title: Coregistration accuracy and detection of brain shift using intraoperative sononavigation during resection of hemispheric tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sononavigation, which combines real-time anatomic ultrasound data with neuronavigation techniques, is a potentially valuable adjunct during the surgical excision of brain tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, we report our preliminary observations using this technology on 58 adult patients harboring hemispheric tumors. Data regarding coregistration accuracy was collected from various landmarks that typically do not shift as well as from tumor boundaries and the cortical surface. In a subset of patients, we evaluated the extent and direction of postresection brain displacement and its relationship with patient age, tumor histology, tumor volume, and use of mannitol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For all structures excluding the cortex, average coregistration accuracy measurements between ultrasound and preoperatively acquired magnetic resonance imaging scans were within the range of 2 mm. The most accurate alignments were obtained with the choroid plexus and the falx, and the least reliable structure in terms of coregistration accuracy was the cortical surface.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sononavigation provides real-time information during tumor removal in alignment with the preoperative magnetic resonance imaging scans, thus enabling the surgeon to detect intraoperative hemorrhage, cyst drainage, and tumor resection, and it allows for calculation of brain shift during the use of standard navigation techniques.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA. kelese@neurosurg.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: G Evren
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Keles
authors.forename: Kathleen R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Lamborn
authors.forename: Mitchel S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Berger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D004453:Echoencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005910:Glioma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D018242:Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D038361:Neuronavigation / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results