title: Survey of abuse and violence by patients and relatives towards intensive care staff.
abstract: A postal survey of senior nurses in intensive care units in England and Wales was conducted. The aim was to ascertain the frequency of abusive and violent behaviour by patients and relatives towards intensive care staff, discover the perceived causes, effects and documentation of such behaviour and define the current and proposed security arrangements for intensive care units. Response rate was 94%. During the study period, verbal abuse of nurses by patients and by relatives occurred in 87% and 74% of intensive care units, respectively. The relevant figures for doctors were 65% and 59%, respectively. Nurses experienced physical abuse by patients and by relatives in at least 77% and 17% of intensive care units, respectively (doctors 38% and 8%). Illness was the main perceived cause of offences by patients whereas 'distress' (45%), alcohol (24%), sociopathic behaviour (27%) were the main putative causes amongst relatives. Whilst 43% of intensive care units have no security system at the door, staff awareness, training and communication skills may be the principle tools in reducing the frequency and consequences of violent and abusive behaviour. This survey probably underestimates the problem.
authors.affiliation: Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Cosham, Portsmouth, Hants, PO6 3LY, UK.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Appelboam
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: McQuillan
mesh_terms: D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008505:Medical Staff, Hospital / Q000523:psychology; D009723:Nurse-Patient Relations; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000523:psychology; D016272:Occupational Health; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D011368:Professional-Family Relations; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D012307:Risk Factors; D012637:Security Measures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014754:Violence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014789:Visitors to Patients / Q000523:psychology*; D014852:Wales / Q000453:epidemiology