title: Contraception in perimenopause.
abstract: Women in their forties are still potentially fertile, and pregnancy in this age group is attended with increased maternal mortality, spontaneous abortion, fetal anomalies and perinatal mortality. Contraception for women in this age group has special risks and benefits; both should be balanced to choose between the different options available. Recent epidemiological and clinical pharmacology studies have indicated the safety of extending the use of combined oral contraceptives (COCs) beyond the age of 35 years and up to menopause. Women who have reasons for avoiding COCs can use progestogen-only contraceptives like pills, depot injectables and implants. Implant combines high efficacy and long-term effect. Both copper-releasing and levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine contraceptive device (LNG-IUD) combine the advantages of high efficacy and long-term effect. The reduced fecundity above the age of forty can allow extending the use beyond the accepted term, and up to one or two years beyond the menopause without the need for replacement. The levonorgestrel IUD has the advantage of reducing the amount of menstrual bleeding. The condom has the added benefit of protection against sexual transmitted diseases (STDs). Male or female sterilization is an excellent contraceptive option, provided that this approach is culturally acceptable and available at reasonable cost and low risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faulty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
authors.forename: Surasak
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Taneepanichskul
authors.forename: Nikorn
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dusitsin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002979:Climacteric; D003267:Contraception; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy