title: Muscle-specific PPARgamma-deficient mice develop increased adiposity and insulin resistance but respond to thiazolidinediones.
abstract: Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) by thiazolidinediones (TZDs) improves insulin resistance by increasing insulin-stimulated glucose disposal in skeletal muscle. It remains debatable whether the effect of TZDs on muscle is direct or indirect via adipose tissue. We therefore generated mice with muscle-specific PPARgamma knockout (MuPPARgammaKO) using Cre/loxP recombination. Interestingly, MuPPARgammaKO mice developed excess adiposity despite reduced dietary intake. Although insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in muscle was not impaired, MuPPARgammaKO mice had whole-body insulin resistance with a 36% reduction (P < 0.05) in the glucose infusion rate required to maintain euglycemia during hyperinsulinemic clamp, primarily due to dramatic impairment in hepatic insulin action. When placed on a high-fat diet, MuPPARgammaKO mice developed hyperinsulinemia and impaired glucose homeostasis identical to controls. Simultaneous treatment with TZD ameliorated these high fat-induced defects in MuPPARgammaKO mice to a degree identical to controls. There was also altered expression of several lipid metabolism genes in the muscle of MuPPARgammaKO mice. Thus, muscle PPARgamma is not required for the antidiabetic effects of TZDs, but has a hitherto unsuspected role for maintenance of normal adiposity, whole-body insulin sensitivity, and hepatic insulin action. The tissue crosstalk mediating these effects is perhaps due to altered lipid metabolism in muscle.
authors.affiliation: Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Norris
authors.forename: Lihong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Simon J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Ildiko
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Szanto
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ristow
authors.forename: Alison C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Jozsi
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Hirshman
authors.forename: Evan D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.forename: Laurie J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Goodyear
authors.forename: Frank J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: Bruce M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Spiegelman
authors.forename: C Ronald
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Kahn
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism*; D000483:Alleles; D000818:Animals; D003847:Deoxyglucose / Q000378:metabolism; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D005838:Genotype; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008811:Mice, Inbred DBA; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D008957:Models, Genetic; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D009132:Muscles / Q000378:metabolism*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000378:metabolism*; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D013997:Time Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D007328:Insulin; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D013844:Thiazoles; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014280:Triglycerides; D003847:Deoxyglucose; C089946:2,4-thiazolidinedione; D005947:Glucose