title: Low pH, caprylate incubation as a second viral inactivation step in the manufacture of albumin. Parametric and validation studies.
abstract: Caprylate has long been used as a stabiliser for albumin solutions, as well as a precipitation agent for immunoglobulins, ceruloplasmin and more recently in removing contaminants during albumin purification. Its virucidal properties have been explored and it has been proposed that the non-ionised form of the caprylate acid disrupts the integrity of the lipid bilayer and membrane associated proteins of enveloped viruses. The studies reported here further explore the use of this fatty acid to inactivate lipid-enveloped viruses in albumin manufactured for therapeutic use. Caprylate concentrations considered above solubility limits were adopted. Acidic pH was used to maximise the percentage of non-ionised caprylate and elevated temperatures were used to enhance inactivation rates. Parameters were manipulated to determine the relationship between pH, temperature and caprylate: protein ratio. These studies demonstrated that elevated temperature and low pH were critical in achieving significant reduction in virus infectivity and that the rate and extent of inactivation was sensitive to changes in caprylate:protein ratio and to changes in pH. Final inactivation conditions of 10% w/v protein, 16 mM caprylate, pH 4.5 and 30 degrees C were chosen to minimise protein dimerisation and to achieve greater than 4 log(10)inactivation of the most resistant virus tested, bovine viral diarrhoea virus. Validation studies using both model and relevant blood borne viruses demonstrated this to be a robust and effective viral inactivation step and is complementary to the commonly used pasteurisation viral inactivation step, thus providing an additional margin of safety to this valuable therapeutic blood product.
authors.affiliation: Research and Development, Bioplasma CSL Ltd, 189-209 Camp Road, Broadmeadows, 3047, Victoria, Australia. anna.johnston@csl.com.au
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Uren
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Johnstone
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002210:Caprylates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002417:Cattle; D002460:Cell Line; D002852:Chromatography, Ion Exchange; D001908:Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004340:Drug Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004355:Drug Stability; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011558:Herpesvirus 1, Suid / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007700:Kinetics; D009391:Nephelometry and Turbidimetry / Q000379:methods; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000737:chemistry; D012845:Sindbis Virus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D038301:Virus Inactivation
chemical_list: D002210:Caprylates; D012709:Serum Albumin; C031492:octanoic acid