Genetic and cellular basis for acetylcholine inhibition of Caenorhabditis elegans egg-laying behavior.
Egg-laying behavior in Caenorhabditis elegans is activated by signaling through the G-protein G(rho)q and inhibited by signaling through a second G-protein, G(rho)o. Activation of egg laying depends on the serotonergic hermaphrodite-specific neurons (HSNs), but the neurotransmitter(s) and cell(s) that signal to inhibit egg laying are not known. Mutants for G-protein signaling genes have well characterized defects in egg laying. Here we present an analysis of mutants for other genes reported to lack inhibition of egg laying. Of the nine strongest, six have morphological defects in the ventral-type C (VC) neurons, which synapse onto both the HSNs and the egg-laying muscles and are thus the third cell type comprising the egg-laying system. Laser-ablating VC neurons could also disrupt the inhibition of egg laying. The remaining three mutants (unc-4, cha-1, and unc-17) are defective for synthesis or packaging of acetylcholine in the VCs. The egg-laying defects of unc-4, cha-1, and unc-17 were rescued by VC-specific expression of the corresponding cDNAs. In addition, increasing synaptic acetylcholine by reducing acetylcholinesterase activity, with either mutations or the inhibitor aldicarb, decreased egg laying. Finally, we found that a knock-out for the HSN-expressed receptor G-protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor 2 (GAR-2) shows a partial defect in the inhibition of egg laying and fails to respond to aldicarb. Our results show that acetylcholine released from the VC neurons inhibits egg-laying behavior. This inhibition may be caused, in part, by acetylcholine signaling onto the HSN presynaptic terminals, via GAR-2, to inhibit neurotransmitter release.
Bany
I Amy
IA
Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8024, USA.
Dong
Meng-Qiu
MQ
Koelle
Michael R
MR
D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000494:pharmacology; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D009154:Mutation; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D010058:Oviposition / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D010641:Phenotype; D011950:Receptors, Cholinergic / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D013569:Synapses / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D018076:DNA, Complementary; C415370:G protein-linked acetylcholine receptor 2; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011950:Receptors, Cholinergic; C073171:unc-4 protein, C elegans; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins; D000109:Acetylcholine