title: Kinematics of the patella in deep flexion. Analysis with magnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little information is available on the kinematics of the normal knee in deep flexion. The purpose of this study was to use magnetic resonance imaging to analyze the patellofemoral articulation in deep flexion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Axial scans were made of the patellofemoral joint of twenty healthy Japanese volunteers with the knee in approximately 90 degrees of flexion, in maximum active flexion (mean [and standard deviation], 140 degrees +/- 10 degrees ), and in maximum passive flexion (mean, 156 degrees +/- 5 degrees ). A fat-suppressed, three-dimensional, fast low-angle shot sequence was used to visualize the articular cartilage. The patellofemoral contact area was determined on sequential images and was reconstructed three-dimensionally.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 90 degrees of flexion, the contact area on the patella was continuous over the medial and lateral facets in fourteen knees and was located in the proximal half of the articular surface. At maximum active and passive flexion, the odd facet engaged in fifteen and eighteen knees, respectively. At maximum passive flexion, the contact area of the lateral facet moved distally and decreased significantly (p = 0.0002). From 90 degrees of flexion to maximum active flexion, the mean total contact area remained constant (3.43 +/- 0.70 and 3.62 +/- 0.72 cm (2), respectively); it then decreased significantly in maximum passive flexion (2.96 +/- 0.78 cm (2), p = 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The contact area on the patella was divided into two parts (the odd and lateral facets) and moved distally in deep knee flexion. The size of the contact area on the lateral facet significantly decreased in maximum passive flexion.
authors.affiliation: Osaka City University Medical School, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kadoya
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tatsumi
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nishida
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamano
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D007720:Knee Prosthesis; D008019:Life Style; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D010329:Patella / Q000502:physiology*; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012399:Rotation; D013977:Tibia / Q000502:physiology; D016474:Weight-Bearing