title: The human genome contains many types of chimeric retrogenes generated through in vivo RNA recombination.
abstract: L1 retrotransposons play an important role in mammalian genome shaping. In particular, they can transduce their 3'-flanking regions to new genomic loci or produce pseudogenes or retrotranscripts through reverse transcription of different kinds of cellular RNAs. Recently, we found in the human genome an unusual family of chimeric retrotranscripts composed of full-sized copies of U6 small nuclear RNAs fused at their 3' termini with 5'-truncated, 3'-poly(A)-tailed L1s. The chimeras were flanked by 11-21 bp long direct repeats, and contained near their 5' ends T2A4 hexanucleotide motifs, preferably recognized by L1 nicking endonuclease. These features suggest that the chimeras were formed using the L1 integration machinery. Here we report the identification of 81 chimeras consisting of fused DNA copies of different RNAs, including mRNAs of known human genes. Based on their structural features, the chimeras were subdivided into nine distinct families. 5' Parts of the chimeras usually originated from different nuclear RNAs, whereas their 3' parts represented cytoplasmic RNAs: mRNAs, including L1 mRNA and Alu RNA. Some of these chimeric retrotranscripts are expressed in a variety of human tissues. These findings suggest that RNA-RNA recombination during L1 reverse transcription followed by the integration of the recombinants into the host genome is a general event in genome evolution.
authors.affiliation: Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117871, Russia. anton@humgen.siobc.ras.ru
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Buzdin
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gogvadze
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kovalskaya
authors.forename: Pavel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Volchkov
authors.forename: Svetlana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ustyugova
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Illarionova
authors.forename: Alexey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fushan
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vinogradova
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sverdlov
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D030561:Databases, Nucleic Acid; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D015894:Genome, Human; D006801:Humans; D008957:Models, Genetic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011323:Primates; D011544:Pseudogenes; D012313:RNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D018626:Retroelements; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D018626:Retroelements; D012313:RNA