title: Anomalous expression of epithelial differentiation-determining GATA factors in ovarian tumorigenesis.
abstract: Tumor cells often appear in a deviant differentiated stage, and dedifferentiation is a hallmark of malignancy; however, the causative mechanism of the global changes in dedifferentiation is not understood. The GATA transcription factors function in cell lineage specification during embryonic development and organ formation. The transcriptional targets of the GATA factors in early embryonic development include Disabled-2 and collagen IV, markers for epithelial lineages. GATA-4 and GATA-6 are expressed strongly and are localized in the nucleus in ovarian surface epithelial cells in tissues or primary cell cultures. By immunohistochemistry, we found that 82% of the 50 tumors analyzed had lost GATA-6 function, either by a complete absence of expression or by cytoplasmic mislocalization. The frequent loss of GATA-6 was also confirmed in a panel of ovarian surface epithelial and tumor cell lines. Although GATA-4 is absent only in a small percentage (14%) of ovarian tumors, it is lost in the majority of established cell lines in culture. The loss of GATA-6 correlates with the loss of Disabled-2, collagen IV, and laminin, markers for epithelial cell types. Loss of GATA factors was also found in an in vitro model for spontaneous transformation of rat ovarian epithelial cells. Repression of GATA-6 by small interfering (si)RNA approach in cultured cells leads to dedifferentiation as indicated by the loss of Disabled-2 and laminin expression. Restoration of GATA factors expression by ectopic transfection suppresses cell growth and is incompatible with the maintenance of the cells in culture. However, restoration of GATA-4 and GATA-6 expression is not able to induce expression of endogenous Disabled-2 in tumor cells, suggesting that the loss of GATA factors and dedifferentiation are irreversible processes. In conclusion, we observed the inappropriate expression and cellular localization of the GATA transcription factors in ovarian tumor tissues and cancer cell lines, and we have demonstrated that down-regulation of GATA factor expression leads to dedifferentiation. We propose that alterations of GATA transcription factor expression and aberrant nucleocytoplasmic localization may contribute to the anomalous epithelial dedifferentiation of the ovarian tumor cells.
authors.affiliation: Ovarian Cancer and Tumor Biology Programs, Department of Medical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, USA.
authors.forename: Callinice D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Capo-chichi
authors.forename: Isabelle H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Roland
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vanderveer
authors.forename: Rudi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamagata
authors.forename: Hisamaru
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hirai
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Thomas C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: Andrew K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Godwin
authors.forename: Xiang-Xi
authors.initials: XX
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D019070:Cell Lineage; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000737:chemistry; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000502:physiology; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology; D005260:Female; D050991:GATA4 Transcription Factor; D050993:GATA6 Transcription Factor; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000473:pathology; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000032:analysis* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050991:GATA4 Transcription Factor; D050993:GATA6 Transcription Factor; C494759:GATA6 protein, human; D014157:Transcription Factors