title: Management of cytomegalovirus infection by weekly surveillance after renal transplant: analysis of cost, rejection and renal function.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently published guidelines recommend anti-viral prophylaxis as the best method of preventing cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease in the post-transplant period, but some authors have suggested that surveillance strategies may be as effective and less costly. The aim of the present study was to analyse the effectiveness and cost of a deferred treatment strategy using weekly CMV polymerase chain reaction (PCR) surveillance in high risk renal transplant recipients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used weekly surveillance for plasma CMV PCR positivity for the first 3 months in consecutive renal transplants between CMV seropositive donors and seronegative recipients, and analysed incidence of CMV infection, timing of infection, acute rejection and renal function at 1 year.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was evidence of CMV infection in 27/41 (65.9%) patients and of CMV disease in 20/41 (48.8%). Only 8/20 (40%) patients were PCR positive before disease onset. Patients were treated on the basis of clinical evidence of CMV disease (deferred strategy), but we used the data to compare the potential costs of a pre-emptive strategy (all patients PCR positive before the onset of clinical features of disease treated with intravenous ganciclovir) and prophylaxis (oral ganciclovir for 3 months in all patients). The deferred strategy cost pound 1159 per patient (excluding the cost of hospitalization) while a pre-emptive strategy would cost pound 1381 per patient. Prophylaxis costs pound 1500- pound 2213 per patient depending on published estimates of relative risk reduction. Mean estimated creatinine clearance at 1 year was 70.0 ml/min in patients who experienced no infection, 47.7 ml/min in patients who experienced infection but no disease, and 39.6 ml/min in patients who experienced CMV disease (P < 0.001). The incidence of acute rejection in these groups was 7.1, 14.3 and 35%, respectively (P = 0.13).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CMV surveillance strategies may cost slightly less but may have a deleterious effect on long-term outcome compared with prophylaxis.
authors.affiliation: Renal Unit, Western Infirmary, Regional Virus Laboratory, Gartnavel General Hospital, Division of Virology, IBLS and Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. colin.geddes@northglasgow.scot.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Colin C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Geddes
authors.forename: Colin C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Church
authors.forename: Tara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Collidge
authors.forename: Elizabeth A B
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: McCruden
authors.forename: Graeme
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gillespie
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.forename: Anke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hainmueller
authors.forename: J Douglas
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Briggs
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis / Q000191:economics; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011159:Population Surveillance; D016896:Treatment Outcome