title: Depression and anxiety during isolation and radionuclide therapy.
abstract: The combination of a diagnosis of malignancy and hospitalization, isolation and radioactivity of a radionuclide therapy may have an important effect on the psychological equilibrium of patients and may hamper compliance and acceptability. We performed a psychiatric evaluation in order to study psycho-pathological manifestations and underlying personality related vulnerabilities. During radioisolation, 48 patients (24 male, 24 female; mean age 57.8 years) with a malignant (n=26) or non-malignant (n=22) pathology who needed isolation for radionuclide therapy, completed a series of questionnaires in order to assess anxiety (Spielberger State and Trait Anxiety Inventory; STAI), depression (Beck Depression Inventory; BDI), hopelessness (Beck Hopelessness Scale; BHS), personality characteristics (Temperament and Character Inventory; TCI) and coping strategies (Utrecht's Coping List; UCL). Compared to patients with low state anxiety, patients who experienced a high level of state anxiety showed higher levels of depression (t=-2.10; P=0.04) and hopelessness (t=-4.20; P=<0.001). Their personality was characterized by significantly higher scores on harm avoidance (t=-2.78; P=0.008) and lower scores on self-directedness (t=3.12; P=0.003). Coping strategies were more passive (t=-2.43; P=0.02), avoiding (t=-2.15; P=0.04) and less well aimed (t=2.64; P=0.01). Surprisingly, the nature of disease (malignant versus non-malignant) did not influence these results, nor was there a difference between males and females, age, years of education, having a relationship or not, or the duration of hospitalization. Thus, contrary to what may be expected in isolation with radionuclide therapy, subgroups such as women, elderly, cancer patients or lower educated people do not, a priori, exhibit a higher state anxiety level. Our study shows these levels to be closely related to individual personality traits and coping strategies that are inadequate for the situation. Screening for trait anxiety before admission can be easily done and may guide interventions aimed at increasing patient comfort and acceptability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium. b.brans@atriummc.nl
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brans
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: van den Eynde
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Audenaert
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vervaet
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: van Daele
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: van Heeringen
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Dierckx
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D003625:Data Collection; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D004198:Disease Susceptibility / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017567:Karnofsky Performance Status; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010356:Patient Isolation / Q000523:psychology*; D011379:Prognosis; D011581:Psychological Tests; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000523:psychology*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*