title: Celiac disease in children with Down syndrome: importance of follow-up and serologic screening.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Celiac disease, also known as gluten-sensitive enteropathy, is a chronic inflammation disease of the small intestinal mucosa. Detection of Ig-A antigliadin antibodies (AGA) and antiendomysial antibodies (EMA) in serum is important in the diagnosis and screening for celiac disease. Antiendomysial antibodies have greater sensitivity compared to antigliadin antibodies. It has been reported that the prevalence of celiac disease is higher in children with Down syndrome than the other autoimmune conditions. The aim of the present study was to investigate the incidence of celiac disease in children with Down syndrome, to assess the availability of Ig-A AGA and EMA for serologic screening, and to highlight the importance of follow-up for children with Down syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-seven children with Down syndrome without known celiac disease were tested for total blood count, thyroid function tests, immunoglobulin values, Ig-A AGA and EMA. Duodenal biopsy was performed on eight patients who showed at least one serologically positive marker.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ages of the children with Down syndrome ranged from 2 to 18 years (30 boys/17 girls). The mean age was 6.55 +/- 3.88. Total blood count and immunoglobulin values were normal. Eleven of the 47 patients (23.40%) were found to be serologically positive, 10 (21.28%) having antigliadin antibody concentrations above normal; and six (12.77%) being positive for antiendomysial antibody. In five patients (10.64%), both Ig-A AGA and EMA concentrations were high and positive. Duodenal biopsies of three of eight cases (37.50%) revealed villous atrophy, lymphocyte infiltration and crypt hyperplasia. Three cases with abnormal biopsy results (100%) were below the 10th percentile for weight and height. Hypo-thyroidism was detected in one of 11 cases where at least one serologic marker was positive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with Down syndrome should be carefully examined in their follow up, and celiac disease should be considered in cases with growth retardation. Ig-A antigliadin antibodies and EMA are non-invasive, cheap and readily available serologic screening tests for celiac disease, and the positivity of both markers gives the most reliable result.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pediatrics and Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ozgur
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Cogulu
authors.forename: Ferda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ozkinay
authors.forename: Cumhur
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gunduz
authors.forename: Tufan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cankaya
authors.forename: Sema
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aydogdu
authors.forename: Funda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ozgenc
authors.forename: Necil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kutukculer
authors.forename: Cihangir
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ozkinay
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005903:Gliadin / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000097:blood; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D005903:Gliadin