title: Randomized clinical trial of topical betaxolol for persistent macular edema after vitrectomy and epiretinal membrane removal.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the efficacy and safety of topical betaxolol for treatment of persistent macular edema.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-seven eyes (37 patients) with best-corrected visual acuity between 20/200 and 20/50 and macular edema that remained for 3 months after vitrectomy and removal of epiretinal membrane were prospectively, randomly assigned to receive betaxolol or placebo. Nineteen eyes of 19 patients received betaxolol twice daily, and 18 eyes of 18 patients received placebo as a randomized comparison group. The patients were followed up for 6 months. This study evaluated the effect of betaxolol on best-corrected visual acuity and area of macular edema, which was digitally measured on serial fluorescein angiogram. Calculations of mean best-corrected visual acuity were based on logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution (logMAR). To assess changes in area of edema, the initial (pretreatment) size of the edema was set to 100%, and all posttreatment measurements were normalized relative to the initial size.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean best-corrected visual acuity at baseline was 0.216 (20 of 92.6) and 0.244 (20 of 82.0) in the treatment and control group, respectively. Mean area of macular edema was 2.271 +/- 1.629 mm(2) and 2.273 +/- 1.209 mm(2) in the treatment and control group; there was no significant difference. The visual acuity at 6 months after the start of the follow-up was 0.471 (20 of 42.5) in the treatment group and 0.236 (20 of 84.7) in the control group. Mean changes in logMAR of visual acuity for 3- and 6-month follow-up were -0.282 +/- 0.191 and -0.337 +/- 0.197 in the treatment group, and -0.016 +/- 0.186 and +0.015 +/- 0.267 in the control group; a significant difference was found (P <.0001; P <.0001). Areas of macular edema at 6 months after the start of the follow-up were 1.492 +/- 1.357 mm(2) in the treatment group and 2.125 +/- 1.434 mm(2)in the control group. Mean change in area of the edema for 6 months were 76.5% +/- 24.1% and 63.4% +/- 28.3% in the treatment group and 92.9% +/- 15.4% and 87.4% +/- 25.6% in the control group; treated patients showed a significantly larger reduction than untreated patients at each examination (P =.0193; P =.0102). No complication associated with treatment or placebo was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Topical betaxolol appeared to have a favorable treatment effect in eyes with macular edema that remained after vitrectomy and removal of epiretinal membrane. Further investigation of more cases and longer follow-up are needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Saga Medical School, Nabeshima, Saga, Japan. kobayas3@post.saga-med.ac.jp
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Kaori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Okinami
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015784:Betaxolol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D019773:Epiretinal Membrane / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D006801:Humans; D008269:Macular Edema / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012449:Safety; D014792:Visual Acuity; D014821:Vitrectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D015784:Betaxolol