title: Inhibition of tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin 6 production by mononuclear cells following dietary fish-oil supplementation in healthy men and response to antioxidant co-supplementation.
abstract: Increased dietary consumption of the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) eicosapentaenoic acid (20 : 5n-3; EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (22 : 6n-6; DHA) is associated with their incorporation into circulating phospholipid and increased production of lipid peroxide metabolites. The relationship between peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) function, n-3 PUFA intake and antioxidant co-supplementation is poorly defined. We therefore investigated tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL) 6 production by PBMC and phospholipid fatty acid composition in plasma and erythrocytes of healthy male subjects (n 16) receiving supplemental intakes of 0.3, 1.0 and 2.0 g EPA+DHA/d, as consecutive 4-week courses. All subjects were randomised in a double-blind manner to receive a concurrent antioxidant supplement (200 microg Se, 3 mg Mn, 30 mg D-alpha-tocopheryl succinate, 90 mg ascorbic acid, 450 microg vitamin A (beta-carotene and retinol)) or placebo. There was a positive dose-dependent relationship between dietary n-3 PUFA intake and EPA and DHA incorporation into plasma phosphatidylcholine and erythrocyte phosphatidylethanolamine, with a tendency towards a plateau at higher levels of intake. Production of TNF-alpha and IL-6 by PBMC decreased with increasing n-3 PUFA intake but tended towards a 'U-shaped' dose response. Both responses appeared to be augmented by antioxidant co-supplementation at intermediate supplementary n-3 PUFA intakes. Thus, increased dietary n-3 PUFA consumption resulted in defined but contrasting patterns of modulation of phospholipid fatty acid composition and PBMC function, which were further influenced by antioxidant intake.
authors.affiliation: The Institute of Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK. timothy.trebble@btopenworld.com
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Trebble
authors.forename: Nigel K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Arden
authors.forename: Mike A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Stroud
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Wootton
authors.forename: Graham C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Burdge
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Miles
authors.forename: Anne B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Ballinger
authors.forename: Rachel L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Philip C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Calder
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000032:analysis; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000032:analysis; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D005395:Fish Oils; D015850:Interleukin-6; D010743:Phospholipids; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid