title: Ocular manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence and spectrum of ocular manifestations in children with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and to examine the correlation of the ocular manifestations with disease activity, other organ involvement and the presence of circulating autoantibodies.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional study, we performed at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from June 2000 to November 2002, a comprehensive evaluation including detailed eye examination, measuring circulating autoantibodies (antinuclear, antiphospholipid antibodies) and calculation of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-two consecutive children (45 females) with SLE completed the evaluation. The mean age of the patients was 11.3 years and the mean SLEDAI was 9.5. Thirty patients (57.7%) had the disease for more than one year. Eighteen patients (34.6%) had ocular manifestations. Seven patients had abnormal Schirmer s test (2 bilateral, 5 unilateral). Five patients had (4 unilateral, one bilateral) retinal vascular lesions. One patient had bilateral iridocyclitis. Three patients had unilateral optic neuropathy and 11 patients had visual field defects (4 bilateral, 7 unilateral). Fisher exact test revealed positive correlation between optic neuropathy and central nervous system (CNS) involvement (p<0.002). There was no correlation among other variables; probably due to the sample size.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ocular manifestations including sight threatening complications are not rare in children with SLE. Optic neuropathy has strong prediction for CNS lupus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, MBC-58, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, PO Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. mayouf@kfshrc.edu.sa
authors.forename: Sulaiman M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Al-Mayouf
authors.forename: Amal I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Al-Hemidan
mesh_terms: D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000473:pathology*; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005123:Eye / Q000473:pathology*; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D019721:Ophthalmoscopes; D014792:Visual Acuity; D014794:Visual Fields
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies