title: Effect of spurt duration on the heat transfer dynamics during cryogen spray cooling.
abstract: Although cryogen spray cooling (CSC) is used to minimize the risk of epidermal damage during laser dermatologic surgery, optimization of the current cooling approach is needed to permit the safe use of higher light doses, which should improve the therapeutic outcome in many patients. The objective of this study was to measure the effect of spurt duration (delta t) on the heat transfer dynamics during CSC using a model skin phantom. A fast-response temperature sensor was constructed to record the changes in surface temperature during CSC. Temperature measurements as a function of delta t at two nozzle-to-skin distances (z = 50 and 20 mm) were performed. The average surface heat fluxes (q) and heat transfer coefficients (h) for each delta t were computed using an inverse heat conduction problem algorithm. It was observed that q undergoes a marked dynamic variation during the entire delta t, with a maximum heat flux (qc) occurring early in the spurt (5-15 ms), followed by a quick decrease. The estimated qc vary from 450 to 600 kW m(-2), corresponding to h maxima of 10 and 17-22 kW m(-2) K(-1) for z = 50 and 20 mm, respectively. For z = 50 mm, spurts longer than 40 ms do not increase the total heat removal (Q) within the first 200 ms. However, for z = 20 mm, delta t longer than 100 ms are required to achieve the same Q. It is shown that the heat transfer dynamics and the time it takes to reach qc during CSC can be understood through classic boiling theory as a transition from transient to nucleate boiling. Based on the results of this model skin phantom, it is shown that spurts longer than 40 ms have a negligible impact on both q and Q within clinically relevant cooling times (10-100 ms).
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. gaguilar@bli.uci.edu
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Aguilar
authors.forename: Guo-Xiang
authors.initials: GX
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: J Stuart
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Nelson
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000335:Aerosol Propellants / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000465:Algorithms; D005617:Chlorofluorocarbons, Methane / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003080:Cold Temperature; D003198:Computer Simulation; D017679:Cryotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004735:Energy Transfer / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008954:Models, Biological; D012881:Skin Temperature / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013814:Thermal Conductivity; D013817:Thermography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004980:Ethane / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D005466:Fluorocarbons
chemical_list: D000335:Aerosol Propellants; D005617:Chlorofluorocarbons, Methane; D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated; C063006:norflurane; D004980:Ethane; D005466:Fluorocarbons