title: Gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin: an in vitro susceptibility comparison to levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and ofloxacin using bacterial keratitis isolates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We compared the in vitro susceptibility patterns and the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of gatifloxacin (GAT) and moxifloxacin (MOX) (fourth-generation fluoroquinolones) to ciprofloxacin (CIP) and ofloxacin (OFX) (second-generation fluoroquinolones) and levofloxacin (LEV; third-generation fluoroquinolone) using bacterial keratitis isolates. The goal was to determine whether the fourth-generation fluoroquinolones offer any advantages over the second- and third-generation fluoroquinolones.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental laboratory investigation. In contrast to an epidemiologic prevalence study, this study was designed to compare the relative susceptibility of each bacterial group to different fluoroquinolones by deliberate selection of representative isolates that were both susceptible and resistant to second-generation fluoroquinolones.
  
  
  METHODS
  In retrospect, the MICs of 177 bacterial keratitis isolates were determined to CIP, OFX, LEV, GAT, and MOX using E tests. A relative susceptibility analysis was performed for each bacterial group that included separate bacterial groups that were resistant to second-generation fluoroquinolones. The NCCLS susceptibility patterns and the MICs were compared statistically. Comparing MICs, the antibiotic with the lower MICs has greater antibacterial activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For most keratitis isolates, there were no susceptibility differences among the five fluoroquinolones. The fourth-generation fluoroquinolones did, however, demonstrate increased susceptibility for Staphylococcus aureus isolates that were resistant to CIP, LEV and OFX. In general, CIP demonstrated the lowest MICs for gram-negative bacteria. The MICs for fourth-generation fluoroquinolones were statistically lower than the second-generation fluoroquinolones for all gram-positive bacteria tested. Comparing the two fourth-generation fluoroquinolones, MOX demonstrated lower MICs for most gram-positive bacteria, whereas GAT demonstrated lower MICs for most gram-negative bacteria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on in vitro testing, the fourth-generation fluoroquinolones may offer some advantages over those currently available for the treatment of bacterial keratitis. Clinical studies will be required to confirm these results.
authors.affiliation: Charles T. Campbell Ophthalmic Microbiology Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA. kowalskirp@msx.upmc.edu
authors.forename: Regis P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Kowalski
authors.forename: Deepinder K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Dhaliwal
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Karenchak
authors.forename: Eric G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Romanowski
authors.forename: Francis S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Mah
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Ritterband
authors.forename: Y Jerold
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Gordon
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001372:Aza Compounds; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003320:Corneal Ulcer / Q000382:microbiology*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D000077734:Gatifloxacin; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D064704:Levofloxacin; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D000077266:Moxifloxacin; D015242:Ofloxacin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011804:Quinolines
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D001372:Aza Compounds; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D011804:Quinolines; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D064704:Levofloxacin; D015242:Ofloxacin; D000077734:Gatifloxacin; D000077266:Moxifloxacin