title: Homologous expression of a mutated beta-tubulin gene does not confer benomyl resistance on Trichoderma virens.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To clone the beta-tubulins and to induce resistance to benzimidazoles in the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma virens through site-directed mutagenesis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two beta-tubulin genes have been cloned using PCR amplification followed by the screening of a T. virens cDNA library. The full-length cDNA clones, coding for 445 and 446 amino acids, have been designated as T. virens tub1 and T. virens tub2. A sequence alignment of these two tubulins with tubulins from other filamentous fungi has shown the presence of some unique amino acid sequences not found in those positions in other beta-tubulins. Constitutive expression of the tub2 gene with a histidine to tyrosine substitution at position 6 (known to impart benomyl/methyl benzimadazol-2-yl carbamate resistance in other fungi), under the Pgpd promoter of Aspergillus nidulans, did not impart resistance to benomyl.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The homologous expression of tub2 gene with a histidine to tyrosine mutation at position +6, which is known to impart benomyl tolerance in other fungi, does not impart resistance in T. virens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unlike other Trichoderma spp., T. virens, has been difficult to mutate for benomyl tolerance. The present study, through site-directed mutagenesis, shows that a mutation known to impart benomyl tolerance in T. viride and other fungi does not impart resistance in this fungus. Understanding the mechanisms of this phenomenon will have a profound impact in plant-disease management, as many plant pathogenic fungi develop resistance to this group of fungicides forcing its withdrawal after a short period of use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, The Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mukherjee
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hadar
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Mukherjee
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Horwitz
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution / Q000235:genetics; D001542:Benomyl / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003001:Cloning, Molecular / Q000379:methods; D004270:DNA, Circular / Q000235:genetics; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000235:genetics; D025141:Drug Resistance, Fungal; D015870:Gene Expression; D006639:Histidine / Q000235:genetics; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D014170:Transformation, Genetic; D014242:Trichoderma / Q000187:drug effects*; D014404:Tubulin / Q000235:genetics*; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D001562:Benzimidazoles; D004270:DNA, Circular; D004271:DNA, Fungal; D014404:Tubulin; D014443:Tyrosine; D006639:Histidine; D001542:Benomyl