title: Gastrointestinal health care resource utilization with chronic use of COX-2-specific inhibitors versus traditional NSAIDs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2)-specific inhibitors (coxibs) decrease gastrointestinal (GI) events in controlled trials, but results in clinical practice are unknown. We assessed GI-related resource use and costs in patients switching from chronic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) therapy to chronic coxib therapy and in patients starting chronic NSAID therapy vs. chronic coxib therapy in a U.S. administrative claims database of >8 million lives.
  
  
  METHODS
  "Switchers" (n = 2246) were assessed in the 12-month periods before and after switching from chronic NSAID therapy to coxib therapy. "New NSAID" (n = 25,989) and "new coxib" (n = 2125) groups were assessed for the 12-month periods before and after the initial prescription. Proportions of patients with GI resource use (odds ratio [OR] adjusted for relevant covariates) and costs were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The adjusted OR for any GI resource use (coxib vs. NSAID period) among switchers was 0.86 (0.74-0.99). The decrease was due to less GI cotherapy (OR = 0.82 [0.69-0.97]). Costs were not significantly lower after switching to coxibs (mean difference, -$19; 95% CI: -$139, $55), although after adding NSAID/coxib costs, the total cost in the coxib period was significantly higher (mean increase, $377; $271, $488). Adjusted OR for GI resource use for new-coxib vs. new-NSAID was 1.04 (0.92-1.16), but GI costs were significantly lower in new-NSAID patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients switching from chronic NSAID therapy to chronic coxib therapy had a slight decrease in the proportion using GI-related resources but not in GI costs. When NSAID/coxib drug costs were included, costs were significantly less with NSAIDs than with coxibs. The potential GI-related cost savings suggested in coxib clinical trials may not be fully realized in "real-world" settings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, U.S.C. School of Medicine, 2025 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA. llaine@usc.edu
authors.forename: Loren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Laine
authors.forename: Jenifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wogen
authors.forename: Holly
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000191:economics*; D006295:Health Resources / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000502:physiology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008875:Middle Aged; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000502:physiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases