title: [Importance of cytologic examination of urine in the diagnosis of renal transplant function disorders].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This paper presents our experience with cytologic examination of urine in diagnosing renal allograft dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study group included 23 patients with renal allograft dysfunction, selected from 56 patients who underwent renal transplantation. Etiologic diagnosis was made according to the clinical picture, histological findings during allograft biopsy, and cytologic examination of urine. Urine sediment was obtained in cytocentrifuge and was air dried and stained with May Grunwald Giemsa.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 23 patients with allograft dysfunction in 18 (78.3%) patient it was caused by acute rejection, and in 5 (8.9%) patients by allograft infarction, cyclosporine nephrotoxicity, acute tubular necrosis and chronic nephropathy. In eighteen patients (78.3%) cytologic examination of urine was pathologic, while in 16 (70%) clinical and histology findings coincided with urine cytology findings. Out of 18 patients with acute allograft rejection in 15 patients cytologic examination of urine coincided with acute rejection. Out of 7 patients with expressed cyclosporine nephrotoxicity, in 5 cytologic examination of urine confirmed the cause of allograft dysfunction, as well as in one of 2 patients with acute tubular necrosis. Cytologic examination of urine indicated parenchymal damage in 2 patients with recurrent disease (membranoproliferative and focal sclerosing glomerulonephritis). In 4 of 5 patients suffering from chronic rejection in a year's monitoring period, urine sediment periodically consisted of lymphocytes, neutrophilic leucocytes, monocyte/macrophages, tubular cells and cylindres, without the predominance of any cell type. In 3 patients allograft dysfunction was caused by infective agents (bacteria, fungus, cytomegalovirus).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cytologic examination of urine might be an alternative to histological in diagnosing acute allograft rejection and acute tubular necrosis or nephrototoxicity. Also it might indicate parenchymal disease while the importance of urine cytology in chronic allograft nephropathy needs to be investigated further.
authors.affiliation: Vojnomedicinska akademija, ZPSM-Institut za patologiju, Beograd. zeljkat@sezampro.yu
authors.forename: Zeljka
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tatomirović
authors.forename: Radojka
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bokun
authors.forename: Ljiljana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ignjatović
authors.forename: Anastasija
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aleksić
authors.forename: Vesna
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Skuletić
authors.forename: Jovan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dimitrijević
mesh_terms: D003581:Cytodiagnosis; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000652:urine*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D007683:Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000652:urine; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012008:Recurrence; D014556:Urine / Q000166:cytology*