title: Targeting single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the 18S rRNA gene to differentiate Cyclospora species from Eimeria species by multiplex PCR.
abstract: Cyclospora cayetanensis is a coccidian parasite that causes protracted diarrheal illness in humans. C. cayetanensis is the only species of this genus thus far associated with human illness, although Cyclospora species from other primates have been named. The current method to detect the parasite uses a nested PCR assay to amplify a 294-bp region of the small subunit rRNA gene, followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) or DNA sequence analysis. Since the amplicons generated from C. cayetanensis and Eimeria species are the same size, the latter step is required to distinguish between these different species. The current PCR-RFLP protocol, however, cannot distinguish between C. cayetanensis and these new isolates. The differential identification of such pathogenic and nonpathogenic parasites is essential in assessing the risks to human health from microorganisms that may be potential contaminants in food and water sources. Therefore, to expand the utility of PCR to detect and identify these parasites in a multiplex assay, a series of genus- and species-specific forward primers were designed that are able to distinguish sites of limited sequence heterogeneity in the target gene. The most effective of these unique primers were those that identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the 3' end of the primer. Under more stringent annealing and elongation conditions, these SNP primers were able to differentiate between C. cayetanensis, nonhuman primate species of Cyclospora, and Eimeria species. As a diagnostic tool, the SNP PCR protocol described here presents a more rapid and sensitive alternative to the currently available PCR-RFLP detection method. In addition, the specificity of these diagnostic primers removes the uncertainty that can be associated with analyses of foods or environmental sources suspected of harboring potential human parasitic pathogens.
authors.affiliation: Division of Virulence Assessment. Division of Microbiological Studies, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204, USA. Porlandi@cfsan.fda.gov
authors.forename: Palmer A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Orlandi
authors.forename: Laurenda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: Anna Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Brinker
authors.forename: Alexandre J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.forename: Dan-My
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Keith A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Lampel
authors.forename: Steven R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Monday
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D021744:Cyclospora / Q000235:genetics*; D004539:Eimeria / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S