title: Physical activity in middle school-aged children participating in a school-based recreation program.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The increasing incidence of obesity in children may be attributed in part to increased sedentary behavior, such as watching television, which leads to less energy expended in physical activity. We have theorized that by middle school, many children lack the physical skills or self-confidence to participate in competitive physical activities. Thus, we hypothesized that if we provided a summer and after-school program featuring noncompetitive, outdoor activities such as gardening and adventure education, we would observe increased physical activity relative to habitual physical activities at home.
  
  
  METHODS
  To test this hypothesis, 2 experiments were conducted. In the first, 4 children aged 12 years were evaluated while they participated in a summer recreation program for 2 hours and again while they watched a videotape. They wore a uniaxial accelerometer to assess physical movement, and we used a bicarbonate labeled with 13C tracer technique to assess energy expenditure. In a second experiment, we evaluated 8 children (aged 10-12 years) twice using uniaxial accelerometry only, once while they attended the after-school program for 2 hours and then during a similar period at home.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The first study showed that the estimated energy expenditure (kilocalories. kilograms-1. hours-1) was 60% increased during the program (mean +/- SD) (2.6 +/- 0.5) compared with watching a videotape (1.6 +/- 0.3) (P =.02). Physical movement (accelerations per minute) also was significantly increased (3959 +/- 896 vs 513 +/- 182) (P =.004). In the second experiment, movement was 95% increased during the program (4578 +/- 1004) compared with the behavior at home (2345 +/- 746) (P =.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that an organized, noncompetitive, leisure-time program can increase physical activity in children.
authors.affiliation: Children's Research Institute and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, USA. clkien@utmb.edu
authors.forename: C Lawrence
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Kien
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Chiodo
mesh_terms: D001944:Breath Tests; D002648:Child; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007899:Leisure Activities; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D009820:Ohio; D010806:Physical Education and Training / Q000379:methods*; D012572:School Health Services