title: Qualitative venous Doppler waveform analysis improves prediction of critical perinatal outcomes in premature growth-restricted fetuses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Our aim was to test the hypothesis that qualitative ductus venosus and umbilical venous Doppler analysis improves prediction of critical perinatal outcomes in preterm growth-restricted fetuses with abnormal placental function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with suspected intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) underwent uniform fetal assessment including umbilical artery (UA), ductus venosus (DV) and umbilical vein (UV) Doppler. Absent or reversed UA end-diastolic velocity (UA-AREDV), absence or reversal of atrial systolic blood flow velocity in the DV (DV-RAV) and pulsatile flow in the umbilical vein (P-UV) were examined for their efficacy to predict critical outcomes (stillbirth, neonatal death, perinatal death, acidemia and birth asphyxia) before 37 weeks' gestation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventeen (7.6%) stillbirths and 16 (7.1%) neonatal deaths were observed among 224 IUGR fetuses. Forty-one neonates were acidemic (19.8%) and seven (3.1%) had birth asphyxia. Logistic regression showed that UA-AREDV had the strongest association with perinatal mortality (R(2) = 0.49, P < 0.001), stillbirth (R(2) = 0.48, P < 0.001) and acidemia (R(2) = 0.22, P = 0.002) while neonatal death was most strongly related to DV-RAV and P-UV (R(2) = 0.33, P = 0.007). UA waveform analysis offered the highest sensitivity and negative predictive value and DV-RAV and P-UV had the best specificity and positive predictive values for outcome prediction. Overall, DV-RAV or P-UV offered the best prediction of acidemia and neonatal and perinatal death irrespective of the UA waveform. In fetuses with UA-AREDV, prediction of asphyxia and stillbirth was significantly enhanced by venous Doppler.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prediction of critical perinatal outcomes is improved when venous and umbilical artery qualitative waveform analysis is combined. The incorporation of venous Doppler into fetal surveillance is therefore strongly suggested for all preterm IUGR fetuses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201-1703, USA. abaschat@umm.edu
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Baschat
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Gembruch
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Weiner
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Harman
mesh_terms: D001238:Asphyxia Neonatorum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D005316:Fetal Distress / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D016015:Logistic Models; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D012044:Regression Analysis; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal; D014469:Umbilical Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D014471:Umbilical Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology