title: Scalp-recorded slow EEG responses generated in response to hemodynamic changes in the human brain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study whether hemodynamic changes in human brain generate scalp-EEG responses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Direct current EEG (DC-EEG) was recorded from 12 subjects during 5 non-invasive manipulations that affect intracranial hemodynamics by different mechanisms: bilateral jugular vein compression (JVC), head-up tilt (HUT), head-down tilt (HDT), Valsalva maneuver (VM), and Mueller maneuver (MM). DC shifts were compared to changes in cerebral blood volume (CBV) measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  DC shifts were observed during all manipulations with highest amplitudes (up to 250 microV) at the midline electrodes, and the most pronounced changes (up to 15 microV/cm) in the DC voltage gradient around vertex. In spite of inter-individual variation in both amplitude and polarity, the DC shifts were consistent and reproducible for each subject and they showed a clear temporal correlation with changes in CBV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that hemodynamic changes in human brain are associated with marked DC shifts that cannot be accounted for by intracortical neuronal or glial currents. Instead, the data are consistent with a non-neuronal generator mechanism that is associated with the blood-brain barrier.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings have direct implications for mechanistic interpretation of slow EEG responses in various experimental paradigms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. sampsa.vanhatalo@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vanhatalo
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tallgren
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kaila
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Voipio
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D004566:Electrodes; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006257:Head / Q000502:physiology; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007601:Jugular Veins / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D012535:Scalp; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods