title: Influences of dietary protein level, amino acid supplementation and environmental temperature on performance, body composition, organ weights and total heat production of growing pigs.
abstract: The study was conducted to determine the effects of feeding a 16% CP diet, a 12% CP diet, or a 12% CP diet supplemented with crystalline Lys, Trp, and Thr (12% CP + AA diet) in a thermal-neutral (23 degrees C) or heat-stressed (33 degrees C) environment on various body and physiological measurements in growing pigs. Heat-stressed pigs were given a 15% lower daily feed allowance than thermal-neutral pigs to remove the confounding effect of feed intake caused by high temperature. No diet x temperature interaction was observed for any variables (P > 0.09) except for pig activity and pancreas weight. At 33 degrees C, pig activity and pancreas weight did not differ among dietary treatments (P > 0.05). In contrast, at 23 degrees C, pigs fed the 12% CP diet had greater activity than those fed the 16% CP diet or the 12% CP + AA diet (P < 0.05). Pancreas weight was greater for pigs fed the 12% CP + AA diet than those fed the 12% CP diet (P < 0.05) when maintained at 23 degrees C. Compared with 23 degrees C, the 33 degrees C temperature decreased pig activity, heat production, daily gain, feed efficiency, and affected the concentration and accretion of empty body protein and ash, as well as weights of heart, pancreas, stomach, and large intestine (P < 0.05). Pigs fed the 12% CP + AA diet attained similar levels of performance and rates of empty body water, protein, lipid, and ash deposition as pigs fed the 16% CP diet (P > 0.10). Pigs fed the 12% CP + AA diet had lower serum urea plus ammonia nitrogen concentrations (P < 0.01) and total heat production (P < 0.05) compared with those fed the 16% CP diet or the 12% CP diet. These results confirm that, with crystalline AA supplementation, growing pigs fed a 12% CP diet will perform similar to pigs fed a 16% CP diet. The data further indicate that lowering dietary CP and supplementing crystalline AA will decrease total heat production in growing pigs whether they are housed in a thermal-neutral or heat-stressed environment.
authors.affiliation: Swine Odor and Manure Management Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA 50011, USA. kerr@nsric.ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Kerr
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Nienaber
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Easter
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D001823:Body Composition / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D018753:Diet, Protein-Restricted / Q000662:veterinary; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D018882:Heat Stress Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D011897:Random Allocation; D013552:Swine / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D022722:Thermogenesis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D004044:Dietary Proteins