined movements could be due to a brainstem deficit specific to the vergence oculomotor system.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Physiologie de la Perception et de l'Action, LPPA, CNRS-College de France, Paris, France. maria-pia.bucci@college-de-france.fr
authors.forename: Maria Pia
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Bucci
authors.forename: Zoï
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kapoula
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Sylvette
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wiener-Vacher
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brémond-Gignac
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D003290:Convergence, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D003941:Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D012438:Saccades / Q000502:physiology*; D020182:Sleep Apnea, Central / Q000151:congenital* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013285:Strabismus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015348:Vision, Binocular