title: Expressive/suppressive anger-coping responses, gender, and types of mortality: a 17-year follow-up (Tecumseh, Michigan, 1971-1988).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined prospectively (1971-1988) the relationship between anger-coping responses, gender, and mortality (N = 91) in a representative sample of men (N = 324) and women (N = 372), aged 30 to 69, from the Tecumseh Community Health Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anger-coping was measured by responses to hypothetical unfair anger-provoking situations. Cox proportional hazard regressions were used adjusted for seven health risk factors (age, smoking, relative weight, systolic blood pressure (SBP), bronchial problems, FEV1, and cardiovascular (CV) risk).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Men's suppressed anger interacted significantly with SBP and also with bronchial problems to predict both all-cause and CV mortality. Women showed direct relationships between suppressed anger and early mortality (all-cause, CV, and cancer). Women also showed an interaction of spouse-suppressed anger and SBP for all-cause and CV mortality. Data suggest men who expressed their anger died earlier of cancer (N = 16) deaths.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Suppressed anger at the time of an unjust attack may become chronic resentment (intermittent rage or hatred) about which little is known and requires research. The design for future research should experimentally measure both suppressed anger-coping responses (after an unfair attack) and morbidity (eg, blood pressure, bronchitis, immune disorder, etc.) to predict prospectively to earlier mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. ernie@harburgfoundation.org
authors.forename: Ernest
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Harburg
authors.forename: Mara
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Julius
authors.forename: Niko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kaciroti
authors.forename: Lillian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gleiberman
authors.forename: M Anthony
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Schork
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000786:Anger; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001835:Body Weight; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality / Q000523:psychology; D002423:Cause of Death; D019260:Expressed Emotion; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008824:Michigan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000523:psychology; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology