title: Statins increase thrombomodulin expression and function in human endothelial cells by a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism and counteract tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced thrombomodulin downregulation.
abstract: Expression of functionally active thrombomodulin (TM) on the luminal surface of endothelial cells is critical for vascular thromboresistance. TM maintains thrombohemorrhagic homeostasis by forming a complex with thrombin, which subsequently loses its procoagulant properties and instead activates protein C. Acquired deficiency of endothelial TM is of particular pathophysiological significance in sepsis and related disorders. We show here that two different 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins), atorvastatin and simvastatin, strongly increase the expression and functional activity of TM in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, human coronary artery endothelial cells, and EA.hy926 endothelial cells. The increase in endothelial TM conferred by statin was prevented by the addition of mevalonic acid, geranylgeranyl-pyrophosphate, and nitric oxide scavenger, and was mimicked by the addition of a specific inhibitor of geranylgeranyl transferase, as well as by nitric oxide donors. Moreover, statin counteracted tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced downregulation of endothelial cell TM. The increase in endothelial cell TM activity in response to statin constitutes a novel pleiotropic (non-lipid-related) effect of these commonly used compounds, and may be of clinical significance in disorders where deficient endothelial TM and protein C activation play a pathophysiological role.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
authors.forename: Jumei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Junru
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Huaien
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.forename: Dayuan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jawahar L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.forename: Usha
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ponnappan
authors.forename: Pei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Louis M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Fink
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hauer-Jensen
mesh_terms: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000069059:Atorvastatin; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006538:Heptanoic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007700:Kinetics; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D011106:Polyisoprenyl Phosphates / Q000378:metabolism; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000494:pharmacology; D019821:Simvastatin / Q000494:pharmacology; D018180:Thrombomodulin / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D006538:Heptanoic Acids; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D011106:Polyisoprenyl Phosphates; D011758:Pyrroles; D018180:Thrombomodulin; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D000069059:Atorvastatin; D019821:Simvastatin; C002963:geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate