title: Genetic susceptibility to thymic lymphomas and K-ras gene mutation in mice after exposure to X-rays and N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ras activation is one of the major mechanisms for the development of murine thymic lymphomas by radiation and chemical carcinogens. To gain insight into the relationship between genetic susceptibility and ras gene mutation, the frequency and spectrum of ras gene mutation was examined in thymic lymphomas from susceptible and resistant mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  K- and N-ras mutations in thymic lymphomas that arose in X-ray-irradiated and N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)-treated mice of susceptible C57BL/6, rather resistant C3H and their hybrid B6C3F1 were analysed by polymerase chain reaction-single-strand conformation polymorphism and subsequent DNA sequencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  C57BL/6 exhibited a higher incidence of thymic lymphomas after exposure to X-rays and ENU than C3H, with B6C3F1 being intermediate. K-ras gene mutations occurred frequently in the pathogenesis of ENU-induced thymic lymphomas in susceptible C57BL/6 as opposed to resistant C3H. The ras mutations were more frequent in ENU-induced thymic lymphomas than X-ray-induced thymic lymphomas, and with the latter, there was no clear evidence for strain differences, suggesting that the genetic susceptibility to X-rays was independent of ras activation. The mutations of K-ras in thymic lymphomas from C57BL/6 were predominantly GGT to GAT in codon 12, whereas this mutation type was never found in those from C3H. No strain difference was observed in the nucleotide sequence or expression levels of O(6)-alkylguanine alkyltransferase, indicating that this enzyme did not account for the genetic susceptibility to ras activation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that there is a clear strain and carcinogen dependency of K-ras mutation and that the frequency of ras mutation might determine the genetic susceptibility to ENU-induced lymphomagenesis, whereas pathways independent of ras activation might determine the susceptibility to X-ray-induced lymphomagenesis.
authors.affiliation: Low Dose Radiation Effect Project, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan. y_shimad@nirs.go.jp
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kakinuma
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ogiu
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kubo
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nagai
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kobayash
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tano
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yoshinaga
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Bhakat
mesh_terms: D000477:Alkylating Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D017252:CD3 Complex / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015704:CD4 Antigens / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016827:CD8 Antigens / Q000096:biosynthesis; D003062:Codon; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005038:Ethylnitrosourea / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D011905:Genes, ras / Q000235:genetics*; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D015151:Immunoblotting; D008223:Lymphoma / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D009154:Mutation; D019853:O(6)-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010641:Phenotype; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013045:Species Specificity; D013953:Thymus Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D014965:X-Rays
chemical_list: D000477:Alkylating Agents; D017252:CD3 Complex; D015704:CD4 Antigens; D016827:CD8 Antigens; D003062:Codon; D019853:O(6)-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase; D005038:Ethylnitrosourea