title: Current bladder cancer tests: unnecessary or beneficial?
abstract: Bladder cancer is currently diagnosed using cystoscopy and cytology in patients with suspicious signs and symptoms. These same tests are used to monitor patients with a history of bladder cancer for recurrence. The recurrence rate for bladder cancer is high, thus necessitating long-term follow-up. Urine cytology requires an experienced cytopathologist and is costly. It has high specificity, but low sensitivity for low-grade bladder tumors. Recently many non-invasive bladder cancer tests, utilizing markers found in the urine, have been developed. The FDA has approved several of these for the use is bladder cancer diagnosis, and many others are undergoing development and investigation. An ideal bladder cancer test would be non-invasive, highly sensitive and specific, inexpensive, easy to perform, and yield highly reproducible results. Many of the tests reviewed meet some, but not all, of these criteria.
authors.affiliation: Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, 6560 Fannin Street, Suite 2100, Houston, TX 77030-2769, USA. msimonmd@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: Vinata B
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: Lokeshwar
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Soloway
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000652:urine; D019411:Clinical Laboratory Techniques / Q000592:standards*; D003581:Cytodiagnosis; D006801:Humans; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor