title: The chemotaxonomic significance of two bioactive caffeic acid esters, nepetoidins A and B, in the Lamiaceae.
abstract: A survey of leaf surface constituents in the family Lamiaceae using HPLC with diode array detection revealed the presence of two characteristic phenolic compounds in many species. The distribution of these phenolics in the Lamiaceae was found to be of taxonomic significance, as they were present in the great majority of species investigated for the subfamily Nepetoideae, including representatives of the well-known genera of culinary herbs, mint, rosemary, sage, thyme and basil. In contrast, they were absent from species of the other subfamilies of Lamiaceae studied and from the related families Verbenaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Acanthaceae and Buddlejaceae. The compounds were isolated from Plectranthus crassus and identified by NMR spectroscopy as the known caffeic acid esters (Z,E)-[2-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)ethenyl] 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoate and (Z,E)-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethenyl] 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoate, for which the trivial names nepetoidins A and B are proposed. The presence of this pair of caffeic acid esters adds another character to the chemical, palynological and embryological features distinguishing the Nepetoideae from the other subfamilies of Lamiaceae and related families, and supports the view that the Nepetoideae are a specialised and monophyletic group within the family. Nepetoidin B was shown to have a greater antioxidant activity than gallic, rosmarinic and caffeic acids, and showed activity as an insect phagostimulant. Both compounds were antifungal.
authors.affiliation: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, UK. r.grayer@rbgkew.org.uk
authors.forename: Renée J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Grayer
authors.forename: Maria R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Eckert
authors.forename: Nigel C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Veitch
authors.forename: Geoffrey C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Kite
authors.forename: Petar D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Marin
authors.forename: Tetsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kokubun
authors.forename: Monique S J
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Simmonds
authors.forename: Alan J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Paton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D001234:Aspergillus niger / Q000187:drug effects; D002109:Caffeic Acids / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004463:Ecology; D004952:Esters / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D019686:Lamiaceae / Q000145:classification* / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D011058:Pollen / Q000737:chemistry / Q000145:classification; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D018411:Spodoptera / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D002109:Caffeic Acids; D004952:Esters; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; C480382:nepetoidin A; C480381:nepetoidin B