title: [Botulism toxin in practice].
abstract: Botulinum toxins (A and B) are neurotoxins derived from Clostridium botulinum. Clostridium are anaerobic bacteria. C. botulinum produces exotoxins (A to G) with distinct antigenicities. The neurotoxins inhibit the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from the axon terminals of motor neurons. Botulinum toxin is officially used in clinic for the treatment of muscular hyperactivity (strabismus, blepharospam, cervical dystonia). Botulinum toxins are also used in non recognized clinical applications: neurogenic incontinence, palmar and axillary hyperhidrosis, chronic anal fissure. The respective formulations of Botox, Dysport and Neurobloc are described. Special considerations for administration are introduced.
authors.affiliation: Faculté de pharmacie, 27, boulevard Jean-Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France. alain.durand@pharmacie.univ-mrs.fr
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Durand
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Serment
mesh_terms: D001764:Blepharospasm / Q000188:drug therapy; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003014:Clostridium botulinum / Q000472:pathogenicity; D004421:Dystonia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005401:Fissure in Ano / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D006945:Hyperhidrosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013285:Strabismus / Q000188:drug therapy; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000188:drug therapy; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; C096323:rimabotulinumtoxinB; D001905:Botulinum Toxins; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A