title: Experimental evidence for a non-clock role of the circadian system in spider mite photoperiodism.
abstract: In the spider mite Tetranychus urticae photoperiodic time measurement proceeds accurately in orange-red light of 580 nm and above in light/dark cycles with a period length of 20 h but not in 'natural' cycles with a period length of 24 h. To explain these results it is hypothesized that the photoperiodic clock in the spider mite is sensitive to orange-red light, but the Nanda-Hamner rhythm (a circadian rhythm with a free-running period tau of 20 h involved in the photoperiodic response) is not and consequently free runs in orange-red light. To test this hypothesis a zeitgeber was sought that could entrain the Nanda-Hamner rhythm to a 24-h cycle without inducing diapause itself, in order to manipulate the rhythm independently from the orange-red sensitive photoperiodic clock. A suitable zeitgeber was found to be a thermoperiod with a 12-h warm phase and a 12-h cold phase. Combining the thermoperiod with the long-night orange-red light/dark regime, both with a cycle length of 24 h, resulted in a high diapause incidence, although neither regime was capable of inducing diapause on its own. The conclusion is that the Nanda-Hamner rhythm is necessary for the realization of the photoperiodic response, but is not part of the photoperiodic clock, because photoperiodic time measurement takes place in orange-red light whereas the rhythm is not able to 'see' the orange-red light. It is speculated that the Nanda-Hamner rhythm is involved in the timely synthesis of a substrate for the photoperiodic clock in the spider mite.
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 320, 1098 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands. veerman@science.uva.nl
authors.forename: Alfred
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Veerman
authors.forename: René L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Veenendaal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001683:Biological Clocks / Q000502:physiology*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D008027:Light; D017440:Photoperiod; D040102:Tetranychidae / Q000502:physiology*