title: First evidence that bone marrow cells contribute to the construction of tissue-engineered vascular autografts in vivo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Materials commonly used to repair complex cardiac defects lack growth potential and have other unwanted side effects. We designed and tested a bone marrow cell (BMC)-seeded biodegradable scaffold that avoids these problems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To demonstrate the contribution of the BMCs to histogenesis, we labeled them with green fluorescence, seeded them onto scaffolds, and implanted them in the inferior vena cava of dogs. The implanted grafts were analyzed immunohistochemically at 3 hours and subsequently at 2, 4, and 8 weeks after implantation using antibodies against endothelial cell lineage markers, endothelium, and smooth muscle cells. There was no stenosis or obstruction caused by the tissue-engineered vascular autografts (TEVAs) implanted into the dogs. Immunohistochemically, the seeded BMCs expressing endothelial cell lineage markers, such as CD34, CD31, Flk-1, and Tie-2, adhered to the scaffold. This was followed by proliferation and differentiation, resulting in expression of endothelial cells markers, such as CD146, factor VIII, and CD31, and smooth muscle cell markers, such as alpha-smooth muscle cell actin, SMemb, SM1, and SM2. Vascular endothelial growth factor and angiopoietin-1 were also produced by cells in TEVAs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide direct evidence that the use of BMCs enables the establishment of TEVAs. These TEVAs are useful for cardiovascular surgery in humans and especially in children, who require biocompatible materials with growth potential, which might reduce the instance of complications caused by incompatible materials and lead to a reduced likelihood of further surgery.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Surgery, The Heart Institute of Japan, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666 Japan. smatumur@hij.twmu.ac.jp
authors.forename: Goki
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Matsumura
authors.forename: Sachiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miyagawa-Tomita
authors.forename: Toshiharu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shin'oka
authors.forename: Yoshito
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ikada
authors.forename: Hiromi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kurosawa
mesh_terms: D020341:Absorbable Implants; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000502:physiology; D016026:Bone Marrow Transplantation; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D004285:Dogs; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000096:biosynthesis; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D006133:Growth Substances