title: Echocardiographic evaluation of wheelchair-bound basketball players.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiopulmonary function in sedentary men whose lower limbs have been immobilized for years has been shown to be markedly lower than normal. However, the cardiopulmonary function of paraplegics who regularly activate their upper limps and trunk has been suggested to be almost normal in a few studies. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the left ventricular dimensions, left ventricular mass, systolic and diastolic function in adolescent wheelchair-bound basketball players using echocardio-graphy, and to compare the results with those of sedentary adolescents unable to use their lower extremities and the results of able bodied controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study group consisted of 22 male adolescent high school students who were unable to use their lower extremities: 11 were members of a high school basketball team who had been regularly playing basketball for at least 2 years, and 11 were sedentary adolescents none of whom was engaged in any kind of routine training program. The control group consisted of 11 healthy able-bodied male adolescents of similar age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences in left ventricular dimensions and wall thickness, aortic root, left atrium diameters, or left ventricular filling characteristics between the three groups. Wheelchair-bound basketball players had increased left ventricular ejection fraction and shortening fraction compared with the sedentary unable-bodied individuals. Although left ventricular ejection fractions were significantly lower than in normal adolescents, all ejection fraction values except one were within the normal limits in the unable-bodied basketball players.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the present study suggest that an upper extremity exercise program and sports such as basketball can improve the cardiac functions and additional echocardiographic functions of people unable to use their lower extremities, potentially to normal levels.
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine and Sport Physiotherapy Unit, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey. ktevfik@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Tevfik
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Karagoz
authors.forename: Sema
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ozer
authors.forename: Volga
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bayrakci
authors.forename: Nevin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ergun
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001490:Basketball / Q000502:physiology*; D004452:Echocardiography; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D014910:Wheelchairs