title: Essential amino acids are primarily responsible for the amino acid stimulation of muscle protein anabolism in healthy elderly adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nutritional supplementation may be used to treat muscle loss with aging (sarcopenia). However, if physical activity does not increase, the elderly tend to compensate for the increased energy delivered by the supplements with reduced food intake, which results in a calorie substitution rather than supplementation. Thus, an effective supplement should stimulate muscle anabolism more efficiently than food or common protein supplements. We have shown that balanced amino acids stimulate muscle protein anabolism in the elderly, but it is unknown whether all amino acids are necessary to achieve this effect.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We assessed whether nonessential amino acids are required in a nutritional supplement to stimulate muscle protein anabolism in the elderly.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared the response of muscle protein metabolism to either 18 g essential amino acids (EAA group: n = 6, age 69 +/- 2 y; +/- SD) or 40 g balanced amino acids (18 g essential amino acids + 22 g nonessential amino acids, BAA group; n = 8, age 71 +/- 2 y) given orally in small boluses every 10 min for 3 h to healthy elderly volunteers. Muscle protein metabolism was measured in the basal state and during amino acid administration via L-[ring-(2)H(5)]phenylalanine infusion, femoral arterial and venous catheterization, and muscle biopsies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Phenylalanine net balance (in nmol x min(-1). 100 mL leg volume(-1)) increased from the basal state (P < 0.01), with no differences between groups (BAA: from -16 +/- 5 to 16 +/- 4; EAA: from -18 +/- 5 to 14 +/- 13) because of an increase (P < 0.01) in muscle protein synthesis and no change in breakdown.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Essential amino acids are primarily responsible for the amino acid-induced stimulation of muscle protein anabolism in the elderly.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA. volpi@usc.edu
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Volpi
authors.forename: Hisamine
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Melinda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sheffield-Moore
authors.forename: Bettina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mittendorfer
authors.forename: Robert R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Wolfe
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism*; D000601:Amino Acids, Essential / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism; D009132:Muscles / Q000378:metabolism*; D010649:Phenylalanine / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000601:Amino Acids, Essential; D007328:Insulin; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D010649:Phenylalanine