title: Temporal activation of NF-kappaB regulates an interferon-independent innate antiviral response against cytoplasmic RNA viruses.
abstract: NF-kappaB is known to exert its antiviral innate immune response via the IFN-beta-induced Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription pathway. However, our current studies have demonstrated that activated NF-kappaB is capable of directly establishing an antiviral state independent of IFN or secreted soluble factor(s) against two highly pathogenic respiratory RNA viruses. Human parainfluenza virus type 3, a mildly cytopathic virus that induced NF-kappaB very early during infection was converted to a virulent virus after NF-kappaB inhibition. In contrast, a highly cytopathic virus, human respiratory syncytial virus that induced NF-kappaB late during infection, was converted to a mildly cytopathic virus after NF-kappaB induction before virus replication. This interconversion of cytopathic phenotypes of viruses after NF-kappaB modulation was further shown to be independent of IFN and soluble secreted factors(s). Moreover, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and IL-1beta elicited an antiviral response, which was NF-kappaB-dependent. Thus, NF-kappaB induction directly confers an essential innate antiviral response against human parainfluenza virus type 3 and respiratory syncytial virus, which is independent of IFN-inducible factor(s).
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA. boses@ccf.org
authors.forename: Santanu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bose
authors.forename: Niladri
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kar
authors.forename: Ratan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Maitra
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: DiDonato
authors.forename: Amiya K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Banerjee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D006801:Humans; D007372:Interferons / Q000502:physiology*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D012328:RNA Viruses / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D016328:NF-kappa B; D007372:Interferons