title: Intramuscular injection of tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces muscle hyperalgesia in rats.
abstract: The role of proinflammatory cytokines in neuropathic and inflammatory pain is well established. Recent studies suggest that cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) may also be involved in the development of muscle pain. To investigate the pathophysiology of intramuscular TNF, exogenous TNF (0.1-10 microg), formalin (9%) or vehicle was injected into the gastrocnemius or biceps brachii muscles of rats. To quantify muscle hyperalgesia, changes in forelimb grip force or withdrawal thresholds to increasing pressure applied to the gastrocnemius muscle were measured. TNF evoked a time- and dose-dependent muscle hyperalgesia within several hours after injection that was totally reversed by systemic treatment with the non-opioid analgesic metamizol. Paw withdrawal thresholds or latencies to mechanical and thermal stimuli, respectively, were unchanged after intramuscular injection of TNF or formalin. In contrast to formalin, which induced significant muscle tissue damage, macrophage infiltration, swelling and partial motor impairment demonstrated in rotarod tests, TNF induced neither histopathological tissue damage nor motor dysfunction. To investigate the effect of TNF and formalin on other potentially algesic mediators, muscles were analyzed for calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and nerve growth factor (NGF) 1 day after injection. TNF and formalin evoked intramuscular upregulation of CGRP and NGF, whereas PGE2 was increased exclusively after TNF injection. These findings allow us to speculate that endogenous TNF may play a role in the development of muscle hyperalgesia. Targeting proinflammatory cytokines might be beneficial for the treatment of musculoskeletal pain syndromes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany Anesthesiology Research Laboratory, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0818, USA.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schäfers
authors.forename: Linda S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Sorkin
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sommer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D020932:Nerve Growth Factor / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D020932:Nerve Growth Factor; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide; D015232:Dinoprostone