title: Branched fatty acids in dairy and beef products markedly enhance alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase expression in prostate cancer cells in vitro.
abstract: An enzyme previously identified as alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) is overexpressed in high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and in a majority (60-100%) of prostate cancers (CaPs) as compared with normal and benign hyperplastic lesions of the prostate, where it is minimally expressed. This enzyme is required for the beta-oxidation of branched-chain fatty acids, which include phytanic acid and its alpha-oxidation product, pristanic acid. Interestingly, there is an established correlation between CaP risk and the consumption of dairy and beef products, which also contain marked quantities of these two phytols. In this context, it has also been reported that sex steroids influence lipogenesis through the induction of fatty acid synthase in CaP-derived cell lines and CaP tissues. These findings indicate a potential role for AMACR and the possible influence of sex steroids in both the early development and subsequent progression of CaP. Despite the recent interest in AMACR as a histological marker for CaP, little is known about the regulation of this enzyme and its role in CaP development. To identify potential AMACR-regulating factors, we treated LNCaP cells (an androgen-responsive CaP-derived cell line) and NPrEC cells (a normal prostate basal epithelial cell line) with increasing concentrations of pristanic acid, phytanic acid, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, and 17beta-estradiol. Neither the biologically potent androgen 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone nor 17beta-estradiol had any apparent effect on AMACR expression at the protein or transcriptional levels in either cell line. Conversely, pristanic acid and, to a much lesser extent, phytanic acid markedly increased AMACR protein levels selectively in the LNCaP cell line, but not the NPrEC cell line. However, no change was measured at the transcriptional level in either cell line. AMACR is therefore significantly increased at the protein level in CaP cells, through what appears to be the stabilizing effect of the same fatty acids that are present at appreciable concentrations in beef and dairy products, which have been associated with CaP risk. Our findings therefore provide a link between the consumption of dietary fatty acids and the enhanced expression of AMACR, an enzyme that may play an important role in genesis and progression of CaP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA.
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Mobley
authors.forename: Irwin
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Leav
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zielie
authors.forename: Chad
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wotkowitz
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Ying-Wai
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: Byung Suk
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: L'Esperance
authors.forename: Zhong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Shuk-Mei
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ho
mesh_terms: D043582:5-alpha-Dihydroprogesterone / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D003611:Dairy Products / Q000032:analysis*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008461:Meat Products / Q000032:analysis*; D010831:Phytanic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology*; D019998:Racemases and Epimerases / Q000032:analysis* / Q000502:physiology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D010831:Phytanic Acid; D004958:Estradiol; C002844:pristanic acid; D043582:5-alpha-Dihydroprogesterone; D019998:Racemases and Epimerases; C108352:alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase