title: RanGTP mediates nuclear pore complex assembly.
abstract: In metazoa, the nuclear envelope breaks down and reforms during each cell cycle. Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), which serve as channels for transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm, assemble into the reforming nuclear envelope in a sequential process involving association of a subset of NPC proteins, nucleoporins, with chromatin followed by the formation of a closed nuclear envelope fenestrated by NPCs. How chromatin recruitment of nucleoporins and NPC assembly are regulated is unknown. Here we demonstrate that RanGTP production is required to dissociate nucleoporins Nup107, Nup153 and Nup358 from Importin beta, to target them to chromatin and to induce association between separate NPC subcomplexes. Additionally, either an excess of RanGTP or removal of Importin beta induces formation of NPC-containing membrane structures--annulate lamellae--both in vitro in the absence of chromatin and in vivo. Annulate lamellae formation is strongly and specifically inhibited by an excess of Importin beta. The data demonstrate that RanGTP triggers distinct steps of NPC assembly, and suggest a mechanism for the spatial restriction of NPC assembly to the surface of chromatin.
authors.affiliation: European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Tobias C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Walther
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Askjaer
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gentzel
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Habermann
authors.forename: Gareth
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wilm
authors.forename: Iain W
authors.initials: IW
authors.lastname: Mattaj
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hetzer
mesh_terms: D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D000818:Animals; D002457:Cell Extracts; D002843:Chromatin / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D022022:Nuclear Pore / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D028861:Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D009865:Oocytes; D010766:Phosphorylation; D021381:Protein Transport; D034622:RNA Interference; D013094:Spermatozoa; D014982:Xenopus laevis; D028961:beta Karyopherins / Q000378:metabolism; D020931:ran GTP-Binding Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002457:Cell Extracts; D002843:Chromatin; D028861:Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins; D028961:beta Karyopherins; D020931:ran GTP-Binding Protein