title: Changes in motor cortical excitability induced by paired associative stimulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Changes in afferent input have been shown to be capable of inducing reorganisations of motor cortex in humans. Using TCMS we examined the efficacy of a new associative afferent stimulation paradigm in inducing motor cortical reorganisation in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using TCMS, stimulus response curves were constructed before and following a 1 h period of associative stimulation of two muscles motor points. The effect of an asynchronous peripheral stimulation paradigm was investigated in a separate series of control experiments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hour of associative stimulation of two muscles motor points resulted in a significant increase in the excitability of the corticospinal projection to those stimulated muscles. The increase in excitability peaked 1 h following the stimulation period. This increase in excitability did not generalise to either adjacent or more remote muscles. The control stimulation paradigm produced no significant change in corticospinal excitability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results confirm the importance of associative input for the induction of plasticity in the human motor cortex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings reported here further elucidate the role of afferent input in motor cortical reorganisation. These findings have implications for our understanding of the mechanisms of motor learning and may also be relevant to the design of new afferent stimulation therapies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia. michael.ridding@adelaide.edu.au
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Ridding
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Uy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000344:Afferent Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004056:Differential Threshold; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D004576:Electromyography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008280:Magnetics; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors; D034941:Upper Extremity