title: Parental post-traumatic reactions after premature birth: implications for sleeping and eating problems in the infant.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Progress in perinatal medicine has made it possible to increase the survival of very or extremely low birthweight infants. Developmental outcomes of surviving preterm infants have been analysed at the paediatric, neurological, cognitive, and behavioural levels, and a series of perinatal and environmental risk factors have been identified. The threat to the child's survival and invasive medical procedures can be very traumatic for the parents. Few empirical reports have considered post-traumatic stress reactions of the parents as a possible variable affecting a child's outcome. Some studies have described sleeping and eating problems as related to prematurity; these problems are especially critical for the parents.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effects of post-traumatic reactions of the parents on sleeping and eating problems of the children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty families with a premature infant (25-33 gestation weeks) and a control group of 25 families with a full term infant participated in the study. Perinatal risks were evaluated during the hospital stay. Mothers and fathers were interviewed when their children were 18 months old about the child's problems and filled in a perinatal post-traumatic stress disorder questionnaire (PPQ).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The severity of the perinatal risks only partly predicts a child's problems. Independently of the perinatal risks, the intensity of the post-traumatic reactions of the parents is an important predictor of these problems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that the parental response to premature birth mediates the risks of later adverse outcomes. Preventive intervention should be promoted.
authors.affiliation: Service Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, Lausanne, Switzerland. blaise.pierrehumbert@ip.unil.ch
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pierrehumbert
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nicole
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Muller-Nix
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Forcada-Guex
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ansermet
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D001068:Feeding and Eating Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D007752:Obstetric Labor, Premature / Q000523:psychology*; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000523:psychology*