title: Safety of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides in veterinary species.
abstract: Bacterial DNA and synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated CpG motifs in particular sequence contexts (CpG ODN) are recognized as a danger signal by the innate immune system of vertebrates. For this reason, CpG ODNs have a potential application as both an adjuvant and nonspecific immune modulator and are currently being evaluated in a number of human and veterinary clinical trials. Given their potent immunostimulatory activity, CpG ODNs could possibly induce adverse reactions. As all adjuvants and immune modulators must be nontoxic to meet safety requirements, it was essential to address the safety aspects of CpG ODNs. The current review summarizes experiments carried out to date to establish the safety of CpG ODNs in animals.
authors.affiliation: Vetinary Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E3, Canada.
authors.forename: X P
authors.initials: XP
authors.lastname: Ioannou
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Griebel
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mena
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Gomis
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Godson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mutwiri
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hecker
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Babiuk
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D001483:Base Sequence; D001831:Body Temperature; D002417:Cattle; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D006242:Haptoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006433:Hemocyanins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D007107:Immune System / Q000276:immunology*; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013045:Species Specificity; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; C408982:CPG-oligonucleotide; D006242:Haptoglobins; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D006433:Hemocyanins; C032808:keyhole-limpet hemocyanin