title: [The summarization of clinical experience of difficult tracheal intubation].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To summarize our experiences and lessons of difficult tracheal intubation for clinical anesthesia reference.
  
  
  METHODS
  We had done a retrospective analysis of clinical data on difficult tracheal intubation in 2,825 patients undergoing elective plastic surgery with anesthesia. The main causes of difficult tracheal intubation were the limitations of neck extension (n = 1,169), mouth opening (n = 889), both neck extension and mouth opening (n = 698), and micromaxillary deformity (n = 69). By the Cormack's classification, all the patients had the laryngeal exposure of grade II or more. The tracheal intubations were done under neuroleptanalgesia combined with topical spray of local anesthetic in 439 patients, intravenous anesthesia of sedative drugs and nondepolarizing relaxants of subnormal doses in 629 subjects, and total intravenous or inhaled anesthesia in 1,757 cases, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The difficult tracheal intubations were completed using blind nasal intubations in 142 patients, blind oral intubations with direct laryngoscope in 2,377 patients, oral intubations with fiberoptic stylet rigid laryngoscope in 186 patients, and oral or nasal intubations with flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope in 72 patients. The incidence of successful intubation was 99.7%. The common complication of intubation was airway trauma and its incidence was 19.3% in all the patients. Anesthetic techniques could affect significantly the intubation time and the incidences of complications in the patients with difficult intubation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By the improvement of anesthetic methods and common intubation techniques, the intubation time and the incidence of complications in the patients with difficult intubations were reduced.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Plastic Surgery Hospital, CAMS, PUMC, Beijing 100041, China.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: An
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000758:Anesthesia / Q000379:methods*; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D020704:Laryngoscopes; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies