title: Do traditional Gail model risk factors account for increased breast cancer in women with lupus?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine to what extent the observed experience of breast cancer in a combined cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) could be explained by the profile of breast cancer risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were pooled from 2 centers, the Montreal General Hospital and the Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University in Chicago. For each female cohort member, the probability of developing breast cancer during followup was estimated based on factors (including the individual's age, parity, age at first live birth, age of menarche, personal history of benign breast disease, and family history) using the Gail model, an established model for predicting breast cancer risk. The actual occurrence of cancer cases was determined by linkage with regional cancer registries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 583 women in the combined cohort, 5 had been diagnosed with breast cancer prior to cohort entry, and 14 declined participation. In those remaining, 12 cases of breast cancer occurred compared to 5.6 predicted by the Gail model (standardized incidence ratio 2.1, 95% confidence interval: 1.1, 3.7). Thus, after controlling for risk factors, the incidence of breast cancer was elevated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that the risk of breast cancer in our SLE cohort is not completely explained by traditional factors found in the Gail model. Other factors, such as carcinogenic exposures (i.e., alkylating agents and immunosuppressive drugs) or the immunologic dysregulation of SLE itself, may be contributory.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Sasha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bernatsky
authors.forename: Rosalind
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramsey-Goldman
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Boivin
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Raghu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rajan
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Clarke
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008572:Menarche; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology