title: A new rat model of diffuse brain injury associated with acute subdural hematoma: assessment of varying hematoma volume, insult severity, and the presence of hypoxemia.
abstract: The aim of this study was to develop a new rat model of diffuse brain injury (DBI) associated with acute subdural hemorrhage (SDH). In order to make this model more clinically relevant, we determined whether the varying hematoma volume, severity of DBI, or the presence of hypoxemia could influence the physiological consequence. SDH was made by an autologous blood injection, while DBI was induced using the impact acceleration model (mild, 450 g/1 m, severe, 450 g/2 m). Physiological parameters measured included intracranial pressure (ICP), mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), cerebral blood flow (CBF), and brain tissue water content. In the first series, 23 rats were randomized into the five following groups: Group 1, sham; Group 2, 400 (microL SDH; Group 3, SDH400 + mild DBI; Group 4, SDH400 + severe DBI; and Group 5, SDH300 + severe DBI. Results suggested that SDH300 + severe DBI (Group 5) may be the most suitable model, in which the MABP and CBF temporarily decreased during the SDH induction, but thereafter recovered to the baseline. Conversely, ICP was persistently elevated throughout the experiment. The water content was also significantly higher in both hemispheres compared to that of sham. In the second series, the animal was exposed to a hypoxemic insult (10 or 30 min) in addition to SDH300 + severe DBI (Group 6). The prolonged hypoxemia caused both a severe CBF reduction without recovery and a bilateral brain swelling, whereas the brief hypoxemia showed a gradual CBF recovery from the transient reduction and an increased water content only in the SDH side. These results suggest that these models may be potentially useful to study the combination of DBI and SDH with or without hypoxemia.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0508, USA.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sawauchi
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marmarou
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beaumont
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tomita
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fukui
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D020199:Hematoma, Subdural, Acute / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007427:Intracranial Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012720:Severity of Illness Index