title: Molecular diagnostics of injury and repair responses in critical illness: what is the future of "monitoring" in the intensive care unit?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify potential future means of monitoring injury and repair in critical illness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review of the literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Critically ill patients are monitored extensively and intensively by such means as hemodynamics, laboratory values, and radiologic studies. In general, however, the goal of monitoring has been to measure the degree of injury and to prevent further injury, rather than to measure repair. Measures of repair have been limited to phenotypic end points such as return of organ function, as measured by blood chemistry. In this article, I examine how it may be possible in the future to monitor the progress of repair using genomic and proteomic biomarkers. These types of monitors would enable clinicians to control the healing environment using real time, rapid biomarkers, and sophisticated techniques to target therapy to the patient's current inflammatory state, taking into account the genetic makeup of the patient and his or her likely response to a given drug.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rapidly evolving sciences of genomics, proteomics, computational biology, and complex system theory can be used a) to model critical illness; b) to model adaptive and maladaptive responses to critical illness; c) to tailor treatments to create an ideal inflammatory environment for repair and regeneration, taking into account the individual genetic contribution; and d) to monitor the progress of repair. The major obstacles to reaching these goals are technological, and experience suggests that they will be overcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
authors.forename: Harriet W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Hopf
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D003422:Critical Care / Q000639:trends*; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000628:therapy*; D005544:Forecasting; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D025202:Molecular Diagnostic Techniques / Q000639:trends*; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000639:trends*; D009102:Multiple Organ Failure / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012038:Regeneration / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D018746:Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology