title: Could tourist boots act as vectors for disease transmission in Antarctica?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Over the last decade there has been a rapid increase in the number of visitors landing at wildlife sites on the Antarctic continent, and concern has been raised that tourists may transmit important pathogens to or between wildlife colonies. The aim of this study was to determine if tourist activities pose a potential threat to Antarctic wildlife, or possibly to human populations through carriage of pathogens on boots.
  
  
  METHODS
  In two trips conducted to Antarctica in the summer season of 2000/2001, swabs were collected from tourist boots: prior to landing, to determine baseline level of bacterial flora on the boots (A isolates); immediately on return to the ship, to quantify the level of contamination (B isolates); and after the boots were washed in seawater to determine the recovery of the organisms after cleaning (C isolates). Swabs were cultured for coliforms, and isolates identified using the API system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty organisms resembling coliforms were isolated from 15 of 72 pairs of boots. Two isolates were recovered from group A, 4 from group B, and 14 from group C. Of these 20 isolates, 11 could be identified using the API identification method. The remaining 9 isolates all produced an unknown but identical profile number.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that current practices for cleaning the boots of tourists visiting Antarctic wildlife colonies may not be sufficient to prevent the transmission of pathogens, and indicate that further studies are needed to define the best method of disinfection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Fremantle Hospital, Fremantle, Western Australia.
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Curry
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: McCarthy
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Darragh
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Wake
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Todhunter
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Terris
mesh_terms: D000864:Antarctic Regions; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D003140:Communicable Disease Control / Q000379:methods*; D004203:Disinfection; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D012775:Shoes; D014195:Travel