title: Methodological factors influencing measurement and processing of plasma reelin in humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reelin, intensively studied as an extracellular protein that regulates brain development, is also expressed in a variety of tissues and a circulating pool of reelin exists in adult mammals. Here we describe the methodological and biological foundation for carrying out and interpreting clinical studies of plasma reelin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reelin in human plasma was sensitive to proteolysis, freeze-thawing and heating during long-term storage, sample preparation and electrophoresis. Reelin in plasma was a dimer under denaturing conditions. Boiling of samples resulted in laddering, suggesting that each of the 8 repeats expressed in reelin contains a heat-labile covalent bond susceptible to breakage. Urinary-type and tissue-type plasminogen activator converted reelin to a discrete 310 kDa fragment co-migrating with the major immunoreactive reelin fragment seen in plasma and also detected in brain. (In contrast, plasmin produced a spectrum of smaller unstable reelin fragments.) We examined archival plasma of 10 pairs of age-matched male individuals differing in repeat length of a CGG repeat polymorphism of the 5'-untranslated region of the reelin gene (both alleles < 11 repeats vs. one allele having >11 repeats). Reelin 310 kDa band content was lower in subjects having the long repeats in all 10 pairs, by 25% on average (p < 0.001). In contrast, no difference was noted for amyloid precursor protein.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our studies indicate the need for caution in measuring reelin in archival blood samples, and suggest that assays of plasma reelin should take into account three dimensions that might vary independently: a) the total amount of reelin protein; b) the relative amounts of reelin vs. its proteolytic processing products; and c) the aggregation state of the native protein. Reelin-plasminogen activator interactions may affect their roles in synaptic plasticity. Our results also suggest that the human CGG repeat polymorphism affects reelin gene expression, and may affect susceptibility to human disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, MC 912, 1601 W, Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. glugli@psych.uic.edu
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lugli
authors.forename: Jacqueline M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Krueger
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Antonio M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Persico
authors.forename: Flavio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: Neil R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Smalheiser
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western / Q000592:standards; D002138:Calibration; D015816:Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019281:Dimerization; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005341:Fibrinolysin / Q000378:metabolism; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D010960:Plasminogen Activators / Q000378:metabolism; D000091042:Reelin Protein; D020449:Repetitive Sequences, Amino Acid; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases
chemical_list: D015816:Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D000091042:Reelin Protein; D010960:Plasminogen Activators; C000717127:RELN protein, human; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases; D005341:Fibrinolysin