title: FGF-2 stimulation affects calvarial osteoblast biology: quantitative analysis of nine genes important for cranial suture biology by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.
abstract: Appropriately timed closure of the cranial sutures is a critical factor in normal postnatal morphogenesis of the cranial vault. Suture patency is necessary to permit rapid neonatal expansion of the cerebral hemispheres, and later ossification is important for bony protection of the cerebrum. Premature suture ossification (craniosynostosis) leads to myriad adverse functional and developmental consequences. Several murine studies have implicated dura-derived fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) paracrine signaling as a critical factor promoting physiologic posterior frontal suture fusion. In this study, the authors used real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to study an in vitro system that models the in vivo stimulation of suture calvarial osteoblasts by dura-derived FGF-2. The authors advocate real-time RT-PCR as a powerful and rapid technique that offers advantages in the highly sensitive, specific, and reproducible analyses of nine genes known to be important in cranial suture biology. The genes studied were growth factors [FGF-2, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 1, TGF-beta 2, and TGF-beta 3], growth factor receptors (FGF-R1, FGF-R2, TGF-beta RI, and TGF-beta RII), and a marker of osteoblast differentiation (Co1-I alpha I). These analyses provide a "snapshot" of several important genes involved in suture fusion that is more inclusive and quantitative than that which has been previously reported.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305-5148, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Mathy
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lenton
authors.forename: Randall P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Nacamuli
authors.forename: Kenton D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Fong
authors.forename: HanJoon M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Tony D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: George P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Longaker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003393:Cranial Sutures / Q000502:physiology*; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D051379:Mice; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000502:physiology*; D019899:Paracrine Communication; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D017468:Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012886:Skull / Q000166:cytology*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017468:Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2