title: Leflunomide, a new disease-modifying drug for treating active rheumatoid arthritis in methotrexate-controlled phase II clinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy and safety of leflunomide in comparison with methotrexate (MTX) on patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in China.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five hundred and sixty-six patients with active rheumatoid arthritis were randomly assigned to receive leflunomide at 20 mg once daily or MTX at 15 mg once weekly in a controlled trial. Five hundred and four patients completed the 12-week treatment and some patients continued the treatment for 24 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both leflunomide and MTX could improve the symptoms, signs, and joint function, but there were no changes in X-ray observations of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. In the leflunomide group, the overall rates of effectiveness at 12 weeks and 24 weeks were 86.94% and 92.31% respectively; the rates of remarkable improvement were 64.95% and 79.81% respectively. In the MTX group, the overall rates of effectiveness at 12 weeks and 24 weeks were 84.04% and 83.15% respectively; the rates of remarkable improvement were 56.81% and 75.28% respectively. According to intent-to-treat analysis, the ACR 20% response rates at 12 weeks and 24 weeks in the leflunomide group were 62.54% and 67.18% respectively, compared with 60.08% and 61.32% respectively in MTX group. No statistical differences were shown in the efficacy between the two groups (P > 0.05). The adverse events in the leflunomide group were gastrointestinal symptoms, skin rash, alopecia, nervous system symptoms, decreased leukocyte count, and elevation of alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Most of these side effects were mild and transient. The incidence of adverse events in the leflunomide group was 16.84%, significantly lower than that in MTX group (28.17%, P = 0.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Leflunomide is effective in the treatment of RA with less adverse events than MTX. Its efficacy is similar to MTX, but the incidence of adverse events and the rate of withdrawal due to adverse events were lower in the leflunomide group than in MTX group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Immunology, Shanghai Renji Hospital, Shanghai Second Medical University, Shanghai 200001, China. slchen@online.sh.cn
authors.forename: Chunde
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.forename: Shunle
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yueying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Zhiying
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lao
authors.forename: Liqing
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Jianhua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Xiangpei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jialing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Lingyun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Peigen
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Jiliang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Shuyun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Changhai
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ding
mesh_terms: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006131:Growth Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007555:Isoxazoles / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077339:Leflunomide; D008297:Male; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D006131:Growth Inhibitors; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D007555:Isoxazoles; D000077339:Leflunomide; D008727:Methotrexate