title: Appraisal of family doctors: an evaluation study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Appraisal has evolved to become a key component of workforce management. However, it is not clear from existing proposals for appraisal of doctors whether employers, health authorities or primary care organisations should take responsibility for appraisal processes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the introduction of a pilot peer appraisal system in general practice and to gain insight into the reactions of appraisers and doctors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Semi-structured telephone interviews combined with participant surveys and documentary analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five health authorities in Wales.
  
  
  METHODS
  General practitioners (GPs) appointed as appraisers and volunteer practitioners (doctors).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six appraisers were appointed and given training in the appraisal process, each appraising an average of eight individuals. Appraisers and appraised doctors participated in semi-structured telephone interviews and completed separate participant questionnaires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GPs willingly undertook peer appraisal in a volunteer-based pilot study where participation was recompensed. The majority of participating clinicians were positive, with appraisers reporting the most gain. Appraisers were enthusiastic, provided the process remained non-judgemental and did not threaten or burden their colleagues. Appraised doctors were less enthusiastic but the most significant perceived benefit was the opportunity to reflect on individual performance with a supportive colleague. There were, however, repeated concerns about time, confusion with revalidation and personal development plans, worries about including health and probity queries, and an opinion that the process would be entirely different if conducted with non-volunteers or by representatives of 'management'.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study illustrated three fundamental problems for appraisal systems in general practice. First, there is as yet no organisational hierarchy in general practice. Perhaps the aggregation of practices into primary care organisations will generate a hierarchy. Second, the question of who conducts appraisals then becomes pertinent; this study illustrates a professionally-led peer appraisal model. Third, the spectre of summative assessment causes problems in appraisal schemes. Typically, only mutually agreed summaries are kept for future use in appraisal systems (for example, for promotion or discipline). So the proposal to use GP annual appraisal documentation as the basis of a summative 'revalidation' exercise is at odds with orthodox personnel practice, which regards appraisal as a formative process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Postgraduate Education for General Practice, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN. malcolm_lewis@btinternet.com
authors.forename: Malcolm
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Glyn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Elwyn
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wood
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards; D005194:Family Practice / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010380:Peer Review / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D010865:Pilot Projects; D014852:Wales