title: Balloon dilatation in children for oesophageal strictures other than those due to primary repair of oesophageal atresia, interposition or restrictive fundoplication.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Balloon dilatation of the oesophagus in children has been performed predominantly for treating strictures, which are the result of primary repair of oesophageal atresia, interposition surgery or restrictive Nissen's fundoplication. Reports of the use of this technique for alternative causes of stricture are few.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To report our experience and success with balloon dilatation of strictures due to caustic ingestion, achalasia, oesophagitis, congenital stenosis, and epidermolysis bullosa (EB) and to make comparisons with our treatment of patients with primary repair of oesophageal atresia (OA), as well as with reports in the English language literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of fluoroscopically guided balloon oesophageal dilatation procedures in 19 patients over a 5-year period, and comparison of those performed for OA repair complications with those due to other diseases. The average radiation dose, per procedure, was calculated by a medical physicist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten patients had strictures as a result of primary repair of OA. Three patients had stricture as a result of EB, two from achalasia, two from caustic injury, one due to an oesophageal web and one from reflux oesophagitis. Our results show that the technique can also be curative for the last group and that it may be used intermittently to alleviate symptoms in ongoing diseases. We have not experienced any complications and have also calculated that, even with prolonged use of multiple procedures, the radiation exposure is comparable to other radiological techniques.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with alternative causes for oesophageal stricture may be treated to resolution within 2 years using balloon dilatation. Ongoing diseases such as EB require ongoing dilatation, but balloon dilatation of strictures has been successful in alleviating swallowing difficulty. Patients with stricture from OA repair sometimes need ongoing dilatation. Radiation exposure for multiple procedures, over an extended period, is comparable to that from a single abdominal CT, and can be considered acceptable when repeat complex surgery is the alternative treatment option, or when ongoing incurable disease is the cause of the stricture.
authors.affiliation: Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fasulakis
authors.forename: Savvas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Andronikou
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002057:Burns, Chemical / Q000150:complications; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002404:Catheterization; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004820:Epidermolysis Bullosa / Q000150:complications; D004933:Esophageal Atresia / Q000601:surgery; D004940:Esophageal Stenosis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D004941:Esophagitis / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D019233:Retreatment; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors