title: The economic burden of environmental tobacco smoke in the first year of life.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the population impact and economic costs associated with environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in Chinese infants with non-smoking mothers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, population based birth cohort study in Hong Kong, 1997-98. Main outcome measures were: doctor consultations and hospitalisations; adjusted odds ratios for higher utilisation by service type for each of the ETS exposure variables; corresponding population attributable risks (PARs); and associated extra health care costs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the 1997 annual birth cohort, ETS exposure through the mother in utero was positively associated with higher consultation (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.26) and hospitalisation (OR 1.18) due to any illness. This translated into 7.4% of all inpatient episodes in the first year of life, representing an additional 1581 hospital attendances that cost over 2.1 million US dollars. The corresponding PAR for outpatient services was 7.7%, where the majority was due to respiratory or febrile illnesses, accounting for 0.44 million dollars in extra costs. Postnatal exposure to ETS at home was linked to higher rates of hospitalisations for any illness compared with non-exposed infants (OR 1.12), which led to 662 extra hospitalisations consuming 0.90 million dollars, where the associated PAR was 3.1%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Assuming that ETS was causally associated with health services use, about 9% of the total direct medical costs in the first year of life can be attributed to passive smoking. The community, as well as the private citizen, needs to be made aware of the costs foregone from exposure to tobacco smoke as well as the potential savings from a smoke-free society.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, University of Hong Kong Medical Centre. gmleung@hku.hk
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: L-M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: T-H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Lam
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D017281:Cost of Illness; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006723:Hong Kong / Q000453:epidemiology; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000191:economics
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution