title: Injuries to the upper extremity in ice hockey: analysis of a series of 760 injuries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Injuries to the upper extremity are common in ice hockey.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the mechanisms, types, and severity of upper extremity ice hockey injuries in patients in different age categories.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed 760 consecutive upper extremity injuries in Finnish ice hockey players reported to an insurance company during 1996.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall injury rate of upper extremity injuries was 14.8 per 1000 player-years; 70% occurred during games. Of the 861 injury types, 32% were contusions, 28% sprains or strains, and 27% fractures. Checking or other collisions with players caused 76% of the injuries to the shoulder (170 of 223), 55% of the injuries to the elbow (35 of 64), and 45% of the injuries to the distal extremity (213 of 473). Of the 561 injuries with known severity, 38% were major. The injury risk increased significantly with age, from players younger than 12 years to players 25 to 29 years of age. The injury profile among 15- to 19-year-old players was similar to that of adult players.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Injuries to the upper extremity are relatively serious because of the high number of shoulder injuries and fractures. The frequency of injuries increased with age. A considerable proportion of upper extremity injuries was caused by body checking.
authors.affiliation: LIKES Research Center for Sport and Health Sciences, Jyväskylä Unit for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Jouko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mölsä
authors.forename: Urho
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kujala
authors.forename: Pertti
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Myllynen
authors.forename: Ilkka
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Torstila
authors.forename: Olavi
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Airaksinen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001134:Arm Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006688:Hockey / Q000293:injuries*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D000070599:Shoulder Injuries; D013180:Sprains and Strains / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D000092464:Elbow Injuries