title: Circulating levels of ghrelin in human fetuses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ghrelin is a GH secretagog isolated recently from rat stomach and involved in the stimulation of food intake and adiposity in rodents and humans. Moreover, subsequent studies showed that ghrelin is expressed in rat and human placenta, suggesting a possible influence of the peptide on fetal growth. The aim of this study was to evaluate circulating levels of ghrelin in appropriate for gestational age (AGA) or intrauterine growth-restricted (IUGR) fetuses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ghrelin levels between 20 and 39 weeks of gestation were measured in 16 AGA and nine IUGR fetuses in whom blood was collected by cordocentesis performed for prenatal diagnosis of different diseases or during elective cesarean section. In most samples, GH, cortisol and leptin levels were also evaluated. Results are expressed as means+/-S.D. Differences were tested using the Student's t-test with Welch correction. P<0.05 was considered significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All fetuses showed levels of ghrelin in the umbilical venous blood (100+/-99 pmol/l) that did not correlate with the gestational age or the maternal ghrelin levels. No difference was found between umbilical venous and arterial concentrations, suggesting that fetal tIssues are a source of ghrelin. Ghrelin levels in IUGR fetuses were significantly higher than those found in AGA fetuses (176+/-125 vs 58+/-44 pmol/l; P<0.005). Moreover, in samples obtained at birth, ghrelin concentrations correlated negatively with birth weight (P<0.05). In IUGR fetuses, GH and cortisol concentrations were higher and leptin levels lower than in AGA fetuses, although no significant correlation between these parameters and ghrelin levels was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of ghrelin in the fetal circulation as well as its increase in IUGR fetuses suggest a role of this peptide during intrauterine development.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Endocrine Sciences, Ospedale Maggiore IRCCS, University of Milan, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Donatella
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cortelazzi
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cappiello
authors.forename: Paola S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Morpurgo
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ronzoni
authors.forename: Maria S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Nobile De Santis
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cetin
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Beck-Peccoz
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Spada
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002585:Cesarean Section; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000378:metabolism; D020567:Fetal Weight / Q000502:physiology; D005333:Fetus / Q000378:metabolism*; D005865:Gestational Age; D054439:Ghrelin; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D036361:Peptide Hormones / Q000378:metabolism*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012727:Sex Characteristics
chemical_list: D054439:Ghrelin; D020738:Leptin; D036361:Peptide Hormones; D019382:Human Growth Hormone; D006854:Hydrocortisone