title: Coronary occlusion using bi-directionally stretched elastic sutures during off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting may be partly invasive, particularly to the coronary endothelium that is snared. Efficacy of a simple technique to occlude a coronary artery with elastic sutures bi-directionally stretched just beneath the artery was evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Test subjects were eighteen adult mongrel dogs weighing 20-30 kg. After systemic heparinization (150 U/kg), the mid-left anterior descending artery (mid-LAD) was exposed with a stabilizer applied and snared using non-elastic sutures (n = 6) or elastic sutures (n = 6), or occluded with elastic sutures bi-directionally stretched (n = 6). The left internal thoracic artery (LITA) was anastomosed to the mid-LAD with humidified gas insufflation. After completion of the anastomosis, the mid-LAD was observed endoscopically through the LITA. The coronary endothelium was also observed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) after perfusion fixation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bleeding at the anastomotic site with the coronary artery occluded by bi-directionally stretched elastic sutures was observed. However, all anastomoses were done successfully with the aid of humidified gas insufflation. Coronary endoscope showed that the lumens snared with non-elastic sutures were collapsed with folds and often with clots. Coronary arteries snared with elastic sutures appeared similar to the arteries snared with non-elastic sutures endoscopically, but with less clots. In the case of coronary occlusion with bi-directionally stretched elastic sutures, the lumens were occluded in a flattened linear fashion without clots. SEM showed endothelial injuries with blood cells deposited when non-elastic sutures were used. When elastic sutures were used for snaring, endothelial injuries were ameliorated with less blood cells deposited, which were further decreased when elastic sutures were bi-directionally stretched.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The coronary artery can be effectively occluded by bi-directionally stretched elastic sutures with minimal endothelial damage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Saga Medical School, Saga, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okazaki
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Itoh
authors.forename: Kyoumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takarabe
authors.forename: Shinya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Higuchi
authors.forename: Junichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Murayama
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakayama
authors.forename: Kojiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Furukawa
authors.forename: Kazuhisa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rikitake
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ohtsubo
authors.forename: Masafumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Natsuaki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D004724:Endoscopy; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D013536:Suture Techniques; D016896:Treatment Outcome