title: 'Ready made' virulence and 'dual use' virulence factors in pathogenic environmental fungi--the Cryptococcus neoformans paradigm.
abstract: Environmental pathogenic fungi present a paradox in that they are virulent in animals without requiring animal hosts for replication or survival, a phenomenon we call 'ready-made' virulence. In the human pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans, the capacity for virulence in animals may originate from environmental selective pressures imposed by such organisms as amoeboid and nematode predators. Many C. neoformans virulence factors appear to have 'dual use' capabilities that confer survival advantages in both animal hosts and in the environment. The findings with C. neoformans may provide a paradigm for understanding the origin and maintenance of virulence in other pathogenic environmental fungi.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, New York 10461, USA. casadeva@aecom.yu.edu
authors.forename: Arturo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Casadevall
authors.forename: Judith N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Steenbergen
authors.forename: Joshua D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Nosanchuk
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003453:Cryptococcosis / Q000382:microbiology*; D003455:Cryptococcus neoformans / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D006801:Humans; D014774:Virulence; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D037521:Virulence Factors