title: Mechanistic studies of the photocatalytic oxidation of microcystin-LR: an investigation of byproducts of the decomposition process.
abstract: Microcystins (cyclic heptapeptides) are produced by a number of freshwater cyanobacteria and cause concern in potable water supplies due to their acute and chronic toxicity. The present study reports the structural characterization of the degradation products of the photocatalytic oxidation of microcystin-LR, so aiding the mechanistic understanding of this process. TiO2 photocatalysis is a promising technology for removal of these toxins from drinking water. However, before it can be adopted in any practical application it is necessary to have a sufficient knowledge of degradation byproducts and their potential toxicity. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis demonstrated that the major destruction pathway of microcystin appears to be initiated via three mechanisms: UV irradiation, hydroxyl radical attack, and oxidation. UV irradiation caused geometrical isomerization of microcystin converting the (4E), (6E) of the Adda configuration to (4E), 6(Z) or 4(Z), 6(E). Hydroxyl radical attack on the conjugated diene structure of Adda moiety produced dihyroxylated products. Further oxidation cleaved the hydroxylated 4-5 and/or 6-7 bond of Adda to form aldehyde or ketone peptide residues, which then were oxidized into the corresponding carboxylic acids. Photocatalysis also hydrolyzed the peptide bond on the ring structure of microcystin to form linear structures although this appeared to be a minor pathway.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Energy, The Robert Gordon University, Schoolhill, Aberdeen, AB10 1FR, UK.
authors.forename: Iain
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Linda A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Lawton
authors.forename: Peter K J
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Robertson
mesh_terms: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D002384:Catalysis; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D000458:Cyanobacteria; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry*; D008387:Marine Toxins; D052998:Microcystins; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic / Q000737:chemistry*; D010777:Photochemistry; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004396:Coloring Agents; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008387:Marine Toxins; D052998:Microcystins; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic; C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium; C057862:cyanoginosin LR