title: Rate-dependent slow conduction velocity in the cavo-tricuspid isthmus and septum in patients with atrial flutter.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate and compare the effects of heart rate on conduction velocity in the cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI) and septum in patients with and without typical atrial flutter (AF) using electro-anatomic mapping (EAM) of the right atrium (RA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten patients (age 53+/-10 yrs, 7M/3F) with AF and 13 patients (age 51+/-11 yrs, 5M/8F) with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) underwent conventional electrophysiological study, electro-anatomic mapping and radiofrequency ablation. Using EAMs obtained during coronary sinus pacing at pacing cycle length (PCL) 600 ms, 400 ms, and 300 ms, we evaluated conduction velocities in the CTI and septum of RA in 10 patients with AF and compared EAMs to 13 patients with AVNRT to determine whether the conduction slowing required to maintain AFL was related to changes in volume alone or altered RA electrophysiology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Conduction velocities in CTI and septum were significantly slower at all PCL when AF was compared to AVNRT (*P<0.05). Additionally, in the AF group, septal conduction velocities were slower at PCL 600 ms and 400 ms, but not at 300 ms compared to CTI (*P<0.05). In AF, during PCL 300, conduction in CTI slowed significantly compared to PCL 600 and 400 ms such that there was no difference between CTI and septum at PCL 300.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is slower conduction in the septum compared to the CTI in all patients. However, in patients with AF, there is significant slowing of conduction in the CTI and septum as well as decremental rate-dependent slowing of conduction in the CTI. These findings indicate that in addition to RA enlargement, changes in atrial electrophysiology distinguish AF patients from patients with AVNRT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Pihua
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Nancy L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Radtke
authors.forename: Tony W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.forename: Wesley K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Haisty
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001282:Atrial Flutter / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000503:physiopathology; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013611:Tachycardia, Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry / Q000503:physiopathology; D014261:Tricuspid Valve / Q000503:physiopathology