title: Measurements of HIV viral loads from different levels of the respiratory tract.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The lung is a common site of disease in HIV infection. Virus has been detected in BAL fluid (BALF) and saliva. However, the relationship between viral loads detected at different levels of the respiratory tract is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured simultaneous HIV viral loads in parotid saliva (PS), bronchial fluid (BF), BALF, and plasma by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in 20 HIV-infected individuals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HIV was detected in 53% of BALF samples, 15% of BF samples, 5% of PS samples, and 88% of plasma samples. Viral loads in plasma and BALF samples were positively correlated. There were significantly higher levels of HIV viral load in both plasma and BALF in subjects with CD4 counts of < 200 cells/ microL compared to those with higher counts. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) was associated with lower BALF and plasma viral loads, and the effect in BALF was independent of the plasma viral load. Interestingly, smoking also was associated with lower levels of both BAL and BF viral loads, independent of the plasma viral load.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate that while HIV can be detected in the respiratory tract, the viral load is influenced by both local factors (ie, level of the respiratory tree and cigarette smoking) and systemic factors (ie, ART and peripheral CD4 count).
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Ponlatham
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chaiyarit
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Day
authors.forename: Yana
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Carol T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Schnizlein-Bick
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Gregory
authors.forename: Homer L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Twigg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000821:virology*; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D010949:Plasma / Q000821:virology*; D012137:Respiratory System / Q000821:virology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012463:Saliva / Q000821:virology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D019562:Viral Load