title: Macroscopic study of the functional significance of the forearm muscles in the giant panda.
abstract: The extensor and flexor group muscles and their related muscles were functional-morphologically observed in the dead body of the giant panda to clarify the action of the forearm and the palm in the manipulation of the species. The Musculus flexor carpi ulnaris had two developed heads, however, we can conclude that the contraction of this muscle slightly changes the angle of the accessory carpal bone to the ulna. The data pointed out that the accessory carpal bone acts as a supporting post, when the giant panda seizes the object. The M. abductor digiti I longus possessed the well-developed origin in both ulna and radius. These findings suggest that this muscle may function as a supinator of the forearm. We also suggest that the well-developed M. pronator quadratus and M. pronator teres, and the proximal part of the M. abductor digiti I longus and the M. supinator may efficiently contribute to the pronator-spinator action of the forearm, when the giant panda brings the food to its mouth using the manipulation system equipped in the palm region.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, National Science Museum, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Endo
authors.forename: Motoki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Etsuo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Narushima
authors.forename: Teruyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Komiya
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hayashida
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Stafford
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005552:Forelimb / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D018737:Hand Strength; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D013045:Species Specificity; D001503:Ursidae / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology