title: A novel red fluorescent protein orthotopic pancreatic cancer model for the preclinical evaluation of chemotherapeutics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Realistic models of pancreatic cancer are necessary to develop effective drugs for the disease. More aggressive tumor models enhanced by brighter fluorescent biomarkers to follow the disease in real time would enhance the ability to predict accurately the effect of novel therapeutics on this particularly malignant human cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A novel, highly fluorescent, red fluorescent protein (RFP)-expressing pancreatic cancer model was orthotopically established in nude mice. The MIA-PaCa-2 human pancreatic cancer cell line was transduced with RFP and grown subcutaneously. Fluorescent tumor fragments were then surgically transplanted onto the nude mouse pancreas. Groups treated with intraperitoneal gemcitabine or intravenous irinotecan were sequentially imaged to compare, in real time, the antimetastatic and antitumor effects of these agents compared with untreated controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rapid tumor growth and widespread metastases developed in untreated mice within 2 weeks, leading to a median survival of 21 days. In contrast, significant tumor growth suppression and consequent increase in survival (32.5 days, P = 0.009) were achieved with CPT-11. Gemcitabine highly improved survival (72 days, P = 0.004) by inducing transient tumor regression over the first 3 weeks. However, at this time, growth and dissemination occurred despite continued treatment, suggesting the development of tumor resistance. The antimetastatic efficacy of each drug was followed noninvasively in real time by imaging the RFP-expressing tumor and metastases, and was confirmed by fluorescent open imaging of autopsy specimens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This highly metastatic model reliably simulates the aggressive course of human pancreatic cancer. Noninvasive, sequential imaging permits quantification of tumor growth and dissemination and, thereby, real time evaluation of therapeutic efficacy. These features make this model an ideal, preclinical system with which to study novel therapeutics for pancreatic cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California 92161, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: Shinako
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takimoto
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Spivack
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Moossa
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bouvet
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002166:Camptothecin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D000077146:Irinotecan; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D023421:Models, Animal; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D014161:Transduction, Genetic; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D000093542:Gemcitabine; D000097573:Red Fluorescent Protein
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D002166:Camptothecin; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D000077146:Irinotecan; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D000093542:Gemcitabine; D000097573:Red Fluorescent Protein