title: Anaerobic microflora under Class I and Class II composite and amalgam restorations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The microflora around and beneath restorations is an important factor of restoration failure. The aim of this pilot study was to determine and compare the microbial spectrum under composite and amalgam restorations with special attention to the anaerobic flora.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten composite and five amalgam restorations scheduled for replacement were clinically evaluated for marginal gaps, fractures, and secondary caries. After their removal and caries diagnosis, a dentin sample just below the restoration was taken under sterile conditions, stored in a prereduced transport medium for anaerobic bacteria, and immediately transferred to a laboratory for microbial diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The clinical parameters showing mostly moderate marginal imperfections and the ratios of aerobic to anaerobic flora were comparable for composite and amalgam restorations (11.4%:88.6% and 15.4%:84.5%, respectively). The microbial variety under composite restorations was much greater compared to amalgam, and it was similar to that of infected root canals including anaerobic gram-negative rods, such as Fusobacterium species or Porphyromonas species. Beneath amalgam, the microbial flora was similar to the one found in carious dentin and plaque, with anaerobic and facultatively anaerobic gram-positive rods dominating. Quantitatively, there were up to eight times more microorganisms under composite restorations. The number of bacterial strains correlated with the caries activity and the filling material, the number of anaerobic rods correlated highly with caries activity and localization. In a linear regression, caries activity and the filling material had statistically significant influence on the bacterial load.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although caries activity and location had the greatest influence on the microbial flora under the restorations, the kind of restoration material seemed to have an additional effect on the composition of the microflora. This pilot study indicates that inadequate composite restorations may promote the growth of cariogenic, as well as obligate anaerobic and potentially pulpopathogenic bacteria, which should be confirmed by further studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology, and Pediatric Dentistry, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. splieth@uni-greifswald.de
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Splieth
authors.forename: Olaf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bernhardt
authors.forename: Annegret
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heinrich
authors.forename: Hannelore
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bernhardt
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Meyer
mesh_terms: D001420:Bacteria, Aerobic / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001421:Bacteria, Anaerobic / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D003723:Dental Amalgam / Q000737:chemistry; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000382:microbiology; D018772:Dental Marginal Adaptation; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology; D019232:Dental Restoration Failure; D003793:Dental Restoration, Permanent / Q000145:classification; D003804:Dentin / Q000382:microbiology; D016965:Gram-Negative Anaerobic Straight, Curved, and Helical Rods / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016987:Gram-Positive Rods / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D010865:Pilot Projects; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins; D003723:Dental Amalgam