title: Psychological distress is associated with decreased memory helper T-cell and B-cell counts in pre-AIDS HIV seropositive men and women but only in those with low viral load.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although some studies have demonstrated the association of psychological distress and diminished immune system function in HIV spectrum disease, other studies have yielded apparently conflicting findings; the lack of consideration of the role of HIV viral burden may be central to this controversy. This study examined whether HIV viral burden moderated the relationship between psychological distress and enumerative and functional immune measures in pre-AIDS HIV spectrum disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study used factor analysis to derive a composite measure of psychological distress incorporating measures of dysphoria, anxiety, and perceived stress. Multiple regression analyses used distress as the predictor, immune measures as the outcome variables, with viral load as the moderator variable, while controlling for age, medication use, and HIV symptomatology. Subjects were 148 pre-AIDS, HIV seropositive men and women (89 asymptomatic, 59 symptomatic), aged 18 to 45 years. The main outcome measures were enumerative and functional immune measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A model of psychological distress was derived using each of the proposed measures. Findings indicated that high distress was associated with decreased numbers of helper T (memory) cells and B cells, but only at low levels of viral burden after controlling for age, medication use, and HIV-related symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings highlight the importance of assessing the role of HIV viral burden when examining distress-immunity relationships in HIV-infected individuals. The lack of association in those persons with high viral load suggests that, even before AIDS onset, disease-related processes are disrupting CNS and immune system communication.
authors.affiliation: Behavioral Medicine Research Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33125, USA.
authors.forename: Sarosh J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Motivala
authors.forename: Barry E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Hurwitz
authors.forename: Maria M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Llabre
authors.forename: Nancy G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Klimas
authors.forename: Mary Ann
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Antoni
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: LeBlanc
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schneiderman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001007:Anxiety; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression; D005260:Female; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007156:Immunologic Memory; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D018655:Lymphocyte Count; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010835:Phytohemagglutinins / Q000494:pharmacology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000276:immunology*; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000276:immunology*; D019562:Viral Load; D014766:Viremia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D010835:Phytohemagglutinins