title: Solid-phase microextraction for herbicide determination in environmental samples.
abstract: Liquid-liquid extraction or solid-phase extraction followed by gas chromatography (GC) or high-performance liquid chromatography are traditional herbicide residue determination methods for environmental samples. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is a solventless, fast, and sensitive alternative herbicide residue extraction method that can be applied to numerous environmental matrices. The objective of this paper was to review SPME literature regarding extraction theory, extraction modes, fiber types, and method optimization in conjunction with present and future SPME applications for herbicide determination in environmental samples.
authors.affiliation: Department of Soil & Crop Sciences, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2474, USA. lkrutz@ag.tamu.edu
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Krutz
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Senseman
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Sciumbato
mesh_terms: D002849:Chromatography, Gas / Q000379:methods; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D006540:Herbicides / Q000032:analysis*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D006540:Herbicides; D010573:Pesticide Residues