title: Lorenz Oken and Naturphilosophie in Jena, Paris and London.
abstract: Although Lorenz Oken is a classic example of Naturphilosophie as applied to biology, his views have been imperfectly understood. He is best viewed as a follower of Schelling who consistently attempted to apply Schelling's ideas to biological data. His version of Naturphilosophic, however, was strongly influenced by older pseudoscience traditions, especially alchemy and numerology as they had been presented by Robert Fludd, whose works were current in Jena and available to him. According to those influences, parts of Oken's philosophical conception were communicable even in a non-idealistic scientific culture, for example in Paris, where Oken met Etienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. Geoffroy however was embedded in a French intellectual tradition, and the correspondence between his views and those of Oken was only superficial. The English anatomist Richard Owen attempted to incorporate the views of Oken and Geoffroy within his own, idiosyncratic system. Although Darwin knew of Oken's ideas, it was Geoffroy who really affected his evolutionary biology, and any influence of Oken must have been attenuated to the point of triviality.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Geschichte der Medizin, Naturwissenschaft und Technik Ernst-Haeckel-Haus, Berggasse 7 07745 Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Olaf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Breidbach
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Ghiselin
mesh_terms: D001695:Biology / Q000266:history*; D005858:Germany; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D008131:London; D019021:Natural History / Q000266:history*; D010297:Paris