title: Frozen section analysis-guided organ-sparing approach in testicular tumors: technique, feasibility, and long-term results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate retrospectively the indications, surgical technique, feasibility, and follow-up data of our frozen section analysis-guided organ-sparing approach to small testicular tumors. Removal of a solitary testis or bilateral orchiectomy for testicular neoplasm results in androgen deprivation and infertility. Moreover, removal of a testis for benign lesions is to be avoided. Organ-sparing surgery aims at preserving enough testicular parenchyma to maintain physiologic endocrine function and, if possible, fertility.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tumors of 25 mm or less in diameter were managed by an organ-sparing approach. Normal preoperative plasma levels of luteinizing hormone and testosterone were a prerequisite. After localization of the tumor by ultrasonography and accurate staging, organ-sparing surgery was performed under cold ischemia. Frozen section analyses of the tumor and tumor bed biopsies were obtained. In the case of malignant germ cell tumor with a normal contralateral testis, ablation of the tumor-bearing testis was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 32 organ-preserving procedures were performed in 30 patients without any complications. Local recurrence was observed in 1 patient who refused to undergo local radiotherapy for concomitant testicular intraepithelial neoplasia; repeat organ-sparing surgery was performed in this patient. After organ-sparing surgery, ablation of the remaining testis was performed in 1 patient because of positive margins on final histologic analysis and in another patient because of endocrine insufficiency. In all other patients, the serum testosterone levels remained within normal limits. No retroperitoneal, pulmonary, or other recurrences were encountered; all patients were free of disease at a mean follow-up of 46.3 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The organ-sparing frozen section analysis-guided approach to testicular masses represents a promising treatment alternative to orchiectomy in selected patients with bilateral malignant testicular tumors, tumors in a solitary testis, or unilateral or bilateral benign tumors. The technique is oncologically efficient, lifelong hormonal substitution can be prevented, and, in some patients, even fertility may be preserved, provided certain criteria concerning patient selection and surgical technique are observed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Hannes
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Steiner
authors.forename: Lorenz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Höltl
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maneschg
authors.forename: Andreas P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: Hermann
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rogatsch
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bartsch
authors.forename: Alfred
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hobisch
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005629:Frozen Sections / Q000379:methods*; D018237:Germinoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016609:Neoplasms, Second Primary / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D011300:Preoperative Care; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013724:Teratoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery*