title: Electroporation-mediated delivery of catalytic oligodeoxynucleotides for manipulation of vascular gene expression.
abstract: The development of inexpensive and effective approaches to transiently decrease gene expression in vivo would be useful for the study of physiological processes in living animals. DNAzymes are a novel class of DNA oligonucleotides that can catalytically cleave target mRNAs and thereby reduce protein production. However, current methods for their delivery in vivo are limited and inefficient. In this study, we show that electroporation can be used to deliver DNAzymes to the intact mesenteric vasculature of rats. With the use of PKC-epsilon as a target, a set of wild-type and mutant control DNAzymes was designed and shown to reduce both PKC-epsilon mRNA and protein levels in cultured smooth muscle cells in a specific manner. The wild-type DNAzyme reduced PKC-epsilon protein levels by 70% at 24 h in two different cell lines without decreasing the levels of the five other PKC isoforms tested. When delivered to the intact vasculature using electroporation, the DNAzyme reduced PKC-epsilon protein levels by >60% without affecting these other PKC isoforms. Electroporation was required for oligonucleotide transfer and was able to deliver the DNAzymes to multiple cell layers in the vessel wall. Protein levels were reduced maximally by 24 h postelectroporation and returned to normal by 48 h. These results suggest that electroporation can be used to deliver DNAzymes and other DNA oligonucleotides to the vasculature in vivo and can decrease gene expression for a window of time that can be used for experimental studies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Tarry 14-707, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Nunamaker
authors.forename: Hai-Ying
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shirasawa
authors.forename: Joseph N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Benoit
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Dean
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D021881:DNA, Catalytic / Q000235:genetics*; D018274:Electroporation / Q000379:methods*; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D006801:Humans; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000235:genetics*; D051744:Protein Kinase C-epsilon; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000166:cytology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D019076:Transgenes / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D021881:DNA, Catalytic; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C497255:PRKCE protein, human; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D051744:Protein Kinase C-epsilon