title: Detection of EHV-1 and EHV-4 in placental sections of naturally occurring EHV-1- and EHV-4-related abortions in the UK: use of the placenta in diagnosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  EHV-1 and EHV-4 abortion diagnosis is based upon detailed examination of the aborted fetus. However, in some cases, only the placenta is available for examination. Furthermore, the contribution of lesions in the placenta to pathogenesis and diagnosis of EHV-1 and EHV-4 abortion has been neglected.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the utility of placental examination in equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) and EHV-4 abortion diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sections of allantochorion from 49 herpesvirus abortions were analysed by PCR, in situ hybridisation and immunostaining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Virus-specific nested PCR confirmed the presence of viral DNA in 46 cases; 41 cases were EHV-1-positive and 5 EHV-4-positive. Microscopic changes were nonspecific. Examination of the PCR-positive sections of allantochorion revealed EHV-1 DNA by in situ hybridisation (ISH) in 21 cases and EHV-4 in 4 cases. In 2 samples, DNA of both viruses was present on PCR and ISH. Viral antigen was found by immunohistology in 15 cases. Regarding the localisation of virus in the placentae, both viral DNA and antigen of EHV-1 and EHV-4 were found in endothelial cells of chorionic villi and, occasionally, in trophoblast epithelium. In the stromal endothelium, only EHV-1 was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data indicate that examination of placentae is a useful diagnostic aid in EHV-1 and EHV-4 abortion diagnosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Virological examination of the placenta should become standard practice in equine abortion investigations, particularly in those cases where the fetus is not available for examination.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Virology, Free University of Berlin, Königin-Luise-Strasse 49, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gerst
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Borchers
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Gower
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000034:Abortion, Veterinary / Q000821:virology*; D000818:Animals; D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006566:Herpesviridae Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary*; D004861:Herpesvirus 1, Equid / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D023141:Herpesvirus 4, Equid / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000821:virology; D006736:Horses; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000662:veterinary; D017403:In Situ Hybridization / Q000662:veterinary; D010920:Placenta / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D000956:Antigens, Viral; D004279:DNA, Viral