title: Anticholinergic therapy for chronic asthma in children over two years of age.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the intrinsic system of controlling airway calibre, the cholinergic (muscarinic) sympathetic nervous system has an important role. Anticholinergic, anti muscarinic bronchodilators such as ipratropium bromide are frequently used in the management of childhood airway disease. In asthma, ipratropium is a less potent bronchodilator than beta-2 adrenergic agents but it is known to be a useful adjunct to other therapies, particularly in status asthmaticus. What remains unclear is the role of anticholinergic drugs in the maintenance treatment of chronic asthma.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effectiveness of anticholinergic drugs in chronic asthma in children over the age of 2 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Cochrane Airways Group trials register and reference lists of articles were searched in January 2002.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trials in which anticholinergic drugs were given for chronic asthma in children over 2 years of age were included. Studies including comparison of: anticholinergics with placebo, and anticholinergics with any other drug were included.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eligibility for inclusion and quality of trials were assessed independently by two reviewers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight studies met the inclusion criteria.Three papers compared the effects of anticholinergic drugs with placebo, and a meta-analysis of these results demonstrated no statistically significant benefit of the use of anticholinergic drugs over placebo in any of the outcome measures used. The results of one of these trials could not be included in the meta-analysis but the authors did report significantly lower symptom scores with inhaled anticholinergics compared with placebo. However, there was no significant difference between ipratropium bromide and placebo in the percentage of symptom-free nights or days. Two trials studied the effects of anticholinergics on bronchial hyper responsiveness to histamine, by measuring the provocation dose of histamine needed to cause a fall of 20 % in FEV1 (PD 20). One study (comparing anticholinergics with placebo) reported a statistically significant increase in PD 20 but this was not found in another study (comparing anticholinergics with a beta-2 agonist). Both trials also examined the effect of anticholinergic drugs on diurnal variation in peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) and reported no significant effect. Two studies compared the addition of an anticholinergic drug to a beta-2 agonist with the beta-2 agonist alone. Both trials failed to show any significant benefit from the long term use of combined anticholinergics with beta-2 agonists compared with beta-2 agonists alone. One trial compared the effects of oral and inhaled anticholinergic drugs with placebo. No statistically significant differences were found in any of the outcome measures except for a higher FEV1 / VC ratio and RV / TLC ratio with oral anticholinergic therapy when compared with placebo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present review summarises the best evidence available to date. Although there were some small beneficial findings in favour of anticholinergic therapy, there is insufficient data to support the use of anticholinergic drugs in the maintenance treatment of chronic asthma in children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Emergency Medicine, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London, UK, SW10 9NH.
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Bara
mesh_terms: D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D006801:Humans; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists