title: Case-control study of cleft lip or palate after maternal use of topical corticosteroids during pregnancy.
abstract: A case-control survey of 48 children with nonsyndromic cleft lip or palate showed a significant increase in prevalence of maternal use of topical corticosteroid preparations in the first trimester of pregnancy, compared to 58 controls born in the same hospital; the odds ratio was 13.154, 95% confidence interval 1.67-586, P = 0.0049 on Fisher's exact two-tail test. The results were statistically significant although the wide confidence interval reflected the small sample size. Although older epidemiological studies have not detected any association between systemic corticosteroid treatment and the combined incidence of all congenital malformations, experimental studies over several decades have shown that maternal corticosteroid exposure in several species of animals is specifically associated with oral clefts. This association has been confirmed by more specific case-control surveys where the cases were children with cleft lip or palate and the exposure was maternal systemic corticosteroid treatment in the first trimester. Only one previous survey also analyzed topical corticosteroids, and it demonstrated an increased odds ratio for cleft lip or palate. A national survey of children with cleft palate will be necessary to evaluate the results of this pilot study.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia. matthew.edwards@hunter.health.nsw.gov.au
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Kingsley
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Agho
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Attia
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Diaz
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Illingworth
authors.forename: Laurence G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Roddick
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000139:chemically induced*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000139:chemically induced*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones