title: Sex-related differences in heart failure.
abstract: Heart failure (HF) is a complex syndrome that is generally defined as cardiac output not adequate to meet the circulatory demands of the body. HF is at the end of the continuum of cardiovascular disease and preceded by an initiating event such as myocardial infarction, untreated hypertension, idiopathic cause, congenital heart disease, or pulmonary hypertension. In recent years, research has revealed differences in various aspects of HF between men and women including risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and response to treatment. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to review these sex-related differences between men and women who live with HF.
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina at Charlotte, College of Health & Human Services, School of Nursing, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, USA.
authors.forename: Leslie C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Hussey
authors.forename: Sonya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hardin
mesh_terms: D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology