title: Neurocognitive impairment due to chronic alcohol consumption in an American Indian community.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Studies have shown that clinically ascertained alcoholics tend to have lower scores than nonalcoholics on cognitive performance tests, particularly the Block Design (BD) and Digit Symbol (DS) tests of the Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R). The aim of this study was to determine whether similar differences are found in a community sample of Plains Indian men and women with an episodic pattern of drinking and a high lifetime prevalence of alcoholism (71% for men, 44% for women).
  
  
  METHODS
  We administered a truncated form of the WAIS-R to 334 members of a Plains Indian tribe (197 women and 137 men). Blind-rated psychiatric diagnoses were assigned according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition (DSM-III-R) criteria and based on the Schedule for Affective Disorders, Lifetime Version (SADS-L) interview. We compared 68 currently drinking alcoholics (38 men and 30 women), 116 abstaining alcoholics (59 men and 57 women) and 150 nonalcoholics (40 men and 110 women).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Current and past heavy drinking had no impact on WAIS-R scores in women. Male alcoholics who were abstinent > or = 2years had similar scores to nonalcoholic men. Male current drinkers showed a trend for lower overall verbal and performance (PIQ) scores and BD performance subtest. Further analysis showed that drinking for > or = 15 years was significantly associated with reduced DS in male current drinkers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that for the men in this community sample, the impact on PIQ is due to the direct effect of chronic alcohol consumption on cognitive performance and is at least partially reversible after 2 years of abstinence.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-8110, USA. charris@niaaa.nih.gov
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Albaugh
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goldman
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Enoch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013695:Temperance / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology