title: Treatment of fetal tachycardia with sotalol: transplacental pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of sotalol in the treatment of fetal tachycardia.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Maternally administered, intrauterine therapy of fetal tachycardia is dependent on the transplacental passage of the antiarrhythmic agent.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective study of patients treated for fetal tachycardia with sotalol, concentrations of sotalol were determined in maternal and umbilical blood and in amniotic fluid, and the relationship between these concentrations and the occurrence of conversion to sinus rhythm was investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen fetal patients were studied, nine with atrial flutter and nine with supraventricular tachycardia. Fourteen were treated with sotalol; 13 converted to sinus rhythm, of whom 2 relapsed. There was one intrauterine death. Four patients were treated with sotalol and digoxin, of whom two were treated successfully. Mean birth weight was 3,266 g. The daily maternal sotalol dose was linearly related to the maternal plasma concentration. The mean fetal/maternal sotalol plasma concentration was 1.1 (range 0.67 to 2.87, SD 0.63), and the mean amniotic fluid/fetal blood ratio of sotalol was 3.2 (range 1.28 to 5.8, SD 1.4). The effectiveness of sotalol therapy could not be extrapolated from maternal blood levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sotalol is a potent antiarrhythmic agent in the treatment of fetal tachycardia. The placental transfer is excellent. Sotalol accumulates in amniotic fluid but not in the fetus itself. Therefore it seems that renal excretion in the fetus is efficient and greater than the oral absorption by fetal swallowing. The maternal blood level is not a reliable predictor of the chances of success of therapy. Sotalol is not associated with fetal growth restriction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands. m.oudijk@azu.nl
authors.forename: Martijn A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Oudijk
authors.forename: Jopje M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ruskamp
authors.forename: F F Tessa
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Ververs
authors.forename: E Barbara
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Ambachtsheer
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stoutenbeek
authors.forename: Gerard H A
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Visser
authors.forename: Erik J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Meijboom
mesh_terms: D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000737:chemistry; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D010920:Placenta / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013015:Sotalol / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013610:Tachycardia / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D013015:Sotalol