title: Butyrate modulates gene and protein expression in human intestinal endothelial cells.
abstract: We hypothesized that sodium butyrate, a product of enteric bacterial fermentation, modulates gene expression in gut microvascular endothelium which plays a central role in mucosal immunity. We examined sodium butyrate's effect on LPS-induced gene and protein expression in primary cultures of human intestinal microvascular endothelial cells. cDNA array analysis revealed that sodium butyrate augmented ICAM-1 mRNA expression, while it inhibited IL-6 and COX-2 expression in response to LPS stimulation. These results were confirmed at the protein level. Prostaglandin E2 production by LPS was also strongly inhibited by butyrate. The pattern of altered gene expression by butyrate was reproduced by the histone deacetylase inhibitor tricostatin A, suggesting that the regulatory mechanism of butyrate on HIMEC gene expression involves histone deacetylase inhibition. IkappaBalpha degradation and NF-kappaB activation were unaffected by butyrate. In addition to effects on epithelium, sodium butyrate modulates the innate mucosal immune response towards LPS through effects on microvascular endothelial function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Digestive Disease Center, Free Radical Research Center, Froedtert Memorial Lutheran Hospital, Milwaukee Veterans Administration Medical Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.forename: Parvaneh
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rafiee
authors.forename: Pamela J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Nathan A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Mary F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Otterson
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Binion
mesh_terms: D002087:Butyrates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007422:Intestines / Q000098:blood supply / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology*; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000166:cytology; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002087:Butyrates; D019040:E-Selectin; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D015850:Interleukin-6; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; C000606204:NFKBIA protein, human; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D015232:Dinoprostone