title: Emergency department utilization among Hispanic and African-American under-served patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine emergency department (ED) use among a sample of 349 low-income Hispanic and African-American patients with type 2 diabetes. The study used a theoretical model to conceptualize health services utilization as the end product of predisposing, enabling, and need-for-care characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional sampling of consecutive subjects with diabetes attending 7 inner-city clinics that provide primary medical care to low-income residents in South Central Los Angeles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred and forty-nine patients (Hispanics [67.3%] and African Americans [32.7%]) with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-two percent of this sample reported one or more visits to the ED for medical care within the 12-month period prior to the interviews. Moreover, 11.5% of the patients reported visiting the ED more than once and 4.6% of the patients admitted visiting the ED more than 2 times within the same 12-month period. In a staged path analysis, ED use was significantly predicted by the predisposing variables of younger age, female gender, African-American ethnicity, and less education as well as the enabling variable of ability to pay. In addition, the need variables of insulin injection and number of diabetes-related complications were also significantly related to ED utilization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Emergency department (ED) utilization is considered to be closely linked to a patient's need-for-care characteristics. However, our study shows that the predisposing characteristics of participants with diabetes explained about the same amount of variance as need-for-care characteristics. The higher-than-anticipated importance of predisposing characteristics suggest that intervention strategies, which specifically target patients with these characteristics, should be a part of any broad approach to reducing ED use among patients with type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, USA. mobazarg@cdrewu.edu
authors.forename: Mohsen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bazargan
authors.forename: Karlon H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Judith A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Stein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000208:ethnology / Q000628:therapy*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D015141:Los Angeles; D008297:Male; D008507:Medically Underserved Area; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000208:ethnology*; D011203:Poverty / Q000208:ethnology