title: Dysfunction of mitochondrial complex I and the proteasome: interactions between two biochemical deficits in a cellular model of Parkinson's disease.
abstract: Two biochemical deficits have been described in the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease, decreased activity of mitochondrial complex I and reduced proteasomal activity. We analysed interactions between these deficits in primary mesencephalic cultures. Proteasome inhibitors (epoxomicin, MG132) exacerbated the toxicity of complex I inhibitors [rotenone, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)] and of the toxic dopamine analogue 6-hydroxydopamine, but not of inhibitors of mitochondrial complex II-V or excitotoxins [N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA), kainate]. Rotenone and MPP+ increased free radicals and reduced proteasomal activity via adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion. 6-hydroxydopamine also increased free radicals, but did not affect ATP levels and increased proteasomal activity, presumably in response to oxidative damage. Proteasome inhibition potentiated the toxicity of rotenone, MPP+ and 6-hydroxydopamine at concentrations at which they increased free radical levels >/= 40% above baseline, exceeding the cellular capacity to detoxify oxidized proteins reduced by proteasome inhibition, and also exacerbated ATP depletion caused by complex I inhibition. Consistently, both free radical scavenging and stimulation of ATP production by glucose supplementation protected against the synergistic toxicity. In summary, proteasome inhibition increases neuronal vulnerability to normally subtoxic levels of free radicals and amplifies energy depletion following complex I inhibition.
authors.affiliation: INSERM U289, Experimental Neurology and Therapeutics, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France. gunter@ccr.jussieu.fr
authors.forename: Günter U
authors.initials: GU
authors.lastname: Höglinger
authors.forename: Géraldine
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Carrard
authors.forename: Patrick P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Michel
authors.forename: Fadia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Medja
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lombès
authors.forename: Merle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruberg
authors.forename: Bertrand
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Friguet
authors.forename: Etienne C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Hirsch
mesh_terms: D015655:1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium / Q000633:toxicity; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D016923:Cell Death; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D042967:Electron Transport Complex I; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity; D008636:Mesencephalon / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D009247:NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000633:toxicity; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects; D020734:Parkinsonian Disorders / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012402:Rotenone / Q000633:toxicity; D014475:Uncoupling Agents / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D009498:Neurotoxins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014475:Uncoupling Agents; D012402:Rotenone; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D009247:NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; D042967:Electron Transport Complex I; D015655:1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium