title: Endoscopic exposure and stabilization of posterior and inferior branches using the endo-starfish cardiac positioner and the endo-octopus stabilizer for closed-chest beating heart multivessel CABG: hemodynamic changes in the pig.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Closed-chest, off-pump, multivessel CABG requires modified instruments to expose and stabilize posterior and inferior coronary branches. Using three new prototype devices, we explored the feasibility of endoscopic bypass grafting on these branches and assessed cardiac function during cardiac displacement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight pigs (75 to 85 kg) were instrumented for hemodynamics and paced at 80 to 100 bpm. After closure of the sternotomy wound, the Da Vinci endoscope was inserted subxiphoidally. A sternal hook was used to hoist the sternum ventrally by 5 cm. The articulating EndoStarfish cardiac positioner was placed through a trocar (Ø12 mm). The positioner was fixed to the apex using -400 mm Hg suction and the heart was displaced anteriorly to 90 degrees. In 12 other pigs (75 to 85 kg), both internal mammary arteries (IMA) were harvested and the sternal wound was closed. Five trocar ports were placed for instrumentation (Ø12 mm, two in left chest, two in right chest, and one subxiphoidally). For coronary stabilization, a novel deployable EndoOctopus cardiac stabilizer was employed (suction -400 mm Hg). The Da Vinci robot-telemanipulator system was used for endoscopic grafting of the left and right IMA on posterior and inferior branches (16 anastomoses).
  
  
  RESULTS
  When circumflex arteries were fully exposed and accessible for coronary surgery, stroke volume decreased by 18%+/-3 versus baseline (P=0.02) and mean arterial pressure decreased by 27%+/-6 (P=0.001). Additional 10 degrees Trendelenburg head-down positioning normalized stroke volume and arterial pressure. In the displaced heart, obtuse marginal branches (OM) and the ramus descending posterior (RDP) of the right coronary artery became fully exposed with a mean arterial pressure >70 mm Hg during grafting. No accidental detachment occurred. Coronary target motion was restrained to approximately 1x1 mm. In two test cases, five sham distal anastomoses were created (grafts sewn to epicardium, left IMA to OM2 jump to OM3, right IMA to RDP, and composite graft from left IMA jump to diagonal branch). In 10 animals, 16 successfully completed anastomoses to RPD and OM branches of Ø1.75 to 2.5 mm required 25 to 60 minutes each to construct. At sacrifice, all anastomoses were patent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the closed-chest pig in Trendelenburg position and during lifting of the sternum, the EndoStarfish and EndoOctopus enabled IMA grafting of posterior and inferior branches on the beating heart without mean arterial pressure dropping below 70 mm Hg.
authors.affiliation: Heart Lung Center Utrecht, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht (Rm G02.523), P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, the Netherlands. exp.cardio@hli.azu.nl
authors.forename: Paul F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Gründeman
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Budde
authors.forename: Hendricus Mansvelt
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: Wim-Jan
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: van Boven
authors.forename: Cornelius
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Borst
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000295:instrumentation*; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery; D004724:Endoscopy; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology; D006439:Hemodynamics; D013552:Swine