title: Ventilatory and cardiovascular responses to exercise in patients with pectus excavatum.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Uncertainty exists as to whether pectus excavatum causes true physiologic impairments to exercise performance as opposed to lack of fitness due to reluctance to exercise. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of pectus excavatum on ventilatory and cardiovascular responses to incremental exercise in physically active patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one patients with pectus excavatum (age range, 13 to 50 years; mean [+/- SD] age, 23.6 +/- 8.9 years; severity index range, 3.7 to 8.0; mean severity index, 5.1 +/- 1.2) were referred for preoperative evaluation. Eighteen of the patients (85%) had a history of performing aerobic activity ranging from 30 min to 2 h per day (mean duration, 1.0 +/- 0.61 h per day) for 3 +/- 1.5 days per week. Patients performed pulmonary function tests, and submaximal and maximal incremental exercise testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On maximal exercise testing, the maximum oxygen uptake (O(2)max), and oxygen-pulse were significantly lower than the reference values (t(20) = 6.17 [p < 0.0001] and t(20) = 4.52 [p < 0.0001], respectively). Furthermore, patients exhibited cardiovascular limitation, but not ventilatory limitation. Despite their high level of habitual exercise activity, the overall metabolic threshold for lactate accumulation was abnormally low (ie, 41% of the reference value for O(2)max) especially in those with a pectus severity index (PSI) of > 4.0 (39% of the reference value of O(2)max), which is consistent with cardiovascular impairment rather than physical deconditioning. Patients with a PSI of > 4.0 were also eight times more likely to have reduced aerobic capacity than patients who had a low severity index, despite their level of exercise participation. On submaximal testing, we found that the time constant for O(2) uptake kinetics was 37.4 s for the on-transit and 41.6 s for the off-transit. The observed values for FVC, FEV(1), maximum voluntary ventilation, and diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide were significantly lower than reference values, but those for total lung capacity and residual volume were not significantly lower than reference values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The information derived from this study supports the opinion that pectus excavatum is associated with true physiologic impairment and reduced exercise capacity, predominantly due to impaired cardiovascular performance rather than ventilatory limitation. Furthermore, the impairment is not explained by physical deconditioning.
authors.affiliation: The Exercise Physiology Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California-Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
authors.forename: Moh H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Malek
authors.forename: Eric W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Fonkalsrud
authors.forename: Christopher B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Cooper
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000502:physiology; D005660:Funnel Chest / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014797:Vital Capacity / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D019344:Lactic Acid; D010100:Oxygen