title: Contextual risk factors for the common mental disorders in Britain: a multilevel investigation of the effects of place.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test hypotheses about associations between area level exposures and the prevalence of the most common mental disorders (CMD) in Britain. A statistically significant urban-rural gradient was predicted, but not a socioeconomic gradient, in the prevalence of CMD after adjusting for characteristics of individual respondents. The study tested the hypothesis that the effects of area level exposures would be greatest among those not in paid employment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross sectional survey, analysed using multilevel logistic and linear regression. CMD were assessed using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). Electoral wards were characterised using the Carstairs index, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) Classification of Wards, and population density.
  
  
  METHODS
  England, Wales, and Scotland.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nearly 9000 adults aged 16-74 living in 4904 private households, nested in 642 electoral wards.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Little evidence was found of statistically significant variance in the prevalence of CMD between wards, which ranged from 18.8% to 29.5% (variance 0.035, SE 0.026) (p=0.11). Associations between CMD and characteristics of wards, such as the Carstairs index, only reached statistical significance among those who were economically inactive (adjusted odds ratio for top v bottom Carstairs score quintile 1.58, 95% CI 1.08 to 2.31) (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There may be multiple pathways linking socioeconomic inequalities and ill health. The effects of place of residence on mental health are greatest among those who are economically inactive and hence more likely to spend the time at home.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK. s.weich@rfc.ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weich
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Twigg
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Holt
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006798:Housing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology