title: The effect of vitamin E supplementation on discoloration of injection-site lesions in retail cuts and the greening reaction observed in injection-site lesions in muscles of the chuck.
abstract: Concern has been raised about green discoloration of injection-site lesions in chuck muscles in modified-atmosphere packages. Objectives were: 1) to recreate green lesions, 2) to compare the severity of discoloration of injection-site lesions in chucks from carcasses of control or vitamin E-supplemented steers, and 3) to identify pigment(s) responsible for discoloration via in vitro color reactions. In Exp. 1, 23 steers (BW = 415 kg; 37 d before harvest) were injected with one of 12 pharmaceuticals, following label directions for route and dose, with the exception of a 5-mL maximum dose, to identify a product that could result in discoloration. Two vaccines (Products A and B) resulted in greening. In Exp. 2, 50 steers were injected (i.m.) with Product A and assigned to the control or vitamin E (1,000 IU/steer daily for 60 d) group. After retail display, 80 and 72% of steaks from the control and treatment groups, respectively, were discolored. Although vitamin E did not reduce (P = 0.53) greening, there was a trend (P = 0.10) toward delay discoloration of lesions from the treatment group. In Phase I of Exp. 3, pigments extracted from green lesions obtained from Exp. 2 were compared with solutions, exposed to a high partial pressure of oxygen (ppO), of myoglobin (Mb), copper sulfate, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), vaccine, and aluminum hydroxide either alone or in combination. In Phase II of Exp. 3, solutions of two or more of Mb, Cu, sodium sulfide, sodium sulfite, sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), and H2O2 were made at pH 7.2 or 5.5 and exposed to low or high ppO. Normal muscle tissue displayed a 3.2 and 56.7% decrease in absorbance/microg of protein as wavelength changed from 654 to 656 nm and 656 to 658 nm, respectively. Pigments from control and treatment group green tissue displayed a 164.5 and 621.3% increase, respectively, in absorbance/microg of protein as wavelength changed from 654 to 656 nm. As wavelength changed from 656 to 658 nm, the absorbance/microg of protein for control and treatment group lesions decreased by 75 and 109%, respectively. The Mb+Cu+Na2SO4 solution, at pH 5.5 and high ppO, exhibited similar absorbance trends as green lesions indicating that greening may result from a Mb, Cu, and Na2SO4 interaction. Results indicated that greening varies with pharmaceuticals and oxidation of tissue cannot be controlled with vitamin E supplementation. Research on the causative agents of green discoloration, with an emphasis on compounds containing sulfate or Cu, is needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523-1171, USA. droeber@umn.edu
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Roeber
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Belk
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Engle
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Field
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Koontz
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Scanga
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Tatum
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Van Metre
authors.forename: F B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Garry
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002417:Cattle; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D018857:Food Packaging; D005524:Food Technology / Q000379:methods*; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000662:veterinary; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat / Q000592:standards*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010858:Pigmentation / Q000187:drug effects*; D011897:Random Allocation; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D014810:Vitamin E