title: Ionic remodeling of sinoatrial node cells by heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In animal models of heart failure (HF), heart rate decreases as the result of an increase in intrinsic cycle length of the sinoatrial node (SAN). In this study, we evaluate the HF-induced remodeling of membrane potentials and currents in SAN cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SAN cells were isolated from control rabbits and rabbits with volume and pressure overload-induced HF and patch-clamped to measure their electrophysiological properties. HF cells were not hypertrophied (capacitance, mean+/-SEM, 52+/-3 versus 50+/-4 pF in control). HF increased intrinsic cycle length by 15% and decreased diastolic depolarization rate by 30%, whereas other action potential parameters were unaltered. In HF, the hyperpolarization-activated "pacemaker" current (If) and slow component of the delayed rectifier current (IKs) were reduced by 40% and 20%, respectively, without changes in voltage dependence or kinetics. T-type and L-type calcium current, rapid and ultrarapid delayed rectifier current, transient outward currents, and sodium-calcium exchange current were unaltered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In single SAN cells of rabbits with HF, intrinsic cycle length is increased as the result of a decreased diastolic depolarization rate rather than a change in action potential duration. HF reduced both If and IKs density. Since IKs plays a limited role in pacemaker activity, the HF-induced decrease in heart rate is attributable to remodeling of If.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. A.O.Verkerk@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: Arie O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Verkerk
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wilders
authors.forename: Ruben
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Coronel
authors.forename: Jan H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Ravesloot
authors.forename: E Etienne
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Verheijck
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000818:Animals; D001683:Biological Clocks; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type / Q000378:metabolism; D020747:Calcium Channels, T-Type / Q000378:metabolism; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D002469:Cell Separation; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000378:metabolism*; D017136:Ion Transport; D008297:Male; D008564:Membrane Potentials; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D011188:Potassium / Q000378:metabolism; D011817:Rabbits; D012849:Sinoatrial Node / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type; D020747:Calcium Channels, T-Type; D007473:Ion Channels; D012964:Sodium; D011188:Potassium; D002118:Calcium