title: Doxorubicin-derived metabolites induce release of cytochrome C and inhibition of respiration on cardiac isolated mitochondria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The generation of doxorubicin metabolites other than semiquinone free radicals and mitochondrial dysfunction have been implicated in doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity. This study examines pro-apoptotic mechanisms in isolated rat cardiac mitochondria exposed to DOX-derived cardiac metabolites i.e. doxorubicinol, doxorubicin aglycone and doxorubicinol aglycone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Freshly isolated mitochondria were incubated in the presence of doxorubicin and its derivatives and the released cytochrome c was detected by Western blotting analysis. Oxygen consumption was measured with a Clark-type oxygen electrode and mitochondrial transmembrane potential (delta psi) was measured in a fluorometer in the presence of a fluorescent probe.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The data obtained show that exposure of isolated mitochondria to the drugs determines a significant release of cytochrome c and a slight decrease in the mitochondrial transmembrane potential (delta psi). These effects are more evident when the experiments are performed in the presence of the aglycone derivatives. Moreover, an inhibition of the respiratory chain at the level of complex I is evidenced in the drug-treated mitochondria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data obtained are consistent with the proposal that doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity may be partially exerted by the induction of programmed cell death, both directly and even more through its derived metabolites.
authors.affiliation: Institute Chimica del riconoscimento Molecolare (CNR), Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy. e.clementi@uniserv.ccr.rm.cnr.it
authors.forename: Maria Elisabetta
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Clementi
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Giardina
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Di Stasio
authors.forename: Alvaro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mordente
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Misiti
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D019405:Cytochrome P-450 CYP11B2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005470:Fluorometry; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D008929:Mitochondria, Heart / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D004317:Doxorubicin; D019405:Cytochrome P-450 CYP11B2