title: Schirmer tear test results in normal horses and ponies: effect of age, season, environment, sex, time of day and placement of strips.
abstract: Tear production was evaluated in 39 horses and 29 ponies using Schirmer tear test strips to determine whether diurnal or weekly fluctuations occur, whether location of strip placement has an effect, if values are the same for both eyes in an animal and whether sex, age, stabling vs. pasture and winter vs. summer had an effect. There was no test in which the raw score was less than 10 mm, although there were many occasions where tear wetting exceeded 35 mm. Analysis of the raw (continuous) scores by linear regression provided no evidence that signalment, housing or season or location of strip placement affected results. The distribution of tear test scores for a 'population' of eyes did not differ when the right eye was compared with the left eye or when the same eye was compared at different times on the same day. Individual test wetting values for opposing eyes measured at the same time, and also wetting values for the same eye measured at different times on the same day sometimes differed substantially. In winter maximum tear wetting exceeded 35 mm more frequently in the STT I than in the STT II even in housed horses and ponies, but there was no consistent significant difference. There appears to be wide variability in the STT I in normal horses and ponies.
authors.affiliation: Section of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center, Kennett Sq., PA, USA. jbeech3085@vet.upenn.edu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Beech
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Zappala
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lindborg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D006736:Horses / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D011934:Reagent Strips; D012016:Reference Values; D012621:Seasons; D013666:Tears / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D011934:Reagent Strips