title: A randomized trial of bevacizumab, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody, for metastatic renal cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mutations in the tumor-suppressor gene VHL cause oversecretion of vascular endothelial growth factor by clear-cell renal carcinomas. We conducted a clinical trial to evaluate bevacizumab, a neutralizing antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor, in patients with metastatic renal-cell carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized, double-blind, phase 2 trial was conducted comparing placebo with bevacizumab at doses of 3 and 10 mg per kilogram of body weight, given every two weeks; the time to progression of disease and the response rate were primary end points. Crossover from placebo to antibody treatment was allowed, and survival was a secondary end point.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Minimal toxic effects were seen, with hypertension and asymptomatic proteinuria predominating. The trial was stopped after the interim analysis met the criteria for early stopping. With 116 patients randomly assigned to treatment groups (40 to placebo, 37 to low-dose antibody, and 39 to high-dose antibody), there was a significant prolongation of the time to progression of disease in the high-dose--antibody group as compared with the placebo group (hazard ratio, 2.55; P<0.001). There was a small difference, of borderline significance, between the time to progression of disease in the low-dose--antibody group and that in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 1.26; P=0.053). The probability of being progression-free for patients given high-dose antibody, low-dose--antibody, and placebo was 64 percent, 39 percent, and 20 percent, respectively, at four months and 30 percent, 14 percent, and 5 percent at eight months. At the last analysis, there were no significant differences in overall survival between groups (P>0.20 for all comparisons).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bevacizumab can significantly prolong the time to progression of disease in patients with metastatic renal-cell cancer.
authors.affiliation: Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md 20892, USA. james_yang@nih.gov
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Leah
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Haworth
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Sherry
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hwu
authors.forename: Douglas J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Schwartzentruber
authors.forename: Suzanne L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Topalian
authors.forename: Seth M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Steinberg
authors.forename: Helen X
authors.initials: HX
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
mesh_terms: D018262:Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000556:secondary; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000068258:Bevacizumab; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000556:secondary; D018450:Disease Progression; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D008025:Ligases / Q000235:genetics; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000188:drug therapy; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D051794:Von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor Protein
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008222:Lymphokines; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D000068258:Bevacizumab; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; D051794:Von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor Protein; D008025:Ligases; C497446:VHL protein, human