title: Risk factors for the development of bacterial infections in multiple myeloma treated with two different vincristine-adriamycin-dexamethasone schedules.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated bacterial infections (BIs) in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) treated with two different schedules of vincristine-adriamycin-dexamethasone (VAD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-seven patients were studied during 340 VAD cycles. VAD was given by either continuous intravenous infusion (CII) to hospitalized patients or rapid intravenous infusion (RII) to outpatients. The characteristics of patients and VAD schedules were retrospectively analyzed to detect correlations with the incidence of BI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By analyzing each VAD cycle, we found that profound hypogammaglobulinemia (p=0.06) and post-treatment neutropenia (p=0.08) were associated with a trend for a higher risk of infection, while renal function impairment was significantly correlated with BI risk at both univariate (p<0.02) and multivariate (p<0.002) analyses. Evaluating only the first 4 months of therapy, characterized by a significantly higher incidence of BI than the later period (p<0.0001), previously untreated disease was significantly correlated with BI risk (p<0.04), while male sex (p=0.06), CII schedule (p=0.07), and profound hypogammaglobulinemia (p=0.1) were associated with a tendency to a higher risk of infection; however, at multivariate analysis the latter two parameters independently predicted BI probability (p<0.015 and p<0.03, respectively) as did previously untreated disease (p<0.025). The high probability of CII-related infection was demonstrated to depend on the frequent development of nosocomial infections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with profound hypogammaglobulinemia who receive VAD as first line treatment are at a major risk of BI up to the completion of the fourth month of therapy. In this setting hospitalization should be avoided and, if patients require admission, antibacterial prophylaxis with intravenous immunoglobulins could be appropriate and effective.
authors.affiliation: Dept.. of Hematology, Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, Niguarda Cà Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Clara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cesana
authors.forename: Anna Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Nosari
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Klersy
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miqueleiz
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ferrando
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Valentini
authors.forename: Luciana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Barbarano
authors.forename: Enrica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Morra
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007710:Klebsiella Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D007711:Klebsiella pneumoniae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000401:mortality; D011552:Pseudomonas Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013212:Staphylococcus epidermidis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014750:Vincristine / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D014750:Vincristine; D003907:Dexamethasone; D004317:Doxorubicin