title: Bacterial infections after intestine and multivisceral transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The frequency of bacterial infections (BI) in intestinal transplant (IT) patients is high with sepsis being the leading cause of death after this procedure. We herein report our experience with major BI to ascertain the incidence, microbiological and clinical factors, risk factors and outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  124 patients (72 children and 52 adults) received 135 grafts: namely, 39 isolated intestine, 33 liver-intestine and 63 multivisceral. Only major BI were considered, namely, those associated with serious morbidity/mortality requiring specific therapy. Patient data were retrieved from computerized databases, flow-charts, and medical records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  92.7% patients showed BI. There were 327 episodes, representing 2.6 episodes/patient (2.8/patients with infection): 193 episodes of bacteremia (1.7/patient with BI) including 29.5% due to catheter related sepsis, 16.5% from abdominal source, 5.7% from respiratory origin and 4.1% from the wound. The organ locations includes 46 respiratory infections, 33 intraabdominal abscesses or infected fluid collections, 8 diffuse peritonitis, 34 wound infections and other miscellaneous sites: empyema, soft tissue infections, cholangitis em leader etc. Median time of infection was nine days after surgery (mean 22+/-3 days), with 67.7% patients having at least one BI before the end of the first month. Infection was present in 76.2% of the 63 deceased patients. An infectious episode during month 1, a clinically manifest abdominal infection and a positive intraabdominal culture had negative impacts on patient survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BI are common and early complications after IT. The high rate of bacteremia, line sepsis and abdominal and respiratory infections reflect the recipient's condition, with chronic deterioration superimposed with the effects of prolonged abdominal visceral surgery.
authors.affiliation: Division of Transplantation, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Loinaz
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nishida
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Weppler
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Levi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dowdy
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Madariaga
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Nery
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vianna
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mittal
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tzakis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002423:Cause of Death; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007422:Intestines / Q000637:transplantation*; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000382:microbiology*; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018805:Sepsis / Q000401:mortality; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000453:epidemiology; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014781:Viscera / Q000637:transplantation*