title: Alterations in skeletal muscle structure are minimized with steroid withdrawal after renal transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Limitations in exercise capacity in kidney transplant recipients are thought to result in part from changes in muscle structure and function associated with immunosuppression therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared the percent distribution of skeletal muscle fiber types, cross-sectional areas, and ultrastructural morphologies in kidney transplant recipients treated with standard prednisone maintenance therapy (n=21) to those undergoing rapid withdrawal of prednisone using Simulect (interleukin 2 receptor inhibitor) (n=13). Skeletal muscle biopsy specimens from the vastus lateralis were analyzed at 3 and 12 months after transplantation and compared with sedentary controls (n=15).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the control group, the group receiving prednisone maintenance therapy had a significantly lower percentage of type I fibers and a higher percentage of type IIB/x fibers, evident at 3 and 12 months. Fiber type distribution in patients withdrawn from prednisone did not differ from controls. In patients withdrawn from prednisone, the cross-sectional areas of type I and IIA fibers were lower and the area of type IIB/x fibers was higher compared with controls. Likewise, ultrastructural studies revealed reduced volume densities of myofibrils and higher densities of interfibrillar and subsarcolemmal mitochondria. At 12 months there were no ultrastructural differences between the patients withdrawn from prednisone and controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that prednisone maintenance therapy contributes to the lower exercise capacity by altering the ratio of type I to type IIB/x fibers and by reducing myofilament density. The increase in mitochondria in patients receiving prednisone may reflect a switch from carbohydrate to lipid metabolism resulting from the glucocorticoid therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. kstopp@itsa.ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Topp
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Painter
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Walcott
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Krasnoff
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Adey
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Sakkas
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McCormick
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: TeNyenhuis
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iofina
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tomlanovich
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stock
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015444:Exercise; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008875:Middle Aged; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009210:Myofibrils / Q000187:drug effects; D011241:Prednisone / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D011241:Prednisone