title: The role of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathway in mood modulation.
abstract: The neurobiological underpinnings of mood modulation, molecular pathophysiology of manic-depressive illness, and therapeutic mechanism of mood stabilizers are largely unknown. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway is activated by neurotrophins and other neuroactive chemicals to produce their effects on neuronal differentiation, survival, regeneration, and structural and functional plasticity. We found that lithium and valproate, commonly used mood stabilizers for the treatment of manic-depressive illness, stimulated the ERK pathway in the rat hippocampus and frontal cortex. Both drugs increased the levels of activated phospho-ERK44/42, activated phospho-ribosomal protein S6 kinase-1 (RSK1) (a substrate of ERK), phospho-CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) and phospho-B cell lymphoma protein-2 antagonist of cell death (substrates of RSK), and BDNF. Inhibiting the ERK pathway with the blood-brain barrier-penetrating mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase)/ERK kinase (MEK) kinase inhibitor SL327, but not with the nonblood-brain barrier-penetrating MEK inhibitor U0126, decreased immobility time and increased swimming time of rats in the forced-swim test. SL327, but not U0126, also increased locomotion time and distance traveled in a large open field. The behavioral changes in the open field were prevented with chronic lithium pretreatment. SL327-induced behavioral changes are qualitatively similar to the changes induced by amphetamine, a compound that induces relapse in remitted manic patients and mood elevation in normal subjects. These data suggest that the ERK pathway may mediate the antimanic effects of mood stabilizers.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Pathophysiology, Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4405, USA.
authors.forename: Haim
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Einat
authors.forename: Peixiong
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Todd D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Gould
authors.forename: Jianling
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: JianHua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Husseini K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Manji
authors.forename: Guang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000339:Affect; D000607:Aminoacetonitrile / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D000818:Animals; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000209:etiology; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000201:enzymology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D016651:Lithium Carbonate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008124:Locomotion / Q000187:drug effects; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D009154:Mutation; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D013550:Swimming; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D018692:Antimanic Agents; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; C424127:SL 327; D016651:Lithium Carbonate; D000607:Aminoacetonitrile; D014635:Valproic Acid; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases