title: Transpupillary diode laser retinopexy in dogs: ophthalmoscopic, fluorescein angiographic and histopathologic study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the ophthalmoscopic, fluorescein angiographic and light microscopic effects of diode laser retinopexy application in the tapetal and nontapetal fundus in the dog, and to ascertain appropriate laser power settings for production of photocoagulative lesions in these two regions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three adult female Beagle dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Laser burns were applied to selected areas in the fundus with an indirect headset delivery system using settings varying from 100 to 200 milliWatts (mW) and from 100 to 600 milliSeconds (mS) with total delivered energy ranging between 15 and 100 milliJoules (mJ). The dogs were then monitored by ophthalmoscopic examination and fluorescein angiography at regular intervals for 7-28 days. Histopathologic studies were performed at 7, 14 and 28 days after laser application.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The diode laser produced ophthalmoscopically visible lesions in the nontapetal fundus with all laser settings used, and the appearance of these lesions corresponded to the energy levels used, and degree of pigment in the lased region. Gray-white colored lesions with minimal subsensory retinal edema were seen with settings as low as 100 mWatts/150 mSeconds. In the tapetal fundus, laser burns were more difficult to produce, less repeatable, and required higher energy levels. Laser burns appeared as bronze, dark green or black discolorations of the tapetum with varying degrees of subsensory retinal edema. Lesions were more reproducible and were achieved with lower settings in the tapetal area of the tapetal/nontapetal junction. Ophthalmoscopically, depigmentation and repigmentation of the RPE (nontapetal fundus) and degenerative changes in the overlying retina (tapetal fundus) developed in the laser burns over the 28-day study period. Fluorescein angiographic studies showed disruption of the blood-retinal barrier at the level of the RPE and fluorescein leakage into the subsensory retinal space was seen in most lesions at 24 h, was minimal at 3 days, and had resolved by 7 days. Histologically, grayish-white lesions in the nontapetal fundus, and bronze to small black lesions in the tapetal fundus were typically characterized by outer retinal necrosis and RPE migration. Gliosis was considered minimal, was confined to the retina, and no inflammatory cells were seen. Peripheral intense white lesions (nontapetum) and lesions with a black center (tapetal fundus) were characterized by more extensive panretinal and choroidal necrosis. Most of the nontapetal lesions and a few in the tapetal fundus showed the formation of a central retinal detachment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The diode laser effectively produces lesions suitable for retinopexy in both the nontapetal, pigmented fundus and the tapetal fundus, although variably so in the latter region. Initial laser settings of 100-150 mW/200 mS for the pigmented fundus, and 150 mW/200-300 mS for the peripheral tapetal fundus are recommended, and the clinician should gradually increase time interval settings to achieve a grayish-white lesion in the nontapetum, and a bronze to slightly black lesion in the tapetal fundus. If possible, retinopexy should be applied to the peripheral tapetal area or tapetal/nontapetal junction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA. stefano_pizzirani@ncsu.edu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pizzirani
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Gilger
mesh_terms: D000792:Angiography / Q000662:veterinary; D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005260:Female; D017075:Laser Coagulation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000662:veterinary*; D008853:Microscopy / Q000662:veterinary; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy / Q000662:veterinary; D012160:Retina / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects*