Corticosteroids in acute bacterial meningitis.
BACKGROUND
Acute bacterial meningitis remains a disease with high mortality rate, ranging from 10 to 30 percent, despite advances in critical care. It has been estimated that between 5 to 40 percent of all patients can suffer hearing loss. The use of corticosteroids as adjuvant therapy in the treatment of acute bacterial meningitis is controversial despite several controlled clinical trials and three meta-analyses. In particular there are few data on the use of corticosteroids in adult meningitis.


OBJECTIVE
We conducted a systematic review examining the efficacy and safety of adjuvant corticosteroid therapy in children and adults with acute bacterial meningitis.


METHODS
We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library issue 1, 2003)); MEDLINE (1966 to April 2002); EMBASE (1974 to April 2002); and HEALTHLINE (1988 to April 2002) and Current Contents for trials published before the April 1st 2002, and reference lists of articles. We also contacted manufacturers and researchers in the field.


METHODS
Eligible studies were published or non-published randomised controlled trials on corticosteroids as adjuvant therapy in acute bacterial meningitis. Patients of any age and in any clinical condition, treated with antibacterial agents and randomised to corticosteroid therapy (or placebo) of any type, could be included. At least case fatality rate or hearing loss had to be recorded for inclusion.


METHODS
Two reviewers independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. Study authors were contacted for additional information. Adverse effects information was collected from the trials.


RESULTS
Eighteen studies involving 1853 people were included. Overall, adjuvant corticosteroids were associated with lower case fatality (relative risk (RR) 0.76, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.59 to 0.98) and lower rates of both severe hearing loss (RR 0.36, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.60) and long-term neurological sequelae (RR 0.66, 95% CI 0.44 to 0.99). In children, corticosteroids reduced severe hearing loss in bacterial meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae (RR 0.31, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.62), as well as in meningitis caused by other bacteria than H. influenzae (RR 0.42, 95%CI 0.20 to 0.89). In adults there was a reduction in case-fatality (RR 0.38, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.78), however there were few data. Adverse events were not increased significantly with the use of corticosteroids.


CONCLUSIONS
Adjuvant corticosteroids are beneficial in the treatment of children with acute bacterial meningitis. The limited data available in adults shows a trend in favour of adjuvant corticosteroids but a definite recommendation must await more studies. ERRATUM: During the review process of this systematic review the results of the European Dexamethasone in Adulthood Bacterial Meningitis Trial were published. (De Gans 2002) In this prospective, randomised, double-blind, multicenter trial, which included 301 adults with bacterial meningitis, treatment with dexamethasone was associated with a reduction in mortality (relative risk of death, 0.48; 95 CI 0.24 to 0.96; p = 0.04). Therefore, dexamethasone should be given to all adults with bacterial meningitis and should be initiated before or with the first dose of antibiotics.
van de Beek
D
D
de Gans
J
J
McIntyre
P
P
Prasad
K
K
D000293:Adolescent; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D016920:Meningitis, Bacterial / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011239:Prednisolone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D003907:Dexamethasone; D011239:Prednisolone