title: The critical role of IFN-gamma in experimental coronavirus retinopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Experimental coronavirus retinopathy (ECOR) is an animal model of progressive retinal disease that is first manifest as an acute retinal inflammation followed by chronic, immune-associated retinal degeneration in genetically susceptible, BALB/c mice. In retinal degeneration-resistant CD-1 mice, only the acute infection is seen. In the present study, interferon (IFN)-gamma production during ECOR was studied and its role evaluated in the clearance of infectious virus from the retina.
  
  
  METHODS
  BALB/c, CD-1, and IFN-gamma-deficient (IFN-gamma gko) mice were inoculated with the JHM strain of murine coronavirus by the intravitreal route. Mouse eyes were evaluated for infiltrating cells and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) expression by immunocytochemical staining. Isolated retinas were analyzed for IFN-gamma mRNA by RT-PCR, and sera were evaluated for IFN-gamma protein by ELISA assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Virus infection in BALB/c mice was associated with an increase in the incidence and levels of systemic IFN-gamma. Moreover, IFN-gamma mRNA was detected within the retinas of infected animals during the acute phase of the disease but was not detected in normal or mock-injected animals. IFN-gamma mRNA was detected at the time of T-cell infiltration, and earlier studies have shown that this is temporally related to granzyme B gene expression and the clearance of infectious virus from the retina. Retinal IFN-gamma mRNA was also associated with the upregulation of MHC class I and II molecules within the retina. When this infection occurred in IFN-gamma gko mice, the virus was unchecked, and the infection led to death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These studies indicate that generation of IFN-gamma by cells infiltrating the retina is an essential part of an immune mechanism responsible for noncytolytic clearance of infectious virus from the retina.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. jjhooks@helix.nih.gov
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Hooks
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Detrick
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017934:Coronavirus / Q000502:physiology*; D018352:Coronavirus Infections / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D015828:Eye Infections, Viral / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D015870:Gene Expression; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I / Q000378:metabolism; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II / Q000378:metabolism; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D009000:Monocytes / Q000502:physiology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D007371:Interferon-gamma