title: Learning to control brain rhythms: making a brain-computer interface possible.
abstract: The ability to control electroencephalographic rhythms and to map those changes to the actuation of mechanical devices provides the basis for an assistive brain-computer interface (BCI). In this study, we investigate the ability of subjects to manipulate the sensorimotor mu rhythm (8-12-Hz oscillations recorded over the motor cortex) in the context of a rich visual representation of the feedback signal. Four subjects were trained for approximately 10 h over the course of five weeks to produce similar or differential mu activity over the two hemispheres in order to control left or right movement in a three-dimensional video game. Analysis of the data showed a steep learning curve for producing differential mu activity during the first six training sessions and leveling off during the final four sessions. In contrast, similar mu activity was easily obtained and maintained throughout all the training sessions. The results suggest that an intentional BCI based on a binary signal is possible. During a realistic, interactive, and motivationally engaging task, subjects learned to control levels of mu activity faster when it involves similar activity in both hemispheres. This suggests that while individual control of each hemisphere is possible, it requires more learning time.
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Science Department 0515, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. pineda@cogsci.ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Jaime A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Pineda
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Silverman
authors.forename: Andrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vankov
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hestenes
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology / Q000379:methods*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D013003:Somatosensory Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D014584:User-Computer Interface