title: Pharmacokinetic properties of zolpidem in elderly and young adults: possible modulation by testosterone in men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The influence of ageing on the pharmacokinetics of zolpidem, an extensively prescribed hypnotic medication, was evaluated in healthy human volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A series of 16 elderly (age: 61-85 years) and 24 young (age: 22-42 years) volunteers received single 5 mg oral doses of zolpidem tartrate. Serum zolpidem concentrations were determined by HPLC with fluorescence detection in samples drawn during 8 h after dosage. The effect of testosterone on zolpidem biotransformation was evaluated in vitro using human liver microsomes. Possible induction of CYP3A protein expression and function was studied in cultured human hepatocytes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among men, apparent oral clearance of zolpidem was decreased in elderly compared to young subjects (3.8 vs 11.0 ml min-1 kg-1, P < 0.01), Cmax was increased (93 vs 40 ng ml-1, P < 0.01), and half-life increased (2.7 vs 1.5 h, P < 0.03). Among women, zolpidem oral clearance was decreased in the elderly (3.0 vs 5.8 ml min-1 kg-1, P < 0.02), Cmax increased (108 vs 60 ng ml-1, P < 0.001), with no difference in t1/2 (2.3 vs 2.4 h). Among male subjects, free serum testosterone concentrations were lower in the elderly (10.5 vs 19.0 pg ml-1, P < 0.01), and were significantly correlated with zolpidem clearance (r2 = 0.46, P < 0.001). Multiple regression analysis indicated a greater relative contribution of serum testosterone than age to the oral clearance of zolpidem among men. In human liver microsomes, co-incubation of zolpidem (10 micro m) with varying concentrations of testosterone produced activation of biotransformation of zolpidem to its principal hydroxylated metabolite. Maximum activation was achieved at equimolar concentrations of testosterone (10 micro m). However, testosterone did not induce immunoactive CYP3A4 expression or catalytic function in cultured human hepatocytes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increased Cmax and lower oral clearance of zolpidem in the elderly are consistent with recommendations of lower clinical doses of zolpidem in the elderly. Our clinical and in vitro data both suggest that reduced free serum testosterone may have a modulatory role in age-dependent changes in zolpidem pharmacokinetics in men.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Ageing, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
authors.forename: Joel O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Olubodun
authors.forename: Hermann R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Ochs
authors.forename: Lisa L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: von Moltke
authors.forename: Ronenn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Roubenoff
authors.forename: Leah M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Hesse
authors.forename: Jerold S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Harmatz
authors.forename: Richard I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Shader
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Greenblatt
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005260:Female; D018755:GABA Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006207:Half-Life; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000187:drug effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D011725:Pyridines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D013739:Testosterone / Q000502:physiology*; D000077334:Zolpidem
chemical_list: D018755:GABA Agonists; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D011725:Pyridines; D013739:Testosterone; D000077334:Zolpidem