title: Effect of alkalinization on the local analgesic efficacy of ketamine in the abaxial sesamoid nerve block in horses.
abstract: The objective of this study was to determine the effects of the alkalinization on the local analgesic efficacy of 1% ketamine in the abaxial sesamoid nerve block in horses. Thirty-six mature healthy horses were randomly assigned to four groups for the following treatments; an abaxial sesamoid block with 5 mL of saline solution (control saline); an abaxial sesamoid block with 5 mL of a solution containing 1% ketamine (KETs 1%); an abaxial sesamoid block with 5 mL of a solution containing saline solution and 0.5 mEq of sodium bicarbonate (control bicarbonate); and an abaxial sesamoid block with 5 mL of a solution containing 1% ketamine and 0.5 mEq of sodium bicarbonate (KETb 1%). All blocks were performed in one randomly selected front leg. To determine analgesia, hoof withdrawal from thermal stimulus from radiant heat lamp was assessed. Before each block, the hoof withdrawal reflex latency (HWRL) (time between lamp illumination and withdrawal of the hoof) was determined; after the block, local analgesic effects were determined using the heat lamp at 2 and 5 min after the injection and then every 5 min for 1 h. In KETs 1% group, there were significant increases in HWRL between basal values and values from 2 to 10 min after an abaxial sesamoid block. In KETb 1% group, significant increases in HWRL was collected between the basal value and values from 2 to 25 min following an abaxial sesamoid block. In KETs 1% group, of the nine horses, four had an abaxial sesamoid block that was unsuccessful. However, in KETb 1% group, only one of the nine horses had an abaxial sesamoid nerve block that was unsuccessful. The alkalinization of a 1% ketamine solution produced a more consistent and persistent local analgesia in horses when compared with 1% ketamine solution alone.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Patología Animal II, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. Isroman@vet.ucm.es
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: López-Sanromán
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mazzini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tabanera
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Tendillo
mesh_terms: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D005552:Forelimb / Q000294:innervation; D006724:Hoof and Claw / Q000294:innervation; D006736:Horses; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D007649:Ketamine