title: Prevalence and association of welding related systemic and respiratory symptoms in welders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prevalence of welding related respiratory symptoms coexisting with welding related systemic symptoms in welders is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine in a sample of welders the prevalence of coexisting welding related systemic symptoms indicative of metal fume fever (MFF) and welding related respiratory symptoms suggestive of occupational asthma (OA), and the strength and significance of any association between these two groups of symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  A respiratory symptoms questionnaire, a systemic symptoms questionnaire, and a questionnaire on occupational history were administered by telephone to 351 of a sample of 441 welders (79.6%) from two cities in Québec, Canada.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The co-occurrence of possible MFF (defined as having at least two symptoms of fever, feelings of flu, general malaise, chills, dry cough, metallic taste, and shortness of breath, occurring at the beginning of the working week, 3-10 hours after exposure to welding fumes) together with welding related respiratory symptoms suggestive of OA (defined as having at least two welding related symptoms of cough, wheezing, and chest tightness) was 5.8%. These two groups of symptoms were significantly associated (chi(2) = 18.9, p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a strong association between welding related MFF and welding related respiratory symptoms suggestive of OA. As such, MFF could be viewed as a pre-marker of welding related OA, a hypothesis that requires further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Joint Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: El-Zein
authors.forename: J-L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Malo
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Infante-Rivard
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gautrin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012120:Respiration Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014896:Welding / Q000706:statistics & numerical data