title: Biomechanical comparison of expandable cages for vertebral body replacement in the cervical spine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recently, expandable cages for vertebral body replacement in the cervical spine have been developed. The purpose of this study was to compare the biomechanical properties of expandable cages with those of a tricortical iliac crest graft and a nonexpandable cage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty human cervical spines (C3-5) were tested in flexion, extension, axial rotation, and lateral bending. First all motion segments were evaluated intact. After corpectomy of C4 the spines were divided into five groups of eight and the following stabilization techniques were used: 1) autologous iliac crest bone graft; 2) mesh titanium cage; 3) anterior distraction device; 4) Synex-C titanium; and 5) Synex-C PEEK. Additionally, anterior plating and anterior plating plus posterior screw/rod fixation were applied. Stiffness, range of motion, and neutral and elastic zones were determined. In comparison with the intact motion segment all implants significantly increased stiffness in flexion and bending, but decreased stiffness in extension. There were no biomechanical differences between the nonexpandable and expandable cages. Furthermore, there were no biomechanical differences between the tricortical iliac crest graft and the cages, except for Synex-C in rotation. Additional anterior plating significantly increased biomechanical stiffness in all test modes; particularly in rotation mode, combined anterior-posterior stabilization increased stiffness by up to 102% compared with anterior plating alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In comparison to a tricortical iliac crest bone graft and a nonexpandable cage, expandable cages have no biomechanical advantages. Due to the low extension and rotational stiffness, none of the implants can be recommended as a stand-alone device. Additional anterior plating increased biomechanical stability adequately. Therefore, additional posterior stabilization should only be considered in cases of severe rotational instability of the cervical spine.
authors.affiliation: Unfall- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Charité der Humboldt Universität Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany. frank.kandziora@charite.de
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kandziora
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pflugmacher
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schaefer
authors.forename: Matti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scholz
authors.forename: Kathrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ludwig
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schleicher
authors.forename: Norbert P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Haas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D016025:Bone Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007085:Ilium; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D019736:Prostheses and Implants