title: The evacuation of British children during World War II: a preliminary investigation into the long-term psychological effects.
abstract: The authors used attachment theory to hypothesize about the possible long-term psychological effects of evacuation during World War II, focusing on children who were evacuated unaccompanied by their parents. The study aimed to establish whether this experience had long-term effects on psychological well-being, and to investigate mediating and moderating factors. The study utilized a retrospective non-randomized design, comparing 169 former evacuees with 43 people who were children during the war but not evacuated. No differences between the groups were found in terms of demographic variables or exposure to war-related events. All participants completed a range of standardized self-report questionnaires. Findings indicated that former evacuees were more likely to have insecure attachment styles and lower levels of present psychological well-being. Satisfaction with, but not quantity of, current social support was found to mediate the relationship between attachment style and present psychological well-being. Conclusions are limited due to the method of measurement of attachment style, non-randomized design and method of recruitment. Nevertheless, findings offer an indication that the experience of evacuation is associated with long-term psychological vulnerability through its relationship with insecure attachment.
authors.affiliation: Bedfordshire and Luton Community NHS Trust, Bedfordshire, UK. diane.foster@ntlworld.com
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Steele
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001010:Anxiety, Separation / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D004739:England; D006801:Humans; D009769:Object Attachment; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010290:Parents; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D012944:Social Support; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D013995:Time; D014852:Wales; D014857:Warfare