title: Exposure to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs during pregnancy and risk of miscarriage: population based cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether prenatal use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is associated with increased risk of miscarriage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population based cohort study. Prenatal use of NSAIDs, aspirin, and paracetamol (acetaminophen) ascertained by in-person interview.
  
  
  METHODS
  Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program, a healthcare delivery system, in the San Francisco area of the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  1055 pregnant women recruited and interviewed immediately after their positive pregnancy test. Median gestational age at entry to the study was 40 days.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnancy outcomes up to 20 weeks of gestation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  53 women (5%) reported prenatal NSAID use around conception or during pregnancy. After adjustment for potential confounders, prenatal NSAID use was associated with an 80% increased risk of miscarriage (adjusted hazard ratio 1.8 (95% confidence interval 1.0 to 3.2)). The association was stronger if the initial NSAID use was around the time of conception or if NSAID use lasted more than a week. Prenatal aspirin use was similarly associated with an increased risk of miscarriage. However, prenatal use of paracetamol, pharmacologically different from NSAIDs and aspirin, was not associated with increased risk of miscarriage regardless of timing and duration of use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prenatal use of NSAIDs and aspirin increased the risk of miscarriage. These findings need confirmation in studies designed specifically to examine the apparent association.
authors.affiliation: Division of Research, Kaiser Foundation Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, California 94612, USA. dkl@dor.kaiser.org
authors.forename: De-Kun
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Liyan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Roxana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Odouli
mesh_terms: D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000139:chemically induced*; D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001241:Aspirin / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000082:Acetaminophen; D001241:Aspirin