title: Reconstruction of the coracoclavicular ligaments with tendon grafts: a comparative biomechanical study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Numerous surgical techniques have been described to address injuries to the coracoclavicular ligaments.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the biomechanical properties of tendon graft reconstructions with those of the native coracoclavicular ligaments and various other repair methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled laboratory study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven fresh-frozen human cadaveric shoulders were tensile tested to failure to compare the biomechanical properties of the native coracoclavicular ligaments, coracoacromial ligament transfer, No. 5 Mersilene suture repair, 5-mm Mersilene tape repair, and tendon graft reconstructions with gracilis, semitendinosus, and long toe extensor tendons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reconstructions with semitendinosus, gracilis, or long toe extensor tendon grafts were found to have superior initial biomechanical properties compared with coracoacromial ligament transfer; failure strengths were as strong as those of the native coracoclavicular ligaments. Failure of the tendon grafts occurred through the midsubstance of the tendon graft, not at the fixation site.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tendon graft reconstruction may be an alternative to coracoacromial ligament transfer and may provide a permanent biologic reconstruction with superior initial biomechanical properties, including that of tensile strength.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of tendon graft reconstruction may limit the need for postoperative immobilization and lead to an accelerated rehabilitation program.
authors.affiliation: Nicholas Institute of Sports Medicine and Athletic Trauma, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Lenox Hill Hospital. The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, New York, New York 10021, USA.
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Nicholas
authors.forename: Kenneth H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Akizuki
authors.forename: Malachy P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: McHugh
authors.forename: Ian J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Kremenic
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ben-Avi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D002968:Clavicle / Q000293:injuries*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008022:Ligaments / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012783:Shoulder Dislocation / Q000601:surgery*; D000070599:Shoulder Injuries; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000601:surgery*; D013709:Tendon Transfer; D013710:Tendons / Q000637:transplantation*; D016896:Treatment Outcome