title: The Cdx2 homeobox gene has a tumour suppressor function in the distal colon in addition to a homeotic role during gut development.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During development, the homeobox gene Cdx2 exerts a homeotic function, providing the positional information necessary for correct specification of the midgut endoderm. This is illustrated by the non-neoplastic gastric-type heteroplasias present at birth in the pericaecal region of Cdx2(+/-) mice. Furthermore, intestinal expression of Cdx2 continues throughout life but diminishes in colorectal cancers compared with adjacent normal tissue, suggesting a role in tumorigenesis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the consequence of altered Cdx2 expression on colon tumour initiation and/or progression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Heterozygous Cdx2(+/-) mice were analysed for spontaneous malignant tumours and for tumour development after treatment with a DNA mutagen, azoxymethane.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cdx2(+/-) mice did not spontaneously develop malignant tumours. After azoxymethane treatment, the gastric-like heteroplasias in the pericaecal region did not evolve into cancer indicating that they are not precancerous lesions. However, azoxymethane treated Cdx2(+/-) mice developed tumours specifically in the distal colon 12 weeks after azoxymethane treatment whereas no tumours were found in wild-type littermates at this stage. Histopathological and molecular analyses indicated that these tumours were invasive adenocarcinomas that recapitulated the malignant sequence observed in the majority of sporadic colorectal cancers in human. In addition, we found that the colonic epithelium was less sensitive to radiation induced apoptosis in Cdx2(+/-) than in wild-type mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides the first experimental evidence that Cdx2 is a tumour suppressor gene involved in cancer progression in the distal colon. This action in adults is functionally and geographically distinct from its homeotic role during gut development.
authors.affiliation: Inserm, Unit 381, 3 Ave Molière, 67200 Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bonhomme
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Duluc
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chawengsaksophak
authors.forename: M-P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Chenard
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kedinger
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: J-N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Freund
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Domon-Dell
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001397:Azoxymethane; D000071616:CDX2 Transcription Factor; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor / Q000502:physiology*; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009153:Mutagens; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015534:Trans-Activators
chemical_list: D000071616:CDX2 Transcription Factor; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D009153:Mutagens; D015534:Trans-Activators; D001397:Azoxymethane