title: Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis for opportunistic infections in adults with HIV.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prevention and early treatment of infections are the mainstay of the medical management of the majority of people with HIV infection, who live in low income countries without access to antiretroviral drugs. Cotrimoxazole is cheap and effective against a wide range of organisms. However, routine prophylactic treatment is difficult to deliver in low-resource settings, and could also lead to increased resistance to the drug.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of routinely administered cotrimoxazole on death and illness episodes in HIV infected adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane HIV/AIDS Group register, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, MEDLINE, LILACS, AIDSLINE, AIDSTRIALS and AIDSDRUGS databases, and proceedings and abstracts from AIDS and tuberculosis (TB) conferences (search date July 2001). We checked reference lists for trials and other pertinent articles, and contacted pharmaceutical companies and experts in the field.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised or quasi randomised trials comparing routinely administered cotrimoxazole versus placebo or no treatment in adults (age greater than 13 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  Two reviewers independently assessed trial eligibility and quality, and extracted data. Where data were incomplete or unclear trial authors were contacted for further details.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four trials involving 1476 people were identified. Three trials (1416 people) studied heterosexual men and women in West Africa. A fourth trial was of homosexual men on chemotherapy for Kaposi's sarcoma, in the United States. Meta-analysis of the three African trials showed a significant beneficial effect of cotrimoxazole for death: relative risk 0.69 (95% confidence interval 0.55 to 0.87); for morbid events: 0.76 (0.64 to 0.9); and for hospitalisation: 0.66 (0.48 to 0.92). There was no significantly greater risk of adverse effects: relative risk 1.28 (0.47 to 3.51). Effects were similar in people with early and advanced HIV disease. Insufficient evidence was found on effects in areas with higher bacterial resistance or in people on antiretroviral therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the trials included in the review, cotrimoxazole prophylaxis had a beneficial effect in preventing death and illness episodes in adults with both early and advanced HIV disease. However, the wider applicability of these findings is unclear, in particular to areas with higher background bacterial resistance to cotrimoxazole. Further trials would be required in differing settings to widen applicability.
authors.affiliation: Hlabisa Hospital, P Bag X 5001, Hlabisa, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Grimwade
authors.lastname: Swingler
authors.lastname: G
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination