title: Mindfulness-based stress reduction in relation to quality of life, mood, symptoms of stress, and immune parameters in breast and prostate cancer outpatients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the relationships between a mindfulness-based stress reduction meditation program for early stage breast and prostate cancer patients and quality of life, mood states, stress symptoms, lymphocyte counts, and cytokine production.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-nine patients with breast cancer and 10 with prostate cancer participated in an 8-week MBSR program that incorporated relaxation, meditation, gentle yoga, and daily home practice. Demographic and health behavior variables, quality of life (EORTC QLQ C-30), mood (POMS), stress (SOSI), and counts of NK, NKT, B, T total, T helper, and T cytotoxic cells, as well as NK and T cell production of TNF, IFN-gamma, IL-4, and IL-10 were assessed pre- and postintervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-nine and 42 patients were assessed pre- and postintervention, respectively. Significant improvements were seen in overall quality of life, symptoms of stress, and sleep quality. Although there were no significant changes in the overall number of lymphocytes or cell subsets, T cell production of IL-4 increased and IFN-gamma decreased, whereas NK cell production of IL-10 decreased. These results are consistent with a shift in immune profile from one associated with depressive symptoms to a more normal profile.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MBSR participation was associated with enhanced quality of life and decreased stress symptoms in breast and prostate cancer patients. This study is also the first to show changes in cancer-related cytokine production associated with program participation.
authors.affiliation: Department Psychosocial Resources, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. lcarlso@ucalgary.ca
authors.forename: Linda E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Speca
authors.forename: Kamala D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Eileen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Goodey
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology / Q000523:psychology*; D000339:Affect; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology / Q000523:psychology*; D002110:Caffeine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology / Q000523:psychology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018655:Lymphocyte Count; D008297:Male; D019122:Meditation; D008875:Middle Aged; D015213:Neuroimmunomodulation; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology / Q000523:psychology*; D011788:Quality of Life; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015013:Yoga
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D002110:Caffeine