title: Effects of chiral 3-n-butylphthalide on apoptosis induced by transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of 3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) on apoptosis induced by transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats, compare the action potency of s-(-)-, r-(+)- and (+/-)-NBP, and clarify the enantiomer that played a main role.
  
  
  METHODS
  DNA fragmentation was detected by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated UTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay and gel electrophoresis. The expression of cytochrome c and caspase-3 protein was observed by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Middle cerebral artery was occluded for 2 h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant DNA fragmentation was detected at 24 h after reperfusion. This response was inhibited by s-(-)-NBP (5, 10 mg/kg i.p.). s-(-)-NBP 10 mg/kg almost completely inhibited DNA fragmentation, whereas r-(+)- NBP 10 mg/kg showed less effect. (+/-)-NBP (20 mg/kg) showed an inhibitory effect between that of s-(-)-NBP (10 mg/kg) and r-(+)-NBP (10 mg/kg). During the apoptotic process, cytochrome c was released into the cytosol and caspase-3 was activated. This effect was markedly inhibited by s-(-)-NBP, and the action potency of r-(+)- and (+/-)-NBP on the changes of cytochrome c and caspase-3 protein was similar to that on DNA fragmentation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NBP, especially its s-(-)-enantiomer, could potently reduce the release of cytochrome c, decrease the activation of caspase-3, and inhibit DNA fragmentation after transient focal cerebral ischemia. Our findings on the beneficial effects of NBP on cerebral ischemia-induced apoptosis might have important implications for the study and treatment of ischemic cerebrovascular diseases.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Xiao-Liang
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001572:Benzofurans / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism*; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism*; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000187:drug effects; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000494:pharmacology; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013237:Stereoisomerism
chemical_list: D001572:Benzofurans; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; C027125:3-n-butylphthalide; D045304:Cytochromes c; C505410:Casp3 protein, rat; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases