title: Recent advances in pediatric cardiology--electrophysiology, transcatheter and surgical advances.
abstract: Whereas the medical advances were reviewed in the previous paper, electrophysiological, transcatheter and surgical advances will be the focus in this review. Greater understanding of the arrhythmias, development of non-pharmacological treatment, namely catheter ablation and internal cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) and miniaturization pacemakers and IDs have occurred in the last decade so that the methods could be applied to smaller and more complex patient population. Surgery has been the traditional treatment option for palliation and correction of congenital and acquired heart defects in infants and children. During the last one to one and one-half decades, a remarkable number of transcatheter methods were developed and refined. These developments during the last decade were reviewed and include long-term results of balloon dilatation procedures, transcatheter closure of atrial septal defects, patent ductus arteriosus, and ventricular septal defect, percutaneous valve replacement, intravascular stents to manage vascular obstructive lesions that can not be satisfactorily balloon-dilated, catheter completion of Fontan procedure, myocardial reduction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and other miscellaneous procedures. Recent advances in the transcatheter modes of therapy have added a new dimension to the management of neonates, infants and children with heart disease. They should now be added to the armamentarium available to the Pediatrician and Pediatric Cardiologist in the management of cardiac problems in the pediatric patient. Surgical methods and concepts have been greatly refined such that surgery can be undertaken even in the sickest and most complex patient. The majority of congenital heart defects can be corrected by open heart surgery; some require prior palliation and others can be operated without prior palliation. Recent advances in various defects were reviewed.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Memorial Hermann Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. P.Syamasundar.Rao@uth.tmc.edu
authors.forename: P Syamasundar
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: Monesha L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Seshadri
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Balaji
mesh_terms: D000800:Angioplasty, Balloon; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac; D018729:Fontan Procedure; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000628:therapy; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000002:abnormalities; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D018633:Pulmonary Atresia / Q000601:surgery; D015607:Stents; D013610:Tachycardia / Q000628:therapy; D018785:Tricuspid Atresia / Q000601:surgery