title: Prenatal drug exposure and maternal and infant feeding behaviour.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate feeding difficulties and maternal behaviour during a feeding session with 1 month old infants prenatally exposed to cocaine and/or opiates.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study is part of the maternal lifestyle study, which recruited 11 811 subjects at four urban hospitals, then followed 1388 from 1 to 36 months of age. Exposure to cocaine and opiates was determined by maternal interview and meconium assay. At the 1 month clinic visit, biological mothers were videotaped while bottle feeding their infants. This sample included 364 exposed to cocaine, 45 exposed to opiates, 31 exposed to both drugs, and 588 matched comparison infants. Mothers were mostly black, high school educated, and on public assistance. Videotapes were coded without knowledge of exposure status for frequency, duration and quality of infant sucking, arousal, feeding problems, and maternal feeding activity and interaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No cocaine effects were found on infant feeding measures, but cocaine-using mothers were less flexible (6.29 v 6.50), less engaged (5.77 v 6.22), and had shorter feeding sessions (638 v 683 seconds). Opiate exposed infants showed prolonged sucking bursts (29 v 20 seconds), fewer pauses (1.6 v 2.2 per minute), more feeding problems (0.55 v 0.38), and increased arousal (2.59 v 2.39). Their mothers showed increased activity (30 v 22), independent of their infants' feeding problems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Previous concerns about feeding behaviour in cocaine exposed infants may reflect the quality of the feeding interaction rather than infant feeding problems related to prenatal exposure. However, opiate exposed infants and their mothers both contributed to increased arousal and heightened feeding behaviour.
authors.affiliation: Brown Medical School, Women & Infant's Hospital and Bradley Hospital, Providence, RI, USA. University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA. linda_lagasse@brown.edu
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: LaGasse
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Messinger
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Lester
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Seifer
authors.forename: E Z
authors.initials: EZ
authors.lastname: Tronick
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shankaran
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Bada
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: V L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Smeriglio
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Finnegan
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Maza
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001143:Arousal / Q000187:drug effects; D001903:Bottle Feeding / Q000523:psychology; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*; D001068:Feeding and Eating Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018730:Infant Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008425:Maternal Behavior; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000523:psychology*; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D013391:Sucking Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D014743:Videotape Recording