title: Apoptosis and modulation of cell cycle control by synthetic derivatives of ursodeoxycholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid in human prostate cancer cells.
abstract: The effects of synthetic derivatives of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), HS-1183, and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), HS-1199 and HS-1200, on the proliferation of human prostate carcinoma PC-3 cells were investigated. Whereas CDCA and UDCA had no effects on the growth of cells in a concentration range we have tested, HS-1199 and HS-1200 completely inhibited the cell proliferation, and HS-1183 showed a weak inhibitory activity. This proliferation-inhibitory effect of the synthetic bile acid derivatives was due to the induction of apoptosis, which was confirmed by observing DNA fragmentation, chromatin condensation and cleavage of PARP. Flow cytometric analysis also revealed that the synthetic bile acid derivatives arrested the cell cycle progression at the G1 phase, which effects were associated with inhibition of phosphorylation of pRB and enhanced binding of pRB and E2F-1. They also suppressed Cdk2 and cyclin E-dependent kinase activities without changes of their expressions. Furthermore, the synthetic bile acids increased the levels of Cdk inhibitor, p21WAF1/CIP1, expression and activated the reporter construct of p21WAF1/CIP1 promoter in p53-independent manner, and p21WAF1/CIP1 proteins induced by the synthetic bile acid derivatives were associated with Cdk2 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. These distinctive features suggest that it is possible to create the new drugs useful for cancer therapy from the synthetic bile acid derivatives as lead compounds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, College of Oriental Medicine, Dong-Eui University, and Research Center for Oriental Medicine, Busan 614-052, South Korea. choiyh@dongeui.ac.kr
authors.forename: Yung Hyun
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Eun Ok
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Im
authors.forename: Hongsuk
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.forename: Youngeup
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Young Hyun
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.forename: Nam Deuk
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002635:Chenodeoxycholic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019927:Cyclin E; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D016213:Cyclins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D050684:E2F Transcription Factors; D050687:E2F1 Transcription Factor; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles; D008156:Luciferases / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000378:metabolism; D011233:Precipitin Tests; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D014580:Ursodeoxycholic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D019927:Cyclin E; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050684:E2F Transcription Factors; D050687:E2F1 Transcription Factor; C493753:E2F1 protein, human; D007211:Indoles; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein; D014157:Transcription Factors; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D002635:Chenodeoxycholic Acid; C007293:DAPI; D014580:Ursodeoxycholic Acid; D008156:Luciferases; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases; D020169:Caspases