title: Neonatal ocular misalignments reflect vergence development but rarely become esotropia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  214 orthoptists' infants have been followed for up to 15 years, relating neonatal misalignment (NMs) behaviour to onset of convergence and 20 Delta base out prism response, and also to later childhood ocular abnormalities.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective postal survey, orthoptist mothers observed their own infants during the first months of life and regularly reported ocular behaviour and alignment, visual development, and any subsequent ocular abnormalities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results confirm previously reported characteristics of NMs. Infants who were misaligned more frequently were misaligned for longer periods (p <0.01) and were later to achieve constant alignment (p <0.001) but were earlier to attempt first convergence (p = 0.03). Maximum NM frequency was usually found at or before the onset of first convergence (p = 0.0002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NMs occur in the first 2 months of life and usually reflect a normally developing vergence system. They appear to represent early attempts at convergence to near targets. Emerging infantile esotropia is indistinguishable from frequent NMs before 2 months.
authors.affiliation: Orthoptic Department, Royal Berkshire Hospital, London, UK. a.m.harwood@reading.ac.uk
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Horwood
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003290:Convergence, Ocular; D004948:Esotropia / Q000209:etiology*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D020417:Nystagmus, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis; D015835:Ocular Motility Disorders / Q000151:congenital*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013285:Strabismus / Q000209:etiology