title: Quantification of urinary iodine: a need for revised thresholds.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare different possibilities of reporting the iodine supply in the same urine samples. Indeed, in field studies, urinary iodine concentration (I/L: micro g I/L, micro mol I/L, I/creatinine: micro g I/g creatanine, micro mol I/mol creatinine) is more readily available than excretion (I/24h micro g I/24 h, micro mol I/24h). However, confusion exists regarding the comparability of iodine supply based upon I/L, I/creatinine and I/24h, which for decades have been regarded as biochemically equivalent.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared I/24h, I/L and I/creatinine in accurate 24 h collections of urine and I/L and I/creatinine in 47 spot urine samples.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 13 subjects (Bern n=7, Brussels n=6) collected a total of 110 precise 24 h urine collections (Bern n=63, Brussels n=47). The subjects from Brussels also took a spot sample at the beginning of each 24 h collection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Iodine supply in both places was mildly deficient according to the criteria of WHO; all but one collection indicated an intake of >0.39 micro mol I/24h (>50 micro g I/24h). The same data presented as I/creatinine (or I/L) indicated an iodine intake of <0.39 (<50 micro g I/24h) in 5% (24%) of the samples in Bern and 23% (57%) in Brussels. Similar findings were observed for 47 spot samples. Whatever the cut-off selected, I/creatinine and I/L were systematically lower than I/24h (P<0.0002). Creatinine showed smaller CV than volume but did not perform better in defining iodine intake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considering I/24h as a reference, both I/creatinine and I/L clearly underestimate the iodine intake in subjects with adequate proteoenergetic intake. The significant deviations observed illustrate the urgent need for establishing separate ranges for I/24h, I/creatinine and I/L. In population studies, these deviations might even be larger.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Als
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Minder
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Willems
authors.forename: H V
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Van Thi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gerber
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bourdoux
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007455:Iodine / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D007455:Iodine; D003404:Creatinine