title: Prediction of malignant course in MCA infarction by PET and microdialysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To predict malignant course in patients with large middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarction, we combined PET imaging and neuromonitoring, including microdialysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-four patients with stroke of >50% of the MCA territory in early cerebral CT scan were included. Probes for microdialysis and measurement of intracranial pressure and tissue oxygen pressure (Pto2) were placed into the ipsilateral frontal lobe. PET was performed with 11C-flumazenil to assess CBF and irreversible neuronal damage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PET measurements within 24 hours after stroke showed larger volumes of ischemic core (mean, 144.5 versus 62.2 cm3) and larger volumes of irreversible neuronal damage (157.9 versus 47.0 cm3) in patients with malignant course (ie, edema formation with midline shift) than in patients with benign course. Mean cerebral blood flow values within the ischemic core were significantly lower and the volume of the ischemic penumbra was smaller in the malignant than in the benign group. In patients with malignant course, cerebral perfusion pressure dropped to <50 to 60 mm Hg 22 to 72 hours (mean, 52.0 hours) after onset of symptoms; subsequently, Pto2 dropped and glutamate increased, indicating secondary ischemia. Maximal changes in the monitored variables reached significant levels for glutamate, aspartate, GABA, glycerol, lactate-to-pyruvate ratio, hypoxanthine, intracranial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, and Pto2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PET allowed prediction of malignant MCA infarction within the time window suggested for hemicraniectomy. Neuromonitoring helped to classify the clinical courses by characterizing pathophysiological sequelae of malignant edema formation. In contrast to PET, however, it did not predict fatal outcome early enough for successful implementation of invasive therapies.
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research, Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. chris@pet.mpin-koeln.mpg.de
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dohmen
authors.forename: Bert
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bosche
authors.forename: Rudolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Graf
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Staub
authors.forename: Lutz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kracht
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sobesky
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Neveling
authors.forename: Gerit
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brinker
authors.forename: Wolf-Dieter
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Heiss
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D018450:Disease Progression; D018846:Excitatory Amino Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005442:Flumazenil; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism*; D007427:Intracranial Pressure; D008297:Male; D017551:Microdialysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D018846:Excitatory Amino Acids; D005442:Flumazenil