title: A novel locus for parietal foramina maps to chromosome 4q21-q23.
abstract: Parietal foramina [PFM], inherited usually in an autosomal dominant mode, is an extremely rare developmental defect characterized by a symmetrical, oval hole in the parietal bone. It can be present as either an isolated or a syndromic feature. PFM types 1 and 2 (PFM1 and PFM2) have been found to be caused by mutations in the MSX2 and ALX4 genes, located to chromosomes 5 and 11, respectively. After exclusion of both the above loci in a large Chinese pedigree with autosomal dominant PFM, a genome-wide search revealed a linkage of the PFM to markers at the 4q21-q23 region. The maximum LOD score from two-point linkage analysis is 3.87 for marker D4S2961. Analysis of co-segregated haplotype localized the region to a 20-cM interval that flanks D4S392 and D4S2945. Therefore, we concluded that the PFM in the family is a new PFM locus. Although three genes, BMPR1B, PP1 and IBSP, are located to 4q21-q25 and their functions are related to bone morphogenesis, no mutations were identified by sequencing analysis of their exons.
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Research Center of Life Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.|Bio-X Life Science Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Hao Ran Building, 1954 Hua Shan Road, PO Box 501, 200030, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Epidemic Prevention Station of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China.
authors.forename: Desan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Research Center of Life Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.|Bio-X Life Science Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Hao Ran Building, 1954 Hua Shan Road, PO Box 501, 200030, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Guoying
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Research Center of Life Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.|Bio-X Life Science Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Hao Ran Building, 1954 Hua Shan Road, PO Box 501, 200030, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Wanqing
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Research Center of Life Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. helin@sjtu.edu.cn.|Bio-X Life Science Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Hao Ran Building, 1954 Hua Shan Road, PO Box 501, 200030, Shanghai, China. helin@sjtu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D002894:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4; D005260:Female; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D008126:Lod Score; D008297:Male; D010294:Parietal Bone / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D010375:Pedigree; D011859:Radiography