title: Calculation of induced current densities and specific absorption rates (SAR) for pregnant women exposed to hand-held metal detectors.
abstract: The finite difference time domain (FDTD) method in combination with a well established frequency scaling method was used to calculate the internal fields and current densities induced in a simple model of a pregnant woman and her foetus, when exposed to hand-held metal detectors. The pregnant woman and foetus were modelled using a simple semi-heterogeneous model in 10 mm resolution, consisting of three different types of tissue. The model is based on the scanned shape of a pregnant woman in the 34th gestational week. Nine different representative models of hand-held metal detectors operating in the frequency range from 8 kHz to 2 MHz were evaluated. The metal detectors were placed directly on the abdomen of the computational model with a spacing of 1 cm. Both the induced current density and the specific absorption rate (SAR) are well below the recommended limits for exposure of the general public published in the ICNIRP Guidelines and the IEEE C95.1 Standard. The highest current density is 8.3 mA m(-2) and the highest SAR is 26.5 microW kg(-1). Compared to the limits for the induced current density recommended in the ICNIRP Guidelines, a minimum safety factor of 3 exists. Compared to the IEEE C95. 1 Standard, a safety factor of 60 000 for the specific absorption rate was found. Based on the very low specific absorption rate and an induced current density below the recommended exposure limits, significant temperature rise or nerve stimulation in the pregnant woman or in the foetus can be excluded.
authors.affiliation: Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), 12725 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, MD 20852, USA. wxk@cdrh.fda.gov
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kainz
authors.forename: Dulciana D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Jon P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Casamento
authors.forename: Howard I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Bassen
mesh_terms: D000016:Abnormalities, Radiation-Induced / Q000517:prevention & control; D001822:Body Burden; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D008452:Maximum Allowable Concentration; D008872:Microwaves; D008954:Models, Biological; D011247:Pregnancy; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000379:methods*; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D012637:Security Measures