title: The passive straight leg raising test in the diagnosis and treatment of lumbar disc herniation: a survey of United kingdom osteopathic opinion and clinical practice.
abstract: METHODS
  Postal questionnaire survey.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To carry out a confidential postal survey of United Kingdom osteopaths in order to record and assess their use of the passive straight leg raising test in the diagnosis of, and choice of, manipulation for lumbar disc herniation. The study also sought to determine whether an association existed between osteopaths' manipulation of suspected lumbar disc herniation and their use of the straight leg raising test, the length of their working hours, and their use of manipulation for the treatment of other lumbar conditions.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The literature is not agreed on important aspects of the straight leg raising test, or on the use of spinal manipulation for suspected lumbar disc herniation. This is thought to be the first study to investigate opinion and practice in a large group of spinal manipulators, in this case United Kingdom osteopaths.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire was sent to all 1030 United Kingdom osteopaths registered with the General Osteopathic Council in January 2000. It comprised four sections: personal characteristics, professional characteristics, background to low back pain cases, details of straight leg raising test understanding and use within the diagnosis and treatment of lumbar disc herniation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A response rate of 44% was achieved. United Kingdom osteopaths' opinions of low back pain and lumbar disc herniation clinical presentations, details of straight leg raising test mode of action, procedure, and interpretation were in keeping with the literature. Fifty-four percent of respondents sometimes employed manipulation in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation, but most of the others described the practice as "dangerous." The literature is similarly divided on the practice. Chi-square and Cramer V analysis implied that respondents were not influenced in choosing manipulation for lumbar disc herniation by their use of the straight leg raising test (chi2 = 4.002, df = 3, Cramer V = 0.0959, P = 0.261, alpha 0.05, n = 435). A moderate association implied that the frequency of use of such manipulation for all lumbar conditions influenced the choice of that treatment for lumbar disc herniation (chi2 = 81.808, df = 4, Cramer V = 0.4302, P < 0.001, alpha = 0.05, n = 442). There was also a weak association suggesting that hours worked per week influenced the choice of manipulation for lumbar disc herniation (chi2 = 9.840, df = 3, Cramer V = 0.1499, P = 0.020, alpha = 0.05, n = 438).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Respondents to this survey frequently treated low back pain and often employed the straight leg raising test in its diagnosis. Their recognition of the clinical presentation of lumbar disc herniation and their use and understanding of the straight leg raising test were in keeping with the literature. Respondents were divided nearly equally between those who would expect patient benefit from the use of manipulation for lumbar disc herniation and those who criticized the practice. There is a need for further research into the clinical reasoning employed for the manipulative treatment of lumbar disc herniation.
authors.affiliation: University of Ulster, Rehabilitation Sciences Research Group, County Atrim, Northern Ireland.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rebain
authors.forename: G David
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Baxter
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McDonough
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000209:etiology; D008161:Lumbosacral Region / Q000473:pathology; D026301:Manipulation, Osteopathic / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009460:Neurologic Examination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010021:Osteopathic Medicine / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom