title: Vernal keratoconjunctivitis in Thailand.
abstract: A prospective, cross-sectional and randomized cross-over study was conducted to study the clinical features and treatment outcome among Thai patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC). History-taking and eye examinations were performed. Mild cases of VKC were given topical antihistamine four times daily. Moderate and severe cases of VKC were treated with topical lodoxamide four times a day. Severe cases of VKC were given topical corticosteroids. Moderate and severe cases of VKC, which were refractory to treatment with either corticosteroids or a mast cell stabilizer had topical cyclosporine 0.5% instilled four times daily. Five patients were exposed to two different treatment regimens in sequence. As main outcome measures, itching, foreign body sensation, photophobia, conjunctival injection, papillae and chemosis were evaluated weekly. The patients with the palpebral type of VKC had daily symptoms, which were more severe and triggered by house-dust with a significant difference among the groups. Limbal VKC was associated with allergic rhinitis more commonly than palpebral VKC. Positive results of skin prick testing to acacia, careless weed, mold, Johnson grass and cow's milk were significantly more common in patients with palpebral VKC. The most common symptoms and signs were found in the mixed type of VKC. Purulent discharge, pannus and lid erythema were found in the palpebral type. Levocabastine hydrochloride was sufficient for mild cases of limbal VKC; lodoxamide for the limbal and mixed types. Prednisolone acetate was the drug of choice in severe cases of any type but only for a short period of time. The success rate of topical cyclosporine in the palpebral type was lower than in the limbal type due to an intolerable burning sensation. Topical cyclosporine used in 4 patients with limbal and palpebral type had a success rate of 100% which was greater than in the lodoxamide group (66.7%, 0%). Compared with topical corticosteroid-treated eyes in one patient, the success rate in topical cyclosporine-treated eyes was not success. Grading the severity of each type of VKC is crucial to obtain good response of any medication and compliance. Topical cyclosporine 0.5% can be an alternative drug to relieve symptoms and signs of VKC in order to avoid steroid-induced glaucoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
authors.forename: Panida
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kosrirukvongs
authors.forename: Pakit
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vichyanond
authors.forename: Warapat
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wongsawad
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018926:Anti-Allergic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003233:Conjunctivitis, Allergic / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013785:Thailand
chemical_list: D018926:Anti-Allergic Agents; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents