title: Development of an intracranial ependymoma at the site of a pre-existing cavernous malformation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The ability of vascular anomalies to induce neoplastic transformation in normal brain parenchyma has been suggested but not demonstrated. We present a novel case in which a patient with a pre-existing cavernous malformation developed an adjacent ependymoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 72-year-old man developed an anaplastic ependymoma at the site of a pre-existing cavernous malformation. This is the first documented instance of an ependymoma developing at the site of an existing cavernous malformation. The colocalization of both lesions and the low incidence of supratentorial ependymomas in this age group makes it unlikely that their coexistence represents a random event. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production by the cavernous malformation and robust VEGF receptor expression by the ependymoma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on these findings, we suggest that production of VEGF by vascular malformations may play a role in the neoplastic transformation of adjacent tissue.
authors.affiliation: Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Suite 800E, 8631 West 3rd Street, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
authors.forename: Moneeb
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ehtesham
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kabos
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Yong
authors.forename: Wouter I
authors.initials: WI
authors.lastname: Schievink
authors.forename: Keith L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D004806:Ependymoma / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D020786:Hemangioma, Cavernous, Central Nervous System / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009378:Neoplasms, Multiple Primary / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*