title: Tumor growth retardation, cure, and induction of antitumor immunity in B16 melanoma-bearing mice by low electric field-enhanced chemotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The exposure of cells in vitro to trains of low voltage-pulsed electric fields in the range of 20-100 V/cm was previously shown to induce an efficient uptake of macromolecules with molecular weight in the range of M(r) 300-2,000,000 via an endocytic-like process. This study examines the antitumor effectiveness of treatment based on similar exposure of solid tumors in mice to low electric fields (LEFs) in the presence of chemotherapeutic agents.
  
  
  METHODS
  LEF was applied to approximately 5 mm in diameter (60-70 mm(3)) s.c. B16-F10.9 melanoma tumors by percutaneously placed electrodes after intratumoral injection of either cis-platinum(II) diamminedichloride, Taxol, 5-fluorouracil, or bleomycin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant eradication of primary tumors, prolongation of survival, and complete cure of some of the C57Bl/6 mice from both primary tumors and metastases were achieved using this technique with cis-platinum(II) diamminedichloride, bleomycin, and Taxol (13.5, 8, and 26% cure rate, respectively). Mice cured by LEF-enhanced chemotherapy and challenged with a tumorigenic dose of B16-F10.9 cells lived significantly longer than first time inoculated ones, and 23.5% of the challenged mice did not develop tumors at all. Spleen cells from the cured mice that were inoculated together with B16-F10.9 cells inhibited the primary tumor growth in intact mice. Histological analysis of tumor sections of LEF-enhanced chemotherapy-treated mice revealed multiple necrotic areas, apoptosis, and massive infiltrates of T lymphocytes and macrophages. Low voltage electrochemotherapy with Taxol was shown to be more effective than surgical removal of the tumor with Taxol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that LEF-enhanced chemotherapy is an effective treatment of animals bearing metastatic melanoma.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Human Microbiology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Entin
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Plotnikov
authors.forename: Rafi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Korenstein
authors.forename: Yona
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Keisari
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001761:Bleomycin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002455:Cell Division; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D008546:Melanoma, Experimental; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D017239:Paclitaxel / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012313:RNA / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D001761:Bleomycin; D012313:RNA; D017239:Paclitaxel; D002945:Cisplatin