title: Predictors of decline of residual renal function in new peritoneal dialysis patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to prospectively evaluate the risk factors for decline of residual renal function (RRF) in an incident peritoneal dialysis (PD) population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational study of an incident PD cohort at a single center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary-care institutional dialysis center.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 146 consecutive patients commencing PD at the Princess Alexandra Hospital between 1 August 1995 and 1 July 2001 (mean age 54.8 +/- 1.4 years, 42% male, 34% diabetic). Patients with failed renal transplants (n = 26) were excluded.
  
  
  METHODS
  Timed urine collections (n = 642) were performed initially and at 6-month intervals thereafter to measure RRF. The development of anuria was also prospectively recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean (+/- SD) follow-up period was 20.5 +/- 14.8 months. The median slope of RRF decline was -0.05 mL/minute/month/1.73 m2. Using binary logistic regression, it was shown that the 50% of patients with more rapid RRF loss (< -0.05 mL/min/month/1.73 m2) were more likely to have had a higher initial RRF at commencement of PD [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.83, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.39-2.40] and a higher baseline dialysate/ plasma creatinine ratio at 4 hours (D/P creat; AOR 44.6, 95% CI 1.05-1900). On multivariate Cox proportional hazards model analysis, time from commencement of PD to development of anuria was independently predicted by baseline RRF [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 0.81, 95% CI 0.60-0.81], D/P creat (HR 2.87, 95% CI 2.06-82.3), body surface area (HR 6.23, 95% CI 1.53-25.5), dietary protein intake (HR 2.87, 95% CI 1.06-7.78), and diabetes mellitus (HR 1.65, 95% CI 1.00-2.72). Decline of RRF was independent of age, gender, dialysis modality, urgency of initiation of dialysis, smoking, vascular disease, blood pressure, medications (including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors), duration of follow-up, and peritonitis rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study suggest that high baseline RRF and high D/P creat ratio are risk factors for rapid loss of RRF. Moreover, a shorter time to the onset of anuria is independently predicted by low baseline RRF, increased body surface area, high dietary protein intake, and diabetes mellitus. Such at-risk patients should be closely monitored for early signs of inadequate dialysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Renal Medicine, University of Queensland at Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. david_johnson@health.qld.gov.au
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Mudge
authors.forename: Joanna M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Sturtevant
authors.forename: Carmel M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Hawley
authors.forename: Scott B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Nicole M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Isbel
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hollett
mesh_terms: D001002:Anuria / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014508:Urea / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D014508:Urea; D003404:Creatinine