title: Cathepsin L in secretory vesicles functions as a prohormone-processing enzyme for production of the enkephalin peptide neurotransmitter.
abstract: Multistep proteolytic mechanisms are essential for converting proprotein precursors into active peptide neurotransmitters and hormones. Cysteine proteases have been implicated in the processing of proenkephalin and other neuropeptide precursors. Although the papain family of cysteine proteases has been considered the primary proteases of the lysosomal degradation pathway, more recent studies indicate that functions of these enzymes are linked to specific biological processes. However, few protein substrates have been described for members of this family. We show here that secretory vesicle cathepsin L is the responsible cysteine protease of chromaffin granules for converting proenkephalin to the active enkephalin peptide neurotransmitter. The cysteine protease activity was identified as cathepsin L by affinity labeling with an activity-based probe for cysteine proteases followed by mass spectrometry for peptide sequencing. Production of [Met]enkephalin by cathepsin L occurred by proteolytic processing at dibasic and monobasic prohormone-processing sites. Cellular studies showed the colocalization of cathepsin L with [Met]enkephalin in secretory vesicles of neuroendocrine chromaffin cells by immunofluorescent confocal and immunoelectron microscopy. Functional localization of cathepsin L to the regulated secretory pathway was demonstrated by its cosecretion with [Met]enkephalin. Finally, in cathepsin L gene knockout mice, [Met]enkephalin levels in brain were reduced significantly; this occurred with an increase in the relative amounts of enkephalin precursor. These findings indicate a previously uncharacterized biological role for secretory vesicle cathepsin L in the production of [Met]enkephalin, an endogenous peptide neurotransmitter.
authors.affiliation: Buck Institute for Age Research, Novato, CA 94945, USA.
authors.forename: Sukkid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yasothornsrikul
authors.forename: Doron
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Greenbaum
authors.forename: Katalin F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Medzihradszky
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Toneff
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bundey
authors.forename: Ruthellen
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schilling
authors.forename: Ivonne
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Petermann
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dehnert
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Logvinova
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Goldsmith
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Neveu
authors.forename: William S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: Bradford
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Reinheckel
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bogyo
authors.forename: Vivian
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hook
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D056668:Cathepsin L; D002403:Cathepsins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D002417:Cattle; D019439:Chromaffin Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D004745:Enkephalins / Q000737:chemistry*; D006728:Hormones / Q000378:metabolism*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D016253:Microscopy, Immunoelectron; D008956:Models, Chemical; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry; D011485:Protein Binding
chemical_list: D004745:Enkephalins; D006728:Hormones; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D010455:Peptides; D002403:Cathepsins; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases; D056668:Cathepsin L; C534278:Ctsl protein, mouse