title: Caffeine impairs short-term neurological outcome after concussive head injury in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adenosine is an endogenous neuroprotective agent that is released during ischemia, hypoxia, epilepsy, and ischemic brain injury. Caffeine is a receptor antagonist for adenosine that might interfere with the neuroprotective effect of adenosine in ischemic-hypoxic conditions. An investigation was undertaken to study the effect of caffeine on neurological function, edema formation, and blood-brain barrier permeability after experimental head injury in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult female Wistar rats classified into different groups received caffeine intraperitoneally at doses of 0, 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg body weight. Thirty minutes after the caffeine treatment, the animals were subjected to concussive head injury (CHI) administered by a controlled cortical impact device. Neurological severity score was recorded in each rat at 2 hours after CHI. Specific gravity, water content (as an indicator of edema), and blood-brain barrier impairment were analyzed in the cortical tissue surrounding the injury site. The levels of myeloperoxidase and malondialdehyde in the cortical region were measured as indicators of neutrophil infiltration and lipid peroxidation, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant increase in righting latency and neurological deficiency after CHI was observed in caffeine-treated rats as compared with untreated animals. Although no deaths occurred in the rats exposed to CHI after pretreatment with saline, pretreatment with caffeine caused significant mortality of animals after trauma in a dose-dependent manner. Caffeine also exacerbated neutrophil infiltration, edema, and disruption of blood-brain barrier in the traumatic cortex. Light microscopy of brain revealed more severe hemorrhage and neuronal degeneration in the injured hemisphere of caffeine-treated rats as compared with rats in the injury-alone group. A significant increase in malondialdehyde in the brain of injured rats treated with caffeine before CHI clearly indicated the role of oxidative stress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Caffeine adversely affects outcome after CHI, possibly as a result of blockade of adenosine receptors. The findings also point toward the involvement of free radical-mediated neuronal damage in caffeine-induced exacerbation of neurotrauma.
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Research Group, Armed Forces Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Khalaf
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Al Moutaery
authors.forename: Saleh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Al Deeb
authors.forename: Haseeb
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ahmad Khan
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tariq
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000187:drug effects; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D002110:Caffeine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D002110:Caffeine