title: Induction of pneumoperitoneum in morbidly obese patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Induction of pneumoperitoneum can be a difficult, time-consuming, and occasionally hazardous task in a morbidly obese patient.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have induced pneumoperitoneum in 600 consecutive morbidly obese patients using a 120 mm Veress needle inserted <1 mm beneath the left costal margin, between the mid-clavicular and anterior axillary lines. Absolute muscular relaxation was necessary.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A distinct "pop" was felt on entering the peritoneal cavity. The expected intraperitoneal pressure was 7-14 mmHg. A pressure >20 mmHg indicated that the Veress needle was in the abdominal wall. CO2 infusion began at a flow of <1 L/min. "Shaking" the Veress needle to-and-fro improved flow to 1-2 L/min. Complete filling of the abdomen occurred at 4.0 L or more at a pressure limit of 15 mmHg. Increasing the pressure limit to 17 mmHg did not change the rate or final volume of CO(2) infusion. After initial trocar placement, the Veress needle was observed. Frequently it was in the omentum and there was CO(2) beneath the omentum. There was one visceral injury in the 600 patients--a puncture wound to the muscularis, but not the lumen, of the transverse colon. It was repaired laparoscopically with a single stitch. There have been no episodes of perforation of a hollow viscus, no unusual bleeding from the abdominal wall or viscera, and no injuries to the liver or spleen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Percutaneous induction of a pneumoperitoneum with the Veress needle in the left upper quadrant is a safe and effective technique in morbidly obese patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, MN, USA. mlschwartz@attbi.com
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Raymond L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Drew
authors.forename: Jon N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Andersen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000713:Anastomosis, Roux-en-Y / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D015390:Gastric Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D016602:Needlestick Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009767:Obesity, Morbid / Q000601:surgery*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010529:Peritoneal Cavity / Q000293:injuries*; D011028:Pneumoperitoneum, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies