title: High incidence of severe infections in heart transplant recipients receiving tacrolimus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tacrolimus (FK) is being increasingly used as an alternative to cyclosporine (CyA) in heart transplantation (HTx). It is believed to engender slightly more powerful protection against acute rejection. However, the increased immunosuppression could result in an excess of infectious complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our study compared the incidence of major infections (MInf), defined as life-threatening infectious episodes requiring admission and intravenous (IV) antimicrobial therapy, among a series of HTx recipients treated with either FK (n=30) or CyA (n=84).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 21 patients received FK in an elective protocol and 9 patients initially treated with CyA were converted to FK. Tacrolimus was combined with azathioprine and prednisone in 21 cases, and with mycophenolate mofetil and steroids in 8 recipients. After a follow-up between 6 and 37 months, 11 patients (37%) in the FK group developed 13 episodes of MInf, most (85%) occurring during the first posttransplant year. Conversely, CyA patients (n=84), a group with similar characteristics and follow-up, showed a MInf incidence of 12% (P<.05). Among the FK group, the most common site of MInf was pulmonary (69%). A variety of opportunistic agents caused MInf in 54% of cases, whereas the remaining ones were attributed to nosocomial bacteria. There were three deaths (27% of all MInf), all in azathioprine-treated patients with initial FK therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tacrolimus therapy seems to be associated with an increased incidence of severe infections in HTx recipients. We recommend aggressive diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for patients on FK who develop signs or symptoms of infection in the first year after HTx.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Peraira
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Segovia
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Arroyo
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ortiz
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fuertes
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Moñivas
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Burgos
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Alonso-Pulpón
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001379:Azathioprine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015994:Incidence; D007239:Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011241:Prednisone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine; D001379:Azathioprine; D011241:Prednisone; D016559:Tacrolimus