title: Effects of disruption of heat shock genes on susceptibility of Escherichia coli to fluoroquinolones.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is well known that expression of certain bacterial genes responds rapidly to such stimuli as exposure to toxic chemicals and physical agents. It is generally believed that the proteins encoded in these genes are important for successful survival of the organism under the hostile conditions. Analogously, the proteins induced in bacterial cells exposed to antibiotics are believed to affect the organisms' susceptibility to these agents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrated that Escherichia coli cells exposed to levofloxacin (LVFX), a fluoroquinolone (FQ), induce the syntheses of heat shock proteins and RecA. To examine whether the heat shock proteins affect the bactericidal action of FQs, we constructed E. coli strains with mutations in various heat shock genes and tested their susceptibility to FQs. Mutations in dnaK, groEL, and lon increased this susceptibility; the lon mutant exhibited the greatest effects. The increased susceptibility of the lon mutant was corroborated by experiments in which the gene encoding the cell division inhibitor, SulA, was subsequently disrupted. SulA is induced by the SOS response and degraded by the Lon protease. The findings suggest that the hypersusceptibility of the lon mutant to FQs could be due to abnormally high levels of SulA protein resulting from the depletion of Lon and the continuous induction of the SOS response in the presence of FQs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present results show that the bactericidal action of FQs is moderately affected by the DnaK and GroEL chaperones and strongly affected by the Lon protease. FQs have contributed successfully to the treatment of various bacterial infections, but their widespread use and often misuse, coupled with emerging resistance, have gradually compromised their utility. Our results suggest that agents capable of inhibiting the Lon protease have potential for combination therapy with FQs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Japan. Yuko@p.chiba-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.forename: Toshifumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tomoyasu
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takaya
authors.forename: Mizue
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morioka
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
mesh_terms: D049069:ATP-Dependent Proteases; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018834:Chaperonin 60 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D024841:Fluoroquinolones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D064704:Levofloxacin; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009154:Mutation; D015242:Ofloxacin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D049070:Protease La; D011938:Rec A Recombinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D018834:Chaperonin 60; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; C053139:sulA protein, E coli; D064704:Levofloxacin; D015242:Ofloxacin; D011938:Rec A Recombinases; D049069:ATP-Dependent Proteases; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases; C483567:Lon protein, E coli; D049070:Protease La; C063842:dnaK protein, E coli