title: Cytokinin oxidase gene expression in maize is localized to the vasculature, and is induced by cytokinins, abscisic acid, and abiotic stress.
abstract: Cytokinins are hormones that play an essential role in plant growth and development. The irreversible degradation of cytokinins, catalyzed by cytokinin oxidase, is an important mechanism by which plants modulate their cytokinin levels. Cytokinin oxidase has been well characterized biochemically, but its regulation at the molecular level is not well understood. We isolated a cytokinin oxidase open reading frame from maize (Zea mays), called Ckx1, and we used it as a probe in northern and in situ hybridization experiments. We found that the gene is expressed in a developmental manner in the kernel, which correlates with cytokinin levels and cytokinin oxidase activity. In situ hybridization with Ckx1 and transgenic expression of a transcriptional fusion of the Ckx1 promoter to the Escherichia coli beta-glucuronidase reporter gene revealed that the gene is expressed in the vascular bundles of kernels, seedling roots, and coleoptiles. We show that Ckx1 gene expression is inducible in various organs by synthetic and natural cytokinins. Ckx1 is also induced by abscisic acid, which may control cytokinin oxidase expression in the kernel under abiotic stress. We hypothesize that under non-stress conditions, cytokinin oxidase in maize plays a role in controlling growth and development via regulation of cytokinin levels transiting in the xylem. In addition, we suggest that under environmental stress conditions, cytokinin oxidase gene induction by abscisic acid results in aberrant degradation of cytokinins therefore impairing normal development.
authors.affiliation: Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Agronomic Traits, 7250 N.W. 62nd Avenue, P.O. Box 552, Johnston, Iowa, 50131-0552, USA. norbert.brugiere@pioneer.com
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Brugière
authors.forename: Shuping
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jiao
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hantke
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zinselmeier
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Roessler
authors.forename: Xiaomu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Jeffrey E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Habben
mesh_terms: D000040:Abscisic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000483:Alleles; D003583:Cytokinins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000187:drug effects*; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018749:RNA, Plant / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D003313:Zea mays / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D003583:Cytokinins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018749:RNA, Plant; D000040:Abscisic Acid; D010088:Oxidoreductases; C019984:cytokinin oxidase