title: Detection and quantification of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus to predict AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify immunologic and virologic predictors of AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma (KS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Nested case-control analysis of KS risk in a cohort of 132 HIV-infected homosexual men in New York and Washington, DC, USA.
  
  
  METHODS
  For each KS case, we selected two HIV-infected controls, matched for CD4 cell count and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8; KSHV) serostatus (enzyme immunoassay for antibody to KSHV protein K8.1). Cell-associated KSHV and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) viral loads were measured with quantitative real-time PCR assays on samples collected 1 year (median) before KS diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-one men developed AIDS-associated KS (incidence 3.1 per 100 person years). Among HIV-infected men, KS incidence was higher among those with K8.1 seropositivity (5.0 versus 1.4 per 100 person years; P = 0.004), low CD4 cell count [hazard ratio (HR), 1.49; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.24-1.79 per 100 x 10(6) cells/l decline), or high HIV RNA level (HR, 3.96; 95% CI, 2.19-7.16 per log(10)). In the case-control analysis, nine of 70 evaluated subjects had KSHV viremia, generally low level (median viral load 180 copies per 1 x 10(6) cells). KSHV viremia was associated with increased KS risk (unadjusted odds ratio, 9.1; 95% CI, 1.7-48; odds ratio, 11.7; 95% CI, 1.8-76 after adjustment for K8.1 serostatus, CD4 cell count, and HIV RNA). Among K8.1-seropositive subjects, KS incidence was tenfold higher in those with KSHV viremia (30.3 per 100 person years versus 3.4 per 100 person years in those without viremia). Also, EBV viral loads were higher in cases than in controls (P = 0.07).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among individuals with HIV-KSHV coinfection, KSHV viremia identifies a subgroup with extremely high risk for developing KS.
authors.affiliation: Viral Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Eric A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Engels
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Biggar
authors.forename: Vickie A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Walters
authors.forename: Christine J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Gamache
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Whitby
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Goedert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D004854:Herpesvirus 4, Human / Q000302:isolation & purification; D019288:Herpesvirus 8, Human / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006716:Homosexuality; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012306:Risk; D012514:Sarcoma, Kaposi / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D019562:Viral Load; D014766:Viremia