title: Vitamin A deficiency in pre-school children in Kenya.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of vitamin A in pre-school children in Kenya.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen districts randomly selected from the eight provinces in Kenya.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six thousand four hundred and twenty five pre-school children (3298 boys and 3127 girls) aged 6-72 months in 27 clusters randomly selected from fourteen districts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum retinol levels and xerophthalmia were determined using High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and ophthalmological assessment respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean serum retinol was 0.84 mmol/l +/- 0.58 SD. The mean serum retinol by sex was 0.82 +/- 0.51 SD and 0.87 +/- 65 SD (p=0.005) for boys and girls respectively. Over seven per cent of the children were severely vitamin A deficient (<0.35 mmol/l) and 32.9% had marginal vitamin A deficiency (0.70 mmol/l). In the age group six to eleven months, 11.2% and 40.7% of the children were severely and marginally vitamin A deficient, respectively. Clinical examination results indicated that 0.1% of children had corneal xerosis (X2), and one per cent of the children had Bitot's spots (XIB). Geographically, the results show that the problem is most prevalent in Kwale, Mombasa, Kitui, Baringo, Kisumu, Kisii, Bungoma, Garissa and Mandera.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This survey demonstrated that regardless of the assessment method used, vitamin A deficiency is a significant public health problem in Kenya which requires urgent interventions. The group at highest risk was children aged six to twenty three months. Boys were at more risk than girls.
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioural Sciences, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya.
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Ngare
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Muttunga
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Njonge
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011897:Random Allocation; D014802:Vitamin A Deficiency / Q000453:epidemiology*