title: PPARdelta activation induces COX-2 gene expression and cell proliferation in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells.
abstract: Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) has been suggested to be associated with carcinogenesis. Recently, many studies have shown increased expression of COX-2 in a variety of human malignancies, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Therefore, it becomes important to know more about what determines COX-2 expression. In this work, we have studied the effect of PPARdelta activation on COX-2 expression using a selective agonist (GW501516) in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells. Activation of PPARdelta resulted in increased COX-2 mRNA and protein expression. The mechanism behind the induction seems to be increased activity of the proximal promoter of the COX-2 gene, spanning nucleotides -327 to +59. The increased COX-2 protein expression and promoter activity induced by the GW501516 was also confirmed in the monocytic cell line THP-1. Induced levels of COX-2 have previously been associated with resistance to apoptosis and increased cell proliferation in many cell types. In HepG2 cells, we observed a dose-dependent increase in cell number by GW501516 treatment for 72h. The levels of PCNA, used as an indicator of cell division were induced, and the cell survival promoting complex p65 (NF-kappaB) was phosphorylated under GW501516 treatment. We conclude that PPARdelta activation in HepG2 cells results in induced COX-2 expression and increased cellular proliferation. These results may suggest that PPARdelta plays an important role in the development of HCC by modulating expression of COX-2.
authors.affiliation: King Gustaf V Research Institute, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Hospital, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden. Bjorn.Glinghammar@medks.ki.se
authors.forename: Bjorn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Glinghammar
authors.forename: Josefin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Skogsberg
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hamsten
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ehrenborg
mesh_terms: D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000819:agonists / Q000378:metabolism*; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000819:agonists / Q000378:metabolism*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: C425931:GW 501516; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D013844:Thiazoles; D014157:Transcription Factors; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases