title: Blood lead levels and gamma-glutamyl transferase activity in battery factory workers in Jordan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to investigate blood lead levels in workers of lead acid battery factories and the relationship between those levels and the activity of y-glutamyl transferase (y-GT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Samples of blood were collected during the period from July 2001 to August 2001 from 95 workers of the 2 lead-acid battery factories in Amman, Jordan. They were categorized into 2 groups based on the nature of their work: direct (high exposure) and indirect contact (low exposure) groups. Lead concentration in whole venous blood and y-GT activity was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean blood lead levels were 51.4 +/- 1.8 and 23.9 +/- 3.8 ug/dl for both direct and indirect groups. y-Glutamyl transferase mean activity was found to be 29.2 +/- 2.6 U/L for direct and 23 +/- 5.7 U/L for indirect contact groups. Fifty healthy individuals were selected as controls. Their mean blood lead levels and y-GT mean activity were 12.3 +/- 0.5 ug/dl and 25.6 +/- 1.2 U/L. As results indicated, no significant relation was found between lead blood levels and y-GT activity (p=0.303) or between lead blood levels and duration of exposure in both direct and indirect groups (p=0.61). However, significant relation was found between lead blood levels and type of work (p value approached zero) and between lead blood levels and duration of exposure in those workers with lead blood levels exceeding 20 ug/dl and employed for more than one year (p value approached zero).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lead blood levels among workers in lead acid battery factories in Jordan are high. In most cases, they are higher than the limit permitted by the World Health Organization. Therefore, good protection measures should be taken in such factories to avoid the negative impact of high lead blood levels on the health of workers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Irbid 22110, Jordan. mick@just.edu.jo
authors.forename: Mohamad K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Nusier
authors.forename: Zeyad J
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: El-Akawi
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bani-Hani
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007597:Jordan; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood*; D008669:Metallurgy; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D007854:Lead; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase