title: Gemella bacteraemia characterised by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define epidemiology, clinical disease, and outcome of gemella bacteraemia by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. To examine the usefulness of the Vitek, API, and ATB systems in identifying two gemella species.
  
  
  METHODS
  All alpha haemolytic streptococci other than Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from blood cultures during a six year period were identified by conventional biochemical methods, the Vitek system, and the API system. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed on all isolates identified by both kits as gemella with >or= 95% confidence or by either kit as any bacterial species with < 95% confidence. The ATB expression system was used to identify the two isolates that were defined as gemella species by 16S rRNA gene sequencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 302 alpha haemolytic streptococci other than S pneumoniae isolated, one was identified as Gemella morbillorum, and another as Gemella haemolysans by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The patient with monomicrobial G morbillorum bacteraemia was a 66 year old man with community acquired infective endocarditis with septic thromboemboli. The patient with G haemolysans bacteraemia was a 41 year old woman with hospital acquired polymicrobial bacteraemia during the neutropenic period of an autologous bone marrow transplant for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, the first case of its kind in the English literature. The API and ATB expression systems only identified the second strain as G haemolysans at 94% and 99% confidence, respectively, whereas the Vitek system identified none of the two strains correctly at > 70% confidence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gemella bacteraemia is uncommon. 16S rRNA gene sequencing is the method of choice for identification of gemella and gemella-like isolates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital Compound, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: P C Y
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.forename: S K P
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: A M Y
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Fung
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: R W H
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Yung
authors.forename: K Y
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Yuen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016026:Bone Marrow Transplantation; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004697:Endocarditis, Bacterial / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D008297:Male; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000032:analysis*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D040141:Staphylococcaceae / Q000235:genetics*; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S