title: Influence of the spatial beam profile on hard tissue ablation. Part I: Multimode emitting Er:YAG lasers.
abstract: Uniform dosimetry is a prerequisite for reproducible laser applications in research and practice. The light-tissue interaction is dependent on the absorbed energy (J) per unit of time (tau) in the case of pulsed lasers, and on the absorbed power (W) per unit of volume (e.g. mm3) in the case of continuous-wave (cw) lasers, and thus directly dependent on the energy distribution within the laser beam. Consequently, precise knowledge of the spatial beam profile, and of the pulse duration and treatment time, is indispensable. The objective of this paper was a theoretical study of the impact of different mode profiles on energy distribution in the beam. Also examined was the question of the influence of changes in the laser parameters on the mode structure. Three erbium:YAG lasers (lambda=2.94 microm) were used for this purpose. The transversal mode structure of the lasers was observed by irradiating thermal paper and verified by means of calculations. The effect induced in the mode profile by changing the pulse energy and pulse repetition rate was investigated. The results of the tests show that changes in the laser parameters result in jumps in the transversal modes and associated energy distributions in the beam. The experiments confirm that simply changing the transversal modes has a substantial effect on the threshold energy required for the ablation of dental enamel (50 mJ with TEM00, 22.6 mJ with TEM31). In practice, inhomogeneity makes it impossible to determine the irradiated area in order to calculate the energy or power density. In addition, the energy distribution in the beam changes as a result of variation of the laser output energy and the pulse repetition rate. Consequently, simply measuring the beam diameter yields a totally incorrect result for the applied flux density when using a beam profile with a relatively high mode.
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Aachen University, Germany. jmeister@ukaachen.de
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meister
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Apel
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Franzen
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gutknecht
mesh_terms: D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000528:radiation effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004871:Erbium; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007834:Lasers; D016011:Normal Distribution; D011874:Radiometry; D012542:Scattering, Radiation
chemical_list: D004871:Erbium