title: A porcine beating heart model for robotic coronary artery surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The application of robotically assisted coronary artery surgery continues to be investigated clinically. Consequently, there is a need for a simple method to train surgeons in performing these operations. The aim of the present study was to assess a model using an excised porcine heart for the training of surgeons in creating a robotically assisted arterial anastomosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  An ex vivo beating heart model was constructed with a porcine heart and was evaluated by 3 cardiac surgeons previously trained in robotic surgery. All anastomoses from the first half of the study were reviewed to measure anastomotic time, the number of sutures placed, and the rate of suture placement per minute and were compared to those completed in the second half of the study by means of a unpaired Student t test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-seven anastomoses were completed with the beating heart model, 28 in the first half of the study and 29 in the second half. The mean time to create an anastomosis in the first half of the study was 19.3 minutes (range, 10-28 minutes), compared with 15.0 minutes (range, 7-20 minutes) in the second half; the difference did not meet statistical significance. However, the number of sutures placed per minute did increase in the second half of the study with a mean of 0.77 sutures per minute (range, 0.55-1.25), compared with 0.56 sutures per minute (range, 0.40-0.80) in the first half of the study (P <.0001). The number of sutures per anastomosis also decreased in the second half of the study with a mean of 9.0 sutures (range, 8-11), compared with 10.6 sutures (range, 8-16) in the first half of the study (P =.0049).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This preliminary experience demonstrated technical improvements in the second half of the study. Fewer sutures were placed per anastomosis with better precision, implying a learning curve that could be accelerated with our model. This porcine beating heart model represents an inexpensive training method that mimics the beating heart, complete with coronary blood flow, and may be used multiple times to train and assess a surgeon's skill in robotically assisted coronary surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Harry W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Donias
authors.forename: Ted
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Daniel G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Abe
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: DeAnda
authors.forename: Harold A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Tabaie
authors.forename: Douglas W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Boyd
authors.forename: Hratch L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Karamanoukian
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000193:education; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000193:education* / Q000379:methods; D023421:Models, Animal; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D012371:Robotics / Q000193:education*; D013537:Sutures; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors