title: Congenital cytomegalovirus infection in twin pregnancies: viral load in the amniotic fluid and pregnancy outcome.
abstract: Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common cause of viral intrauterine infection and fetal damage largely attributable to maternal primary infection. Most cases of congenital CMV infection in twins reported in the literature involved only 1 twin. We assessed the validity of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative PCR on amniotic fluid (AF), at 21 to 22 weeks' gestation and at least 6 to 8 weeks after seroconversion, to predict the outcome of newborns in twin pregnancies. Two pregnant women with twin pregnancies and 1 woman with a triple pregnancy with primary CMV infection defined by the presence of immunoglobulin (Ig) M and low IgG avidity and/or by the presence of clinical symptoms and abnormal liver enzyme values were evaluated. CMV infection was found in 6 fetuses/newborns, 3 of whom were symptomatic. In the first twin pregnancy with diamniotic-dichorionic separate placentas, CMV symptomatic infection of the female twin was demonstrated by positive virus isolation and high viral load in AF. The male fetus was not infected as demonstrated by negative CMV culture and DNA detection in AF. In the triple pregnancy, the woman had a placenta with 2 monozygotic twins (females) and a separate placenta with a heterozygotic twin (male). The quantitative PCR results were 10(3) genome equivalents (GE)/mL of females AF and 1.9 x 10(5) GE/mL of male AF. Both female twins were asymptomatic at birth, whereas the male presented petechiae, thrombocytopenia, and cerebral ventriculomegaly. In the last twin pregnancy with fused dichorionic placentas, congenital CMV infection of both twins was diagnosed at birth in contrast with prenatal diagnosis. At time of amniocentesis, the left side twin was not infected as shown by negative results of CMV culture and DNA detection in the AF. CMV infection of the right side twin was demonstrated by positive CMV DNA detection with a CMV DNA load of 4.9 x 10(4) GE/mL and positive virus isolation in the AF. The morphologic and histologic examinations of the placentas strongly supported a prenatal horizontal acquisition of CMV infection. These twin pregnancies showed a marked difference in the quantity of virus load documented by the prenatal diagnosis suggesting that twin fetuses may react differently to primary maternal infection despite being exposed to the same maternal influences. A high viral load is correlated with congenital CMV infections symptomatic at birth. In such cases, with fetal infection of only 1 twin (at amniocentesis) and fusion of placentas, fetal outcome of both twins needs to be evaluated for the possibility of viral transfer from one fetus to the other.
authors.affiliation: Section of Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, St Orsola Malpighi General Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Tiziana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lazzarotto
authors.forename: Liliana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gabrielli
authors.forename: Maria Pia
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Foschini
authors.forename: Marcello
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lanari
authors.forename: Brunella
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Guerra
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Eusebi
authors.forename: Maria Paola
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Landini
mesh_terms: D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000821:virology*; D003587:Cytomegalovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000635:transmission*; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D004200:Diseases in Twins / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000175:diagnosis; D011272:Pregnancy, Multiple; D014310:Triplets; D014427:Twins; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral