title: Amalgam type, adhesive system, and storage period as influencing factors on microleakage of amalgam restorations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The penetration of oral fluids and bacteria at the interface between the preparation walls and amalgam restorations, known as marginal microleakage, continues to be a problem in restorative dentistry. Microleakage may result in secondary caries and the irritation of the pulp.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the effect of amalgam type, adhesive system, and storage period on microleakage of amalgam restorations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty human premolars and molars were divided randomly into 8 equal groups of 10 teeth each. A combination of 2 different types of amalgam alloys (Spherodon and Nogama-2) and 2 bonding agents (Resinomer and High-Q-Bond) were used to restore Class V preparations. After thermocycling for 750 cycles (4 degrees C and 60 degrees C for 1-minute dwell times), the teeth were stored in a corrosive solution (modified Fusayama solution). The mean depth of fuchsin dye penetration was evaluated after an immersion period of 14 days and 180 days. The data were analyzed with a 3-way analysis of variance model and Wilcoxon paired signed rank test (alpha=.05). Main effects (aging time, amalgam, and adhesive), as well as possible interactions, were included in the model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant differences were found in all analyzed combinations. The 3-way interaction between time, restoration, and adhesive was significant (P=.04 and P=.015 for the cervical and occlusal margin, respectively). After long-term storage, dye penetration values decreased in all groups and reached a lower level compared with short-term storage (range of 0.42 mm to 0.83 mm versus 0.61 mm to 3.6 mm for the long and short term, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An adhesive bonding agent may affect microleakage in the short term. However, in the long term the effect of the adhesive does not appear to be the dominant factor in reducing microleakage around amalgam restorations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Laboratory of Dental Materials, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University, PO Box 12272, Jerusalem, 91120 Israel. daniel@cc.huji.ac.il
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ziskind
authors.forename: Eyal
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Venezia
authors.forename: Irit
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kreisman
authors.forename: Eliahu
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mass
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001641:Bicuspid; D003188:Composite Resins; D003343:Corrosion; D003723:Dental Amalgam / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry; D001840:Dental Bonding / Q000379:methods*; D003763:Dental Leakage / Q000209:etiology*; D003793:Dental Restoration, Permanent / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008689:Methacrylates; D008963:Molar; D011897:Random Allocation; D019279:Resin Cements; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins; C103360:High-Q-Bond; D008689:Methacrylates; D019279:Resin Cements; C110709:resinomer; D003723:Dental Amalgam