title: Ethnic variation in parenting characteristics and adolescent smoking.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine ethnic variation in parenting characteristics and in associations among parenting characteristics and adolescent smoking, and to assess the strength of those associations separately by ethnic subgroup.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected from a diverse sample (48.4% Hispanic/Latino, 22.9% Asian, 12.1% Non-Hispanic white, and 16.6% Multiethnic) of 1846 Southern California 6th-graders (mean age 11.3 years). Lifetime smoking and parenting characteristics (parental smoking status, adolescents' perceptions of parent-child communication, and parental monitoring) were assessed. Across ethnic groups, descriptive statistics for parenting and smoking variables were calculated and compared. Logistic regression analyses controlled for demographics (socioeconomic status, generation status, family structure, age, and gender) and interaction terms (parenting characteristics x ethnicity), and were also run separately by ethnicity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Asian adolescents reported less parental monitoring than Latino/Hispanics and less parental communication than other ethnic subgroups. Odds ratios indicated parental monitoring (OR =.63; CI =.53-.74; p <.001) and parental communication (OR =.73; CI =.62-.86; p <.001) were protective whereas parental smoking (OR = 1.48; CI = 1.18-1.87; p <.01) was a risk factor for smoking. Relative to Latinos, parental monitoring (OR =.50; CI =.26-.95; p <.05) was more protective, and parental communication (OR = 2.44; CI = 1.15-5.17; p <.05) less protective for white adolescents. All parental characteristics were significantly associated with Latino/Hispanics smoking. Parental monitoring was significantly associated with Multiethnic and white smoking. No parenting characteristics were significant for Asians.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ethnic differences in parenting characteristics and adolescent smoking should be considered when designing prevention curriculum. Future research should investigate the nature of parent-child communication among Asian immigrant populations.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Promotion & Disease Prevention Research, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Alhambra, California, USA.
authors.forename: Sohaila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shakib
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mouttapa
authors.forename: C Anderson
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Anamara
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ritt-Olson
authors.forename: Dennis R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Trinidad
authors.forename: Peggy E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Gallaher
authors.forename: Jennifer B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Unger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000208:ethnology*; D001213:Asian / Q000523:psychology*; D002140:California; D002648:Child; D003142:Communication; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D016487:Parenting / Q000208:ethnology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000208:ethnology*; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology*