title: Spatial variability of atrazine dissipation in an allophanic soil.
abstract: The small-scale variability (0.5 m) of atrazine (6-chloro-N2-ethyl-N4-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) concentrations and soil water contents in a volcanic silt loam soil (Haplic Andosol, FAO system) was studied in an area of 0.1 ha. Descriptive and spatial statistics were used to analyse the data. On average we recovered 102% of the applied atrazine 2 h after the herbicide application (CV = 35%). An increase in the CV of the concentrations with depth could be ascribed to a combination of extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Both variables, atrazine concentrations and soil water content, showed a high horizontal variability. The semivariograms of the atrazine concentrations exhibited the pure nugget effect, no pattern could be determined along the 15.5-m long transects on any of the seven sampling days over a 55-day period. Soil water content had a weak spatial autocorrelation with a range of 6-10 m. The dissipation of atrazine analysed using a high vertical sampling resolution of 0.02 m to 0.2 m showed that 70% of the applied atrazine persisted in the upper 0.02-m layer of the soil for 12 days. After 55 days and 410 mm of rainfall the centre of the pesticide mass was still at a soil depth of 0.021 m. The special characteristics of the soil (high organic carbon content, allophanic clay) had a strong influence on atrazine sorption and mobility. The mass recovery after 55 days was low. The laboratory degradation rate for atrazine, determined in a complementary incubation study and corrected for the actual field temperature using the Arrhenius equation, only accounted for about 35% of the losses that occurred in the field. Results suggest field degradation rates to be more changeable in time and much faster than under controlled conditions. Preferential flow is discussed as a component of the field transport process.
authors.affiliation: AgResearch Limited, Ruakura Research Centre, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, New Zealand. karin.mueller@agresearch.co.nz
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Roger E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Trevor K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: Patrick T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.forename: Anis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rahman
mesh_terms: D001280:Atrazine / Q000032:analysis*; D006540:Herbicides / Q000032:analysis*; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D013696:Temperature; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014867:Water; D001280:Atrazine