title: The natural history of late-life depression: results from the Amsterdam Study of the Elderly (AMSTEL).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study examines whether risk factors related to incidence of depression are also related to prognosis, and whether a vulnerability-stress model can be established for prognosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective model for prognosis of depression (chronic or remitted course) in later life was studied in 236 depressed community-living elderly. Subjects were interviewed at baseline, and at follow-up 3 years later. Bivariate and multivariate relationships between risk factors and chronic depression (GMS-AGECAT) were assessed. Effect modification was studied between stressors and two types of vulnerability: vulnerability through a personal history of depression, and gender.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A personal history of depression, baseline functional limitations and incident anxiety syndrome predicted chronic depression, whereas life-events occurring between assessments, and changes in physical, functional or cognitive status did not. In subjects without a previous history, functional disabilities, male gender and receiving instrumental support correlated with a poor prognosis. The prognosis for subjects with a personal history of depression was not affected by other factors. In women, the development of chronicity was more strongly associated with a personal history than in men, whereas in men recent psychosocial and health-related characteristics were more important than in women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because the study consisted of two measurements with a 3-year interval, depressive episodes with a short duration may be under-represented.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the elderly, the impact of risk factors on the course of depression is modified by longstanding vulnerability characteristics, such as a personal history of depression and gender. More recent life stresses are related to prognosis in subjects without a personal history, and in men.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Centre, LASA/AMSTEL, Faculteit GNK, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. ra.schoevers.emgo@med.vu.nl
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Schoevers
authors.forename: A T F
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Beekman
authors.forename: D J H
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Deeg
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hooijer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jonker
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: van Tilburg
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D003071:Cognition; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological