title: Combined topical anesthesia and sedation for open-globe injuries in selected patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy and safety of topical anesthesia (TA) and IV sedation in surgery for less severe open-globe injury (OGI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Noncomparative consecutive interventional case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of 67 OGI cases reviewed at the Department of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy, in the period from 1999 to 2000, 10 eyes (14.9%) of 10 consecutive patients (age range, 6-58 years) were repaired using TA and IV sedation. All patients belonged to the American Society of Anesthesiologists risk class I or II. Nine eyes had corneoscleral wounds, four had vitreous loss, two had traumatic cataract, and three had an intraocular foreign body (IOFB); one patient had interruption of a continuous penetrating keratoplasty suture. Preoperatively, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) ranged from hand movement to 20/20.
  
  
  METHODS
  Corneoscleral suture was performed in nine patients, vitreous excision in four, uveal excision or reposition in four, IOFB removal in three, and cataract extraction in two; corneal button resuture was carried out in one patient. All patients received topical oxybuprocaine hydrochloride 0.4%, and IV propofol, midazolam, and fentanyl for anesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The change in BCVA was evaluated. Within 24 hours after surgery, each patient was asked to grade subjective pain and discomfort on a 4-point scale. The surgeon was asked to report difficulties attributable to the operating conditions. Complications related to anesthesia and to surgery were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Best-corrected visual acuity stabilized or improved in all patients. All patients had grade 1 pain and discomfort during most of the procedure. All patients had grade 2 (mild) pain and discomfort during external bipolar cautery and conjunctival closure. No patient required additional anesthesia. The operating conditions as reported by the surgeons were graded slightly difficult in all cases but one, which was graded moderately difficult. No patient had surgical or anesthesia-related adverse events or life-threatening complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Topical anesthesia and IV sedation are safe and effective and could be a reasonable alternative for less severe OGI. The degree of patient discomfort is only marginal during surgery and postoperatively. However, surgical training and patient preparation are the keys to the safe use of this anesthetic modality.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Oftalmologia ed Otorinolaringoiatria, Università di Bari, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Boscia
authors.forename: Maria Gabriella
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: La Tegola
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Columbo
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Alessio
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sborgia
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000379:methods*; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002648:Child; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000379:methods*; D065306:Corneal Injuries; D015807:Eye Injuries, Penetrating / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000175:diagnosis; D012449:Safety; D012590:Sclera / Q000293:injuries*; D014792:Visual Acuity
chemical_list: D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions