title: Immunomodulatory agents for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) or Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP) is a form of chronic fibrosing interstitial pneumonia of unknown aetiology, with progressively deteriorating respiratory function and ultimately death from respiratory failure. Most treatments are intended to suppress inflammation but none has been proven to alter this process. The most widespread approach uses oral corticosteroids; others use immunosuppressive, immunomodulatory or anti-fibrotic agents, alone or with corticosteroids. A Cochrane review of corticosteroids in IPF has found no evidence that they are of benefit.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of non-corticosteroid immunosuppressive, anti-fibrotic and immunomodulatory agents in the treatment of IPF(UIP).
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL - The Cochrane Library, Issue 2 2003), MEDLINE (January 1966 to April 2003), EMBASE (January 1985 to April 2003) and with additional handsearching.
  
  
  METHODS
  RCTs/CCTs utilising non-corticosteroid immunosuppressive, anti-fibrotic or immunomodulatory agents versus either placebo or corticosteroids alone in adult patients with histological evidence of IPF(UIP) or with a diagnosis consistent with published American Thoracic Society guidelines were included.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrieved abstracts of identified articles and reviewed those possibly fulfilling inclusion criteria and included or excluded. Two reviewers assessed the studies for inclusion in the review. Where doubt existed a third reviewer re-assessed the article and consensus was obtained. Methodological quality was assessed using the Jadad scale and the Cochrane assessment of allocation of concealment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  59 studies were identified. Quality was generally poor. Only three RCT/CCTs were suitable for meta-analysis, two lesser quality RCTs were included in discussion only, 52 studies were excluded and two ongoing trials were identified. Each high quality trial used a different agent (azathioprine, colchicine, interferon-gamma 1b) and meaningful comparisons are not possible. Azathioprine and Interferon were studied as additional therapy, whilst colchicine was compared with oral corticosteroids. Only interferon was shown to produce any significant improvement in pulmonary function and arterial oxygenation. There may be a small (but undefined) long term survival advantage for azathioprine. One of the lower quality studies showed a marginal benefit for cyclophosphamide and prednisone over prednisone alone; the other showed no benefit for azathioprine and prednisone over prednisone alone. There are no high quality studies utilising cyclophosphamide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is little good quality information regarding the efficacy of non-corticosteroid agents in IPF(UIP). The older agents have generally not been well evaluated. A number of new agents require further evaluation. Currently there is little to justify the routine use of any non-corticosteroid agent in the management of IPF(UIP).
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville Rd, Woodville, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Richeldi
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Walters
mesh_terms: D001379:Azathioprine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003078:Colchicine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011241:Prednisone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011658:Pulmonary Fibrosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D001379:Azathioprine; D003078:Colchicine; D011241:Prednisone