title: Intratesticular delivery of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and ceramide directly abrogates steroidogenic acute regulatory protein expression and Leydig cell steroidogenesis in adult rats.
abstract: Systemic or intratesticular release of TNF alpha and IL1 beta have been implicated in the reduced testosterone biosynthesis and impaired production of competent spermatozoa found in human patients suffering from sepsis or chronic inflammation. Although in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that TNF alpha and IL1 beta intercept the hypothalamic-pituitary testis axis at different levels, the site(s) of action and relative contribution of each cytokine to the overall testicular failure associated to systemic inflammatory processes remains poorly defined. In this study we show that intratesticular delivery of TNF alpha induced a rapid (4 h) and sustained (up to 24 h) reduction in steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein expression and testosterone biosynthesis in nonstimulated or human chorionic gonadotropin-treated intact or hypophysectomized rats. Bilateral treatment with cell-permeant short-chain ceramides (C2-cer or C6-cer) reproduced the early (4 h) inhibitory action of TNFalpha on testosterone biosynthesis and testicular StAR expression. The inhibitory action of C2-cer or C6-cer was not observed in animals treated with inactive analogs (dihydroceramide), phosphorylcholine, sphingosine, or sphingosine-1P. In sharp contrast to the previously described ability of IL1 beta to prevent human chorionic gonadotropin-stimulated Leydig cell steroidogenesis in vitro, serum testosterone and testicular StAR protein expression remained unchanged in animals bilaterally injected with this cytokine. These data support the concept that TNF alpha triggers different effector mechanisms to directly inhibit Leydig cell StAR expression and steroidogenesis, which ultimately contribute to the global reproductive failure associated with chronic inflammation and sepsis.
authors.affiliation: Departmento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas 35061, Spain.
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Morales
authors.forename: Pino
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Santana
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Díaz
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tabraue
authors.forename: Germán
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gallardo
authors.forename: Félix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: López Blanco
authors.forename: Inmaculada
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hernández
authors.forename: Luisa F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Fanjul
authors.forename: Carlos M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Ruiz de Galarreta
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002518:Ceramides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007016:Hypophysectomy; D007267:Injections; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007536:Isomerism; D007985:Leydig Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013737:Testis / Q000502:physiology*; D013739:Testosterone / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000098682:Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein
chemical_list: D002518:Ceramides; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin; D007375:Interleukin-1; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000098682:Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein; D013739:Testosterone