title: Pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered liposomal all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and orally administered ATRA in healthy volunteers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine single-and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of liposomal-all- trans -retinoic acid (Atragen) following intravenous and oral ATRA (Vesanoid) administration in healthy volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a randomized, prospective, open-label, parallel pharmacokinetic study in which 29 subjects were given 90 mg/m (2) i.v. liposomal (L)-ATRA (16 subjects) every other day or 45 mg/m (2) oral ATRA (13 subjects) daily over 15 days. Pharmacokinetic parameters were assessed on days 1, 9, and 15.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-two subjects (11 in each group) completed the study and were evaluated. Area under the plasma concentration-time curve [AUC(0, infinity)] and maximum plasma concentration (C(max) ) of ATRA did not decrease during the 15 days of L-ATRA treatment. However, the oral ATRA regimen resulted in a significant decrease in the AUC(0, infinity) and C(max) of 45.3% and 31.8%, respectively, on day 9 as compared with that to day 1 (p< 0.05). In addition, the mean AUC(0, infinity) was 13- and 22-fold greater for L-ATRA than for oral ATRA on days 1 and 9, respectively. Despite the significantly higher plasma concentrations after L-ATRA treatment, the side effects of each formulation were similar, except for dermal exfoliation, which was seen in 31% of the subjects after L-ATRA dosing, and abnormal liver function tests that were seen in 23% of the subjects after oral ATRA administration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that i.v. administration of L-ATRA maintains higher and stable plasma ATRA concentrations than oral ATRA in healthy subjects after repetitive administration. L-ATRA with a favorable pharmacokinetic profile may have potential advantages over oral ATRA and may be more efficacious in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia or other retinoid-responsive cancers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioimmunotherapy, Section of Immunobiology and Drug Carriers, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Bulent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ozpolat
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lopez-Berestein
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Adamson
authors.forename: ChauHwei J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Anthony H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004337:Drug Carriers; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008081:Liposomes; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004337:Drug Carriers; D008081:Liposomes; D014212:Tretinoin