title: The influence of absolute cardiovascular risk, patient utilities, and costs on the decision to treat hypertension: a Markov decision analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of blood pressure-lowering treatment over a lifetime.
  
  
  METHODS
  Markov decision analysis model comparing treatment and non-treatment of hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hypothetical cohorts for 20 different strata of sex, age (30-79 years, in 10-year age bands), and cardiovascular risk (low and high risk).
  
  
  METHODS
  Life expectancy, and incremental cost : effectiveness ratios for treatment and non-treatment strategies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In terms of life expectancy, blood pressure treatment increased life expectancy in all age, sex, and risk strata, by between 1.6 and 10.3%, compared with a policy of non-treatment. In terms of cost-effectiveness, treatment was more effective, but also cost more than non-treatment for all age, sex, and risk strata except the oldest high-risk men and women. Incremental cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) among low-risk groups ranged from pound 1030 to pound 3304. Cost-effectiveness results for low-risk individuals were sensitive to the utility of receiving antihypertensive treatment. Treatment of high-risk individuals was highly cost-effective, such that it was the dominant strategy in the oldest age group, and resulted in incremental costs per QALY ranging from pound 34 to pound 265 in younger age groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Policy decisions about which patients to treat depend on whether a life-expectancy or cost-effectiveness perspective is taken. Treatment increases life expectancy in all strata of age, sex, and cardiovascular risk. However, younger individuals stand to gain proportionately more from blood pressure treatment than do the elderly. In terms of cost-effectiveness, patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease are a highly cost-effective group to treat. In patients at lower risk of cardiovascular disease, consideration should be given to issues of patient preference and cost.
authors.affiliation: Division of Primary Health Care, University of Bristol, UK. alan.a.montgomery@bristol.ac.uk
authors.forename: Alan A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Montgomery
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fahey
authors.forename: Yoav
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ben-Shlomo
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harding
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000191:economics*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003657:Decision Making; D016527:Drug Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008017:Life Expectancy; D008297:Male; D008390:Markov Chains; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents