title: A PET study after treatment with an anxiety-provoking agent, m-chlorophenyl-piperazine, in conscious rhesus monkeys.
abstract: Several PET studies have been performed on conscious nonhuman primates to examine brain function. However, it is unclear how anxiety or stress during PET measurements influences brain function. In the present study, we examined the effects of a well-known anxiety-provoking agent, m-chlorophenyl-piperazine (mCPP), on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and the regional cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (rCMRglc) using PET on conscious rhesus monkeys.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male rhesus monkeys with experience undergoing PET measurements were used. Twenty and 40 min after mCPP injection (0.2, 1.0, or 5.0 mg/kg intramuscularly; n = 5), rCBF and rCMRglc were measured using an intravenous injection of (15)O-H(2)O and (18)F-FDG, respectively. Physiologic parameters, plasma cortisol, and prolactin levels were monitored during PET measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment with mCPP significantly increased rCBF in both the cingulate cortex and striatum in a dose-dependent manner, and bell-shaped reductions in rCMRglc were observed for all regions examined. mCPP also significantly increased plasma cortisol and prolactin levels. Physiologic parameters were not affected by mCPP treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study demonstrates that treatment with the anxiety-provoking agent mCPP significantly affects rCBF and rCMRglc in conscious monkeys. Therefore, since the increases in hormone levels demonstrate that mCPP treatment produced anxiety or stress, these results suggest that anxiety or stress influences conscious brain function. Furthermore, the present study suggests that prevention of anxiety or stress is important when measuring conscious brain function in monkeys.
authors.affiliation: Medical and Pharmacological Research Center Foundation, Inoyama-Town, Hakui-City, Ishikawa, Japan. takamatsu@mprcf.or.jp
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takamatsu
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Noda
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.forename: Mitsuyoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tatsumi
authors.forename: Rikiya
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ichise
authors.forename: Shintaro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nishimura
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001007:Anxiety / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D003243:Consciousness / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D010104:Oxygen Radioisotopes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D010879:Piperazines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed
chemical_list: D010104:Oxygen Radioisotopes; D010879:Piperazines; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D005947:Glucose; C015068:1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine