Complex yessotoxins profile in Protoceratium reticulatum from north-western Adriatic sea revealed by LC-MS analysis.
While the occurrence of yessotoxin (YTX) has been reported worldwide from Protoceratium reticulatum, the biogenetic origin of some YTX analogues is still unknown, thus raising an issue whether they are metabolites of YTX formed in mussels or true products of different dinoflagellate species. Findings reported herein suggest that P. reticulatum from the north-western Adriatic sea is responsible for production, together with YTX (1), of homoYTX (2), 45-OHYTX (3), carboxyYTX (5), and noroxoYTX (7). YTX and its analogues have been determined by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ion trap mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS and HPLC-MSn experiments). The result is the first to confirm production of these YTX analogues from this species and indicate it as a producing organism of homoYTX, 45-OHYTX, carboxyYTX, and noroxoYTX found in shellfish.
Ciminiello
Patrizia
P
Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali, Università degli Studi di Napoli, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy. ciminiel@unina.it
Dell'Aversano
Carmela
C
Fattorusso
Ernesto
E
Forino
Martino
M
Magno
Silvana
S
Guerrini
Franca
F
Pistocchi
Rossella
R
Boni
Laurita
L
D000818:Animals; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004141:Dinoflagellida / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004988:Ethers, Cyclic / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D005506:Food Contamination; D007558:Italy; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008978:Mollusk Venoms / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D035964:Oxocins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D010839:Phytoplankton / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D017747:Seafood / Q000032:analysis
D004988:Ethers, Cyclic; D008978:Mollusk Venoms; D035964:Oxocins; C066632:yessotoxin