title: Race and productivity outcome after traumatic brain injury: influence of confounding factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Investigate the impact of race on productivity outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and evaluate the influence of confounding factors on this relationship.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inception cohort of 1083 adults with TBI for whom 1-year productivity follow-up data were available.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Univariable logistic regression indicated that race was a significant predictor of productivity outcome after TBI. African Americans were 2.76 times more likely to be nonproductive than whites and other racial minorities were 1.92 times more likely to be nonproductive than whites. Multivariable logistic regression analyses revealed that the effect of race on employability was influenced by confounds with preinjury productivity, education level, and cause of injury. After adjustment for other predictors, African Americans were 2.00 times more likely to be nonproductive than whites and other racial minorities were 2.08 times more likely to be nonproductive than whites. The multivariable logistic regression model with all predictors except race accounted for 39% of the variability in productivity outcome (R2-Nagelkerke=0.39), whereas the full logistic regression model including race accounted for 41% of the variability in productivity outcome (R2-Nagelkerke=0.41); a difference of only 2%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Any effect of race on productivity is significantly influenced by confounding with preinjury productivity, education level, and cause of injury.
authors.affiliation: Neuropsychology Department, Methodist Rehabilitation Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA. marks@mmrcrehab.org
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sherer
authors.forename: Todd G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Nick
authors.forename: Angelle M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Sander
authors.forename: Tessa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hanks
authors.forename: Mitchell
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
authors.forename: Walter M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: High
authors.forename: Stuart A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Yablon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044383:Black People; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D004526:Efficiency / Q000941:ethics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D044465:White People; D001741:Black or African American