title: Development of a new reporter gene system--dsRed/xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase-xanthine for molecular imaging of processes behind the intact blood-brain barrier.
abstract: We report the development of a novel dual-modality fusion reporter gene system consisting of Escherichia coli xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (XPRT) for nuclear imaging with radiolabeled xanthine and Discosoma red fluorescent protein for optical fluorescent imaging applications. The dsRed/XPRT fusion gene was successfully created and stably transduced into RG2 glioma cells, and both reporters were shown to be functional. The level of dsRed fluorescence directly correlated with XPRT enzymatic activity as measured by ribophosphorylation of [14C]-xanthine was in vitro (Ki = 0.124 +/- 0.008 vs. 0.00031 +/- 0.00005 mL/min/g in parental cell line), and [*]-xanthine octanol/water partition coefficient was 0.20 at pH = 7.4 (logP = -0.69), meeting requirements for the blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetrating tracer. In the in vivo experiment, the concentration of [14C]-xanthine in the normal brain varied from 0.20 to 0.16 + 0.05% dose/g under 0.87 + 0.24% dose/g plasma radiotracer concentration. The accumulation in vivo in the transfected flank tumor was to 2.4 +/- 0.3% dose/g, compared to 0.78 +/- 0.02% dose/g and 0.64 +/- 0.05% dose/g in the control flank tumors and intact muscle, respectively. [14C]-Xanthine appeared to be capable of specific accumulation in the transfected infiltrative brain tumor (RG2-dsRed/XPRT), which corresponded to the 585 nm fluorescent signal obtained from the adjacent cryosections. The images of endogenous gene expression with the "sensory system" have to be normalized for the transfection efficiency based on the "beacon system" image data. Such an approach requires two different "reporter genes" and two different "reporter substrates." Therefore, the novel dsRed/XPRT fusion gene can be used as a multimodality reporter system in the biological applications requiring two independent reporter genes, including the cells located behind the BBB.
authors.affiliation: Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 513, New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: Mikhail
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Doubrovin
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ponomarev
authors.forename: Inna
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Serganova
authors.forename: Suren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Soghomonian
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Myagawa
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Beresten
authors.forename: Lyudmila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ageyeva
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sadelain
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koutcher
authors.forename: Ronald G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Blasberg
authors.forename: Juri G Gelovani
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Tjuvajev
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism; D019281:Dimerization; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000378:metabolism; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D007700:Kinetics; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008956:Models, Chemical; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009132:Muscles / Q000378:metabolism; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D010430:Pentosyltransferases / Q000737:chemistry*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D051381:Rats; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013997:Time Factors; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D019820:Xanthine / Q000737:chemistry*; D014970:Xanthines / Q000737:chemistry; D000097573:Red Fluorescent Protein
chemical_list: D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D010430:Pentosyltransferases; D019820:Xanthine; D014970:Xanthines; D000097573:Red Fluorescent Protein; C413663:fluorescent protein 583; C024827:xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase