Chronic venous disease in an ethnically diverse population: the San Diego Population Study.
In a 1994-1998 cross-sectional study of a multiethnic sample of 2,211 men and women in San Diego, California, the authors estimated prevalence of the major manifestations of chronic venous disease: spider veins, varicose veins, trophic changes, and edema by visual inspection; superficial and deep functional disease (reflux or obstruction) by duplex ultrasonography; and venous thrombotic events based on history. Venous disease increased with age, and, compared with Hispanics, African Americans, and Asians, non-Hispanic Whites had more disease. Spider veins, varicose veins, superficial functional disease, and superficial thrombotic events were more common in women than men (odds ratio (OR) = 5.4, OR = 2.2, OR = 1.9, and OR = 1.9, respectively; p < 0.05), but trophic changes and deep functional disease were less common in women (OR = 0.7 for both; p < 0.05). Visible (varicose veins or trophic changes) and functional (superficial or deep) disease were closely linked; 92.0% of legs were concordant and 8.0% discordant. For legs evidencing both trophic changes and deep functional disease, the age-adjusted prevalences of edema, superficial events, and deep events were 48.2%, 11.3%, and 24.6%, respectively, compared with 1.7%, 0.6%, and 1.3% for legs visibly and functionally normal. However, visible disease did not invariably predict functional disease, or vice versa, and venous thrombotic events occurred in the absence of either.
Criqui
Michael H
MH
Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA. mcriqui@uscd.edu
Jamosmos
Maritess
M
Fronek
Arnost
A
Denenberg
Julie O
JO
Langer
Robert D
RD
Bergan
John
J
Golomb
Beatrice A
BA
D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D018864:Cultural Diversity; D004487:Edema / Q000208:ethnology; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000208:ethnology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011897:Random Allocation; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013684:Telangiectasis / Q000208:ethnology; D014648:Varicose Veins / Q000208:ethnology; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000208:ethnology; D044465:White People