title: Causes of low vision and blindness in rural Indonesia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence rates and major contributing causes of low vision and blindness in adults in a rural setting in Indonesia
  
  
  METHODS
  A population based prevalence survey of adults 21 years or older (n=989) was conducted in five rural villages and one provincial town in Sumatra, Indonesia. One stage household cluster sampling procedure was employed where 100 households were randomly selected from each village or town. Bilateral low vision was defined as habitual VA (measured using tumbling "E" logMAR charts) in the better eye worse than 6/18 and 3/60 or better, based on the WHO criteria. Bilateral blindness was defined as habitual VA worse than 3/60 in the better eye. The anterior segment and lens of subjects with low vision or blindness (both unilateral and bilateral) (n=66) were examined using a portable slit lamp and fundus examination was performed using indirect ophthalmoscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall age adjusted (adjusted to the 1990 Indonesia census population) prevalence rate of bilateral low vision was 5.8% (95% confidence interval (CI) 4.2 to 7.4) and bilateral blindness was 2.2% (95% CI 1.1 to 3.2). The rates of low vision and blindness increased with age. The major contributing causes for bilateral low vision were cataract (61.3%), uncorrected refractive error (12.9%), and amblyopia (12.9%), and the major cause of bilateral blindness was cataract (62.5%). The major causes of unilateral low vision were cataract (48.0%) and uncorrected refractive error (12.0%), and major causes of unilateral blindness were amblyopia (50.0%) and trauma (50.0%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rates of habitual low vision and blindness in provincial Sumatra, Indonesia, are similar to other developing rural countries in Asia. Blindness is largely preventable, as the major contributing causes (cataract and uncorrected refractive error) are amenable to treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community, Occupational and Family Medicine, National University of Singapore, 16 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Republic of Singapore. cofsawsm@nus.edu.sg
authors.forename: S-M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Saw
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Husain
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Gazzard
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Widjaja
authors.forename: D T H
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Tan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001766:Blindness / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D002386:Cataract / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia / Q000453:epidemiology; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D015995:Prevalence; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012423:Rural Health; D017678:Sex Distribution; D015354:Vision, Low / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology