title: Improved comorbidity adjustment for predicting mortality in Medicare populations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define and improve the performance of existing comorbidity scores in predicting mortality in Medicare enrollees.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study participants were two Medicare populations who had complete drug coverage either through Medicaid or a statewide pharmacy assistance program: New Jersey Medicare enrollees (NNJ, = 235,881) and Pennsylvania Medicare enrollees (NPA = 230,913).
  
  
  METHODS
  Frequently used comorbidity scores were computed for all subjects during the baseline year (January 1, 1994, to December 31, 1994, and one year later in Pennsylvania). The study outcome was one-year mortality during the following year. Performance of scores was measured with the c-statistic derived from multivariate logistic regression models. Empirical weights were derived in the New Jersey population and the performance of scores with new weights was validated in the Pennsylvania population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A score based on ICD-9-diagnoses (Romano) performed 60 percent better than one based on patterns of medication use (Chronic Disease Score, or CDS-1) (c = 0.771 vs. c = 0.703). The performance of the Romano score was further improved slightly by inclusion of the number of different prescription drugs used during the past year. Modeling the 17 conditions included in the Romano score as separate binary indicators increased its performance by 8 percent (c = 0.781). We derived elderly-specific weights for these scores in the New Jersey sample, including negative weights for the use of some drugs, for example, lipid lowering drugs. Applying these weights, the performance of Romano and CDS-1 scores improved in an independent validation sample of Pennsylvania Medicare enrollees by 8.3 percent and 43 percent compared to the scores with the original weights. When we added an indicator of nursing home residency, age, and gender, the Romano score reached a performance of c = 0.80.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that in epidemiologic studies of the elderly, a modified diagnosis-based score using empirically derived weights provides improved adjustment for comorbidity and enhances the validity of findings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schneeweiss
authors.forename: Philip S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jerry
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Avorn
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Glynn
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D003953:Diagnosis-Related Groups; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D007344:Insurance Claim Reporting; D038801:International Classification of Diseases; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D009515:New Jersey / Q000453:epidemiology; D010414:Pennsylvania / Q000453:epidemiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020379:Risk Adjustment; D014481:United States