title: Laparoscopic orchiopexy: report of 203 cases with review of diagnosis, operative technique, and lessons learned.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Proper management of the nonpalpable testicle requires an accurate diagnosis. Laparoscopic orchiopexy (LO) has become the standard for diagnosis and treatment. We classified the location of nonpalpable testicles, reviewed the technique of LO in detail, and report the results of our series, the largest described to date.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compiled the records of all cryptorchid patients seen between 1994 and 2002. Those with testicles located near the internal inguinal ring and those with nonpalpable testicles underwent laparoscopy and LO in the same session. The 173 patients underwent 203 procedures, all performed by the senior authors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The undescended testicles were right-sided in 33% of patients, left-sided in 53%, and bilateral in 14%. Six testicles were excluded because of hypotrophy (N=4) or agenesis of the vas deferens (N=2). At laparoscopy, 58% of the testicles were at the iliac vessels or higher (high intra-abdominal), 22% were between the iliac vessels and the internal ring (low intra-abdominal), 16% were peeping, 3% were intracanicular, and 1% were retrovesical. Standard LO was performed in 70.5% of the patients, with the remainder being treated by laparoscopic Fowler-Stephens orchiopexy. There have been four cases of testicular atrophy, all after Fowler-Stephens procedures. Two were virgin gonads, and the other two had previously been subjected to extensive orchiolysis. Only 3% of the patients required repeat surgery because of an unsatisfactory testicular location.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reported success rate for LO of intra-abdominal testicles has far exceeded that of open repair (95% v 76%). It is our belief that minimal manipulation of the testicle during dissection, a wider peritoneal window, and sparse use of electrocautery will result in adequate testicular position even for high intra-abdominal gonads with minimal risk of atrophy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Urology, Department of Urology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Albert A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Samadi
authors.forename: Lane S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: Israel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Franco
mesh_terms: D001284:Atrophy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D001363:Awards and Prizes; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013737:Testis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery