title: Peroneal intraneural ganglia: the importance of the articular branch. Clinical series.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The peroneal nerve is the most common site of intraneural ganglia. The neurological deficit associated with these cysts is often severe and the operation to eradicate them is difficult The aims of this multicenter study were to collate the authors' experience with a relatively rare lesion and to improve clinical outcomes by better understanding its controversial pathogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Part I of this paper offers a description of 24 patients with peroneal intraneural ganglia who were treated by surgeons aware of the importance of the peroneal nerve's articular branch. Part II offers a description of three more patients who were seen after earlier operations in which the ganglion was excised, but the articular branch was not identified (all reportedly gross-total resections). Twenty-six of the 27 patients presented with clinical electrophysiological, and imaging evidence of a common peroneal nerve (CPN) lesion, predominantly affecting the deep peroneal nerve (DPN) division, and one patient presented with a painful mass of the CPN that was not accompanied by a neurological deficit. In all 24 patients in Part I there was magnetic resonance (MR) imaging evidence of a connection between the cyst and the superior tibiofibular joint, including one patient in whom high-resolution (3-tesla) MR neurography demonstrated the pathological articular branch itself. At the operation, the communication proved to extend through the articular branch of the CPN in all cases. The operation consisted of drainage of the cyst and ligation of the articular branch. At a minimum follow-up period of 1 year, these patients experienced significant improvements in their neuropathic pain, but only mild improvements in their functional deficits. In none of the 24 patients was there evidence of an intraneural recurrence. In three patients, however, extraneural ganglia developed: two patients with symptoms subsequently underwent resection of the superior tibiofibular joint without further recurrence and one patient with no symptoms was followed clinically after the recurrence was detected incidentally on 1-year postoperative imaging. As predicted, in Part II all three patients in whom the articular branch had not been ligated experienced early intraneural recurrence; both postoperative MR images and original studies, which were retrospectively examined, demonstrated a connection with the superior tibiofibular joint.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clinical presentation, electrical studies, imaging characteristics, and operative observations regarding peroneal intraneural ganglia are predictable. Treatment must address the underlying pathoanatomy and should include decompression of the cyst and ligation of the articular branch of the nerve. To avoid extraneural recurrence, resection of the superior tibiofibular joint may also be necessary, but indications for this additional procedure need to be defined. These recommendations are based on the authors' belief that intraneural peroneal ganglia arise from the superior tibiofibular joint and are connected to it by the articular branch.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA. spinner.robert@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Spinner
authors.forename: John L D
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Atkinson
authors.forename: Bernd W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Scheithauer
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Rock
authors.forename: Rolfe
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Birch
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kliot
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Kline
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Tiel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D003560:Cysts / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D019299:Decompression, Surgical / Q000379:methods; D004322:Drainage; D005260:Female; D005360:Fibula / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005724:Ganglia / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007596:Joints / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018908:Muscle Weakness / Q000503:physiopathology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology; D020427:Peroneal Neuropathies / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013977:Tibia / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery