title: Perception and reality: a national evaluation of social norms marketing interventions to reduce college students' heavy alcohol use.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate a widely used intervention to reduce college student alcohol use, we studied student drinking patterns at colleges that employed social norms marketing programs and those that did not.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined responses of students in the Harvard School of Public Health College Alcohol Study (CAS) 1997, 1999 and 2001 data sets at 37 colleges that employed social norms marketing programs and at 61 that did not. Information about the students' drinking behavior and their familiarity with social norms marketing messages at their schools was analyzed, as were college administrators' reports about the implementation of social norms marketing campaigns. Schools were grouped on the basis of student reports of exposure to programmatic materials. Trend analyses were conducted on seven standard measures of alcohol consumption, including annual and 30-day use, frequency, usual quantity and volume consumed, heavy episodic use, and drunkenness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Almost half of the CAS colleges sampled adopted social norms programs. Those that did were more likely to have large enrollments, not to be religiously affiliated and to have high rates of alcohol use. No decreases were noted in any of the seven measures of alcohol use at schools with social norms programs, even when student exposure and length of program existence were considered. Increases in measures of monthly alcohol use and total volume consumed, however, were observed at schools employing social norms programs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study does not provide evidence to support the effectiveness of social norms marketing programs, as currently utilized, in reducing alcohol use among college students.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Social Behavior, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. hwechsle@hsph.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wechsler
authors.forename: Toben E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Jae Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Seibring
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Richard P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Keeling
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003625:Data Collection / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D000431:Ethanol / Q000506:poisoning; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010465:Perception; D040241:Social Marketing; D012938:Social Perception; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014495:Universities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol