title: Nerve lesions associated with limb-lengthening.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nerve injury is one of the most serious complications associated with limb-lengthening. We examined the risk, assessment, and treatment of nerve lesions associated with limb-lengthening.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively studied the records on 814 limb-lengthening procedures. Nerve lesions were defined by clinical signs and symptoms of motor function impairment, sensory alterations, referred pain in the distribution of an affected nerve, and/or positive results of quantitative sensory testing with use of a pressure specified sensory device.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-six (9.3%) of the limbs had a nerve lesion. Eighty-four percent of the nerve lesions occurred during gradual distraction, and 16% occurred immediately following surgery. The pressure specified sensory device showed 100% sensitivity and 86% specificity in the detection of nerve injuries. The patients in whom the lesion was diagnosed with this method, or with this method as well as with nerve conduction studies, had significantly faster recovery than did those diagnosed on the basis of clinical symptoms or nerve conduction studies alone (p = 0.02). Patients undergoing double-level tibial lengthening and those with skeletal dysplasia were at higher risk for nerve lesions (77% and 48%, respectively). Nerve decompression was performed in fifty-three cases (70%). The time between the diagnosis and the surgical decompression was strongly associated with the time to recovery (p = 0.0005). Complete clinical recovery was achieved in seventy-four of the seventy-six cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early detection based on signs and symptoms or testing with a pressure specified sensory device improves the prognosis for nerve injury that occurs during limb-lengthening. Of the methods that we used to identify neurologic compromise, testing with the pressure specified sensory device was the most sensitive. Aggressive early treatment (slowing the rate of lengthening and/or performing decompression) allows continued lengthening without incurring permanent nerve injury. When indicated, decompression of the affected nerve should be performed as soon as possible, thereby improving the chances of and shortening the time to complete recovery.
authors.affiliation: International Center for Limb Lengthening, Rubin, Institute for Advanced Orthopedics, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, Maryland 21215-5271, USA.
authors.forename: Monica Paschoal
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Nogueira
authors.forename: Dror
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Paley
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhave
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Herbert
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nocente
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Herzenberg
mesh_terms: D001852:Bone Lengthening / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019299:Decompression, Surgical; D004568:Electrodiagnosis / Q000295:instrumentation; D005121:Extremities / Q000294:innervation / Q000601:surgery; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation; D009408:Nerve Compression Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D009416:Nerve Regeneration / Q000502:physiology; D009431:Neural Conduction / Q000502:physiology; D009460:Neurologic Examination / Q000295:instrumentation; D059348:Peripheral Nerve Injuries; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012678:Sensation Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery