title: The extended genotype: the heritability of personality accounts for the heritability of recalled family environments in twins reared apart.
abstract: How are retrospective accounts of family rearing environments linked to adult personality? We addressed this question by measuring both domains in a sample of 180 reared-apart twins. Twins completed extensive measures of rearing environments (the Minnesota-Briggs History Record, the Block Environmental Questionnaire, the Family Environment Scale, and the Physical Facilities Questionnaire) and an omnibus measure of adult personality (the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire). Retrospective accounts of family environments were partially heritable and all the heritable variance in environmental measures could be accounted for by heritable variance in personality. In addition, differences between twins in their accounts of their rearing environments (nonshared environmental factors) were not significantly linked to differences between twins in their personalities. Hence, family environmental measures appear to be heritable because personality genes influence the way people shape and recall their rearing environments. In addition, differences in reared-apart twins' retrospectively recalled rearing environments appear to have little impact on differences in their personalities in adulthood.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities Campus, Minneapolis, MN 55455-0344, USA. krueg038@umn.edu
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Krueger
authors.forename: Kristian E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Markon
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Bouchard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D010551:Personality / Q000235:genetics*; D010553:Personality Development; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010641:Phenotype; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012931:Social Environment; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology