title: HEPN1, a novel gene that is frequently down-regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma, suppresses cell growth and induces apoptosis in HepG2 cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Examining genes associated with human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by subtractive hybridisation, we identified a novel transcript, designated as HEPN1, in non-tumorous liver. In this study, we aimed to evaluate HEPN1 gene expression in HCC patients, to characterise and to explore the functional significance of HEPN1 in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  One-step reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time RT-PCR were employed to determine HEPN1 expression in 23 paired (HCC and the adjacent non-HCC) liver specimens. Sequence analyses were performed by bioinformatics. Transfection studies were carried out by expressing HEPN1, V5-fused HEPN1, and green fluorescent protein-fused HEPN1, individually, in HepG2 cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant downregulation of HEPN1 (P<0.0001) was detected in 22/23 of HCC patients tested. Gene HEPN1 maps to chromosome 11q24.2; and the predicted gene product, a 10-kDa peptide with 88 amino acids, has no homology to known proteins. When transfected into HepG2 cells, HEPN1 reduced cell viability to 37.5+/-2.5% (P=0.001), and induced apoptosis with typical morphological changes as demonstrated by microscopy and Annexin V assay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data show that HEPN1 is frequently silenced in HCC, and that exogenous HEPN1 exhibits antiproliferative effect on HepG2 cells, suggesting that silencing of HEPN1 may be associated with carcinogenesis of hepatocytes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
authors.forename: Mei Chung
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Moh
authors.forename: Lay Hoon
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Xiaodong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Shali
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D017209:Apoptosis; D001483:Base Sequence; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002455:Cell Division; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D018076:DNA, Complementary; C487620:HEPACAM protein, human; D011506:Proteins