title: Cost-effectiveness of alternative approaches in the management of dyspepsia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the cost-effectiveness of alternative initial strategies in the management of uninvestigated dyspepsia in adult patients presenting to a primary care physician in Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical decision-making was modeled based on outcomes data from the literature and expert opinion. Costs were obtained from official reimbursement lists, and a detailed microcosting analysis of a gastroscopy. Costs were analysed over a one-year period after initial presentation, including consideration of a single relapse of symptoms. The main outcome was a symptomatic cure. The seven management strategies based on different initial tests were endoscopy, double-contrast barium meal, empirical eradication therapy, empirical antisecretory treatment, urea breath test (UBT), laboratory serology, and sequential testing (laboratory serology followed, if Helicobacter pylori positive, by UBT).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In patients under age 45, endoscopy, double-contrast barium meal, and sequential testing were not cost-effective approaches. UBT was the most effective and most costly strategy costing 8,238 dollars per additional patient cure compared with laboratory serology. In patients over age 45, UBT was again the most effective and most costly strategy, but endoscopy was the most reliable in detecting gastric cancers. Clinical variables that impacted these findings were the probability of symptomatic relapse in patients with nonulcer dyspepsia (NUD) after successful versus failed H. pylori eradication, the probability of finding a duodenal ulcer (DU) in a young dyspeptic patient, the specificity of UBT, and the prevalence of H. pylori in patients with DU.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A "test-and-treat" approach was favored, with UBT being the most effective but most costly initial test in adult dyspeptics under age 45. The choice of the most cost-effective approach is dependent on the benefits of H. pylori eradication in patients with NUD. In patients over age 45, UBT is the most effective and most costly, but endoscopy results in the early detection of most gastric cancers.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Nicholaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Makris
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barkun
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Crott
authors.forename: Carlo A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Fallone
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D004415:Dyspepsia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D006801:Humans; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D012008:Recurrence; D013673:Technology Assessment, Biomedical / Q000191:economics*; D016896:Treatment Outcome