title: The susceptibility of ionophore-resistant Clostridium aminophilum F to other antibiotics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if ionophore-resistant ruminal bacteria are cross-resistant to other classes of antibiotics. Clostridium aminophilum was used as a model organism because this Gram-positive ruminal bacterium can adapt to ionophores (monensin and lasalocid). Non-adapted cultures lagged for at least 12 h with 1 microM monensin or lasalocid, but initiated no growth if the concentration was 10 microM. Adapted cultures did not lag with 1 microM monensin or lasalocid, grew well even if the ionophore concentration was 10 microM and contained cells at least 100,000-fold more resistant than those in non-adapted cultures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ionophore-adapted and non-adapted cultures were assayed for their susceptibility to other classes of antibiotics (penicillin G, ampicillin, cephalosporin C, vancomycin, carbenicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, streptomycin, linocomycin, rifampicin, trimethoprim, novobiocin, polymyxin B and bacitracin) using a broth microdilution method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adapted cultures retained their resistance phenotype for at least 28 generations even if ionophore was no longer present. Monensin-adapted cultures were as resistant to lasalocid as those adapted to lasalocid, but lasalocid-adapted cultures lagged with 1 microM monensin. Monensin- and lasalocid-resistant C. aminophilum F cultures were as susceptible to most antibiotics as non-adapted cultures. The only antibiotic that seemed to have a common mechanism of resistance was bacitracin, and the ionophore-adapted cultures had a 32-fold greater MIC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of ionophores in cattle feed and the selection of ionophore-resistant ruminal bacteria does not necessarily lead to other types of antibiotic resistance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Wing Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
authors.forename: Adam J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Houlihan
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Russell
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003013:Clostridium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D007476:Ionophores / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D007476:Ionophores