title: Gene discovery in bladder cancer progression using cDNA microarrays.
abstract: To identify gene expression changes along progression of bladder cancer, we compared the expression profiles of early-stage and advanced bladder tumors using cDNA microarrays containing 17,842 known genes and expressed sequence tags. The application of bootstrapping techniques to hierarchical clustering segregated early-stage and invasive transitional carcinomas into two main clusters. Multidimensional analysis confirmed these clusters and more importantly, it separated carcinoma in situ from papillary superficial lesions and subgroups within early-stage and invasive tumors displaying different overall survival. Additionally, it recognized early-stage tumors showing gene profiles similar to invasive disease. Different techniques including standard t-test, single-gene logistic regression, and support vector machine algorithms were applied to identify relevant genes involved in bladder cancer progression. Cytokeratin 20, neuropilin-2, p21, and p33ING1 were selected among the top ranked molecular targets differentially expressed and validated by immunohistochemistry using tissue microarrays (n = 173). Their expression patterns were significantly associated with pathological stage, tumor grade, and altered retinoblastoma (RB) expression. Moreover, p33ING1 expression levels were significantly associated with overall survival. Analysis of the annotation of the most significant genes revealed the relevance of critical genes and pathways during bladder cancer progression, including the overexpression of oncogenic genes such as DEK in superficial tumors or immune response genes such as Cd86 antigen in invasive disease. Gene profiling successfully classified bladder tumors based on their progression and clinical outcome. The present study has identified molecular biomarkers of potential clinical significance and critical molecular targets associated with bladder cancer progression.
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA. sanchezm@mskcc.org
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sanchez-Carbayo
authors.forename: Nicholas D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Socci
authors.forename: Juan Jose
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lozano
authors.forename: Wentian
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Charytonowicz
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Belbin
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Prystowsky
authors.forename: Angel R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Ortiz
authors.forename: Geoffrey
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Childs
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cordon-Cardo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor; D006131:Growth Inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D000076023:Inhibitor of Growth Protein 1; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015996:Survival Rate; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D006131:Growth Inhibitors; C501503:ING1 protein, human; D000076023:Inhibitor of Growth Protein 1; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011506:Proteins; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins