title: Cross-cultural patterns in emotion recognition: highlighting design and analytical techniques.
abstract: This article highlights a range of design and analytical tools for studying the cross-cultural communication of emotion using forced-choice experimental designs. American, Indian, and Japanese participants judged facial expressions from all 3 cultures. A factorial experimental design is used, balanced n x n across cultures, to separate "absolute" cultural differences from "relational" effects characterizing the relationship between the emotion expressor and perceiver. Use of a response bias correction is illustrated for the tendency to endorse particular multiple-choice categories more often than others. Treating response bias also as an opportunity to gain insight into attributional style, the authors examined similarities and differences in response patterns across cultural groups. Finally, the authors examined patterns in the errors or confusions that participants make during emotion recognition and documented strong similarity across cultures.
authors.affiliation: Program in Organizational Behavior, Harvard Business School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02163, USA. hillary@post.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Hillary Anger
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Elfenbein
authors.forename: Manas K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Mandal
authors.forename: Nalini
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ambady
authors.forename: Susumu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Harizuka
authors.forename: Surender
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003142:Communication; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological; D004644:Emotions / Q000145:classification; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000523:psychology*; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007389:Internal-External Control; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D012938:Social Perception; D014481:United States