title: Glucose sensing in transdermal body fluid collected under continuous vacuum pressure via micropores in the stratum corneum.
abstract: Application of continuous vacuum pressure on skin perforated with tiny micropores created by a focused beam from a low-cost laser system can result in access to a clear, transdermal body fluid (TDF) for the continuous measurement of glucose in vivo. Two clinical studies were performed to assess the feasibility of this approach. In the first study, 56 diabetic subjects were porated on either the arm or abdomen, and glucose was measured in their TDF using a custom assay system contained in a patch that was affixed to the skin above the poration site. The continuous readings of glucose in TDF were compared with fingerstick blood measured every half-hour over a 2-day period, resulting in 1,167 paired data points that yielded a correlation of 0.8745 with 97.75% of the readings in the Clarke Error Grid A and B zones. In a second study, 187 diabetic and 65 nondiabetic subjects had glucose measurements from their TDF made using a commercially available glucose strip and meter. A total of 4,059 data pairs (discrete TDF and capillary blood) were collected over a 2-day period, resulting in a correlation of 0.946 with 99% of the readings in the Clarke Error Grid A and B zones. These studies indicate that TDF drawn through micropores in the stratum corneum of the skin potentially can provide a lesser invasive and continuous method of measuring glucose in diabetic individuals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gebhart
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Faupel
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: Candis
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kapsner
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lincoln
authors.forename: Valarie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: McGee
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pasqua
authors.forename: Leigh
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Steed
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wangsness
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Madeleine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vanstory
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001826:Body Fluids / Q000737:chemistry*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000175:diagnosis; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000175:diagnosis; D004817:Epidermis / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers / Q000098:blood supply; D005947:Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011677:Punctures; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014618:Vacuum
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D005947:Glucose