title: Geometric symmetry of the solar surface of hooves of thoroughbred racehorses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define a 3-dimensional (3-D) coordinate system with clear definitions of origins and axes relative to hoof anatomic features and determine whether solar surfaces of Thoroughbred racehorse hooves have geometric asymmetry in the mediolateral and dorsopalmar directions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Left forelimb hooves from 20 Thoroughbred racehorse cadavers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A right-handed 3-D coordinate axes system centered on the collateral sulci was defined for the left front hoof. Orthogonal distances of anatomic features from the dorsopalmar axis and the plane coincident with the ground were measured and compared between medial and lateral sides and between dorsal and palmar regions of the hoof.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The hoof was wider and had a greater radius laterally than medially. The most distal part of the lateral bar of the frog was further from the dorsopalmar axis than that of the medial bar. Overall, mediolateral asymmetries in depth were not observed. The sole at the perimeter was deeper medially in the dorsal part of the hoof and laterally in the palmar part, with depth overall being greater palmarly than dorsally. Most features had dorsopalmar asymmetry.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When the angle bisected by the collateral sulci is used to determine the dorsopalmar axis of the hoof, most central structures (bars and collateral sulci) have mediolateral symmetry. However, the hoof wall and sole have some mediolateral asymmetries and most structures have dorsopalmar asymmetry. These findings may assist the development of devices for attachment to hooves and studies of the interaction of hooves with bearing surfaces.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering Program, Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Roland
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Stover
authors.forename: Maury L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Hull
authors.forename: Katie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dorsch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D005552:Forelimb / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006724:Hoof and Claw / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006736:Horses / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008297:Male; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal