title: Vaccinia virus cores are transported on microtubules.
abstract: Infection with Vaccinia virus (VV) produces several distinct virions called intracellular mature virus (IMV), intracellular enveloped virus (IEV), cell-associated enveloped virus (CEV) and extracellular enveloped virus (EEV). In this report, we have investigated how incoming virus cores derived from IMV are transported within the cell. To do this, recombinant VVs (vA5L-EGFP-N and vA5L-EGFP-C) were generated in which the A5L virus core protein was fused with the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) at the N or C terminus. These viruses were viable, induced formation of actin tails and had a plaque size similar to wild-type. Immunoblotting showed the A5L-EGFP fusion protein was present in IMV particles and immunoelectron microscopy showed that the fusion protein was incorporated into VV cores. IMV made by vA5L-EGFP-N were used to follow the location and movement of cores after infection of PtK(2) cells. Confocal microscopy showed that virus cores were stained with anti-core antibody only after they had entered the cell and, once intracellular, were negative for the IMV surface protein D8L. These cores co-localized with microtubules and moved in a stop-start manner with an average speed of 51.8 (+/-3.9) microm min(-1), consistent with microtubular movement. Treatment of cells with nocodazole or colchicine inhibited core movement, but addition of cytochalasin D did not. These data show that VV cores derived from IMV use microtubules for intracellular transport after entry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK.
authors.forename: Gemma C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.affiliation: Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK.|Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK.
authors.forename: Gaener
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rodger
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK.
authors.forename: Brendan J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.affiliation: Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK.|Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK.
authors.forename: Mansun
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Law
authors.affiliation: Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK.
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Krauss
authors.affiliation: Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK.|Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hollinshead
authors.affiliation: Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK.|Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK.
authors.forename: Geoffrey L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008870:Microtubules / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology; D021381:Protein Transport; D014616:Vaccinia virus / Q000378:metabolism*; D014758:Viral Core Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D019065:Virus Assembly
chemical_list: D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D014758:Viral Core Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins