title: Effect of computer keyboard slope on wrist position and forearm electromyography of typists without musculoskeletal disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Positioning a computer keyboard with a downward slope reduces wrist extension needed to use the keyboard and has been shown to decrease pressure in the carpal tunnel. However, whether a downward slope of the keyboard reduces electromyographic (EMG) activity of the forearm muscles, in particular the wrist extensors, is not known.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen experienced typists participated in this study and typed on a conventional keyboard that was placed on slopes at angles of 7.5, 0, -7.5, and -15 degrees. Electromyographic activity of the extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU), flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU), and flexor carpi radialis (FCR) muscles was measured with surface electrodes, while the extension and ulnar deviation angles of the right and left wrists were measured with electrogoniometers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Wrist extension angle decreased from approximately 12 degrees of extension while typing on a keyboard with a 7.5-degree slope to 3 degrees of flexion with the keyboard at a slope of -15 degrees. Although the differences were in the range of 1% to 3% of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), amplitude probability distribution function (APDF) of root-mean-square EMG data points from the ECU, FCU, and FCR muscles varied across keyboard slopes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Wrist extension decreased as the keyboard slope decreased. Furthermore, a slight decrease in percentage of MVC of the ECU muscle was noted as the keyboard slope decreased. Based on biomechanical modeling and published work on carpal tunnel pressure, both of these findings appear to be positive with respect to comfort and fatigue, but the exact consequences of these findings on the reduction or prevention of injuries have yet to be determined. The results may aid physical therapists and ergonomists in their evaluations of computer keyboard workstations and in making recommendations for interventions with regard to keyboard slope angle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881, USA.
authors.forename: Guy G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Simoneau
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Marklin
authors.forename: Joseph E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Berman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002349:Carpal Tunnel Syndrome / Q000517:prevention & control; D016288:Computer Terminals; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012307:Risk Factors; D014955:Wrist Joint / Q000502:physiology