title: Field contamination of the starfish Asterias rubens by metals. Part 2: Effects on cellular immunity.
abstract: To study the effects of metals on starfish in field conditions, immune responses were measured in starfish from natural populations along a metal pollution gradient (long-term contamination) and in starfish that were transferred up the gradient (short-term contamination). Coelomic amoebocyte concentration (CAC) and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by amoebocytes were measured in two varieties of Asterias rubens occurring in the fjord: The black variety which lives only in the low salinity upper waters (22-26/1000) and the red variety which live both in the upper layer and in the deeper layer characterized by a salinity close to that of seawater (30/1000). The studied immune responses were stimulated in starfish living along the metal pollution gradient according to the contamination of these starfish by cadmium. However, the sensitivity of these responses toward metals appeared to be strongly modulated by the salinity stress. In red starfish living at 30/1000 and transferred up the contamination gradient, the immune responses were inhibited and closely followed the short-term accumulation of metals in the animal organs. Starfish transferred down the gradient did not recover normal immune responses in the short-term and appeared highly sensitive to caging stress. It is suggested that the impact of metals on the immune responses of A. rubens in field conditions occurs in three phases. Short-term inhibitory effects are exerted by a direct action of metals on the immune cells and are followed by a recovery due to the induction of protective mechanisms. Eventually, when these mechanisms are overwhelmed by a long-term contamination, indirect and durable stimulatory effects on the immune responses appear due to a global disruption of the animal physiology.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biologie Marine (CP 160/15), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 50, Av. F.D. Roosevelt, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium. gcoteur@ulb.ac.be
authors.forename: Geoffroy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Coteur
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gillan
authors.forename: Guillemette
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Joly
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pernet
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dubois
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000187:drug effects*; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000633:toxicity*; D012623:Seawater; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000032:analysis; D013215:Starfish / Q000276:immunology*; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D014873:Water Pollutants; D012965:Sodium Chloride