title: Effect of a high-fat ketogenic diet on plasma levels of lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little prospective long-term information is available on the effect of a ketogenic diet on plasma lipoproteins in children with difficult-to-control seizures.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect in children with intractable seizures of a high-fat ketogenic diet on plasma levels of the major apolipoprotein B (apoB)-containing lipoproteins, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and very LDL (VLDL); and the major apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I)-containing lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein (HDL).
  
  
  METHODS
  A 6-month prospective cohort study of 141 children (mean [SD] age, 5.2 [3.8] years for 70 boys and 6.1 [4.4] years for 71 girls) with difficult-to-treat seizures who were hospitalized for initiation of a high-fat ketogenic diet and followed up as outpatients. This cohort constituted a subgroup of the 371 patients accepted into the ketogenic diet program between 1994 and 2001. A subset of the cohort was also studied after 12 (n = 59) and 24 (n = 27) months.
  
  
  METHODS
  A ketogenic diet consisting of a high ratio of fat to carbohydrate and protein combined (4:1 [n = 102], 3.5:1 [n = 7], or 3:1 [n = 32]). After diet initiation, the calories and ratio were adjusted to maintain ideal body weight for height and maximal urinary ketosis for seizure control.
  
  
  METHODS
  Differences at baseline and 6-month follow-up for levels of total, VLDL, LDL, HDL, and non-HDL cholesterol; triglycerides; total apoB; and apoA-I.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 6 months, the high-fat ketogenic diet significantly increased the mean plasma levels of total (58 mg/dL [1.50 mmol/L]), LDL (50 mg/dL [1.30 mmol/L]), VLDL (8 mg/dL [0.21 mmol/L]), and non-HDL cholesterol (63 mg/dL [1.63 mmol/L]) (P<.001 vs baseline for each); triglycerides (58 mg/dL [0.66 mmol/L]) (P<.001); and total apoB (49 mg/dL) (P<.001). Mean HDL cholesterol decreased significantly (P<.001), although apoA-I increased (4 mg/dL) (P =.23). Significant but less marked changes persisted in children observed after 12 and 24 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high-fat ketogenic diet produced significant increases in the atherogenic apoB-containing lipoproteins and a decrease in the antiatherogenic HDL cholesterol. Further studies are necessary to determine if such a diet adversely affects endothelial vascular function and promotes inflammation and formation of atherosclerotic lesions.
authors.affiliation: Lipid Research Atherosclerosis Division, Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Md, USA. pkwitero@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Peter O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Kwiterovich
authors.forename: Eileen P G
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Vining
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pyzik
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Skolasky
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Freeman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001053:Apolipoproteins / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004032:Diet; D004041:Dietary Fats; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000209:etiology; D007223:Infant; D007662:Ketosis / Q000652:urine; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012640:Seizures / Q000178:diet therapy*
chemical_list: D001053:Apolipoproteins; D004041:Dietary Fats; D008055:Lipids; D008074:Lipoproteins