title: The influence of cyclo-oxygenase specificity of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on bleeding complications in concomitant coumarine users.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Concomitant use of coumarines and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may induce bleeding complications, due to the inhibition of both coagulant factors and platelet function. Unlike non-selective NSAIDs, cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2)-selective NSAIDs interfere very little with platelet aggregation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether COX-2-selective NSAIDs are associated with less bleeding complications in coumarine users, compared with non-selective NSAIDs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, nested case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied concomitant coumarine and NSAID users over two years. Patients with bleeding (cases), and frequency-matched patients without bleeding (controls), were sent questionnaires regarding possible risk factors for bleeding. International normalized ratio (INR) values were recorded. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to detect factors contributing to bleeding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 1491 reported bleeds. NSAIDs were involved in 14.8%; 3.9% involving COX-2-selective NSAIDs. In non-bleeders, 2601 prescriptions with a coumarine/NSAID combination were detected; 9.7% were COX-2-selective. Adjusted ORs (95% CI) for a bleeding complication were 3.07 (1.18-8.03) for non-selective NSAID use, 3.01 (1.42-6.37) for NSAID use > 1 month, and 1.89 (1.03-3.49) for INR > or = 4.0.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In coumarine users, COX-2-selective NSAIDs are associated with less bleeding complications than non-selective NSAIDs are. Duration of NSAID use, as well as intensity of coumarine treatment, plays an important additional role. When the coumarine-NSAID combination is inevitable in an individual patient, a COX-2-selective NSAID may be preferred, with careful monitoring of the INR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands. eajknijff@hotmail.com
authors.forename: E A J
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Knijff-Dutmer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van der Palen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schut
authors.forename: M A F J
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Van de Laar
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000187:drug effects; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003374:Coumarins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced*; D006801:Humans; D019934:International Normalized Ratio; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000925:Anticoagulants; D003374:Coumarins; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases