title: The ACE/DD genotype is associated with the extent of exercise-induced left ventricular growth in endurance athletes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We studied the impact of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)/DD genotype on morphologic and functional cardiac changes in adult endurance athletes.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Trained athletes usually develop adaptive left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), and ACE gene polymorphisms may regulate myocardial growth. However, little is known about the impact of the ACE/DD genotype and D allele dose on the cardiac changes in adult endurance athletes. METHODS; Echocardiographic studies (including tissue Doppler) were performed in 61 male endurance athletes ranging in age from 25 to 40 years, with a similar period of training (15.6 +/- 4 h/week for 12.6 +/- 5.7 years). The ACE genotype (insertion [I] or deletion [D] alleles) was ascertained by polymerase chain reaction (DD = 27, ID = 31, and II = 3). Athletes with the DD genotype were compared with their ID counterparts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The DD genotype was associated with a higher left ventricular mass index (LVMI) than the ID genotype (162.6 +/- 36.5 g/m(2) vs. 141.6 +/- 34 g/m(2), p = 0.031), regardless of other confounder variables. As a result, 70.4% of DD athletes and only 42% of ID athletes met the criteria for LVH (p = 0.037). Although systolic and early diastolic myocardial velocities were similar in DD and ID subjects, a more prolonged E-wave deceleration time (DT) was observed in DD as compared with ID athletes, after adjusting for other biologic variables (210 +/- 48 ms vs. 174 +/- 36 ms, respectively; p = 0.008). Finally, a positive association between DT and myocardial systolic peak velocity (medial and lateral peak S(m)) was only observed in DD athletes (p = 0.013, r = 0.481).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ACE/DD genotype is associated with the extent of exercise-induced LVH in endurance athletes, regardless of other known biologic factors.
authors.affiliation: Service of Nephrology, Hospital Universitario de Canarias e Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain. dhmarrero@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Domingo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hernández
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de la Rosa
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barragán
authors.forename: Ysamar
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Barrios
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Salido
authors.forename: Armando
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: Basilio
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Martín
authors.forename: Ignacio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Laynez
authors.forename: Amelia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Duque
authors.forename: Antonia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Vera
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lorenzo
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: González
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017353:Gene Deletion; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics*; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology*; D013177:Sports / Q000502:physiology*; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A