title: Comparison of diagnostic accuracies in outpatients and hospitalized patients of D-dimer testing for the evaluation of suspected pulmonary embolism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The ability of various D-dimer assays to exclude the diagnosis of thromboembolic diseases is controversial. We examined the diagnostic accuracy of two D-dimer methods in hospitalized patients and outpatients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied consecutive patients for whom D-dimer testing was ordered for investigation of suspected pulmonary embolism. We measured D-dimer by an ELISA (VIDAS D-dimer) and an enhanced microlatex immunoassay method (Diagnostica Stago STA Liatest D-di). Patient diagnoses were based on imaging studies or, when these were not performed, on follow-up by review of medical records 3 months later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We examined 233 hospitalized patients and 234 outpatients with a mean age of 58 years (range, 1-92 years) and a female-to-male ratio of 1.4 to 1. Thromboembolism was present in 8% of outpatients and 12% of hospitalized patients. In outpatients, the negative predictive values were 98% [95% confidence interval (CI), 93-100%] and 99% (94-100%) for the microlatex and ELISA methods, respectively, at the recommended cutoffs. Areas under the ROC curves were similar for the two methods [0.77 (95% CI, 0.67-0.87) and 0.81 (0.73-0.89), respectively]. By contrast, in hospitalized patients, the confidence intervals for the areas under the ROC curves included 0.5 [0.60 (95% CI, 0.50-0.71) and 0.56 (0.44-0.67)].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For hospitalized patients, in contrast to outpatients, the diagnostic accuracy of D-dimer testing for pulmonary embolism is poor in a tertiary care setting, presumably reflecting thrombosis and comorbidities, other than pulmonary embolism, that increase the D-dimer concentrations in these patients. The patient population studied appears more important than assay method in studies of the diagnostic accuracy of D-dimer testing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Schrecengost
authors.forename: Robin D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: LeGallo
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Boyd
authors.forename: Karel G M
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Moons
authors.forename: Steven L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Gonias
authors.forename: C Edward
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Bruns
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products / Q000032:analysis*; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay / Q000379:methods; D007223:Infant; D007297:Inpatients; D007841:Latex Fixation Tests; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010045:Outpatients; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; C036309:fibrin fragment D