title: The hemicholinium-3 sensitive high affinity choline transporter is internalized by clathrin-mediated endocytosis and is present in endosomes and synaptic vesicles.
abstract: Synthesis of acetylcholine depends on the plasma membrane uptake of choline by a high affinity choline transporter (CHT1). Choline uptake is regulated by nerve impulses and trafficking of an intracellular pool of CHT1 to the plasma membrane may be important for this regulation. We have generated a hemagglutinin (HA) epitope tagged CHT1 to investigate the organelles involved with intracellular trafficking of this protein. Expression of CHT1-HA in HEK 293 cells establishes Na+-dependent, hemicholinium-3 sensitive high-affinity choline transport activity. Confocal microscopy reveals that CHT1-HA is found predominantly in intracellular organelles in three different cell lines. Importantly, CHT1-HA seems to be continuously cycling between the plasma membrane and endocytic organelles via a constitutive clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway. In a neuronal cell line, CHT1-HA colocalizes with the early endocytic marker green fluorescent protein (GFP)-Rab 5 and with two markers of synaptic-like vesicles, VAMP-myc and GFP-VAChT, suggesting that in cultured cells CHT1 is present mainly in organelles of endocytic origin. Subcellular fractionation and immunoisolation of organelles from rat brain indicate that CHT1 is present in synaptic vesicles. We propose that intracellular CHT1 can be recruited during stimulation to increase choline uptake in nerve terminals.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Neurobiologia Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica-Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alves-Silva
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Volknandt
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martins-Silva
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mahmud
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wilhelm
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Gomez
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Rylett
authors.forename: S S G
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.forename: V F
authors.initials: VF
authors.lastname: Prado
authors.forename: M A M
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Prado
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D002966:Clathrin / Q000378:metabolism*; D004705:Endocytosis / Q000502:physiology*; D011992:Endosomes / Q000378:metabolism*; D006426:Hemicholinium 3 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D050683:R-SNARE Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013572:Synaptic Vesicles / Q000378:metabolism*; D013574:Synaptosomes / Q000378:metabolism; D050494:Vesicular Acetylcholine Transport Proteins; D033921:Vesicular Transport Proteins
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D002966:Clathrin; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D050683:R-SNARE Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; C493459:SLC18A3 protein, human; C493460:Slc18a3 protein, mouse; D050494:Vesicular Acetylcholine Transport Proteins; D033921:Vesicular Transport Proteins; C065637:choline transporter; D006426:Hemicholinium 3