title: Definition of a second Bacillus subtilis pur regulon comprising the pur and xpt-pbuX operons plus pbuG, nupG (yxjA), and pbuE (ydhL).
abstract: In Bacillus subtilis expression of genes or operons encoding enzymes and other proteins involved in purine synthesis is affected by purine bases and nucleosides in the growth medium. The genes belonging to the PurR regulon (purR, purA, glyA, guaC, pbuO, pbuG, and the pur, yqhZ-folD, and xpt-pbuX operons) are controlled by the PurR repressor, which inhibits transcription initiation. Other genes are regulated by a less-well-described transcription termination mechanism that responds to the presence of hypoxanthine and guanine. The pur operon and the xpt-pbuX operon, which were studied here, are regulated by both mechanisms. We isolated two mutants resistant to 2-fluoroadenine in which the pur operon and the xpt-pbuX operon are expressed at increased levels in a PurR-independent manner. The mutations were caused by deletions that disrupted a potential transcription terminator structure located immediately upstream of the ydhL gene. The 5' part of the ydhL leader region contained a 63-nucleotide (nt) sequence very similar to the 5' ends of the leaders of the pur and xpt-pbuX operons. Transcripts of these regions may form a common tandem stem-loop secondary structure. Two additional genes with potential leader regions containing the 63-nt sequence are pbuG, encoding a hypoxanthine-guanine transporter, and yxjA, which was shown to encode a purine nucleoside transporter and is renamed nupG. Transcriptional lacZ fusions and mutations in the 63-nt sequence encoding the possible secondary structures provided evidence that expression of the pur and xpt-pbuX operons and expression of the ydhL, nupG, and pbuG genes are regulated by a common mechanism. The new pur regulon is designated the XptR regulon. Except for ydhL, the operons and genes were negatively regulated by hypoxanthine and guanine. ydhL was positively regulated. The derived amino acid sequence encoded by ydhL (now called pbuE) is similar to the amino acid sequences of metabolite efflux pumps. When overexpressed, PbuE lowers the sensitivity to purine analogs. Indirect evidence indicated that PbuE decreases the size of the internal pool of hypoxanthine. This explains why the hypoxanthine- and guanine-regulated genes are expressed at elevated levels in a mutant that overexpresses pbuE.
authors.affiliation: BioCentrum-DTU, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lars Engholm
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Johansen
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nygaard
authors.forename: Catharina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lassen
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Agersø
authors.forename: Hans H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Saxild
mesh_terms: D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001483:Base Sequence; D019295:Computational Biology; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D006147:Guanine / Q000378:metabolism; D007042:Hypoxanthines / Q000378:metabolism; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D009876:Operon; D011687:Purines / Q000378:metabolism*; D018085:Regulon; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D007042:Hypoxanthines; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; C105451:PbuX protein, Bacillus subtilis; D011687:Purines; D006147:Guanine