title: Pioglitazone inhibits LOX-1 expression in human coronary artery endothelial cells by reducing intracellular superoxide radical generation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  LOX-1, a novel lectin-like receptor for oxidized LDL (ox-LDL), is expressed in response to ox-LDL, angiotensin II (Ang II), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and other stress stimuli. It is highly expressed in atherosclerotic tissues. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma ligands, such as pioglitazone, exert antiatherosclerotic effects. This study examined the regulation of LOX-1 expression in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) by pioglitazone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourth generation HCAECs were treated with ox-LDL, Ang II, or TNF-alpha with or without pioglitazone pretreatment. All 3 stimuli upregulated LOX-1 expression (mRNA and protein). Pioglitazone, in a concentration-dependent manner, reduced LOX-1 expression (P<0.01 versus ox-LDL, Ang II, or TNF-alpha alone). Ox-LDL, Ang II, and TNF-alpha each enhanced intracellular superoxide radical generation, and pioglitazone pretreatment reduced superoxide generation (P<0.01 versus ox-LDL, Ang II, or TNF-alpha). Furthermore, all 3 stimuli upregulated the expression of the transcription factors nuclear factor-kappaB and activator protein-1 (determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay), and pioglitazone pretreatment reduced this expression (P<0.01 versus ox-LDL, Ang II, or TNF-alpha). To determine the biological significance of pioglitazone-mediated downregulation of LOX-1, we studied monocyte adhesion to ox-LDL-treated HCAECs. Pioglitazone reduced the adhesion of monocytes to activated HCAECs in a fashion similar to that produced by antisense to LOX-1 mRNA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These observations suggest that the PPAR-gamma ligand pioglitazone reduces intracellular superoxide radical generation and subsequently reduces the expression of transcription factors, expression of the LOX-1 gene, and monocyte adhesion to activated endothelium. The salutary effect of PPAR-gamma ligands in atherogenesis may involve the inhibition of LOX-1 and the adhesion of monocytes to endothelium.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, 4301 W Markham St, No. 532, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA. mehtajl@uams.edu
authors.forename: Jawahar L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Jiawei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Dayuan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000494:pharmacology; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000494:pharmacology; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D000077205:Pioglitazone; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011973:Receptors, LDL / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011973:Receptors, LDL; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C099252:oxidized low density lipoprotein; D013481:Superoxides; D000804:Angiotensin II; D000077205:Pioglitazone