title: Long-acting inhaled beta 2-agonists for stable COPD.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and mechanisms of benefit, formulations available, drug costs, pharmacokinetic profiles, and pertinent clinical studies for long-acting beta(2)-agonists.
  
  
  METHODS
  A MEDLINE search was conducted from July 1966 through October 2002.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pertinent articles related to COPD and long-acting beta(2)-agonists.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence and subsequent morbidity and mortality of COPD have increased during the last 4 decades, prompting worldwide initiatives to formulate guidelines to decrease the burden of this disease. COPD is a progressive, irreversible disease state characterized by chronic cough, dyspnea, sputum production, and wheezing, in which no medication has been shown to decrease mortality, excluding oxygen supplementation. Bronchodilators have been a mainstay of COPD treatment through their ability to work by both smooth- and non-smooth-muscle mechanisms. Long-acting beta(2)-agonists (i.e., formoterol, salmeterol) dosed twice daily provide more convenient dosing than 4-times-daily regimens of traditional short-acting bronchodilators. Both formoterol and salmeterol have acceptable adverse event profiles when used at recommended doses. There have been no direct clinical outcome studies comparing formoterol and salmeterol, but both have shown some benefits over ipratropium and theophylline in improving the symptoms, spirometric indices, exacerbations, and quality of life of patients with COPD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on current evidence, long-acting beta(2)-agonists are acceptable first-line agents for patients with COPD.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Services, Pharmacy Department, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL 32803-1248, USA. john.dougherty@flhosp.org
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Dougherty
authors.forename: Bethany L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Didur
authors.forename: Loutfi S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Aboussouan
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000191:economics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists