title: Parkinson's disease: the effects on womanhood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To understand how women with Parkinson's disease (PD) experience and cope with menstruation, associated gynaecological problems and adjustments to womanhood.
  
  
  METHODS
  In-depth case studies were completed with 19 women who told their stories using a combination of interviews, group interviews, reflective diaries and creative writing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The data revealed that most (n = 16, 83 per cent) of the women associated PD with a worsening of their menstruation problems. There was a general perception that interaction with doctors and nurses focused on drug efficacy and mobility. Distressing practical problems associated with menstruation, relationships and sexual problems were rarely addressed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women in this study experienced emotional exhaustion, physical fatigue, pain and increased severity of menstrual problems after the onset of PD. The findings not only challenge nurses to find new ways of working to ensure best practice, but also to access expert care and support for these women.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Midwifery and Community Health, Caledonian Nursing and Midwifery Research Centre, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow.
authors.forename: Elgin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schartau
authors.forename: Debbie
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tolson
authors.forename: Valerie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fleming
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008598:Menstruation; D008875:Middle Aged; D024802:Nurse's Role; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology*; D011788:Quality of Life; D012648:Self Care / Q000523:psychology; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D012944:Social Support; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014930:Women / Q000523:psychology*; D016387:Women's Health