title: Circadian rhythm of hunger sensation in patients affected by cystic fibrosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the daily pattern of hunger sensation (HS) in patients affected by a non-advanced form of cystic fibrosis (CF) in order to detect how the orectic stimulus (OS) behaves in fibrocystic patients (FP) who are obliged to eat frequently because of their pancreatic exocrine insufficiency.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study involved 27 out-patients (13 males and 14 females; mean age 18 +/- 4 years; mean BMI 18.77 +/- 2.17 kg/m2) with a non-advanced form of CF, and 19 clinically healthy subjects (CHS, 9 males and 10 females; mean age 24 +/- 2 years; mean BMI 21.00 +/- 1.70 kg/m2). The FP were used to eating frequent small meals between the three main meals of breakfast, lunch and dinner. All of the participants were asked to compile an "orexigram"' which was chrono-biometrically analysed by means of: 1) conventional statistical methods; 2) rhythmometric analysis of circadian rhythm (CR); and 3) spectral analysis of the harmonic structure substantiating the within-day variability of HS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HS in FP had 1) a significantly increased daily mean level; 2) a well-established CR, with a significantly increased oscillatory mesor and amplitude; and 3) a modified orexigram power spectrum affecting the ultradian harmonic components.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that the orectic perception of CF patients is characterised by "daily hyperorexia", with the maintenance of HS CR. This condition seems to be a structured abnormality insofar as there are visible changes in the orexigram spectral resolution, particular in the ultradian harmonic components whose oscillatory frequency is responsible for the diurnal pattern of HS. The hyperorexia of the investigated FP indicates that their frequent small meals are not sufficient to satisfy their HS, which may cause a vicious circle leading to progressively disrupted mealtime behaviour.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cugini
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bella
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cilli
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: De Rosa
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pandolfi
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lucidi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Castro
mesh_terms: D000204:Activity Cycles; D000293:Adolescent; D002909:Chronobiology Phenomena; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006815:Hunger; D008297:Male; D012677:Sensation