title: Sequence analysis of clonal immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor gene rearrangements in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia at diagnosis and at relapse: implications for pathogenesis and for the clinical utility of PCR-based methods of minimal residual disease detection.
abstract: Immunoglobulin (Ig) and T-cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangements provide clonal markers useful for diagnosis and measurement of minimal residual disease (MRD) in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). We analyzed the sequences of Ig and TCR gene rearrangements obtained at presentation and relapse in 41 children with ALL to study clonal stability, which has important implications for monitoring MRD, during the course of the disease. In 42%, all original Ig and/or TCR sequences were conserved. In 24%, one original sequence was preserved but the other lost, and in 14% the original sequences were conserved with new sequences identified at relapse. In 20% only new sequences were found at relapse. Using primers designed from the novel relapse sequences, the relapse clone could be identified as subdominant clones in the diagnostic sample in 8 of 14 patients. Alteration of these clonal gene rearrangements is a common feature in childhood ALL. MRD detection should include multiple gene targets to minimize false-negative samples or include also multicolor flow cytometry. In some cases the leukemic progenitor cell might arise earlier in lineage before DHJH recombination but retain the capacity to further differentiate into cells capable of altering the pattern of Ig and/or TCR rearrangements.
authors.affiliation: Dept of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney St, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Aihong
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jianbiao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zuckerman
authors.forename: Montse
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rue
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dalton
authors.forename: Cheryl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lyons
authors.forename: Lewis B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Silverman
authors.forename: Stephen E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Sallan
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Gribben
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002999:Clone Cells / Q000737:chemistry; D003199:Computer Systems; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D015322:Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte; D015329:Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D018365:Neoplasm, Residual / Q000175:diagnosis; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D054198:Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D012008:Recurrence; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA