title: Usefulness of language and memory testing during intracarotid amobarbital testing: observations from an fMRI study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several procedures for testing language lateralization and memory function exist during the intracarotid amobarbital test (IAT). The use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) gives the opportunity to assess the validity of some of these procedures, or at least to inspect the neuronal correlates. A comprehensive fMRI protocol was tested, aimed at addressing aspects of lateralization of language, as well as testing memory in relation to activation of mesiotemporal regions. Here we report observations with possible consequences for the current IAT procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  The protocol consisted of three language tasks (overt naming, semantic decision and silent word generation) and two memory tasks (encoding and retrieving visual scenes). The paradigms used a block-related procedure in nine right-handed normal volunteers. During the procedure dynamic weighted full brain images were acquired which are sensitive to the blood oxygenation activation effect.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Encoding showed symmetrical bilateral activation in the mesiotemporal regions, specifically the hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus and fusiform gyrus. With a retrieval task activation of the mesiotemporal areas was restricted to the posterior hippocampal area. Overt object naming showed results, similar to encoding tasks with bilateral activation of hippocampal areas. Silent word generation showed much stronger ability to lateralize than the other two language-related tasks and especially object naming.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Activation revealed by fMRI activation shows that IAT procedures, using active semantic language processing or comprehensive procedures with multiple language tasks have the highest guarantee for individual activation lateralization. Simple object naming does not guarantee a lateralized language fMRI activation pattern. Of the different memory procedures during IAT, the procedures (Interview and the Montreal) demanding encoding processing will be related to larger areas of bilateral hippocampal activation than procedures (Seattle) exclusively requiring retrieval. Moreover, tasks using recognition of previously presented language items (naming objects) are equally effective for assessing hippocampal activation compared with presenting separate memory items.
authors.affiliation: Epilepsy Centre 'Kempenhaeghe', Ghent University Hospital, Belgium. AdenkampB@Kempenhaeghe.nl
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Aldenkamp
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Boon
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Deblaere
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Achten
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Backes
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boon
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hofman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Troost
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vandemaele
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vermeulen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vonck
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wilmink
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000654:Amobarbital; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002339:Carotid Arteries; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D007802:Language; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012660:Semantics; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D000654:Amobarbital