title: Chronic performance of steroid-eluting epicardial leads in a growing pediatric population: a 10-year comparison.
abstract: Patient size and congenital heart defects complicate pacemaker therapy in children favoring an initial epicardial approach. Steroid-eluting (SE) epicardial (EPI) leads maintain stable, low pacing thresholds in the short-term when compared to the nonsteroid (NSE) epicardial (EPI) leads. The purpose of this study was to evaluate chronic, 10-year performance of SE leads in growing children compared with NSE EPI leads implanted during the same time interval. From 1990 to 2000, 35 patients (age 1 month to 18 year, median 3 years), 28 with and 7 without congenital heart disease (CHD) received 51 SE leads: 27 ventricular and 24 atrial. NSE leads were implanted in 27 patients (age 1-28 years, median 8 years), 24 with and 3 without CHD: 27 ventricular and 1 atrial. Pacing lead threshold, impedance, and energy were measured at implant and during a 10-year follow-up. Unpaired t-test showed that impedance remained stable for all leads with lower mean values for the SE(376 +/- 55 vs 443 +/- 109 Omega) (P = NS). The mean energy requirement for SE leads at 10 years(1.2 +/- 0.9 microJ)was significantly lower than for NSE(4.4 +/- 5.5 microJ) (P < 0.05). At 2.5-V output, chronic thresholds for SE leads did not significantly differ from implant values for atrial (0.08 vs 0.09 ms) or ventricular (0.08 vs 0.08 ms) sites. There were no differences in SE lead performances among patients with or without CHD. Fracture or dislodgement occurred in two SE (4%) and four NSE (14%) leads. SE outperform NSE EPI leads and show stable, chronic low thresholds over time in all growing children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
authors.forename: M Silvana
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Horenstein
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hakimi
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Walters
authors.forename: Peter P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Karpawich
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006128:Growth; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; C004180:dexamethasone 21-phosphate; D003907:Dexamethasone