title: Learning to overeat: maternal use of restrictive feeding practices promotes girls' eating in the absence of hunger.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Experimental findings causally link restrictive child-feeding practices to overeating in children. However, longitudinal data are needed to determine the extent to which restrictive feeding practices promote overeating.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our objectives were to determine whether restrictive feeding practices foster girls' eating in the absence of hunger (EAH) and whether girls' weight status moderates the effects of restrictive feeding practices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal data were used to create a study design featuring 2 maternal restriction factors (low and high), 2 weight-status factors (nonoverweight and overweight), and 3 time factors (ages 5, 7, and 9 y).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean EAH increased significantly (P < 0.0001) from 5 to 9 y of age. Higher levels of restriction at 5 y of age predicted higher EAH at 7 y of age (P < 0.001) and at 9 y of age (P < 0.01). Girls who were already overweight at 5 y of age and who received higher levels of restriction had the highest EAH scores at 9 y of age (P < 0.05) and the greatest increases in EAH from 5 to 9 y of age (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The developmental increase in EAH from 5 to 9 y of age may be especially problematic in obesigenic environments. These longitudinal data provide evidence that maternal restriction can promote overeating. Girls who are already overweight at 5 y of age may be genetically predisposed to be especially responsive to environmental cues. These findings are not expected to be generalized to boys or to other racial and ethnic groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA. llb15@psu.edu
authors.forename: Leann L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Birch
authors.forename: Jennifer Orlet
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Kirsten Krahnstoever
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Davison
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006815:Hunger; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009034:Mother-Child Relations