title: Two paradoxes in stuttering treatment.
abstract: The premise of this article is that effective communication should be a central, overarching goal in the treatment of stuttering. Not focusing on communication may have some unintended negative consequences on treatment. The negative consequences are the result of two paradoxes that confront clinicians and clients: the listener paradox and the communication paradox. The listener paradox concerns the different ways that typical listeners and clinicians respond to stuttering. The communication paradox concerns the use of treatment procedures that may have negative consequences on communication. Clinicians and clients need to evaluate treatment procedures in terms of the effect they may have on communication. Understanding these two paradoxes and making effective communication the focus of treatment may improve the long-term treatment outcomes of people who stutter.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The reader will learn about (1) why effective communication should be the central goal in the treatment of stuttering; (2) how the listener and communication paradoxes may negatively impact on communication; and (3) how understanding these paradoxes may improve the long-term outcomes of people who stutter and also improve the comfort level clinicians have in treating individuals who stutter.
authors.affiliation: Department of Communicative Disorders, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA. akamhi@niu.edu
authors.forename: Alan G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Kamhi
mesh_terms: D003142:Communication; D006801:Humans; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D013070:Speech Therapy; D013342:Stuttering / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome