title: beta-Catenin and ras oncogenes detect most human colorectal cancer.
abstract: PURPOSE AND STUDY DESIGN: Recent studies have shown that beta-catenin translocated into the cell nucleus functions like an oncogene. Accumulating evidence suggests that activation of the beta-catenin oncogenic signaling cascade along with its twin, the K-ras cascade, may exert syngeneic or synergistic effects on tumor development and progression. In the study reported here, we analyzed oncogenic beta-catenin activation on the basis of its nuclear accumulation (NA) and compared the results with those of mutational activation of K-ras in 74 patients with colorectal cancer to determine whether the two oncogene-mediated signaling cascades interact.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found two distinct patterns of beta-catenin activation, i.e., diffuse NA in 20 cases (27%) and selective NA at the tumor invasion front (NAinv) in 19 cases (26%). The presence of the NAinv pattern was significantly correlated with advanced Dukes' stage tumor (P = 0.0005) and the presence of distant metastases (P = 0.0064). K-ras proto-oncogene was mutated in the tumors of 31 cases (42%). Activated beta-catenin or K-ras was detected in most (78%) colorectal cancers analyzed, although a weak inverse correlation was found between the activities of the two oncogenes in the tumors. Importantly, most (7 of 8) patients with tumor showing both K-ras activation and the NAinv pattern of beta-catenin activation were in Dukes' stage C at surgery, and half of them developed distant metastases to the liver and lungs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that although oncogenic activation of beta-catenin and K-ras is independent in the process of clinical cancer development, combined analysis of the two major oncogenes can detect most colorectal cancers and identify a subset of patients with poorer outcomes. Consequently, activation of either or both of these oncogenes may serve as a genetic marker for molecular diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Diagnostic Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-0934, Japan.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Andrei
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ougolkov
authors.forename: Kaname
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Masayoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mai
authors.forename: Toshinari
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Minamoto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D003062:Codon; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D011905:Genes, ras / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D015398:Signal Transduction; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D051176:beta Catenin; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C495270:CTNNB1 protein, human; D003062:Codon; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; C000715470:MAS1 protein, human; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D015534:Trans-Activators; D051176:beta Catenin; D018631:ras Proteins