title: Characteristics of mothers who have children with fetal alcohol syndrome or some characteristics of fetal alcohol syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Health care providers can more effectively prevent fetal alcohol syndrome and prenatal alcohol exposure if they know more about mothers who have children with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) or some characteristics of FAS.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted two retrospective case-control studies of Northern Plains Indian children with FAS and some characteristics of FAS diagnosed from 1981 to 1993 by using the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM), code 760.71. We compared mothers who had children with FAS or some characteristics of FAS with mothers who had children that did not have FAS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with control mothers, 43 mothers who had children with FAS and 35 mothers who had children with some characteristics of FAS were older, had fewer prenatal visits, more pregnancies, more mental health problems, and more injuries (both total and alcohol-related). Although the prevalence of drinking was high in both case and control mothers, case mothers had more alcohol-related medical problems, drank heavily, in binges, and daily more often than control mothers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women with injuries and mental health problems should be screened for substance use. Mothers of children with FAS or of some characteristics of FAS have numerous needs that must be addressed to prevent future prenatal alcohol exposure.
authors.affiliation: Aberdeen Area Indian Health Service, Public Health Service Indian Hospital, Rapid City, SD, USA.
authors.forename: Valborg L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Kvigne
authors.forename: Gary R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Leonardson
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Borzelleca
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brock
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Neff-Smith
authors.forename: Thomas K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Welty
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D063647:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008603:Mental Health; D009035:Mothers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011247:Pregnancy; D018566:Pregnancy, High-Risk; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013023:South Dakota / Q000453:epidemiology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology