title: Attacking pain at its source: new perspectives on opioids.
abstract: The treatment of severe pain with opioids has thus far been limited by their unwanted central side effects. Recent research promises new approaches, including opioid analgesics acting outside the central nervous system, targeting of opioid peptide-containing immune cells to peripheral damaged tissue, and gene transfer to enhance opioid production at sites of injury.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Anaesthesiologie und Operative Intensivmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200 Berlin, Germany. christoph.stein@medizin.fu-berlin.de
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schäfer
authors.forename: Halina
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Machelska
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D002465:Cell Movement; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D009475:Neurons, Afferent / Q000378:metabolism; D018847:Opioid Peptides / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D059408:Pain Management; D011957:Receptors, Opioid / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D008024:Ligands; D018847:Opioid Peptides; D011957:Receptors, Opioid