title: [Evidence of lacrimal plugs via high resolution ultrasound].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The practical value of high-frequency ultrasound (transducer frequency of 20 MHz) for studying lacrimal plugs positioned into canaliculi was proved.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve patients with twenty intracanalicular plugs and two punctum plugs were examined via high-frequency B-scan ultrasonography using 20 MHz transducer (model I3 Sacramento, USA). Detection and localisation of the intracanalicular plugs was made by a 20 MHz sector scanner. The ultrasound examinations were performed 1 - 24 month after the placement of lacrimal plugs. After patient's head positioning, the high-frequency ultrasound investigation was done via immersion fluid (2 % methylcellulose).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients with dry eye treated by lacrimal plug implant showed echographic structure in the lacrimal canaliculus. In transversal echograms it was possible to image both canaliculi together when the lids were half-closed. Contrary to the normal state, it was not necessary to inject viscous fluid into the canaliculus. High-resolution ultrasound was able to differentiate the normal canaliculus from the findings after plug placement. The echograms can vary from one plug type to another. Highly reflective structures were found after the placement of silicone intracanalicular plugs, e. g. HERRICK-Plug. In contrast, the ultrasonic image taken through acrylic polymer intracanalicular plugs showed homogeneous small reflective inner structure, e. g. SMART-Plug. However, smooth and flat acoustic interface between acrylic polymer plug and the lacrimal canaliculus produced strong echoes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  20 MHz ultrasound seems to be well suited for the detection and localisation of intracanalicular plugs. By use of 20 MHz ultrasound scans it is possible to get high-quality images of the intracanalicular plug and around lacrimal canaliculus. Compared with UBM, the depth of penetration is much higher with negligible resolution. On the whole, we believe that 20 MHz ultrasound can become a useful tool for evaluating the placement of intracanalicular plugs after insertion.
authors.affiliation: Klinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde der Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald. Tost@uni-greifswald.de
authors.forename: Frank H W
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Tost
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Darman
mesh_terms: D015352:Dry Eye Syndromes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D007767:Lacrimal Duct Obstruction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D009301:Nasolacrimal Duct / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012826:Silicone Elastomers; D014159:Transducers; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D012826:Silicone Elastomers