title: Osteogenesis in rats induced by a novel recombinant helper-dependent bone morphogenetic protein-9 (BMP-9) adenovirus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although recombinant first-generation BMP adenoviruses can induce ectopic bone formation in immune deficient animals, the osteoinductive activity of these BMP vectors is reduced in immune competent animals. Helper-dependent adenoviral vectors have been developed to decrease the immune response and, therefore, increase gene expression in immune competent animals compared with first-generation vectors. In the present study, the osteoinductive activity of a helper-dependent GFP and BMP-9 adenoviral vector (ADGBMP9) was evaluated in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Initially, purified ADGBMP9 was used to transduce human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and the alkaline phosphatase activity was determined as a measure of osteogenic activity. The vector was then injected into the thigh muscle of athymic nude and Sprague-Dawley rats, and CT scans and histology were subsequently used to assess bone formation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro, ADGBMP9 was capable of inducing alkaline phosphatase expression in hMSCs. In vivo in athymic nude and Sprague Dawley rats, ADGBMP9 initiated the process of bone formation 3 days after percutaneous injection into the thigh musculature. The rats demonstrated intramuscular ectopic ossification in CT scans as early as day 9 post viral injection and ultimately formed significant amounts of ectopic bone. Histologically, the induced bone was formed via normal endochondral mechanisms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A helper-dependent adenoviral vector containing the BMP-9 and GFP genes has significant osteoinductive activity in both athymic nude and immune competent rats. Additional direct and ex vivo BMP gene therapy studies are required to assess the vector's activity in more animal models.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Neurosurgery Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
authors.forename: Jin Zhong
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Gerald R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Hankins
authors.forename: Chinghai
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kao
authors.forename: Hongwei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kammauff
authors.forename: Gregory A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Helm
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000818:Animals; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000008:administration & dosage; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D055427:Growth Differentiation Factor 2; D055412:Growth Differentiation Factors; D006378:Helper Viruses / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007763:Lac Operon / Q000235:genetics; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology; D010012:Osteogenesis; D010957:Plasmids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D051381:Rats; D011923:Rats, Nude; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; C525887:GDF2 protein, human; D055427:Growth Differentiation Factor 2; D055412:Growth Differentiation Factors; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins