title: Evaluation of chemical and integrated strategies as alternatives to methyl bromide for the control of root-knot nematodes in Greece.
abstract: Current environmental awareness has led to a greater demand for alternative nematode control strategies. Three field experiments were established to compare management tactics on cucumber in commercial greenhouses naturally infested with root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp). Cucumber rootstocks which have shown resistance to soil-borne diseases were tested to reveal any resistance/tolerance to root-knot nematodes, and integration of these rootstocks with nematicides was investigated. Metham-sodium and 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) provided good control of nematode populations when their application was followed by the application of a non-fumigant nematicide such as cadusafos or oxamyl. Neither fumigant could provide season-long control of nematode populations, and a further application of cadusafos was required for satisfactory control. The efficacy of metham-sodium was significantly increased when injected into soil in comparison with its application through the drip irrigation system. The use of rootstocks resistant to soil-borne fungal pathogens used together with chemical means of nematode control provided promising results for their further use in integrated strategies as alternatives to methyl bromide. However, the latter was the superior treatment for the control of root-knot nematodes in soil infested with residues of galled roots. Dazomet, metham-sodium nor the non-fumigant nematicides oxamyl and fenamiphos could reduce nematode population as efficiently as methyl bromide. None of the chemicals tested except methyl bromide could enter galled roots and kill surviving nematodes.
authors.affiliation: Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Agriculture, Laboratory of Applied Zoology and Parasitology, 54006 Thessaloniki, Greece. yannakos@agro.auth.gr
authors.forename: Ioannis O
authors.initials: IO
authors.lastname: Giannakou
authors.forename: Dimitrios G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Karpouzas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018553:Cucumis sativus / Q000469:parasitology; D006115:Greece; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000502:physiology; D009348:Nematoda / Q000187:drug effects*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000469:parasitology*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000469:parasitology; D012621:Seasons
chemical_list: D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated; D010575:Pesticides; C005218:methyl bromide