title: Benefit-cost analysis of vaccination and preemptive slaughter as a means of eradicating foot-and-mouth disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess relative costs and benefits of vaccination and preemptive herd slaughter to control transmission of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus (FMDV).
  
  
  METHODS
  2,238 herds and 5 sale yards located in Fresno, Kings, and Tulare counties of California.
  
  
  METHODS
  Direct costs associated with indemnity, slaughter, cleaning and disinfecting livestock premises, and vaccination were compared for various eradication strategies. Additional cost, total program cost, net benefit, and benefit-cost value (B/C) for each supplemental strategy were estimated, based in part on results of published model simulations for FMD. Sensitivity analyses were conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean herd indemnity payments were estimated to be dollars 2.6 million and dollars 110,359 for dairy and nondairy herds, respectively. Cost to clean and disinfect livestock premises ranged from dollars 18,062 to dollars 60,205. Mean vaccination cost was dollars 2,960/herd. Total eradication cost ranged from dollars 61 million to dollars 551 million. All supplemental strategies involving use of vaccination were economically efficient (B/C range, 5.0 to 10.1) and feasible, whereas supplemental strategies involving use of slaughter programs were not economically efficient (B-C, 0.05 to 0.8) or feasible.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vaccination with a highly efficacious vaccine may be a cost-effective strategy for control of FMD if vaccinated animals are not subsequently slaughtered and there is no future adverse economic impact, such as trade restrictions. Although less preferable than the baseline eradication program, selective slaughter of highest-risk herds was preferable to other preemptive slaughter strategies. However, indirect costs can be expected to contribute substantially more than direct costs to the total cost of eradication programs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Bates
authors.forename: Tim E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Carpenter
authors.forename: Mark C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Thurmond
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000191:economics / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D003140:Communicable Disease Control; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000662:veterinary*; D005536:Foot-and-Mouth Disease / Q000191:economics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D029544:Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus; D015511:Goat Diseases / Q000191:economics / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D006041:Goats; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000191:economics / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D034561:Sheep, Domestic; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000191:economics / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D014611:Vaccination / Q000662:veterinary*; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000191:economics* / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D014765:Viral Vaccines