Comparison of detectability limits for elemental mapping by EF-TEM and STEM-XEDS.
The analytical sensitivity in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was investigated for elemental mapping by a transmission electron microscope equipped with an energy filter (EF-TEM) and a scanning transmission electron microscope with an X-ray energy dispersive spectrometer (STEM-XEDS). To compare the detectability limits of the elemental maps by the two techniques, homogeneous Cu-0.98+/-0.34 wt% Mn and Cu-4.93+/-0.49 wt% Mn thin specimens were used. Elemental maps can be considered as either an image or a spectrum. Therefore, the detectability limits of the elemental maps were characterized by the spectral SNR. To evaluate the detectability limits of the elemental maps with statistical confidence limits such as 1 sigma, 2 sigma and 3 sigma, the SNR values were reviewed from the statistical point of view. In STEM-XEDS mapping, the spectral SNR values improve as the specimen thickness increases since the signal intensity increases. Conversely, the spectral SNR in EF-TEM mapping is maximized at a certain thickness and then reduces as the thickness increases. To compare the two mapping techniques with regard to the analytical sensitivity, a method to estimate the minimum mass fraction (MMF) from measured signal and background intensities was developed. In this experimental approach, the MMF value can be evaluated by selecting the appropriate SNR value corresponding to the statistical confidence limits. In comparing the estimated MMF values from the two mapping approaches, EF-TEM mapping can be more sensitive than STEM-XEDS mapping up to specimen thicknesses <20-30 nm in the 1 sigma confidence limit and < approximately 50 nm in the 3 sigma limits. However, as the specimen thickness increases, the XEDS maps provide better detectability limits in the Cu-Mn dilute alloy specimens.
Watanabe
Masashi
M
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
Williams
David B
DB
Tomokiyo
Yoshitsugu
Y