title: Results of endovascular treatment of internal carotid artery stenoses with a newly developed balloon protection catheter.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A new balloon protection catheter to prevent distal emboli during internal carotid artery percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting was developed, and its efficacy was evaluated in both an experimental model and clinical cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  The balloon protection catheter was navigated over a steerable 0.014-inch guidewire to negotiate tight stenoses and sharp bends, which would cause difficulties for the passage of a flow-directed balloon catheter. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting were performed for 85 consecutive patients with 87 stenotic lesions of the cervical internal carotid artery, with two different methods using this protection system. Distal protection was provided only after dilation for the initial 38 lesions (Group I), but the latter 49 lesions were treated in both the pre- and postdilation periods (Group II). The effects of using the balloon protection catheter with the embolic debris clearance technique were evaluated with pre- and postoperative magnetic resonance imaging for each group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The balloon protection catheter was introduced beyond the stenosis in all cases. In Group I, one symptomatic embolic stroke was caused by distal embolization resulting from atheromatous plaque, and high-intensity areas appeared on diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging scans in 47% of cases. In contrast, in Group II, there were no strokes related to the procedure, although one patient with multiple risk factors died suddenly on the second day after stenting. Diffusion-weighted imaging scans demonstrated small, high-intensity areas in 19% of cases in Group II. The overall morbidity/mortality rate in our series was 2.3%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our new balloon protection catheter was reliably navigated across internal carotid artery stenoses and reduced distal embolism in clinical cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama City, Japan. teradato@wakayama-med.ac.jp
authors.forename: Tomoaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Terada
authors.forename: Mitsuharu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsuura
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Masuo
authors.forename: Hiroo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamaga
authors.forename: Tomoyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsumoto
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Itakura
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000800:Angioplasty, Balloon / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation*; D019917:Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D004617:Embolism / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D015607:Stents / Q000009:adverse effects*