title: The importance of diabetic nephropathy in current nephrological practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetic nephropathy has become the major cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in the western world and is forecast to become the most frequent cause of ESRD in the African continent and in developing countries in other areas.
  
  
  METHODS
  A discussion to achieve a consensus on key points relating to diabetic nephropathy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Given the catastrophic consequences of diabetes not only for renal function but also for the cardiovascular system, major efforts should be aimed at prevention. The cornerstone of primary prevention (development of microalbuminuria) is a tight control of blood pressure and blood glucose. Although ACE inhibitors have proved effective in preventing the development of microalbuminuria in normotensive patients, this is not the case, in comparison with other classes of antihypertensive drugs, in those who are hypertensive but normoalbuminuric. Secondary prevention (transition to overt nephropathy) and tertiary prevention (progression of established nephropathy to ESRD) benefit from the use of inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system, whilst the role of tight glycaemic control is more controversial at these stages. Therapeutic lifestyle changes are also important. They should include body weight control combined with regular physical exercise, cessation of smoking and reduced salt intake. The pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy and its association with hypertension, accelerating renal damage, is complex. It involves genetic factors, altered renal sodium handling with sodium retention, metabolic disturbances and oxidative stress with the formation of advanced-glycation end products (AGEs) and reactive oxygen species.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the awareness of the importance of normalizing blood pressure levels and tight glycaemic control have allowed improved survival of diabetic patients, the mortality excess remains unacceptably high in patients with diabetic nephropathy. New treatment strategies are under investigation, including inhibitors of AGE formation, protein kinase C inhibitors, antioxidants, glycosaminoglycans, PPAR-gamma agonists and COX-2 inhibitors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, Azienda Ospedale di Lecco, Ospedale A. Manzoni, Lecco, Italy. nefrologia@ospedale.lecco.it
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Locatelli
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Canaud
authors.forename: Kai-Uwe
authors.initials: KU
authors.lastname: Eckardt
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stenvinkel
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wanner
authors.forename: Carmine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zoccali
mesh_terms: D048909:Diabetes Complications; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000628:therapy; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000378:metabolism; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000378:metabolism; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D020138:Hyperhomocysteinemia; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008833:Microcirculation; D018384:Oxidative Stress
chemical_list: D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans