title: Intramuscular heat shock protein 72 and heme oxygenase-1 mRNA are reduced in patients with type 2 diabetes: evidence that insulin resistance is associated with a disturbed antioxidant defense mechanism.
abstract: To examine whether genes associated with cellular defense against oxidative stress are associated with insulin sensitivity, patients with type 2 diabetes (n = 7) and age-matched (n = 5) and young (n = 9) control subjects underwent a euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp for 120 min. Muscle samples were obtained before and after the clamp and analyzed for heat shock protein (HSP)72 and heme oxygenase (HO)-1 mRNA, intramuscular triglyceride content, and the maximal activities of beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (beta-HAD) and citrate synthase (CS). Basal expression of both HSP72 and HO-1 mRNA were lower (P < 0.05) by 33 and 55%, respectively, when comparing diabetic patients with age-matched and young control subjects, with no differences between the latter groups. Both basal HSP72 (r = 0.75, P < 0.001) and HO-1 (r = 0.50, P < 0.05) mRNA expression correlated with the glucose infusion rate during the clamp. Significant correlations were also observed between HSP72 mRNA and both beta-HAD (r = 0.61, P < 0.01) and CS (r = 0.65, P < 0.01). HSP72 mRNA was induced (P < 0.05) by the clamp in all groups. Although HO-1 mRNA was unaffected by the clamp in both the young and age-matched control subjects, it was increased (P < 0.05) approximately 70-fold in the diabetic patients after the clamp. These data demonstrate that genes involved in providing cellular protection against oxidative stress are defective in patients with type 2 diabetes and correlate with insulin-stimulated glucose disposal and markers of muscle oxidative capacity. The data provide new evidence that the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes involves perturbations to the antioxidant defense mechanism within skeletal muscle.
authors.affiliation: Exercise Metabolism Group, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Clinton R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Bruce
authors.forename: Andrew L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Carey
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hawley
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Febbraio
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015870:Gene Expression; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; D050884:HSP72 Heat-Shock Proteins; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D006419:Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing) / Q000235:genetics*; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008875:Middle Aged; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000097:blood; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000235:genetics; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; D050884:HSP72 Heat-Shock Proteins; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D007328:Insulin; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; C495692:SLC2A4 protein, human; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014280:Triglycerides; D009195:Peroxidase; C496541:HMOX1 protein, human; D006419:Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing); D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1