title: Script memory for typical and atypical actions: controls versus patients with severe closed-head injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  When typical and atypical information about a situation is presented, the latter is usually better recognized. This phenomenon is referred to as the 'typicality effect'. It is claimed by most theories that typical and atypical information are mediated by automatic and effortful processes, respectively. Previous studies reported that patients with closed-head injury (CHI) are impaired only on memory tasks that required effortful but not automatic processes. Accordingly, it was hypothesized that these patients would not show the typicality effect when presented with scripts composed of typical and atypical actions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two patients with CHI and 23 matched controls listened to two scripts which consisted of typical and atypical activities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As predicted, the findings of the present study revealed impaired typicality effect for patients with CHI as compared with controls. The advantage of the control group over the CHI group was more pronounced in the recognition of atypical than typical actions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results are discussed in terms of the limited attentional capacity or passive learning strategy, characteristic of memory impairment in patients with CHI.
authors.affiliation: Psychology Department, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel. vakile@mail.biu.ac.il
authors.forename: Eli
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vakil
authors.forename: Tali
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sharot
authors.forename: Mali
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Markowitz
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aberbuch
authors.forename: Zeev
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Groswasser
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D016489:Head Injuries, Closed / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D011581:Psychological Tests; D021641:Recognition, Psychology