title: Adverse Drug Events Involving COX-2 Inhibitors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the types and severity of adverse drug-related events (ADEs) observed in patients receiving cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors and to increase the awareness of risk factors that predispose patients to ADEs associated with COX-2 inhibitors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of ADEs reported at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Presbyterian Hospital (UPMC-P) revealed significant events related to use of celecoxib or rofecoxib. A query of the internal ADE database was performed to identify ADEs involving COX-2 inhibitors from January 1999 to June 2002. A similar query was performed to identify ADEs involving nonselective nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) reported during this same time period. Utilization data were also collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-eight ADEs involving 24 patients receiving COX-2 inhibitors were reported and validated via the UPMC-P ADE review process compared with 38 events in 33 patients receiving nonselective NSAIDs. The types of ADEs reported as related to COX-2 inhibitors were similar to those reported in association with nonselective NSAIDs. Forty-two percent of ADEs (n = 20) involving COX-2 inhibitors and 45% of events (n = 17) involving nonselective NSAIDs were classified as severe. All patients receiving COX-2 inhibitors and 91% of patients receiving nonselective NSAIDs exhibited risk factors that increased their risk to experience an ADE; all but 1 of these patients were receiving outpatient COX-2 inhibitor therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The observed ADEs involving COX-2 inhibitors were similar to those associated with nonselective NSAIDs. Most events may have been preventable, highlighting the need for education regarding the appropriate use of COX-2 inhibitors.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, School of Pharmacy, and Drug Information Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261-0001, USA. vericomm@msx.upmc.edu
authors.forename: Margaret M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Verrico
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: Teresa P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: McKaveney
authors.forename: Nicole T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Ansani
authors.forename: Adele L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Towers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016907:Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects; D000068579:Celecoxib; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004342:Drug Hypersensitivity / Q000209:etiology; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D019934:International Normalized Ratio; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D007783:Lactones / Q000009:adverse effects; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008875:Middle Aged; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D011720:Pyrazoles; D012307:Risk Factors; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000009:adverse effects; D013450:Sulfones
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D007783:Lactones; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides; D013450:Sulfones; C116926:rofecoxib; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D000068579:Celecoxib