title: Office-based treatment of opiate addiction with a sublingual-tablet formulation of buprenorphine and naloxone.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Office-based treatment of opiate addiction with a sublingual-tablet formulation of buprenorphine and naloxone has been proposed, but its efficacy and safety have not been well studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial involving 326 opiate-addicted persons who were assigned to office-based treatment with sublingual tablets consisting of buprenorphine (16 mg) in combination with naloxone (4 mg), buprenorphine alone (16 mg), or placebo given daily for four weeks. The primary outcome measures were the percentage of urine samples negative for opiates and the subjects' self-reported craving for opiates. Safety data were obtained on 461 opiate-addicted persons who participated in an open-label study of buprenorphine and naloxone (at daily doses of up to 24 mg and 6 mg, respectively) and another 11 persons who received this combination only during the trial.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The double-blind trial was terminated early because buprenorphine and naloxone in combination and buprenorphine alone were found to have greater efficacy than placebo. The proportion of urine samples that were negative for opiates was greater in the combined-treatment and buprenorphine groups (17.8 percent and 20.7 percent, respectively) than in the placebo group (5.8 percent, P<0.001 for both comparisons); the active-treatment groups also reported less opiate craving (P<0.001 for both comparisons with placebo). Rates of adverse events were similar in the active-treatment and placebo groups. During the open-label phase, the percentage of urine samples negative for opiates ranged from 35.2 percent to 67.4 percent. Results from the open-label follow-up study indicated that the combined treatment was safe and well tolerated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Buprenorphine and naloxone in combination and buprenorphine alone are safe and reduce the use of opiates and the craving for opiates among opiate-addicted persons who receive these medications in an office-based setting.
authors.affiliation: Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA.
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Fudala
authors.forename: T Peter
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Bridge
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Herbert
authors.forename: William O
authors.initials: WO
authors.lastname: Williford
authors.forename: C Nora
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Raisch
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Casadonte
authors.forename: R Jeffrey
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Goldsmith
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.forename: Usha
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Malkerneker
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: McNicholas
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Renner
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stine
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tusel
mesh_terms: D000286:Administration, Sublingual; D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009270:Naloxone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009294:Narcotics / Q000652:urine; D009819:Office Visits; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009294:Narcotics; D009270:Naloxone; D002047:Buprenorphine