title: Childhood constipation: longitudinal follow-up beyond puberty.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sparse data exist about the prognosis of childhood constipation and its possible persistence into adulthood.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 418 constipated patients older than 5 years at intake (279 boys; median age, 8.0 yr) participated in studies evaluating therapeutic modalities for constipation. All children subsequently were enrolled in this follow-up study with prospective data collection after an initial 6-week intensive treatment protocol, at 6 months, and thereafter annually, using a standardized questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Follow-up was obtained in more than 95% of the children. The median duration of the follow-up period was 5 years (range, 1-8 yr). The cumulative percentage of children who were treated successfully during follow-up was 60% at 1 year, increasing to 80% at 8 years. Successful treatment was more frequent in children without encopresis and in children with an age of onset of defecation difficulty older than 4 years. In the group of children treated successfully, 50% experienced at least one period of relapse. Relapses occurred more frequently in boys than in girls (relative risk 1.73; 95% confidence interval, 1.15-2.62). In the subset of children aged 16 years and older, constipation still was present in 30%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After intensive initial medical and behavioral treatment, 60% of all children referred to a tertiary medical center for chronic constipation were treated successfully at 1 year of follow-up. One third of the children followed-up beyond puberty continued to have severe complaints of constipation. This finding contradicts the general belief that childhood constipation gradually disappears before or during puberty.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Emma Children's Hospital/Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rijk
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van Ginkel
authors.forename: Johannes B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Reitsma
authors.forename: Hans A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Büller
authors.forename: Michiel P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: van Wijk
authors.forename: Jan A J M
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Taminiau
authors.forename: Marc A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Benninga
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003248:Constipation / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D012008:Recurrence; D012737:Sex Factors