title: Inhibitory cardiac transcription factor, SRF-N, is generated by caspase 3 cleavage in human heart failure and attenuated by ventricular unloading.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Knowledge about molecular mechanisms leading to heart failure is still limited, but reduced gene activities and modest activation of caspase 3 are hallmarks of end-stage heart failure. We postulated that serum response factor (SRF), a central cardiac transcription factor, might be a cleavage target for modest activated caspase 3, and this cleavage of SRF may play a dominant inhibitory role in propelling hearts toward failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We examined SRF protein levels from cardiac samples taken at the time of transplantation in 13 patients with end-stage heart failure and 7 normal hearts. Full-length SRF was markedly reduced and processed into 55- and 32-kDa subfragments in all failing hearts. SRF was intact in normal samples. In contrast, the hearts of 10 patients with left ventricular assist devices showed minimal SRF fragmentation. Specific antibodies to N- and C-terminal SRF sequences and site-directed mutagenesis revealed 2 alternative caspase 3 cleavage sites, so that 2 fragments were detected of each containing either the N- or C-terminal SRF. Expression of SRF-N, the 32-kDa fragment, in myogenic cells inhibited the transcriptional activity of alpha-actin gene promoters by 50% to 60%, which suggests that truncated SRF functioned as a dominant-negative transcription factor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Caspase 3 activation in heart failure sequentially cleaved SRF and generated a dominant-negative transcription factor, which may explain the depression of cardiac-specific genes. Moreover, caspase 3 activation may be reversible in the failing heart with ventricular unloading.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Cardiovascular Development, Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Tex 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Jiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Otani
authors.forename: Keith A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Youker
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Entman
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Schwartz
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D006353:Heart-Assist Devices; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D032446:Myoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012074:Remission Induction; D026362:Serum Response Factor / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D010446:Peptide Fragments; C476858:SRF protein, human; D026362:Serum Response Factor; D014157:Transcription Factors; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; C505409:Casp3 protein, mouse; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases