title: An allele of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase associated with the ability to produce red anthocyanin pigments in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.).
abstract: The potato R locus is necessary for the production of red pelargonidin-based anthocyanin pigments in any tissue of the plant, including tuber skin and flower petals. The production of pelargonidins in plants requires the activity of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) to catalyze the reduction of dihydrokaempferol into leucopelargonidin. To test the hypothesis that potato R encodes DFR, portions of both dfr alleles were sequenced from a diploid potato clone known to be heterozygous Rr. Sequence comparison revealed a polymorphic BamHI restriction site. The presence or absence of this site was monitored in three diploid populations that segregated for R, as well as in a wide range of tetraploid breeding clones and cultivars, by amplifying a fragment of dfr and digesting the products with BamHI. An identically sized dfr restriction fragment lacking the BamHI site was present in all potato clones that produced red anthocyanin pigments, while the same fragment was absent in many potato clones with white tuber skin and flowers. An independent RFLP test using DraI to detect sequence polymorphism was performed on a subset of the potato clones. This test also revealed dfr-derived bands that were present in all red-colored potatoes and absent in several white clones. The presence of shared restriction fragments in all red-colored potatoes provides strong evidence that R does indeed code for DFR. The data are also consistent with a 48 year-old hypothesis by Dodds and Long, that R was selected just once during the domestication of potato. A cDNA clone corresponding to the red allele of dfr was sequenced and compared to two other alleles. The red allele is predicted to encode a 382 amino acid protein that differs at ten amino acid positions from the gene products of the two alternative alleles. Several of these differences map in a region known to influence DFR substrate specificity in Gerbera.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Breeding, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-1901, USA. wsd2@cornell.edu
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: De Jong
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: De Jong
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: De Jong
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kalazich
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bodis
mesh_terms: D000429:Alcohol Oxidoreductases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D000483:Alleles; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D032322:Solanum / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D000429:Alcohol Oxidoreductases; C056570:dihydroflavanol 4-reductase