title: The effect of indwelling endoprosthesis on stone size or fragmentation after long-term treatment with biliary stenting for large stones.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endoscopic biliary stenting is often used for large or difficult common bile duct (CBD) stones, but the effect of indwelling endoprosthesis on size or fragmentation of stones after long-term treatment with biliary stenting has not been formally established. We compared the stone size or fragmentation of common bile duct stones after a long period of biliary stenting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Endoscopic biliary endoprosthesis was performed for 49 high-risk patients with CBD stones too large or difficult to be extracted by conventional endoscopic means. Bile duct drainage was established in all the patients without complications. Of the patients, 24 died with endoprosthesis in situ all from causes unrelated to biliar disease; 22 underwent a second and three patients a third attempt at stone extraction. The largest stone diameter was >12 mm in all patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 11 of 25 patients (44%) the endoprosthesis allowed resolution of the problem of unextractable common bile duct stones. Four patients showed no existence of stent, and ERCP complete stone clearance from the CBD on programmized appointment after endoprosthesis insertion. Reduced size or fragmentation of stones was obtained in seven patients, and the stones could be removed endoscopically. The remaining 14 patients demonstrated no significant change in the size or fragmentation of their stones, and endoprostheses were replaced.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that endoscopic endoprosthesis for large or difficult CBD stones is an effective method to clear the duct in selected cases, as well as an important definitive treatment in high-risk patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endoscopy and Motility Unit, Central Hospital, Ethnikis Aminis 41, TK 546 35 Thessaloniki, Greece. pantso@the.forthnet.gr
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Katsinelos
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Galanis
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pilpilidis
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Paroutoglou
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tsolkas
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Papaziogas
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dimiropoulos
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kamperis
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Katsiba
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kalomenopoulou
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Papagiannis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling / Q000009:adverse effects; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D002761:Cholangitis / Q000209:etiology; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D042882:Gallstones / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007565:Jaundice / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology; D016717:Sphincterotomy, Endoscopic; D015607:Stents / Q000009:adverse effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome