title: Antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori: a cross-sectional study in consecutive patients, and relation to ethnicity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess primary antibiotic resistance in a given population and relate the results to ethnicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive cultures were tested for antibiotic susceptibility with the Etest. Three populations were studied separately: ethnic Dutch people, patients of Turkish descent, and patients originating from Africa and the Middle East.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over a period of 5.5 years, 976 (32%) biopsy specimens from 3010 patients were positive for Helicobacter pylori. Metronidazole and clarithromycin resistance were present in 25.8% and 4.8% of the strains, respectively. The number of metronidazole-resistant strains showed a gradual decrease, while clarithromycin resistance showed a slight increase during the study period. Antimicrobial resistance in patients of Turkish descent and in those originating from Africa or the Middle East was significantly higher than in ethnic Dutch people, 35% and 9.1% versus 21% and 2.9%, respectively (P = 0.003 and P = 0.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is important to take ethnicity into account when studying antibiotic resistance. The numbers of metronidazole- and clarithromycin-resistant strains can vary considerably between people of different ethnic origin living in the same region.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Microbiology, De Heel Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam, The Netherlands. r.loffeld@chello.nl
authors.forename: R J L F
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Loffeld
authors.forename: C A P M J
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Fijen
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017291:Clarithromycin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000502:physiology; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000175:diagnosis; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008795:Metronidazole / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D008795:Metronidazole; D017291:Clarithromycin