title: Amphetamines for improving recovery after stroke.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Experimental animal research shows that treatment with amphetamines improves recovery after focal cerebral ischaemia. If the effect were similar in humans, amphetamine treatment could have a major impact on recovery from stroke.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this review was to assess the effects of amphetamine treatment in patients with stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Stroke Group Trials Register (last searched November 2002). In addition, we searched the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (Cochrane Library, Issue 4 2002), MEDLINE (1966-September 2002), EMBASE (1980-November 2002), and Science Citation Index (1992-December 2002). The reference lists of all relevant articles and reviews were checked, and we contacted researchers in the field to identify further published and unpublished studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized unconfounded trials comparing amphetamine with placebo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two reviewers independently selected trials for inclusion, assessed trial quality and extracted the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven studies involving 172 patients were included. The quality of the trials varied but was generally high. Based on two trials (85 patients) there was no evidence that amphetamine treatment reduced death or dependence (Peto's odds ratio, [Peto OR] 1.54; 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 0.64 to 3.73). In these two trials, there were imbalances at baseline, with more serious strokes allocated to amphetamine. This imbalance may account for the trend for more deaths at the end of follow-up among amphetamine allocated patients (Peto OR 3.33; 95% CI 0.99 to 11.24). Based on 4 studies (95 patients) there was evidence of a better relative change in motor function according to the Fugl-Meyer motor scale (Weighted Mean Difference, [WMD] -8.17 points; 95% CI -13.58 to -2.76) and based on 1 study (21 patients) there was evidence of a better change in language function as assessed by the Porch Index of Communicative Ability score (WMD -7.51 points; 95% CI -14.42 to -0.60) in amphetamine allocated patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At present, too few patients have been studied to draw any definite conclusions about the effects of amphetamine treatment on recovery from stroke. The suggested benefits on motor and language function, and the non-significant trend towards increased risk of death, could be related to imbalances in prognostic variables or other bias in studies. Further research in this area is therefore justified.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology R2:03, Stroke Research Unit, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, SWEDEN, 171 76.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Martinsson
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Wahlgren
authors.forename: H-G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Hårdemark
mesh_terms: D000662:Amphetamines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D020521:Stroke / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000662:Amphetamines