title: TR2 orphan receptor functions as negative modulator for androgen receptor in prostate cancer cells PC-3.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Both androgen receptor (AR) and orphan receptor TR2 (TR2) belong to the steroid nuclear receptor superfamily and are expressed in prostate cancer tissue and cell lines. AR has been known to be involved in prostate proliferation and prostate cancer progression. AR binds to androgen response elements and regulates target gene expression via a mechanism involving coregulators. However, the function of TR2 in prostate and prostate cancer and the relationship between TR2 and AR in the prostate cancer is unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transient transfection and CAT reporter gene assays were employed to assess AR-mediated transactivation. The expression level of prostate specific antigen (PSA) was measured by Northern blot analysis. The interaction between AR and TR2 was assessed by glutathione-S-transferase (GST) pull-down assay and mammalian two-hybrid system assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Orphan nuclear receptor TR2 suppressed androgen-mediated transactivation in prostate cancer PC-3 cells, and over-expression of TR2 suppressed PSA expression. The suppression of AR mediated transactivation by TR2 is not due to competition for the limited coregulator availability by these two receptors, but possibly through the interaction between TR2 and AR nuclear receptors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TR2 may function as a negative modulator to suppress AR function in prostate cancer. Further studies on how to control TR2 function may result in the ability to modulate AR function in prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, Urology, Radiation Oncology, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Xiaomin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Mu
authors.forename: Chawnshang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D059002:Androgen Receptor Antagonists; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D057107:Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 2, Group C, Member 1; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011988:Receptors, Thyroid Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D059002:Androgen Receptor Antagonists; C539822:NR2C1 protein, human; D057107:Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 2, Group C, Member 1; D011988:Receptors, Thyroid Hormone; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen