title: Neuroimaging of direction-selective mechanisms for second-order motion.
abstract: Psychophysical findings have revealed a functional segregation of processing for 1st-order motion (movement of luminance modulation) and 2nd-order motion (e.g., movement of contrast modulation). However neural correlates of this psychophysical distinction remain controversial. To test for a corresponding anatomical segregation, we conducted a new functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study to localize direction-selective cortical mechanisms for 1st- and 2nd-order motion stimuli, by measuring direction-contingent response changes induced by motion adaptation, with deliberate control of attention. The 2nd-order motion stimulus generated direction-selective adaptation in a wide range of visual cortical areas, including areas V1, V2, V3, VP, V3A, V4v, and MT+. Moreover, the pattern of activity was similar to that obtained with 1st-order motion stimuli. Contrary to expectations from psychophysics, these results suggest that in the human visual cortex, the direction of 2nd-order motion is represented as early as V1. In addition, we found no obvious anatomical segregation in the neural substrates for 1st- and 2nd-order motion processing that can be resolved using standard fMRI.
authors.affiliation: NTT Communication Science Laboratories, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan. nishida@brl.ntt.co.jp
authors.forename: Shin'ya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nishida
authors.forename: Yuka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Ikuya
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.forename: Takeo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Roger B H
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Tootell
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009039:Motion Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000502:physiology*