title: Metabolic response of muscle to alanine, glutamine, and valine supplementation during severe illness.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alanine and glutamine are released from muscle in response to critical illness. Subsequent depletion of glutamine from muscle is proposed as a principal factor in the limitation of muscle protein synthesis in severely ill patients. The objective of this study was to assess the peripheral metabolic response to enteral supplementation of alanine, glutamine, and valine in critically ill patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Isotopic tracers of alanine, glutamine, and phenylalanine were given IV to 6 critically ill patients and 6 healthy volunteers. Blood sampling from the femoral artery and vein along with muscle biopsies provided assessment of leg (ie, muscle) kinetics. Measurements were obtained during enteral nutrition alone and then with combined alanine (11.25 g), glutamine (7.5 g) and valine (11.25 g) supplementation for 3 hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with healthy volunteers, critically ill patients had significantly reduced concentrations of alanine and glutamine in arterial plasma (p < .05), which increased significantly with amino acid supplementation. Muscle glutamine concentrations were significantly less in the patients and were not significantly affected by supplementation. Alanine and glutamine transport into and out of muscle and the rates of alanine and glutamine incorporation into and production from muscle were not affected by supplementation. Phenylalanine kinetics, as a marker of muscle protein metabolism, were not significantly altered by alanine, glutamine, and valine intake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that alanine, glutamine, and valine administration fails to significantly affect muscle glutamine availability or muscle protein metabolism. These findings suggest that accelerated muscle catabolism in critically ill patients is not in response to any deficiency in alanine or glutamine availability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1172, USA.
authors.forename: Dennis C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Gore
authors.forename: Robert R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Wolfe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000409:Alanine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001682:Biological Availability; D001692:Biological Transport; D001706:Biopsy; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000628:therapy*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D005973:Glutamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D010288:Parenteral Nutrition; D010649:Phenylalanine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014633:Valine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D009124:Muscle Proteins; D005973:Glutamine; D010649:Phenylalanine; D014633:Valine; D000409:Alanine