title: Rosuvastatin reduces atherosclerosis development beyond and independent of its plasma cholesterol-lowering effect in APOE*3-Leiden transgenic mice: evidence for antiinflammatory effects of rosuvastatin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Statins can exert anti-inflammatory antiatherosclerotic effects through an anti-inflammatory action, independent of lowering cholesterol. We addressed the question whether the anti-inflammatory activities of statins can reduce atherosclerosis beyond the reduction achieved by cholesterol lowering per se.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two groups of 20 female APOE*3-Leiden mice received either a high-cholesterol diet (HC) or a high-cholesterol diet supplemented with 0.005% (wt/wt) rosuvastatin (HC+R). The HC diet alone resulted in a plasma cholesterol concentration of 18.9+/-1.4 mmol/L, and administration of rosuvastatin lowered plasma cholesterol to 14.1+/-0.7 mmol/L. In a separate low-cholesterol (LC) control group, the dietary cholesterol intake was reduced, which resulted in plasma cholesterol levels that were comparable to the HC+R group (13.4+/-0.8 mmol/L). Atherosclerosis in the aortic root area was quantified after 24 weeks. As compared with the HC group, the LC group had a 62% (P<0.001) reduction in cross-sectional lesion area. When compared with the LC group, the HC+R group showed a further decrease in cross-sectional lesion area (80%, P<0.001), size of individual lesions (63%, P<0.05), lesion number (58%, P<0.001), monocyte adherence (24%, P<0.05), and macrophage-containing area (60%, P<0.001). Furthermore, rosuvastatin specifically suppressed the expression of the inflammation parameters MCP-1 and TNF-alpha in the vessel wall and lowered plasma concentrations of serum amyloid A and fibrinogen, independent of its cholesterol-lowering effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rosuvastatin reduces atherosclerosis beyond and independent of the reduction achieved by cholesterol lowering alone. This additional beneficial effect of rosuvastatin may be explained, at least partly, by its anti-inflammatory activity.
authors.affiliation: Gaubius Laboratory, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO)-Prevention and Health, PO Box 2215, 2301 CE Leiden/the Netherlands. R.Kleemann@pg.tno.nl
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kleemann
authors.forename: Hans M G
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Princen
authors.forename: Jef J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Emeis
authors.forename: J Wouter
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Jukema
authors.forename: Ruud D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Fontijn
authors.forename: Anton J G
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Horrevoets
authors.forename: Teake
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kooistra
authors.forename: Louis M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Havekes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001011:Aorta / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D053318:Apolipoprotein E3; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics*; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005464:Fluorobenzenes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology; D011743:Pyrimidines; D000068718:Rosuvastatin Calcium; D013449:Sulfonamides
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D053318:Apolipoprotein E3; D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D016207:Cytokines; D005464:Fluorobenzenes; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D008055:Lipids; D008074:Lipoproteins; D011743:Pyrimidines; D013449:Sulfonamides; C052720:apolipoprotein E3 (Leidein); D000068718:Rosuvastatin Calcium; D002784:Cholesterol