title: Flap monitoring after head and neck reconstruction: evaluating an observation protocol.
abstract: This study evaluated the postoperative free-flap monitoring frequency protocol used in a maxillofacial unit for patients receiving free-tissue transfer for reconstruction following orofacial cancer. All free-tissue transfers undertaken in the unit between January 1992 and October 1998 were reviewed retrospectively. Of the 370 patients evaluated, 46 returned to theatre with compromised free flaps. The compromise was purely venous in origin in 37 of these cases, arterial in three and due to a combination of arterial and venous problems in six. Thirty-five of the flaps were successfully salvaged. On average, the clinical manifestation of the problem occurred 25.5 hours postoperatively. However, there was a significant time difference between flaps that were salvaged successfully and those that were not: in the salvaged group the compromise was identified 17.5 hours postsurgery compared with 51 hours for the unsuccessful group. The timing of the return to theatre following the identification of the compromise was a significant factor in the success rate: 71 minutes for those salvaged and 103 minutes for those not salvaged. It is recommended that flaps are monitored hourly for the first 72 postoperative hours and observations recorded on a chart.
authors.affiliation: Practice Development Unit, Regional Services for Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Devine
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Potter
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Magennis
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Vaughan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods* / Q000451:nursing; D009730:Nursing Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D015403:Nursing Evaluation Research; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000379:methods* / Q000451:nursing*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016879:Salvage Therapy; D012881:Skin Temperature; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000009:adverse effects; D013997:Time Factors; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler; D014654:Vascular Patency