title: Treatment outcome in subgroups of uncooperative child dental patients: an exploratory study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The principal aims of this study were to evaluate the treatment outcome in subgroups of uncooperative child dental patients and to test the validity of these subgroups, which were based on fear and personality characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  An exploratory, intervention study using quantified questionnaire, interview and observation data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-six 4 to 12-year-old uncooperative child dental patients (of whom 81 were divided retrospectively into four subgroups) and their accompanying parents were followed up during treatment at a specialist paediatric dental clinic in Sweden. Treatment was based on behaviour management techniques, supported by nitrous oxide/oxygen sedation if necessary. At baseline, parents answered a questionnaire including questions on child dental and general fear, temperament and behaviour, and parental dental fear, emotional stress, locus of control, parenting efficacy and attitudes to dental care, some of which were repeated post-treatment. The treating dentist rated child behaviour according to the acceptance of a maximum of 14 treatment steps at each visit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately 90% of all children managed to undergo the dental treatment. Child dental fear and parental emotional stress decreased during treatment. Externalizing, impulsive children showed lower acceptance. In fearful, inhibited children, integrated use of sedation appeared to facilitate acceptance. Validity of the subgroups characterized as 'fearful, extrovert, outgoing', 'fearful, inhibited' and 'externalizing, impulsive' was supported, while heterogeneity within the group of 'non-fearful, extrovert, outgoing' children made validation difficult.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fear and personality characteristics may serve as diagnostic aids when planning treatment of uncooperative child dental patients. Controlled outcome studies using differentiated treatment methods for children with different fear and personality profiles are needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pedodontics, Postgraduate Dental Education Centre, Orebro, Sweden. kristina.arnrup@orebroll.se
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Arnrup
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Broberg
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Berggren
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bodin
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001294:Attitude to Health; D001521:Behavior Therapy; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D016854:Dental Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D003729:Dental Care / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D010551:Personality; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology; D013694:Temperament; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D009609:Nitrous Oxide