title: Urease enhances the formation of iron nitrosyl hemoglobin in the presence of hydroxyurea.
abstract: Although it has been shown that hydroxyurea (HU) therapy produces measurable amounts of nitric oxide (NO) metabolites, including iron nitrosyl hemoglobin (HbNO) in patients with sickle cell disease, the in vivo mechanism for formation of these is not known. Much in vitro data and some in vivo data indicates that HU is the NO donor, but other studies suggest a role for nitric oxide synthase (NOS). In this study, we confirm that the NO-forming reactions of HU with hemoglobin (Hb) or other blood constituents is too slow to account for NO production measured in vivo. We hypothesize that, in vivo, HU is partially metabolized to hydroxylamine (HA), which quickly reacts with Hb to form methemoglobin (metHb) and HbNO. We show that addition of urease, which converts HU to HA, to a mixture of blood and HU, greatly enhances HbNO formation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109-7507, USA.
authors.forename: Virginia L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Lockamy
authors.forename: Jinming
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shields
authors.forename: Samir K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Ballas
authors.forename: S Bruce
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Daniel B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Kim-Shapiro
mesh_terms: D000986:Antisickling Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001769:Blood / Q000187:drug effects*; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D006918:Hydroxyurea / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009566:Nitrates / Q000032:analysis; D009573:Nitrites / Q000032:analysis; D013053:Spectrophotometry; D014510:Urease / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000986:Antisickling Agents; D006454:Hemoglobins; D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; D014510:Urease; D006918:Hydroxyurea