title: Labor costs associated with incontinence in long-term care facilities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To understand the labor resource consumption in caring activities of long-term care residents with versus without urinary incontinence (UI) and the variation in consumption patterns across shifts and facility types.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective study was conducted in three phases. Phase I of the study developed a taxonomy of the caring activities involved in the care of the incontinent patient and of the control group patient. In Phase II, the frequency of these activities was assessed. Phase III extrapolated the cost impacts of incontinence. The sample consisted of 37 long-term care facilities in the vicinity of Winston-Salem, North Carolina, along with a supplemental sample of 12 facilities in the vicinity of Chapel Hill, North Carolina. The study examined the costs of labor, supplies, and services. To our knowledge, this is the first study to apply microcosting approaches to UI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All things being equal, the incremental labor costs (per shift) were 3.31 dollars (in 2002 dollars) for patients with occasional UI and 5.16 dollars for patients with frequent UI. Combining patients with frequent UI (more than 70% of all UI patients) and occasional UI, the weighted average incremental costs per shift were 4.52 dollars.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With incremental labor costs of 4.52 dollars per patient per shift, UI costs an additional 13.57 dollars to treat per day, or 4957 dollars annually. Our findings can be used to capture the "averted costs" in long-term care facilities from curing UI.
authors.affiliation: Section of Health Services Research, Department of Biostatistics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Ya-Chen Tina
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Shih
authors.forename: Abraham G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Hartzema
authors.forename: Sue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tolleson-Rinehart
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008134:Long-Term Care / Q000191:economics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009657:North Carolina; D009735:Nursing Homes / Q000191:economics*; D010561:Personnel Staffing and Scheduling / Q000191:economics* / Q000458:organization & administration; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000191:economics*; D000078329:Workforce