title: Differences among forced-air warming systems with upper body blankets are small. A randomized trial for heat transfer in volunteers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Forced-air warming is known as an effective procedure in prevention and treatment of perioperative hypothermia. Significant differences have been described between forced-air warming systems in combination with full body blankets. We investigated four forced-air warming systems in combination with upper body blankets for existing differences in heat transfer.
  
  
  METHODS
  After approval of the local Ethics Committee and written informed consent, four forced-air warming systems combined with upper body blankets were investigated in a randomized cross-over trial on six healthy volunteers: (1) BairHugger trade mark 505 and Upper Body Blanket 520, Augustine Medical; (2) ThermaCare trade mark TC 3003, Gaymar trade mark and Optisan trade mark Upper Body Blanket, Brinkhaus; (3) WarmAir trade mark 134 and FilteredFlow trade mark Upper Body Blanket, CSZ; and (4) WarmTouch trade mark 5800 and CareDrape trade mark Upper Body Blanket, Mallinckrodt. Heat transfer from the blanket to the body surface was measured with 11 calibrated heat flux transducers (HFTs) with integrated thermistors on the upper body. Additionally, the blanket temperature was measured 1 cm above the HFT. After a preparation time of 60 min measurements were started for 20 min. Mean values were calculated over 20 min. The t-test for matched pairs with Bonferroni-Holm-correcture for multiple testing was used for statistical evaluation at a P-level of 0.05. The values are presented as mean+/-SD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The WarmTouch trade mark blower with the CareDrape trade mark blanket obtained the best heat flux (17.0+/-3.5 W). The BairHugger trade mark system gave the lowest heat transfer (8.1+/-1.1 W). The heat transfer of the ThermaCare trade mark system and WarmAir trade mark systems were intermediate with 14.3+/-2.1 W and 11.3+/-1.0 W.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on an estimated heat loss from the covered area of 38 W the heat balance is changed by 46.1 W to 55 W by forced-air warming systems with upper body blankets. Although the differences in heat transfer are significant, the clinical relevance of this difference is small.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany. tperl@gwdg.de
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Perl
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bräuer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Timmermann
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mielck
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Weyland
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Braun
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D006361:Heating / Q000379:methods*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D007035:Hypothermia / Q000517:prevention & control; D019990:Perioperative Care; D012881:Skin Temperature