Apoptosis and macrophage clearance of neutrophils: regulation by reactive oxygen species.
Inflammation is a beneficial host response to foreign challenge involving numerous soluble factors and cell types, including polymorphonuclear granulocytes or neutrophils. Programmed cell death (apoptosis) of neutrophils has been documented in vitro as well as in vivo, and is thought to be important for the resolution of inflammation, as this process allows for engulfment and removal of senescent cells prior to their necrotic disintegration. Studies in recent years have begun to unravel the mechanism of macrophage clearance of apoptotic cells, and evidence has accrued for a critical role of externalization and oxidation of plasma membrane phosphatidylserine, and its subsequent recognition by macrophage receptors, in this process. Activated neutrophils generate vast amounts of reactive oxygen species for the purpose of killing ingested micro-organisms, and these reactive metabolites may also modulate the life-span, as well as the clearance, of the neutrophil itself. This review aims to address the latter topic, as well as to summarize current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of neutrophil apoptosis and macrophage clearance of these cells at the site of inflammation.
Fadeel
Bengt
B
Division of Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. bengt.fadeel@imm.ki.se
Kagan
Valerian E
VE
D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000473:pathology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000502:physiology*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000473:pathology*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*
D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species