title: Estimating price elasticities when there is smuggling: the sensitivity of smoking to price in Canada.
abstract: A central parameter for evaluating tax policies is the price elasticity of demand for cigarettes. But in many countries this parameter is difficult to estimate reliably due to widespread smuggling, which significantly biases estimates using legal sales data. An excellent example is Canada, where widespread smuggling in the early 1990s, in response to large tax increases, biases upwards the response of legal cigarette sales to price. We surmount this problem through two approaches: excluding the provinces and years where smuggling was greatest; and using household level expenditure data on smoking. These two approaches yield a tightly estimated elasticity in the range of -0.45 to -0.47. We also show that the sensitivity of smoking to price is much larger among lower income Canadians. In the context of recent behavioral models of smoking, whereby higher taxes reduce unwanted smoking among price sensitive populations, this finding suggests that cigarette taxes may not be as regressive as previously suggested. Finally, we show that price increases on cigarettes do not increase, and may actually decrease, consumption of alcohol; as a result, smuggling of cigarettes may have raised consumption of alcohol as well.
authors.affiliation: Department of Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT and NBER E52-355, 50 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02142-1347, USA. gruberj@mit.edu
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gruber
authors.forename: Anindya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sen
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stabile
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada; D003132:Commerce / Q000191:economics; D003258:Consumer Behavior / Q000191:economics*; D003415:Crime / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003625:Data Collection; D005249:Fees and Charges; D006801:Humans; D017059:Models, Econometric; D011640:Public Policy; D012907:Smoking / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D013660:Taxes / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D019460:Tobacco Industry / Q000191:economics*; D014481:United States