title: Coded aperture nuclear scintigraphy: a novel small animal imaging technique.
abstract: We introduce and demonstrate the utility of coded aperture (CA) nuclear scintigraphy for imaging small animals. CA imaging uses multiple pinholes in a carefully designed mask pattern, mounted on a conventional gamma camera. System performance was assessed using point sources and phantoms, while several animal experiments were performed to test the usefulness of the imaging system in vivo, with commonly used radiopharmaceuticals. The sensitivity of the CA system for 99mTc was 4.2 x 10(3) cps/Bq (9400 cpm/microCi), compared to 4.4 x 10(4) cps/Bq (990 cpm/microCi) for a conventional collimator system. The system resolution was 1.7 mm, as compared to 4-6 mm for the conventional imaging system (using a high-sensitivity low-energy collimator). Animal imaging demonstrated artifact-free imaging with superior resolution and image quality compared to conventional collimator images in several mouse and rat models. We conclude that: (a) CA imaging is a useful nuclear imaging technique for small animal imaging. The advantage in signal-to-noise can be traded to achieve higher resolution, decreased dose or reduced imaging time. (b) CA imaging works best for images where activity is concentrated in small volumes; a low count outline may be better demonstrated using conventional collimator imaging. Thus, CA imaging should be viewed as a technique to complement rather than replace traditional nuclear imaging methods. (c) CA hardware and software can be readily adapted to existing gamma cameras, making their implementation a relatively inexpensive retrofit to most systems.
authors.affiliation: Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Room 5403, Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA. Dawid@helix.mgh.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Dawid
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schellingerhout
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Accorsi
authors.forename: Umar
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Mahmood
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Idoine
authors.forename: Richard C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Lanza
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Weissleder
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D004867:Equipment Design; D015902:Gamma Cameras; D015637:Gated Blood-Pool Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008863:Microspheres; D023421:Models, Animal; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011875:Radionuclide Angiography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018139:Simplexvirus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals