title: Practice patterns of lymph-node mapping and sentinel-node biopsy for breast cancer in British Columbia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Because there is no standardized technique for mapping of lymph nodes and no optimal technique for evaluating the sentinel node, we decided to evaluate practice patterns for sentinel-node biopsy (SNB) for breast cancer in British Columbia 5 years after its introduction in 1996.
  
  
  METHODS
  We carried out mail and telephone surveys of general surgeons performing at least 1 SNB (n = 28) or not performing SNB (n = 50), and carried out telephone surveys or on-site visits with pathologists (n = 7) and nuclear medicine physicians (n = 5) from institutions supporting SNB in the province. We collected data on training, perceived indications and techniques for the surgical, imaging and pathologic assessments of SNB to obtain data on practice patterns in 2001 and the degree of consistency among surgeons and institutions involved in performing SNB and reasons for not adopting the SNB technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By 2001, SNB was incorporated into the practice of 19% of surgeons (28 of 150) performing breast cancer surgery in British Columbia. The survey response rate among SNB surgeons was 89% (25 of 28). Twelve (48%) of the 25 surgeons implemented SNB in the context of a validation study. Ten (40%) of the 25 had no data management support to monitor their results. Surgical training included intraoperative mentoring alone (48%), formal training courses alone (20%), both (24%) and self-teaching (8%). One-third of the surgeons had performed fewer than 10 procedures. Five surgeons had abandoned routine axillary dissection. There was considerable variation regarding the indications for SNB, definition of a sentinel node and surgical techniques. All nuclear medicine departments had a written lymphatic mapping protocol, but each used a different volume and activity of radiotracer. Immunohistochemical evaluation of the sentinel nodes was performed at just 3 pathology laboratories. The survey response rate from surgeons not practising SNB was 54% (27 of 50). Among 24 responders in active practice, 7 (29%) planned to perform SNB; 79% had not decided on the SNB indications. Lack of operating room time was a major limiting factor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was considerable variation in the surgical, nuclear medicine and pathology techniques for SNB in the absence of a planned approach for its implementation in British Columbia. Developing consensus around written guidelines for the indications and techniques of SNB may reduce this variation.
authors.affiliation: BC Cancer Agency-Vancouver Island Centre and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.
authors.forename: Boon
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chua
authors.forename: Ivo A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Olivotto
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Donald
authors.forename: Allen H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Noelle
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Conrad H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Rusnak
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D001955:British Columbia; D002285:Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D012394:Rosaniline Dyes; C025484:iso-sulfan blue