title: Human papillomavirus and risk factors for cervical cancer in Chennai, India: a case-control study.
abstract: To evaluate the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) and other risk factors in the aetiology of invasive cervical carcinoma (ICC), we conducted a hospital-based case-control study in Chennai, Southern India. A total of 205 ICC cases (including 12 adenocarcinomas) and 213 frequency age-matched control women were included. HPV DNA in cervical cells was evaluated by means of a polymerase chain-reaction assay. Odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed by means of unconditional multiple logistic regression models. HPV infection was detected in all but one ICC cases and in 27.7% of control women (OR = 498). Twenty-three different HPV types were found. HPV 16 was the most common type in either cases or controls, followed by HPV 18 and 33. The association of ICC with HPV 18 and HPV 16-associated types was somewhat stronger than the one with HPV 16. Multiple HPV infections did not show a higher OR for ICC than single infections. Other than HPV infection, high parity (OR for >4 vs. </=2 births = 7.3), a woman's report of her husband's extramarital sexual relationships (OR = 10.0) and early menopause (OR for <45 vs. >/=45 years = 4.2) were significantly associated with ICC, also after restricting the analysis to HPV-positive cases and controls. Poor hygienic conditions were associated with an increased risk of HPV infection among control women but not with ICC risk among HPV-positive women. A vaccine against HPV 16 and 18 may be effective in more than three-quarters of ICC in the study area.
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France. franceschi@iarc.fr
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Franceschi
authors.forename: Thangarajan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rajkumar
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vaccarella
authors.forename: Vendhan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gajalakshmi
authors.forename: Ajit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharmila
authors.forename: Peter J F
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Snijders
authors.forename: Nubia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Muñoz
authors.forename: Chris J L M
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Meijer
authors.forename: Rolando
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Herrero
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018196:Carcinoma, Adenosquamous / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006920:Hygiene; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D016017:Odds Ratio; D009856:Oncogene Proteins, Viral / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010298:Parity; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012307:Risk Factors; D014412:Tumor Virus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; C093478:E1 protein, Human papillomavirus 16; D009856:Oncogene Proteins, Viral; C084762:oncogene protein E1, Human papillomavirus type 18