title: Effects of khat (Catha edulis) consumption on reproductive functions: a review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review research findings on the effects of khat (Catha edulis) chewing on reproductive functions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrieval and critical review of relevant articles and abstracts cited in international and local journals, literature searches on Medline and Medchem from 1961 to 2002.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of published data and limited interviews of regular khat users revealed that khat chewing lowers libido in humans and may also lead to sexual impotence following long term use. In pregnant women, consumption of khat affects growth of foetus by inhibiting utero-placental blood flow and as a consequence, impairs foetal growth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Detailed studies on the effects of khat on reproduction are lacking. However, the limited available data reveal that chewing of khat has a negative impact on human reproductive health. Khat is genotoxic and has teratogenic effects on the foetus if regularly consumed by pregnant mothers. Since low birth weight is a well-established risk factor for both perinatal and young infant death, khat chewing during pregnancy may be one of the factors contributing to infant mortality in communities where khat is commonly chewed. Khat consumption affects the potency of male sexuality by affecting spermatogenesis and plasma testosterone concentration. However, the precise mechanisms by which khat may affect the male reproductive physiology have not been elucidated.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Primate Research, P.O. Box 24481, Karen, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Mwenda
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Arimi
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Kyama
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Langat
mesh_terms: D029754:Catha / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000139:chemically induced; D007989:Libido / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008409:Mastication; D018515:Plant Leaves; D011247:Pregnancy; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects*