title: Microarray analysis uncovers retinoid targets in human bronchial epithelial cells.
abstract: Retinoids, the natural and synthetic derivatives of vitamin A, have a role in cancer treatment and prevention. There is a need to reveal mechanisms that account for retinoid response or resistance. This study identified candidate all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) target genes linked to growth suppression in BEAS-2B human bronchial epithelial cells. Microarray analyses were performed using Affymetrix arrays. A total of 11 RA-induced species were validated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western or Northern analyses. Three of these species were novel candidate RA-target genes in human bronchial epithelial cells. These included: placental bone morphogenetic protein (PLAB), polyamine oxidase isoform 1 (PAOh1) and E74-like factor 3 (ELF3). Expression patterns were studied in RA-resistant BEAS-2B-R1 cells. In BEAS-2B-R1 cells, RA dysregulated the expression of the putative lymphocyte G0/G1 switch gene (G0S2), heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced protein 2 (TNFAIP2), inhibitor of DNA binding 1(Id1), fos-like antigen 1 (FOSL1), transglutaminase 2 (TGM2), asparagine synthetase (ASNS), PLAB, PAOh1 and ELF3, while prominent induction of insulin-like growth-factor-binding protein 6 (IGFBP6) still occurred. In summary, this study identified 11 candidate RA-target genes in human bronchial epithelial cells including three novel species. Expression studies in BEAS-2B-R1 cells indicated that several were directly implicated in RA signaling, since their aberrant expression was linked to RA resistance of human bronchial epithelial cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Petra H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Koza-Taylor
authors.forename: Debra A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: DiMattia
authors.forename: Lynn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hames
authors.forename: Haoning
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Konstantin H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Dragnev
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Turi
authors.forename: Jean S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Beebe
authors.forename: Sarah J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Freemantle
authors.forename: Ethan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dmitrovsky
mesh_terms: D015152:Blotting, Northern; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001980:Bronchi / Q000166:cytology*; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free / Q000494:pharmacology; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm; D014212:Tretinoin