title: Incidence and location of focal atrial fibrillation triggers in patients undergoing repeat pulmonary vein isolation: implications for ablation strategies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The etiology of atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrences after pulmonary vein (PV) isolation is not well described. The aim of this study was to examine the reason for recurrent AF in patients undergoing a repeat attempt at AF trigger ablation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with recurrent AF more than 1 month after ablation returned for repeat mapping and ablation. A circular mapping catheter was advanced to each previously targeted PV ostium to determine if the PV was still electrically isolated. Ectopy then was provoked with isoproterenol (up to 20 microg/min), burst pacing, and pacing into AF followed by cardioversion. The location of ectopy triggering atrial premature depolarizations (APDs) or AF was noted. Of 226 patients who underwent ablation of AF triggers, 34 (8 women and 26 men; age 56 +/- 10 years) with recurrent AF returned for a repeat procedure 207 +/- 183 days after the first procedure. There were 84 previously completely isolated PVs in these 34 patients. Thirty-three (39%) of 84 previously isolated PVs were still completely isolated at the time of the second procedure. Fifty-one PVs (61%) had evidence of recovered PV potentials. Fifty triggers of APDs and AF (n = 30) or APDs only (n = 20) were identified in these 34 patients. The majority of triggers [27/50 (54%)] originated from previously targeted PVs. Sixteen triggers [16/50 (32%)] originated from previously nontargeted PVs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The majority of AF recurrences originate from previously isolated PVs. One third of recurrent triggers originated from PVs that were not targeted during the initial ablation session. Although empiric isolation of all PVs may reduce recurrences, strategies to ensure ostial PV isolation and to prevent recurrent PV conduction after ablation should have the greatest impact on reducing AF recurrence.
authors.affiliation: Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 9 Founders Pavilion, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. edward.gerstenfeld@uphs.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Edward P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Gerstenfeld
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Callans
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dixit
authors.forename: Erica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zado
authors.forename: Francis E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Marchlinski
mesh_terms: D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D018780:Body Surface Potential Mapping; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010414:Pennsylvania / Q000453:epidemiology; D011667:Pulmonary Veins / Q000601:surgery*; D012008:Recurrence; D017211:Treatment Failure; D016896:Treatment Outcome