title: Concomitant gemcitabine (Gemzar) and extended nodes irradiation in the treatment of pancreatic and biliary carcinoma: a phase I study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The rationale for combining cytotoxic agents, such as gemcitabine, and radiotherapy is based on their ability to act as radiation sensitizers and to improve overall response rate. Several studies on pancreatic or biliary carcinoma evaluated the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of gemcitabine when combined with irradiation of the macroscopic tumor. However, most of these neoplasms metastasize to the regional lymph nodes. Aim of this report is to determine the MTD of weekly gemcitabine when combined with extended field irradiation (tumor plus nodal irradiation).
  
  
  METHODS
  15 patients entered the study. Of these 5 patients were treated with chemoradiation after radical surgical resection. External beam radiation (ERT) was delivered to the tumor (or tumor bed) and regional lymph nodes by using a three-field technique. The initial dose of gemcitabine was 100 mg/m(2) administered as short intravenous infusion once a week. At each dose level 3 patients were treated, and if no grade 3-4 toxicity (considered as dose-limiting toxicity, DLT) was recorded, dose escalation was applied with 50 mg/m(2) increments until the MTD was established.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients were evaluable for acute toxicity. There were no treatment-related deaths. No DLT occurred at the first 4 dose levels (100-250 mg/m(2)). At the 5th dose level (300 mg/m(2)), 3 patients experienced DLT: 1 had grade 3 gastrointestinal toxicity (painful erosion of gastric mucosa), 1 had uncomplicated grade 3 leukopenia and 1 grade 3 change in liver biochemistry tests. In addition, all 10 unresected patients were evaluated for response, 4 of whom had progressive disease (1 local; 2 distant; 1 local and distant) and 6 had no change. The median follow-up was 21 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on this study, the recommended dose for weekly short infusional gemcitabine combined with radiation therapy to the tumor and lymph nodes is 250 mg/m(2). This value is suggestive of a correlation between acute toxicity and inclusion of lymph nodes in the irradiated volume. Moreover, different infusion modalities, as continuous infusion gemcitabine, should be tested more accurately.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy, Universit  Cattolica del S. Cuore, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Morganti
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Trodella
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Valentini
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Macchia
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alfieri
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Smaniotto
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Luzi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Costamagna
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Doglietto
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cellini
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001650:Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003138:Common Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005706:Gallbladder Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D006500:Hepatic Duct, Common; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D018285:Klatskin Tumor / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D015182:Lymphatic Irradiation; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000532:radiotherapy; D008297:Male; D020714:Maximum Tolerated Dose; D008875:Middle Aged; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000633:toxicity; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D000093542:Gemcitabine
chemical_list: D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D000093542:Gemcitabine