title: High prevalence of potentially hepatotoxic herbal supplement use in patients with fulminant hepatic failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The use of potentially hepatotoxic herbal and dietary supplements is highly prevalent in the fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) patient population at our institution, and this subgroup of patients has a worse prognosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case series. Settings An adult tertiary care university hospital and a Veterans Affairs hospital in Oregon.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients referred to the liver transplantation service for FHF from January 2001 through October 2002 (N = 20). We defined FHF as onset of encephalopathy within 8 weeks of onset of jaundice in the absence of preexisting liver disease. All patients underwent investigation for potential causes of liver injury. Potentially hepatotoxic supplements were defined as those with previously published reports of hepatic injury related to their use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten patients (50%) were recent or active users of potentially hepatotoxic supplements or herbs; 10 had no history of supplement use. In the supplement group, 7 patients (35%) had no other identified cause for hepatic failure. Six patients in the supplement group and 2 patients in the nonsupplement group underwent orthotopic liver transplantation. Five patients in each group died. There were no significant differences in transplantation rate (P =.07) or survival (P>.99) between groups. Supplement use alone accounted for the most cases of FHF during this period, exceeding acetaminophen toxicity and viral hepatitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Herbal and dietary supplements were potential hepatotoxins in a high proportion of patients with FHF at our institution. Enhanced public awareness of the potential hepatotoxicity of these commonly used agents and increased regulatory oversight of their use is strongly urged.
authors.affiliation: Division of Liver/Pancreas Transplantation, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97201, USA.
authors.forename: Jason D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Estes
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stolpman
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Olyaei
authors.forename: Christopher L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Corless
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ham
authors.forename: Jonathan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Susan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Orloff
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001572:Benzofurans; D001578:Benzopyrans / Q000633:toxicity; D002110:Caffeine / Q000633:toxicity; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000633:toxicity*; D004104:Diiodothyronines / Q000633:toxicity; D004338:Drug Combinations; D029790:Ephedra sinica / Q000633:toxicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020901:Kava / Q000633:toxicity; D032442:Larrea / Q000633:toxicity; D017093:Liver Failure / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010665:Phenylpropanolamine / Q000633:toxicity; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000633:toxicity*; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015016:Yohimbine / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D001572:Benzofurans; D001578:Benzopyrans; D004104:Diiodothyronines; D004338:Drug Combinations; D028321:Plant Preparations; C453460:lipokinetix; D015016:Yohimbine; D010665:Phenylpropanolamine; D002110:Caffeine