title: Phage-based typing scheme for Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg, a causative agent of food poisonings in Canada.
abstract: Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg is perhaps the second most frequent Salmonella serovar isolated from humans and the most common isolated from animals in Canada. This pathogen has shown increasing resistance to antimicrobial agents and mimics the multidrug resistance observed in S. enterica serovar Typhimurium strain DT 104. However, unlike for serovar Typhimurium, a rapid and inexpensive subtyping method has not been available for large-scale surveillance efforts. We developed a phage typing scheme and subtyped 2,523 strains of serovar Heidelberg from outbreaks, sporadic infections, and environmental sources in Canada between January 1991 and December 2000. All strains were sensitive to one or more phages and could be subdivided into 49 phage types. A total of 196 isolates from 13 major outbreaks could be subtyped into six phage types, while 86 strains from family outbreaks were assigned to seven phage types. All strains were typeable, and epidemiologically related strains isolated from patients and implicated foods had identical phage types, antibiograms, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns. Combining PFGE with phage typing increased the discriminatory power of the analysis beyond that of either method alone. We concluded that this phage typing scheme, in conjunction with PFGE, enhances subtyping of serovar Heidelberg strains. Furthermore, this phage typing scheme is a rapid, economical, stable, and reliable epidemiologic tool for tracing the origin of food-borne disease and for the surveillance of sporadic infections.
authors.affiliation: National Laboratory for Enteric Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Health Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Demczuk
authors.forename: Geoff
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Soule
authors.forename: Clifford
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Hans-W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Ackermann
authors.forename: Russell
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Easy
authors.forename: Rasik
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Khakhria
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rodgers
authors.forename: Rafiq
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ahmed
mesh_terms: D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D001434:Bacteriophage Typing / Q000379:methods*; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D006801:Humans; D012478:Salmonella Food Poisoning / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D019779:Salmonella enterica / Q000145:classification* / Q000187:drug effects