title: Tobacco specific nitrosamines and potential reduced exposure products for smokers: a preliminary evaluation of Advance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a method for evaluating the carcinogen delivery of potential reduced exposure products (PREPs) like Advance, a PREP marketed to reduce smokers' exposure to one tobacco specific nitrosamine (TSN), NNK, a potent lung carcinogen.
  
  
  METHODS
  Latin square ordered, three condition, outpatient, crossover design with 12 smokers of light or ultra-light cigarettes (15 or more cigarettes/day). In each five day condition, participants either smoked own brand, Advance, or no cigarettes. Also, on the first and last day of each condition, participants smoked one cigarette in the laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subject rated measures of tobacco/nicotine withdrawal, expired air carbon monoxide, urine concentrations of cotinine and NNAL (one TSN biomarker), puff volume, duration, number, and interpuff interval.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relative to own brand, Advance produced similar withdrawal suppression, slightly lower carbon monoxide, equivalent cotinine, and 51% lower NNAL concentrations. The lowest cotinine and NNAL concentrations were observed in the no cigarette condition. Participants took fewer puffs when smoking Advance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Past experience with PREPs that failed to reduce smoking's harm demonstrates the need for clinical methods in PREP evaluation. This study shows how assessing PREP induced changes in withdrawal and exposure to carbon monoxide, nicotine, and carcinogens may help predict PREP harm reduction potential. Adequate withdrawal suppression, slightly lower concentrations of carbon monoxide, and reduction of one TSN biomarker were observed for Advance. In the future, clinical methods like those described here may be valuable for evaluating PREPs before they are marketed publicly.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Breland
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Acosta
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Eissenberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000097:blood; D003367:Cotinine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009602:Nitrosamines / Q000032:analysis*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D012907:Smoking / Q000378:metabolism*; D014026:Nicotiana
chemical_list: D009602:Nitrosamines; D002248:Carbon Monoxide; D003367:Cotinine