title: Immune mechanisms in bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy for superficial bladder cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Of all medical disciplines it is exclusively in urology in which immunotherapy for cancer has an established position today with intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) against superficial bladder carcinoma recurrences. BCG is regarded as the most successful immunotherapy to date. However, the mode of action has not yet been fully elucidated. We provide a thorough overview of this complex field of research.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rather than simply reporting all experimental data available for better understanding the involved immune mechanisms, we chose to provide comprehensively only information supported by several independent pathways of evidence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Major findings made during the last few years include systematic analyses of patient material, detailed in vitro studies and investigations in animal models, which have led to a substantially greater understanding of the mechanisms involved.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The efficacy of BCG is based on a complex and long lasting local immune activation. The bladder as a confined compartment, in which high local concentrations of the immunotherapy agent and effective recruitment of immune cells can be achieved, serves as an ideal target organ for this type of immunotherapy approach.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, HELIOS Agnes Karll Hospital, Am Hochkamp 21, 23611 Bad Schwartau, Germany. aboehle@badschwartau.helios-kliniken.de
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Böhle
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brandau
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D001500:BCG Vaccine / Q000276:immunology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D007378:Interleukins / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000276:immunology; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000276:immunology; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D001500:BCG Vaccine; D016207:Cytokines; D007378:Interleukins; D009569:Nitric Oxide