title: Microvascular complications at time of diagnosis of type 2 diabetes are similar among diabetic patients detected by targeted screening and patients newly diagnosed in general practice: the hoorn screening study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether screening-detected diabetic patients differ from diabetic patients newly diagnosed in general practice with regard to the presence of microvascular complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diabetic patients, identified by a population-based targeted screening procedure consisting of a screening questionnaire and a fasting capillary whole-blood glucose measurement followed by diagnostic testing, were compared with patients newly diagnosed with diabetes in general practice. Retinopathy was assessed with fundus photography, impaired foot sensitivity was assessed with Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments, and the presence of microalbuminuria was measured by means of the albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 195 screening-detected type 2 diabetic patients and 60 patients newly diagnosed in general practice participated in the medical examination. The prevalence of retinopathy was higher in screening-detected type 2 diabetic patients than in patients newly diagnosed in general practice, but not significantly higher. The prevalence of retinopathy was 7.6% (95% CI 4.6-12.4) in screening-detected type 2 diabetic patients and 1.9% (0.3-9.8) in patients newly diagnosed in general practice. The prevalence of impaired foot sensitivity was similar in both groups, 48.1% (40.9-55.3) and 48.3% (36.2-60.7), respectively. The ACR was 0.61 (interquartile range 0.41-1.50) in screening-detected type 2 diabetic patients and 0.99 (0.53-2.49) in patients newly diagnosed in general practice. The difference in prevalence of microalbuminuria was not statistically significant. The prevalence of microalbuminuria was 17.2% (95% CI 12.5-23.2) and 26.7% (17.1-39.0) in screening-detected type 2 diabetic patients and patients newly diagnosed in general practice, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Targeted screening for type 2 diabetes (with a screening questionnaire as a first step) resulted in the identification of previously undiagnosed diabetic patients with a considerable prevalence of microvascular complications.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine, Vrije University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. amw.spijkerman.emgo@med.vu.nl
authors.forename: Annemieke M W
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Spijkerman
authors.forename: Jacqueline M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Dekker
authors.forename: Giel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nijpels
authors.forename: Marcel C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Adriaanse
authors.forename: Piet J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Kostense
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ruwaard
authors.forename: Coen D A
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Stehouwer
authors.forename: Lex M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Bouter
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Heine
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001824:Body Constitution; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000453:epidemiology; D005194:Family Practice; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D008833:Microcirculation; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012907:Smoking
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D008055:Lipids