title: Possibility of re-screening intervals of more than one year in men with PSA levels of 4.0 ng/ml or less.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The optimal re-screening interval is one of the most important issues to evaluate the effectiveness of screening for prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1992 and 2000, 7,026 men aged 50-78 with baseline PSA levels of 4.0 ng/ml or lower underwent screening for prostate cancer twice or more. The risk of developing prostate cancer relative to elapsed years and baseline PSA levels were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prostate cancer was detected in a total of 127 cases (1.8%). The detection rate of prostate cancer was high between 1.6% and 5.5% at 1 year after baseline PSA measurements in men with baseline PSA levels of 2.1-4.0 ng/ml. In men with baseline PSA levels of 1.1- 2.0 ng/ml, the detection rate increased from 0.06% to 1.02% with passed years. The proportion of stage >/=T3 was high at 63% in prostate cancer cases detected between 3 and 4 years after baseline PSA levels being 1.1-2.0 ng/ml. In men with baseline PSA levels of 1.0 or lower, the cumulative detection rate of prostate cancer was low at 0.01% within 3 years, however, the detection rate increased to 0.34% after 5 or more years from baseline PSA measurements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The re-screening interval was recommended to be 1, 1-2, and 3-5 years for men with baseline PSA levels of 2.1-4.0 ng/ml, 1.1-2.0 ng/ml, and 1.0 ng/ml or lower, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan. kzito@med.gunma-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Kazuto
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Takumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohi
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takechi
authors.forename: Kohei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kurokawa
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Hidetoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamanaka
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001706:Biopsy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen