title: Vascular endothelial growth factors C and D and lymphangiogenesis in gastrointestinal tract malignancy.
abstract: Vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) and VEGF-D are members of the VEGF family of cytokines and have angiogenic and lymphangiogenic actions. In gastric adenocarcinoma, VEGF-C mRNA and tissue protein expression correlate with lymphatic invasion, lymph node metastasis and in some reports, venous invasion and reduced 5-year survival. Patients with gastric adenocarcinomas containing high levels of VEGF-C expression have significantly reduced 5-year survival rates, and VEGF-C expression is an independent prognostic risk factor for death. The role of VEGF-C in oesophageal squamous and colorectal cancer and VEGF-D in colorectal cancer is not clear, with conflicting reports in the published literature. In order to exploit potential therapeutic applications, further research is necessary to define the precise roles of these cytokines in health and disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK. sarah.duff@christie-tr.nwest.nhs.uk
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Duff
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jeziorska
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sherlock
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: O'Dwyer
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Jayson
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008208:Lymphatic System / Q000473:pathology*; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000473:pathology*; D011379:Prognosis; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C; D042643:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor D
chemical_list: D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C; D042643:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor D