title: Impact of transabdominal ultrasound guidance on performance and outcome of transcervical uterine embryo transfer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the impact of transabdominal ultrasound guidance on embryo transfer during IVF therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of 823 consecutive embryo transfers. Three hundred and sixty-seven procedures performed with transabdominal ultrasound guidance were compared to 456 cases performed with the "clinical touch" method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ultrasound-guided embryo transfer yielded higher, but not statistically significant, clinical pregnancy (48% vs. 44%) and implantation rates (22% vs. 20%). The incidence of multiple pregnancies, ectopic and multiple pregnancy rates were similar. The frequency of negative factors typically associated with difficult transfers, such as requirement of use of tenaculum, and presence of blood or mucus in the catheter tip, were significantly lower in the ultrasound-guided group in comparison with the clinical touch group. Ultrasound-guided embryo transfer was associated with a significantly increased easiness of transfer performance; 95% of the transfers were rated as very easy in the ultrasound-guidance group compared to 87% in the clinical touch group. The use of a soft pass catheter was the only variable independently and significantly associated with pregnancy success (odds ratio = 2.74).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrasound-guidance facilitates embryo transfer and in combination with the use of a soft catheter should be implemented to optimize embryo transfer results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Jones Institute for Reproductive Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Virginia 23507, USA.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mirkin
authors.forename: Estella L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Jacob F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: Laurel
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stadtmauer
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Gibbons
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oehninger
mesh_terms: D004624:Embryo Transfer; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography