title: Regulatory role of cAMP on expression of Cdk4 and p27(Kip1) by inhibiting phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in corneal endothelial cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 is a potent mitogen of corneal endothelial cells (CECs). Results in an earlier study showed that FGF-2 activates phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase to stimulate the cell cycle machinery. The current study was designed to determine whether adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) antagonizes FGF-2 by inhibiting PI 3-kinase/Akt pathways, thus leading to regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (Cdk4) and p27(Kip1) (p27) expression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cell proliferation was assayed by counting cells. Subcellular localization of proteins was determined by immunofluorescent staining and expression of Cdk4, p27, PI 3-kinase, Akt, and beta-actin was analyzed by immunoblot analysis. PI 3-kinase activity was determined by measuring production of phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  8-Bromoadenosine cAMP (8-Br-cAMP), a diffusible cAMP analogue, inhibited the PI 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathways. The 8-Br-cAMP and PI 3-kinase inhibitor (LY294002) produced equivalent stimulation and inhibition, respectively, of p27 and Cdk4 protein levels. They also equally inhibited cell proliferation, nuclear translocation of Cdk4, and phosphorylation of p27. Negative regulation of PI 3-kinase by 8-Br-cAMP was mediated by a direct inhibition of PI 3-kinase activity, which subsequently blocked phosphorylation of Akt at both the Ser473 and Thr308 sites. In addition, 8-Br-cAMP promoted a rapid turnover of Akt protein, and 8-Br-cAMP markedly reduced the half-life of Cdk4 protein. This inhibitory activity of cAMP was not mediated by PKA, but 8-Br-cAMP inhibited membrane localization of the p85 regulatory subunit of PI 3-kinase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data support the hypothesis that cAMP inhibits the proliferation of CECs, preventing them from entering the S phase by negatively regulating PI 3-kinase.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California. Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Hyung Taek
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: EunDuck P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Kay
mesh_terms: D015124:8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate / Q000494:pharmacology; D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002452:Cell Count; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000502:physiology; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000502:physiology*; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D004728:Endothelium, Corneal / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000494:pharmacology; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D015151:Immunoblotting; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D018129:Phosphatidylinositol Phosphates / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D011817:Rabbits; D015398:Signal Transduction; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015124:8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate; D000199:Actins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D018129:Phosphatidylinositol Phosphates; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; C055525:phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate