title: Nutrient and sediment removal by a restored wetland receiving agricultural runoff.
abstract: Few studies have measured removal of pollutants by restored wetlands that receive highly variable inflows. We used automated flow-proportional sampling to monitor the removal of nutrients and suspended solids by a 1.3-ha restored wetland receiving unregulated inflows from a 14-ha agricultural watershed in Maryland, USA. Water entered the wetland mainly in brief pulses of runoff, which sometimes exceeded the 2500-m3 water holding capacity of the wetland. Half of the total water inflow occurred in only 24 days scattered throughout the two-year study. Measured annual water gains were within 5% of balancing water losses. Annual removal of nutrients differed greatly between the two years of the study. The most removal occurred in the first year, which included a three-month period of decreasing water level in the wetland. In that year, the wetland removed 59% of the total P, 38% of the total N, and 41% of the total organic C it received. However, in the second year, which lacked a drying period, there was no significant (p > 0.05) net removal of total N or P, although 30% of the total organic C input was removed. For the entire two-year period, the wetland removed 25% of the ammonium, 52% of the nitrate, and 34% of the organic C it received, but there was no significant net removal of total suspended solids (TSS) or other forms of N and P. Although the variability of inflow may have decreased the capacity of the wetland to remove materials, the wetland still reduced nonpoint-source pollution.
authors.affiliation: Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, P.O. Box 28, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA. jordanth@si.edu
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Jordan
authors.forename: Dennis F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Whigham
authors.forename: Kirsten H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Hofmockel
authors.forename: Mary A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pittek
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D017753:Ecosystem; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis*; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis*; D011891:Rain; D012621:Seasons; D014872:Water Movements; D014876:Water Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D010758:Phosphorus; D009584:Nitrogen