title: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gammaPro12Ala polymorphism and the association with blood pressure in type 2 diabetes: skaraborg hypertension and diabetes project.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study explored whether the Pro12Ala polymorphism in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) is associated with blood pressure in subjects with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A community-based, cross-sectional observation study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary care.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and ninety-two men and 192 women with type 2 diabetes who consecutively underwent annual follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  The PPARgammaPro12Ala genotype was determined by polymerase chain reaction-based techniques. Associations between genotype and blood pressure were analysed by linear regression and expressed as differences in blood pressure (delta) with 95% confidence interval (CI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean systolic blood pressure and the diastolic blood pressure were 160 mmHg (standard deviation = 22.8) and 84 mmHg (standard deviation = 9.6), respectively. Subjects with Pro/Ala (24%) or Ala/Ala (2%) had lower diastolic blood pressure (delta = 2.8; 95% CI, 0.6-5.0) when adjusted for age and gender compared with Pro/Pro subjects (74%). This association was restricted to men (delta = 4.4; 95% CI, 1.3-7.4), who also had a borderline significant difference in systolic blood pressure (delta = 6.9; 95% CI, -0.8 to 13.8). In men the difference in diastolic blood pressure remained after adjustment for age, body mass index, serum triglycerides, serum insulin and haemoglobin A(1c) (delta = 4.6; 95% CI, 1.1-8.1). A subanalysis of normotensive men (n = 100) confirmed the difference associated with the Pro12Ala polymorphism in diastolic blood pressure (delta = 5.2; 95% CI, 0.6-10.0).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The common Pro12Ala polymorphism in PPARgamma is associated with lower diastolic blood pressure in male subjects with type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, Malmö University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Carl J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Ostgren
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Lindblad
authors.forename: Olle
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Melander
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Melander
authors.forename: Leif
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Groop
authors.forename: Lennart
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Råstam
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000235:genetics*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000235:genetics*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D014157:Transcription Factors