title: Avoiding complications in local anesthesia induction: anatomical considerations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dentists administer thousands of local anesthetic injections every day with few reports of serious complications. However, misjudging the anatomy involved during local anesthetic administration can result not only in inadequate or incomplete anesthesia, but in other complications such as paresthesia, bleeding or hematoma formation, or in serious systemic complications.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The authors discuss anatomical considerations that dentists should keep in mind when administering local anesthetic injections. In particular, they discuss ways in which dentists can minimize the risk of nerve or vascular injury, as well as systemic complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even the most experienced practitioner can benefit from a periodic review of the anatomy associated with local anesthesia. This article offers dentists the opportunity to consider needle placement with regard to location of nerves, blood vessels and glands, and to review injection protocols that can minimize the risk of complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, The Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Dallas, USA. pblanton@airmail.net
authors.forename: Patricia L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Blanton
authors.forename: Arthur H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Jeske
mesh_terms: D000766:Anesthesia, Dental / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000098:blood supply / Q000294:innervation; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections / Q000009:adverse effects; D010292:Paresthesia / Q000517:prevention & control; D012307:Risk Factors