title: GB virus C/hepatitis G virus and TT virus infections among high risk renal transplant recipients in India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  GB virus C/hepatitis G virus (GBV-C/HGV) and TT virus (TTV) have been widely reported in patients with high parenteral risk such as haemodialysis and renal transplant recipients. The occurrence of these agents in association with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), in Indian renal transplant recipients, is yet unreported.
  
  
  METHODS
  Molecular and serological markers of GBV-C/HGV and TTV were examined in addition to those for HBV, HCV and hepatitis D virus (HDV) in a selected group of seventy renal transplant recipients. HGV RNA detection was achieved using primers specific for the 5'NCR and NS5a regions of the genome. Anti-GBV-C/HGV antibody was detected using the mu plate anti-HG env kit (Roche, Germany). TTV DNA PCR was performed using primers specific for the coding region (method A) of the genome. In 50% of patients, TTV DNA was also tested for using primers specific for the non-coding region (method B). Host related factors such as age, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, number of transfusions, haemodialysis sessions, and months following transplantation were also studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposure rates to GBV-C/HGV, TTV (method A), HBV, HCV and HDV were 58.6, 32.9, 52.9, 54.3 and 2.9%, respectively. 'Active' infection as measured by viraemia and/or virus-specific antigenaemia for GBV-C/HGV, TTV, HBV and HCV was 52.9, 32.9, 15.7 and 52.9%, respectively. The majority of GBV-C/HGV and TTV infections were seen as co-infections with other hepatitis viruses. Single infection with GBV-C/HGV and TTV was seen in ten (14.2%) and eight (11.4%) patients, and was not associated with ALT elevation when compared to uninfected blood donors. Using univariate analysis, GBV-C/HGV RNA was significantly associated with > or =20 haemodialysis sessions. TTV DNA occurrence was not associated with any risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a high occurrence of GBV-C/HGV and TTV in this select group of renal transplant recipients in India. These viruses mostly occurred in the context of co-infections with other hepatitis viruses. Long term effects of multiple hepatotropic viral infections need to be carefully documented in such transplant populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Virology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632 004, India. apriya_98@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Priya
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Abraham
authors.forename: George T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: John
authors.forename: Sukanya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Raghuraman
authors.forename: Sujatha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Radhakrishnan
authors.forename: Paulose P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Chacko K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Jacob
authors.forename: Gopalan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sridharan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D029407:GB virus C / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006525:Hepatitis, Viral, Human / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D022783:Torque teno virus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014766:Viremia / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral; D000410:Alanine Transaminase