title: Importance of jugular valve incompetence in contrast transcranial Doppler ultrasonography for the diagnosis of patent foramen ovale.
abstract: Transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasound with the intravenous injection of agitated saline as contrast (cTCD) is an effective method for detecting right-to-left intracardiac and extracardiac shunt (RLS); however, the sensitivity of cTCD in the diagnosis of RLS remains slightly less than that of transesophageal echocardiography, even in patients with adequate transtemporal ultrasonic bone windows. The authors present a case with cTCD underestimating RLS because of jugular valve incompetence in a 42-year-old man presenting with an episode of transient aphasia. Three weeks after transcatheter closure of a patent foramen ovale associated with an atrial septal aneurysm, he experienced 2 episodes of amaurosis fugax. Following a negative 45-minute embolus detection study with power M-mode TCD, the patient underwent a cTCD study with monitoring of the left middle cerebral artery (MCA), the anterior cerebral artery, and the submandibular extracranial internal carotid artery. A single microbubble (MB) was detected in the left MCA in only 1 of 5 studies; the remaining runs all failed to detect an RLS. Significant MB reflux was noted in the left internal jugular vein because of jugular valve incompetence. The authors conclude that incompetence of the jugular vein valve can result in a false negative cTCD study for RLS detection.
authors.affiliation: Stroke Service, Neurology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114.
authors.forename: M Akif
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Topçuoglu
authors.forename: Ferdinando S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Buonanno
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D020757:Amaurosis Fugax / Q000209:etiology; D001037:Aphasia / Q000209:etiology; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D020766:Intracranial Embolism / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D007601:Jugular Veins / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial