title: Diagnosis and surgical management for retrosternal thyroid mass.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To understand the clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, surgical management and prognosis of retrosternal thyroid masses in various pathological types.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-four cases of retrosternal thyroid masses with surgical intervention were analyzed retrospectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Trachea-compressed symptoms (65%) and shadows beside the trachea at thoracic inlet (94%) were the most common clinical findings, chest X-ray (70%) and CT scan (96%) had higher diagnostic rate. No death occurred during operation or hospitalization among these patients. Total complications occurred in 15.7% cases (11/70) (including 3 preoperative cases with hoarseness) and postoperative pathological results were mainly multinodular goiter (54.7%), thyroid adenoma (21.9%) and thyroid carcinoma (15.6%) (including local carcinomatous change).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diagnosis of retrosternal thyroid mass can be correctly made by chest X-ray and CT scan. Most operations on retrosternal thyroid masses can be performed safely through cervical incision with minimal morbidity and low recurrence rate. Retrosternal thyroid carcinoma was potentially invasive and could hardly be resected completely, hence with poor prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, PUMC Hospital, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing 100730.
authors.forename: Yushang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Zhiyong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Shanqing
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Heng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Zejian
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006044:Goiter, Nodular / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013908:Thoracotomy; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D013965:Thyroidectomy; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed