title: Comparison of viral vectors: gene transfer efficiency and tissue specificity in a bladder cancer model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gene transfer efficiency and specific cell targeting of vectors is a major obstacle in preclinical studies of gene therapy for malignant disease. Previous attempts at gene transfer in bladder cancer models have resulted in variable urothelial and tumor transgene expression after intravesical administration of recombinant viral vectors. In the current study we compared the gene transfer efficiencies of different viral vectors.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared the gene transfer efficiencies of the viral vectors replication-deficient adenovirus, attenuated vaccinia virus (NYVAC) and canarypox virus (ALVAC) in vitro and in an orthotopic murine bladder cancer model. We used beta-galactosidase and firefly luciferase reporter gene expression to compare gene transfer efficiency.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly higher transgene expression was observed in vitro when these cells were infected with NYVAC or ALVAC compared with adenovirus vectors. Similarly the efficiency of adenovirus vectors to transfer genetic material into bladder urothelium and orthotopic bladder tumors was inferior to that of ALVAC and NYVAC vectors, which interestingly appeared to have a predilection to infect the orthotopic tumor. Analysis of the expression of coxsackie-adenovirus receptor using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction revealed the bladder tumor cell lines were lacking this adenovirus receptor. While adenovirus transferred genes poorly to normal bladder, coxsackie-adenovirus receptor expression was high in bladder tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The viral vectors examined in these experiments resulted in significantly different gene transfer in the orthotopic bladder cancer model, underscoring the importance of vector selection in gene therapy protocols.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Cancer Center and Prostate Cancer Research Group, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA. siemensr@kgh.kari.net
authors.forename: D Robert
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Siemens
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Crist
authors.forename: J Christopher
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Austin
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tartaglia
authors.forename: Timothy  L
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ratliff
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae; D000818:Animals; D028121:Canarypox virus; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D014616:Vaccinia virus