title: Black rice (Oryza sativa L. indica) pigmented fraction suppresses both reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in chemical and biological model systems.
abstract: Anthocyanins, present in fruits and vegetables as natural colorants, have been well characterized to possess bioactive properties. Anthocyanin components extracted from black rice (Oryza sativa L. indica) separated by gel filtration and identified using LC-MS were cyanidin 3-glucoside and peonidin 3-glucoside. A standardized extract of black rice pigmented fraction (BRE) containing known proportions of cyanidin 3-glucoside and peonidin 3-glucoside exhibited marked antioxidant activities and free radical scavenging capacities in a battery of in vitro model systems. Significant (p < 0.05) prevention of supercoiled DNA strand scission induced by reactive oxygen species (specifically, peroxyl radical and hydroxyl radicals) and suppression of the oxidative modification of human low-density lipoprotein was obtained with BRE. In addition, BRE reduced (p < 0.05) the formation of nitric oxide by suppressing inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells, without introducing cell toxicity. The results of this study show that black rice contains anthocyanin pigments with notable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties for potential use in nutraceutical or functional food formulations.
authors.affiliation: Food, Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4.
authors.forename: Chun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Jerzy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zawistowski
authors.forename: Wenhua
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.forename: David D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Kitts
mesh_terms: D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry*; D010860:Pigments, Biological / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D000975:Antioxidants; D010860:Pigments, Biological; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D009569:Nitric Oxide