title: Field measurements and modeling of dilution in the wake of a US navy frigate.
abstract: A field measurement and computer modeling effort was made to assess the dilution field of pulped waste materials discharged into the wake of a US Navy frigate. Pulped paper and fluorescein dye were discharged from the frigate's pulper at known rates. The subsequent particle and dye concentration field was then measured throughout the wake by a following vessel using multiple independent measures. Minimum dilution of the pulped paper reached 3.2 x 10(5) within 1900 m behind the frigate, or about 8 min after discharge. Independent measures typically agreed within 25% of one another and within 20% of model predictions. Minimum dilution of dye reached 2.3 x 10(5) at a down-wake distance of approximately 3500 m, or roughly 15 min. Comparison to model measurements were again within 20%. The field test was not only successful at characterizing wake dilution under one set of at-sea conditions, but was successful at validating the computer model used for assessing a wide range of ships and conditions.
authors.affiliation: Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center San Diego, 53560 Hull Street, San Diego, CA 92152-5000, USA. ckatz@spawar.navy.mil
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Chadwick
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rohr
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hyman
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ondercin
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000032:analysis; D019793:Fluorescein / Q000032:analysis; D007220:Industrial Waste; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010209:Paper; D012037:Refuse Disposal; D012767:Ships; D014872:Water Movements; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D007220:Industrial Waste; D014873:Water Pollutants; D019793:Fluorescein