title: Molecular prognostication in bladder cancer--a current perspective.
abstract: The optimal management of bladder cancer depends on the accurate assessment of the tumour's biological potential. Advances in molecular biology and cytogenetics have spurred intense research in identifying and characterising prognostic markers for patients with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder. The molecular changes that occur can be categorised into (1) chromosomal alterations leading to carcinogenesis, (2) cellular proliferation as a result of dysregulation of cell cycle control, and (3) growth control processes such as angiogenesis leading to metastasis. The accumulation of these changes ultimately determines a tumour's clinical behaviour and response to therapy. As the understanding of bladder cancer evolves, novel molecular markers for prognostication will make their way from the research laboratory to the clinical setting with the promise to improve patient care and outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Kenneth Norris Jr. Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90089, USA. quekm@hsc.usc.edu
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Quek
authors.forename: D I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Daneshmand
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Stein
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000098:blood supply / Q000235:genetics*; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000235:genetics; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000235:genetics; D009857:Oncogenes / Q000235:genetics*; D011379:Prognosis; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor