title: Peripheral insulin resistance develops in transgenic rats overexpressing phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in the kidney.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the secondary consequences of impaired suppression of endogenous glucose production (EGP) we have created a transgenic rat overexpressing the gluconeogenic enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) in the kidney. The aim of this study was to determine whether peripheral insulin resistance develops in these transgenic rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Whole body rate of glucose disappearance (R(d)) and endogenous glucose production were measured basally and during a euglycaemic/hyperinsulinaemic clamp in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase transgenic and control rats using [6-(3)H]-glucose. Glucose uptake into individual tissues was measured in vivo using 2-[1-(14)C]-deoxyglucose.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase transgenic rats were heavier and had increased gonadal and infrarenal fat pad weights. Under basal conditions, endogenous glucose production was similar in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase transgenic and control rats (37.4+/-1.1 vs 34.6+/-2.6 micromol/kg/min). Moderate hyperinsulinaemia (810 pmol/l) completely suppressed EGP in control rats (-0.6+/-5.5 micromol/kg/min, p<0.05) while there was no suppression in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase rats (45.2+/-7.9 micromol/kg/min). Basal R(d) was comparable between PEPCK transgenic and control rats (37.4+/-1.1 vs 34.6+/-2.6 micromol/kg/min) but under insulin-stimulated conditions the increase in R(d) was greater in control compared to phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase transgenic rats indicative of insulin resistance (73.4+/-11.2 vs 112.0+/-8.0 micromol/kg/min, p<0.05). Basal glucose uptake was reduced in white and brown adipose tissue, heart and soleus while insulin-stimulated transport was reduced in white and brown adipose tissue, white quadriceps, white gastrocnemius and soleus in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase transgenic compared to control rats. The impairment in both white and brown adipose tissue glucose uptake in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase transgenic rats was associated with a decrease in GLUT4 protein content. In contrast, muscle GLUT4 protein, triglyceride and long-chain acylCoA levels were comparable between PEPCK transgenic and control rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A primary defect in suppression of EGP caused adipose tissue and muscle insulin resistance.
authors.affiliation: University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, 3050 Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Lamont
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Andrikopoulos
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Funkat
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Favaloro
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: E W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Kraegen
authors.forename: K F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Howlett
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Zajac
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Proietto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D003847:Deoxyglucose / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; D006003:Glycogen / Q000378:metabolism; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D007668:Kidney / Q000201:enzymology*; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D010729:Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP) / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C495694:Slc2a4 protein, rat; D014280:Triglycerides; D006003:Glycogen; D003847:Deoxyglucose; D010729:Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP); D005947:Glucose