title: Endocrine withdrawal syndromes.
abstract: Hypersecretion of endogenous hormones or chronic administration of high doses of the same hormones induces varying degrees of tolerance and dependence. Elimination of hormone hypersecretion or discontinuation of hormone therapy may result in a mixed picture of two syndromes: a typical hormone deficiency syndrome and a generic withdrawal syndrome. Thus, hormones with completely different physiological effects may produce similar withdrawal syndromes, with symptoms and signs reminiscent of those observed with drugs of abuse, suggesting shared mechanisms. This review postulates a unified endocrine withdrawal syndrome, with changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the central opioid peptide, in which noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems of the brain act as common links in its pathogenesis. Long-term adaptations to hormones may involve relatively persistent changes in molecular switches, including common intracellular signaling systems, from membrane receptors to transcription factors. The goals of therapy are to ease withdrawal symptoms and to expedite weaning of the patient from the hormonal excess state. Clinicians should resort to the fundamentals of tapering hormones down over time, even in the case of abrupt removal of a hormone-producing tumor. In addition, the prevention of stress and concurrent administration of antidepressants may ameliorate symptoms and signs of an endocrine withdrawal syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology (Z.H.), Meyer Children's Hospital, Haifa 31096, Israel.
authors.forename: Ze'ev
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hochberg
authors.forename: Karel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pacak
authors.forename: George P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Chrousos
mesh_terms: D000728:Androgens / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000502:physiology; D004703:Endocrine System / Q000502:physiology*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000502:physiology; D006728:Hormones / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000502:physiology; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000502:physiology*; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D004967:Estrogens; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D006728:Hormones; D019382:Human Growth Hormone