title: Combination drug therapy and mild hypothermia after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We have recently demonstrated that pretreatment with magnesium (calcium and glutamate antagonist) and tirilazad (antioxidant) in combination with intraischemic mild hypothermia (33 degrees C) (MTH) offers superior neuroprotective efficacy in a rat model of focal transient cerebral ischemia. In the present study, we investigated the time window of this treatment strategy with a posttreatment regimen to define its role for stroke patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We subjected 48 Sprague-Dawley rats to 90 minutes of middle cerebral artery occlusion by an intraluminal filament. Bilateral regional cerebral blood flow was continuously recorded by laser Doppler flowmetry. Combination therapy with MTH was started at 0, 1, 3, and 5 hours after induction of ischemia. Drugs were given in 1-hour intervals, and hypothermia was maintained for 2 hours. Neurological deficits were assessed daily. Infarct size was planimetrically determined on postoperative day 7.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Combination therapy with MTH significantly reduced infarct volume compared with normothermic controls by -74%, -49%, and -45% when applied at 0, 1, and 3 hours after induction of ischemia. Furthermore, these treatment groups showed less neurological deficits on postischemic days 1 and 2 (P<0.05). Onset of treatment 5 hours after middle cerebral artery occlusion failed to significantly reduce infarct formation and neurological deficits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The therapeutic window of the new combination therapy is at least 3 hours after onset of ischemia, comparable to that of moderate hypothermia (30 degrees C), a grade of hypothermia associated with higher risks of severe side effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Klinikum Grosshadern, Munich, Germany. Stefan.Zausinger@nc.med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zausinger
authors.forename: Karsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schöller
authors.forename: Nikolaus
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Plesnila
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schmid-Elsaesser
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000187:drug effects; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry; D015636:Magnesium Chloride / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011281:Pregnatrienes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001786:Blood Glucose; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D011281:Pregnatrienes; D015636:Magnesium Chloride; C053355:tirilazad