title: Clinical features of bipolar disorder with and without comorbid diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several papers have reported higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) type 2 in patients suffering from bipolar disorder (BD). The possible links between these 2 disorders include treatment, lifestyle, alterations in signal transduction, and possibly, a genetic link. To study this relation more closely, we investigated whether there are any differences in the clinical characteristics of BD patients with and without DM.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared the clinical data of 26 diabetic and 196 nondiabetic subjects from The Maritime Bipolar Registry. Subjects were aged 15 to 82 years, with psychiatric diagnoses of BD I (n = 151), BD II (n = 65), and BD not otherwise specified (n = 6). The registry included basic demographic data and details on the clinical course of bipolar illness, its treatment, and physical comorbidity. In a subsequent analysis using logistic regression, we examined the variables showing differences between groups, with diabetes as an outcome variable.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of DM in our sample was 11.7% (n = 26). Diabetic patients were significantly older than nondiabetic patients (P < 0.001), had higher rates of rapid cycling (P = 0.02) and chronic course of BD (P = 0.006), scored lower on the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (P = 0.01), were more often on disability for BD (P < 0.001), and had higher body mass index (P < 0.001) and increased frequency of hypertension (P = 0.003). Lifetime history of treatment with antipsychotics was not significantly associated with an elevated risk of diabetes (P = 0.16); however, the data showed a trend toward more frequent use of antipsychotic medication among diabetic subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that the diagnosis of DM in BD patients is relevant for their prognosis and outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, 5909 Jubilee Road, Halifax, NS B3H 2E2. mruzicko@dal.ca
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruzickova
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Slaney
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Garnham
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alda
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012042:Registries; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors