title: Alcohol-containing mouthwash and oropharyngeal cancer: a review of the epidemiology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There has been concern that the use of alcohol-containing mouthwash may increase the risk of developing oropharyngeal cancer, or OPC. The authors examine the epidemiologic literature relating to this issue.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors identified all nine English-language epidemiologic studies of OPC that made reference to mouthwash. The findings and major strengths and limitations of each study are described. In addition, the authors reanalyzed data from one of the studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of six of the studies reviewed are negative and provide no support for the hypothesis that use of alcohol-containing mouthwash increases the risk of OPC. One of the three studies with positive results was a case series and included a follow-up case-control study, the results of which were negative. The authors reanalyzed the study with the most positive results. This analysis found that the study results were just as positive for nonmucosal cancers developing in the mouth as they were for the usual type of OPC. The authors concluded that this study's positive finding resulted from recall bias.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is unlikely that the use of mouthwashes that contain alcohol increases the risk of developing OPC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, The University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294-0022, USA. pcole@uab.edu
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: Brad
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rodu
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mathisen
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects; D015982:Bias; D000431:Ethanol / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009067:Mouthwashes / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009316:National Institutes of Health (U.S.); D009959:Oropharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D009067:Mouthwashes; D000431:Ethanol