title: Nanoinjection as a tool to mimic vertical transmission of Flavobacterium psychrophilum in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss.
abstract: Newly fertilised eggs of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were nanoinjected with Flavobacterium psychrophilum in order to mimic vertical transmission. Two bacterial isolates with different elastin-degrading capacity were used. All infected groups (10, 100 and 1000 colony forming units egg(-1)) showed significantly higher cumulative mortalities than the control groups at the end of the experiment, 70 d post-hatching. The total mortalities in the control groups were below 2.5%. In the high-dose groups, 95 to 100% of the eggs died during the eyed stage. In the intermediate group infected with the elastin-negative isolate, the major mortality occurred during the eyed stage of the egg, with a total cumulative mortality of 83% at the end of the experiment. In the intermediate group infected with the elastin-positive isolate, a total mortality of 63% was recorded. In this group, diseased fry showed clinical signs of disease and morphological changes similar to those described in connection with rainbow trout fry syndrome (RTFS) shortly after the beginning of feeding. In the low dose groups, the mortality in the elastin-negative group was 14% and in the elastin-positive group 11%. The bacterium was isolated from dead eggs and fry in infected groups and demonstrated in internal organs of dead and moribund fry by immunohistochemistry. The nanoinjection method used in this study may be a useful method to study pathogens, like F. psychrophilum, that can be vertically transmitted.
authors.affiliation: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Pathology, PO Box 7028, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden. elisabet.ekman@pat.slu.se
authors.forename: Elisabet
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ekman
authors.forename: Gun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Akerman
authors.forename: Lennart
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Balk
authors.forename: Leif
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Norrgren
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial / Q000662:veterinary; D004549:Elastin / Q000378:metabolism; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000635:transmission*; D005417:Flavobacterium / Q000472:pathogenicity; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000662:veterinary; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000662:veterinary*; D007668:Kidney / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D008099:Liver / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss / Q000382:microbiology*; D010063:Ovum / Q000382:microbiology; D013154:Spleen / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D004549:Elastin