title: Incidence and risk factors for symptoms of decompression sickness among male and female dive masters and instructors--a retrospective cohort study.
abstract: The aim was to determine the incidence of symptoms of decompression sickness (DCS) in dive masters and instructors in relation to number of dives and possible risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study of dive masters and instructors in Sweden. STUDY BASE: All dive masters and instructors listed with PADI, NAUI and CMAS in Sweden as of January 1st 1999 (2380 divers).
  
  
  METHODS
  The dive masters and instructors received a validated questionnaire on diving activities and symptoms of DCS in 1999. 1516 men and 226 women answered, i.e. 73% of the initial study base.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DCS symptoms were reported by 190 divers. The incidence of DCS symptoms was 1.52 for males and 1.27 for females per 1000 dives. Dive masters, divers not performing decompression-stop dives, divers not practicing advanced diving and divers with a low number of total lifetime dives had a higher proportion (p < 0.05) of DCS symptoms per 1000 dives. There were no major differences in DCS symptom incidence related to sex, age, asthma, overweight or alcohol abuse in this study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy and University Hospital, Göteborg University, St Sigfridsgatan 85, SE 412 66 Göteborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hagberg
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ornhagen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003665:Decompression Sickness / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004242:Diving / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology