title: Prophylaxis in elective colorectal surgery: the cost of ignoring the evidence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Three strategies are used to prevent complications in colorectal surgery: heparin and antibiotics given perioperatively and abdominal drains placed intraoperatively. To investigate the appropriate and inappropriate use of these prophylactic techniques and to assess the costs associated with their inappropriate use, we studied patients who underwent elective colorectal procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the charts of 103 patients operated on between April and December 1999 at a 519-bed tertiary care, teaching hospital in Edmonton, Alta. The procedures carried out were elective sigmoid resection, low anterior resection, left hemicolectomy, right hemicolectomy and total or subtotal colectomy for benign or malignant conditions. The data collected included patient age and sex, diagnosis, the operating surgeon, and the housestaff or surgeon writing the pre- and postoperative orders. Patients who required emergency colorectal surgery were excluded from the study. Antibiotic, heparin and drain prophylaxis was assessed and considered appropriate if prescribed according to the evidence or inappropriate if prescribed when not recommended.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-six of 98 patients had inappropriate heparin prophylaxis (5 of the 103 were excluded because they were already receiving heparin). Only 5 of 96 patients were treated appropriately with antibiotics preoperatively without postoperative doses (7 of the 103 were excluded due to intraoperative spillage with fecal contamination or an intra-abdominal abscess found intraoperatively); 95% of patients were inappropriately treated with antibiotics postoperatively. Half of all the patients had a drain inserted inappropriately for prophylaxis. On average, drains inserted inappropriately cost 30.40 dollars per patient, inappropriate antibiotic use cost 62.42 dollars per patient and inappropriate heparin use cost 89.30 dollars per patient. Preoperative orders were usually written by the staff surgeon, whereas postoperative orders were usually written by the resident or intern.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed considerable inappropriate use of heparin, antibiotic and drain prophylaxis. Considering the number of elective colorectal procedures performed annually, these inappropriately used strategies represent a substantial cost to the health care system. Improved education of surgeons and residents is needed to change to evidence-based practice habits.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.
authors.forename: Naureen
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wasey
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baughan
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: de Gara
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000416:Alberta; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis / Q000191:economics; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003082:Colectomy; D003108:Colonic Diseases / Q000191:economics / Q000601:surgery; D017281:Cost of Illness; D013505:Digestive System Surgical Procedures / Q000191:economics* / Q000592:standards; D004322:Drainage; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D006493:Heparin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000191:economics; D012002:Rectal Diseases / Q000191:economics / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D006493:Heparin