Rhizobacterial diversity in India and its influence on soil and plant health.
The rhizosphere or the zone of influence around roots harbors a multitude of microorganisms that are affected by both abiotic and biotic stresses. Among these are the dominant rhizobacteria that prefer living in close vicinity to the root or on its surface and play a crucial role in soil health and plant growth. Both free-living and symbiotic bacteria are involved in such specific ecological niches and help in plant matter degradation, nutrient mobilization and biocontrol of plant disease. While the rhizosphere as a domain of fierce microbial activity has been studied for over a century, the availability of modern tools in microbial ecology has now permitted the study of microbial communities associated with plant growth and development, in situ localization of important forms, as well as the monitoring of introduced bacteria as they spread in the soil and root environment. This interest is linked to environmental concerns for reduced use of chemicals for disease control as well as an appreciation for utilization of biologicals and organics in agriculture. Indian researchers have studied the diversity of rhizobacteria in a variety of plants, cereals, legumes and others along with assessment of their functionality based on the release of enzymes (soil dehydrogenase, phosphatase, nitrogenase, etc.), metabolites (siderophores, antifungals, HCN, etc.), growth promoters (IAA, ethylene) and as inducers of systemic disease resistance (ISR). Based on such primary screening protocols, effective rhizobacteria have been field tested with success stories from various agroecological zones of the country, as reflected in the control of root- and soil-borne diseases, improved soil health and increased crop yields. Several commercial formulations, mostly based on dry powder (charcoal, lignite, farmyard manure, etc.) have been prepared and field tested, however, problems of appropriate shelf-life and cell viability are still to be solved. Also, inherent in such low cost technologies are the problems of variability in field performance and successful establishment of introduced inoculants in the root zone. In addition, most products available in the market are not properly monitored for quality before they reach the farmer. As a consequence, the acceptance of rhizobacterial formulations in the country is limited. However, several laboratories have now developed protocols for the rapid characterization of effective isolates based on molecular fingerprinting and other similar tools. Also, the use of molecular markers (gus, lux, gfp, etc.) makes it easy to monitor introduced inoculants in situ in soil and rhizosphere environments. The government initiative in integrated nutrient management and pest management systems has provided additional incentives to relate rhizobacterial science to other ongoing activities so that the benefit of this research leads to technologies that are environmentally and socially acceptable.
Johri
Bhavdish N
BN
Department of Microbiology, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263 145, India. bhavdishnjohri@rdiffmail.com
Sharma
A
A
Virdi
J S
JS
D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods; D001709:Biotechnology / Q000379:methods; D017753:Ecosystem; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D007194:India; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000502:physiology*; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012230:Rhizobiaceae / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013045:Species Specificity