title: On the coupling between anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, and knee joint response under anterior femoral drawer in flexion: a finite element study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the extent of coupling between the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments as well as the role of the posterior cruciate ligament in the knee joint response under anterior femoral force at different flexion angles.
  
  
  METHODS
  A developed finite element model of the tibiofemoral joint is used to perform non-linear elastostatic analyses.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The structural properties of the posterior cruciate ligament subsequent to an injury (either left untreated or replaced by a graft) would likely change, an event that alters the function of not only the ligament itself but also the other intact cruciate ligament and the entire joint.
  
  
  METHODS
  The model consists of two bony structures and their articular cartilage layers, menisci and four principal ligaments. Under 100 N anterior femoral load at different flexion angles from 0 degrees to 90 degrees, kinematics, forces in ligaments and contact forces in the fully unconstrained joint were computed in intact cases and following alterations in joint ligaments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Collateral ligaments were the primary structures to resist the force at full extension under 100 N anterior femoral load with a moderate contribution from the posterior cruciate ligament. With joint flexion up to 90 degrees, however, force in the posterior cruciate ligament substantially increased whereas that in collateral ligaments diminished.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A remarkable coupling was found between the posterior cruciate ligament and the anterior cruciate ligament in flexion; a structural alteration in one of them significantly influenced the mechanical role of both ligaments and not just the one affected. A tauter or stiffer ligament increased the force in both ligaments while an excessive laxity or rupture in one diminished forces in both.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alterations in ligament stiffness or initial tautness during reconstruction surgery or following injuries markedly influence the normal role of both cruciate ligaments. Consideration of cruciate ligaments coupled together rather than in isolation should be the rule in the management of ligament injuries towards a successful long-term outcome.
authors.affiliation: Division of Applied Mechanics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique, P.O. Box 6079 Station, "centre ville", Qué., Montréal, Canada H3C 3A7.
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Moglo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shirazi-Adl
mesh_terms: D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000502:physiology*; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004548:Elasticity; D005269:Femur / Q000502:physiology*; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000503:physiopathology; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D008592:Menisci, Tibial / Q000502:physiology; D008954:Models, Biological; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D016119:Posterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000502:physiology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013977:Tibia / Q000502:physiology*; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology