title: Effects of braiding on tensile properties of four-strand human hamstring tendon grafts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is commonly performed with autogenous hamstring tendon grafts.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To ascertain the effects of braiding on ultimate tensile strength and stiffness of hamstring tendon graft.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled laboratory study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen fresh-frozen semitendinosus and gracilis tendons were harvested from eight matched (right and left) human cadaveric specimens. Both sets of hamstring tendons from each matched pair were doubled, creating a four-strand graft. Grafts were then randomized so that one graft from each matched pair was braided and the other remained unbraided. The diameter of each graft construct was recorded. Grafts were tested to failure on a materials testing machine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences in cross-sectional area before or after braiding. Fifteen of 16 tendons failed midsubstance; 1 failed at the lower clamp. Braiding reduced the initial tensile strength and stiffness of human hamstring tendon grafts in this study by 35.0% and 45.8%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Braiding may place the collagen fibers in a suboptimal orientation for loading that results in a weaker graft. We do not recommend the use of braiding if the strongest, stiffest initial graft is desired.
authors.affiliation: Steadman Hawkins Sports Medicine Foundation, Vail, Colorado. Harvard Medical School, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Millett
authors.forename: Bruce S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Close
authors.forename: William I
authors.initials: WI
authors.lastname: Sterett
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Hawkins
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000601:surgery*; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D002102:Cadaver; D003094:Collagen; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D013710:Tendons / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000637:transplantation*; D013718:Tensile Strength; D016474:Weight-Bearing
chemical_list: D003094:Collagen