title: Symptomatic spinal epidural varices presenting with nerve impingement: report of two cases and review of the literature.
abstract: METHODS
  Two cases of symptomatic epidural varices are presented and the literature was reviewed on this entity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To raise awareness of this rare condition in the interpretation of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging scans and to assess the results of surgical treatment.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Symptomatic epidural varices presenting with radiculopathy are extremely rare, and the diagnosis is often missed in the preoperative evaluation. This condition commonly masquerades as a herniated nucleus pulposus. Diagnosis is often only made intraoperatively.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case 1 is a 40-year-old man presenting with acute exacerbation of lower back pain associated with radiculopathy down his right lower limb. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a paracentral disc prolapse. At operation, a congested epidural vein impinging on the L5 nerve root was noted with no intervertebral foramens stenosis. Excision of the vein was performed. The second case, a 50-year-old man with previous spinal instrumentation, was admitted for acute onset of radiculopathy down his left lower limb. At operation, an epidural varix compressing on the L4 nerve root was noted. Retrospectively, features of epidural varices were noted in the preoperative magnetic resonance imaging scans. Both patients reported resolution of symptoms after surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Excision was done for the first patient, and coagulative ablation was done in the second patient. Both patients had symptomatic relief and neurologic recovery on follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our experience and the literature demonstrated that a favorable outcome with resolution of neurologic symptoms can often be achieved after excision or ablation of the epidural varices.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Changi General Hospital, Singapore. wchinho@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Chin-Ho
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Paul L K
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Thng
authors.forename: Fei-Ling
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Thoo
authors.forename: Cheng-Ooi
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Low
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004824:Epidural Space / Q000098:blood supply; D006801:Humans; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000150:complications; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009408:Nerve Compression Syndromes / Q000209:etiology*; D012196:Review Literature as Topic; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots / Q000473:pathology; D013131:Spine / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014648:Varicose Veins / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology