title: Free radical scavenger effect of rebamipide in sperm processing and cryopreservation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effect of rebamipide added to semen samples and cryoprotectant on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production.
  
  
  METHODS
  Semen samples from 30 fertile and healthy volunteers were collected by masturbation after 2 days approximately 3 days of abstinence. After liquefaction, the specimens were diluted with sperm wash media to a uniform density of 20 x 10(6)/mL. Rebamipide was added to semen samples and cryoprotectant to a final concentration of 10 micromol/L, 30 micromol/L, 100 micromol/L or 300 micromol/L. Specimens were incubated at 37 degree C in a 0.5 % CO(2) incubator for 1 h or cryopreserved at -196 degree C LN(2) for 3 days. The sperm motility and viability and the levels of ROS and lipid peroxidation of sperm membrance were assessed before and after incubation and cryopreservation by means of computer assisted semen analyzer, eosin-nigrosin stain, chemiluminescence and thiobarbituric acid assay, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sperm motility was significantly increased after incubation with 100 micromol/L and 300 micromol/L rebamipide (P<0.05). After cryopreservation, the sperm motility was significantly decreased in all concentrations (P<0.05), but the decrease was less with 100 micromol/L and 300 micromol/L rebamipide than that with other concentrations. The sperm viability showed no significant difference before and after incubation (P>0.05). The levels of ROS and lipid peroxidation in semen were significantly decreased in proportion to the concentrations of rebamipide both after incubation and cryopreservation (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rebamipide is an effective free radical scavenger in semen in vitro.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea. pnc@pusan.ac.kr
authors.forename: Nam Cheol
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Hyun Jun
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Kyeong Mi
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Dong Gil
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Shin
mesh_terms: D000409:Alanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D015925:Cryopreservation; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000032:analysis; D010544:Peroxidases / Q000378:metabolism; D015363:Quinolones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000032:analysis; D012662:Semen Preservation; D013081:Sperm Motility / Q000187:drug effects; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D015363:Quinolones; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D010544:Peroxidases; C052785:rebamipide; D000409:Alanine