title: Interpregnancy interval and risk of preterm birth and neonatal death: retrospective cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether a short interval between pregnancies is an independent risk factor for adverse obstetric outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Scotland.
  
  
  METHODS
  89 143 women having second births in 1992-8 who conceived within five years of their first birth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intrauterine growth restriction (birth weight less than the 5th centile for gestational age), extremely preterm birth (24-32 weeks), moderately preterm birth (33-36 weeks), and perinatal death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women whose subsequent interpregnancy interval was less than six months were more likely than other women to have had a first birth complicated by intrauterine growth restriction (odds ratio 1.3, 95% confidence interval 1.1 to 1.5), extremely preterm birth (4.1, 3.2 to 5.3), moderately preterm birth (1.5, 1.3 to 1.7), or perinatal death (24.4, 18.9 to 31.5). They were also shorter, less likely to be married, and more likely to be aged less than 20 years at the time of the second birth, to smoke, and to live in an area of high socioeconomic deprivation. When the outcome of the second birth was analysed in relation to the preceding interpregnancy interval and the analysis confined to women whose first birth was a term live birth (n = 69 055), no significant association occurred (adjusted for age, marital status, height, socioeconomic deprivation, smoking, previous birth weight vigesimal, and previous caesarean delivery) between interpregnancy interval and intrauterine growth restriction or stillbirth. However, a short interpregnancy interval (< 6 months) was an independent risk factor for extremely preterm birth (adjusted odds ratio 2.2, 1.3 to 3.6), moderately preterm birth (1.6, 1.3 to 2.0), and neonatal death unrelated to congenital abnormality (3.6, 1.2 to 10.7). The adjusted attributable fractions for these associations were 6.1%, 3.9%, and 13.8%. The associations were very similar when the analysis was confined to married non-smokers aged 25 and above.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A short interpregnancy interval is an independent risk factor for preterm delivery and neonatal death in the second birth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Cambridge University, Box The Rosie Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ. gcss2@cam.ac.uk
authors.forename: Gordon C S
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Jill P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Pell
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dobbie
mesh_terms: D001721:Birth Intervals; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death / Q000209:etiology*; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008423:Maternal Age; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D013997:Time Factors