title: Rice-based diets in rural Bangladesh: how do different age and sex groups adapt to seasonal changes in energy intake?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Seasonality has been recognized as a key determinant of human energy balance, especially in low-income countries.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to test the hypothesis that, in rural Bangladesh, different age and sex groups adapt similarly to seasonal changes in energy intake (EI).
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study was carried out in 2 rural Bangladeshi villages in the lean and peak seasons. Data on anthropometric measures (weight, height, and midupper arm circumference) and dietary food intake (collected with the use of a 24-h food weighing method) were obtained from all subjects from 304 households.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average EI increased from a least-squares mean (+/- SE) of 7.87 +/- 0.10 MJ x person(-1) x d(-1) in the lean season to 9.47 +/- 0.13 MJ x person(-1) x d(-1) in the peak season. In children and adolescents aged < 18 y of age, the prevalence of underweight (weight-for-age) was not significantly different (56%) in the 2 seasons. Among adults, a significantly higher prevalence of chronic energy deficiency [body mass index (in kg/m(2)) < 18.5] was observed in the peak season (67%) than in the lean season (61%), despite a higher EI in the peak season. Other determinants of seasonal nutritional status are presented.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Seasonal fluctuations in EI were substantial in all age and sex groups. Children and adolescents showed no significant seasonal changes in the prevalence of underweight, which indicated that they adapted to changes in EI. In adults, the season in which EI was high coincided with average weight loss, which indicated that adults did not adapt fully to seasonal fluctuations in EI and that seasonal energy expenditure is probably a major determinant of nutritional status.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Nutrition, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg, Denmark. ite@kvl.dk
authors.forename: Inge
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tetens
authors.forename: Ole
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hels
authors.forename: Nazrul I
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Shakuntala H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Thilsted
authors.forename: Nazmul
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hassan
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000886:Anthropometry; D001459:Bangladesh; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004032:Diet; D004435:Eating; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009752:Nutritional Status; D012275:Oryza; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012424:Rural Population; D012621:Seasons; D012737:Sex Factors; D013851:Thinness / Q000453:epidemiology