title: Effects of reducing dietary protein, methionine, choline, folic acid, and vitamin B12 during the late stages of the egg production cycle on performance and eggshell quality.
abstract: A series of four experiments was conducted to determine whether-shell quality during the late stages of egg production can be improved by using diets that are effective in reducing egg size. The experiments involved dietary manipulation of protein, methionine, choline, folic acid, and vitamin B12. In experiment 1, reducing dietary protein in combination of reducing the dietary methionine and choline or this diet without supplemental folic acid and vitamin B12 resulted in reduced egg weight and improved shell quality. However, egg production also was drastically reduced. In experiment 2, reducing the dietary level of methionine, without adding supplemental choline, folic acid, and vitamin B12 reduced egg size and improved shell quality, but egg production was reduced as well. In this experiment reducing the dietary methionine without supplemental folic acid and vitamin B12 reduced egg size and improved shell quality with no adverse effect on egg production. In experiment 3, reducing the dietary level of methionine and choline or reducing the dietary level of choline, folic acid, and vitamin B12 reduced egg size and improved shell quality without adverse effects on egg production. On the other hand, reducing dietary methionine, folic acid, vitamin B12, and supplemental choline reduced egg weight and improved shell quality but lowered egg production. In experiment 4, reducing dietary methionine together with reducing choline and vitamin B12 reduced egg size and improved shell quality with no adverse effect on egg production. The results of this series of experiments generally indicate that certain manipulations of the combination of methionine, choline, folic acid, and vitamin B12 have the potential to reduce egg weight and improve shell quality without affecting egg production during the latter stages of the egg production cycle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA. kk33@cornell.edu
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Keshavarz
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D002794:Choline / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004528:Egg Shell; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008715:Methionine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010063:Ovum / Q000254:growth & development*; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins; D005492:Folic Acid; D008715:Methionine; D002794:Choline; D014805:Vitamin B 12