title: Differentiation among basal cell carcinoma, benign lesions, and normal skin using electric impedance.
abstract: This paper presents a preliminary study showing the diagnostic potential of electrical impedance to detect basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Electrical impedance was measured in vivo from 1 kHz to 1 MHz on 24 human subjects over BCC (19 lesions), over benign tumors (11 lesions), and over normal skin (all 24 patients). Lesions ranged from 2-15 mm in diameter. Indexes based on the magnitude (MIX), phase (PIX), real-part (RIX) and imaginary-part (IMIX) of impedance were calculated for each measurement. Significant differences were found between measurements over BCC, benign lesions and normal skin for indexes MIX, PIX, and IMIX (P = 0.04 to P = 7 x 10(-7)). Indexes were generally smaller for measurements of BCC than for benign lesions or normal skin. Differences were not a result of differences in the patient's age or the measurement location. The large size of our measurement electrode (10 mm) probably limited our ability to differentiate lesions because significant amounts of normal skin were included in each lesion measurement. A linear regression fit of data with tumor size suggests that a smaller probe or more sophisticated analysis techniques may improve differentiation. Results suggest that electrical impedance could be used to provide rapid and noninvasive differentiation of BCC from similar looking benign lesions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Missouri-Rolla, 126 Emerson Electric Company Hall, Rolla, MO 65409, USA. daryl@ece.umr.edu
authors.forename: Daryl G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Beetner
authors.forename: Sanat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kapoor
authors.forename: Shivappa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Manjunath
authors.forename: Xiangyang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: William V
authors.initials: WV
authors.lastname: Stoecker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002280:Basal Cell Carcinoma / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D017097:Electric Impedance; D004566:Electrodes; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012867:Skin / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology