title: Combination treatment of PKD utilizing dual inhibition of EGF-receptor activity and ligand bioavailability.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We have previously demonstrated an essential role for increased epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activity in mediating renal cyst formation and biliary ductal ectasia (BDE) in murine models of autosomal-recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) such as the BPK mouse. The current study was designed to determine (1). if treatment with a second-generation inhibitor of EGFR tyrosine kinase activity, EKB-569, was effective in treatment of ARPKD; (2). if tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy used in combination with pharmacologic reduction of the availability of transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha), using WTACE2, could provide improved therapeutic efficacy and/or decrease potential toxicity; and (3). if effectiveness of treatment could be monitored noninvasively in murine ARPKD models by use of serial ultrasonography.
  
  
  METHODS
  BPK litters were treated with EKB-569 by intraperitoneal injection from postnatal day 7 to postnatal day 21. EKB-569's effectiveness alone or in combination with WTACE2 was measured by reduction in kidney weight/body weight ratios, morphometric renal cystic index, and evaluation of renal function. Renal ultrasound was performed on normal and cystic animals, under different therapeutic regimens, utilizing a 15 mHz linear array transducer, and ultrasound data were compared with histology and renal functional data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment of BPK mice with EKB-569 alone resulted in a marked reduction of kidney weight/body weight ratios, dramatically reduced collecting tubule cystic index, as well as BDE, and improved renal function. The combined treatment with EKB-569 and WTACE2 permitted a 67% reduction in EKB-569 dosage necessary to achieve results equivalent to those produced with EKB-569 alone. Untreated cystic animals died of renal failure, on average, at postnatal day 24 with a collecting tubule cystic index of 4.8, significant BDE, and maximal urine osmolarity of 361 mOsm. Cystic animals treated with EKB-569 and WTACE2 to postnatal day 21 were alive and well with normal renal function, a reduced collecting tubule cystic index of 1.7 (P < 0.02), improvement in BDE, and a threefold increase in maximum urinary concentrating ability (P < 0.01). Renal ultrasound could reliably detect cystic kidneys as early as postnatal day 7 and the natural history as well as effects of therapeutic intervention were clearly delineated by ultrasound evaluation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that in murine ARPKD (1). EKB-569 is as effective as first-generation EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors in reducing cyst formation and preserving renal function; (2). combination therapy with EKB-569 and WTACE2 provides maximum efficacy in improving renal and biliary abnormalities, at lower doses, thereby minimizing potential toxicity; and (3). renal ultrasound provides a simple, reliable, noninvasive method of following natural history and effect of treatment regimens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-6003, USA.
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Sweeney
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hamahira
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sweeney
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Garcia-Gatrell
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Frost
authors.forename: Ellis D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Avner
mesh_terms: D000634:Aminoquinolines; D000814:Aniline Compounds; D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000633:toxicity; D007668:Kidney / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008024:Ligands; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000633:toxicity; D017044:Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Recessive / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000633:toxicity; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D000634:Aminoquinolines; D000814:Aniline Compounds; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; D008024:Ligands; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D013449:Sulfonamides; C442468:WTACE2 compound; D066246:ErbB Receptors; C413879:EKB 569