title: Management options for symptomatic hemorrhoids.
abstract: Hemorrhoids remain one of the most common colorectal complaints. They are defined as a pathologic engorgement of the submucosal vascular plexus. Although they are often asymptomatic, hemorrhoids may cause bleeding, prolapse and, less commonly, pain. This review gives an update on various treatment options for symptomatic hemorrhoids, which include conservative treatments, office interventions, and surgical procedures, depending on the individual constellation of symptoms. Objective findings and expectations are also addressed. Recent advances (eg, stapled hemorrhoidectomy and use of alternate energy sources) are emphasized, and treatment under special circumstances (HIV, pregnancy, inflammatory bowel disease, and liver disease) is outlined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Colorectal Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1450 San Pablo Street, Suite 5400, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA. akaiser@surgery.usc.edu
authors.forename: Swarna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Balasubramaniam
authors.forename: Andreas M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kaiser
mesh_terms: D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006484:Hemorrhoids / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control; D017792:Surgical Stapling