title: Cells preconditioned with mild, transient UVA irradiation acquire resistance to oxidative stress and UVA-induced apoptosis: role of 4-hydroxynonenal in UVA-mediated signaling for apoptosis.
abstract: Because 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) has been suggested to be involved in oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis (Cheng, J. Z., Sharma, R., Yang, Y., Singhal, S. S., Sharma, A., Saini, M. K., Singh, S. V., Zimniak, P., Awasthi, S., and Awasthi, Y. C. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276, 41213-41223) and UVA irradiation also causes lipid peroxidation, we have examined the role of 4-HNE in UVA-mediated apoptosis. K562 cells irradiated with UVA (3.0 milliwatts/cm2) for 5, 15, and 30 min showed a time dependent increase in 4-HNE levels. As judged by the activation of caspases, apoptosis was observed only in cells irradiated for 30 min. Within 2 h of recovery in normal medium, 4-HNE levels in 5 and 15 min UVA, irradiated cells returned to the basal or even lower levels but in cells irradiated for 30 min, 4-HNE levels remained consistently higher. The cells irradiated with UVA for 5 min and allowed to recover for 2 h in normal medium (UVA-preconditioned cells) showed a remarkable induction of hGST5.8, which catalyzes conjugation of 4-HNE to glutathione (GSH), and RLIP76 (Ral BP-1), which mediates the transport of the conjugate, GS-HNE. In cells irradiated with UVA for 30 min the induction of RLIP76 or hGST5.8 was not observed. The preconditioned cells transported GS-HNE into the medium at a rate about 2-fold higher than the controls and the transport was inhibited (65%) by coating the cells with anti-RLIP76 IgG. Upon treatment with xanthine/xanthine oxidase (XA/XO), 4-HNE, or prolonged UVA exposure, the control cells showed a sustained activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and apoptosis. However, in the UVA-preconditioned cells, apoptosis was not observed, and JNK activation was inhibited. This resistance of preconditioned cells to XA/XO-, 4-HNE-, or UVA-induced apoptosis could be abrogated when these cells were coated with anti-RLIP76 IgG to block the efflux of GS-HNE. These studies strongly suggest a role of 4-HNE in UVA-mediated apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Biological Chemistry and Genetics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555.
authors.forename: Yusong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Abha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Rajendra
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Brad
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Patrick
authors.forename: Sharad S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Singhal
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zimniak
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Awasthi
authors.forename: Yogesh C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Awasthi
mesh_terms: D000447:Aldehydes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis; D001692:Biological Transport; D015153:Blotting, Western; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D006131:Growth Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020014:K562 Cells; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013997:Time Factors; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors; D006131:Growth Inhibitors; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D005978:Glutathione; C027576:4-hydroxy-2-nonenal