title: A stingless bee (Melipona seminigra) uses optic flow to estimate flight distances.
abstract: Foragers of a stingless bee, Melipona seminigra, are able to use the optic flow experienced en route to estimate flight distance. After training the bees to collect food inside a flight tunnel with black-and-white stripes covering the side walls and the floor, their search behavior was observed in tunnels lacking a reward. Like honeybees, the bees accurately estimated the distance to the previously offered food source as seen from the sections of the tunnel where they turned around in search of the food. Changing the visual flow by decreasing the width of the flight tunnel resulted in the underestimation of the distance flown. The removal of image motion cues either in the ventral or lateral field of view reduced the bees' ability to gauge distances. When the feeder inside the tunnel was displaced together with the bees feeding on it while preventing the bee from seeing any image motion during the displacement the bees experienced different distances on their way to the food source and during their return to the nest. In the subsequent test the bees searched for the food predominantly at the distance associated with their return flight.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Zoology, Biocenter, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria. Michael.Hrncir@univie.ac.at
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hrncir
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jarau
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zucchi
authors.forename: F G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Barth
mesh_terms: D000819:Animal Communication; D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D004215:Distance Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005426:Flight, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D006702:Homing Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D055095:Optics and Photonics; D014785:Vision, Ocular