title: Evaluation of bone thickness in the anterior hard palate relative to midsagittal orthodontic implants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Straumann Orthosystem (Institut Straumann, Waldenburg, Switzerland) describes a technique that involves placement of titanium implants (4 or 6 mm long and 3.3 mm in diameter) into the midsagittal hard palate for orthodontic anchorage. The aim of this study was to determine the quantity of bone in the midline of the anterior hard palate, and specifically the thickness inferior to the incisive canal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five dry skulls were radiographed with a standardized cephalometric technique. The vertical thickness of the midsagittal palate was then measured to the nearest tenth of a millimeter. Next, gutta-percha was injected into the incisive canal, and the radiograph was repeated. The bone thicknesses were then measured from the inferior hard palate to the most Inferior part of the radiopaque canal. This is defined as the actual bone available for the implant without violating the canal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The measurements have shown that an average of 8.6 +/- 1.3 mm of bone is theoretically available for the implant. However, considering the canal (where only bone thickness inferior to it is utilized and measured), only 4.3 +/- 1.6 mm of bone exists. The canal itself averaged 2.5 +/- 0.6 mm in diameter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prior studies have overestimated the amount of bone available for implants in the median hard palate. The main reason for this is that the incisive canal is not well visualized on cephalometric radiographs of live patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study supports the continued use of implants, as approximately 50% of skulls still had the requisite minimum 4 mm of bone inferior to the incisive canal for maximum osseointegration with the 4-mm implants. However, 6-mm implants should be used with caution.
authors.affiliation: University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Dentistry, Lincoln Nebraska 68583-0757, USA.
authors.forename: Brent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Henriksen
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bavitz
authors.forename: Brad
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Stanton D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Harn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000737:chemistry; D003399:Craniotomy; D015921:Dental Implants; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design; D006171:Gutta-Percha / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D009967:Orthodontic Appliances; D021362:Palate, Hard / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D011859:Radiography; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D015921:Dental Implants; D006171:Gutta-Percha; D014025:Titanium