title: Assessment of novel risk factors in patients at low risk for cardiovascular events based on Framingham risk stratification.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Coronary heart disease (CHD) risk assessed by the Framingham risk score does not take into account the various "novel" markers that are of increasing interest. In this paper we examine a low-risk population to determine which novel markers may be of additive value to the Framingham assessment of CHD risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule (s-VCAM), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (s-ICAM-1), endothelial selectin (e-selectin), homocysteine and von Willebrand factor (vWF) were measured in 53 apparently healthy subjects recruited from a risk-reduction referral clinic. Carotid intima medial thickness (IMT) and number of plaques were determined by ultrasonography. Brachial ultrasound flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was also measured. Framingham risk scores were calculated and univariate and multivariate analyses of the resulting percent CHD risk over 10 years and novel markers were undertaken.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Abnormal carotid IMT and presence of plaques, hs-CRP, homocysteine, FMD and s-ICAM-1 were detected with a high frequency in this low-risk cohort. Average IMT, number of plaques and homocysteine were highly correlated with the calculated percent CHD whereas measures of hs-CRP, s-ICAM-1 and FMD were independent of the percent CHD calculation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FMD, as a reflection of the functional status of the vasculature, and hs-CRP and s-ICAM-1, as indicators of inflammatory processes, were independent of Framingham risk assessment in patients at low risk for cardiovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC.
authors.forename: Jasmine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grewal
authors.forename: Sammy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Jiri
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Frohlich
authors.forename: G B John
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Mancini
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000096:biosynthesis; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood; D014841:von Willebrand Factor / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019040:E-Selectin; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D014841:von Willebrand Factor; D006710:Homocysteine; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D002097:C-Reactive Protein