title: Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: implications for affect, relationships, and well-being.
abstract: Five studies tested two general hypotheses: Individuals differ in their use of emotion regulation strategies such as reappraisal and suppression, and these individual differences have implications for affect, well-being, and social relationships. Study 1 presents new measures of the habitual use of reappraisal and suppression. Study 2 examines convergent and discriminant validity. Study 3 shows that reappraisers experience and express greater positive emotion and lesser negative emotion, whereas suppressors experience and express lesser positive emotion, yet experience greater negative emotion. Study 4 indicates that using reappraisal is associated with better interpersonal functioning, whereas using suppression is associated with worse interpersonal functioning. Study 5 shows that using reappraisal is related positively to well-being, whereas using suppression is related negatively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Stanford University, California 94305-2130, USA. james@psych.stanford.edu
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: Oliver P
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: John
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology*; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D012094:Repression, Psychology; D012737:Sex Factors; D012919:Social Behavior; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology