title: Cognitive styles in individuals with bipolar disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Published studies of emotional processing and cognitive style in bipolar disorders tend to have small sample sizes or use non-clinical samples. Larger clinically representative studies are needed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-esteem, dysfunctional attitudes and personality style were compared in unipolar (N=16) and bipolar disorder (N=77); and then investigated in the different phases of bipolar disorder (remitted=26; depressed=38; hypomanic=13). One-year outcome was assessed in 36 bipolar subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Unipolar subjects and bipolar subjects differed significantly in their mean levels of negative self-esteem (unipolar=15.5; bipolar=12.7; P<0.05). Bipolar subjects with hypomania reported mean levels of dysfunctional beliefs that were higher than individuals in remission but lower than depressed subjects (remitted=136.7; depressed=153.8; hypomanic=144.8; P<0.05). Hypomanic subjects recorded the highest levels of negative as well as positive self-esteem. In the exploratory analysis of outcome, negative self-esteem (Exp [B] 1.91; 95% CI 1.11 to 3.32; P<0.05) was the most robust predictor of relapse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are similarities in the cognitive style of individuals with unipolar as compared to bipolar disorders. Cognitive style in hypomania represents a phase between remission and depression rather than the polar opposite of depression. The implications of these findings are considered for psychological and neural network models.
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, London.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pope
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012649:Self Concept; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires