title: Substitution of nevirapine, efavirenz, or abacavir for protease inhibitors in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We assessed the strategy of substituting nevirapine, efavirenz, or abacavir for a protease inhibitor in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in whom virologic suppression had been achieved.
  
  
  METHODS
  We randomly assigned 460 adults who were taking two nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors and at least one protease inhibitor and whose plasma HIV-1 RNA levels had been less than 200 copies per milliliter for at least the previous six months to switch from the protease inhibitor to nevirapine (155 patients), efavirenz (156), or abacavir (149). The primary end point was death, progression to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, or an increase in HIV-1 RNA levels to 200 copies or more per milliliter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 12 months, the Kaplan-Meier estimates of the likelihood of reaching the end point were 10 percent in the nevirapine group, 6 percent in the efavirenz group, and 13 percent in the abacavir group (P=0.10 according to an intention-to-treat analysis). HIV-1 RNA could be amplified in 21 of the 29 patients in whom virologic failure developed during treatment with study medication (72 percent), and resistance mutations to the study medication and to at least one of the nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors in the regimen that failed were detected in all but 1 of the 21 patients. Twenty-three of the 29 patients with virologic failure during treatment with study medication had received prior suboptimal therapy with nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors. Fewer patients in the abacavir group (6 percent) than in the nevirapine group (17 percent) or the efavirenz group (17 percent) discontinued the study medication because of adverse events (P=0.01). The proportion of patients with fasting lipid levels warranting therapeutic intervention decreased significantly in the abacavir group, but the prevalence of clinical lipodystrophy did not change significantly in the three groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When therapy was switched from a protease inhibitor to nevirapine, efavirenz, or abacavir in patients with virologic suppression, there was a trend toward a higher rate of virologic failure among those given abacavir.
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain. esteban@fundsoriano.es
authors.forename: Esteban
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.forename: Juan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Arnaiz
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Podzamczer
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dalmau
authors.forename: Esteban
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ribera
authors.forename: Pere
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Domingo
authors.forename: Hernando
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Knobel
authors.forename: Melcior
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Riera
authors.forename: Enric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pedrol
authors.forename: Lluis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Force
authors.forename: Josep M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Llibre
authors.forename: Ferran
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Segura
authors.forename: Cristóbal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Richart
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cortés
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Javaloyas
authors.forename: Miquel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aranda
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cruceta
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: de Lazzari
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gatell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000480:Alkynes; D048588:Benzoxazines; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D015224:Dideoxynucleosides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018450:Disease Progression; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019829:Nevirapine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010078:Oxazines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017211:Treatment Failure; D000099227:Abacavir
chemical_list: D000480:Alkynes; D048588:Benzoxazines; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D015224:Dideoxynucleosides; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D019829:Nevirapine; D010078:Oxazines; D012367:RNA, Viral; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D000099227:Abacavir; C098320:efavirenz