title: Drug therapy management: an empirical report of drug therapy problems, pharmacists' interventions, and results of pharmacists' actions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the number and types of drug therapy problems identified by pharmacists at six community pharmacies, identify the interventions made by these pharmacists in their attempts to resolve drug therapy problems, and determine the results of the pharmacists' actions taken to resolve drug therapy problems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of patient records from pharmacies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six community pharmacies that had participated in Project ImPACT: Hyperlipidemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred sixteen patients from Project ImPACT: Hyperlipidemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Drug therapy problems, pharmacists' interventions, and results of pharmacists' actions were identified and categorized. Drug therapy problems were classified into seven categories, pharmacists' interventions into six categories, and results were categorized into eight types. Frequencies and descriptive statistics were calculated for the measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 512 initial drug therapy problems were reported for 116 patients in the 6 pharmacies. In addition to the initial interventions, pharmacists documented another 545 times in which they intervened on the original problems. There were 354 (69.1%) drug therapy problems associated with hyperlipidemia and 158 (30.9%) with other conditions. Overall, most common types of drug therapy problems were needs additional therapy (39.8%) and nonadherence to therapy (31.1%). The most common discretionary pharmacist interventions were patient education and physician communication, which occurred on average 4.63 and 3.30 times during the project period. The most common consequence of a pharmacist intervention was an increase in patient adherence, which was reported for almost half of the patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Drug therapy management (DTM) for patients with dyslipidemias identified frequent drug therapy problems associated with both hyperlipidemia and other conditions. Pharmacists used interventions that included laboratory testing, patient monitoring, patient education, and physician communication to influence patient adherence and optimize drug therapy. Although further research is needed, the findings of this analysis are promising for the more widespread adoption of a DTM role by community pharmacists.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA. randal-mcdonough@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Randal P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: McDonough
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Doucette
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004358:Drug Therapy; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D010593:Pharmaceutical Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010594:Pharmacies / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016312:Treatment Refusal