title: Effectiveness of lidocaine lubricant for discomfort during pediatric urethral catheterization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many children with urinary tract infections and vesicoureteral reflux require catheterization. Catheterization can be a painful experience, and a desire to avoid this experience may affect patient care. We evaluated the effectiveness of lubricant containing lidocaine for minimizing patient pain and distress during catheterization.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a prospective, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Twenty children (16 girls and 4 boys, mean age 7.7 years) had urethral lubricant with or without lidocaine placed within 10 minutes before urethral catheterization. In all children pre-procedure anxiety, and pain and distress during catheterization were recorded. Pre-procedure anxiety was measured using a visual analog scale, pain was measured with the Oucher Pain Scale and distress was recorded by 2 independent observers with a simple 7-point Likert-type scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant group differences for age, number of previous catheterizations or pre-procedure anxiety. The group receiving lubricant with lidocaine had significantly lower pain (21 +/- 19.69 versus 65.5 +/- 26.29) and distress (2.65 +/- 1.97 versus 4.7 +/- 2.07) (p = 0.001 and 0.007, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of lubricant with lidocaine significantly decreases pain with pediatric urethral catheterization and is recommended with pediatric catheterizations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Univeristy of Iowa, Iowa City, 52242-1089, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Gerard
authors.forename: Christopher S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Kathy S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Duethman
authors.forename: Brenda M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Gordley
authors.forename: Charmaine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Kleiber
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001007:Anxiety; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008153:Lubrication; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014521:Urethra; D014546:Urinary Catheterization / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine