title: Relationship between periodontal disease, tooth loss, and carotid artery plaque: the Oral Infections and Vascular Disease Epidemiology Study (INVEST).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronic infections, including periodontal infections, may predispose to cardiovascular disease. The present study investigates the relationship of periodontal disease and tooth loss with subclinical atherosclerosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We enrolled 711 subjects with a mean age of 66+/-9 years and no history of stroke or myocardial infarction in the Oral Infections and Vascular Disease Epidemiology Study. Subjects received a comprehensive periodontal examination, extensive in-person cardiovascular disease risk factor measurements, and a carotid scan using high-resolution B-mode ultrasound. Regression models were adjusted for conventional risk factors (age, sex, smoking, diabetes, systolic blood pressure, low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, race-ethnicity, education, physical activity) and markers of cultural background, healthy lifestyle, and psychosocial health.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Measures of both current and cumulative periodontitis became more severe as tooth loss increased. A significant association was observed between tooth loss levels and carotid artery plaque prevalence. Among those with 0 to 9 missing teeth, 46% had carotid artery plaque, whereas among those with >or=10 missing teeth, carotid artery plaque prevalence was approximately 60% (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that tooth loss is a marker of past periodontal disease in this population and is related to subclinical atherosclerosis, thereby providing a potential pathway for a relationship with clinical events.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA. Desvarieux@epi.umn.edu
authors.forename: Moïse
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Desvarieux
authors.forename: Ryan T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Demmer
authors.forename: Tatjana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rundek
authors.forename: Bernadette
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Boden-Albala
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Panos N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Papapanou
authors.forename: Ralph L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Sacco
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012934:Social Isolation; D016388:Tooth Loss / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*