title: Adverse effects of sedatives in children.
abstract: The application of sedation/analgesia in paediatric patients is rapidly expanding as less invasive, non-operative techniques of diagnosis and treatment are applied to the paediatric population. Medical providers who are asked to provide sedation may include radiologists, paediatricians, nurses and emergency physicians, as well as anaesthesiologists and intensive care physicians. At the same time, the range of drugs used in these settings has expanded considerably. As there is no single drug fulfilling the criteria for the ideal sedative (rapid-onset, rapid recovery, no adverse effects, immobility appropriate to procedure being performed), multiple drugs may be used in combination. It is imperative that practitioners using drugs for sedation/analgesia in children be aware of the adverse effect profile(s) of these drugs, both individually and in combination. The purpose of this review is to describe the adverse effects of sedative and reversal agents currently used in paediatric sedation/analgesia.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, 9th Floor Main, 34th and Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. maxwell@E-mail.chop.edu
authors.forename: Lynne G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Maxwell
authors.forename: Joseph D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Tobias
authors.forename: Joseph P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Cravero
authors.forename: Shobha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Malviya
mesh_terms: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia / Q000009:adverse effects; D000698:Analgesia / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D000758:Anesthesia / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D018681:Anesthetics, General / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D018681:Anesthetics, General; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives