title: Polymeric microspheres for drug delivery to the oral cavity: an in vitro evaluation of mucoadhesive potential.
abstract: Polymeric microparticles were fabricated from Carbopol, polycarbophil, chitosan, or Gantrez using a "water-in-oil emulsification" solvent evaporation method. Mean particle sizes, as determined by laser diffraction, were in the range 23-38 microm. Electron microscopy revealed that all microparticles were spherical and of smooth surface morphology. In pH 7.0 phosphate buffered saline, the microspheres exhibited significantly increased swelling ratios and longer half-times of swelling than the corresponding powdered polymers. The relative merits of the potential usefulness of these microspheres as formulation tools for the enhanced retention of a therapeutic entity within the oral mucosa were evaluated by in vitro mucoadhesion tests. Tensile tests showed that all microspheres under consideration were capable of adhering to porcine esophageal mucosa, with particles prepared from the poly(acrylic acid)s exhibiting greater mucoadhesive strength than those constructed from chitosan or Gantrez. However, in elution experiments involving a challenge with artificial saliva, particles of chitosan or Gantrez were retained onto mucosal tissue for longer time periods than those assembled from the poly(acrylic acid)s.
authors.affiliation: Biomaterials and Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kockisch
authors.forename: Gareth D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Rees
authors.forename: Simon A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tsibouklis
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Smart
mesh_terms: D000269:Adhesives / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000818:Animals; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D008863:Microspheres; D009055:Mouth / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D011108:Polymers / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D000269:Adhesives; D011108:Polymers