title: Inhibition of the cardiac angiogenic response to surgical FGF-2 therapy in a Swine endothelial dysfunction model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Discrepancy exists between the potent effects of therapeutic angiogenesis in laboratory animals and the marginal results observed in patients with advanced coronary artery disease. In vitro and small animal data suggest that angiogenesis may depend on locally available nitric oxide (NO), but the impact of endothelial dysfunction on therapeutic angiogenesis in the myocardium has been unclear. We compared the effects of clinically applicable angiogenesis methods in swine in which endothelial dysfunction was experimentally induced to that observed in normal swine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Miniswine were fed either a regular (N=13) or hypercholesterolemic diet (N=13) for 20 weeks. Hypercholesterolemic swine showed coronary endothelial dysfunction on videomicroscopy. Animals from both groups received 100 microg of perivascular sustained-release fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 in the lateral myocardial territory, previously made ischemic by placement of an ameroid constrictor around the circumflex artery. After 4 weeks of FGF-2 therapy, lateral myocardial perfusion was significantly lower in hypercholesterolemic than in normocholesterolemic swine, both at rest and during pacing (0.44+/-0.04 versus 0.81+/-0.15 mL/min/g at rest, respectively; P=0.006; and 0.50+/-0.06 versus 0.71+/-0.10 mL/min/g during pacing; P=0.02). Hypercholesterolemic swine showed no net increase in perfusion from FGF-2 treatment. Endothelial cell density and FGF receptor-1 expression were significantly lower in the lateral territory of hypercholesterolemic versus normocholesterolemic animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cardiac angiogenic response to FGF-2 treatment using clinically applicable methods was markedly inhibited in hypercholesterolemic swine with coronary endothelial dysfunction. These findings suggest that coronary endothelial dysfunction is major obstacle to the efficacy of clinical angiogenesis protocols and constitutes a target toward making angiogenesis more effective in patients with advanced coronary disease.
authors.affiliation: Center for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruel
authors.forename: Gui Fu
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Tanveer A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Voisine
authors.forename: Cesario
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bianchi
authors.forename: Jianyi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Roger J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Laham
authors.forename: Frank W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Sellke
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002196:Capillaries / Q000166:cytology; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051496:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1; D017468:Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine; D013908:Thoracotomy; D014664:Vasodilation
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017468:Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D051496:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1