title: Are Vietnamese food exports contaminated with dioxin from Agent Orange?
abstract: In this study the levels of dioxins and dioxinlike compounds, dibenzofurans, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in food exported from Vietnam to the United States. In the past, some Vietnamese fish was found to be contaminated with dioxin, 2,3,7,8-TCDD, or TCDD, from Agent Orange. U.S. commercial catfish farmers recently claimed that exported Vietnamese food, especially catfish, was contaminated with dioxin from Agent Orange and was thus a matter of concern to the U.S. Congress. In 2001, twenty-two exported Vietnamese food samples (mostly fish) were purchased in the United States and Laos to evaluate possible contamination with dioxin from Agent Orange. Dioxin, dibenzofuran, and coplanar PCB congeners were measured by high-resolution gas chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry by laboratories in Germany and Canada certified for dioxin analysis by the World Health Organization (WHO). In the current study, only low levels of dioxins and dioxinlike compounds were present in all exported Vietnamese food analyzed, despite recent findings of elevated levels of one dioxin, 2,3,7,8-TCDD, from Agent Orange exposure in some Vietnamese individuals, presumably due to food consumption. It appears unlikely that exported Vietnamese food is, in general, contaminated with large amounts of dioxin (TCDD) from Agent Orange or other sources. Further food sampling from areas of heavy Agent Orange spraying in Vietnam is warranted to map out where the source of TCDD contamination of food may be originating.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas-Houston School of Public Health, Dallas Campus, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA. arnold.schecter@uth.tmc.edu
authors.forename: Arnold
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schecter
authors.forename: Marian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pavuk
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Malisch
authors.forename: John Jake
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Ryan
mesh_terms: D015085:2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000032:analysis*; D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000032:analysis*; D000075182:Agent Orange; D000818:Animals; D003678:Defoliants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D004147:Dioxins / Q000032:analysis*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D005399:Fishes; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D007812:Laos; D008460:Meat / Q000032:analysis; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins / Q000032:analysis*; D014481:United States; D014744:Vietnam
chemical_list: D003678:Defoliants, Chemical; D004147:Dioxins; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins; D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid; D000075182:Agent Orange; D015085:2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid