title: Expression and secretion of the vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in human placenta and its decrease in fetal growth restriction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) is a member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily and is expressed principally on endothelial cells. The present study was undertaken to compare the expression and secretion of VCAM-1 from normal pregnancies and those complicated by fetal growth restriction (FGR).
  
  
  METHODS
  Placentas from first-trimester (FT) (n = 17), normal term (n = 19), and FGR (n = 16) patients were collected immediately after elective cesarean delivery. VCAM-1 mRNA expression profiles by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, protein levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using explant culture in vitro, and its cellular localization by confocal microscopy were compared between FGR and normal placentas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Functionally active placental explants were used to detect immunoreactive VCAM-1 in conditioned media of all the samples from the three groups. The mean levels of VCAM-1 produced by FT villi were found to be 1.9-, 1.7-, and 1.5-fold higher (P <.02) than term villi at 24, 48, and 72 hours of culture, respectively. Conversely, the respective mean levels of VCAM-1 produced by FGR placental villi were 2.3-, 2.5-, and 2.0-fold lower than levels of the normal term placental villi (P <.05). The secretion profiles of VCAM-1 from FT, term, and FGR villi correlated well with the mRNA levels; the amount secreted in FT villi was twice that of term villi. Moreover, mRNA transcripts from FGR pregnancies showed significantly decreased expression, in conformity with explant results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of VCAM-1 in placental villi and down-regulation of its production at term indicate that VCAM-1 production is specific to developmental stage. The decreased VCAM-1 expression in FGR pregnancy could be attributed to the uteroplacental deficiency that is characteristic of this condition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University Hospital, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rajashekhar
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Loganath
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.forename: Y C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002824:Chorionic Villi; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D046508:Culture Techniques; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000378:metabolism*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D010920:Placenta / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1