title: Prosthetic mitral valve thrombosis: can fluoroscopy predict the efficacy of thrombolytic treatment?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thrombolysis (T) is an effective therapy for prosthetic valve thrombosis (PVT). Debate still exists as to which clinical or noninvasive finding best predict the result of T. The aim of the study was to investigate the role of fluoroscopy (F) to predict efficacy of T in pts with mitral PVT.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated 17 consecutive pts with bileaflet mitral PVT. F criteria for PVT were: abnormal disc motion and calculated opening angle >25 degrees. T was carried out with tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA; 100 mg over 3 hours followed by heparin infusion for 24 hours) and was considered successful when normalization of leaflet motion and opening angle occurred. Results were evaluated according to symptom duration (<21 days, early PVT; >21 days, late PVT) and to F pattern of PVT (blocked leaflet versus hypomobile leaflet).
  
  
  RESULTS
  F showed disc motion alteration in 24 of 34 leaflets: 8 leaflets were blocked, whereas 16 were hypomobile. Early (12.7+/-6.1 days, range 3-21) and late (113+/-114 days, range 28-365) PVT was present in 8 and 7 pts, respectively. Thrombolysis was successful in 20 of 24 leaflets. Blocked leaflet fully recovered only in early PVT (n=4) pts, whereas they remained blocked in late PVT (n=4). On the contrary, in all of the cases with hypomobile leaflet, disc motion normalized regardless duration of symptoms and extent of disc motion reduction. Interestingly, 4 leaflets with late PVT was diagnosed as blocked by trans-thoracic (TTE). F showed a residual disc movement in all: they fully recovered after T. Two pts with late PVT had both leaflets affected (1 blocked +1 hypomobile); although blocked leaflet did not respond to T, the normalization of hypomobile significantly improved clinical condition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  F can predict result of T in mitral PVT. PVT with F evidence of hypomobile leaflet always recovers regardless of symptom duration and extent of disc motion reduction, suggesting that the small amount of thrombus needed to interfere with discs motion in bileaflet prostheses remains sensitive to T even after a long time. PVT with F evidence of blocked leaflet has a favorable response to T only in case of early PVT. Late PVT with blocked leaflet does not respond to T, suggesting a larger and stratified thrombus and the coexistence of pannus and, in our series, always required surgery. However, if a hypomobile leaflet coexists, T may be used to restore normal movement of hypomobile leaflet so that to improve patient clinical and hemodynamic condition before operation.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cardiology University of Milan, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Italy. piero.montorsi@unimi.it
authors.forename: Piero
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Montorsi
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cavoretto
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alimento
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muratori
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pepi
mesh_terms: D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D011312:Pressure; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome