title: Leukocytosis, hypoalbuminemia, and the risk for chronic kidney disease in US adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Atherosclerosis and chronic kidney disease (CKD) share several common antecedents. However, the association between inflammatory markers and incident CKD is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined risk for incident CKD, defined by treatment for kidney failure or death related to kidney disease, in 9,250 US adults aged 30 to 74 years who participated in the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II), a nationally representative prospective cohort study with 17 years of follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjusting for age, race, sex, blood pressure, smoking, and body mass index, there was a graded positive association with increasing total white blood cell (WBC) count and risk for CKD (P for trend < 0.001; relative hazard (RH) highest versus lowest quartile, 2.34; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.30 to 4.19). This association remained statistically significant after adjusting further for the presence of diabetes and cardiovascular disease at baseline (RH, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.11 to 3.65). A similarly strong and graded association with incident CKD was observed for hypoalbuminemia after adjusting for age, race, sex, blood pressure, smoking, and body mass index (P for trend = 0.02; RH lowest versus highest quartile, 1.91; 95% CI, 0.89 to 4.07) and additionally adjusting for the presence of diabetes and cardiovascular disease at baseline (P for trend = 0.02; RH lowest versus highest, 2.05; 95% CI, 0.96 to 4.39).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a nationally representative sample of US adults, elevated WBC count and hypoalbuminemia were associated with future risk for CKD. These results support the hypothesis that systemic inflammation is an independent risk factor for CKD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. terlinge@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Thomas P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Erlinger
authors.forename: Michelle E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Tarver-Carr
authors.forename: Neil R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Powe
authors.forename: Lawrence J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Appel
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Coresh
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Eberhardt
authors.forename: Frederick L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Brancati
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D015415:Biomarkers; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D034141:Hypoalbuminemia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007964:Leukocytosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers