title: Robotic-enhanced biventricular resynchronization: an alternative to endovenous cardiac resynchronization therapy in chronic heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) by pacing the left and right ventricles is an emerging option for treatment of severe heart failure with ventricular conduction disturbances. Stimulation through a coronary vein is currently the technique of choice to achieve left ventricular (LV) pacing. Unfortunately, this approach carries significant limitations and drawbacks. Therefore we explored robotic-enhanced thoracoscopic implantation of an epicardial lead as an alternative technique to stimulate the LV in cardiac resynchronization therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 15 patients were included in this study. Right (atrial and ventricular) leads were implanted classically through the left subclavian vein. Robotic-enhanced thoracoscopy was then performed to implant the LV epicardial lead.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 15 patients, 13 underwent successful endoscopic robotic cardiac resynchronization therapy. Two patients underwent conversion to a small thoracotomy. No perioperative complication occurred in the patients who did not undergo conversion. Acute and chronic LV lead thresholds were satisfactory in all patients, improving over time. All were subjectively and objectively improved at 4 months. As compared with conventional methods, the procedural cost was not significantly affected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on this feasibility study, we believe that robotic LV epicardial lead implantation is a valuable option to achieve biventricular resynchronization therapy. It allows for more reproducible acute thresholds for LV pacing and sensing than does the percutaneous approach; enables fine tuning of the LV lead position, thus potentially providing optimal hemodynamic benefit; and avoids the pitfalls and limitations of the endovenous approach. Therefore it deserves further prospective studies to assess its place in the therapeutic armamentarium against heart failure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Surgery, Erasme University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium. jjansens@ulb.ac.be
authors.forename: Jean-Luc
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Jansens
authors.forename: Maurice
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jottrand
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Preumont
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stoupel
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: de Cannière
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001530:Belgium; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D002908:Chronic Disease; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D006334:Heart Function Tests; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011336:Probability; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012371:Robotics; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013906:Thoracoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*