title: Cooperation of cyclooxygenase 1 and cyclooxygenase 2 in intestinal polyposis.
abstract: Membrane arachidonic acid is converted by cyclooxygenase (COX) into prostaglandin (PG) G(2) and then to PGH(2) which is subsequently metabolized to PGE(2) by PGE synthase (PGES). Both COX-1 and COX-2 play critical roles in intestinal polyp formation, whereas COX-2 is also expressed in cancers of a variety of organs. Likewise, inducible microsomal PGES (mPGES-1) is expressed in several types of cancer, although its role in benign polyp formation has not been investigated. We demonstrated recently that most COX-2-expressing cells in the polyps are stromal fibroblasts. Here we show colocalization of COX-1, COX-2 and mPGES in the intestinal polyp stromal fibroblasts of Apc(Delta 716) mice, a model for familial adenomatous polyposis. Contrary to COX-2 that was induced only in polyps >1 mm in diameter, COX-1 was found in polyps of any size. In polyps >1 mm, not only COX-2 but also mPGES was induced in the stromal fibroblasts where COX-1 had already been expressed. Although polyp number and size were markedly reduced in COX-1 (-/-) or COX-2 (-/-) compound mutant Apc mice, both COX-2 and mPGES were induced in the COX-1 (-/-) polyps, whereas COX-1 was expressed in the COX-2 (-/-) polyps. We found also in human familial adenomatous polyposis polyps that COX-2 and mPGES were induced in the COX-1-expressing fibroblasts. On the basis of these results, we propose that COX-1 expression in the stromal cells secures the basal level of PGE(2) that can support polyp growth to approximately 1 mm, and that simultaneous inductions of COX-2 and mPGES support the polyp expansion beyond approximately 1 mm by boosting the stromal PGE(2) production.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Haruna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sonoshita
authors.forename: Hiroko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Oshima
authors.forename: Ken-ichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sugihara
authors.forename: Patricia C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Chulada
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Langenbach
authors.forename: Masanobu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oshima
authors.forename: Makoto M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Taketo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D004790:Enzyme Induction; D007417:Intestinal Polyps / Q000201:enzymology*; D019746:Intramolecular Oxidoreductases / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000502:physiology*; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D051379:Mice; D000071876:Prostaglandin-E Synthases; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000502:physiology*; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000201:enzymology
chemical_list: D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; C496512:Ptgs1 protein, mouse; D019746:Intramolecular Oxidoreductases; C000605862:PTGES protein, human; D000071876:Prostaglandin-E Synthases; C000605865:Ptges protein, mouse