title: Selective caveolin-1-dependent endocytosis of glycosphingolipids.
abstract: We studied the endocytosis of fluorescent glycosphingolipid (GSL) analogs in various cell types using pathway-specific inhibitors and colocalization studies with endocytic markers and DsRed caveolin-1 (cav-1). Based on inhibitor studies, all GSLs tested were internalized predominantly (>80%) by a clathrin-independent, caveolar-related mechanism, regardless of cell type. In addition, fluorescent lactosylceramide (LacCer) colocalized with DsRed-cav-1 in vesicular structures upon endocytosis in rat fibroblasts. The internalization mechanism for GSLs was unaffected by varying the carbohydrate headgroup or sphingosine backbone chain length; however, a fluorescent phosphatidylcholine analog was not internalized via caveolae, suggesting that the GSL ceramide core may be important for caveolar uptake. Internalization of fluorescent LacCer was reduced 80-90% in cell types with low cav-1, but was dramatically stimulated by cav-1 overexpression. However, even in cells with low levels of cav-1, residual LacCer internalization was clathrin independent. In contrast, cholera toxin B subunit (CtxB), which binds endogenous GM1, was internalized via clathrin-independent endocytosis in cells with high cav-1 expression, whereas significant clathrin-dependent uptake occurred in cells with low cav-1. Fluorescent GM1, normally internalized by clathrin-independent endocytosis in HeLa cells with low cav-1, was induced to partially internalize via the clathrin pathway in the presence of CtxB. These results suggest that GSL analogs are selectively internalized via a caveolar-related mechanism in most cell types, whereas CtxB may undergo "pathway switching" when cav-1 levels are low.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Raman Deep
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Vishwajeet
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Puri
authors.forename: Jacob T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Valiyaveettil
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Marks
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bittman
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Pagano
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D021941:Caveolae / Q000378:metabolism*; D051242:Caveolin 1; D022461:Caveolins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002772:Cholera Toxin / Q000378:metabolism; D022163:Clathrin-Coated Vesicles / Q000378:metabolism*; D006224:Cricetinae; D004705:Endocytosis; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006028:Glycosphingolipids / Q000378:metabolism*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: C495540:CAV1 protein, human; C495537:Cav1 protein, rat; D051242:Caveolin 1; D022461:Caveolins; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006028:Glycosphingolipids; D002772:Cholera Toxin