title: Finger interactions studied with transcranial magnetic stimulation during multi-finger force production tasks.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to investigate interactions among neuromuscular complexes involved in force production by individual fingers of a hand during single- and multi-finger tasks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were asked to press with the fingertips at various levels of force using different finger combinations. TMS was applied over the M1 cortical hand area during constant force production. TMS-induced increments in fingertip forces were analyzed, as well as motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in flexor digitorum superficialis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both MEP size and individual force increments had inverted U-shaped dependences on the background force (peak responses were seen at about 50% of the maximal force). Similar relationships were obtained when subjects were asked to produce different forces with the same finger combination or the same total force with different finger combinations. The relationships were similar when the force was produced by explicitly instructed fingers or by other fingers of the hand. Effects of TMS on the force of a finger showed a strong dependence on the background force produced by this finger and minimal or no dependence on forces produced by other fingers of the hand.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, TMS applied over M1 revealed little interaction among fingers. This supports the notion of digit-specific compartments in multi-digit extrinsic muscles of the hand and suggests that these compartments possess a high degree of physiological independence.
authors.affiliation: Mouvement et Perception, CNRS, Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France. danion@laps.univ-mrs.fr
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Danion
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Latash
authors.forename: Sheng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D004576:Electromyography; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers / Q000502:physiology*; D007839:Functional Laterality; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D009469:Neuromuscular Junction / Q000502:physiology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation