title: Reliable and convenient method for the fixation of recording electrodes on nonshaved scalp for intraoperative electrophysiological monitoring: technical note.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Difficulties with the intraoperative monitoring of evoked responses sometimes occur because of displacement or dislodgment of the recording electrodes during surgery, especially if placed on nonshaved scalp.
  
  
  METHODS
  An alternative fixation method of the recording electrode on the nonshaved scalp was developed. The sterile subdermal needle electrode was attached on the scalp by application of a transparent dressing (Tegaderm) over the electrode followed by fixing with a skin stapler.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The needle electrodes were easily, quickly, and firmly positioned even on the nonshaved scalp. The responses of the intraoperative evoked potentials were highly stable and reproducible throughout the operation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This fixation method for subdermal needle electrodes on the scalp is safe, reliable, and convenient for intraoperative electrophysiological monitoring of evoked potentials, even if the scalp is not shaved.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsushige
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Masafumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hirato
authors.forename: Nobuhito
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Tomio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sasaki
mesh_terms: D004566:Electrodes; D005071:Evoked Potentials; D006801:Humans; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012535:Scalp