title: Late-life depression is associated with arterial stiffness: a population-based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether arterial stiffness is associated with depression in the elderly.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  In Ommoord, a suburb of Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three thousand seven hundred four subjects of the Rotterdam Study aged 60 and older.
  
  
  METHODS
  Arterial stiffness was assessed using the distensibility of the carotid artery and the carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity. All participants were screened for depressive symptoms with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale. Those with depressive symptoms had a psychiatric evaluation to establish a diagnosis of depressive disorders according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants with increased arterial stiffness were more likely to have depressive symptoms. Odds ratios (ORs) for depressive symptoms were 1.24 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.01-1.52) per standard deviation decrease in carotid distensibility and 1.17 (95% CI = 1.00-1.38) per standard deviation increase in aortic pulse wave velocity. The association was stronger for depressive disorders meeting DSM-IV criteria (OR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.03-2.03; OR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.16-1.90, respectively). Control for atherosclerosis, as measured by the ankle-to-brachial index or presence of plaques in the carotid artery, did not change the associations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows an association between arterial stiffness and depression in the elderly. The findings are compatible with the vascular depression hypothesis. These data suggest that arterial stiffness may partly cause the proposed relationship between vascular factors and depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology Biostatistics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Henning
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tiemeier
authors.forename: Monique M B
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Breteler
authors.forename: Nicole M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: van Popele
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hofman
authors.forename: Jacqueline C M
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Witteman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011673:Pulsatile Flow