Anaerobic ammonium oxidation by marine and freshwater planctomycete-like bacteria.
Recently, two fresh water species, " Candidatus Brocadia anammoxidans" and " Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis", and one marine species, " Candidatus Scalindua sorokinii", of planctomycete anammox bacteria have been identified. " Candidatus Scalindua sorokinii" was discovered in the Black Sea, and contributed substantially to the loss of fixed nitrogen. All three species contain a unique organelle--the anammoxosome--in their cytoplasm. The anammoxosome contains the hydrazine/hydroxylamine oxidoreductase enzyme, and is thus the site of anammox catabolism. The anammoxosome is surrounded by a very dense membrane composed almost exclusively of linearly concatenated cyclobutane-containing lipids. These so-called 'ladderanes' are connected to the glycerol moiety via both ester and ether bonds. In natural and man-made ecosystems, anammox bacteria can cooperate with aerobic ammonium-oxidising bacteria, which protect them from harmful oxygen, and provide the necessary nitrite. The cooperation of these two groups of ammonium-oxidising bacteria is the microbial basis for a sustainable one reactor system, CANON (completely autotrophic nitrogen-removal over nitrite) to remove ammonia from high strength wastewater.
Jetten
M S M
MS
Department of Microbiology, KU Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, NL 6525 ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. M.Jetten@sci.kun.nl
Sliekers
O
O
Kuypers
M
M
Dalsgaard
T
T
van Niftrik
L
L
Cirpus
I
I
van de Pas-Schoonen
K
K
Lavik
G
G
Thamdrup
B
B
Le Paslier
D
D
Op den Camp
H J M
HJ
Hulth
S
S
Nielsen
L P
LP
Abma
W
W
Third
K
K
Engström
P
P
Kuenen
J G
JG
Jørgensen
B B
BB
Canfield
D E
DE
Sinninghe Damsté
J S
JS
Revsbech
N P
NP
Fuerst
J
J
Weissenbach
J
J
Wagner
M
M
Schmidt
I
I
Schmid
M
M
Strous
M
M
D000693:Anaerobiosis; D001421:Bacteria, Anaerobic / Q000378:metabolism*; D019149:Bioreactors; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000382:microbiology*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*; D012623:Seawater / Q000382:microbiology*
D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds