title: Ephedrine, but not phenylephrine, increases bispectral index values during combined general and epidural anesthesia.
abstract: Ephedrine and phenylephrine are used to treat hypotension during combined general and epidural anesthesia, and they may change anesthetic depth. In the current study, we evaluated the effects of ephedrine versus phenylephrine on bispectral index (BIS) during combined general and epidural anesthesia. After injection of ropivacaine through the epidural catheter, general anesthesia was induced with propofol and vecuronium, and was maintained with 0.75% sevoflurane. Approximately 10 min after the intubation, BIS was recorded as a baseline value. Patients with decreases in arterial blood pressure <30% of the preanesthetic values were defined as control group (n = 9). Patients who had to be treated for larger decreases in arterial blood pressure were randomly assigned to receive ephedrine 0.1 mg/kg (n = 17) or phenylephrine 2 micro g/kg (n = 17). BIS values were recorded at 1-min intervals for 10 min. BIS in the ephedrine group was significantly larger from 7 to 10 min than that in the control and phenylephrine groups (P < 0.05). Seven patients in the ephedrine group had BIS >60, whereas no patient in the control and phenylephrine groups had BIS >60 (P < 0.005). Ephedrine, but not phenylephrine, increased BIS during general anesthesia combined with epidural anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan.
authors.forename: Tadahiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishiyama
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oguchi
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Iijima
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsukawa
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kashimoto
authors.forename: Teruo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kumazawa
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects*; D004809:Ephedrine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D010656:Phenylephrine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D010656:Phenylephrine; D004809:Ephedrine