title: Endoscopic ligation of esophageal varices for prophylaxis of first bleeding in children and adolescents with portal hypertension: preliminary results of a prospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) is effective in controlling rebleeding from esophageal varices in children, but there is no data on the use of EVL to prevent initial bleeding. The objective of this study was to prospectively evaluate the efficacy of EVL in preventing the first hemorrhage from esophageal varices in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-seven children with portal hypertension (22 liver cirrhosis, 15 portal vein thrombosis), aged 4 to 17 years (M = 9.5 +/- 4.4 years) were included in the study. The criteria for inclusion were (1) no previous variceal bleeding; (2) the presence of esophageal varices classified grade II or more, and (3) their enlargement by at least I grade after 6 months of observation without endoscopic treatment or appearance of endoscopic signs of high bleeding risk. A Multi-Band Ligator was used, and 2 to 6 bands were fixed under general anesthesia during one procedure depending on the number and size of varices. Follow-up examinations were performed every 3 months, repeating the procedure if necessary. In total, 75 procedures of EVL were performed, from one to 5 in each patient
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four patients underwent liver transplantation before eradication of varices. Two others were excluded from the observation because of lack of compliance to the protocol. Of the remaining 31 patients, eradication of varices was achieved in 28 children (90.3%) after 2.0 EVL sessions performed at 3-month intervals. The average time of follow-up after cessation of treatment is 16 months. No bleeding from varices occurred in any child during or after treatment. There were no differences in results between children with liver cirrhosis and portal vein thrombosis. Development of hypertensive gastropathy was observed in 2 children with one episode of bleeding. Recurrence of varices without bleeding occurred in 3 children after 12, 13, and 28 months from eradication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study results confirmed that endoscopic variceal ligation is a safe and highly effective procedure in children with portal hypertension, regardless of its etiology. Eradication of esophageal varices was followed by 16 months free of bleeding. Prolonged observation is mandatory to conclude if preventive EVL influences the natural history of disease and diminishes the risk of first bleeding onset.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Danuta
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Celińska-Cedro
authors.forename: Mikotaj
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Teisseyre
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Woynarowski
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Socha
authors.forename: Jerzy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Socha
authors.forename: Józef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ryzko
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004932:Esophageal and Gastric Varices / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D004945:Esophagoscopy; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D006975:Hypertension, Portal / Q000150:complications*; D008026:Ligation; D011446:Prospective Studies