title: Influence of TNFA on the formation of liver metastases in a syngenic mouse model.
abstract: The level of TNFalpha expression is increased after partial hepatectomy, and experimental evidence exists that TNFalpha plays a key role in liver regeneration. Contradictory results are reported about the influence of TNFalpha on tumor growth: on the one hand, stimulation of tumor growth in various animal models and, on the other hand, intraperitoneally administered TNFalpha leads to reduced metastasis formation. TNFalpha may be one responsible factor for increased metastasis formation after surgical trauma. The objective of our study was to clarify the influence of TNFalpha on the formation of liver metastases in a syngenic mouse model in vivo. We used a novel marker system, EGFP transfected C26 tumor cells for in vivo observation of metastasis formation by intravital microscopy. We analyzed the effect of intraperitoneal TNFalpha-injection on tumor cell adhesion, extravasation and tumor development. The expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-Selectin was measured by Western blot and immunohistochemical staining. Tumor load was assessed by determining EGFP in Western blots. GdCl(3) was employed 24 and 48 hr before tumor cell injection to selectively deplete the liver of functioning Kupffer cells. We observed significantly more extravasated tumor cells in the TNFalpha-pre-treated animals at early time points with increased expression of adhesion molecules. Measurement of the EGFP levels showed fewer liver metastases in the TNFalpha-pretreated animals at day 8. After GdCl(3) pretreatment even lower levels of EGFP, i.e., fewer metastases and also lower expression levels of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-Selectin could be observed. TNFalpha, acts in a bidirectional manner: whereas TNFalpha facilitates tumor cell adhesion and extravasation of C26 tumor cells by inducing the expression of adhesion molecules, at later time points, TNFalpha seems to hinder the formation of liver metastases.
authors.affiliation: Chirurgische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany. joerg.sturm@chir.ma.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: Jörg W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Sturm
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Magdeburg
authors.forename: Kristine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: Beate
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Petruch
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Samel
authors.forename: Roderich
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bönninghoff
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Keese
authors.forename: Mattias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hafner
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Post
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000378:metabolism; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000494:pharmacology; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D007202:Indicators and Reagents / Q000378:metabolism; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000556:secondary*; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012235:Rhodamines; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000637:transplantation; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D019040:E-Selectin; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012235:Rhodamines; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D005682:Gadolinium; C038958:gadolinium chloride