title: p-Coumaroylnoradrenaline, a novel plant metabolite implicated in tomato defense against pathogens.
abstract: The Avr9 peptide elicitor from the fungus Cladosporium fulvum, the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato carrying the avirulence gene avrPto (Pst (avrPto)), and the organophosphorous insecticide fenitrothion induce resistance-related responses in tomato lines carrying the Cf-9, Pto, and Fen genes, respectively. These responses were associated with synthesis of p-coumaroyloctopamine and p-coumaroylnoradrenaline, a novel compound for plants. In susceptible near isogenic tomato lines (Cf-0, pto, fen) and wounded tomato leaves, the levels of these compounds were reduced or undetectable. The elevated levels of p-coumaroyloctopamine and p-coumaroylnoradrenaline were accompanied by elevated mRNA levels of genes encoding phenylalanine ammonia lyase, p-coumarate CoA ligase, and hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:tyramine N-(hydroxycinnamoyl)transferase (THT), enzymes that are involved in the hydroxycinnamic acid amide biosynthesis. Southern hybridization indicated that THT is encoded by a multigene family in tomato. Four different THT full-length cDNAs were derived by reverse transcriptase-PCR using degenerate primers based on potato and tobacco THT sequences. Transcripts for all four homologs were present in unchallenged tomato leaves, but only tomTHT1-3 was highly expressed following challenge with Pst (avrPto). Furthermore, tomTHT1-3 showed a more substantial and rapid induction in the incompatible interaction than in the compatible interaction. The cDNAs tomTHT1-3, tomTHT7-1, and tomTHT7-8 encoded proteins with a high degree of amino acid sequence homology, although the recombinant proteins had different preferences for octopamine and noradrenaline. The fourth cDNA, tomTHT1-4, directed synthesis of a truncated enzymatically inactive protein due to the presence of a premature stop codon.
authors.affiliation: Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom. vonroep@ipb-halle.de
authors.forename: Edda
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Von Roepenack-Lahaye
authors.forename: Mari-Anne
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schornack
authors.forename: Kim E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Hammond-Kosack
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lahaye
authors.forename: Jonathan D G
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Daniels
authors.forename: J Maxwell
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Dow
mesh_terms: D000217:Acyltransferases / Q000494:pharmacology; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D015139:Blotting, Southern; D002963:Cladosporium / Q000472:pathogenicity; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D018388:Codon, Terminator; D003066:Coenzyme A Ligases / Q000378:metabolism; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000378:metabolism; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000378:metabolism; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000378:metabolism*; D008956:Models, Chemical; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000378:metabolism; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: C479745:4-coumaroylnoradrenaline; D018388:Codon, Terminator; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D010940:Plant Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D000217:Acyltransferases; C108168:hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA-tyramine N-(hydroxycinnamoyl)transferase; D003066:Coenzyme A Ligases; C019943:4-coumarate-CoA ligase; D009638:Norepinephrine