title: Intensive hypermethylation of the CpG island of Ras association domain family 1A in hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinomas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The human Ras association domain family 1A gene (RASSF1A) is a newly isolated tumor suppressor gene. In this study, we analyzed the methylation status of the promoter region of RASSF1A using bisulfite sequencing and PCR-RFLP in four liver cancer cell lines (Hep3B, HepG(2), SK-HEP-1, and Huh-7) and a cohort of 43 hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues and their corresponding nontumor tissue specimens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The methylation of the CpG islands in the RASSF1A promoter was not detected in 4 samples of normal liver tissue or 10 samples of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from normal subjects. However, the CpG islands were completely methylated, and transcription of the RASSF1A was silenced in the four cell lines. Treatment with the DNA methylation inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine reactivated the expression of RASSF1A in the Hep3B and HepG2 cells. In 41 of 43 (95%) HCC specimens studied, the promoter region of RASSF1A was intensively methylated at its CpG sites. Although heterogeneous methylation was also detected in 16 of the 23 (70%) corresponding nontumorous tissues analyzed, the level of methylation was significantly lower than in the corresponding tumor tissues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HCC has the highest incidence of promoter methylation of RASSF1A among all malignancies yet reported suggesting that hypermethylation of the CpG island promoter of RASSF1A may play an important pathological role in this tumor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, China.
authors.forename: Sheng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: Winnie
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yeo
authors.forename: Mandy W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Paul B S
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Phillip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018899:CpG Islands; D019175:DNA Methylation; D005260:Female; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013447:Sulfites / Q000494:pharmacology; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C411762:RASSF1 protein, human; D013447:Sulfites; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; C009279:sodium bisulfite