Outbreak of hepatitis A in the injecting drug user and homeless populations in Bristol: control by a targeted vaccination programme and possible parenteral transmission.
OBJECTIVE
To study the use of hepatitis A virus (HAV) vaccination in controlling an outbreak of HAV in inner-city Bristol among injecting drug users (IDUs). To study whether hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) co-infection increases morbidity.


METHODS
Community-based cohort study.


METHODS
Avon Health Authority area, UK.


METHODS
All laboratory-confirmed cases of HAV infection notified in 2000.


METHODS
Administration of a targeted vaccination, education and liaison programme.


METHODS
Number of cases of HAV before and after introduction of HAV vaccination programme. Mortality and number of patients requiring hospital admission. Association of HCV and HBV co-infection with hospital admission.


RESULTS
Ninety cases of HAV were reported in the first 6 months of 2000, of whom a substantial number were IDUs and/or inner-city hostel residents. In the second 6 months of 2000, following the introduction of a vaccination programme among homeless people, hostel residents, and IDUs, the number of HAV cases fell to 33. Sixteen patients had evidence of HCV co-infection. No patient had chronic HBV infection. Two patients died as a result of HAV, and two subsequently died from drug misuse. Fifty-six per cent of HCV-co-infected patients required admission to hospital compared with 28% non-HCV-co-infected patients.


CONCLUSIONS
This is the first reported successful use of vaccination to control an outbreak of HAV in a population of IDUs and to prevent transmission to the wider population. HCV co-infection appears to increase the severity of HAV illness, as demonstrated by increased incidence of hospital admission.
Syed
Naveed A
NA
Department of Public Health, Avon Health Authority, Bristol, UK. naveedsyed@yahoo.com
Hearing
Stephen D
SD
Shaw
Ian S
IS
Probert
Christopher S
CS
Brooklyn
Trevor N
TN
Caul
E Owen
EO
Barry
Ralph E
RE
Sarangi
Joyshri
J
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006506:Hepatitis A / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D022362:Hepatitis A Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D030041:Hepatitis A virus / Q000276:immunology; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000150:complications; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000150:complications; D006703:Ill-Housed Persons / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications*
D022362:Hepatitis A Vaccines