title: CpG DNA as a vaccine adjuvant.
abstract: Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing unmethylated CpG motifs act as immune adjuvants, accelerating and boosting antigen-specific antibody responses by up to 500-fold. CpG motifs promote the production of T-helper 1 and pro-inflammatory cytokines and induce the maturation/activation of professional antigen-presenting cells (including macrophages and dendritic cells). These effects are optimized by maintaining close physical contact between the CpG DNA and the immunogen. Coadministering CpG DNA with a variety of vaccines has improved protective immunity in animal challenge models. Ongoing clinical studies indicate that CpG oligodeoxynucleotides are safe and well-tolerated when administered as adjuvants to humans and in some cases increase vaccine-induced immune responses.
authors.affiliation: Section of Retroviral Immunology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. Klinman@CBER.FDA.GOV
authors.forename: Dennis M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Klinman
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D000917:Antibody Formation; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019175:DNA Methylation; D006801:Humans; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011323:Primates; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000378:metabolism; D012449:Safety; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D014612:Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019444:Vaccines, DNA / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; C408982:CPG-oligonucleotide; D016207:Cytokines; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D014612:Vaccines; D019444:Vaccines, DNA