title: The herbicide metolachlor induces liver cytochrome P450s 2B1/2 and 3A1/2, but not thyroxine-uridine dinucleotide phosphate glucuronosyltransferase and associated thyroid gland activity.
abstract: Metolachlor (2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl) acetamide) is widely used internationally as a corn and cotton herbicide. The metolachlor effects noted in rats during testing for U.S. pesticide registration include increased liver weight and hepatocarcinogenicity associated with eosinophilic foci. These properties, plus nongenotoxicity, are also characteristic of the prototypical rat liver tumor promoter, phenobarbital. Phenobarbital induces hepatic cytochrome P450s CYP2B1/2 and CYP3A1/2 and thyroxine (T(4))-UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (T(4)-UGT), which enhances thyroxine clearance and thus indirectly increases thyroid gland activity. Because other chloroacetanilide herbicides are known to similarly affect rat thyroid gland, this study tested the hypothesis that metolachlor would have these additional phenobarbital-like effects on liver, especially that of T(4)-UGT induction with consequential stimulation of thyroid gland. Effects of metolachlor, fed to male Sprague-Dawley rats for 14 days at the carcinogenic dose of 3000 ppm, were compared to those of equimolar phenobarbital. Liver microsomal CYP2B1/2 and CYP3A1/2 were probed by immunoblotting and T(4)-UGT was measured enzymatically. Serum T(4), triiodothyronine (T(3)), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid follicular epithelial cell morphology and proliferation were used to assess thyroid gland activity. Metolachlor induced CYP2B1/2 and CYP3A1/2 proteins, but unlike phenobarbital, did not affect T(4)-UGT activity. In agreement, serum T(4), T(3), or TSH were unaffected by metolachlor. Also, no significant effects of metolachlor on thyroid gland morphology or follicular epithelial cell height or proliferation were observed. These data demonstrate that metolachlor is an inducer of hepatic CYP2B1/2 activity. But unlike the prototypical CYP2B1/2 inducer phenobarbital, metolachlor does not cause an increase in T(4)-glucuronidation and thyroid gland activation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Shana R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Dalton
authors.forename: Richard T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Sharon A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Meyer
mesh_terms: D000081:Acetamides / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D019362:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; D004435:Eating / Q000187:drug effects; D020719:Glucuronides / Q000378:metabolism; D014453:Glucuronosyltransferase / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity*; D006965:Hyperplasia / Q000139:chemically induced; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013250:Steroid Hydroxylases / Q000096:biosynthesis; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000081:Acetamides; D020719:Glucuronides; D006540:Herbicides; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D013963:Thyroid Hormones; D013250:Steroid Hydroxylases; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; C465260:Cyp3a2 protein, rat; C465138:Cyp3a23-3a1 protein, rat; D019362:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; C025619:steroid 16-beta-hydroxylase; C117189:thyroxine-UDP-glucuronosyltransferase; D014453:Glucuronosyltransferase; C051786:metolachlor