title: Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and related peptides confer neuroprotection via type 1 CRF receptors.
abstract: Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptors are members of the superfamily of G-protein coupled receptors that utilise adenylate cyclase and subsequent production of cAMP for signal transduction in many tissues. Activation of cAMP-dependent pathways, through elevation of intracellular cAMP levels is known to promote survival of a large variety of central and peripheral neuronal populations. Utilising cultured primary rat central nervous system neurons, we show that stimulation of endogenous cAMP signalling pathways by forskolin confers neuroprotection, whilst inhibition of this pathway triggers neuronal death. CRF and the related CRF family peptides urotensin I, urocortin, and sauvagine, which also induced cAMP production, prevented the apoptotic death of cerebellar granule neurons triggered by inhibition of phosphatidylinositol kinase-3 pathway activity with LY294002. These effects were negated by the highly selective CRF-R1 antagonist CP154,526. CRF even conferred neuroprotection when its application was delayed by up to 8 h following LY294002 addition. The CRF peptides also protected cortical and hippocampal neurons against death induced by beta-amyloid peptide (1-42), in a CRF-R1 dependent manner. In separate experiments, LY294002 reduced neuronal protein kinase B activity while increasing glycogen synthase kinase-3, whilst CRF (and related peptides) promoted phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 without protein kinase B activation. Taken together, these results suggest that the neuroprotective activity of CRF may involve cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3.
authors.affiliation: Neurology and GI Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development Limited, New Frontiers Science Park, Third Avenue, Harlow CM19 5AW, UK.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Facci
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pangallo
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Franceschini
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Skaper
authors.forename: P J L M
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Strijbos
mesh_terms: D015056:1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine / Q000494:pharmacology; D029845:Amphibian Proteins; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D017209:Apoptosis; D015153:Blotting, Western / Q000379:methods; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002531:Cerebellum; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002843:Chromatin / Q000378:metabolism; D002867:Chromones / Q000494:pharmacology; D005576:Colforsin / Q000494:pharmacology; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling / Q000379:methods; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects*; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000494:pharmacology; D036361:Peptide Hormones; D010455:Peptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018019:Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000378:metabolism*; D013873:Thionucleotides / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors; D054832:Urocortins; D014579:Urotensins / Q000494:pharmacology; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000099052:CRF Receptor, Type 1
chemical_list: D029845:Amphibian Proteins; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; C101628:CP 154526; D002843:Chromatin; D002867:Chromones; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D009025:Morpholines; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D036361:Peptide Hormones; D010455:Peptides; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D011743:Pyrimidines; D011758:Pyrroles; D018019:Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; D013873:Thionucleotides; D054832:Urocortins; D014579:Urotensins; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; C075222:amyloid beta-protein (1-42); D005576:Colforsin; C085911:2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one; C015929:8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-AMP; D000099052:CRF Receptor, Type 1; C025727:sauvagine; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; C029676:urotensin I; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; D015056:1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine