title: Manifestation, latency and management of late urological complications after curative radiotherapy for cervical carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Radiotherapy alone or in combination with radical hysterectomy remains a potentially curative treatment for cervical carcinoma. Late urological complications after curative radiotreatment are rare but often present difficult problems of management due to the progressive nature of radiogenic tissue damage. We reviewed all cases of radiogenic urologic complications after radiotherapy for cervical carcinoma treated at our institution over the past 10 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a retrospective analysis, out of all female patients treated for hydronephrosis (n = 543), 93 patients with hydronephrosis occurring after curative treatment for gynecological malignancies were identified. The most frequent cause was progressive disease (n = 55); 30 patients without recurrence had severe radiogenic urological complications (study population).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 30 patients with a mean age of 44.9 years at the time of treatment for cervical cancer, 6 had undergone primary radiotherapy and 24 had received adjuvant radiotreatment after radical hysterectomy. The observed late urological complications were: distal ureteral stenoses (bilateral in 4 cases, unilateral in 15 cases), distal ureteral necrosis (n = 1), bilateral ureteral reflux (n = 3), vesico-vaginal fistulae (n = 5), vesico-intestinal fistula (n = 1), severe fibrotic bladder shrinkage (n = 6) and urethral stenosis (n = 2). Marked signs of radiogenic cystitis were observed in almost all patients. The mean latency time between radiotherapy and manifestation of severe radiogenic urological sequelae was 19.4 years (range 0.5-41.5). Primary treatment of urological complications consisted in temporary urinary diversion by percutaneous nephrostomies or insertion of internal ureteral stents. Permanent treatment for radiogenic ureteral stenosis in all patients with sufficient general health consisted of surgical or endourological urinary diversion or reconstruction. However, the majority of patients were managed by permanent endourological measures. Lower tract fistulae were treated by distal ureteral occlusion and diversion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although severe late urological sequelae of curative radiotherapy for cervical carcinoma are rare they represent major complications, result in considerable distress for the patient, and often present difficult therapeutic problems for the urologist. As these urological complications can have extremely long latency times, focussed follow-up for early detection may be advisable.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany. Joerg.Gellrich@mailbox.tu-dresden.de
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gellrich
authors.forename: O W
authors.initials: OW
authors.lastname: Hakenberg
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oehlschläger
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Wirth
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006869:Hydronephrosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D007044:Hysterectomy; D008875:Middle Aged; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014551:Urinary Tract / Q000528:radiation effects*; D014567:Urography; D014570:Urologic Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery