title: Egg hatching, larval movement and larval survival of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae in desiccating habitats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although the effects of rainfall on the population dynamics of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae have been studied in great detail, the effects of dry periods on its survival remain less clear.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of drying conditions were simulated by creating desiccated habitats, which consisted of trays filled with damp soil. Experiments were performed in these trays to (i) test the ability of An. gambiae sensu stricto eggs to hatch on damp soil and for larvae to reach an artificial breeding site at different distances of the site of hatching and (ii) to record survival of the four larval stages of An. gambiae s.s. when placed on damp soil.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eggs of An. gambiae s.s. hatched on damp soil and emerging larvae were capable of covering a distance of up to 10 cm to reach surface water enabling further development. However, proportions of larvae reaching the site decreased rapidly with increasing distance. First, second and third-instar larvae survived on damp soil for an estimated period of 64, 65 and 69 hrs, respectively. Fourth-instar larvae survived significantly longer and we estimated that the maximum survival time was 113 hrs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Short-term survival of aquatic stages of An. gambiae on wet soil may be important and adaptive when considering the transient nature of breeding sites of this species in sub-Saharan Africa. In addition, the results suggest that, for larval vector control methods to be effective, habitats should remain drained for at least 5 days to kill all larvae (e.g. in rice fields) and habitats that recently dried up should be treated as well, if larvicidal agents are applied.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Entomology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, The Netherlands. sander.koenraadt@wur.nl
authors.forename: Constantianus J M
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Koenraadt
authors.forename: Krijn P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Paaijmans
authors.forename: Andrew K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Githeko
authors.forename: Bart G J
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Knols
authors.forename: Willem
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Takken
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000469:parasitology; D045424:Complex Mixtures / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D003890:Desiccation; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D006813:Humidity; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000469:parasitology / Q000502:physiology*; D007814:Larva / Q000469:parasitology / Q000502:physiology; D008018:Life Cycle Stages / Q000502:physiology; D016014:Linear Models; D008124:Locomotion / Q000502:physiology*; D008288:Malaria / Q000635:transmission; D010058:Oviposition / Q000502:physiology*; D010961:Plasmodium / Q000378:metabolism; D012987:Soil; D013534:Survival / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D045424:Complex Mixtures; D012987:Soil