title: Galactokinase gene mutations and age-related cataract. Lack of association in an Italian population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate possible associations between sequence changes in the galactokinase gene (GALK1) and age-related cataract in a European population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Persons without lens opacities and persons with clinically significant age-related cataract were selected from those participating in the Collaborative Italian-American Clinical Trial of Nutritional Supplements and Age-Related Cataract or from those attending the Section of Ophthalmology of the University of Parma for cataract surgery. Type and severity of the opacities were assessed by slit-lamp and retro-illumination lens photographs. Mutations in GALK1 were identified by PCR amplification of individual exons and flanking sequences and sequencing using fluorescent terminator technology in an ABI 377 Prism or 3100 automated DNA sequencer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DNA samples were obtained from 115 individuals with clear lenses and from 185 individuals with cataract (106 with any nuclear, 88 with any cortical, and 25 with any posterior sub capsular cataract). 157 of the 185 patients with cataract (85%) were age-matched with a control within an age range of plus or minus 1 year. SNPs causing amino acid changes in the galactokinase protein were identified in exon 4; I184M, 1/115 control versus 0/185 cataractous individuals, p=0.38, exon 6; G274D, 0/115 control versus 1/185 cataractous individuals, p>0.99, and exon 7; V338A, 0/115 control versus 1/185 cataractous individuals, p>0.99. Thus, there were no significant differences in the distribution of sequence alterations resulting in amino acid changes between control and cataractous individuals. Eighty samples showed a C to T transition 43 bases into intron 7 (46 cataracts and 34 controls). Testing the distribution of the intron 7 findings showed Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for both cases (p=0.73) and controls (p=0.51). There was no difference in C/T distribution between cases and controls (p=0.27).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this northern Italian population age-related cataract does not appear to be associated with GALK1 alleles. Since this is due to a lack of sequence changes in both affected and control individuals, this study cannot rule out the possibility of an association in other populations.
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmology, University of Parma, Parma, Italy. maraini@unipr.it
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maraini
authors.forename: J Fielding
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Hejtmancik
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shiels
authors.forename: Donna S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Mackay
authors.forename: Raffaella
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aldigeri
authors.forename: Xiao D
authors.initials: XD
authors.lastname: Jiao
authors.forename: Sally L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Sperduto
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Reed
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000235:genetics*; D000483:Alleles; D002386:Cataract / Q000201:enzymology / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005686:Galactokinase / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
chemical_list: D005686:Galactokinase