title: Risk factors for early-onset group B streptococcal disease in neonates: a population-based case-control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infection with group B streptococcus (GBS) is a major cause of neonatal illness and death. We examined the antenatal and perinatal risk factors for early-onset GBS disease among neonates.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified cases by population-based surveillance in all microbiology laboratories serving Alberta. A case was defined as any instance of a positive sterile-site GBS culture in an infant born between 1993 and 1997 who was either less than 7 days old or stillborn after 20 weeks' gestation. We randomly selected controls from a computer-compiled list of all hospital births, including stillbirths after 20 weeks' gestation, in Alberta during the study period. To increase power, we chose 5 or 6 control infants born in the same year as each case infant. We reviewed hospital, prenatal clinic and physician health records and, between 1997 and 1999, conducted maternal interviews by telephone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no differences between the 90 cases and 489 controls in sociodemographic variables or in many reproductive and behavioural variables. Case infants were more likely than control infants to be of low birth weight (odds ratio [OR] 3.60, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.68-7.65), to have been delivered preterm (OR 3.89, 95% CI 2.08-7.27), or to have a mother with amnionitis (OR 15.03, 95% CI 5.58-41.89), intrapartum fever (OR 4.65, 95% CI 2.48-8.69) or premature rupture of the membranes (OR 2.39, 95% CI 1.38-4.14). After adjustment for potential confounders, intrauterine fetal monitoring was associated with a more than 2-fold increase in the risk of neonatal GBS disease (OR 2.24, 95% CI 1.22-4.13).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intrauterine fetal monitoring should be added to the list of risk factors in risk-based screening. Since many of the cases had no identifiable maternal risk factors, universal screening for GBS may be appropriate.
authors.affiliation: Child Health Research Unit, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alta.
authors.forename: Carol Elaine
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Adair
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kowalsky
authors.forename: Harvey
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Quon
authors.forename: Doreen
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Jayson
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stoffman
authors.forename: Allison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McGeer
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mucenski
authors.forename: H Dele
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Davies
mesh_terms: D000416:Alberta / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013292:Streptococcus agalactiae