title: Weight bias among health professionals specializing in obesity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the level of anti-fat bias in health professionals specializing in obesity and identify personal characteristics that correlate with both implicit and explicit bias.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Implicit Associations Test (IAT) and a self-report questionnaire assessing explicit attitudes, personal experiences with obesity, and demographic characteristics was administered to clinicians and researchers attending the opening session of an international obesity conference (N = 389). The IAT was used to assess overall implicit weight bias (associating "obese people" and "thin people" with "good" vs. "bad") and three ranges of stereotypes: lazy-motivated, smart-stupid, and valuable-worthless. The questionnaire assessed explicit bias on the same dimensions, along with personal and professional experiences with obesity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Health professionals exhibited a significant pro-thin, anti-fat implicit bias on the IAT. In addition, the subjects significantly endorsed the implicit stereotypes of lazy, stupid, and worthless using the IAT. Level of bias was associated with several personal characteristics. Characteristics significantly predictive of lower levels of implicit anti-fat bias include being male, older, having a positive emotional outlook on life, weighing more, having friends who are obese, and indicating an understanding of the experience of obesity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even professionals whose careers emphasize research or the clinical management of obesity show very strong weight bias, indicating pervasive and powerful stigma. Understanding the extent of anti-fat bias and the personal characteristics associated with it will aid in developing intervention strategies to ameliorate these damaging attitudes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8205, USA. Marlene.Schwartz@yale.edu
authors.forename: Marlene B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Heather O'Neal
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Chambliss
authors.forename: Kelly D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Brownell
authors.forename: Steven N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Blair
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Billington
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D005260:Female; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000523:psychology*; D011287:Prejudice; D012737:Sex Factors; D013240:Stereotyping; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires