title: Basal-corticofrontal circuits in schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder: a controlled, double dissociation study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several lines of research suggest that prefrontal cortex dysfunctions observed in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and schizophrenia (SKZ) are linked to two partially independent neuroanatomic systems: the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, with different neuroanatomic connections, including the striatum. The primary aim of this study was to test this hypothesis using a double dissociation study of neuropsychological tasks performance of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and ventromedial prefrontal cortex.
  
  
  METHODS
  We administered the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, the Gambling Task, and the four-disk version of the Tower of Hanoi to 110 SKZ and 67 OCD patients and 56 control subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A clear double dissociation of Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and Gambling Task performances was found, with SKZ patients performing the Wisconsin Card Sorting test significantly worse than OCD patients and control subjects and OCD patients performing the Gambling Task significantly worse than SKZ and control subjects. Both SKZ and OCD patients performed the Tower of Hanoi significantly worse than control subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results from our double dissociation study confirm the hypothesis of involvement of different frontal lobe subsystems within basal-corticofrontal circuits function in SKZ and OCD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatric Sciences, S. Raffaele Scientific Institute Hospital, Vita-Salute S. Raffaele University Medical School, Via Stamira D'Ancona, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cavallaro
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cavedini
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mistretta
authors.forename: Tommaso
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bassi
authors.forename: Sara Monica
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Angelone
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ubbiali
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bellodi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003024:Clozapine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000503:physiopathology; D004213:Dissociative Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018967:Risperidone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D003024:Clozapine; D006220:Haloperidol; D018967:Risperidone