title: Expression of phosphorylated histone H2AX in cultured cell lines following exposure to X-rays.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Exposure to ionizing radiation results in phosphorylation of histone H2AX (gammaH2AX) at sites of DNA double-strand breaks. To determine the relationship between gammaH2AX formation and radiosensitivity, the rate of formation and loss of gammaH2AX were examined in several cultured cell lines following exposure to 253 kV X-rays.
  
  
  METHODS
  Flow and image cytometry were both performed using a mouse monoclonal antibody against gammaH2AX. Immunoblotting was used to confirm cell line-dependent differences in antibody staining. Cell lines examined included V79 and CHO-K1 hamster cells, the human tumour cell lines SiHa, WiDr, DU145, WIL-2NS, HT144, HCC1937 and U87, and the normal cell strain HFL1. Radiosensitivity was measured using a standard clonogenic assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using flow cytometry, gammaH2AX formation was detected 1 h after doses as low as 20 cGy. Peak levels of gammaH2AX were observed within 15-30 min after irradiation and both the rate of radiation-induced gammaH2AX formation and loss were cell type dependent. Maximum levels of gammaH2AX formation were lower for HT144 cells mutant for the ataxia telangiectasia gene. Half-times of loss after irradiation ranged from 1.6 to 7.2 h and were associated with a decrease in the total number of foci per cell. The half-time of loss of gammaH2AX was correlated with clonogenic survival for 10 cell lines (r2=0.66).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GammaH2AX can be detected with excellent sensitivity using both flow and image analysis. The rate of gammaH2AX loss may be an important factor in the response of cells to ionizing radiation, with more rapid loss and less retention associated with more radioresistant cell lines.
authors.affiliation: Columbia Cancer Research Centre, 601 W. 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada.
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: MacPhail
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Banáth
authors.forename: T Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: E H M
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lambur
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Olive
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016466:CHO Cells; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000528:radiation effects; D006224:Cricetinae; D004249:DNA Damage; D004260:DNA Repair; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D006657:Histones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011836:Radiation Tolerance; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D006657:Histones