title: The human genome has 49 cytochrome c pseudogenes, including a relic of a primordial gene that still functions in mouse.
abstract: Using a computational approach, we have identified 49 cytochrome c (cyc) pseudogenes in the human genome. Analysis of these provides a detailed description of the molecular evolution of the cyc gene. Almost all of the pseudogenes are full-length, and we have concluded that they mostly originated from independent retrotransposition events (i.e. they are processed). Based on phylogenetic analysis and detailed sequence comparison, we have further divided these pseudogenes into two groups. The first, consisting of four young pseudogenes that were dated to be between 27 and 34 Myr old, originated from a gene almost identical to the modern human cyc gene. The second group of pseudogenes is much older and appears to have descended from ancient genes similar to modern rodent cyc genes. Thus, our results support the observation that accelerated evolution in cyc sequence had occurred in the primate lineage. The oldest pseudogene in the second group, dated to be over 80 Myr old, resembles the testis-specific cyc gene in modern rodents. It is likely that the mammalian ancestor had both the somatic and the testis-specific cyc genes. While the testis-specific gene is still functional in modern rodents, the human has lost it, retaining only a pseudogene in its place. Thus, our study may have identified a pseudogene that is a dead relic of a gene that has completely died off in the human lineage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520-8114, USA.
authors.forename: Zhaolei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gerstein
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D003574:Cytochrome c Group / Q000235:genetics*; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D018628:Gene Dosage; D015894:Genome, Human; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D011544:Pseudogenes / Q000235:genetics*; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
chemical_list: D003574:Cytochrome c Group; D004247:DNA