title: Effects of vitamin D supplementation on strength, physical performance, and falls in older persons: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  identify, appraise, and synthesize data from randomized, controlled trials of vitamin D supplementation in older people.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of trials identified from searches of databases, reference lists, review articles, and recent conference proceedings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Most studies performed in ambulatory setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Older people (mean age=60).
  
  
  METHODS
  Vitamin D or vitamin D metabolites.
  
  
  METHODS
  Strength, physical performance, or falls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen trials involving 2,496 patients met this study's inclusion criteria. Most of the trials were small and had methodological problems. In 10 trials, there was no evidence that vitamin D or vitamin D metabolites had an effect on falls or physical function, but three trials showed a positive effect of vitamin D in combination with calcium. When available data from the four highest quality trials were pooled (n=1,317), there continued to be no evidence that vitamin D reduced the risk of falling (relative risk= 0.99, 95% confidence interval=0.89-1.11), although a single trial of vitamin D and calcium showed a positive effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although there is insufficient evidence that vitamin D supplementation alone improves physical performance in older people, some data suggest a benefit from vitamin D combined with calcium supplementation, but this requires confirmation in large, well-designed trials.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Trials Research Unit, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. nlatham@bu.edu
authors.forename: Nancy K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Latham
authors.forename: Craig S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Ian R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Reid
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002118:Calcium / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D006887:Hydroxycholecalciferols; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D010809:Physical Fitness; D010919:Placebos; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012306:Risk; D012737:Sex Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D006887:Hydroxycholecalciferols; D010919:Placebos; D014807:Vitamin D; D002118:Calcium