title: Effects of environmental enrichment at ages 3-5 years on schizotypal personality and antisocial behavior at ages 17 and 23 years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Methods to prevent two major mental disorders, schizophrenia and conduct disorder, have been elusive. This study assessed the effects of an early nutritional, educational, and physical exercise enrichment program on adult outcome for schizotypal personality, conduct disorder, and criminal behavior.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-three children were assigned to an experimental enrichment program from ages 3 to 5 years and matched on temperament, nutritional, cognitive, autonomic, and demographic variables with 355 children who experienced usual community conditions (control group). Both self-report and objective measures of schizotypal personality and antisocial behavior were obtained when the subjects were ages 17 and 23 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects who participated in the enrichment program at ages 3-5 years had lower scores for schizotypal personality and antisocial behavior at age 17 years and for criminal behavior at age 23 years, compared with the control subjects. The beneficial effects of the intervention were greater for children who showed signs of malnutrition at age 3 years, particularly with respect to outcomes for schizotypy at ages 17 and 23 and for antisocial behavior at age 17.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results are consistent with an increasing body of knowledge that implicates an enriched, stimulating environment in beneficial psychological and behavioral outcomes. These findings have potential implications for the prevention of schizophrenia and criminal behavior.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1061, USA. raine@usc.edu
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raine
authors.forename: Kjetil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mellingen
authors.forename: Jianghong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Venables
authors.forename: Sarnoff A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Mednick
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D053198:Child Nutrition Sciences / Q000193:education; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000628:therapy*; D003415:Crime / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018479:Early Intervention, Educational / Q000379:methods*; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010988:Play and Playthings; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012569:Schizotypal Personality Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome