title: Vitamin D inhibits G1 to S progression in LNCaP prostate cancer cells through p27Kip1 stabilization and Cdk2 mislocalization to the cytoplasm.
abstract: 1,25-(OH)2 vitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) exerts antiproliferative effects via cell cycle regulation in a variety of tumor cells, including prostate. We have previously shown that in the human prostate cancer cell line LN-CaP, 1,25-(OH)2D3 mediates an increase in cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 levels, inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2) activity, hypophosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein, and accumulation of cells in G1. In this study, we investigated the mechanism whereby 1,25-(OH)2D3 increases p27 levels. 1,25-(OH)2D3 had no effect on p27 mRNA levels or on the regulation of a 3.5-kb fragment of the p27 promoter. The rate of p27 protein synthesis was not affected by 1,25-(OH)2D3 as measured by luciferase activity driven by the 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions of p27 that regulate p27 protein synthesis. Pulse-chase analysis of 35S-labeled p27 revealed an increased p27 protein half-life with 1,25-(OH)2D3 treatment. Because Cdk2-mediated phosphorylation of p27 at Thr187 targets p27 for Skp2-mediated degradation, we examined the phosphorylation status of p27 in 1,25-(OH)2D3-treated cells. 1,25-(OH)2D3 decreased levels of Thr187 phosphorylated p27, consistent with inhibition of Thr187 phosphorylation-dependent p27 degradation. In addition, 1,25-(OH)2D3 reduced Skp2 protein levels in LNCaP cells. Cdk2 is activated in the nucleus by Cdk-activating kinase through Thr160 phosphorylation and by cdc25A phosphatase via Thr14 and Tyr15 dephosphorylation. Interestingly, 1,25-(OH)2D3 decreased nuclear Cdk2 levels as assessed by subcellular fractionation and confocal microscopy. Inhibition of Cdk2 by 1,25-(OH)2D3 may thus involve two mechanisms: 1) reduced nuclear Cdk2 available for cyclin binding and activation and 2) impairment of cyclin E-Cdk2-dependent p27 degradation through cytoplasmic mislocalization of Cdk2. These data suggest that Cdk2 mislocalization is central to the antiproliferative effects of 1,25-(OH)2D3.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
authors.forename: Eddy S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Kerry L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Burnstein
mesh_terms: D042846:CDC2-CDC28 Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D002117:Calcitriol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism*; D016193:G1 Phase / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D021381:Protein Transport; D016196:S Phase; D044786:S-Phase Kinase-Associated Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D044786:S-Phase Kinase-Associated Proteins; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D042846:CDC2-CDC28 Kinases; C495894:CDK2 protein, human; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2; D002117:Calcitriol