title: Measurement of the extracellular space in brain tumors using 76Br-bromide and PET.
abstract: Brain edema significantly contributes to the clinical course of human brain tumor patients. There is evidence that an enlargement of the extracellular space (ECS) is involved in the development of brain edema. Although T2-weighted magnetic resonance (T2-MR) images represent brain edema by its increased water content, they do not differentiate ECS enlargement from increased intracellular water content.
  
  
  METHODS
  On the basis of the known distribution of bromide in the ECS, we used (76)Br-bromide and PET to measure the regional ECS in 9 brain tumor patients. Transport rate constants and the distribution volume (DV) of (76)Br-bromide in normal brain and tumor were derived from dynamic PET scans and the measured (76)Br-bromide concentration in arterial plasma. We evaluated different models regarding their reliability in estimating the ECS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Assuming that the DV of (76)Br-bromide represents the ECS, robust estimates were possible for all investigated regions. In normal brain, ECS was within a narrow range-for example, occipital lobe, 19.9% +/- 3.1%-and was lower in 2 dexamethasone-treated patients compared with untreated patients. In 7 of 9 tumors, increased ECS ranged between 43.8% and 61.1%. ECS increases were confined to the tumor mass and did not extend into peritumoral edematous brain. Two patients with large hyperintense lesions according to T2-MR images showed normal ECS values within the lesion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (76)Br-Bromide PET allows a quantitative measurement of the ECS in brain edema and in normal brain. The discrepancies between lesions shown by T2-MRI and regional ECS enlargement as measured with PET challenge the concept of tumor-induced brain edema.
authors.affiliation: Paul Scherrer Institute, Center for Radiopharmaceutical Science, Villigen, Switzerland. matthias.bruehlmeier@ksa.ch
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bruehlmeier
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Roelcke
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bläuenstein
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Missimer
authors.forename: Pius A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Schubiger
authors.forename: Johannes Th
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Locher
authors.forename: Raimo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pellikka
authors.forename: Simon M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ametamey
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001254:Astrocytoma / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism; D001965:Bromides / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001967:Bromine Radioisotopes; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D008223:Lymphoma / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008579:Meningioma / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000379:methods; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D017670:Sodium Compounds / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D001965:Bromides; D001967:Bromine Radioisotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D017670:Sodium Compounds; C027938:sodium bromide