title: Effects of growth hormone and feeding level on endocrine measurements, hormone receptors, muscle growth and performance of prepubertal heifers.
abstract: Prepubertal Friesian heifer calves (n = 24, initial BW = 195 +/- 5 kg) were assigned to a 2 x 2 factorial block design and used to evaluate the effects of daily GH treatment (0 or 15 mg/d) at either a low or a high feeding level in a 5-wk treatment period on endocrine measurements, hormone receptors, muscle growth, and overall performance. In the pretreatment period, a low feeding level was employed for all calves. During the treatment period, animals at the low feeding level had free access to a roughage-based mixture, whereas animals at the high feeding level had free access to a concentrate mixture and were offered 2 kg/d of the roughage-based mixture. Blood samples were collected weekly starting 3 wk before treatment. Longissimus (LM) and supraspinatus (SS) muscles were obtained at slaughter. Metabolizable energy intake was 81% higher, digestible CP intake was 140% higher, and ADG was 115% higher (all P < 0.001) at the high vs. low feeding level. Feed (DMI, ME, and protein) intake was not affected by GH treatment, but ADG was 18% higher (P < 0.13) in GH-treated than in control heifers at both feeding levels. Although of different magnitudes, the muscle anabolic effects of GH treatment and high vs. low feeding level were additive, and both treatments increased carcass weights (P < 0.02 and P < 0.001, respectively), LM (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001), and SS (P < 0.06 and P < 0.003). The anabolic effect of GH treatment was similar in both muscles, whereas the effect of feeding level was most pronounced in LM. Overall, GH treatment increased plasma GH, IGF-I (both P < 0.001), and IGFBP-3 (P < 0.02); however, GH treatment increased total IGF-I, free IGF-I, and IGFBP-3, and decreased IGFBP-2 mainly at the high feeding level (GH x feeding level interaction; P < 0.02, 0.01, 0.03, and 0.10, respectively). The high feeding level increased insulin, free and total IGF-I, and IGFBP-3 (all P < 0.001), but decreased GH and IGFBP-2 (both P < 0.001). High feeding increased type-1 IGF receptor density (P < 0.02), mainly in LM, in accordance with the largest anabolic response in this muscle, whereas GH treatment had no effect on type-1 IGF receptors. The results suggest that in skeletal muscle, the anabolic effects of exogenous GH are related to endocrine changes in the GH-IGF axis, whereas the effects of feeding level also seem to rely on IGF receptor density in the muscles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Foulum, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark. mv@agrsci.dk
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vestergaard
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Purup
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Frystyk
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Løvendahl
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Sørensen
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Riis
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Flint
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sejrsen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D002417:Cattle / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005260:Female; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018969:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins / Q000097:blood; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D017451:Receptors, Somatomedin / Q000378:metabolism; D011986:Receptors, Somatotropin / Q000378:metabolism; D013002:Somatomedins / Q000378:metabolism; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D018969:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins; D017451:Receptors, Somatomedin; D011986:Receptors, Somatotropin; D013002:Somatomedins; D013006:Growth Hormone; C051815:somatotropin-binding protein