title: Tongue neuromuscular and direct hypoglossal nerve stimulation for obstructive sleep apnea.
abstract: Recent studies have shown that neuromuscular stimulation of the genioglossus muscle and direct stimulation of the hypoglossal nerve can be performed selectively and safely. Such stimulation, delivered below the arousal threshold, can modulate airflow during sleep in patients with OSA. The feasibility and potential of upper airway stimulation for the treatment of OSA have been demonstrated. Further studies and stimulation-system refinements are presently underway, with hopes of establishing upper airway stimulation as a therapeutic option for this challenging disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 400 Parnassus Avenue, Suite A-730, San Francisco, CA 94143-0342, USA. deisele@orca.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Eisele
authors.forename: Alan R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Philip L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D007002:Hypoglossal Nerve / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000628:therapy*; D014059:Tongue / Q000502:physiology*