title: Vancomycin use in hospitalized pediatric patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess vancomycin utilization at children's hospitals, to determine risk factors for vancomycin use and length of therapy, and to facilitate adapting recommendations to optimize vancomycin prescribing practices in pediatric patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two surveys were conducted at Pediatric Prevention Network hospitals. The first (Survey I) evaluated vancomycin control programs. The second (Survey II) prospectively reviewed individual patient records. Each hospital was asked to complete questionnaires on 25 consecutive patients or all patients for whom vancomycin was prescribed during a 1-month period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Survey I, 55 of 65 (85%) hospitals reported their vancomycin control policies. Three quarters had specific policies in place to restrict vancomycin use. One half had at least 3 vancomycin restriction measures. In Survey II, personnel at 22 hospitals reviewed 416 vancomycin courses, with 2 to 25 (median = 12) patients tracked per hospital. Eighty-two percent of the vancomycin prescribed was for treatment of neonatal sepsis, fever/neutropenia, fever of unknown origin, positive blood culture, pneumonia, or meningitis. In an additional 6% (26/416), vancomycin was prescribed for patients with beta-lactam allergies and in 13% (56/416) for prophylaxis. Median duration of prophylaxis was 2 days (range: 1-15 days). Almost half (196, 47%) of the patients who received vancomycin were in intensive care units; 27% of the vancomycin courses were initiated by neonatologists and 19% by hematologists/oncologists. The predominant risk factor at the time of vancomycin initiation was the presence of vascular catheters (322, 77%); other host factors included cancer chemotherapy (55, 13%), transplant (30, 7%), shock (24, 6%), other immunosuppressant therapy (17, 4%), or hyposplenic state (2, <1%). Other clinical considerations were severity of illness (96, 23%), uncertainty about diagnosis (51, 12%), patient not responding to current antibiotic therapy (40, 10%), or implant infection (13, 3%). When vancomycin was initiated, blood cultures were positive in 85 patients (20%); cultures from other sites were positive in 45 (11%), and Gram stains of body fluids were positive in 37 (9%). In 29 (7%) patients, organisms sensitive only to vancomycin were isolated before vancomycin initiation. Reasons for discontinuing vancomycin included: therapeutic course completed (125, 30%), negative cultures (106, 25%), alternative antibiotics initiated (75, 18%), illness resolved (14, 3%), or patient expired (13, 3%). Final results of blood culture isolates resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics included 48 coagulase-negative staphylococcus, 5 Staphylococcus aureus, and 10 other species.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At children's hospitals, vancomycin is initiated for therapy in patients who have vascular catheters and compromised host factors. Only 7% had laboratory-confirmed beta-lactam-resistant organisms isolated at the time vancomycin was prescribed. Efforts to modify empiric vancomycin use in children's hospitals should be targeted at intensivists, neonatologists, and hematologists. Initiatives to decrease length of therapy by decreasing the number of surgical prophylaxis doses and days of therapy before laboratory results may decrease vancomycin exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA. hkeyser@emory.edu
authors.forename: Harry L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Keyserling
authors.forename: Ronda L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Sinkowitz-Cochran
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Gail L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: Jane D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Siegel
authors.forename: Beth H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Stover
authors.forename: Sharon A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Jarvis
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling; D002648:Child; D017723:Drug Utilization Review; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006760:Hospitalization; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D008499:Medical Records; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018440:beta-Lactam Resistance
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D014640:Vancomycin