title: Association of maternal obesity and depressive symptoms with television-viewing time in low-income preschool children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Decreasing television (TV)-viewing time may improve child health and well-being. These viewing patterns are shaped during the preschool years. Because mothers play an important role in determining how much TV their preschool children watch, a better understanding is needed of the maternal factors that influence children's TV viewing.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship of depressive symptoms and obesity in low-income mothers with TV-viewing time in their preschool children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional, self-administered survey of 295 low-income mothers of 3- and 4-year-old children (92% white) enrolled in the Vermont Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children. Mothers reported children's usual weekday and weekend-day TV-viewing time. Maternal depressive symptoms were measured with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Maternal body mass index was calculated from self-reported height and weight measurements (weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children watched a mean of 2.2 +/-1.2 hours of TV per day. Those in the upper quartile of TV-viewing time (high TV viewers) watched 3 or more hours of TV per day. Of the mothers, 12% had both obesity (BMI > or =30) and depressive symptoms (CES-D score > or =16), 19% were obese only, and 18% had depressive symptoms only. Children were more likely to be high TV viewers if their mothers had clinically significant depressive symptoms (35% vs 23%; P =.03) or if their mothers were obese (35% vs 22%; P =.03). Forty-two percent of children were high TV viewers if the mother had both depressive symptoms and obesity, 30% if the mother had only depressive symptoms, 29% if the mother had only obesity, and 20% if the mother had neither depressive symptoms nor obesity (P =.06 overall; P for trend =.009 using the chi2 test).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among low-income preschool children, those whose mothers had either depressive symptoms or obesity were more likely to watch 3 or more hours of TV a day. Strategies to reduce TV viewing in young children should consider the role that maternal obesity and depressive symptoms may play in how preschool children spend their time.
authors.affiliation: Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH 45229-3039, USA. hillary.burdette@chmcc.org
authors.forename: Hillary L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Burdette
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Whitaker
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Kahn
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harvey-Berino
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011203:Poverty; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013690:Television; D014707:Vermont / Q000453:epidemiology