title: The cost-effectiveness of syndromic management in pharmacies in Lima, Peru.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many people with sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in Lima, Peru, seek treatment in pharmacies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goal was to assess the cost-effectiveness of training pharmacy workers in syndromic management of STDs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cost-effectiveness from both the program and societal perspectives was determined on the basis of study costs, societal costs (cost of medicine), and the number of cases adequately managed. The latter was calculated from estimated incidence, proportion of symptomatic patients, proportion seeking treatment in pharmacies, and proportion of cases adequately managed in both comparison and intervention districts. Univariate and multivariate sensitivity analyses were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Under base-case assumptions, from the societal perspective the intervention saved an estimated US$1.51 per case adequately managed; from the program perspective, it cost an estimated US$3.67 per case adequately managed. In the sensitivity analyses, the proportion of females with vaginal discharge or pelvic inflammatory disease who seek treatment in pharmacies had the greatest impact on the estimated cost-effectiveness, along with the medication costs under the societal perspective.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Training pharmacists in syndromic management of STDs appears to be cost-effective when only program costs are used and cost-saving from the societal perspective. Our methods provide a template for assessing the cost-effectiveness of managing STD syndromes, on the basis of indirect estimates of effectiveness.
authors.affiliation: Modelling and Economics Unit, Health Protection Agency, Communicable Disease Surveillance Center, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom. Elisabeth.Adams@hpa.org.uk
authors.forename: Elisabeth J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: Patricia J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: Geoffrey P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Garnett
authors.forename: W John
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Edmunds
authors.forename: King K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Holmes
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004512:Education, Pharmacy / Q000191:economics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D018803:Models, Economic; D010568:Peru / Q000453:epidemiology; D010594:Pharmacies / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology; D013577:Syndrome
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents