title: 13C NMR analysis reveals a link between L-glutamine metabolism, D-glucose metabolism and gamma-glutamyl cycle activity in a clonal pancreatic beta-cell line.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pancreatic islet cells and clonal beta-cell lines can metabolise L-glutamine at high rates. The pathway of L-glutamine metabolism has traditionally been described as L-glutamine-->L-glutamate-->2-oxoglutarate-->oxidation in TCA cycle following conversion to pyruvate. Controversially, the metabolism of D-glucose to L-glutamate in beta cells is not widely accepted. However, L-glutamate has been proposed to be a stimulation-secretion coupling factor in glucose-induced insulin secretion. We aimed to investigate the metabolism of glutamine and glucose by using (13)C NMR analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  BRIN-BD11 cells were incubated in the presence of 16.7 mmol/l [1-(13)C]glucose, 2 mmol/l [2-(13)C]L-glycine or 2 mmol/l [1,2-(13)C]glutamine in the presence or absence of other amino acids or inhibitors. After an incubation period the cellular metabolites were extracted using a PCA extract procedure. After neutralisation, the extracts were prepared for analysis using (13)C-NMR spectroscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using (13)C NMR analysis we have shown that L-glutamine could be metabolised in BRIN-BD11 cells via reactions constituting part of the gamma-glutamyl cycle producing glutathione. Moderate or high activities of the enzymes required for these pathways of metabolism including glutaminase, gamma-glutamyltransferase and gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase were observed. We additionally report significant D-glucose metabolism to L-glutamate. Addition of the aminotransferase inhibitor, aminooxyacetate, attenuated L-glutamate production from D-glucose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We propose that L-glutamine metabolism is important in the beta cell for generation of stimulus-secretion coupling factors, precursors of glutathione synthesis and for supplying carbon for oxidation in the TCA cycle. D-glucose, under appropriate conditions, can be converted to L-glutamate via an aminotransferase catalysed step.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brennan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Corless
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hewage
authors.forename: J P G
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Malthouse
authors.forename: N H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: McClenaghan
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Flatt
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Newsholme
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D002999:Clone Cells; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D005973:Glutamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008954:Models, Biological; D005722:gamma-Glutamylcyclotransferase / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D005973:Glutamine; D001224:Aspartic Acid; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D005722:gamma-Glutamylcyclotransferase; D005947:Glucose