title: Upregulation of lymphotoxin beta expression in liver progenitor (oval) cells in chronic hepatitis C.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bipotent liver progenitor (oval) cells with the ability to differentiate into hepatocytes and biliary epithelium have recently been identified in human subjects with hepatitis C. Animal studies suggest that members of the tumour necrosis factor family, including lymphotoxin beta (LT-beta), regulate oval cell proliferation in liver disease, but its role in human liver disease is unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study seeks to establish a role for LT-beta in hepatitis C related liver injury and to provide evidence that its increased expression is related to the presence of oval cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Liver biopsy specimens were obtained from patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection (n=20). Control liver samples (n=5) were obtained from liver resection or transplant surgery. LT-beta expression in liver biopsy specimens was studied using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LT-beta mRNA levels were similar in control and HCV liver in the absence of fibrosis. In subjects with portal fibrosis, LT-beta mRNA levels were elevated 2.2-fold over control liver levels (p=0.04). In subjects with bridging fibrosis, LT-beta mRNA levels increased 4.4-fold over control liver levels (p=0.02). LT-beta mRNA levels in subjects with established cirrhosis were increased 3.3-fold compared with controls and 2.6-fold compared with mild liver damage (p=0.02). Immunohistochemical analysis established that LT-beta was expressed by oval cells, inflammatory cells, and small portal hepatocytes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In chronic HCV infection, LT-beta expression is observed in multiple hepatic cell types, including oval cells. LT-beta expression is significantly increased when fibrosis or cirrhosis is present, suggesting a role for LT-beta in the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis C and a possible role in oval cell mediated liver regeneration.
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia.
authors.forename: K N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Lowes
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Croager
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Abraham
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Olynyk
authors.forename: G C T
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Yeoh
mesh_terms: D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008233:Lymphotoxin-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D008233:Lymphotoxin-alpha; D012333:RNA, Messenger