title: A comparison of tyrosine against placebo, phentermine, caffeine, and D-amphetamine during sleep deprivation.
abstract: Sleep deprivation can impair alertness and cognitive and motor performance. We hypothesized that the amino acid tyrosine might reduce deleterious effects of sleep deprivation. Seventy-six healthy males, age 18-35 years, participated in a four-day protocol that included a habituation night, a baseline night, a 40.5 h period without sleep, and a recovery night. Tyrosine 150 mg/kg, caffeine 300 mg/70 kg, phentermine 37.5 mg, D-amphetamine 20 mg and placebo were administered in a double-blind, randomized fashion to compare their effects on the time it took to fall asleep, on endocrine responses during sleep deprivation, and on sleep quantity, quality and architecture as measured by polysomnography during recovery sleep. When given after 36 h without sleep, tyrosine had no significant effect on any parameter of sleep. D-amphetamine produced marked decrease in sleep drive but caused deleterious effects on many aspects of recovery sleep. Still, D-amphetamine was associated with increased alertness on the first recovery day. Phentermine and caffeine both decreased sleep drive during sleep deprivation, but phentermine impaired rapid-eye-movement (REM) recovery sleep. Tyrosine (when compared to placebo) had no effect on any sleep related measure, but it did stimulate prolactin release.
authors.affiliation: Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
authors.forename: William F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Waters
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Magill
authors.forename: George A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Bray
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Volaufova
authors.forename: Steven R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Harris R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Lieberman
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rood
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hurry
authors.forename: Tai
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Donna H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Ryan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002110:Caffeine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D003913:Dextroamphetamine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006185:Habituation, Psychophysiologic; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010645:Phentermine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010919:Placebos; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D010919:Placebos; D002110:Caffeine; D014443:Tyrosine; D010645:Phentermine; D003913:Dextroamphetamine