title: Endothelin-1 levels in the pathophysiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchial asthma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endothelin-1 (ET-1) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The ET-1 levels are elevated during exacerbations of asthma and COPD in bronchoalveolar lavage, serum, and sputum and fails with treatment of the exacerbations. Hypoxemia stimulates ET-1 secretion.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to examine the serum ET-1 levels in stable asthmatic and COPD patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined 48 COPD and 26 asthmatic patients and 34 normal subjects. We collected arterial samples to measure baseline ET-1 levels in all patients and in the control group, during the day. All the patients underwent formal polysomnography (EEG, ECG, airflow, respiratory muscle movement, oximeter) to detect the presence of nocturnal, nonapneic, and oxyhemoglobin desaturation. Twelve of the COPD patients and six of the asthmatic patients were disqualified because of inadequate sleep or sleep apnea syndrome. Nineteen of the COPD patients desaturated below a baseline sleep saturation of 90% for 5 min or more, reaching a nadir saturation of at least 85%. We collected arterial samples to measure ET-1 levels, 5 min after the first period of desaturation in each of the 19 desaturators COPD patients. None of the 20 asthmatic patients exhibited oxyhemoglobin desaturation during sleep.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline arterial ET-1 levels during the day were significantly higher in "desaturators" COPD patients (2.08+/-0.28 pg/ml) compared to "non-desaturators" COPD patients (1.38+/-0.16 pg/ml) (P<0.001) and to asthmatics (0.7+/-0.85 pg/ml) (P<0.001). ET-1 Levels in normal subjects were 1.221+/-0.02 pg/ml. In "desaturators" COPD patients ET-1 levels during the night, 5 min after the first oxyhemoglobin desaturation, were significantly higher (4.28+/-1.10 pg/ml) compared to those during the day (2.08+/-0.28 pg/ml) (P<0.001). A significant negative correlation was observed between ET-1 levels and degree of desaturation during the day (P=0.005, r=0.632) and during the night (P<0.001, r=0.930) in "desaturators" COPD patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to our results: (1) ET-1 levels were significantly higher in "desaturators" COPD patients than in "non-desaturators" COPD and in asthmatics; (2) ET-1 levels were significantly higher during the night than during the day in "desaturators" COPD patients; (3) the degree of desaturation correlated negatively with the ET-1 levels in "desaturators" COPD patients, both during daytime and nighttime. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that ET-1 is implicated in the pathophysiology of asthma and COPD, especially if nocturnal, nonapneic, oxyhemoglobin desaturation exists.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonology, Laboratory of Sleep, University of Patras Medical School, Patras 26 500, Greece. gtrakpmd@med.upatras.gr
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Spiropoulos
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Trakada
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nikolaou
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Prodromakis
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Efremidis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pouli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koniavitou
mesh_terms: D001249:Asthma / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000097:blood*; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014797:Vital Capacity / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019332:Endothelin-1; D010100:Oxygen