title: The advance of technology and the scientific commons.
abstract: The advance of technology proceeds through an evolutionary process, with many different new departures in competition with each other and with prevailing practice, and with ex-post selection determining the winners and losers. In modern times what gives power to the process is the strong base of scientific and technological understanding and technique that guides the efforts of those seeking to advance the technology. Most of that base is part of a commons open to all who have expertise in a field. The proprietary aspects of technology traditionally have comprised a small topping on the commons. But recently parts of the commons have become privatized. While the justification for the policies and actions that have spurred privatization of the commons is that this will spur technological progress, the argument here is that the result can be just the opposite.
authors.affiliation: Department of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University, 2960 Broadway, New York, NY 10027-6902, USA.
authors.forename: Richard R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Nelson
mesh_terms: D033181:Information Dissemination / Q000941:ethics* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000379:methods; D010067:Ownership; D010330:Patents as Topic; D011640:Public Policy; D017150:Public Sector / Q000941:ethics / Q000639:trends; D012586:Science / Q000941:ethics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends*; D013672:Technology / Q000191:economics / Q000941:ethics / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*; D018581:Technology Transfer