title: Predictors of depressive symptoms in older people--a survey of two general practice populations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies have shown strong associations between disability, social support and depressive symptoms in older people; but socio-economic effects are less clear and little is known about the role of health locus of control.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the roles of physical health, disability, social support, socio-economic factors and health locus of control as predictors of depressive symptoms in older people.
  
  
  METHODS
  A postal survey of patients aged >/= 65 years from two London practices. Outcome measure was a score of > 5 on the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale. Associations with other factors were examined using logistic regression and expressed as odds ratios.
  
  
  RESULTS
  70.4% (1602/2276) responded and provided Geriatric Depression Score 15 data, with 23.8% (381/1602) scoring > 5. After adjusting for age, sex and practice, high depression scores were associated with: (i) physical health and disability [e.g. severe versus no disability odds ratio 26.9 (15.7-46.2)]; (ii) social support [e.g. dissatisfaction with support odds ratio 4.2 (3.2-5.6)]; (iii) socio-economic [e.g. no occupational pension odds ratio 1.9 (1.5-2.4)]; (iv) health locus of control [e.g. internality 0.6 (0.6-0.7)]. After adjusting for disability, associations with general measures of physical health were reduced but still significant, while associations with social support, socio-economic factors, and health locus of control were unaffected. All four groups of factors were included in a final model for predicting depressive symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Disability, physical health, social support, socio-economic factors, and health locus of control were all independent depression score predictors in this study. This has implications for measures to reduce depressive symptoms in older people.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice and Primary Care, St George's Hospital Medical School, Tooting, London, UK. tharris@sghms.ac.uk
authors.forename: Tess
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Derek G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Victor
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rink
authors.forename: Anthony H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: Sunil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: DeWilde
authors.forename: Carole
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Beighton
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged / Q000523:psychology*; D000375:Aging; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology*; D006233:Persons with Disabilities; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008131:London; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012944:Social Support; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires