title: Improved kinematics of unrestrained arm raising in C5-C6 tetraplegic subjects after deltoid-to-triceps transfer.
abstract: METHODS
  Prospective comparative study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether control of upper limb joint synergy during unrestrained arm raising involving shoulder and elbow flexion is modified by deltoid-to-triceps transfer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rehabilitation unit for spinal cord injury patients, France.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five C6 subjects with C5-C6 tetraplegia sustained posterior deltoid-to-triceps transfer and were compared to a control group of 11 subjects. Kinematics of shoulder and elbow joints before, 6 month and 1 year after surgery, during straight-arm raising (SAR) in the plane of the scapula and hand-to-nape-of-neck movements (HNNMs) were explored. Motion was recorded with a six-camera Vicon motion analysis system and the data used to assess the coupling of elbow and shoulder flexion velocities (EFVs and SFVs) and extension velocities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All subjects were initially assessed at 6.9 months (mean) postsurgery. Three of the upper limbs were assessed a second time (mean 17.9 months). The first assessment showed an increase in shoulder flexion amplitudes in tetraplegic subjects with presurgery shoulder flexion deficits. Peak SFVs and EFVs and extension velocities were slightly modified at the first postsurgery assessment and dramatically improved at the second assessment during both SAR and HNNM. Despite these increased velocities, joint coordination was only partially restored.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A restored elbow active extension improves the speed of elbow flexion. The additional improvement of shoulder motion emphasises the relation between joints in the control of arm movement.
authors.affiliation: Unité des blessés médullaires, Centre Calve, Groupe Hopale, Berck sur mer, France.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Remy-Neris
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Milcamps
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chikhi-Keromest
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thevenon
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bouttens
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bouilland
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000293:injuries* / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000379:methods; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric