title: Neck node metastasis after successful brachytherapy for early stage tongue carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The accuracy of factors for predicting lymph node metastasis in patients with early-stage (stage I and II) mobile tongue carcinoma and prognostic factors associated with the clinical and pathological findings of lymph node metastasis were examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1971 and 1998, 616 patients with early stage mobile tongue carcinoma were treated by brachytherapy with or without external irradiation. Neck lymph node metastasis occurred in a total of 237 cases, and 191 of them were not associated with primary failure. Neck dissection was performed in 169 of these 191 cases, and 16 cases were treated by radiotherapy. A pathological analysis was possible in 159 of the 169 neck dissection cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 88 tongue cancer recurrences, and the incidence of neck metastasis was 38% (191/528) in the cases of primary controlled early tongue carcinoma, and 25% (38/151) and 41% (153/377), in stage-I and -II carcinoma, respectively. Neck metastasis was diagnosed within 12 months in 80% of cases, and within 24 months in 95%. Macroscopic appearance, tumor thickness and tumor length were identified as significant risk factors by a univariate analysis, but macroscopic appearance was the only significant risk factor identified by a multivariate analysis (P<0.001). The incidence of cervical lymph node metastasis was 62% among the invasive/ulcerative type tongue carcinomas, and was lower among the superficial type and exophytic/nodular type (20 and 35%, respectively). Regional and/or distant failure occurred in 75 of the 169 neck dissection cases (44%). The incidence of regional/distant failure was extremely high (49/68=72%) in the extra-nodal invasion group, and extra-nodal invasion was found even in small metastatic node less than 1 cm in length (20%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The macroscopic appearance of the primary tongue carcinoma has a major impact on the incidence of lymph node metastasis in patients with early tongue cancer, and extra-nodal invasion was the dominant risk factor for regional and distant failure. Treatment policy for clinically negative neck metastasis in early tongue cancer patients should be determined after considering the possibility of neck metastases and the morbidity associated with elective neck dissection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 5-45, Yushima 1-chome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsuneaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shibuya
authors.forename: Ryoichi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yoshimura
authors.forename: Masahiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miura
authors.forename: Norihiko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.forename: Seiji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kishimoto
authors.forename: Mitsuo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amagasa
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Omura
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001918:Brachytherapy; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000556:secondary*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009333:Neck; D011379:Prognosis; D014062:Tongue Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*