title: Experimental intracerebral hemorrhage in the mouse: histological, behavioral, and hemodynamic characterization of a double-injection model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A major limitation of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) research is the lack of reproducible animal models. The present study was conducted to validate in the mouse the double-injection method of ICH initially developed in the rat. We investigated the effect of intrastriatal injection of blood or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) on cerebral blood flow (CBF), neurological score, hematoma volume, and brain swelling.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male C57BL/6 mice were anesthetized with halothane/nitrous oxide delivered by face mask. Rectal and cranial temperatures were regulated at 37 degrees C to 37.5 degrees C. Mice were placed in a stereotactic frame, and a 30-gauge stainless steel cannula was introduced through a burr hole into the left striatum. Each mouse received a 5-microL injection of either whole blood or CSF (over 3 minutes), followed 7 minutes later by 10 microL injected over 5 minutes. The injection cannula was slowly withdrawn 10 minutes after the second injection. Control mice had only cannula insertion. CBF was studied by laser Doppler perfusion imaging. Neurological status was evaluated on days 1 and 2. After 2 days, hematoma volume and brain swelling were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Physiological values were stable. Mice with ICH but not those with CSF or cannula alone had a marked, persistent neurological deficit and a highly reproducible hematoma, whose mean+/-SEM volume was 2.0+/-0.2 mm3 compared with a lesion size of 0.2+/-0.1 mm3 in mice with CSF. Residual swelling of the ipsilateral hemisphere at 48 hours was 5.7% in the hematoma and 1.5% in the CSF groups. Relative CBF in the neocortex ipsilateral to the injection site declined by approximately 45% to 60% during the first 20 minutes after cannula insertion/injection in all groups but began to renormalize at approximately 25 to 30 minutes in the CSF and cannula-only groups; in the hematoma group, cortical hypoperfusion of approximately 35% to 50% persisted during the 90-minute measurement period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present ICH model in mice produces a consistent neurological deficit, hypoperfusion, hematoma volume, and brain swelling. This model closely mimics human hypertensive basal ganglionic ICH and should be useful for the evaluation of pharmaceutical therapies. Laser Doppler perfusion imaging is a useful new technique to quantify relative CBF changes and can be used for studies of dynamic changes of CBF in this in vivo model of ICH in mice.
authors.affiliation: Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, FL 33101, USA. lbelayev@stroke.med.miami.edu
authors.forename: Ludmila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Belayev
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Saul
authors.forename: Karell
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Curbelo
authors.forename: Raul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Busto
authors.forename: Andrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Belayev
authors.forename: Yongbo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Panomkhawn
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Riyamongkol
authors.forename: Weizhao
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Myron D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Ginsberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020145:Basal Ganglia Hemorrhage / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D001769:Blood; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002555:Cerebrospinal Fluid; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018450:Disease Progression; D006439:Hemodynamics; D007267:Injections; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques