title: Activation of the Rap GTPases in B lymphocytes modulates B cell antigen receptor-induced activation of Akt but has no effect on MAPK activation.
abstract: Signaling by the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) activates the Rap1 and Rap2 GTPases, putative antagonists of Ras-mediated signaling. Because Ras can activate the Raf-1/ERK pathway and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway, we asked whether Rap activation limits the ability of the BCR to signal via these pathways. To do this, we blocked the activation of endogenous Rap1 and Rap2 by expressing the Rap-specific GTPase-activating protein RapGAPII. Preventing Rap activation had no effect on BCR-induced activation of ERK. In contrast, BCR-induced phosphorylation of Akt on critical activating sites was increased 2- to 3-fold when Rap activation was blocked. Preventing Rap activation also increased the ability of the BCR to stimulate Akt-dependent phosphorylation of the FKHR transcription factor on negative regulatory sites and decreased the levels of p27Kip1, a pro-apoptotic factor whose transcription is enhanced by FKHR. Moreover, preventing Rap activation reduced BCR-induced cell death in the WEHI-231 B cell line. Thus activation of endogenous Rap by the BCR limits BCR-induced activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway, opposes the subsequent inhibition of the FKHR/p27Kip1 pro-apoptotic module, and enhances BCR-induced cell death. Consistent with the idea that Rap-GTP is a negative regulator of the PI3K/Akt pathway, expressing constitutively active Rap2 (Rap2V12) reduced BCR-induced phosphorylation of Akt and FKHR. Finally, our finding that Rap2V12 can bind PI3K and inhibit its activity in a manner that depends upon BCR engagement provides a potential mechanism by which Rap-GTP limits activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway, a central regulator of B cell growth and survival.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 6174 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
authors.forename: Sherri L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Christian
authors.forename: Rosaline L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Sarah J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: McLeod
authors.forename: Anita E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Burgess
authors.forename: Anson H Y
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: May
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dang-Lawson
authors.forename: Kevin B L
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Gold
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D051379:Mice; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D011947:Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D020668:rap GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D020827:rap1 GTP-Binding Proteins
chemical_list: D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D011947:Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell; D020668:rap GTP-Binding Proteins; D020827:rap1 GTP-Binding Proteins; C492137:Rap2a protein, mouse