title: Conjoined twins: morphogenesis of the heart and a review.
abstract: Five cases of conjoined twins have been studied. These included three thoracopagus twins, one monocephalus diprosopus (prosop = face), and one dicephalus dipus dibrachus. The thoracopagus twins were conjoined only from the upper thorax to the umbilicus with a normal foregut. These three cases shared a single complex multiventricular heart, one with a four chambered heart with one atrium and one ventricle belonging to each twin with complex venous and arterial connection; two had a seven chambered heart with four atria and three ventricles. The mono-cephalus diprosopus twins had a single heart with tetralogy of Fallot. The dicephalus twins had two separate axial skeletons to the sacrum, two separate hearts were connected between the right atria with a shared inferior vena cava. Thoracopagus twinning is associated with complex cardiac malformations. The cardiac anlagen in cephalopagus or diprosopus are diverted and divided along with the entire rostral end of the embryonic disc and result in two relatively normal shared hearts. However, in thoracopagus twins the single heart is multiventricular and suggests very early union with fusion of the cardiac anlagen before significant differentiation. Cardiac morphogenesis in conjoined twins therefore appears to depend on the site of the conjoined fusion and the temporal and spatial influence that determines morphogenesis as well as abnormally oriented embryonic axes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa General Hospital, Davis Island, Tampa, Florida 33601, USA. egilbert@tgh.org
authors.forename: Enid
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gilbert-Barness
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Debich-Spicer
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Opitz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004200:Diseases in Twins; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000196:embryology*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009024:Morphogenesis; D011247:Pregnancy; D013909:Thorax / Q000002:abnormalities; D014428:Twins, Conjoined / Q000196:embryology*; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal