title: NaCl and sugar release, salivation and taste during mastication of salted chewing gum.
abstract: Salt perception impacts on food acceptability and nutrition and depends upon salt release from foods that was determined in situ during mastication of chewing gum with up to 10% (1800 mmol/kg) added NaCl. The mechanical action of chewing increased salivation, which was further increased by the presence of salt, particularly above 180 mmol NaCl/kg gum or above 100 mM NaCl in saliva. The average resting salivary flow rate was 1 ml/min, increasing to 4 and 6 ml/min with gums containing low and high salt, respectively. Thus, stimulation of salivation by salt occurred at a concentration well above the taste threshold of 20 mM NaCl. NaCl concentration in nonstimulated saliva was about 10 mM and increased to 500 mM after 30 s chewing of the 10% NaCl gum and returned to near nonstimulated levels after 4 min chewing. Changes in pH of saliva were more gradual, increasing to a maximum at about 2 min and remaining elevated after 4 min. Salty taste was related to the free chloride ion concentration in saliva irrespective of the initial salt concentration in the gum with an indication of adaptation after 3 min chewing. During chewing, salty taste increased ahead of the increase in salivary conductivity and the salt concentration in the sublingual saliva varied in a cyclic fashion about every 20 s. This is consistent with a cyclic swallowing of saliva and replacement with newly secreted saliva of low salt content and mastication releasing further salt from the gum.
authors.affiliation: Station de Recherches sur la Viande, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 63122 Saint Genès Champanelle, France.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Neyraud
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Prinz
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dransfield
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002638:Chewing Gum / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008409:Mastication / Q000502:physiology*; D012212:Rheology; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D012472:Salivation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D012636:Secretory Rate; D012684:Sensory Thresholds / Q000502:physiology*; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D013549:Sweetening Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D013649:Taste / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002638:Chewing Gum; D013549:Sweetening Agents; D012965:Sodium Chloride