title: Subintimal angioplasty of long superficial femoral artery occlusions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the value of subintimal angioplasty (SA) and selective stent placement in the treatment of long (> or =15 cm) superficial femoral artery (SFA) occlusions.
  
  
  METHODS
  During a period of 4.5 years, 67 long SFA occlusions in 61 patients (52 male, 9 female) were intended to be treated with SA, either retrogradely (n = 55) or antegradely (n = 12). Postprocedural medical treatment included aspirin + ticlopidine/clopidogrel (AT/C) combination. In 25 patients warfarin was also given for 3-6 months. Patients were followed up for 1-30 months (mean 12.5 +/- 9.0 months). Hemodynamic patencies were determined with the Kaplan-Meier method, risk factors affecting patency were evaluated with the Cox model, and the patencies of the subgroups were compared with log-rank test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subintimal recanalization was technically successful in 59 of 67 occlusions. Technical success was 83% in the first 30 procedures, 92% in the last 37, and 100% in the last 29. Forty-six occlusions were treated with SA alone and 13 with SA and stent placement. On an intention-to-treat basis, primary patency at 6 and 12 months was 49% and 22%, respectively, and assisted primary patency at 6 and 12 months was 69% and 57%, respectively. Patency rates were not significantly different in patients with claudication versus critical limb ischemia, or in those treated with SA alone versus SA and stent placement. With the multivariate Cox model, medical treatment with AT/C combination was identified as the only significant risk factor for both primary patency and assisted primary patency. With the Kaplan-Meier analysis, primary and assisted primary patencies were significantly higher in the warfarin group than the AT/C group (P =.0002 and.0001, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SA is a simple and safe method with a high technical success rate in the endovascular treatment of long SFA occlusions. Long-term patency rates, however, seem unsatisfactory, despite early reports. Subintimal stent placement provides cumulative patency at least as good as SA alone. Warfarin may significantly improve both primary patency and assisted primary patency after subintimal recanalization, but even with this treatment patency rates are still lower than those reported for bypass surgery. Therefore, in long SFA occlusions, SA is not recommended for claudicants but may be valuable in patients with critical limb ischemia.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Radiology, Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Arapsuyu 07070, Antalya, Turkey. Saim@med.akdeniz.du.tr
authors.forename: Saim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yilmaz
authors.forename: Timur
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sindel
authors.forename: Arif
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yegin
authors.forename: Ersin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lüleci
mesh_terms: D017130:Angioplasty / Q000379:methods*; D001157:Arterial Occlusive Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D001241:Aspirin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D005260:Female; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000601:surgery; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011182:Postoperative Care; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D015607:Stents; D013988:Ticlopidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014654:Vascular Patency; D014859:Warfarin / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D014859:Warfarin; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D013988:Ticlopidine; D001241:Aspirin