title: A prospective analysis of risk factors for white matter disease in the brain stem: the Cardiovascular Health Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  White matter disease (WMD) in the brain stem may be a predictor of poor clinical outcome, independent of WMD in the periventricular and subcortical areas of the brain. Many cardiovascular risk factors such as older age, hypertension, and smoking have been suggested as risk factors for WMD in the periventricular and subcortical areas of the brain. However, no epidemiologic study has examined the associations between cardiovascular risk factors and WMD in the brain stem.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 789 participants, aged 65 years or older, from the Cardiovascular Health Study constituted the present study population. WMD, defined as hyperintensive lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), in the brain stem was measured in 1992/1993 and 1997/1998.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 789 participants, 212 (26.9%) had WMD in the brain stem in 1997/1998. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, the presence of WMD in the brain stem in 1997/1998 was significantly associated with several variables measured in 1992/1993: an increase by 5 years of age (OR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.25-1.83), a 10-pack-years increase in smoking (OR = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.04-1.21), a 0.1-liter increase in first-second forced expiratory volume (OR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.92-0.99), a 1 micromol/l increase in fibrinogen level (OR = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.03-1.23), and MRI infarction (OR = 2.58, 95% CI: 1.78-3.74). Excluding those (n = 167) with WMD in the brain stem in 1992/1993, the pattern remained. Hypertension was not associated with WMD in the brain stem.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased age, smoking, lower forced expiratory volume, increased fibrinogen level, and MRI infarction, but not hypertension, may be independent risk factors for WMD in the brain stem in older adults.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Room W6009, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. jding@jhsph.edu
authors.forename: Jingzhong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: F Javier
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Nieto
authors.forename: Norman J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Beauchamp
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Longstreth
authors.forename: Teri A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Manolio
authors.forename: Jacqueline B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Hetmanski
authors.forename: Linda P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Fried
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D020520:Brain Infarction / Q000473:pathology; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000473:pathology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000009:adverse effects; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D005340:Fibrinogen