title: The basic helix-loop-helix genes Hesr1/Hey1 and Hesr2/Hey2 regulate maintenance of neural precursor cells in the brain.
abstract: Neural precursor cells proliferate in the ventricular zone while giving rise to neurons of deep layers first, then those of the superficial layers, and lastly, glial cells in the brain. Thus, it is essential to maintain neural precursor cells until late stages of neural development for generation of a wide variety of cell types. Here, we found that the Hes-related basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) genes Hesr1/Hey1 and Hesr2/Hey2 are expressed in the ventricular zone, which contains neural precursor cells. Misexpression of Hesr1 and Hesr2 by electroporation in mouse brain at embryonic day 13.5 transiently maintains neural precursor cells and thereby increases late-born neurons, which are located in the superficial layers. In contrast, misexpression of the genes at later stages inhibits neurogenesis and promotes generation of astroglial cells. In transient transfection assay with cultured cells, both Hesr1 and Hesr2 inhibit transcription induced by the neuronal bHLH genes Mash1 and Math3. These results indicate that Hesr1 and Hesr2 negatively regulate neuronal bHLH genes, promote maintenance of neural precursor cells, and increase late-born cell types in the developing brain.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
authors.forename: Masami
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
authors.forename: Hiromi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hirata
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohtsuka
authors.forename: Yasumasa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bessho
authors.forename: Ryoichiro
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kageyama
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000166:cytology; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D001921:Brain / Q000166:cytology* / Q000196:embryology; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015870:Gene Expression; D005865:Gestational Age; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D018257:Helix-Loop-Helix Motifs / Q000235:genetics; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D012160:Retina / Q000737:chemistry; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000737:chemistry; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C405694:Hairy, HRT1 protein