title: In vitro investigation of indirect bonding with a hydrophilic primer.
abstract: The aim of this in vitro investigation was to evaluate bond strength for a custom base indirect bonding technique using a hydrophilic primer on moisture-contaminated tooth surfaces. Stainless steel brackets were bonded to 100 permanent bovine incisors using a light-cured custom base composite adhesive, a chemically cured sealant, and the hydrophilic primer Transbond MIP (3M-Unitek, Monrovia, Calif). Five groups (A-E) of 20 teeth each were formed according to the time of contamination (before or after application of the primer) and the type of contaminant (distilled water or saliva): A, control group with no contamination; B, contamination with saliva before application of the primer; C, contamination with water before application of the primer; D, contamination with saliva before and after application of the primer; and E, contamination with water before and after application of the primer. Mean bond strength for the group without contamination (A) was 15.07 +/- 4.14 MPa and was not significantly different from bond strengths for groups B (14.91 +/- 3.99 MPa) and C (16.12 +/- 3.67 MPa), in which contamination occurred before application of the hydrophilic primer. Average bond strength in group D was 11.92 +/- 4.76 MPa. The lowest mean bond strength was measured for group E (9.85 +/- 3.77 MPa) and was significantly lower than for groups A, B, and C. Contamination after primer application resulted in an increased risk of bond failure at clinically relevant levels of stress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Hamburg, Germany. klocke@uke.uni-hamburg.de
authors.forename: Arndt
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Klocke
authors.forename: Jianmin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Bärbel
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kahl-Nieke
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bismayer
mesh_terms: D000269:Adhesives / Q000737:chemistry*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D007180:Incisor; D008422:Materials Testing; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D009967:Orthodontic Appliances; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D013193:Stainless Steel / Q000737:chemistry; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000269:Adhesives; D003738:Dental Cements; D008689:Methacrylates; D019279:Resin Cements; C458821:Transbond moisture-insensitive primer; D014867:Water; D013193:Stainless Steel; D000431:Ethanol