title: Nucleoside analogue mutations and Q151M in HIV-1 subtype A/E infection treated with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate genotypic drug resistance in HIV-1 subtype A/E infection associated with failure of double/triple-nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients from HIV-NAT 002 [stavudine (d4T)/didanosine (ddI) dose reduction study] and HIV-NAT 003 (zidovudine (ZDV)/lamivudine (3TC) versus ZDV/3TC/ddI) whose HIV-1 RNA was > 1000 copies/ml at week 48 and/or week 96 were tested for genotypic resistance. In both studies, after 48 weeks, patients were switched to the other dual or triple-nucleoside RT inhibitor (NRTI) either according to randomization or to the occurrence of virological failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Resistance mutations found in the d4T/ddI, ZDV/3TC, and ZDV/3TC/ddI groups: none at baseline; at week 48, nucleoside analogue mutations (NAM), 2/17 (12%), 2/10 (20%), and 1/8; Q151M complex, 3/17 (18%), 0%, and 0%; M184V, 0%, 10/10 (P < 0.001), 3/8; V75T, 3/17 (18%), 0%, and 0%; L74V, 3/7 (18%), 0%, and 0%, respectively. At week 96, among the switchers, i.e., group A d4T/ddI to ZDV/3TC, group B ZDV/3TC to d4T/ddI, and group C ZDV/3TC/ddI to d4T/3TC/abacavir: NAM, 12/21 (57%), 4/7 and 1/3; Q151M, 4/21 (19%), 0% and 1/3, respectively. Interestingly, four or more NAM were observed in a higher proportion in group A (4/17 versus none in the others).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multi-NRTI resistance (NAM and Q151M) and M184V (only in 3TC failure) are commonly found in HIV-1 subtype A/E infection associated with NRTI failure. Suboptimal d4T/ddI therapy led to a high incidence of V75T and L74V mutations. Switching from d4T/ddI to ZDV/3TC may be associated with a higher incidence of four or more NAM. Thus, suboptimal and dual NRTI therapy is not recommended for global application.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Sunee
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sirivichayakul
authors.forename: Kiat
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ruxrungtham
authors.forename: Chaiwat
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ungsedhapand
authors.forename: Wichai
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Techasathit
authors.forename: Sasiwimol
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ubolyam
authors.forename: Theshinee
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chuenyam
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Emery
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Joep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.forename: Praphan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Phanuphak
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016049:Didanosine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D019259:Lamivudine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009154:Mutation; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018119:Stavudine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D019259:Lamivudine; D015215:Zidovudine; D018119:Stavudine; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase; D016049:Didanosine