title: Laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for clinical stage I nonseminomatous germ cell testicular cancer: a long-term update.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess retrospectively the long-term cancer control in patients undergoing laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) in the management of clinical Stage I nonseminomatous germ cell testicular tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of 29 patients undergoing laparoscopic RPLND was performed. All patients had clinical Stage I nonseminomatous germ cell testicular tumor, with vascular invasion and/or embryonal carcinoma in the orchiectomy specimen. A modified template dissection was performed. Patients with retroperitoneal metastases were offered two cycles of chemotherapy. A modified follow-up schedule was used in patients with pathologically negative nodes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lymph nodes were negative in 17 of 29 patients. Of these 17 patients, 15 had no recurrence and were free of disease with 5.8 years of follow-up. Two patients had recurrence, one in the chest, and one biochemically, and both were free of disease after chemotherapy. Twelve of 29 patients had lymph nodes with metastatic testicular cancer. Ten of these patients underwent adjuvant chemotherapy and were free of disease with 6.3 years of follow-up. One patient had a biochemical recurrence after positive RPLND and was salvaged with chemotherapy. One patient was observed after positive RPLND and was free of disease with 4.9 years of follow-up. The only long-term complication was retrograde ejaculation in 1 patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopic RPLND is a safe, minimally invasive treatment option in patients with clinical Stage I nonseminomatous germ cell testicular tumor. The cancer control appears to be similar, with minimal morbidity compared with the open procedure.
authors.affiliation: James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Sam B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Bhayani
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ong
authors.forename: William K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Philip W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Kantoff
authors.forename: Louis R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Kavoussi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D018237:Germinoma / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D012187:Retroperitoneal Space / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018239:Seminoma / Q000601:surgery*; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome