title: Introital and transvaginal ultrasound as the main tool in the assessment of urogenital and pelvic floor dysfunction: an imaging panel and practical approach.
abstract: This article reviews the different applications of ultrasound in benign urogynecological diseases. The findings presented here were obtained by introital and transvaginal ultrasound, both of which can be performed with the same equipment (5-7-MHz sector transducer, emission angle of at least 90 degrees; for introital sonography, the transducer is placed over the external urethral orifice with the transducer axis corresponding to the body axis). Female voiding dysfunction, including urge symptoms, recurrent urinary tract infections and urinary incontinence, may occur secondary to morphological and topographical changes of the urogenital organs. Findings such as urethral diverticula, periurethral masses, funneling of the urethra and distension cystoceles are identified by introital ultrasound. Transvaginal ultrasound enables the detection of pathologies of the bladder and uterus including its appendages. Ultrasound as part of the diagnostic work-up of stress urinary incontinence and genitourinary prolapse allows for the morphological and dynamic assessment of the lower urinary tract. It is possible, for example, to classify sonographically identified changes of the endopelvic fascia as lateral (distraction cystocele, funneling of the urethra) and central (pulsation cystocele) defects as well as to determine the reactivity of the pelvic floor muscles. Ultrasound has replaced radiography in yielding information on the abnormal morphology of the urogenital organs, which should be taken into account in planning the treatment of urogynecological conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Charité, Humboldt University Berlin, Germany. rtunn@charite.de
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tunn
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Petri
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017773:Pelvic Floor / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods; D014550:Urinary Incontinence, Stress / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D014596:Uterine Prolapse / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging