title: Continuous flow peritoneal dialysis: assessment of fluid and solute removal in a high-flow model of "fresh dialysate single pass".
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Growing concern over the limited capacity of the peritoneal dialysis (PD) system has revived interest in continuous flow peritoneal dialysis (CFPD), a modality in which continuous circulation of PD fluid is maintained at a high flow rate using two separate catheters or one dual-lumen catheter. The CFPD regimen contrasts the "inflow/outflow" regimen, which requires specific times devoted to filling and draining the peritoneum via a single-lumen catheter. Historical data established CFPD capabilities in providing higher solute clearance and ultrafiltration rate (UFR) using either an open loop system with a single pass of fresh PD fluid, or various external purifications of the spent dialysate.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare, in patients with various peritoneal transport patterns, fluid and solute removal achieved during a standardized program of CFPD versus two control schedules: nightly intermittent peritoneal dialysis (NIPD) and nightly tidal peritoneal dialysis (NTPD). This study focused on small solute clearances and UFR using only isotonic PD solution (Dianeal PD1 1.36%; Baxter Healthcare, Castlebar, Ireland). The model of fresh dialysate, single pass, was used to optimize solute gradients and to characterize the impact of a continuous flow regimen on peritoneal transport characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a crossover trial, 4-hour CFPD sessions were performed at a fixed dialysate flow rate (100 mL/ minute) in 5 patients being treated with automated PD. A hemofiltration monitor (BM25; Baxter Healthcare, Brussels, Belgium) was adapted to the CFPD technique. The peritoneal cavity was filled through a temporary second catheter and simultaneously drained using the permanent peritoneal access. Fluid and solute removal were compared to data obtained from a control period based on 8-hour sessions of NIPD or NTPD using 13 L of isotonic dialysate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High-flow CFPD enhanced the diffusive transport coefficient compared with the alternative flow regimen in patients ranging from low to high transporters. Weekly creatinine clearance increased from 36.9 L (22.3 - 49.6 L) and 37.3 L (27.5 - 45.0 L) with NIPD and NTPD respectively, to 74.9 L (42.3 - 107.5 L) with CFPD. Mean UFR was 2.44 mL/min with CFPD versus 0.92 and 0.89 mL/min with NIPD and NTPD respectively. The mass transfer area coefficient (MTAC) of creatinine with CFPD was 2.5-fold that obtained from the peritoneal equilibration test data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results confirm that CFPD is highly effective in increasing fluid and solute removal. Furthermore, consistent with historical data, our findings indicate that the enhanced solute transfer is not due only to steeper solute gradients, but also depends on increased MTAC in a wide range of peritoneum transport characteristics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Louis Pasteur District Hospital, Cherbourg, France. p.freida@ch-cherbourg.fr
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Freida
authors.forename: Belkacem
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Issad
mesh_terms: D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D015314:Dialysis Solutions / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis / Q000379:methods*; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015314:Dialysis Solutions; D012964:Sodium; D005947:Glucose