title: Multiecho processing by an echolocating dolphin.
abstract: Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) use short, wideband pulses for echolocation. Individual waveforms have high-range resolution capability but are relatively insensitive to range rate. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is not greatly improved by pulse compression because each waveform has small time-bandwidth product. The dolphin, however, often uses many pulses to interrogate a target, and could use multipulse processing to combine the resulting echoes. Multipulse processing could mitigate the small SNR improvement from pulse compression, and could greatly improve range-rate estimation, moving target indication, range tracking, and acoustic imaging. All these hypothetical capabilities depend upon the animal's ability to combine multiple echoes for detection and/or estimation. An experiment to test multiecho processing in a dolphin measured detection of a stationary target when the number N of available target echoes was increased, using synthetic echoes. The SNR required for detection decreased as the number of available echoes increased, as expected for multiecho processing. A receiver that sums binary-quantized data samples from multiple echoes closely models the N dependence of the SNR required by the dolphin. Such a receiver has distribution-tolerant (nonparametric) properties that make it robust in environments with nonstationary and/or non-Gaussian noise, such as the pulses created by snapping shrimp.
authors.affiliation: Chirp Corporation, 8248 Sugarman Drive, La Jolla, California 92037, USA. altes@att.net
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Altesa
authors.forename: Lois A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Dankiewicz
authors.forename: Patrick W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Helweg
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D000818:Animals; D001309:Auditory Threshold; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D004289:Dolphins; D004455:Echolocation; D005260:Female; D014465:Ultrasonics; D014828:Vocalization, Animal