title: Clinical decision guidelines for NHS cosmetic surgery: analysis of current limitations and recommendations for future development.
abstract: Because of increasing demand for publicly funded elective cosmetic surgery, clinical decision guidelines have been developed to select those patients who should receive it. The aims of this study were to identify: the main characteristics of such guidelines; whether and how they influence clinical decision making; and ways in which they should be improved. UK health authorities were asked for their current guidelines for elective cosmetic surgery and, in a single plastic surgery unit, we examined the impact of its guidelines by observing consultations and interviewing surgeons and managers. Of 115 authorities approached, 32 reported using guidelines and provided sufficient information for analysis. Guidelines mostly concerned arbitrary sets of cosmetic procedures and lacked reference to an evidence base. They allowed surgery for specified anatomical, functional or symptomatic reasons, but these indications varied between guidelines. Most guidelines also permitted surgery 'exceptionally' for psychological reasons. The guidelines that were studied in detail did not appreciably influence surgeons' decisions, which reflected criteria that were not cited in the guidelines, including cost of the procedure and whether patients sought restoration or improvement of their appearance. Decision guidelines in this area have several limitations. Future guidelines should: include all cosmetic procedures; be informed by a broad range of evidence; and, arguably, include several nonclinical criteria that currently inform surgeons' decision-making.
authors.affiliation: St Helens and Knowsley Hospitals NHS Trust, Whiston Hospital, Prescot, Merseyside, UK.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rosser
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meah
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Salmon
mesh_terms: D003358:Cosmetics; D003657:Decision Making; D005544:Forecasting; D015276:Health Care Rationing / Q000379:methods*; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D018579:Patient Selection; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic / Q000592:standards*; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D013222:State Medicine; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D003358:Cosmetics