title: Influence of socio-economic background and antenatal care programmes on maternal mortality in Surabaya, Indonesia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the risk factors, such as socio-economic background, quality of antenatal care and availability of family planning, responsible for high maternal mortality in Surabaya, Indonesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study used a case-control design. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariate analyses were carried out, comparing 59 maternal deaths and 177 women survivors in the referral hospital, from 1996 to 1999.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The risk factors for maternal mortality were: living outside of Surabaya [odds ratio (OR) = 11.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 5.0-29.2], unemployment (OR = 4.4, 95% CI = 1.7-13.8), unavailability of toilet facilities (OR = 2.9, 95% CI = 1.0-7.7), <4 antenatal visits (OR = 2.5, 95% CI = 1.1-5.5) and initial visit to antenatal care facilities after the fourth month of pregnancy (OR = 3.0, 95% CI = 1.3-7.0). There was no significant association between maternal mortality and the availability of family planning.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low socio-economic background and the availability of antenatal care have a significant influence on maternal mortality in Surabaya, Indonesia.
authors.affiliation: International Center for Medical Research, Kobe University School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan. nao925@mpd.biglobe.ne.jp
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Taguchi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawabata
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maekawa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maruo
authors.lastname: Aditiawarman
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dewata
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002423:Cause of Death; D005193:Family Planning Services; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia; D008428:Maternal Mortality; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000592:standards; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014038:Toilet Facilities; D014478:Unemployment