title: Bladder wall thickness on ultrasonographic cystourethrography: affecting factors and their implications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore factors affecting bladder wall thickness on ultrasonographic cystourethrography in female patients with lower urinary tract symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  The records of 492 female patients with lower urinary tract symptoms who had undergone a urodynamic study and ultrasonography of the lower urinary tract and who had normal urinalysis findings, negative urine culture results, or both were identified from our urogynecologic database. These included 248 patients with urodynamic stress incontinence, 38 with detrusor overactivity, 39 with mixed incontinence, 35 with a hypersensitive bladder, 42 with voiding difficulty, and 90 with normal urodynamic findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age, resting bladder neck angle, urethral mobility, and maximum urethral closure pressure were significantly associated with bladder wall thickness at the trigone and dome. Bladder wall thickness at the trigone was correlated with that at the dome (P < .0001). Bladder wall thickness at the trigone was positively correlated with pressure transmission ratios in the first and second quarters of the urethra (P < .0001; P = .002, respectively), whereas that at the dome was positively correlated with intravesical pressure at maximum flow and with detrusor opening pressure (P = .027; P = .046, respectively). Age and intravesical pressure at maximum flow were independently associated with bladder wall thickness at the trigone and dome (P = .007; P = .028), respectively. A thickened bladder wall was a common finding in female lower urinary tract symptoms, except in the patients with a hypersensitive bladder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Demographic, anatomic, and urodynamic factors may affect the bladder wall thickness at the trigone, dome, or both.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urogynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei Medical University Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China. yangjm0211@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Jenn-Ming
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Wen-Chen
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014463:Ultrasonography; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014550:Urinary Incontinence, Stress / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D014563:Urodynamics