title: Carbohydrate supplementation and exercise-induced changes in T-lymphocyte function.
abstract: Carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion during exercise has been shown to reduce perturbations in immune cell numbers and function, possibly through a reduction in the cortisol response to exercise. We have previously observed that exercise decreases T-lymphocyte responses to mitogen via an increase in cell death of both CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes (Green KJ and Rowbottom DG. J Appl Physiol. 95: 57-63, 2003). This study tested the hypothesis that CHO ingestion rather than placebo (Pl) would result in an attenuation of the cortisol response to exercise and a reduction of the exercise-associated alterations in cell death. Six well-trained cyclists completed two exercise trials consisting of 2.5 h of cycling at 85% of individual ventilatory threshold. In a random order, trials were completed under either CHO (6% CHO solution, 3.2 g CHO/kg body wt total) or Pl conditions. Blood samples were collected before exercise, midexercise (after 60 min of exercise), immediately after exercise, and after 60 min of recovery. T-lymphocyte responses to mitogen were determined by using carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester fluorescent cell division tracking and expansion rates, and cell death rates were calculated for each sample as well as mitosis rates for each cell generation. Cellular expansion of T lymphocytes was decreased after exercise in Pl only. The reduction in cellular expansion was related to an increase in cell death of both CD4 and CD8 cells in culture rather than a decrease in the ability of cells to undergo mitosis. CHO ingestion compared with Pl was associated with no reductions in cellular expansion or increases in cell death. CHO ingestion during exercise acted to reduce the impairment of T-lymphocyte function by decreasing cell death within mitogen-stimulated cell cultures; however, the mechanism of action appears to be independent of cortisol.
authors.affiliation: School of Human Movement Studies, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove 4057, Australia. kateG@qimr.edu.au
authors.forename: Katherine J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Susan J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Croaker
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Rowbottom
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001642:Bicycling / Q000502:physiology; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002469:Cell Separation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005080:Exercise Test; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D008938:Mitosis / Q000502:physiology; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D006854:Hydrocortisone