title: Surgical treatment of spasticity by selective posterior rhizotomy: 30 years experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Spasticity is a common neurologic disorder with adverse effects on the patient's function. Conservative management is unsuccessful in a significant proportion of patients and neurosurgical intervention should be considered. The mainstay of surgical treatment of spasticity is selective posterior rhizotomy, i.e., section of sensory nerve roots of the cauda equina.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To report our experience with selective posterior rhizotomy in the treatment of spasticity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed our experience in 154 patients who underwent SPR during 30 years. The indication for surgery was spasticity that significantly hindered the patient's function or care and was resistant to conservative treatment. All patients were evaluated for spasticity in the lower and upper limbs, the presence or absence of painful spasms, and sphincter disturbances. The decision as to which roots to be sectioned, and to what extent, was based mainly on clinical muscle testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reduction of spasticity in the lower limbs was obtained in every case, with improvement in movements in 86% of cases. Painful spasms were alleviated in 80% of cases. Amelioration of neurogenic bladder was observed in 42%. A minority of the patients also showed improvement in speech and cognitive performance. There was no perioperative mortality or major complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SPR is a safe and effective method for the treatment of spasticity with long-lasting beneficial effects. We suggest that this method be considered more frequently for patients with spasticity that interferes with their quality of life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Khalil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Salame
authors.forename: Georges E R
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Ouaknine
authors.forename: Semion
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rochkind
authors.forename: Shlomo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Constantini
authors.forename: Nissim
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Razon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000150:complications; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000150:complications; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000150:complications; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019051:Rhizotomy / Q000379:methods*; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000601:surgery; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome