title: Fatty acids in formulae for term infants: compliance of present recommendations with the actual human milk fatty acid composition of geographically different populations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recommendations for formula fatty acids (FA) are largely based on the mature human milk FA composition. This study aimed to investigate whether current recommendations for formula FA for term infants comply with the actual breast-milk FA composition of geographically distinct populations and to provide more realistic grounds for future recommendations.
  
  
  METHODS
  455 mature breast-milk samples were collected in different countries over 25 y. Recommendations of different organizations were projected on their FA data. FA interrelationships were calculated with Spearman's rank tests. FA compositions of 30 formulae were compared with those of breast milk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Many samples from non-Western communities did not meet the recommendations for formula 12:0, 14:0 and 18:2omega6, since these are mainly based on breast milk of mothers living in Western countries. Recommendations for 18:3omega3, 18:2omega6/18:3omega3, 20:4omega6 and 22:6omega3 were not met by many milk samples, which may point to the poorly developed recommendations for long-chain polyunsaturated FA. Most of the investigated breast-milk FA (12:0, 14:0, 16:0, 18:0, 18:3omega3, 22:6omega3, 18:2omega6, 20:4omega6, 18:1omega9) were either positively or negatively interrelated. Many formulae had FA compositions that were not consistent with the physiological interrelationships of FA in breast milk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Future recommendations, if based on human milk, should derive from its FA balance, as indicated by the FA interrelationships. A "humanized" formula FA composition would in this sense be any composition that cannot be distinguished from that of breast milk by techniques such as principal component analysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics/Pediatrics, Perinatal Nutrition and Development Unit, Groningen University Hospital, The Netherlands. ella.smit@undp.org
authors.forename: E N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Smit
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Martini
authors.forename: R F J
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Kemperman
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schaafsma
authors.forename: F A J
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Muskiet
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Boersma
mesh_terms: D017691:Caribbean Region; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D005526:Food, Formulated / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007225:Infant Food / Q000592:standards*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007557:Israel; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D009426:Netherlands; D010372:Pediatrics; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D013636:Tanzania
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids