title: Determinants of aflatoxin exposure in young children from Benin and Togo, West Africa: the critical role of weaning.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dietary exposure to high levels of the fungal toxin, aflatoxin, occurs in West Africa, where long-term crop storage facilitates fungal growth.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a cross-sectional study in Benin and Togo to investigate aflatoxin exposure in children around the time of weaning and correlated these data with food consumption, socioeconomic status, agro-ecological zone of residence, and anthropometric measures. Blood samples from 479 children (age 9 months to 5 years) from 16 villages in four agro-ecological zones were assayed for aflatoxin-albumin adducts (AF-alb) as a measure of recent past (2-3 months) exposure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Aflatoxin-albumin adducts were detected in 475/479 (99%) children (geometric mean 32.8 pg/mg, 95% CI: 25.3-42.5). Adduct levels varied markedly across agro-ecological zones with mean levels being approximately four times higher in the central than in the northern region. The AF-alb level increased with age up to 3 years, and within the 1-3 year age group was significantly (P = 0.0001) related to weaning status; weaned children had approximately twofold higher mean AF-alb adduct levels (38 pg AF-lysine equivalents per mg of albumin [pg/mg]) than those receiving a mixture of breast milk and solid foods after adjustment for age, sex, agro-ecological zone, and socioeconomic status. A higher frequency of maize consumption, but not groundnut consumption, by the child in the preceding week was correlated with higher AF-alb adduct level. We previously reported that the prevalence of stunted growth (height for age Z-score HAZ) and being underweight (weight for age Z-score WAZ) were 33% and 29% respectively by World Health Organziation criteria. Children in these two categories had 30-40% higher mean AF-alb levels than the remainder of the children and strong dose- response relationships were observed between AF-alb levels and the extent of stunting and being underweight.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure to this common toxic contaminant of West African food increases markedly following weaning and exposure early in life is associated with reduced growth. These observations reinforce the need for aflatoxin exposure intervention strategies within high-risk countries, possibly targeted specifically at foods used in the post-weaning period.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Epidemiology and Health Services Research, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: Y Y
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Egal
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hounsa
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: K F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Cardwell
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Wild
mesh_terms: D000348:Aflatoxins / Q000097:blood; D010367:Arachis; D001541:Benin; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003906:Developing Countries; D004032:Diet; D005519:Food Preservation; D006130:Growth Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D014037:Togo; D014886:Weaning; D003313:Zea mays; D000096702:Aflatoxin Poisoning
chemical_list: D000348:Aflatoxins