title: The sympathetic nervous system in hypertension: assessment by blood pressure variability and ganglionic blockade.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if the contribution of the sympathetic nervous system to blood pressure could be evidenced by low-frequency oscillations of systolic blood pressure (LF(SBP)), reflecting vascular sympathetic modulation, or by the decrease in blood pressure after autonomic blockade.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied multiple system atrophy (MSA) patients, in whom supine hypertension is maintained by residual sympathetic tone ('positive controls'); pure autonomic failure (PAF) patients, in whom supine hypertension is largely independent of sympathetic tone ('negative controls'); essential hypertensive patients (HTN) and normotensive subjects (NTN).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Supine systolic blood pressure (SBP) was 204 +/- 8, 185 +/- 6, 177 +/- 9 and 130 +/- 4 mmHg in MSA, PAF, HTN and NTN, respectively. LF(SBP) was higher in MSA and HTN (5.7 +/- 1.5 and 5.8 +/- 1.4 mmHg(2) compared to NTN and PAF (3.3 +/- 0.5 and 1.1 +/- 0.5 mmHg(2). Trimethaphan 2-4 mg/min induced complete autonomic blockade and lowered SBP below 125 mmHg in all NTN and all but one MSA (to 111 +/- 3 and 97 +/- 9 mmHg). SBP remained elevated in PAF (164 +/- 7 mmHg). Responses in HTN were variable; SBP decreased below 125 mmHg in three and remained elevated in four patients. The decrease in LF(SBP) correlated with the reduction in SBP, with a steeper slope in MSA and HTN compared to NTN (29.0 +/- 5.5, 8.4 +/- 1.6 and 3.6 +/- 1.2 mmHg/mmH (2), respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ganglionic blockade, alone or coupled to LF(SBP), discriminated between human models of sympathetic-dependent (MSA) and independent (PAF) hypertension. This approach may aid in assessing the contribution of the sympathetic nervous system in essential hypertension, in which sympathetic dependence is variably expressed.
authors.affiliation: Autonomic Dysfunction Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-2195, USA.
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Diedrich
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jordan
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tank
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Shannon
authors.forename: Rosemarie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: Friedrich C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Luft
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: Italo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Biaggioni
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001342:Autonomic Nervous System Diseases / Q000150:complications; D017704:Baroreflex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D005730:Ganglionic Blockers; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D019578:Multiple System Atrophy / Q000150:complications; D016683:Supine Position; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D005730:Ganglionic Blockers