title: Cardiovascular malformations in infants of diabetic mothers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the prevalence at live birth and the spectrum of cardiovascular malformations in infants born to diabetic mothers with pre-existing diabetes with that in infants of non-diabetic mothers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study of all live births in the resident population of one health region, with recording of details of the outcome of all pregnancies of women with pre-existing diabetes and of all live born babies with cardiovascular malformations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the six years 1995-2000 there were 192 618 live births in the study population. Cardiovascular malformations were confirmed in 22 of 609 (3.6%) babies with diabetic mothers and in 1417 of 192 009 (0.74%) babies with non-diabetic mothers. The odds ratio for a cardiovascular malformation with maternal diabetes was 5.0 (95% confidence interval 3.3 to 7.8). Combination of these results with previous reports and comparison with the spectrum of cardiovascular malformations in infants of non-diabetic mothers shows a greater than threefold excess of transposition of the great arteries, truncus arteriosus, and tricuspid atresia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pre-existing maternal diabetes is associated with a fivefold increase in risk of cardiovascular malformations. Transposition of the great arteries, truncus arteriosus, and tricuspid atresia are overrepresented to produce a substantial excess of these malformations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. Christopher.Wren@tfh.nuth.northy.nhs.uk
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wren
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Birrell
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hawthorne
mesh_terms: D018376:Cardiovascular Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors