title: Effects of halothane and isoflurane on acetylcholine-induced, endothelium-dependent vasodilation in perfused rat mesenteric arterial beds.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study was designed to examine the effects of halothane and isoflurane on acetylcholine-induced, endothelium-dependent vasodilation in rat mesenteric arterial beds perfused at a constant flow both in vitro and in situ.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the in-vitro preparation, the mesenteric artery was cannulated and perfused (5 ml x min(-1)). The perfusion pressure was continuously monitored. Under active tone induced by methoxamine, the effects of halothane and isoflurane on the vasodilator response to acetylcholine in either the presence or absence of NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NA), tetraethylammonium (TEA), or KCl (30 mM)-depolarization were examined. All experiments in these preparations were performed in the presence of indomethacin (10 mM). In the in-situ experimental model, rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital and the lungs were mechanically ventilated via a tracheostomy with a ventilator. The superior mesenteric artery was cannulated and used for the monitoring of the perfusion pressure. Blood shunting with constant flow (2 ml x min(-1)) from the carotid artery to the superior mesenteric artery was introduced with clamping at the immediately distal portion of the mesenteric artery branching. Following 20-min ventilation with halothane or isoflurane at 1 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) in oxygen, acetylcholine was given from the mesenteric artery, under active tone induced by norepinephrine (100 mg x kg(-1) x hr(-1)).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the in-vitro preparation, the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, L-NA (100 microM) did not affect vasodilations to acetylcholine (1, 10 nM), while the K+ channel inhibitor TEA (10 mM), as well as KCl (30 mM), significantly reduced these vasodilations. However, only in the presence of L-NA, TEA and KCl completely abolished the vasodilations produced by acetylcholine. The higher concentrations of halothane (2.0%, 3.0%), but neither isoflurane (3.0%) nor the lower concentration of halothane (1.0%), significantly impaired vasodilator responses to acetylcholine in the presence of L-NA, whereas the volatile anesthetics did not affect these vasodilations in the absence of L-NA. Halothane (2.0%) did not alter the vasodilation produced by acetylcholine in the presence of TEA or KCl. In the in-vivo preparation, the vasodilator effects of acetylcholine (1 and 10 nmol) were not affected by the inhalation of halothane (1.0%) or isoflurane (1.3%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that, in resistance arteries in conditions of constant flow, halothane and isoflurane do not affect vasodilations in response to an endothelium-dependent agonist. However, in these preparations, once the enzymatic activity of nitric oxide synthase is inhibited, higher concentrations of halothane, but neither isoflurane nor the lower concentration of halothane, appear to impair endothelium-dependent relaxations, probably mediated by TEA-sensitive K+ channels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tsukiyama
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Iranami
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kinoshita
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.forename: Yoshio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hatano
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006221:Halothane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008638:Mesenteric Arteries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011189:Potassium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D019789:Tetraethylammonium / Q000494:pharmacology; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D019789:Tetraethylammonium; D011189:Potassium Chloride; D007530:Isoflurane; D000109:Acetylcholine; D006221:Halothane