title: The 4-year course of tic disorders in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite long-standing clinical concerns, relatively little is known about the comorbidity between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and tic disorders. Therefore, we examined tic disorders in an ongoing prospective follow-up study of male subjects with ADHD, a sample unselected for any comorbid disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred twenty-eight male children and adolescents with ADHD and 110 male controls were comprehensively evaluated at baseline and 4 years later. We characterized tic disorders along with a wide range of neuropsychiatric correlates, including other comorbid disorders and indices of psychosocial function in multiple domains (school, cognitive, social, and family).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with controls, subjects with ADHD showed more tic disorders at baseline and more new onsets were reported at follow-up. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and tic disorders appeared to be independent in course: in contrast to low rates of ADHD remission, tic disorders mostly remitted. The age-adjusted rate of ADHD remission was 20% and that of tic remission, 65%. Tic disorders had little effect on the psychosocial functioning of subjects with ADHD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that comorbidity with a tic disorder has a limited effect on ADHD outcome. However, because of the relatively small sample of subjects with tic disorders, our conclusions should be considered preliminary until confirmed in larger studies of medicated and unmedicated children with ADHD with and without tic disorders.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Psychopharmacology Unit, Psychiatry Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Biederman
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Coffey
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Geller
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wilens
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Faraone
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012737:Sex Factors; D013981:Tic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology