title: Definitions of "respiratory depression" with intrathecal morphine postoperative analgesia: a review of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the postoperative intrathecal morphine (ITM) analgesia literature for their definitions of "respiratory depression" (RD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Medline (1966 - June Week 5 2001) and reference lists were searched for original studies involving bolus-dose ITM for postoperative analgesia, which used "respiratory depression" or similar terms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The search identified 209 studies. These were included if ITM use was appropriate (bolus dose, postoperative analgesia) and the term "respiratory depression" was used, which left 96 studies remaining. Forty-four (46%) did not define "RD" despite using this term. A further 24 (25%) defined RD with respiratory rate (RR) alone. Only 28 (29%) defined RD with more than RR alone. There was no statistically significant association between the presence of a definition for RD with study design, study size or publication period. Also, no significant association existed between rigorousness of RD definitions and the above factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The term "respiratory depression" has no clear definition from a review of the literature on ITM use for postoperative analgesia. While defining RD with bradypnea is superior to having no definition, this is still inadequate. In future research, the consistent use of terms with specific meanings will facilitate understanding the true incidence of ITM's respiratory effects. If "respiratory depression" is used, then an explicit definition of its meaning should be provided. Future research must also address what is clinically significant respiratory impairment from intrathecal opioids, and how to optimally monitor for this. Further delineating their risks vs benefits will allow for more optimal dosing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: Elizabeth G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: VanDenKerkhof
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000139:chemically induced*; D009626:Terminology as Topic
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009020:Morphine