title: Modelling the elastic scattering in diagnostic radiology: the importance of structure form factors.
abstract: The importance of structure form factors in describing elastic scattering in diagnostic radiology was studied through a Monte Carlo code built to reproduce scattering in large water samples. The code, developed by us, considers all relevant interactions, including multiple scattering and interference due to scattering by the liquid structure. Geometrical conditions and energies similar to those found in radiology were used. The secondary to primary radiation ratio using the usual free atom approximation and the structure form factor was obtained and both approaches were compared. Calculations of radiological parameters such as the angular distribution of photons incident on the detector and the fraction of scattered photons stopped by anti-scattering grids were also performed considering mammography, thorax and abdomen radiography conditions. The results have shown that S(beta)/P depends on the experimental set-up, being more important for low momentum transfers and sample sizes for which the multiple scattering is not expected to be significant, as in the case of mammography. It was also verified that large samples increase the probability of multiple scattering, masking the structure peak in S(beta) and making the sample structure important just for relatively thin samples. Considering mammography-like geometry, the maximum of the S(beta)/P distribution considering structure form factors occurs around 15 degrees while the correspondent maximum without considering the structure factors occurs around 10 degrees for any sample thickness. S(beta)/P is almost independent of the irradiation field, with the maximum remaining at 15 degrees and 10 degrees for the SFF and FAFF, respectively. The cases studied in this paper stress some conditions in which it is mandatory to use SFF, but since it requires no further significant efforts, the SFF approach is recommended as a standard procedure when describing the elastic scattering process in radiology.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, PO Box-68528, 21945-970, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Cardoso
authors.forename: O D
authors.initials: OD
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schechter
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eichler
mesh_terms: D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008327:Mammography / Q000379:methods; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D017785:Photons; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D012984:Software; D014867:Water; D014965:X-Rays
chemical_list: D014867:Water