title: Timing and frequency of complications after carotid artery stenting: what is the optimal period of observation?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Currently our standard of practice is that patients undergoing carotid artery stenting (CAS) may be safely discharged on the first day post-procedure. However, many patients are completely independent on the evening of procedure. Therefore we sought to establish the safety and feasibility of same-day discharge by assessing frequency and time of complications in the first 30 days after CAS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case records for 208 consecutive patients who had undergone CAS from October 1999 to October 2002 were retrospectively reviewed. Excluded were four cases in which combined CAS and carotid endarterectomy was performed to treat synchronous stenosis. Of the remaining 204 cases, involving 201 patients (three patients underwent staged bilateral CAS), 173 (84.8%) were symptomatic and 31 (15.2%) were asymptomatic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-eight major events or death (inclusive of all neurologic events and any complications that required treatment) were recorded in the first 30 days after CAS, for an event rate of 18.6% per case. These were 7 (3.4%) major access site complications; 18 (8.8%) neurologic events, of which 10 (4.9%) were transient ischemic events and 8 (3.9%) were strokes (including minor, major, and fatal stroke); 8 (3.9%) cardiovascular complications; and five (2.5%) other events. Twenty (52.6%) events occurred in the first 6 hours after CAS, 2 (5.3%) between 6 and 12 hours, 3 (7.9%) between 12 and 24 hours, and 13 (34.2%) 24 hours to 30 days post procedure. Four (2.0%) deaths were recorded in this period, 1 secondary to stroke, 1 from a perforated myocardium from a temporary pacing wire, and 2 from unrelated causes. The 30-days stroke and death rate was 5.4% (11 of 204 patients).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Time of complications suggests that outpatient performance of CAS is feasible and safe in selected patients.
authors.affiliation: Sheffield Vascular Institute, Northern General Hospital, Herries Road, Sheffield S5 7AU, England, UK. kongtengtan@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Kong T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Trevor J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Cleveland
authors.forename: Viktor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Berczi
authors.forename: Fiona M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: McKevitt
authors.forename: Graham S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Venables
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Gaines
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017130:Angioplasty / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000601:surgery*; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013997:Time Factors