title: The metabolic syndrome in smokers. The D.E.S.I.R. study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that smokers have a higher frequency of the metabolic syndrome, and a syndrome with different characteristics than non-smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 2,569 men and 2,637 women included in the D.E.S.I.R. study, aged 30-64 years, volunteers from ten French Social Security Health Examination Centres, were studied. The World Health Organization definition of the metabolic syndrome was adapted for this analysis, and insulin resistance was defined by a concentration above the 75(th) centile of the sex-specific distribution of fasting insulin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  28.1% of men and 15.1% of women were current smokers. The metabolic syndrome was twice as frequent in men than in women (22.8% vs 11.0%). Smokers and never-smokers were compared in age stratified samples. In men, the frequencies of hyperglycaemia or hypoglycaemic treatment, dyslipidaemia, microalbuminuria, and central obesity were significantly higher in smokers and 22.5% of smokers and 15.3% of non-smokers had this syndrome (p=0.001). In women, only dyslipidaemia was more frequent in smokers; in contrast smokers had lower insulin concentrations and hence a lower frequency of hyperinsulinemia. The frequency of the syndrome did not differ between women who smoked and those who did not (6.3% vs 6.0%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In men, the metabolic syndrome was more frequent in smokers than in non-smokers; in contrast, there was no difference for women. For both sexes, syndrome abnormalities tended to be more frequent in smokers than in non-smokers.
authors.affiliation: IRSA, Caen, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Geslain-Biquez
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vol
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tichet
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Caradec
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: D'Hour
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Balkau
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL