title: Mapping liquid distribution in absorbent incontinence products.
abstract: This paper reviews methods available for mapping the distribution of fluid in incontinence pad materials to assist with evaluating existing products and developing new ones, and to provide data for building and validating predictive models. Specifically, the following technologies are considered and their strengths and limitations described: discrete sensors based on conductance, temperature or optical measurements, optical imaging, gravimetric methods, X-ray imaging and magnetic resonance imaging. It is suggested that the ideal method would enable fluid distribution to be mapped in three dimensions with good spatial and time resolution in single materials and composite structures of simple and complex geometries under static and dynamic mechanical loading. It would also allow liquid to be mapped in products when worn by users. It is concluded that, although each existing method meets some of these requirements, and each requirement is met, at least reasonably well, by at least one method, improved techniques are needed. The particular need for methods that can provide some measurement of liquid saturation within absorbent products, both in the laboratory and in real use, is highlighted. In many cases, simple methods used appropriately are sufficient to elicit the important aspects of liquid transport and storage within absorbent products.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Landeryou
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Yerworth
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Cottenden
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D016496:Incontinence Pads; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000295:instrumentation*; D055095:Optics and Photonics / Q000295:instrumentation; D012212:Rheology / Q000295:instrumentation; D013817:Thermography / Q000295:instrumentation; D014159:Transducers; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000534:rehabilitation; D014556:Urine