title: Acute hormonal and neuromuscular responses and recovery to forced vs maximum repetitions multiple resistance exercises.
abstract: Acute hormonal and neuromuscular responses and recovery three days after the exercises were examined during the maximum repetitions (MR) and forced repetitions (FR) resistance exercise protocols in 16 male athletes. MR included 4 sets of leg presses, 2 sets of squats and 2 sets of knee extensions (with 12 RM) with a 2-min recovery between the sets and 4 min between the exercises. In FR the initial load was chosen to be higher than in MR so that the subject could not lift 12 repetitions per set by himself. After each set to failure the subject was assisted to perform the remaining repetitions to complete the 12 repetitions per set. Thus the exercise intensity was greater in FR than in MR. Both loading protocols led to the great acute increases (p < 0.05 - 0.001) in serum testosterone, free testosterone, cortisol and GH concentrations. However, the responses in cortisol (p < 0.05) and GH (p < 0.01) were larger in FR than in MR. The decrease of 56.5 % (p < 0.001) in maximal isometric force in FR was greater (p < 0.001) than that of 38.3 % in MR (p < 0.001) and force remained lower (p < 0.01) during the recovery in FR compared to MR. The larger decrease in isometric strength in FR than in MR was also associated with the decreased maximal voluntary EMG of the loaded muscles. The data indicate that the forced repetition exercise system induced greater acute hormonal and neuromuscular responses than a traditional maximum repetition exercise system and therefore it may be used to manipulate acute resistance exercise variables in athletes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland. ahtiainen@sport.jyu.fi
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Ahtiainen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pakarinen
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Kraemer
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Häkkinen
mesh_terms: D004576:Electromyography; D004594:Electrophysiology; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006728:Hormones / Q000378:metabolism*; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007537:Isometric Contraction; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D010146:Pain; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood; D013997:Time Factors; D014891:Weight Lifting
chemical_list: D006728:Hormones; D019382:Human Growth Hormone; D019344:Lactic Acid; D013739:Testosterone; D006854:Hydrocortisone