title: Profiling the steroidogenic pathway in human fetal and adult adrenals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gene expression clearly underlies the marked structural and functional differences between the human fetal adrenal (HFA) and adult adrenal. We thus measured expression of steroidogenic enzymes and associated cofactors in these tissues.
  
  
  METHODS
  Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify transcripts encoding steroidogenic enzymes and the cofactors steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), cytochrome b5 (CYb5), and P450 oxidoreductase (POR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cholesterol side-chain cleavage mRNA levels were 1.9-fold higher in the HFA than in the adult adrenal. Compared with a nonsignificant difference in 17alpha-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase mRNA abundance, CYb5 and POR were expressed 2.3-fold and 2.0-fold higher, respectively, in the HFA. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) sulfotransferase transcript (SULT2A1) was present at 13-fold higher levels in the HFA than the adult. 3beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type II (HSD3B2) mRNA was 127-fold higher in the adult adrenal. StAR, 21-hydroxylase, 11beta hydroxylase, and aldosterone synthase mRNA abundance did not differ significantly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the HFA, increased mRNA for cholesterol side-chain cleavage reflects high cholesterol utilization for steroidogenesis. Both CYb5 and POR cofactors may up-regulate 17alpha-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase activity and thus DHEA sulfate production in the HFA. High levels of SULT2A1 mRNA reflect high DHEA sulfonation in the HFA and restricted expression in the adult. Lack of HSD3B2 in the HFA facilitates DHEA synthesis. The novel finding of high levels of 21-hydroxylase and 11beta hydroxylase transcripts in the midgestational HFA merits further investigation. Thus different patterns of steroidogenic enzyme and cofactor gene expression might account for some of the phenotypic differences between the fetal and adult adrenal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9032, USA.
authors.forename: Khurram S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Rehman
authors.forename: Bruce R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Rainey
mesh_terms: D015096:3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases / Q000235:genetics; D000311:Adrenal Glands / Q000737:chemistry / Q000196:embryology* / Q000254:growth & development*; D002786:Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme / Q000235:genetics; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000235:genetics; D015786:Cytochromes b5 / Q000235:genetics; D003687:Dehydroepiandrosterone / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D013252:Steroid 11-beta-Hydroxylase / Q000235:genetics; D013255:Steroid 21-Hydroxylase / Q000235:genetics; D013256:Steroids / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D015238:Sulfotransferases / Q000235:genetics; D000098682:Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein
chemical_list: D010750:Phosphoproteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D013256:Steroids; D000098682:Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein; D003687:Dehydroepiandrosterone; D015786:Cytochromes b5; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D015096:3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases; D013255:Steroid 21-Hydroxylase; D013252:Steroid 11-beta-Hydroxylase; D002786:Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme; D015238:Sulfotransferases; C019998:dehydroepiandrosterone sulfotransferase; C028152:alcohol sulfotransferase