title: Semi-quantitative analysis of indigo by surface enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy (SERRS) using silver colloids.
abstract: In this paper we report for the first time semi-quantitative analysis of indigo using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and surface enhance resonance Raman spectroscopy (SERRS). Indigo, a dye widely used today in the textile industry, has been used, historically, both as a dye and as a pigment; the latter in both paintings and in printed material. The molecule is uncharged and largely insoluble in most solvents. The application of SERS/SERRS to the semi-quantitative analysis of indigo has been examined using aggregated citrate-reduced silver colloids with appropriate modifications to experimental protocols to both obtain and maximise SERRS signal intensities. Good linear correlations are observed for the dependence of the intensities of the SERRS band at 1151 cm(-1) using laser exciting wavelengths of 514.5 nm (R=0.9985) and 632.8 nm (R=0.9963) on the indigo concentration over the range 10(-7)-10(-5) and 10(-8)-10(-5) mol dm(-3), respectively. Band intensities were normalised against an internal standard (silver sol band at 243 cm(-1)). Resonance Raman spectra (RRS) of aqueous solutions of indigo could not be collected because of its low solubility and the presence of strong fluorescence. It was, however, possible to obtain RS and RRS spectra of the solid at each laser excitation wavelength. The limits of detection (L.O.D.) of indigo by SERS and SERRS using 514.5 and 632.8 nm were 9 ppm at both exciting wavelengths. Signal enhancement by SERS and SERRS was highly pH dependent due to the formation of singly protonated and possibly doubly protonated forms of the molecule at acidic pH. The SERS and SERRS data provide evidence to suggest that an excess of monolayer coverage of the dye at the surface of silver colloids is observed at concentrations greater than 7.85x10(-6) mol dm(-3) for each exciting wavelength. The data reported herein also strongly suggest the presence of multiple species of the indigo molecule.
authors.affiliation: Vibrational Spectroscopy Centre, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, University of Greenwich, Pembroke, Chatham Maritime Campus, Chatham, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK.
authors.forename: I T
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Shadi
authors.forename: B Z
authors.initials: BZ
authors.lastname: Chowdhry
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Snowden
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Withnall
mesh_terms: D003102:Colloids; D007203:Indigo Carmine; D007211:Indoles / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D018030:Silver Compounds; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman
chemical_list: D003102:Colloids; D007211:Indoles; D018030:Silver Compounds; D007203:Indigo Carmine