title: Determinants of late prenatal care initiation by African American women in Washington, DC.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to identify the determinants of late prenatal care (PNC) initiation among minority women in Washington, DC.
  
  
  METHODS
  DC-resident, African American women (n = 303) were recruited at 14 PNC facilities, representing the various types of PNC facilities located in DC: 4 hospital-based clinics, 5 community-based clinics, and 5 private practices. The women were interviewed at their first prenatal care visits to determine their perceptions of 63 barriers, motivators and facilitators influencing PNC initiation; substance use; and sociodemographic background. PNC initiation was classified as early (prior to the 20th week of gestation) or late (after the 20th week of gestation). The responses of women who initiated PNC early versus late were compared using bivariate and multivariate statistical procedures. Classification and Regression Trees analysis was used to identify groups at risk of late initiation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Variables contributing to late PNC initiation included maternal age not between 20 and 29 years, unemployment, no history of previous abortions, consideration of abortion, lack of money to pay for PNC, and no motivation to learn how to protect ones health. Three risk groups for late PNC initiation included 1) women consideringabortion and not employed outside their homes; 2) women not considering abortion who had no previous abortion experience; and 3) teenagers not considering abortion and with no previous abortions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study indicate that psychosocial barriers are more important than structural barriers. Of the psychosocial barriers, the major determinants of late PNC initiation were consideration of abortion and previous abortion experience.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, Howard University, Washington, District of Columbia 20059, USA. ajohnson@fac.howard.edu
authors.forename: Allan A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: M Nabil
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: El-Khorazaty
authors.forename: Barbara J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Hatcher
authors.forename: Barbara K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Wingrove
authors.forename: Renee
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Milligan
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Richards
mesh_terms: D000028:Abortion, Induced / Q000523:psychology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology*; D004219:District of Columbia; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D009042:Motivation; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000208:ethnology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013997:Time Factors