title: Measurement of the cardiac output in small animals by thermodilution.
abstract: Cardiac output (CO) measurements based on indicator dilution, microspheres, thermodilution and ultrasonic sensors are not suitable for small animals, because of limited blood volume, high heart rates and small caliber vessels that do not allow probe placement within the heart. We developed a modified thermodilution method to measure CO in awake animals weighing less than 100 g. Under anesthesia, the animal is instrumented with a jugular vein catheter placed proximal to the subclavian vein and a temperature probe in the carotid artery with the thermocouple positioned at the aortic arch. Two days after implantation, room temperature saline is injected (150 microl) into the jugular catheter and the temperature change recorded. This system uses the temperature probe as a digital feedback control: (1) to minimize recirculation error; (2) to adjust baseline temperature, thereby increasing sensitivity to small changes in temperature; and (3) to stabilize animal core temperature. The system was calibrated using a laboratory bench model with anatomically scaled components. CO was measured (n=29) in 16 hamsters (65-115 g), and was linearly related to body weight. Cardiac index (CI=CO/weight) was 197.0 +/- 18.8 (ml/min)/kg. Repeated measurements were made. This technique allows correlating systemic flow changes to be correlated to those measured in the microcirculation of window chamber preparations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. pcabrales@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cabrales
authors.forename: Cesar
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Acero
authors.forename: Marcos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Intaglietta
authors.forename: Amy G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Tsai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology; D001835:Body Weight; D002138:Calibration; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000032:analysis; D002302:Cardiac Output; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000502:physiology; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling; D006224:Cricetinae; D004395:Dye Dilution Technique; D007601:Jugular Veins / Q000502:physiology; D008863:Microspheres; D013815:Thermodilution / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D002248:Carbon Monoxide