title: Mapping of ATP, glucose, glycogen, and lactate concentrations within the arterial wall.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In large- and medium-sized arteries, the diffusion distances for oxygen and nutrients are long. This has been suggested to make these vessels prone to develop local energy metabolic deficiencies that could contribute to atherogenesis. To validate this hypothesis, we introduced a new method to measure energy metabolites within the arterial wall at high spatial resolution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bioluminescence imaging was used to quantify local metabolite concentrations in cryosections of snap frozen (in vivo) and incubated pig carotid artery rings. Incubation at hypoxia resulted in increased lactate concentrations, whereas ATP, glucose, and glycogen concentrations were decreased, especially in the mid media, where concentrations of these metabolites were close to zero. In snap frozen arteries, glycogen concentrations were markedly higher in deep layers of the media than toward the lumen. ATP, glucose, and lactate were more homogenously distributed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bioluminescence imaging is a new and powerful tool to assess arterial wall energy metabolism at high spatial resolution. Our experiments demonstrate heterogeneous distributions of energy metabolites under hypoxic in vitro conditions. Furthermore, we show that glycogen concentrations are higher in deep medial layers in vivo. This might represent a local adaptation to a low-oxygen microenvironment.
authors.affiliation: Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Göteborg University, Sweden. max.levin@wlab.gu.se
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Leppänen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Evaldsson
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Wiklund
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bondjers
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Björnheden
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000378:metabolism*; D015925:Cryopreservation; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005629:Frozen Sections; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006003:Glycogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D008156:Luciferases; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D019344:Lactic Acid; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D006003:Glycogen; D008156:Luciferases; D005947:Glucose; D010100:Oxygen