title: The E box motif CAGGTG enhances somatic hypermutation without enhancing transcription.
abstract: The frequency of somatic hypermutations of an Ig kappa transgene with an artificial test insert, RS, is at least 4-fold higher than that of three related transgenes. The four transgenes differ only in the sequence of a 96 bp insert within the variable region. RS is hypermutable over the total 625 nucleotides of the variable/joining region. The RS insert contains two CAGGTG sequences, potential binding sites for basic helix-loop-helix proteins. Changing CAGGTG to AAGGTG reduces the mutability to that of the non-RS transgenes without altering the mutation pattern. The CAGGTG motif enhances somatic hypermutation without enhancing transcription. A DNA probe containing the two CAGGTG sites, but not AAGGTG, binds E47 and gives rise to two specific EMSA bands with nuclear extracts from mutating cells. Possible actions of this enhancer of somatic hypermutation are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Michael
authors.forename: Hong Ming
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Simonne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Longerich
authors.forename: Nayun
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Angelika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Longacre
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Storb
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D001483:Base Sequence; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics*; D015342:DNA Probes / Q000235:genetics; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011485:Protein Binding; D027041:Somatic Hypermutation, Immunoglobulin; D051820:TCF Transcription Factors; D058125:Transcription Factor 7-Like 1 Protein; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D015342:DNA Probes; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D051820:TCF Transcription Factors; C544913:Tcf7l1 protein, mouse; D058125:Transcription Factor 7-Like 1 Protein; D014157:Transcription Factors; D004247:DNA