title: Application of 1H and 23Na magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy to define the HRBC up-taking of MRI contrast agents.
abstract: The up-take of Gd(III) complexes of BOPTA, DTPA, DOTA, EDTP, HPDO3A, and DOTP in HRBC has been evaluated by measuring the lanthanide induced shift (LIS) produced by the corresponding dysprosium complexes (DC) on the MAS-NMR resonances of water protons and free sodium ions. These complexes are important in their use as MRI contrast agents (MRI-CA) in diagnostics. 1H and 23Na MAS-NMR spectra of HRBC suspension, collected at 9.395T, show only one signal due to extra- and intra-cellular water (or sodium). In MAS spectra, the presence of DC in a cellular compartment produces the LIS of only the nuclei (water proton or sodium) in that cellular compartment and this LIS can be related to the DC concentrations (by the experimental curves of LIS vs. DC concentrations) collected in the physiological solution. To obtain correct results about LIS, the use of MAS technique is mandatory, because it guarantees the only the nuclei staying in the same cellular compartment where the LC is present show the LIS. In all the cases considered, the addition of the DC to HRBC (100% hematocrit) produced a shift of only the extra-cellular water (or sodium) signal and the gradient of concentration (GC) between extra- and intra-cellular compartments resulted greater than 100:1, when calculated by means of sodium signals. These high values of GC are direct proofs that none of the tested dysprosium complexes crosses the HRBC membrane. Since the DC are iso-structural to the gadolinium complexes the corresponding gadolinium ones (MRI-CA) do not cross the HRBC membrane and, consequently, they are not up-taken in HRBC. The GC values calculated by means of water proton signals resulted much lower than those obtained by sodium signals. This proves that the choice of the isotope is a crucial step in order to use this method in the best way. In fact, GC value depends on the lowest detectable LIS which, in turn, depends on the nature of the LC (lanthanide complex) and the observed isotopes.
authors.affiliation: Centro Ricerche Milano, Bracco Imaging S.p.A., via E. Folli, 50-20134 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Luisella
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Calabi
authors.forename: Lino
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Paleari
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Biondi
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Linati
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Miranda
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghelli
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004910:Erythrocyte Membrane / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D028581:Lanthanoid Series Elements / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D011522:Protons; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012964:Sodium
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D028581:Lanthanoid Series Elements; D011522:Protons; D012964:Sodium; D005682:Gadolinium