title: Features of chronic inflammation at the gastric cardia and the relationship with Helicobacter pylori infection and oesophagitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The etiopathogenesis of chronic inflammation at the gastric cardia is still debated. It is suggested that carditis may be a finding of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) or it may occur as a result of the gastritis caused by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine morphological features of carditis, as well as the associations of carditis with Helicobacter pylori gastritis and oesophagitis as a marker of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Endoscopic biopsy specimens obtained systematically from oesophagus, cardia, corpus and antrum of 135 dyspeptic patients were retrospectively evaluated. In biopsies, we have searched for any correlations between clinical, endoscopic, and histological features.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Carditis was detected in 123 (91.1%) of the cases. The mean age of the carditis group was 47.9 years and the male-to-female ratio was 1.08:1. The relation of carditis with age and sex was not significant (p = 0.19 and p = 0.24, respectively). All cases of the carditis group had concomitant chronic gastritis. In these cases, chronic inflammation, degree of neutrophil-mediated activity and H. pylori colonisation were significantly correlated in cardia, corpus and antrum (p < 0.001). Intestinal metaplasia was observed in 14 cases (11.3%) and, was associated with H. pylori colonisation (p < 0.001). Microscopic oesophagitis detected in 37.7% cases also showed correlation with reflux symptoms and endoscopic oesophagitis but not carditis. When all cases with carditis were evaluated for H. pylori infection and oesophagitis, which are presumed risk factors for carditis, H. pylori infection appeared to be an independent risk factor for carditis (p = 0.012), while oesophagitis did not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that carditis is commonly found in patients presenting with dyspepsia and the histological features of carditis were similar to those seen in H. pylori gastritis in antrum and corpus. In addition, our data have also shown that carditis was significantly associated with H. pylori infection but not with symptoms or signs of GORD.
authors.affiliation: Celal Bayar University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Manisa, Turkey. ayhan@egenet.com.tr
authors.forename: Semin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ayhan
authors.forename: Mehmet Akif
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Demir
authors.forename: Ali Riza
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Kandiloglu
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saruc
authors.forename: Nurten
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kucukmetin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002299:Cardia / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004415:Dyspepsia / Q000209:etiology; D004941:Esophagitis / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005756:Gastritis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000150:complications*; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000382:microbiology; D016480:Helicobacter pylori; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies