title: Profile of persistent chlorinated contaminants, including selected chiral compounds, in wolverine (Gulo gulo) livers from the Canadian Arctic.
abstract: Wolverines (Gulo gulo) are circumpolar omnivores that live throughout the alpine and arctic tundra ecosystem. Wolverine livers were collected at Kugluktuk (Coppermine), NU (n=12) in the western Canadian Arctic to report, for the first time, the residue patterns of persistent organochlorine contaminants (OCs) in this species. The enantiomer fractions (EFs) of several chiral OCs, including PCB atropisomers, in wolverines were also determined. Results were compared to OC concentrations and EFs of chiral contaminants in arctic fox (Alopex lagopus) from Ulukhaqtuuq (Holman), NT (n=20); a closely related species that scavenges the marine and terrestrial arctic environment. The rank order of hepatic concentrations for sum ( summation operator ) OC groups in wolverines were polychlorinated biphenyls ( summation operator PCB)>chlordane-related components ( summation operator CHLOR)>DDT-related compounds ( summation operator DDT)>hexachlorocyclohexane isomers ( summation operator HCHs). The most abundant OC analytes detected in wolverine liver were PCB-153, PCB-180, and oxychlordane (OXY). Wolverine age and gender did not influence OC concentrations, which were comparable to lipid-normalized values in arctic fox. The EFs of several chiral OCs (alpha-HCH, cis- and trans-chlordane, OXY, heptachlor exo-epoxide) and PCB atropisomers (PCB-136, 149) were nonracemic in arctic fox and wolverine liver and similar to those previously calculated in arctic fox and polar bears from Iceland and the Canadian Arctic. Results suggest that these species have similar ability to biotransform OCs. As well, contaminant profiles suggest that terrestrial mammals do not represent the major source of OC exposure to wolverines and that wolverines are scavenging more contaminated prey items, such as marine mammals. While summation operator PCB did not exceed the concentrations associated with mammalian reproductive impairment, future research is required to properly evaluate the potential affect of other OCs on the overall health of wolverines.
authors.affiliation: National Water Research Institute, Environment Canada, ON L7R4A6, Burlington, Canada. paul.hoekstra@ec.gc.ca
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Hoekstra
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Braune
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Elkin
authors.forename: D C G
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Muir
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001110:Arctic Regions; D001711:Biotransformation; D002335:Carnivora / Q000378:metabolism*; D020387:Food Chain; D007306:Insecticides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls