title: Maternal psychological distress: adult sons' and daughters' mental health and educational attainment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Offspring of depressed women have high rates of depressive symptoms and other psychopathology. The authors examined the relationship of mothers' symptoms of depression and anxiety reported during their offspring's childhood and adolescence on depressive disorder and educational achievement of their adult children.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data come from a longitudinal cohort study of first graders from Woodlawn, a neighborhood in Chicago, followed from age 6 to 32 years (N = 879). Adult children's depression and educational attainment are regressed on earlier self-reports of mothers' psychological distress. Using multiple logistic regression, the authors controlled for the relationships of poverty, mothers' education, mobility, family structure, mothers' illness, and children's first grade classroom behavior and psychological symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Daughters of mothers with persistent maternal psychological distress had two and a half times the risk of lifetime depressive disorder, but no increased risk of high school dropout. For sons, mothers' psychological distress was not related to depression but was related to poorer educational attainment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mothers' depressed feelings during the childrearing years relate to their children's depression and educational attainment as measured in adulthood. The patterns differ for sons and daughters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy and Management, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. mensming@jhsph.edu
authors.forename: Margaret E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Ensminger
authors.forename: Shannon G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.forename: Anne W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Riley
authors.forename: Hee-Soon
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Juon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology*; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013332:Student Dropouts