title: Evidence for an altered balance between matrix metalloproteinase-9 and its inhibitors in calcific aortic stenosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently, aortic valve stenosis has been demonstrated to exhibit increased expression of certain matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and this has relevantly raised the question about possible interdependency between these and their tissue inhibitors. We sought to assess the expression of elastolytic MMPs and their inhibitors (TIMPs) in nonrheumatic aortic stenosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study comprised 30 stenotic and six noncalcified human aortic valves. To measure the expression levels and the amount and molecular forms of gelatinases (MMP-2, MMP-9) and TIMPs (1, 2), in situ hybridization, gelatin zymography, and reverse zymography were carried out. Antielastin staining by a monoclonal BA-4 antibody was performed to investigate the changes of one of the main substrates of these MMPs, and to substantiate the nature of the putative MMP- synthesizing cell. The cases were also immunostained with an antibody to alpha-smooth muscle actin. Inflammatory cell characterization was managed by monoclonal mouse antibodies (UCHL-1, L26, and PGM-1).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the controls, the calcific valves showed increased mRNA expression and activation of MMP-9, and this was associated with typical characteristics of valve disease. MMP-2 mRNA production was rare, but proMMP-2 protein was detected in all valves. In agreement with the interdependency between MMP-9 and its inhibitors, a suggestive imbalance came out in diseased valves.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The disproportion between MMP-9 and its tissue inhibitors may favor a persistent MMP activation state within the calcific valve and likely contribute to the valvular remodeling process in the setting of developing aortic stenosis.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oulu, Finland. jari.satta@oulu.fi
authors.forename: Jari
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Satta
authors.forename: Jani
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oiva
authors.forename: Tuula
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Salo
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Eriksen
authors.forename: Pasi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ohtonen
authors.forename: Fausto
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Biancari
authors.forename: Tatu S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Juvonen
authors.forename: Ylermi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Soini
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001018:Aortic Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000201:enzymology; D001024:Aortic Valve Stenosis / Q000150:complications / Q000201:enzymology*; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000201:enzymology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D008875:Middle Aged; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9