title: Seminal vesicle involvement after radical prostatectomy: predicting risk factors for progression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate and study the factors for progression after radical prostatectomy with seminal vesicle invasion in a cohort of European and American patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data of 137 patients with isolated seminal vesicle invasion who underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy between 1988 and 2001 were analyzed. The Gleason score of the specimen, presence of capsular invasion, and surgical margin status were noted. Follow-up data were obtained through routine serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) assays and digital rectal examinations. A defining criterion for progression was a postoperative serum PSA level greater than 0.2 ng/mL or any postoperative radiotherapy or hormonal treatment. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to determine the actuarial biochemical recurrence-free likelihood, and the log-rank test was used to compare these results. Differences were considered statistically significant when the P value was less than 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After a mean follow-up of 4.9 years (range 0.9 to 13.4), 70 patients (51.9%) had progression. The biochemical 5-year progression-free survival rate was 33.8%. In univariate and multivariate analyses, only preoperative PSA level (P = 0.001) and Gleason score of the specimen (P = 0.01) were independent predictors of progression. Neither capsular invasion nor positive surgical margins predicted progression. When an analysis was performed according to the major Gleason grade of the radical prostatectomy specimen, Gleason grade 5 was associated with a worse prognosis compared with Gleason grade 3 and 4 (P = 0.01). The mean time to progression was 20.5, 17.1, and 10.1 months for Gleason grade 3, 4, and 5, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Seminal vesicle invasion after radical prostatectomy has historically been associated with a poor prognosis. However, in the present study, seminal vesicle invasion was associated with a 34% rate of freedom from progression at 5 years after surgery alone. Preoperative PSA and Gleason score of the radical prostatectomy specimen were independent factors for progression in the present study, which described the largest patient group to date. The Gleason grade of the radical prostatectomy specimen distinguished among different times to progression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA.
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Salomon
authors.forename: Aristotelis G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Anastasiadis
authors.forename: Christopher W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: McKiernan
authors.forename: Erik T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Goluboff
authors.forename: Claude C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Abbou
authors.forename: Carl A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Olsson
authors.forename: Mitchell C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Benson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000175:diagnosis; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D010173:Palpation; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000379:methods*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012669:Seminal Vesicles / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen