title: Diagnosis, outcome, and management of fetal abnormalities: fetal hydrocephalus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been recognized that the morphological fetal CNS findings detected in early development are not always the final features: occasionally they may not be determined in diagnosis and may change developmentally or chronologically during the fetal life in utero.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Certain factors of the fetal chronology of CNS anomalies can cause irreversible changes during fetal life. These include: significant delay in the neuronal maturation process in fetal hydrocephalus developed in clinico-embryological stage II of the Perspective Classification of Congenital Hydrocephalus (PCCH), secondary neural injury in the intactly developing spinal cord above the neural placode in fetuses with spina bifida aperta (myeloschisis), histological "evolution" of tumors or dysgenetic CNS, and deformity of the normally developed intracranial or intraspinal CNS structures. Considering the current status of fetal surgery in general and technical advances promising improved outcomes, fetal neurosurgery can also be applied to the above-mentioned progressive pathology or pathophysiology in the fetal CNS. However, since the failure of the first trial of fetal neurosurgery in the 1980s, the prerequisites have still not been clarified. In order to use advanced neurosurgery techniques in the management of fetal CNS anomalies, these prerequisites have to be established.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Jikei University, 3-25-8 Nishi Shinbashi, Minato-ku, 105-6451 Tokyo, Japan. shizuo.prof.oi@jikei.ac.jp
authors.forename: Shizuo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000196:embryology / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000145:classification / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000196:embryology; D005333:Fetus / Q000002:abnormalities*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000145:classification / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000196:embryology / Q000628:therapy; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009421:Nervous System Malformations / Q000145:classification / Q000473:pathology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis; D051381:Rats; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal