title: A case series of sotalol-induced torsade de pointes in patients with atrial fibrillation--a tale with a twist.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sotalol is a potent antiarrhythmic often used in patients with atrial fibrillation. However, it has been associated with a risk of provoking other potentially dangerous arrhythmias, especially if used in high doses and in patients with uncorrected electrolyte imbalance or impaired renal and cardiac function.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present 4 patients with atrial fibrillation treated with sotalol who developed torsade de pointes due to marked prolongation of the QT interval. While 1 patient had renal failure, all had normal left ventricular function. One patient had been treated with sotalol for more than 10 months before developing torsade de pointes precipitated by hypokalaemia, while another had tolerated sotalol for a 3-month period before the drug was discontinued, and only developed torsade de pointes when the drug was restarted 2 years later. Significantly, the doses used in all patients were relatively low, in contrast to most other reported cases where higher doses were used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As with all antiarrhythmic therapy, these cases illustrate the need for close follow-up of patients treated with sotalol, even if relatively low doses are used. In addition, patients who had previously tolerated the drug well are still susceptible to its proarrhythmic effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, National Heart Centre, Mistri Wing, 17 Third Hospital Avenue, Singapore 168752.
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Kam
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chua
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Teo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D013015:Sotalol / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016171:Torsades de Pointes / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D013015:Sotalol