title: Oscillating perfusion of cell suspensions through three-dimensional scaffolds enhances cell seeding efficiency and uniformity.
abstract: We developed a bioreactor for automated cell seeding of three-dimensional scaffolds by continuous perfusion of a cell suspension through the scaffold pores in oscillating directions. Using quantitative biochemical and image analysis techniques, we then evaluated the efficiency and uniformity of perfusion seeding of Polyactive foams as compared to conventional static and spinner flask methods. Finally, we assessed the efficacy of the perfusion seeding technique for different scaffolds and cell types. Perfusion seeding of chondrocytes into Polyactive foams resulted in "viable cell seeding efficiencies," defined as the percentages of initially loaded cells that were seeded and remained viable, that were significantly higher (75 +/- 6%) than those by static (57% +/- 5%) and spinner flask seeding (55% +/- 8%). In addition, as compared to static and spinner flask methods, cells seeded by perfusion were respectively 2.6-fold and 3.8-fold more uniformly distributed and formed more homogeneously sized cell clusters. Chondrocytes seeded by perfusion into Hyaff-11 nonwoven meshes were 26% and 63%, respectively, more uniformly distributed than following static and spinner flask seeding. Bone marrow stromal cells seeded by perfusion into ChronOS porous ceramics were homogeneously distributed throughout the scaffold volume, while following the static method, cells were found only near the top surface of the ceramic. In summary, we demonstrated that our cell seeding perfusion bioreactor generated constructs with remarkably uniform cell distributions at high efficiencies, and was effective for a variety of scaffolds and different mesenchymal cell types.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Surgery and of Research, University Hospital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, ZLF, Room 405, 4031 Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wendt
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marsano
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jakob
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heberer
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019149:Bioreactors; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000502:physiology; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000166:cytology; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000502:physiology; D002449:Cell Aggregation / Q000502:physiology; D002452:Cell Count; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000502:physiology; D002470:Cell Survival; D018914:Cells, Immobilized / Q000502:physiology; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000502:physiology; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D006801:Humans; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D011091:Polyesters / Q000737:chemistry; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D012212:Rheology; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000502:physiology; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts / Q000378:metabolism; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D011091:Polyesters; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; C485817:beta-tricalcium phosphate; C072932:polyethylene oxide-polybutylene terephthalate copolymer; C086358:hyaluronic acid benzyl ester; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid; C022616:thiazolyl blue; C018392:tricalcium phosphate