title: Insulin signaling through insulin receptor substrate 1 and 2 in normal liver development.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The insulin growth factor signal transduction pathway is an important regulator of adult hepatocyte proliferation. The purpose of this study was to determine the roles of the insulin receptor substrate (IRS-1 and IRS-2)-mediated growth cascades in rapidly growing fetal rat liver.
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined the expression and tyrosyl phosphorylation of the insulin receptor beta subunit (IRbeta), IRS-1 and IRS-2, the binding of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in the presence or absence of insulin stimulation in vivo during development and in the adult liver. In addition, activation of other downstream components including PI3K, Akt, GSK3beta, Bad, and p70S6 kinase was studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed reduced expression and tyrosyl phosphorylation of IRS-1 in the fetal liver compared with the adult liver. These developmental changes resulted in a lack of sensitivity to insulin stimulation and subsequent downstream activation of the PI3K and MAPK cascades until the postneonatal period. In contrast, there was a high level of IRS-2 expression and insulin-stimulated tyrosyl phosphorylation as early as embryonic day 15 with robust PI3K binding and activation, which may enhance hepatocyte survival during the rapid growth phase of the liver.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The IRS-1 signal transduction pathway does not play a major role in fetal liver growth because IRS-2 functions as the major insulin responsive molecule in early development. However, insulin-mediated IRS-1/MAPK cascade activation contributes to growth in the adult.
authors.affiliation: Liver Research Center, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
authors.forename: Leila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Khamzina
authors.forename: Philip A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Gruppuso
authors.forename: Jack R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Wands
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000502:physiology; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D007328:Insulin / Q000502:physiology*; D055504:Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008099:Liver / Q000196:embryology*; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011247:Pregnancy; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011972:Receptor, Insulin / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D007328:Insulin; D055504:Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D011972:Receptor, Insulin; C526296:Irs1 protein, rat; C526299:Irs2 protein, rat; C494920:Akt1 protein, rat; C000605508:Gsk3b protein, rat