title: Carminic acid dye from the homopteran Dactylopius coccus hemolymph is consumed during treatment with different microbial elicitors.
abstract: The activation of Dactylopius coccus (Costa) hemolymph with microbial polysaccharide molecules was studied. Hemolymph incubated in the presence of laminarin, zymosan, and N-acetyl glucosamine produced a dark fibrillar precipitated, and the red pigment (carminic acid) was consumed (measured spectrophotometrically at 495 nm). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) did not induce any response. The reaction was inhibited with millimolar concentrations of serine and cysteine protease inhibitors, EGTA and phenyl thiourea. It was also diminished by prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors: dexamethasone, acetylsalicylic acid, and indomethacin. However, Mg2+ chelator EDTA did not inhibit hemolymph activation. Hemolymph proteins were depleted from soluble phase during treatment with laminarin, but a group of around 34 kDa remained unmodified. These results showed that D. coccus hemolymph is activated by microbial elicitors, its activation depends on eicosanoids, and suggest participation of a prophenoloxidase (PPO)-like activation system that could consume carminic acid. We are currently dissecting the molecular factors involved in D. coccus hemolymph activation to determine homologies and differences with other arthropods immune response pathways.
authors.affiliation: Experimental Pathology Department, CINVESTAV-IPN, Madero, México DF. cruzcruz@mail.cinestav.mx
authors.forename: Fidel de la Cruz
authors.initials: Fde L
authors.lastname: Hernández-Hernández
authors.forename: Fernando García-Gil
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: de Muñoz
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rojas-Martínez
authors.forename: Salvador
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hernández-Martínez
authors.forename: Humberto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lanz-Mendoza
mesh_terms: D000117:Acetylglucosamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000378:metabolism; D002329:Carmine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism*; D004156:Catechol Oxidase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D004792:Enzyme Precursors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D005936:Glucans; D006458:Hemolymph / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D007313:Insecta / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015842:Serine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D015054:Zymosan / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D004396:Coloring Agents; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors; D004792:Enzyme Precursors; D005936:Glucans; D019476:Insect Proteins; D011134:Polysaccharides; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial; D015842:Serine Proteinase Inhibitors; C008247:laminaran; D015054:Zymosan; D002329:Carmine; C038451:pro-phenoloxidase; D004156:Catechol Oxidase; D000117:Acetylglucosamine