title: Minimal persistent inflammation, an emerging concept in the nature and treatment of allergic rhinitis: the possible role of leukotrienes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the emerging concept of minimal persistent inflammation in allergic rhinitis and its implications for therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relevant clinical studies in the English language were reviewed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Material was taken from academic/scholarly journals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Accumulating evidence suggests that allergic rhinitis is a chronic inflammatory disease instead of a disease of acute symptoms. An approach to the therapy for allergic rhinitis should consider that even when symptoms are absent, a minimal level of persistent inflammation may persist. To prevent unexpected exacerbations, the treatment strategy may need to include managing subclinical persistent inflammation. Therapeutic options addressing the major inflammatory elements in allergic rhinitis, including eosinophils, the cysteinyl leukotrienes, and histamine, must be evaluated as management strategies that can achieve effective control. Traditional medications include intranasal corticosteroids, antihistamines, and immunotherapy. Recently, a leukotriene receptor antagonist has been approved for major rhinitis symptoms (congestion, rhinorrhea, sneezing, and pruritus), suggesting a new option for the treatment of allergic rhinitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because of the possible presence of a minimal persistent inflammation during rhinitis patients' asymptomatic periods, it is important to consider a prophylactic approach to treating allergic rhinitis to prevent or reduce exacerbations during an acute increase in allergen. In light of the advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis, agents must be considered based on their safety, efficacy, and ability to deal with underlying inflammation as well as symptom relief.
authors.affiliation: sneezedoc@aol.com
authors.forename: William W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Storms
mesh_terms: D006632:Histamine / Q000276:immunology; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D020024:Leukotriene Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015289:Leukotrienes / Q000276:immunology*; D014663:Nasal Decongestants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012221:Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists; D020024:Leukotriene Antagonists; D015289:Leukotrienes; D014663:Nasal Decongestants; D006632:Histamine