title: Melanoma differentiation-associated 7 (interleukin 24) inhibits growth and enhances radiosensitivity of glioma cells in vitro and in vivo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite therapeutic interventions including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) has a very poor prognosis and novel therapies are required.
  
  
  METHODS
  Melanoma differentiation-associated 7 (mda-7) (interleukin 24), when expressed via a recombinant replication-defective adenovirus, adenovirus (Ad).mda-7, has profound antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects in a variety of tumor cells but not in nontransformed cells. The present studies examined the combined impact of Ad.mda-7 and ionizing radiation on the proliferation and survival of GBM cell lines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ad.mda-7 caused a dose-dependent reduction in the proliferation of glioma cells in 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assays. The antiproliferative effects of Ad.mda-7 were enhanced by radiation in a greater than additive fashion. These effects were not observed in cultures of nontransformed primary astrocytes. Purified MDA-7 protein caused a similar dose-dependent reduction in GBM cell growth that was enhanced after radiation exposure. The enhanced reduction in growth correlated with increased necrosis and DNA degradation. These modifications in cell phenotype correlated with reduced expression of Bcl-(XL) and enhanced expression of BAX. Overexpression of Bcl-(XL) protected cells from the antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects of Ad.mda-7 + radiation. Incubation of cells with N-acetyl cysteine abolished the enhancing effects of radiation. In vitro, Ad.mda-7 and radiation reduced colony formation ability, which was significantly increased when the two treatments were combined. In vivo, Ad.mda-7 enhanced the survival of Fischer 344 rats implanted intracranially with glioma cells. Radiation did not alter survival in control infected animals, whereas it prolonged survival in those infected with Ad.mda-7.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate that mda-7 reduces the proliferation and enhances the radiosensitivity of GBM cells in vitro and in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0058, USA.
authors.forename: Adly
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yacoub
authors.forename: Clint
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lister
authors.forename: Irina V
authors.initials: IV
authors.lastname: Lebedeva
authors.forename: Devanand
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sarkar
authors.forename: Zao-Zhong
authors.initials: ZZ
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Carter
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sigmon
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McKinstry
authors.forename: Viswanathan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ramakrishnan
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Qiao
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Broaddus
authors.forename: Rahul V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Gopalkrishnan
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Paul B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dent
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000378:metabolism; D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000628:therapy*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D015536:Down-Regulation; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000628:therapy*; D005910:Glioma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000532:radiotherapy; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007378:Interleukins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D009336:Necrosis; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts / Q000494:pharmacology; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D051020:bcl-X Protein; D000099180:Interleukin-24
chemical_list: D000111:Acetylcysteine; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D007378:Interleukins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D051020:bcl-X Protein; D000099180:Interleukin-24; C494826:BAX protein, human; C494811:BCL2L1 protein, human; C494828:Bax protein, rat; C494813:Bcl2l1 protein, rat; C022616:thiazolyl blue