title: Evaluation of herd sampling for Salmonella isolation on midwest and northeast US dairy farms.
abstract: Epidemiologic investigations of Salmonella infections in dairy cattle often rely on testing fecal samples from individual animals or samples from other farm sources to determine herd infection status. The objectives of this project were to evaluate the effect of sampling frequency on Salmonella isolation and to compare Salmonella isolation and serogroup classification among sample sources on 12 US dairy farms sampled weekly for 7-8 weeks. Three herds per state were enrolled from Michigan, Minnesota, New York and Wisconsin based upon predefined herd-size criteria. Weekly samples were obtained from cattle, bulk tank milk, milk filters, water and feed sources and environmental sites. Samples were submitted to a central laboratory for isolation of Salmonella using standard laboratory procedures. The herd average number of cattle fecal samples collected ranged from 26 to 58 per week. Salmonella was isolated from 9.3% of 4049 fecal samples collected from cattle and 12.9% of 811 samples from other sources. Serogroup C1 was found in more than half of the samples and multiple serogroups were identified among isolates from the same samples and farms. The percentage of herd visits with at least one Salmonella isolate from cattle fecal samples increased with overall herd prevalence of fecal shedding. Only the three herds with an average fecal shedding prevalence of more than 15% had over 85% of weekly visits with at least one positive fecal sample. The prevalence of fecal shedding from different groups of cattle varied widely among herds showing that herds with infected cattle may be classified incorrectly if only one age group is tested. Testing environmental sample sources was more efficient for identifying infected premises than using individual cattle fecal samples.
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. ldw3@cornell.edu
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Warnick
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Kaneene
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Ruegg
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fossler
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Halbert
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Campbell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques / Q000592:standards / Q000662:veterinary*; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003612:Dairying; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D015146:Midwestern United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D008892:Milk / Q000382:microbiology; D009511:New England / Q000453:epidemiology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D012475:Salmonella / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012621:Seasons