title: Lifestyle changes and lipid metabolism gene expression and protein content in skeletal muscle of subjects with impaired glucose tolerance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Skeletal muscle of pre-diabetic patients is characterised by a diminished capacity to handle fatty acids. A diminished content of several enzymes involved in fatty-acid transport and oxidation have been suggested to underlie these defects. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the combination of dietary advice, increased physical activity and weight loss improves lipid metabolic gene and protein expression in skeletal muscle of subjects with impaired glucose tolerance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Before and after 1 year of a lifestyle-intervention programme, expression of several genes and proteins involved in lipid metabolism were measured in vastus lateralis muscle biopsies from subjects in the intervention ( n=7) and control group ( n=6).
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 1 year the intervention group had an improved glycaemic control and reduced body fat compared to the control group. Significant differences were observed for acetyl CoA-carboxylase 2 and uncoupling protein 2 expression (ACC2: -16.8+/-12.4% vs +51.5+/-32.3% for the intervention and control group respectively; p<0.05) (UCP2: -26.9+/-10.3% vs +10.5+/-6.2% for the intervention and control group respectively; p<0.05). Change in 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase protein content tended to be different between groups (+3.2+/-1.1 vs -0.9+/-1.9 U/mg.ww for the intervention and control group, p=0.07).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lifestyle changes leading to an improved glycaemic control and reduced adiposity, resulted in a down-regulation of ACC-2 and UCP2 expression and in an increase in HAD protein content, reflecting a better capacity to utilise fatty acids.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands. m.mensink@hb.unimaas.nl
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mensink
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Blaak
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vidal
authors.forename: T W A
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: De Bruin
authors.forename: J F C
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Glatz
authors.forename: W H M
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Saris
mesh_terms: D015094:3-Hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenases / Q000235:genetics; D000103:Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase / Q000235:genetics; D001483:Base Sequence; D001824:Body Constitution; D017931:DNA Primers; D005260:Female; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007473:Ion Channels; D008019:Life Style; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008055:Lipids / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D000071246:Uncoupling Protein 2
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D007473:Ion Channels; D008055:Lipids; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; D009124:Muscle Proteins; C000604389:UCP2 protein, human; D000071246:Uncoupling Protein 2; D015094:3-Hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenases; D000103:Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase