title: Gamma-glutamyltransferase is a predictor of incident diabetes and hypertension: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), which maintains cellular concentrations of glutathione, may be a marker of oxidative stress, and GGT itself may produce oxidative stress. We performed a prospective study to examine whether serum GGT predicts diabetes and hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study participants were 4844 black and white men and women 18-30 years of age in 1985-1986; they were reexamined 2, 5, 7, 10, and 15 years later. Year 0 GGT cutpoints were 12, 17, 25, and 36 U/L (overall 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles; the laboratory cutpoints for abnormal are 40 U/L in women and 50 U/L in men). We deleted 32 participants with prevalent diabetes and 140 participants with prevalent hypertension from the respective incidence analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for study center, race, sex, and age in proportional hazards regression, the hazard ratios across year 0 GGT categories were 1.0, 1.6, 1.7, 4.0 (95% confidence interval, 2.0-8.1), and 5.5 (2.7-11.1) for 15-year incident diabetes and 1.0, 1.2, 1.7 (1.2-2.2), 2.3 (1.7-3.2), and 2.3 (1.7-3.2) for hypertension. Additional adjustment for year 0 alcohol consumption, body mass index, cigarette smoking, and physical activity attenuated this relationship, but GGT remained a significant predictor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serum GGT within a range regarded as physiologically normal is associated with incident diabetes and hypertension. Considering known functionality of GGT, these associations are consistent with a role for oxidative stress in risk for diabetes and hypertension.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Pusan, Korea 602-202.
authors.forename: Duk-Hee
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Myron
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: Catarina I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Kiefe
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roseman
authors.forename: Cora E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Steffes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D044383:Black People; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004796:Clinical Enzyme Tests; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D044465:White People; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase