title: Positive affect predicts lower risk of AIDS mortality.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to test the association of positive affect as measured by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) with risk of AIDS mortality, controlling for the other CES-D subscales and laboratory measures of disease progression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data come from the San Francisco Men's Health Study, a prospective study of a household probability sample of single men in San Francisco. The subjects were 407 men who were HIV+ at study baseline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In time-dependent Cox proportional hazards models, the positive affect subscale of the CES-D was significantly associated with lower risk of AIDS mortality (RR = 0.89, CI = 0.84-0.95). When risk estimates were adjusted for time-dependent covariates of CD4, serum beta2-microglobulin, P24 antigen, antiretroviral use, and the other subscales of the CES-D, positive affect remained significantly predictive of lower risk of AIDS mortality (RR = 0.90, CI = 0.85-0.97). When the CES-D subscale predictors were lagged by 12, 24, and 36 months in order to address the possibility that positive affect was simply a marker for better health, positive affect remained significantly predictive lagged by 12 months and marginally predictive lagged by 24 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Positive affect seems to be the "active ingredient" in the association of scores on the CES-D depressive mood scale and mortality in this sample of HIV+ men. Future work should expand the traditional negative-affect-only focus to encompass the significant role that positive affect plays in living with HIV.
authors.affiliation: Osher Center for Integrative Medicine at the University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94115, USA. moskj@ocim.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Judith Tedlie
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Moskowitz
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000401:mortality / Q000523:psychology*; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016019:Survival Analysis