title: Affective disorders, personality and personality disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The article deals with the complex conceptual history and current concepts on the relationship between personality, personality disorders and affective disorders. It is discussed whether these concepts represent distinct clinical entities or whether they lie on a continuum.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the classical literature from the 19th and the first half of the 20th centuries as well as analysed recent empirical data in order to summarize the current knowledge on this topic with respect to its historical origin. As a particular example, the position of the depressive personality disorder is evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Considerable heterogeneity can be seen, both theoretically and empirically. The two major concepts are based either on a continuum model or favour distinct clinical entities, corresponding to a more dimensional or category-orientated recording method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The relationship between personality disorders and affective disorders is still unclear and is a highly debated issue. There is as yet no consensus, but a certain shift to dimensional models can be recognized.
authors.affiliation: Institution Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sass
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jünemann
mesh_terms: D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D008960:Models, Psychological; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000266:history* / Q000523:psychology*; D010551:Personality; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000266:history* / Q000523:psychology*; D011570:Psychiatry / Q000266:history