title: A novel WRKY transcription factor, SUSIBA2, participates in sugar signaling in barley by binding to the sugar-responsive elements of the iso1 promoter.
abstract: SURE (sugar responsive) is a cis element in plant sugar signaling. The SURE element was reported first for potato, in which it confers sugar responsiveness to the patatin promoter. A SURE binding transcription factor has not been isolated. We have isolated a transcription factor cDNA from barley and purified the corresponding protein. The transcription factor, SUSIBA2 (sugar signaling in barley), belongs to the WRKY proteins and was shown to bind to SURE and W-box elements but not to the SP8a element in the iso1 promoter. Nuclear localization of SUSIBA2 was demonstrated in a transient assay system with a SUSIBA2:green fluorescent protein fusion protein. Exploiting the novel transcription factor oligodeoxynucleotide decoy strategy with transformed barley endosperm provided experimental evidence for the importance of the SURE elements in iso1 transcription. Antibodies against SUSIBA2 were produced, and the expression pattern for susiba2 was determined at the RNA and protein levels. It was found that susiba2 is expressed in endosperm but not in leaves. Transcription of susiba2 is sugar inducible, and ectopic susiba2 expression was obtained in sugar-treated leaves. Likewise, binding to SURE elements was observed for nuclear extracts from sugar-treated but not from control barley leaves. The temporal expression of susiba2 in barley endosperm followed that of iso1 and endogenous sucrose levels, with a peak at approximately 12 days after pollination. Our data indicate that SUSIBA2 binds to the SURE elements in the barley iso1 promoter as an activator. Furthermore, they show that SUSIBA2 is a regulatory transcription factor in starch synthesis and demonstrate the involvement of a WRKY protein in carbohydrate anabolism. Orthologs to SUSIBA2 were isolated from rice and wheat endosperm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology and Forestry Genetics, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Chuanxin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Palmqvist
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Olsson
authors.forename: Mats
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Borén
authors.forename: Staffan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahlandsberg
authors.forename: Christer
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jansson
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000187:drug effects; D001467:Hordeum / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D019913:Nuclear Localization Signals / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012275:Oryza / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D011485:Protein Binding; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D020218:Response Elements / Q000235:genetics*; D012639:Seeds / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D020539:Sequence Analysis, Protein; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics; D013395:Sucrose / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014908:Triticum / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002241:Carbohydrates; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D019913:Nuclear Localization Signals; D010940:Plant Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C090109:SPF1 protein, plant; D014157:Transcription Factors; D013395:Sucrose