title: Comparison of aminolevulinic acid and hexylester aminolevulinate induced protoporphyrin IX distribution in human bladder cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Successful photodynamic therapy of epithelial cancer requires a specific photosensitization of malignant tissue. We evaluate the intensity and localization of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) in superficial transitional cell carcinoma and nonmalignant cells of the human bladder following topical administration of its precursor, either aminolevulinic acid (ALA) or hexylester aminolevulinate (HAL).
  
  
  METHODS
  Solutions of ALA or HAL were instilled into the bladder of 18 patients presenting with recurrent transitional cell carcinoma. The distribution of PpIX through the bladder wall was studied on frozen biopsies using fluorescence microscopy and correlated with pathological findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Topical bladder instillation with 180 mmol (3%) ALA administered for 6 hours or 8 mmol (0.2%) HAL administered for 4 hours gave similar results regarding intensity and tissue distribution of PpIX fluorescence, whereas 8 mmol HAL administered for 2 hours followed by 2 hours of resting time (2+2 hours concept) induced a PpIX fluorescence twice as high. The fluorescence remained limited to cancer cells. Only a trace of PpIX fluorescence was observed in suburothelial connective tissue, that is chorion, but none in the bladder smooth muscle regardless of experiment conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HAL is an excellent precursor for PpIX synthesis in bladder cancer. With the 2+2 hour topical administration condition it yielded the highest PpIX fluorescence intensity and fluorescence contrast between normal and malignant urothelial cells. This approach allows us to optimize PpIX tissue distribution for photodynamic therapy in superficial bladder cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marti
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jichlinski
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.forename: J-P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Ballini
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guillou
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Leisinger
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kucera
mesh_terms: D000283:Administration, Intravesical; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010778:Photochemotherapy; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011524:Protoporphyrins / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D011524:Protoporphyrins; D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid; C028025:protoporphyrin IX; C419924:5-aminolevulinic acid hexyl ester