title: Academic outcomes in children with congenital heart disease.
abstract: Congenital heart disease (CHD) is often associated with intellectual, developmental, and academic late effects related to the diagnosis itself and treatment. This literature review examines what is currently understood about these intellectual and academic deficits. It appears that children with CHD, and particularly those with cyanotic CHD, are at risk for significant impairments in visual spatial skills, visual motor skills, and overall processing speed. Early neurocognitive interventions, especially with younger children, may prove beneficial for remediating some of these deficits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
authors.forename: Karla J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.forename: T David
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Elkin
authors.forename: Clinton J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D019957:Motor Skills Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors