title: Isokinetic eccentric-to-concentric strength ratios of the shoulder rotator muscles in throwers and nonthrowers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  One of the possible mechanisms leading to shoulder injury may be a strength imbalance between those muscles that accelerate the upper limb and those responsible for deceleration. Many studies have examined shoulder balance through a concentric strength ratio of external and internal shoulder rotator muscles.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  A functional external eccentric-to-internal concentric ratio may be a better identifier of muscular imbalance in dominant and nondominant shoulders of throwers and nonthrowers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled laboratory study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eccentric external and concentric internal peak torques were measured bilaterally in 59 men (16 throwers and 43 nonthrowers) at 300 deg/sec. Subjects were tested in the supine position with the shoulder abducted to 90 degrees and the elbow flexed to 90 degrees.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Throwers exhibited significantly lower ratios than nonthrowers in their dominant limb; there was no difference between groups for the nondominant limb.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The lower ratio in the throwers' dominant limb was attributed to significantly greater concentric internal rotation torques without concomitant eccentric external torque gains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rehabilitation and injury prevention regimens that include functional exercises to improve eccentric external rotation strength may bring more balance to the dominant shoulder of throwing athletes.
authors.affiliation: California State University, Fullerton, California 92834-6870, USA.
authors.forename: Guillermo J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Noffal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001484:Baseball / Q000502:physiology; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000502:physiology*; D012782:Shoulder / Q000502:physiology*; D013177:Sports / Q000502:physiology*; D019415:Torque