title: Immune regulation by novel costimulatory molecules.
abstract: CD4 helper T (Th)-cells and the cytokines that they produce play essential regulatory roles in immune and autoimmune responses. Th activation and differentiation is regulated by costimulatory receptors. CD28 and CTLA-4 are important in maintaining the threshold of T-cell activation. ICOS and PD-1 are novel costimulatory receptors expressed on activated T-cells. B7-H3 recognizes a putative costimulatory receptor on activated T-cells. Here we summarize the latest developments in the novel costimulatory molecules and their roles in regulating Th activation, differentiation, and function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-7650, USA. chendong@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Roza I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Nurieva
authors.forename: Durbaka V R
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Prasad
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation / Q000276:immunology; D000945:Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D060887:B7 Antigens; D018122:B7-1 Antigen / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D018106:CD28 Antigens / Q000276:immunology; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; D006801:Humans; D060889:Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000166:cytology* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation; D000945:Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte; D060887:B7 Antigens; D018122:B7-1 Antigen; C423237:CD276 protein, human; D018106:CD28 Antigens; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; C556706:CTLA4 protein, human; C556692:ICOS protein, human; D060889:Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic