Observing emotion in infants: facial expression, body behavior, and rater judgments of responses to an expectancy-violating event.
Eleven-month-old European-American, Japanese, and Chinese infants (ns = 23, 21, and 15, respectively) were videotaped during baseline and stimulus episodes of a covert toy-switch procedure. Infants looked longer at the object during the expectancy-violating event (stimulus episode) but did not produce more surprise-related facial expressions. American and Japanese infants produced more bodily stilling during stimulus than baseline, and American infants also produced more facial sobering. Naive raters viewing both episodes could correctly identify the expectancy-violating event. Rater judgments of surprise were significantly related to infants' bodily stilling and facial sobering. Judgments of interest were related to cessation of fussing. Thus, observer judgments of infant emotions can be systematically related to behaviors other than prototypic emotional facial expressions.
Camras
Linda A
LA
Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois 60614-3504, USA. lcamras@depaul.edu
Meng
Zhaolan
Z
Ujiie
Tatsuo
T
Dharamsi
Shamez
S
Miyake
Kazuo
K
Oster
Harriet
H
Wang
Lei
L
Cruz
Jennifer
J
Murdoch
Amy
A
Campos
Joseph
J
D001288:Attention; D002681:China; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D004644:Emotions; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D009633:Nonverbal Communication; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual; D002666:Psychology, Child; D013216:Reflex, Startle; D012718:Set, Psychology; D014481:United States