title: Application of dense gas techniques for the production of fine particles.
abstract: The feasibility of using dense gas techniques such as rapid expansion of supercritical solutions (RESS) and aerosol solvent extraction system (ASES) for micronization of pharmaceutical compounds is demonstrated. The chiral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory racemic ibuprofen is soluble in carbon dioxide at 35 degrees C and pressures above 90 bar. The particle size decreased to less than 2 microm while the degree of crystallinity was slightly decreased when processed by RESS. The dissolution rate of the ibuprofen (a poorly water-soluble compound) was significantly enhanced after processing by RESS. The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug Cu2(indomethacin)4L2(Cu-Indo); (L = dimethylformamide [DMF]), which possessed very low solubility in supercritical CO2, was successfully micronized by ASES at 25 degrees C and 68.9 bar using DMF as the solvent and CO2 as the antisolvent. The concentration of solute dramatically influenced the precipitate characteristics. The particles obtained from the ASES process were changed from bipyramidal to spherical, with particle size less than 5 microm, as the concentration increased from 5 to 100 mg/g. A further increase in solute concentration to 200 mg/g resulted in large porous spheres, between 20 and 50 micron, when processing Cu-Indo by the ASES method. The dissolution rate of the micronized Cu-Indo was significantly higher than the commercial product.
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Chemistry, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia. n.foster@unsw.edu.au
authors.forename: Neil R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: Fariba
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dehghani
authors.forename: Kiang M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Charoenchaitrakoo
authors.forename: Barry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Warwick
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols / Q000737:chemistry; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000737:chemistry*; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D005740:Gases; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000737:chemistry*; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000737:chemistry; D010316:Particle Size; D011208:Powders; D012995:Solubility
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D005740:Gases; D011208:Powders; D007052:Ibuprofen; D007213:Indomethacin