title: Three-dimensional rotational spinal angiography in the evaluation and treatment of vascular malformations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Conventional spinal angiography, although useful in providing angioarchitectural details of spinal vascular disease, has limitations. The advent of 3D angiography has provided a better comprehension of angioarchitectural detail when evaluating the intracranial circulation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of 3D angiography in the diagnosis and treatment of vascular malformations of the spine.
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective analysis included 17 3D spinal angiograms acquired in 14 consecutive patients examined at our institution for a spinal vascular lesion, which included nine spinal cord arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), one perimedullary arteriovenous fistula (AVF), three spinal dural AVFs, and one nerve root AVM. 3D angiography was obtained with apnea under general anesthesia by using a 14-second acquisition and 200 degrees rotation of the gantry during injection of 300 mg I/mL nonionic contrast material at a rate of 0.5-3.5 mL/s. Multiple reconstructed images were obtained with or without opacification of the surrounding structures. These images were then evaluated by the interventionalists at the time of the procedure and compared with findings obtained by conventional subtraction angiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  3D angiography was useful in differentiating intramedullary lesions from perimedullary surface lesions; detecting arterial, nidal, or venous aneurysms; and evaluating the 3D structure of the lesion as well as the relationship between the malformation and its draining veins or surrounding bony structures. In specific situations, it obviated the need for contrast-enhanced conventional or 3D CT, as well as for lateral or oblique angiographic views, which are sometimes difficult to obtain with good quality. No 3D angiography-related complications were experienced. Some limitations in the definition of small vessel anatomy in the reconstructed images were noted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this small series of patients, 3D angiography was safe and useful for evaluation of the 3D vascular anatomy of spinal vascular malformations.
authors.affiliation: Center for Endovascular Surgery, Beth Israel Medical Center, Singer Division, New York, NY 10128, USA.
authors.forename: Charles J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Prestigiacomo
authors.forename: Yasunari
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Niimi
authors.forename: Avi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Setton
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berenstein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000792:Angiography; D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction; D020785:Central Nervous System Vascular Malformations / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D004594:Electrophysiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D013118:Spinal Cord Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D013131:Spine / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States; D014711:Vertebral Artery / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery