title: EMG contamination of EEG: spectral and topographical characteristics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Electromyogram (EMG) contamination is often a problem in electroencephalogram (EEG) recording, particularly, for those applications such as EEG-based brain-computer interfaces that rely on automated measurements of EEG features. As an essential prelude to developing methods for recognizing and eliminating EMG contamination of EEG, this study defines the spectral and topographical characteristics of frontalis and temporalis muscle EMG over the entire scalp. It describes both average data and the range of individual differences.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 25 healthy adults, signals from 64 scalp and 4 facial locations were recorded during relaxation and during defined (15, 30, or 70% of maximum) contractions of frontalis or temporalis muscles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the average data, EMG had a broad frequency distribution from 0 to >200 Hz. Amplitude was greatest at 20-30 Hz frontally and 40-80 Hz temporally. Temporalis spectra also showed a smaller peak around 20 Hz. These spectral components attenuated and broadened centrally. Even with weak (15%) contraction, EMG was detectable (P<0.001) near the vertex at frequencies >12 Hz in the average data and >8 Hz in some individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Frontalis or temporalis muscle EMG recorded from the scalp has spectral and topographical features that vary substantially across individuals. EMG spectra often have peaks in the beta frequency range that resemble EEG beta peaks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While EMG contamination is greatest at the periphery of the scalp near the active muscles, even weak contractions can produce EMG that obscures or mimics EEG alpha, mu, or beta rhythms over the entire scalp. Recognition and elimination of this contamination is likely to require recording from an appropriate set of peripheral scalp locations.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Nervous System Disorders, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and State University of New York, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA. gonchar@wadsworth.org
authors.forename: I I
authors.initials: II
authors.lastname: Goncharova
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: McFarland
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Vaughan
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Wolpaw
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004576:Electromyography; D001330:Electronic Data Processing; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D009132:Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D012063:Relaxation / Q000502:physiology