title: Anatomic brain abnormalities in monozygotic twins discordant for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine brain-behavior relationships in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the authors obtained magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of monozygotic twins discordant for ADHD.
  
  
  METHODS
  National recruitment was followed by in-person assessment. MRI scans were measured algorithmically for nine pairs of monozygotic twins discordant for ADHD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The affected twins had significantly smaller caudate volumes (mean difference=-0.56 ml, CI=-0.92 to -0.21) than their unaffected co-twins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide further support for striatal models of ADHD pathophysiology.
authors.affiliation: Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA. castef01@med.nyu.edu
authors.forename: F Xavier
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Castellanos
authors.forename: Wendy S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Sharp
authors.forename: Rebecca F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Gottesman
authors.forename: Deanna K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Greenstein
authors.forename: Jay N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Giedd
authors.forename: Judith L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Rapoport
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002421:Caudate Nucleus / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000503:physiopathology; D004200:Diseases in Twins / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic / Q000235:genetics