title: The effect of transforming growth factor beta1 gene polymorphisms in ankylosing spondylitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether genetic polymorphisms in or near the transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFB1) locus were associated with susceptibility to or severity of ankylosing spondylitis (AS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Five intragenic single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and three microsatellite markers flanking the TGFB1 locus were genotyped. Seven hundred and sixty-two individuals from 184 multiplex families were genotyped for the microsatellite markers and two of the promoter SNPs. One thousand and two individuals from 212 English and 170 Finnish families with AS were genotyped for all five intragenic SNPs. A structured questionnaire was used to assess the age of symptom onset, disease duration and disease severity scores, including the BASDAI (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index) and BASFI (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A weak association was noted between the rare TGFB1 +1632 T allele and AS in the Finnish population (P = 0.04) and in the combined data set (P = 0.03). No association was noted between any other SNPs or SNP haplotype and AS, even among those families with positive non-parametric linkage scores. The TGFB1 +1632 polymorphism was also associated with a younger age of symptom onset (English population, allele 2 associated with age of onset greater by 4.2 yr, P = 0.05; combined data set, allele 2 associated with age of onset greater by 3.2 yr, P = 0.02). A haplotype of coding region SNPs (TGFB1 +869/+915+1632 alleles 2/1/2) was associated with age of symptom onset in both the English parent-case trios and the combined data set (English data set, haplotype 2/1/2 associated with age of onset greater by 4.9 yr, P = 0.03; combined data set, haplotype 2/1/2 associated with greater age of onset by 4.2 yr, P = 0.006). Weak linkage with AS susceptibility was noted and the peak LOD score was 1.3 at distance 2 cM centromeric to the TGFB1 gene. No other linkage or association was found between quantitative traits and the markers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that the polymorphisms within the TGFB1 gene play at most a small role in AS and that other genes encoded on chromosome 19 are involved in susceptibility to the disease.
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jaakkola
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Crane
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Laiho
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Herzberg
authors.forename: A-M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Sims
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bradbury
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Calin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brophy
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kauppi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kaarela
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Wordsworth
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tuomilehto
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D015796:HLA-B27 Antigen / Q000235:genetics; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D008297:Male; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D013167:Spondylitis, Ankylosing / Q000235:genetics*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D015796:HLA-B27 Antigen; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta