title: Adenosine triphosphate inhibits cytokine release from lipopolysaccharide-activated microglia via P2y receptors.
abstract: Microglial proliferation and activation have been reported to occur after several central nervous system injuries. In this study, we tested the effects of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) on cultured microglia obtained from the spinal cord of rat embryos. The amounts of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 1beta and interleukin 6 released from the microglia, which were stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 100 ng/ml), were inhibited by the simultaneous addition of ATP in a dose dependent manner (10-300 microM). We examined the effect of several endogenous purines (ATP, ADP, CTP, UDP, UTP) and P(2)y receptor agonists (ADPbetaS and 2-methylthio-ATP) on LPS-induced TNF-alpha release. The rank order of inhibitory potency of endogenous purines on TNF-alpha release was: ATP>ADP>>UTP>UDP>CTP. The latter three were much less potent than the former two. The addition of 10 microM 2-methylthio-ATP showed a potency similar to 100 microM ATP. The addition of ADPbetaS, however, showed less effect. These endogenous purines and selective ATP receptor agonists showed a similar inhibitory effect in their rank order on LPS-induced interleukin 6 release. We demonstrate that ATP inhibits cytokine release from LPS-activated microglia via metabotropic receptors. The application of P(2)y receptor agonists might be considered as a pharmacological treatment of several pathological conditions of the spinal cord, including toxic immunoreactions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shigenobu, Ehime 791-0295, Japan. ogata@m.ehime-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Tadanori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ogata
authors.forename: Miao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chuai
authors.forename: Tadao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Morino
authors.forename: Haruyasu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Yoichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schubert
mesh_terms: D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000819:agonists / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D058913:Purinergic Agonists; D058914:Purinergic Antagonists; D011687:Purines / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011983:Receptors, Purinergic / Q000378:metabolism*; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D013873:Thionucleotides / Q000494:pharmacology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D058913:Purinergic Agonists; D058914:Purinergic Antagonists; D011687:Purines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011983:Receptors, Purinergic; D013873:Thionucleotides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D013481:Superoxides; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C030812:adenosine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate); C033901:3'-O-(4-benzoyl)benzoyladenosine 5'-triphosphate; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D002118:Calcium; C008501:2-methylthio-ATP