title: Cardiac valve replacement in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Valve replacement in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients is being performed with increasing frequency, but the early and late results in these immunocompromised patients are not known.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 10-year retrospective clinical review was undertaken; patients and their physicians were contacted for follow-up clinical status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-two HIV-infected patients underwent valve replacement between 1990 and 1999, with no operative or hospital deaths. Mean patient age was 37.6 years; 15 were men. Indications for operation were heart failure in 59% (13/22) and sepsis in 91% (20/22). There were 12 aortic valve replacements, seven mitral valve replacements, and three double valve replacements. Mechanical valves were used in 11, bioprostheses in seven, and homografts in four. Follow-up information was available in 20 of 22 patients (84%). At mean follow-up of 5 years, there were 10 late deaths, due to: intracerebral hemorrhage (2), heart failure (2), unknown cause (2), renal failure (1), AIDS (1), sepsis (1) and endocarditis (1). Of the 20 patients with active preoperative endocarditis, 4 (20%) developed recurrent endocarditis; freedom from recurrent endocarditis was 83% at 1 year. Intravenous drug abuse was reported in 16 patients; survival among these patients was 94% at 1 month and 50% at 5 years. Recurrent endocarditis was only seen in patients with continued intravenous drug abuse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Valve replacement in HIV-infected patients has low operative risk, but late results are poor when HIV infection is associated with intravenous drug abuse, probably due to immunocompromise and continued high-risk behavior.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiac Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA.
authors.forename: Tec
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chong
authors.forename: Diane E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Alejo
authors.forename: Peter S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Greene
authors.forename: J Mark
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Redmond
authors.forename: Marc S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Sussman
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Baumgartner
authors.forename: Duke E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Cameron
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001705:Bioprosthesis; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D006351:Heart Valves / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D016459:Prosthesis-Related Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome