title: Presentation and 5-year follow-up of type 2 diabetes mellitus in African-American and Caribbean-Hispanic adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We report the presentation and 5-year follow-up of 89 African-American (AA) and Caribbean-Hispanic (CH) youths with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) followed at the Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y., USA, from 1990 to 2000.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical records of 89 patients with T2DM diagnosed between 1990 and 2000 were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over a 10-year period, the number of pediatric patients less than 18 years of age diagnosed with T2DM at the Montefiore Medical Center increased tenfold. At presentation, the mean age was 14 +/- 2.3 years, the mean body mass index (BMI) was 34.4 +/- 9 kg/m(2), the female/male ratio was 1.6:1, and all these patients were pubertal. Acanthosis nigricans was present in 89% of the patients, polyuria and polydipsia occurred in 48%, weight loss occurred in 22%, and nearly 30% of the patients were asymptomatic at diagnosis. Diabetic ketoacidosis occurred in 5 patients. By 5 years after diagnosis, 45% of the patients were able to maintain an HgbA1C <7% with oral medications (metformin and/or glipizide); 18% required insulin (<0.4 U/kg/day) in addition to oral medications, and 37% did not require any medication. The mean insulin level, BMI and HgbA1C at the time of diagnosis did not predict treatment requirements for 3 years after diagnosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because the incidence of T2DM is increasing in adolescents, the natural history and optimal therapy for adolescents with T2DM need to be established.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Grinstein
authors.forename: Radhika
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Muzumdar
authors.forename: Leonor
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Aponte
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vuguin
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Saenger
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: DiMartino-Nardi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001741:Black or African American; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D015992:Body Mass Index; D017691:Caribbean Region / Q000208:ethnology; D002648:Child; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008687:Metformin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009765:Obesity; D015995:Prevalence
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D008687:Metformin