title: Adenosine A1 antagonism attenuates atropine-resistant hypoxic bradycardia in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the following hypotheses: Hypoxia induces bradycardia and hemodynamic compromise that are resistant to atropine but responsive to selective antagonism of the adenosine A1 receptor (A1AdoR). The mechanism for such attenuation is independent of the vagus nerve.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten minutes after sham or actual bilateral cervical vagotomy, paralyzed ventilated rats were made hypoxic (5% fractional inspired oxygen, continued until death). Five minutes after beginning hypoxia, intravenous treatment with BG-9719, a selective A1AdoR antagonist (0.1 mg/kg); atropine (0.1 mg/kg); BG-9719 vehicle; or saline was initiated. These drug doses were based on pilot studies. Of the eight treatment groups (eight possible combinations of vagotomy status and drug/vehicle treatment), n = 8 in all except nonvagotomized, vehicle-treated rats (where n = 7).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Heart rate and left ventricular contractility decreased rapidly with hypoxia. Atropine had minimal effects in prolonging survival (from mean +/- SEM of 15.5 +/- 2.1 minutes to 20.2 +/- 2.5 minutes, p = 0.94) and attenuating posthypoxic decreases in heart rate (p = 0.89) and contractility (p = 0.83) compared with saline. BG-9719 prolonged survival, however, from 14.4 +/- 1.9 minutes (with vehicle treatment) to 37.2 +/- 6.8 minutes (p < 0.001). Survival, heart rate, and contractility were preserved with BG-9719 compared with atropine and vehicle (p < 0.05, all comparisons). Vagotomy prevented the effects of BG-9719 on survival prolongation (p = 0.003), heart rate (p = 0.01), and contractility (p < 0.001) but did not affect those outcomes in saline-treated rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Survival, heart rate, and contractility were better preserved with BG-9719 than atropine. A1AdoR selective antagonism, possibly because of its multiple mechanisms for attenuating hypoxic cardiac insufficiency, resulted in better hemodynamic and clinical outcomes. That attenuation seems to have a component of vagal mediation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19141, USA. jlkaplan19012@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Justin L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: Erhe
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: De Garavilla
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Victain
authors.forename: Bohdan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Minczak
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Dalsey
mesh_terms: D058916:Adenosine A1 Receptor Antagonists; D000818:Animals; D001285:Atropine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001919:Bradycardia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000150:complications*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D051381:Rats; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014628:Vagotomy; D014970:Xanthines / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: C097280:1,3-dipropyl-8-(2-(5,6-epoxy)norbornyl)xanthine; D058916:Adenosine A1 Receptor Antagonists; D014970:Xanthines; D001285:Atropine