title: ['Tower of London': mental planning, validity and the ceiling effect].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Tower of London (TL) is a neuropsychological test that is used to evaluate the capacity for planning. Different versions of the TL exist, including the classical version that presents certain psychometric problems (for example, the ceiling effect).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to propose a new method of administering and correcting the classical version of the TL, thus increasing the mental resolution of the planning task through instruction, and varying the system of scoring in order to obtain a wider range of scores.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two versions of the TL were administered to two independent, counterbalanced groups. One of them was the one designed by Krikorian and the other was the one proposed for this study. To compare the two versions, Porteus mazes were administered in each group as a criterion variable in the study of correlations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both versions correlate with the Porteus mazes in a similar fashion. The variances found in each group are statistically different and the coefficient of covariance is clearly wider in the group that received the version proposed in this study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Changing the instruction for the mental resolution of planning tasks does not appear to alter the TL. The changes introduced in the correction and the system of scoring of the version proposed for this study present wider variance, which means that the ceiling effect has been overcome.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Psicología, Institut Clínic de Psiquiatria i Psicologia, Hospital Clínic i Provincial de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Agusti Pi i Sunyer, España.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Portella
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Marcos-Bars
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rami-González
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Navarro-Odriozola
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gastó-Ferrer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salamero
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D008606:Mental Processes; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011340:Problem Solving; D015203:Reproducibility of Results