title: Genetically modified filamentous phage as bactericidal agents: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the ability of a filamentous phage encoding lethal proteins to kill bacteria without host-cell lysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bacterial survival was determined after infection of a growing Escherichia coli culture with phage M13 encoding either the restriction endonuclease BglII gene or modified phage lambda S holin genes. The genetically engineered phage exerted a high killing efficiency while leaving the cells structurally intact. When compared with a lytic phage, the release of endotoxin was minimized after infection with the genetically modified phages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Genetically engineered phage can be used for efficient killing, concomitantly minimizing endotoxin release.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This feasibility study provides a possible strategy for the use of genetically engineered phage as bactericidal agents by optimizing the advantages and minimizing potential risks such as release of pyrogenic cell wall components.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University Departments at the Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hagens
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bläsi
mesh_terms: D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000628:therapy; D017104:Bacteriophage M13 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D015252:Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific / Q000235:genetics*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000821:virology*; D005818:Genetic Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D006801:Humans; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C108624:S holin, bacteriophage lambda; D014764:Viral Proteins; D015252:Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific; C018492:GCCNNNNNGGC-specific type II deoxyribonucleases