title: Apathy in schizophrenia: clinical correlates and association with functional outcome.
abstract: Apathy is considered one of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, but its natural history and relationship to other clinical characteristics have not been systematically studied. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to measure the level of apathy in schizophrenia and its relation to other symptoms and functional outcome. Twenty-eight patients with schizophrenia, and receiving antipsychotic treatment, were assessed with the Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES). The mean level of apathy of patients with schizophrenia, as rated by the AES, was significantly higher than that of matched healthy control subjects. In the patients, apathy was not significantly correlated with positive symptoms or depressive symptoms. It was significantly correlated with the item "emotional withdrawal" on the negative subscale of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), but was not correlated with the overall negative subscale score. Apathy was more highly associated with functional outcome than were other symptom measures, and it was independently associated with functional outcome above and beyond other negative symptoms. It was not associated with observed interest in playing a video game or performance on a simulated clerical task.
authors.affiliation: Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kiang
authors.forename: Bruce K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Remington
authors.forename: Shitij
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kapur
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003710:Demography; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012917:Social Adjustment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires