title: Removal of MS2 bacteriophage using membrane technologies.
abstract: Removals of MS2 bacteriophage virus using different membrane materials under different operating pressures were investigated. The results obtained in this study suggested that a better log removal in terms of MS2 bacteriophage virus could be achieved using Polyamide RO membrane under the optimum operating pressure of 100 psi. It is further noted that variable MS2 influent concentration levels resulted in corresponding variable log removals of the bacteriophages by the Polyamide RO membrane. The presence of MS2 bacteriophage virus in the effluent could possibly be due to leakage of bacteriophages through the membranes structure. Investigations using SEM and AFM showed that there were gaps or pores present in the membrane structure which were sufficiently large for the MS2 viruses to pass through.
authors.affiliation: Center for Water Research, Department of Civil Engineering, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260. cvehujy@nus.edu.sg
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Ong
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Y Y
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: L Y
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Ng
mesh_terms: D001421:Bacteria, Anaerobic; D019149:Bioreactors; D002244:Carbon / Q000378:metabolism; D017909:Levivirus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D014872:Water Movements; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D002244:Carbon