title: Reconstruction of real world head injury accidents resulting from falls using multibody dynamics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To reconstruct real life head injury accidents resulting from falls using multibody modelling software, with the aim of comparing simulation output to injuries sustained.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Much previous research on head injury biomechanics has focussed on animals and cadavers. However, focus is increasingly turning towards the examination of real life head injury. Falls are a major cause of head injury and, in general, are simpler to model than other accident types.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five cases of simple falling accidents resulting in focal head injury were examined, and reconstructions were performed using a multibody model of the human body. Each case was reconstructed a number of times, varying the initial conditions and using two different sets of properties for head contact.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results obtained included velocities, accelerations and forces on the head during impact. This output appeared more sensitive to changes in head contact characteristics than to changes in initial conditions. Depending on the contact characteristics used, results were consistent with proposed tolerance limits from the literature for various lesion types.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Provided it is used with caution, this method could prove a useful source of biomechanical data for the investigation of head injury biomechanics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Biomechanical investigation of real-life cases of head injury is very important, yet not as prevalent as work with animals and cadavers. Reconstruction of real life accidents is a good method of obtaining data that will aid in the investigation of mechanisms of head injury and human tolerance to head injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: O'Riordain
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Gilchrist
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000058:Accidental Falls; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006257:Head / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019416:Head Movements; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D009038:Motion; D013314:Stress, Mechanical