title: Smad signaling in mesenchymal and chondroprogenitor cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are pleiotropic differentiation factors that regulate cell fate determination by orchestrating the activities of downstream signal transducers. Although BMP ligands can elicit signal transduction from heterodimeric combinations of several type-I and type-II receptors, cytoplasmic transducers of the BMP signal include only three known BMP-specific regulatory Smad proteins: Smad1, 5, and 8. In order to determine the combination of signals that regulate chondrogenesis by BMPs, we analyzed the functions of BMP Smad subtypes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multipotential mesenchymal C3H10T1/2 cells and monopotential chondroprogenitor MC615 cells were placed in micromass culture in the presence or absence of BMP4. Chondrogenic differentiation was assayed by measuring Sox9 and type-II collagen gene expression and by alcian blue staining. Transactivation of type-II collagen by regulatory Smads singly, or in combination with Smad4, which partners with regulatory Smads, was assayed by luciferase activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the absence of BMP4, mesenchymal cells did not exhibit chondrogenic differentiation, whereas chondroprogenitor cells showed increased cartilage marker expression. In the presence of BMP4, the rate and extent of chondrogenesis increased in a dose-dependent manner for both cell types. We further determined that Smad1 or Smad5, but not Smad8, synergized with Smad4 in the transactivation of the type-II collagen promoter in chondroprogenitor cells. In contrast, Smad8 and Smad4 presented modest synergy in mesenchymal cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, our data suggest that uncommitted mesenchymal cells do not have the cellular competence to respond to the rate-limiting chondroinductive factor BMP. However, in chondroprogenitor cells, BMP stimulates differentiation through mechanisms mediated by Smad1 or Smad5 in combination with Smad4.
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hatakeyama
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Xibin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Glen H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Nuckolls
authors.forename: Lillian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shum
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology*; D002460:Cell Line; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000166:cytology*; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D051785:Smad Proteins; D051898:Smad1 Protein; D051901:Smad4 Protein; D051902:Smad5 Protein; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D023822:Tissue Engineering; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D010750:Phosphoproteins; C497399:SMAD1 protein, human; C497796:SMAD4 protein, human; C497797:SMAD5 protein, human; D051785:Smad Proteins; D051898:Smad1 Protein; C497401:Smad1 protein, mouse; D051901:Smad4 Protein; C490810:Smad4 protein, mouse; D051902:Smad5 Protein; C497798:Smad5 protein, mouse; D015534:Trans-Activators