title: Mechanical counter pressure on the arm counteracts adverse effects of hypobaric exposures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Current space suits have limited movement due to gas pressurization during exposure to the vacuum of space. Alternatively, if pressure is applied by an elastic garment vs. pneumatic garment to produce mechanical counter pressure (MCP), several advantages are possible. In this study, we investigate local microcirculatory and other effects produced with and without a prototype MCP glove and sleeve during exposure to varying levels of vacuum.
  
  
  METHODS
  The entire arms of eight male volunteers were studied at normal ambient pressure and during 5 min exposures to -50, -100, and -150 mm Hg with and without the MCP glove and sleeve. Pressure distribution, skin microvascular flow, and temperature were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MCP glove and sleeve generated over 200 mm Hg on the middle finger, dorsum of the hand, and the wrist. However, pressure was significantly lower on the forearm and the upper arm. Without the glove and sleeve, only two of eight subjects tolerated -100 mm Hg. Also, no subject tolerated -150 mm Hg. However, subjects tolerated all vacuum pressures wearing the glove and sleeve. Skin microvascular flow and temperature remained within control values with the glove and sleeve at a chamber pressure of -150 mm Hg.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MCP glove and sleeve counteracts adverse effects of vacuum exposures due to lower pressure differentials. Pressure levels over the hand and wrist are similar to those of the current U.S. space suit glove and sleeve, but additional development is required to increase MCP over the forearm and upper arm.
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Diego, Department of Orthopaedics, San Diego, CA 92103, USA.
authors.forename: Kunihiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Limberg
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reddig
authors.forename: Christine W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Jarvis
authors.forename: Alan R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Hargens
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001273:Atmosphere Exposure Chambers; D018478:Extravehicular Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D017575:Gloves, Protective; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation; D011312:Pressure; D011481:Protective Clothing; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply*; D014618:Vacuum