title: Steady-state plasma and bronchopulmonary concentrations of intravenous levofloxacin and azithromycin in healthy adults.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to compare the concentrations of levofloxacin and azithromycin in steady-state plasma, epithelial lining fluid (ELF), and alveolar macrophage (AM) after intravenous administration. Thirty-six healthy, nonsmoking adult subjects were randomized to either intravenous levofloxacin (500 or 750 mg) or azithromycin (500 mg) once daily for five doses. Venipuncture and bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage were performed in each subject at either 4, 12, or 24 h after the start of the last antibiotic infusion. The mean concentrations of levofloxacin and azithromycin in plasma were similar to those previously published. The dosing regimens of levofloxacin achieved significantly (P < 0.05) higher concentrations in steady-state plasma than azithromycin during the 24 h after drug administration. The respective mean (+/- standard deviation) concentrations at 4, 12, and 24 h in ELF for 500 mg of levofloxacin were 11.01 +/- 4.52, 2.50 +/- 0.97, and 1.24 +/- 0.55 micro g/ml; those for 750 mg of levofloxacin were 12.94 +/- 1.21, 6.04 +/- 0.39, and 1.73 +/- 0.78 micro g/ml; and those for azithromycin were 1.70 +/- 0.74, 1.27 +/- 0.47, and 2.86 +/- 1.75 micro g/ml. The differences in concentrations in ELF among the two levofloxacin groups and azithromycin were significantly (P < 0.05) higher at the 4- and 12-h sampling times. The respective concentrations in AM for 500 mg of levofloxacin were 83.9 +/- 53.2, 18.3 +/- 6.7, and 5.6 +/- 3.2 micro g/ml; those for 750 mg of levofloxacin were 81.7 +/- 37.0, 78.2 +/- 55.4, and 13.3 +/- 6.5 micro g/ml; and those for azithromycin were 650 +/- 259, 669 +/- 311, and 734 +/- 770 micro g/ml. Azithromycin achieved significantly (P < 0.05) higher concentrations in AM than levofloxacin at all sampling times. The concentrations in ELF and AM following intravenous administration of levofloxacin and azithromycin were higher than concentrations in plasma. Further studies are needed to determine the clinical significance of such high intrapulmonary concentrations in patients with respiratory tract infections.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA. kar@uic.edu
authors.forename: Keith A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Rodvold
authors.forename: Larry H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Danziger
authors.forename: Mark H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Gotfried
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D017963:Azithromycin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D001980:Bronchi / Q000378:metabolism*; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004848:Epithelium / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D064704:Levofloxacin; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism*; D016676:Macrophages, Alveolar / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D015242:Ofloxacin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D064704:Levofloxacin; D017963:Azithromycin; D015242:Ofloxacin