title: A systematic approach for optimisation of supercritical-fluid extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from earthworms.
abstract: A systematic approach using a mathematical model as an alternative to time-consuming empirical optimisation of a supercritical-fluid extraction (SFE) procedure is presented. The model was applied to the extraction of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The selected fat-containing matrix is the earthworm used in ecotoxicological absorption studies. Settings for optimal recovery were established for the important parameters (temperature, pressure, amount of trapping sorbent, flow, and dynamic extraction time) using a D-optimal experimental design (including quadratic terms and interactions). The recoveries were modelled using a two sigmoid-model with parameters for each of the individual PAH. The main objective was to optimise the conditions for 15 PAH congeners by maximisation of the lowest recovery. The results show that for some parameters, e.g. the amount of sorbent material, optimal conditions are identical for all PAH. For other parameters, e.g. extraction time, the optimum is PAH dependent. The advantage of this optimisation procedure is that, within three days of analysis (73 experiments), optimised extraction conditions for the extraction of the set of 15 PAH were found but also optimum conditions for specific subsets can be extracted from the collected data for specific subsets.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hoogerbrugge
authors.forename: Alida A M
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Stolker
authors.forename: Arjan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barendregt
authors.forename: Elbert A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Hogendoorn
mesh_terms: D000537:Aluminum Oxide; D000818:Animals; D001580:Benzopyrenes; D025924:Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid / Q000379:methods; D009281:Naphthalenes; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000737:chemistry*; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012997:Solvents
chemical_list: D001580:Benzopyrenes; D009281:Naphthalenes; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D012997:Solvents; C031721:naphthalene; D000537:Aluminum Oxide