title: Psychosocial factors related to nausea, vomiting, and fatigue in early pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test whether nausea and vomiting or fatigue correlated with psychosocial variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive, using secondary data from a prenatal database of 113 women in prenatal care in Texas. Mean gestational duration was 59 days at the time of data collection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Psychosocial factors, frequency of nausea and vomiting and of fatigue were determined by use of questionnaires. Psychosocial measures had reliability and validity and included the Personal Resources Questionnaire and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. A checklist was used for measuring nausea and vomiting and fatigue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 113 participants, 30 (26.5%) reported no, 43 (38.1%) occasional, and 40 (35.4%) frequent nausea and vomiting. Depressive symptoms had the highest correlation with nausea and vomiting. Social support was negatively related to nausea and vomiting. Four (3.5%) women reported no fatigue, 49 (43.4%) reported occasional fatigue, and 60 (53.1%) reported frequent fatigue in the past month. Depressive symptoms had the highest correlation with fatigue. The chi-square statistic showed that fatigue was significantly related to employment. Fatigue was not significantly associated with work hours or stressfulness of jobs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Only a limited number of psychosocial factors were associated with nausea and vomiting and fatigue in early pregnancy. Depression was related to physical symptoms, but unclear was whether depression preceded or resulted from the symptoms. Many women experienced symptoms, and better understanding of causality is needed to ameliorate the effects on women's well-being.
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Fan-Hao
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: Li-Ling
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Ann T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Cooney
authors.forename: Lorraine O
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Mark W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Riggs
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001828:Body Image; D015984:Causality; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D004651:Employment / Q000523:psychology; D005221:Fatigue / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D009325:Nausea / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012944:Social Support; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014839:Vomiting / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*