title: GFAP promoter drives Müller cell-specific expression in transgenic mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In an attempt to identify Müller cell-specific promoters and to better understand the gene regulatory mechanisms in retinal glial cells, the expression of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) gene was studied in Müller cell cultures and in GFAP-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) transgenic mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  A transfection assay of GFAP-luciferase constructs carrying a series of nested deletions was performed in an established Müller cell line. For in vivo analysis, transgenic mice were generated by injecting a construct carrying a 2.5-kb, 5' fragment of the mouse GFAP gene linked to the EGFP gene. Isolated retinas from transgenic mice were screened for GFP expression. Subsequently, the identity of the GFP-expressing cells was established by immunostaining cryostat sections of the retina with antibodies against Müller cell antigenic markers. Induction of the transgene and the endogenous GFAP gene was examined by injecting ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) into the eye.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The DNA transfection data suggested that proximal 5' sequences of the GFAP gene are sufficient to direct high-level reporter expression in Müller cell cultures. In transgenic mice, GFP fluorescence appeared in radially oriented processes that spanned almost the entire thickness of the retina. Immunostaining with antibodies to cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein (CRALBP) and glutamine synthetase showed that the GFP-expressing cells were Müller cells. GFP-expressing Müller cells were observed in the retinas of both albino and pigmented transgenic mice. In eyes injected with CNTF, both GFP and GFAP levels were highly elevated. These observations suggest that the 2.5-kb, 5' GFAP sequence can direct inducible reporter gene expression in Müller cells. In addition to Müller cells, a few GFP-labeled astrocytes were present in the adult retina. In the developing retina, GFP-expressing astrocytes were first present at the optic nerve head, and as development progressed, the cells gradually moved toward the periphery of the retina and acquired their adult, stellate morphology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study shows that the 2.5-kb, 5' flanking region of the mouse GFAP gene can be used to express GFP, and possibly other genes, specifically in Müller cells in the mouse retina. Furthermore, expression of the transgene can be upregulated by intravitreal injection of CNTF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA. milena@northwestern.edu
authors.forename: Milena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuzmanovic
authors.forename: V Joseph
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Dudley
authors.forename: Vijay P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Sarthy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020934:Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor / Q000494:pharmacology; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000235:genetics*; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D015151:Immunoblotting; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000502:physiology*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D012160:Retina / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D020934:Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins