title: Cavernous sinus fistulas: carotid cavernous fistulas and dural arteriovenous malformations.
abstract: Direct and indirect carotid cavernous sinus fistulas are uncommon vascular anomalies that result in increased pressure in the cavernous sinus. The subsequent changes in blood flow lead to orbital venous congestion, cranial neuropathies, and glaucoma. The following review summarizes knowledge of the clinical features, natural history, diagnostic testing, and therapy for carotid cavernous sinus fistulas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 51 North 39th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. nickvolp@mail.med.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Leonard
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Feiner
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Volpe
mesh_terms: D017130:Angioplasty; D001164:Arteriovenous Fistula / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002426:Cavernous Sinus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D002550:Cerebral Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D004388:Dura Mater / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D006801:Humans; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography