title: Analysis of pulmonary complications after three-field lymph node dissection for esophageal cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pulmonary complications are a major component of morbidity and mortality after esophagectomy, and have not been well studied after extended lymphadenectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four hundred forty-one patients underwent three-field lymph node dissection and were retrospectively reviewed. Pulmonary complications developed in 32 patients (7.3%) and resulted in 11 deaths (34.4% of pulmonary complications were fatal, and 62.4% of all mortality was caused by pulmonary complications). Pulmonary complications were divided into primary (group A) and secondary pulmonary morbidities (group B), and analyzed separately. Perioperative arterial blood gases on room air were compared with a matched control group (group C).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All primary complications occurred in the first postoperative week, whereas secondary complications were distributed evenly after operation. The incidence of serious infection (60% versus 23.5%, p = 0.041) and respiratory failure (70.6% versus 31.6%, p = 0.045) was significantly higher in group B as compared with group A and was associated with a higher death rate (47.1% versus 15.8%, p = 0.047). Changes in arterial blood gases were similar in groups A and C, both PaO(2) and pH were reduced in group B, and PaCO(2) was increased. Independent risk factors for primary pulmonary complications were history of major operation, abnormal spirometry, and chronic renal dysfunction. Predictive factors for secondary pulmonary complications were old age, concomitant total gastrectomy, major anastomotic leakage, and bilateral vocal cord palsy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pulmonary complications can be kept at a low level, but they still account for most of the mortality after three-field lymph node dissection. Primary and secondary pulmonary complications are two distinct entities that should be managed differently. Arterial blood gases on room air are helpful in the management of pulmonary complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Wentao
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Hoichi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tachimori
authors.forename: Hiroyasu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Igaki
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Daiko
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors