title: Cardiac function in fetuses of poorly-controlled pre-gestational diabetic pregnancies--a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cardiac impairment is frequently found in babies of diabetic mothers. It is still controversial whether this is due to poor glucose control. The aim of this study is to compare the cardiac function in fetuses of well- and poorly-controlled pre-gestational diabetic pregnancy in third trimester.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women with type 1 pre-gestational diabetes were enrolled at 30-32 weeks. Cardiac size and interventricular septal wall thickness were measured by M-mode at end-diastolic phase. The right and left ventricular ejection fractions were calculated. At the mitral and tricuspid valves inflow, the ratio between early ventricular filling and active atrial filling (E/A) at both atrioventricular valves were measured by Doppler echocardiography. Peak velocities of ascending aorta and pulmonary artery were assessed. The angle of isonation was kept at <20 degrees. Women with poorly-controlled diabetes (HbA1c>6.5%) were compared with those with satisfactorily controlled diabetes (HbA1c < or = 6.5%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 21 women with pre-gestational diabetes were recruited for this study. Eight women with well-controlled diabetes were compared with 9 women who had poorly-controlled diabetes. HbA1c in the poorly-controlled group was 7.3% and in the well-controlled group it was 5.4% (p<0.001). There was no difference between the two groups in cardiac size, interventricular septal wall thickness, ejection fraction, aorta and pulmonary artery peak flow velocities. The right atrioventricular E/A ratio was significantly lower among the poorly-controlled diabetic pregnancies (0.71 vs. 0.54; p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fetuses of poorly-controlled diabetic mothers had a lower right atrioventricular E/A ratio. This may be due to metabolic acidosis, non-hypertrophic cardiac dysfunction or fetal polycythemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Mater Mothers' Hospital, South Brisbane, Qld., Australia. shellwong@hotmail.com
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: F Y
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Cincotta
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: McIntyre
authors.forename: J J N
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Oats
mesh_terms: D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005318:Fetal Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000196:embryology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000196:embryology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin