title: Expression of the cytolethal distending toxin in a geographically diverse collection of Haemophilus ducreyi clinical isolates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To screen a collection of isolates of Haemophilus ducreyi for expression of the cytolethal distending toxin (CDT).
  
  
  METHODS
  45 clinical isolates of H ducreyi were screened for cytotoxic activity by examining the effect of culture supernatants on Hela cells. Expression was confirmed using immunoblotting with CDT specific monoclonal antibodies and the presence of the cdt genes determined by amplification of the cdt genes in a multiplex polymerase chain assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 45 clinical isolates, six isolates from differing geographical origins did not demonstrate cytotoxic activity. Expression of CDT was also not detected in these six isolates using immunoblotting and the genes cdtA, cdtB, and cdtC were not amplified using PCR. The remaining isolates demonstrated cytotoxic activity, expressed the CDT proteins, and the presence of the cdt genes was confirmed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CDT is considered a virulence factor of H ducreyi but was found to be absent in 13% of isolates from different geographical origins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, UK.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Ison
mesh_terms: D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000378:metabolism*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002602:Chancroid / Q000378:metabolism*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006191:Haemophilus ducreyi / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; C467199:CDT1 protein, human; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C067044:cytolethal distending toxin