title: Reduction of occupational exposure to perchloroethylene and trichloroethylene in metal degreasing over the last 30 years: influences of technology innovation and legislation.
abstract: Occupational exposure to trichloroethylene (TRIC) and perchloroethylene (PERC) in metal degreasing is analyzed by calculating airborne concentrations for a large set of possible exposure scenarios (Scenario-Based Risk Assessment, SceBRA). Different types of degreasing machines ranging from open-top machines used until the 1980s to closed-loop nonvented machines used since the 1990s are investigated; the scope of the study is Germany. Concentrations are calculated for different kinds of releases (emissions from open baths, leakage, release of contaminated air during loading and unloading) with a dynamic two-box model for the near-field and the far-field. The concentration estimates are in good agreement with measured data. The airborne concentrations are compared to maximum workplace concentrations (MAK values). The full set of scenarios shows for which situations MAK values were exceeded and how the transition to newer degreasing machines reduced the occupational exposure by more than one order of magnitude. In addition, numbers of exposed workers are estimated for different years. While more than 25,000 workers in the near-field were exposed to TRIC and PERC in 1985, the number is below 3000 since 1996, which is mainly due to technology changes, rationalization, automatization, and replacement of TRIC and PERC by nonchlorinated solvents.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: von Grote
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hürlimann
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scheringer
authors.forename: Konrad
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hungerbühler
mesh_terms: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000379:methods; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D008669:Metallurgy; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016272:Occupational Health; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013750:Tetrachloroethylene / Q000032:analysis*; D014241:Trichloroethylene / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D014241:Trichloroethylene; D013750:Tetrachloroethylene