Cardiometabolic syndrome: pathophysiology and treatment.
The cardiometabolic syndrome, an interesting constellation of maladaptive cardiovascular, renal, metabolic, prothrombotic, and inflammatory abnormalities, is now recognized as a disease entity by the American Society of Endocrinology, National Cholesterol Education Program, and World Health Organization, among others. These cardiovascular and metabolic derangements individually and interdependently lead to a substantial increase in cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality, making the cardiometabolic syndrome an established and strong risk factor for premature and severe CVD and stroke. Established and evolving treatment strategies including moderate physical activity, weight reduction, rigorous blood pressure control, correction of dyslipidemia, and glycemic control have proven beneficial in reversing these abnormal responses and decreasing the CVD risk.
Castro
Jonathan P
JP
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, State University of New York Downstate and Brooklyn Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA. jmpcastro@aol.com
El-Atat
Fadi A
FA
McFarlane
Samy I
SI
Aneja
Ashish
A
Sowers
James R
JR
D000419:Albuminuria / Q000453:epidemiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000502:physiology; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000502:physiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D019851:Thrombophilia / Q000453:epidemiology
D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I