title: T 1 rho-relaxation mapping of human femoral-tibial cartilage in vivo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate the in vivo feasibility of measuring spin-lattice relaxation time in the rotating frame (T(1rho)); and T(1rho)-dispersion in human femoral cartilage. Furthermore, we aimed to compute the baseline T(1rho)-relaxation times and spin-lock contrast (SLC) maps on healthy volunteers, and compare relaxation times and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) with corresponding T(2)-weighted images.
  
  
  METHODS
  All MR imaging experiments were performed on a 1.5 T GE Signa scanner (GEMS, Milwaukee, WI) using a custom built 15-cm transmit-receive quadrature birdcage radio-frequency (RF) coil. The T(1rho)-prepared magnetization was imaged with a single-slice two-dimensional fast spin-echo (FSE) pulse sequence preencoded with a three-pulse cluster consisting of two hard 90 degrees pulses and a low power spin-lock pulse. T(1rho)-dispersion imaging was performed by varying the spin-lock frequency from 100 to 500 Hz in five steps in addition to varying the length of the spin-lock pulse.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average T(1rho)-relaxation times in the weight-bearing (WB) and nonweight-bearing (NWB) regions of the femoral condyle were 42.2 +/- 3.6 msec and 55.7 +/- 2.3 msec (mean +/- SD, N = 5, P < 0.0001), respectively. In the same regions, the corresponding T(2)-relaxation times were 31.8 +/- 1.5 msec and 37.6 +/- 3.6 msec (mean +/- SD, N = 5, P < 0.0099). T(1rho)-weighted images have approximately 20%-30% higher SNR than the corresponding T(2)-weighted images for similar echo time. The average SLC in the WB region of femoral cartilage was 30 +/-4.0%. Furthermore, SLC maps provide better contrast between fluid and articular surface of femoral-tibial joint than T(1rho)-maps. The T(1rho)-relaxation times varied from 32 msec to 42 msec ( approximately 31%) in the WB and 37 msec to 56 msec ( approximately 51%) in NWB regions of femoral condyle, respectively, in the frequency range 0-500 Hz (T(1rho)-dispersion).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The feasibility of performing in vivo T(1rho) relaxation mapping in femoral cartilage at 1.5T clinical scanner without exceeding Food and Drug Administration (FDA) limits on specific absorption rate (SAR) of RF energy was demonstrated.
authors.affiliation: Metabolic Magnetic Resonance Research and Computing Center (MMRRCC), Department of Radiology, Stellar-Chance Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6100, USA. regatte@mail.mmrrcc.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Ravinder Reddy
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Regatte
authors.forename: Sarma V S
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Akella
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Wheaton
authors.forename: Arijitt
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Borthakur
authors.forename: J Bruce
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Kneeland
authors.forename: Ravinder
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Reddy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D001330:Electronic Data Processing; D005269:Femur; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D013977:Tibia; D016474:Weight-Bearing