title: An evaluation of irritant smoke to detect exhalation valve leakage in respirators.
abstract: This study evaluated the ability of a qualitative fit-test method (irritant smoke) to detect known exhalation valve leakage. The OSHA protocol for the irritant smoke test mandates the use of a low flow air pump at 200 mL/minute or an aspirator squeeze bulb. Many commercial test kits include an aspirator bulb, which is subject to variation in frequency, depth of squeeze, fatigue rate, and individual hand strength. Previous studies on irritant smoke used a handheld squeeze bulb. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a low flow pump for irritant smoke fit-testing. Twenty subjects wearing North 7600 series full-face respirators equipped with P100 filters were fit-tested with a Portacount Plus to ensure adequate fit. After successful fit was demonstrated, the exhalation valve was replaced with a damaged valve and/or rotated approximately 90 degrees to produce a fit factor below 100. Having induced an exhalation valve leak, the irritant smoke fit-test was performed using the OSHA irritant smoke protocol. To avoid introducing additional unknown leakage, all head movement exercises were replaced with the head straight, normal breathing maneuver. Irritant smoke did not detect 40 percent of respirators with leaking exhalation valves. Sixty percent of the subjects were able to detect the irritant smoke. Test sensitivity was 60 percent, well below the recommended 95 percent criterion. Of the 12 subjects that detected irritant smoke, none detected the smoke in less than a minute; the average detection time was 3 min 5 s. Some subjects were able to suppress the cough reflex. These findings suggest that qualitative fit-testing using irritant smoke with a 200 ml/min continuous flow pump does not have adequate sensitivity to detect fit factors less than 100.
authors.affiliation: University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Erin M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Snyder
authors.forename: Roy T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: McKay
mesh_terms: D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D007509:Irritants / Q000032:analysis*; D012906:Smoke; D014481:United States; D014489:United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration; D012122:Ventilators, Mechanical / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D007509:Irritants; D012906:Smoke