title: Repeated noxious stimulation of the skin enhances cutaneous pain perception of migraine patients in-between attacks: clinical evidence for continuous sub-threshold increase in membrane excitability of central trigeminovascular neurons.
abstract: Recent clinical studies showed that acute migraine attacks are accompanied by increased periorbital and bodily skin sensitivity to touch, heat and cold. Parallel pre-clinical studies showed that the underlying mechanism is sensitization of primary nociceptors and central trigeminovascular neurons. The present study investigates the sensory state of neuronal pathways that mediate skin pain sensation in migraine patients in between attacks. The assessments of sensory perception included (a) mechanical and thermal pain thresholds of the periorbital area, electrical pain threshold of forearm skin, (b) pain scores to phasic supra-threshold stimuli in the same modalities and areas as above, and (c) temporal summation of pain induced by applying noxious tonic heat pain and brief trains of noxious mechanical and electrical pulses to the above skin areas. Thirty-four pain-free migraine patients and 28 age- and gender-matched controls were studied. Patients did not differ from controls in their pain thresholds for heat (44+/-2.6 vs. 44.6+/-1.9 degrees C), and electrical (4.8+/-1.6 vs. 4.3+/-1.6 mA) stimulation, and in their pain scores for supra-threshold phasic stimuli for all modalities. They did, however, differ in their pain threshold for mechanical stimulation, just by one von Frey filament (P=0.01) and in their pain scores of the temporal summation tests. Increased summation of pain was found in migraineurs for repeated mechanical stimuli (delta visual analog scale (VAS) +2.32+/-0.73 in patients vs. +0.16+/-0.83 in controls, P=0.05) and repeated electrical stimuli (delta VAS +3.83+/-1.91 vs -3.79+/-2.31, P=0.01). Increased summation corresponded with more severe clinical parameters of migraine and tended to depend on interval since last migraine attack. The absence of clinically or overt laboratory expressed allodynia suggests that pain pathways are not sensitized in the pain-free migraine patients. Nevertheless, the increased temporal summation, and the slight decrease in mechanical pain thresholds, suggest that central nociceptive neurons do express activation-dependent plasticity. These findings may point to an important pathophysiological change in membrane properties of nociceptive neurons of migraine patients; a change that may hold a key to more effective prophylactic treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Rambam Medical Center and Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health and Welfare, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Irit
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Weissman-Fogel
authors.forename: Elliot
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sprecher
authors.forename: Yelena
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Granovsky
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yarnitsky
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D010812:Physical Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena; D014276:Trigeminal Nerve / Q000502:physiology*