title: Replacing 40% of dietary animal fat with vegetable oil is associated with lower HDL cholesterol and higher cholesterol ester transfer protein in cynomolgus monkeys fed sufficient linoleic acid.
abstract: This study was designed to evaluate whether replacing approximately 40 g/100 g dietary animal fat with vegetable oil would improve plasma lipids and lipoproteins when diets contained prudent levels of total saturated acid (SFA), monounsaturated acid (MUFA) and PUFA. Using a cross-over design, male Cynomolgus monkeys (n = 10) were fed purified diets containing a mixture of fats. For the diet based on animal fat (AF-diet), approximately 85 g/100 g of the total fat was derived from pork fat, and approximately 40 g/100 g of this was replaced with olive oil for the vegetable oil-based diet (VO-diet). Thus, the fat content of the VO diet comprised 50% pork fat and 35% olive oil. The remaining 15% of the total fat (for both diets) was safflower oil. Both diets provided approximately 30% of total energy (%en) from fat, <10%en SFA and approximately 6-7%en from PUFA. Monkeys were rotated through two 7-wk feeding periods, during which time plasma lipids and lipoproteins were evaluated. Compared with the AF diet, plasma total cholesterol (TC) concentrations tended to be lower ( approximately 10%) after monkeys consumed the VO diet (3.18 +/- 0.83 vs. 3.52 +/- 0.93 mmol/L, P = 0.099), and this was due entirely to a significant 12% reduction in HDL cholesterol (1.53 +/- 0.41 vs. 1.73 +/- 0.47, mmol/L, P = 0.0009). Although plasma lipoprotein compositional analyses revealed no significant differences in either lipoprotein composition or the estimated particle diameters, the measurement of cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) using (3)H-cholesterol ester-labeled HDL revealed that the lower HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) when monkeys consumed the VO diet was associated with a 31% increase in transfer (P = 0.04). However, despite the changes in HDL-C, the TC/HDL-C ratio did not differ between monkeys after the two diet treatments. Regression analyses of data from these monkeys revealed a significant correlation between the dietary 16:0/18:2 ratio and plasma HDL-C. These data suggest that within the context of currently recommended prudent diets, it may be possible to manipulate HDL-C beneficially. Whether a similar effect would occur in humans warrants investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
authors.forename: Smiti Vaid
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Thomas V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Fungwe
authors.forename: Pramod
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Khosla
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000097:blood*; D053480:Cholesterol Ester Transfer Proteins; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006023:Glycoproteins; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008297:Male; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D053480:Cholesterol Ester Transfer Proteins; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D004041:Dietary Fats; D006023:Glycoproteins; D010938:Plant Oils