title: Bispectral index changes following etomidate induction of general anaesthesia and orotracheal intubation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Etomidate-associated hypnosis has only been studied using standard clinical criteria and raw EEG variables. We conducted a BIS-based investigation of etomidate induction of general anaesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty hydroxyzine-premedicated ASA I patients were randomly allocated to receive etomidate 0.2, 0.3, or 0.4 mg kg(-1) intravenously over 30 s. The BIS was continuously recorded. A tourniquet was placed on a lower limb to record purposeful movements and myoclonia. Tracheal intubation was facilitated using rocuronium 0.6 mg kg(-1) when the BIS value was 50. The times to disappearance of the eyelash reflex, to a decrease in the BIS to 50, and to tracheal intubation were compared. The BIS values 30 s following tracheal intubation, and mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) at all time points were also recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The BIS value decreased to 50 for tracheal intubation with no purposeful movement in all but one patient in the 0.2 mg kg(-1) group. There was no difference between the etomidate groups (0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 mg kg(-1)) in regards to time to loss of the eyelash reflex (103 (67), 65 (34), 116 (86) s, P=0.2), or to a decrease in BIS to 50 (135 (81), 82 (36), 150 (84) s, P=0.1). Also, the BIS value 30 s after intubation (41 (10), 37 (4), 37 (4), P=0.4), and plasma etomidate concentrations (161 [29-998], 308 [111-730], 310 [90-869] ng ml(-1), P=0.2) did not differ between groups. The time to loss of the eyelash reflex was 12-140 s shorter than the time to a decrease in BIS to 50 in three patients in each group who received etomidate 0.2 and 0.4 mg kg(-1), and in four patients who received 0.3 mg kg(-1). No awareness was recorded. MAP and HR increases following tracheal intubation were comparable between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Etomidate induction doses do not predict the time for BIS to decrease to 50 as this variable varies markedly following three etomidate dose regimen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, University Paris V-René Descartes, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques, F-75679 Paris Cedex 14, France.
authors.forename: M-A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lallemand
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lentschener
authors.forename: J-X
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Mazoit
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bonnichon
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Manceau
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ozier
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000379:methods*; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001767:Blinking / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects*; D005045:Etomidate / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D005045:Etomidate