title: Natural killer cell activity and distant metastasis in rectal cancers treated surgically with and without neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We investigated whether impaired preoperative natural killer (NK) cell activity correlates with asynchronous distant metastasis after curative surgery for rectal cancers. In addition, we examined if preoperative chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancers impairs NK cell activity and contributes to the induction of distant metastasis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Preoperative NK cell activity was examined in 174 rectal cancer patients. All patients were enrolled in this study and followed until asynchronous distant metastasis occurred.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean NK activity in patients with stage IV disease (n = 20) was significantly lower than seen in other stages. There were no differences among stage I to stage III patients. In stage III patients, the cumulative distant metastasis-free rate after curative surgery was significantly lower in cases with NK activity of 25% or less than those with more than 25%. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy for stage I to III patients significantly impaired NK cell activity (n = 39), and the metastasis-positive ratio significantly increased among patients with stage II or stage III diseases (n = 30). Multivariate analysis indicated that dichotomized NK cell activity was a significant risk factor that is associated with distant metastasis as well as nodal involvement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In primary rectal cancers, NK cell activity is not necessarily impaired in accordance with the disease progression. It is considered an important background factor for developing asynchronous distant metastases in stage III rectal cancers. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy impaired NK cell activity in selected patients, suggesting the necessity of concurrent immunotherapy for better outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Keiji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Koda
authors.forename: Norio
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oda
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Seike
authors.forename: Eisuke
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.forename: Mitsuru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ishizuka
authors.forename: Nobuhiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Takiguchi
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miyazaki
mesh_terms: D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D003082:Colectomy; D006801:Humans; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology*; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy