title: Digestion, milk production, milk composition, and blood composition of dairy cows fed formaldehyde treated flaxseed or sunflower seed.
abstract: Forty midlactation Holstein cows averaging 635 kg of body weight (SE = 8) were allotted at wk 25 of lactation to ten groups of four cows blocked for similar calving dates to determine the effects of formaldehyde treatment of flaxseed and sunflower seed on fatty acid composition of blood and milk, milk yield, feed intake, and apparent digestibility. Cows were fed a total mixed diet based on grass silage and supplements for ad libitum intake over a 10-wk period. Cows within each block were assigned to one of the four isonitrogenous supplements based on either untreated whole flaxseed, formaldehyde-treated whole flaxseed, untreated whole sunflower seed, or formaldehyde-treated whole sunflower seed. Cows fed whole flaxseed compared with sunflower seed maintained greater dry matter (DM) intake (20.3 vs. 18.9 kg/d). Intake of DM, expressed as a percentage of body weight, was increased by adding formaldehyde to oilseeds (3.24 vs. 2.98%). Milk production was similar for cows fed flaxseed and those fed sunflower. Formaldehyde treatment of flaxseed and sunflower seed increased milk production by an average of 2.65 kg/d. Efficiency of fat-corrected milk yield per kilogram of DM intake was increased by formaldehyde treatment (1.31 vs. 1.21), and it was greater with sunflower seed than with flaxseed (1.33 vs.1.21). Protein concentration in milk was greater for cows fed flaxseed (3.38%) compared with those fed sunflower seed (3.21%) and formaldehyde had no effect. Apparent digestibility of DM was not affected by type of seed but it was greater for cows fed formaldehyde-treated seeds. Cows fed formaldehyde-treated flaxseed had the greatest apparent digestibilities of acid detergent and neutral detergent fiber compared with those fed the other diets. Apparent digestibilities of fatty acids were greater for sunflower seed than for flaxseed-based diets. In general, formaldehyde treatment had limited effect on milk fatty acid composition, suggesting that formaldehyde was not very effective in protecting polyunsaturated fatty acids against ruminal biohydrogenation. Feeding flaxseed resulted in the lowest omega 6 to omega 3 fatty acid ratio. The data suggest that both flaxseed and sunflower seed are acceptable fat sources for midlactating cows and that flaxseed increases milk protein percentage compared to sunflower seed.
authors.affiliation: Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lennoxville QC J1M 1Z3 Canada. petith@agr.gc.ca
authors.forename: H V
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Petit
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*; D003902:Detergents; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000378:metabolism; D004063:Digestion; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D019597:Flax; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000494:pharmacology; D006368:Helianthus; D007774:Lactation / Q000378:metabolism; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D011897:Random Allocation; D012639:Seeds
chemical_list: D003902:Detergents; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D005227:Fatty Acids; D008894:Milk Proteins; D005557:Formaldehyde