title: HPLC analysis of pheomelanin degradation products in human urine.
abstract: A sensitive and specific high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed to quantify 4-amino-3-hydroxyphenylalanine (4-AHP) and 3-amino-4-hydroxyphenylalanine (3-AHP) in urine. In degradation studies of melanin pigment, 4-AHP and 3-AHP are derived from benzothiazine units of pheomelanin and pheomelanin-related metabolites such as trichochromes. 5-S-Cysteinyldopa-derived benzothiazine products give 4-AHP while 2-S-cysteinyldopa-derived benzothiazine products give 3-AHP. 3-AHP is also derived from nitrotyrosine formed by nitration of tyrosine with reactive nitrogen species. For this reason, the influence of this biological process on the amount of 3-AHP found in biological material have been investigated. The method is based on hydriodic acid hydrolysis of the melanin polymer and reversed-phase HPLC with electrochemical detection of the degradation products 4-AHP and 3-AHP. The mobile phase consists of 25 mM ammonium acetate and sodium octanesulfonate as an ion-pairing reagent. The 4-AHP and 3-AHP peaks were well separated and the detector response was linear within the range 0-2 ng injected for both compounds. With the developed chromatographic system, 4-AHP and 3-AHP showed good separation in the biological samples. There was a strong correlation between 4-AHP and 3-AHP in the urine of 50 malignant melanoma patients and two healthy subjects (R0.977). The two compounds were also strongly correlated with 5-S-cysteinyldopa in urine, the correlation coefficients being 0.862 and 0.907, respectively. The method described is sensitive enough for analysis of pheomelanin in urine and in several other biological samples. The results indicate that 3-AHP in urine is not influenced by excreted 3-nitrotyrosine and the data indicate that pheomelanins are excreted in the urine of melanoma patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Akihiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takasaki
authors.forename: Dzeneta
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nezirević
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Arstrand
authors.forename: Kazumasa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wakamatsu
authors.forename: Shosuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Bertil
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kågedal
mesh_terms: D000143:Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D003548:Cysteinyldopa / Q000652:urine; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D006868:Hydrolysis; D017613:Iodine Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D007536:Isomerism; D008543:Melanins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008545:Melanoma / Q000652:urine*; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D000143:Acids; D017613:Iodine Compounds; D008543:Melanins; C018362:pheomelanin; D003548:Cysteinyldopa; C019253:3-aminotyrosine; D014443:Tyrosine; C010466:hydroiodic acid; C071227:4-amino-3-hydroxyphenylalanine