title: [The role of tumor markers in prognosing transitional bladder cancer].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Review the literature on tumor markers used for prognosis of transitional bladder cancer. The existing problems regarding grading and local staging of these tumors are also discussed.
  
  
  METHODS
  The published literature on transitional bladder cancer markers was identified using a Medline search and critically analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There are significant interobserver differences in grading. There is a new grading system. There are also problems in local staging and low correlation between clinic stage and pathologic stage. Major tumor markers studied for prognosis of transitional bladder cancer are: flow cytometry, kariocytometric study, oncogenes (p53, bcl-2, Her2/Neu or c-erbB2), chromosomic alterations (chromosomes 9, 7 and 17), proliferation markers (Ki-67, MIB-1), cyclin-dependent kinases and its inhibitors (cyclin D1, cyclin E, p21Wafl, p27Kipl), vascular endothelial growth factor, other growth factors (fibroblastic, epidermal, hepatocyte, platelet-derived), metalloproteinases, cell adhesion molecules, and others.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At present, there are no prognostic markers for bladder cancer that are superior to conventional grading and staging, despite its imperfections. Standarization of assay methods in bladder tumor markers is needed to permit more conclusive and reproducible results and become a clinic tool. Controversy resulting from several studies make the meaning of some putative prognostic markers in transitional bladder cancer questionable.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Lorenzo Gómez
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schroeder
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor