title: Real time quantification of low temperature radiofrequency ablation lesion size using phased array intracardiac echocardiography in the canine model: comparison of two dimensional images with pathological lesion characteristics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the feasibility of quantifying low temperature radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) lesions using a phased array intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) catheter--with better tissue penetration and in a deflectable device-in the canine model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Low temperature radiofrequency (RF) energy (50-60 degrees C at up to 40 W) was delivered to the left ventricle in 11 beagles for 60 seconds, using an 8 French catheter with a deflectable tip and a 4 mm distal electrode.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparison of the width and depth of RFCA lesions measured by ICE with pathological findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  33 RF energies were delivered in 11 dogs. 31 lesions (94%) were confirmed at necropsy. 27 of 31 ablation lesions (87%) were detected by ICE. The mean (SD) width and depth of the ICE detected lesions were 10.4 (2.6) mm and 5.7 (1.9) mm, respectively. Pathological findings showed that RFCA lesions consisted of inner and outer layers. Macroscopically, the mean (SD) width and depth of the inner layers were 7.6 (2.3) mm and 3.6 (1.2) mm and those for the whole layers were 10.0 (2.8) mm and 5.3 (1.5) mm, respectively. Microscopically, the inner and outer layers corresponded to necrotic and oedematous areas, respectively. The ICE detected lesion size had better correlation with the pathological measurements of the whole layers in width (r = 0.911) and in depth (r = 0.756).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The real time evaluation of RFCA lesion size using the phased array ICE is feasible, even with a low temperature RF application. However, ICE slightly overestimates RFCA lesion size compared with pathological necrotic lesion size.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Doi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takagi
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Toda
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Teragaki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoshiyama
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yoshikawa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D004285:Dogs; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006352:Heart Ventricles; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D015588:Observer Variation; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013696:Temperature; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods