title: Gender differences in postprandial ketone bodies in normolipidemic subjects and in untreated patients with familial combined hyperlipidemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An increased hepatic flow of free fatty acids (FFAs) is associated with impaired peripheral FFA trapping by malfunctioning of the complement component 3 (C3)/acylation-stimulating protein system and overproduction of VLDL in familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL). Postprandial ketone bodies reflect FFA oxidation in the liver, but the postprandial changes in male and female patients separately have not been determined yet. Gender differences in postprandial ketone bodies and C3 changes were investigated in normolipidemic patients and patients with untreated FCHL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-two normolipidemic patients (16 female and 16 male) and 19 patients with untreated normolipidemia (9 female and 10 male) underwent an oral fat-loading test. Total and incremental areas under the curves (AUC and dAUC, respectively) after the oral fat load were calculated. Triglyceride AUC was similar between genders in each group. Normolipidemic female subjects showed a higher levels of dAUC-hydroxybutyric acid than male subjects (1.37+/-0.49 and 0.98+/-0.43 mmol x h/L). In FCHL, a similar trend was observed in female (1.92+/-0.38) compared with male (1.55+/-0.87) subjects. In contrast to normolipidemia, FCHL did not show a postprandial increase in C3, although C3 was higher in FCHL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women have higher postprandial ketone bodies than men, probably reflecting enhanced postprandial hepatic FFA oxidation. In FCHL, both genders have higher postprandial ketone bodies and therefore higher hepatic FFA delivery. The higher fasting and postprandial C3 levels in FCHL may reflect resistance of the C3/acylation-stimulating protein system to promote peripheral fatty acid trapping.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C J M
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Halkes
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van Dijk
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Verseyden
authors.forename: P P Th
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: de Jaegere
authors.forename: H W M
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Plokker
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meijssen
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Erkelens
authors.forename: M Castro
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Cabezas
mesh_terms: D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D019540:Area Under Curve; D003176:Complement C3 / Q000378:metabolism; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006950:Hyperlipidemia, Familial Combined / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D007657:Ketone Bodies / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019518:Postprandial Period; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D003176:Complement C3; D004041:Dietary Fats; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D007657:Ketone Bodies; D014280:Triglycerides; D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid