title: Y-chromosome evidence for differing ancient demographic histories in the Americas.
abstract: To scrutinize the male ancestry of extant Native American populations, we examined eight biallelic and six microsatellite polymorphisms from the nonrecombining portion of the Y chromosome, in 438 individuals from 24 Native American populations (1 Na Dené and 23 South Amerinds) and in 404 Mongolians. One of the biallelic markers typed is a recently identified mutation (M242) characterizing a novel founder Native American haplogroup. The distribution, relatedness, and diversity of Y lineages in Native Americans indicate a differentiated male ancestry for populations from North and South America, strongly supporting a diverse demographic history for populations from these areas. These data are consistent with the occurrence of two major male migrations from southern/central Siberia to the Americas (with the second migration being restricted to North America) and a shared ancestry in central Asia for some of the initial migrants to Europe and the Americas. The microsatellite diversity and distribution of a Y lineage specific to South America (Q-M19) indicates that certain Amerind populations have been isolated since the initial colonization of the region, suggesting an early onset for tribalization of Native Americans. Age estimates based on Y-chromosome microsatellite diversity place the initial settlement of the American continent at approximately 14,000 years ago, in relative agreement with the age of well-established archaeological evidence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University College, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Maria-Catira
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Bortolini
authors.forename: Francisco M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Salzano
authors.forename: Mark G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stuart
authors.forename: Selja P K
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Nasanen
authors.forename: Claiton H D
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Bau
authors.forename: Mara H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Hutz
authors.forename: Zulay
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Layrisse
authors.forename: Maria L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Petzl-Erler
authors.forename: Luiza T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Tsuneto
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hurtado
authors.forename: Dinorah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Castro-de-Guerra
authors.forename: Maria M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Groot
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Michalski
authors.forename: Pagbajabyn
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nymadawa
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bedoya
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bradman
authors.forename: Damian
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Labuda
authors.forename: Andres
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Linares
mesh_terms: D044466:Asian People / Q000235:genetics* / Q000266:history; D002170:Canada; D041322:Chromosomes, Human, Y; D004641:Emigration and Immigration / Q000266:history*; D005819:Genetic Markers; D005828:Genetics, Population / Q000266:history*; D006239:Haplotypes; D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American / Q000235:genetics* / Q000266:history; D007199:Indians, South American / Q000235:genetics* / Q000266:history; D008297:Male; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012800:Siberia; D013020:South America
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers