title: Numeric definition of the clinical performance of the nested reverse transcription-PCR for detection of hematogenous epithelial cells and correction for specific mRNA of non-target cell origin as evaluated for prostate cancer cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inappropriate quality management of reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) assays for the detection of blood-borne prostate cancer (PCa) cells hampers clinical conclusions. Improvement of the RT-PCR methodology for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) mRNA should focus on an appropriate numeric definition of the performance of the assay and correction for PSA mRNA that is not associated with PCa cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Repeated (RT-)PCR tests for PSA mRNA in single blood specimens from PCa patients and PCa-free controls, performed by four international institutions, showed a large percentage (approximately equal to 50%) of divergent test results. The best estimates of the mean, lambda (SD), of the expected Poisson frequency distributions of the number of positive tests among five replicate assays of samples from PCa-free individuals were 1.0 (0.2) for 2 x 35 PCR cycles and 0.2 (0.1) for 2 x 25 PCR cycles. Assessment of the numeric value of the mean can be considered as a new indicator of the performance of a RT-PCR assay for PSA mRNA under clinical conditions. Moreover, it determines the required number of positive test repetitions to differentiate between true and false positives for circulating prostate cells. At a predefined diagnostic specificity of > or = 98%, repeated PCRs with lambda of either 1.0 or 0.2 require, respectively, more than three or more than one positive tests to support the conclusion that PSA mRNA-containing cells are present.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Repeated nested PCR tests for PSA and appropriate handling of the data allow numeric quantification of the performance of the assay and differentiation between analytical false and true positives at a predefined accuracy. This new approach may contribute to introduction of PSA RT-PCR assays in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands. d.h.schamhart@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schamhart
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Swinnen
authors.forename: Karl-Heinz
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Kurth
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Westerhof
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kusters
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Borchers
authors.forename: Cora
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sternberg
mesh_terms: D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D008297:Male; D009360:Neoplastic Cells, Circulating / Q000378:metabolism*; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011786:Quality Control; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000097:blood*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen