title: Insulin lispro therapy in pregnancies complicated by type 1 diabetes: glycemic control and maternal and fetal outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate glycemic control and maternal and fetal outcomes of patients with type 1 diabetes treated with insulin lispro before and during pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We undertook a retrospective review of medical records of 62 women with type 1 diabetes who were treated with insulin lispro before and during pregnancy in an outpatient center specializing in the care of patients with diabetes. Outcome measures included maternal glycemic control, hypoglycemic episodes, microvascular complications, duration of gestation, fetal birth weight, and major congenital malformations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean hemoglobin A1c level (+/- standard error) was reduced from 7.2 +/- 0.2% at conception to 5.8 +/- 0.1% at the time of delivery. Of the 62 patients, 14 experienced at least one episode of severe hypoglycemia. No significant change was found in mean eye grade score for retinopathy or in albumin excretion rate during pregnancy. The mean duration of gestation was 37 weeks. The mean infant birth weight was 3.4 kg, with 24% of the pregnancies resulting in macrosomia. Major congenital malformations occurred in 2 of the 62 infants (3.2%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our experience, insulin lispro therapy during pregnancy in patients with type 1 diabetes resulted in normalization of glycemic control and had no detectable adverse effects on maternal or fetal outcomes. A prospective, randomized study with adequate sample size needs to be performed in order to confirm these conclusions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, Denver, CO 80262, USA.
authors.forename: Satish K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Garg
authors.forename: Juan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Frias
authors.forename: Sunitha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Anil
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Gottlieb
authors.forename: Todd
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: MacKenzie
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Jackson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000419:Albuminuria; D001724:Birth Weight; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005320:Fetal Macrosomia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005865:Gestational Age; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000453:epidemiology; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D061268:Insulin Lispro; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D061268:Insulin Lispro