title: Temporospatial expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor during mandibular distraction osteogenesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Distraction osteogenesis is a vascular-dependent process. This study investigated expression patterns of two major angiogenic factors, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), in the distracted calluses following mandibular lengthening in a goat model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bilateral mandibular osteotomies were performed in 15 young adult goats. After a latency of 7 days, the mandibles were elongated using custom-made distractors with a rate of 1 mm/day for 10 days. Three animals each were sacrificed at the end of the delay phase, at 0, 7, 14, and 28 days after completion of distraction, respectively. The lengthened mandibles were harvested and processed for histological and immunohistochemical examinations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Elevated cellular expression of VEGF and bFGF, with neovascularization in the distraction gap, was observed following mandibular lengthening. VEGF staining was noted in the endothelial cells and osteoblasts. bFGF staining was seen in the fibroblast-like cells, osteoblasts and immature osteocytes. Their strongest expression was found 0-7 days after the end of distraction, and declined with maturation of the newly formed bone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A temporal and spatial expression pattern of VEGF and bFGF was found during distraction osteogenesis in goat mandibles. It suggests that distraction forces can stimulate the production of VEGF and bFGF, which contribute to neovascularization and new bone formation during gradual distraction of the mandible. Application of angiogenic factors may be considered as a potential method to enhance angiogenesis and osteogenesis in osteodistraction, especially in sites without enough vascularization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. doctorhu@sc.homeway.com.cn
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Shujuan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: Jihua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Dazhang
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Zhanwei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000473:pathology; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000032:analysis*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000473:pathology; D006041:Goats; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D023421:Models, Animal; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000502:physiology; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000473:pathology; D010011:Osteocytes / Q000473:pathology; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D019857:Osteogenesis, Distraction; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000032:analysis*; D013997:Time Factors; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D020033:Protein Isoforms; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2