title: Future employability, a new approach to cost-effectiveness analysis of antipsychotic therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Schizophrenia patients pose a substantial burden in terms of indirect costs, much of which is attributable to loss of employment. We present a new approach to assess the cost-effectiveness (CE) of risperidone vs. haloperidol using employability as an outcome measure.
  
  
  METHODS
  A decision analytic CE model was developed to compare the two treatments over a 1-year period including all direct medical costs and the number of employable persons as a measure of effectiveness. A measure of executive functioning, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Category score (WCST-Cat score), was used as an intermediate endpoint from which employability was modeled. A Monte Carlo procedure, using WCST-Cat score sampling distributions from clinical trials, simulated the WCST-Cat score distribution for a cohort of 10,000 patients. A clinically stable patient, with a Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) score increase of at least 20% and a WCST-Cat score of > or =3.5 was assumed to be employable. Sensitivity analysis was performed for key values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The base case per-patient cost of risperidone and haloperidol was 6,422 US dollars and 4,989 US dollars, respectively, and the number of employable persons was 3,258 (32.58%) and 2,517 (25.17%), respectively, which translates to an incremental CE ratio of 19,609 US dollars per employable person for risperidone. Risperidone remained cost increasing and had higher number of employable persons over all the ranges used in the sensitivity analysis. The incremental CE ratio ranged from a high of 1,000,000 US dollars to a low of 3,000 US dollars per employable persons when the rates of clinical stability for risperidone and haloperidol therapy were varied.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gains from earning rates for employed persons with schizophrenia, savings in informal caregiver costs and other human benefits could justify an incremental cost of 19,609 US dollars for each additional employable person prescribed risperidone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, 250 DW Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
authors.forename: Rahul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ganguly
authors.forename: L Stephen
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Bradley C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D018967:Risperidone / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D006220:Haloperidol; D018967:Risperidone