title: Contributions of lung tissue extracts to invasion and migration of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells with various metastatic potentials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The MHCC97 cell line contains two clones with high (MHCC97-H) and low (MHCC97-L) metastatic potentials, for which the pulmonary metastatic rate was 100% vs 40% between the two human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) clones. In an effort to elucidate the mechanism of organ-specific metastasis, we studied the effect of lung extracts from C57BL/6 mice on migration and invasion using the MHCC97 cell line.
  
  
  METHODS
  Determination of migration and invasion induced by lung extracts to MHCC97 cell lines was examined by chemoinvasion assay. The organization of cytoskeleton was tested using filamentous actin (F-actin) polymerization assay and flow cytometry. The activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) was analyzed by zymogram. Fluorescence double staining was employed for MMPs and F-actin colocalization in MHCC97-H cells induced by lung extracts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of cells in response to extracts of lung, liver, kidney, and spleen in MHCC97-H cells was 64+/-10, 6+/-2, 22+/-4, and 3+/-1, respectively. Of the extracts, lung extracts showed significant differences to promote the migratory and invasive ability for MHCC97-H cells( p<0.001). The number of cells in response to lung extracts was threefold higher in MHCC97-H than that of cells in MHCC97-L ( p<0.001). Confocal laser scan microscope of MHCC97-H cells and MHCC97-L cells stimulated with lung extracts revealed pseudopodia formation around the cell front at the indicated time point. With the time increasing, the pseudopodia formation became increasingly more obvious and distinct. Compared with unstimulated cells, analysis of FACS showed a transient 1.9-fold and 1.7-fold increase in F-actin within 30 s in MHCC97-H cells and MHCC97-L cells, respectively. Confocal laser scan microscopy of MHCC97-H cells stimulated in suspension with lung extracts revealed intense F-actin staining in the periphery of the cells and redistribution of F-actin towards a leading edge. After the cells were incubated with lung extracts, not only expressions of active and latent form of MMP-9 were upregulated, but that of latent form of MMP-2 was increased in the MHCC97-H cells and MHCC97-L cells. The levels of latent and active form of MMP-9(18.8+/-1.2, 100.1+/-1.1), and latent form of MMP-2(22.4+/-1.3) were much higher in MHCC97-H cells than those of MHCC97-L cells, which were 7.8+/-0.3, 40.8+/-2.2, and 8.2+/-0.4, respectively. MMP-9 was mainly localized perinuclear pool when the MHCC97-H cells were incubated with serum-free medium. After the cells were stimulated with lung extracts, MMP-9 were expressed and colocalized with F-actin at the front of extending pseudopodia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that the expression of matrix metalloproteinase and the pseudopodia formation in MHCC97-H cells may correlate to the metastatic potential; thus, the host environment may contribute to the preferential metastasis of HCC cells to the lung depending on the high level of MMP-9 and migratory ability.
authors.affiliation: Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 136 Yi-Xue-Yuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Xue-Ning
authors.initials: XN
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.forename: Sheng-Long
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Dong-Mei
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Wei-Hua
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.forename: Yin-Kun
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Zhao-You
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Tang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000556:secondary*; D002465:Cell Movement; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000166:cytology; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D008168:Lung / Q000166:cytology*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary*; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000032:analysis; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000032:analysis; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology; D014020:Tissue Extracts; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D014020:Tissue Extracts; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9