title: An evaluation of nebulized levalbuterol in stable COPD.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Levalbuterol, the R-isomer of albuterol, has advantages over racemic albuterol in asthma; however, the effectiveness of this beta-agonist in COPD has received little attention.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effectiveness of a single dose of nebulized levalbuterol in COPD.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial comparing nebulized levalbuterol to racemic albuterol, combined racemic albuterol and ipratropium, and placebo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty patients with stable COPD (FEV(1) between 45% and 70% of predicted) were studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  After withholding usual bronchodilator medications for appropriate washout periods, patients were randomized on separate visits to receive single doses of each the following nebulized bronchodilator medications: (1) levalbuterol, 1.25 mg; (2) racemic albuterol, 2.5 mg; (3) combined racemic albuterol, 2.5 mg, and ipratropium, 0.5 mg; or (4) placebo. FEV(1), FVC, pulse rate, and oxygen saturation were measured at baseline, 0.5 h following nebulization, and hourly for 6 h. Hand tremor, using a 7-point scale, was measured at baseline, 0.5 h, 1 h, and 2 h. Treatment-placebo differences were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance and least-squares means.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age (+/- SD) of patients was 69 +/- 15 years. Mean FEV(1) was 1.15 +/- 0.49 L. By 0.5 h following study drug administration, all three nebulized bronchodilator treatments led to similar, significant improvements in FEV(1) compared to placebo. These effects persisted at 1 h and 2 h for all three treatments; however, by 3 h, only the combined albuterol/ipratropium group had a mean change in FEV(1) significantly greater than placebo. There were no significant differences between bronchodilator groups at any time period. A mild increase in pulse rate was observed in all treatment groups. There were no significant treatment-placebo differences in oxygen saturation or hand tremor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For single-dose, as-needed use in COPD, there appears to be no advantage in using levalbuterol over conventional nebulized bronchodilators.
authors.affiliation: Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, St. Francis Hospital & Medical Center, 114 Woodland Street, Hartford, CT 06105, USA.
authors.forename: Debapriya
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Datta
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vitale
authors.forename: Bimalin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lahiri
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: ZuWallack
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000368:Aged; D000420:Albuterol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D009241:Ipratropium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010092:Oximetry; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019998:Racemases and Epimerases; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014797:Vital Capacity / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D019998:Racemases and Epimerases; D009241:Ipratropium; D000420:Albuterol