title: Improving self-reports of drug-use: numeric estimates as fuzzy sets.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study compared traditional crisp set to fuzzy set representations of quantitative estimates of drug use to investigate what survey respondents recall about their drug use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sample survey comparing (a) responses to traditional survey questions asking for single numeric estimates to (b) responses to fuzzy set questions asking for boundary estimates of drug use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Research facilities of a public university in a large southern California city.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community residents using tobacco, alcohol, marijuana or amphetamine (n = 88).
  
  
  METHODS
  Personal interviews in which participants reported onset, frequency and daily rate of tobacco, alcohol, marijuana and amphetamine use based on traditional survey questions and fuzzy set questions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With the exception of marijuana use, fuzzy boundary estimates differed significantly from the traditional point estimates (P < 0.05). Median retest reliabilities for fuzzy boundary estimates were 0.96 (tobacco), 0.81 (alcohol), 0.96 (marijuana) and 0.95 (amphetamine). The degree of vagueness varied by behavior and drug, with estimates of daily rates showing greatest fuzziness and onset of use showing least fuzziness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Participants recall more about past drug use than a single numeric estimate. All numeric estimates of drug use showed fuzzy set properties. Compared to traditional self-reports of drug use, fuzzy set representations provide a more complete and detailed description of what participants recall about past drug use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, CA 98212-4611, USA. gmatt@sciences,sdsu.edu
authors.forename: Georg E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Matt
authors.forename: Maria R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Turingan
authors.forename: Quyen T
authors.initials: QT
authors.lastname: Dinh
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Felsch
authors.forename: Melbourne F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Hovell
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gehrman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D005260:Female; D017143:Fuzzy Logic; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012650:Self Disclosure; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology