title: Cisapride-induced transmural dispersion of repolarization and torsade de pointes in the canine left ventricular wedge preparation during epicardial stimulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cisapride, a gastrointestinal prokinetic agent, was recently withdrawn from the market because of its propensity to induce torsade de pointes (TdP) arrhythmias. The present study examines the electrophysiological actions of cisapride in the isolated arterially perfused canine left ventricular wedge preparation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transmembrane action potentials from epicardial and M regions and a pseudo-ECG were simultaneously recorded. Cisapride (0.1 to 5 micromol/L) was added to the coronary perfusate. Cisapride prolonged the QT interval and increased transmural dispersion of repolarization (TDR) at relatively low but not at high concentrations. TdP could be induced with programmed electrical stimulation only at a low concentration of drug (0.2 micromol/L), when TDR was maximally prolonged. Moreover, TdP could only be induced during epicardial (but not endocardial) activation of the wedge, which was found to augment TDR. At higher concentrations of cisapride, QT was further prolonged, TDR was diminished, and TdP could no longer be induced. Tpeak-Tend interval and Tpeak-Tend area provided reasonable electrocardiographic indices of TDR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data (1) demonstrate a biphasic concentration/response relationship for the effect of cisapride to induce long-QT syndrome and TdP, (2) show the value of the left ventricular wedge preparation in identifying drugs that pose an arrhythmic risk, (3) support the hypothesis that risk for development of TdP is related to the increase in TDR rather than to prolongation of the QT interval, and (4) indicate that epicardial activation of the left ventricle, as occurs during biventricular pacing, can facilitate the development of TdP under long-QT conditions.
authors.affiliation: Masonic Medical Research Laboratory, 2150 Bleecker St, Utica, NY 13501-1787, USA.
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Di Diego
authors.forename: Luiz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Belardinelli
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Antzelevitch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020117:Cisapride / Q000633:toxicity*; D004285:Dogs; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000187:drug effects; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D017366:Serotonin Receptor Agonists / Q000633:toxicity*; D016171:Torsades de Pointes / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D017366:Serotonin Receptor Agonists; D020117:Cisapride