title: The effects of drugs inhibiting protein secretion in the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei. Evidence for down-regulation of genes that encode secreted proteins in the stressed cells.
abstract: To study the mechanisms of protein secretion as well as the cellular responses to impaired protein folding and transport in filamentous fungi, we have analyzed Trichoderma reesei cultures treated with chemical agents that interfere with these processes, dithiothreitol, brefeldin A, and the Ca(2+)-ionophore A23187. The effects of the drugs on the kinetics of protein synthesis and transport were characterized using metabolic labeling of synthesized proteins. Cellobiohydrolase I (CBHI, Cel7A), the major secreted cellulase, was analyzed as a model protein. Northern analysis showed that under conditions where protein transport was inhibited (treatments with dithiothreitol or brefeldin A) the unfolded protein response pathway was activated. The active form of the hac1 mRNA that mediates unfolded protein response signaling was induced, followed by induction of the foldase and chaperone genes pdi1 and bip1. Concomitant with the activation of the unfolded protein response pathway, the transcript levels of genes encoding secreted proteins, like cellulases and xylanases, were drastically decreased, suggesting a novel type of feedback mechanism activated in response to impairment in protein folding or transport (repression under secretion stress (RESS)). By studying expression of the reporter gene lacZ under cbh1 promoters of different length, it was shown that the feedback response was mediated through the cellulase promoter.
authors.affiliation: VTT Biotechnology, P. O. Box 1500, 02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland. tiina.pakula@vtt.fi
authors.forename: Tiina M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Pakula
authors.forename: Marjukka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laxell
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Huuskonen
authors.forename: Jaana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Uusitalo
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saloheimo
authors.forename: Merja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Penttilä
mesh_terms: D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D020126:Brefeldin A / Q000494:pharmacology; D000001:Calcimycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D043366:Cellulose 1,4-beta-Cellobiosidase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004229:Dithiothreitol / Q000494:pharmacology; D025461:Feedback, Physiological; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal / Q000187:drug effects*; D017930:Genes, Reporter / Q000235:genetics; D007476:Ionophores / Q000494:pharmacology; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D017510:Protein Folding; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014242:Trichoderma / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D001616:beta-Galactosidase / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D005656:Fungal Proteins; D007476:Ionophores; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D020126:Brefeldin A; D000001:Calcimycin; D001616:beta-Galactosidase; D043366:Cellulose 1,4-beta-Cellobiosidase; D004229:Dithiothreitol