title: Negative symptoms in depressed and schizophrenic patients: how do they differ?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The present study evaluated differences in negative symptoms between schizophrenic and depressive patients and investigated whether a consideration of the nature of negative symptoms (enduring vs. nonenduring) can help to improve their specificity for schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients enrolled in the study were consecutively hospitalized with an acute exacerbation of schizophrenia (N = 33) or major depressive disorder (N = 43) (DSM-IV). Negative and depressive symptoms were assessed with the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) and the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, respectively. Duration of negative symptoms was assessed through a semistructured interview with the patients and their closest relatives. On the basis of the assessed duration of symptoms, negative symptoms were categorized as enduring or nonenduring.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analyses revealed high SANS ratings for both diagnostic groups. Negative symptoms in depressive patients (p =.01), but not in schizophrenic patients, were significantly associated with the presence or the emergence of depressive symptoms. The prevalence of enduring negative symptoms was significantly higher in schizophrenic patients than in depressive patients (p <.01). A consideration of enduring negative symptoms significantly increased the discriminative power of negative symptoms for schizophrenia (p =.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings suggest that negative symptoms in most depressive patients are just an epiphenomenon of depressive symptoms and can be distinguished from schizophrenic negative symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany. bottlend@psy.med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bottlender
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Constanze
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Groll
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jäger
authors.forename: Ines
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kunze
authors.forename: Hans-Jürgen
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Möller
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index