title: Risk factors for abdominal wall complications in peritoneal dialysis patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients treated with peritoneal dialysis (PD) have increased intra-abdominal pressure and a high prevalence of abdominal wall complications.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of hernias and peritoneal leaks in our PD patients and to investigate their potential risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 142 unselected patients treated with PD during the past 5 years, including those that were already on PD and those that started PD during this period. Mean age was 54 years and mean follow-up on PD was 39 months. 72 patients had been treated with only continuous ambulatory PD (CAPD), 8 with automated PD (APD), and 62 with both modalities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  53 patients (37%) developed hernia and/or leak. A total of 39 hernias and 63 leaks were registered. The overall rates were 0.08 hernias/patient/year and 0.13 leaks/patient/year. 17 patients had both abdominal complications. Hernia was most frequently located in the umbilical region, and the most frequent site of leakage was the pericatheter area. Both complications appeared more frequently during the CAPD period (87% of hernias, 81% of leaks). The rate of hernias was higher in patients treated only with CAPD than in those that used only cyclers [0.08 vs 0.01 hernias/patient/year, not significant (NS)]. No patient treated only with APD had peritoneal leak; 25% (18/72) of patients treated with CAPD developed this complication (p = 0.18, NS). Dialysate exchange volumes ranged from 2000 to 2800 mL. 25 (66%) patients required surgical repair of the hernia, with recurrence in 7 patients (28%). 27 (84%) patients with leaks were initially treated with transitory temporary transfer to hemodialysis, low volume APD, or intermittent PD for 4 weeks. The leak recurred in half of the cases and surgical repair was necessary in 12 cases. The development of hernia and/or leak did not correlate with gender, diabetes, duration of follow-up, type of PD, history of abdominal surgery, or with the largest peritoneal exchange volume used. Polycystic kidney disease was the only factor associated with higher rate of hernias (p = 0.005), whereas increased age (p = 0.04) and higher body mass index (p = 0.03) were significantly associated with the appearance of leaks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Abdominal hernias and peritoneal leaks are very frequent in the PD population. Advanced age, polycystic kidney disease, and high body mass index are independent risk factors for their development. Automated PD with low daytime fill volume should be considered in all patients at risk for hernias and/or leaks.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain. gpeso@hulp.insalud.es
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Del Peso
authors.forename: María Auxiliadora
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bajo
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Costero
authors.forename: Covadonga
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hevia
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gil
authors.forename: Cándido
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Díaz
authors.forename: Abelardo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aguilera
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Selgas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006555:Hernia, Ventral / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010532:Peritoneal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome