title: Performance, treatment pathways, and effects of alternative policy options for screening for developmental dysplasia of the hip in the United Kingdom.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare, using a decision model, performance, treatment pathways and effects of different newborn screening strategies for developmental hip dysplasia with no screening.
  
  
  METHODS
  Detection rate, radiological absence of subluxation at skeletal maturity and avascular necrosis of the femoral head, as favourable and unfavourable treatment outcomes respectively, were compared for the following strategies: clinical screening alone using the Ortolani and Barlow tests; the addition of static and dynamic ultrasound examination of the hips of all infants (universal ultrasound) or restricted to infants with defined risk factors (selective ultrasound); "no screening" (that is, clinical diagnosis only).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Universal or selective ultrasound detects more more affected children (76% and 60% respectively) than clinical screening alone (35%), results in a higher proportion of affected children with favourable treatment outcomes (92% and 88% respectively) than clinical screening alone (78%) or no screening (75%), and the highest proportion of these achieved without recourse to surgery (64% and 79% respectively) compared with clinical screening alone (18%). However, ultrasound based strategies are also associated with the highest number of unfavourable treatment outcomes arising in unaffected children treated following a false positive screening result. The detection rate of clinical screening alone becomes similar to that reported for universal ultrasound when based on studies using experienced examiners (80%) rather than junior medical staff (35%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From the largely observational data available, ultrasound based screening strategies appear to be most sensitive and effective but are associated with the greatest risk of potential adverse iatrogenic effects arising in unaffected children.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK. c.dezateux@ich.ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dezateux
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Arthur
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Karnon
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Parnaby
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003663:Decision Trees; D006618:Hip Dislocation, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015997:Neonatal Screening / Q000379:methods / Q000458:organization & administration*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography