title: Continuous support for women during childbirth.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Historically, women have been attended and supported by other women during labour. However, in recent decades in hospitals worldwide, continuous support during labour has become the exception rather than the routine. Concerns about the consequent dehumanization of women's birth experiences have led to calls for a return to continuous support by women for women during labour.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Primary: to assess the effects, on mothers and their babies, of continuous, one-to-one intrapartum support compared with usual care. Secondary: to determine whether the effects of continuous support are influenced by: (1) routine practices and policies in the birth environment that may affect a woman's autonomy, freedom of movement, and ability to cope with labour; (2) whether the caregiver is a member of the staff of the institution; and (3) whether the continuous support begins early or later in labour.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group trials register (30 January 2003) and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2003).
  
  
  METHODS
  All published and unpublished randomized controlled trials comparing continuous support during labour with usual care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Standard methods of the Cochrane Collaboration Pregnancy and Childbirth Group were used. All authors participated in evaluation of methodological quality. Data extraction was undertaken independently by one author and a research assistant. Additional information was sought from the trial authors. Results are presented using relative risk for categorical data and weighted mean difference for continuous data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifteen trials involving 12,791 women are included. Primary comparison: Women who had continuous intrapartum support were less likely to have intrapartum analgesia, operative birth, or to report dissatisfaction with their childbirth experiences. Subgroup analyses: In general, continuous intrapartum support was associated with greater benefits when the provider was not a member of the hospital staff, when it began early in labour, and in settings in which epidural analgesia was not routinely available.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All women should have support throughout labour and birth.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Nursing, 50 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3H4.
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Hodnett
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gates
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Hofmeyr
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sakala
mesh_terms: D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000379:methods / Q000451:nursing; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007743:Labor, Obstetric; D008880:Midwifery; D009773:Obstetric Nursing; D011247:Pregnancy; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic