title: Outbreak of hepatitis A in the injecting drug user and homeless populations in Bristol: control by a targeted vaccination programme and possible parenteral transmission.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the use of hepatitis A virus (HAV) vaccination in controlling an outbreak of HAV in inner-city Bristol among injecting drug users (IDUs). To study whether hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) co-infection increases morbidity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community-based cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Avon Health Authority area, UK.
  
  
  METHODS
  All laboratory-confirmed cases of HAV infection notified in 2000.
  
  
  METHODS
  Administration of a targeted vaccination, education and liaison programme.
  
  
  METHODS
  Number of cases of HAV before and after introduction of HAV vaccination programme. Mortality and number of patients requiring hospital admission. Association of HCV and HBV co-infection with hospital admission.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety cases of HAV were reported in the first 6 months of 2000, of whom a substantial number were IDUs and/or inner-city hostel residents. In the second 6 months of 2000, following the introduction of a vaccination programme among homeless people, hostel residents, and IDUs, the number of HAV cases fell to 33. Sixteen patients had evidence of HCV co-infection. No patient had chronic HBV infection. Two patients died as a result of HAV, and two subsequently died from drug misuse. Fifty-six per cent of HCV-co-infected patients required admission to hospital compared with 28% non-HCV-co-infected patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first reported successful use of vaccination to control an outbreak of HAV in a population of IDUs and to prevent transmission to the wider population. HCV co-infection appears to increase the severity of HAV illness, as demonstrated by increased incidence of hospital admission.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Avon Health Authority, Bristol, UK. naveedsyed@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Naveed A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Syed
authors.forename: Stephen D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Hearing
authors.forename: Ian S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: Christopher S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Probert
authors.forename: Trevor N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Brooklyn
authors.forename: E Owen
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Caul
authors.forename: Ralph E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Barry
authors.forename: Joyshri
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sarangi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006506:Hepatitis A / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D022362:Hepatitis A Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D030041:Hepatitis A virus / Q000276:immunology; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000150:complications; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000150:complications; D006703:Ill-Housed Persons / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D022362:Hepatitis A Vaccines