title: Hepatic artery embolization and chemoembolization for treatment of patients with metastatic carcinoid tumors: the M.D. Anderson experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Carcinoid tumors have a predilection for metastasizing to the liver. The presence of liver metastases is associated with poor prognosis and also results in significant deterioration of patient's quality of life. Several reports suggest that hepatic artery embolization or chemoembolization can be used for control of liver disease in these patients. We retrospectively reviewed our experience with the use of hepatic arterial embolization or chemoembolization in patients with liver-dominant metastatic carcinoid disease, evaluating the clinical and radiologic response rates, duration of response, and progression-free and overall survival rates of these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical records of all patients with carcinoid tumors metastatic to the liver who underwent hepatic artery embolization or chemoembolization between January 1992 and December 2000 were reviewed. For the purposes of this study, we compared the follow-up computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging with the baseline imaging to determine each patient's objective tumor response. The interval between the dates of response and disease progression was considered the response duration. Progression-free survival duration was calculated from the date of initial treatment to the date disease progression was recorded or the date of death. Survival durations were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-one patients (48 men and 33 women; age range, 38-79 years) were included in this study. The mean duration of disease from the initial discovery of liver metastases until embolization was 24.5 months. Fifty patients were treated with bland hepatic artery embolization, and 31 underwent chemoembolization. Of the 69 patients in whom radiologic response could be evaluated, partial response was observed in 46 patients (67%), minimal response (MR) in six (8.7%), stable disease in 11 (16%), and progressive disease in six (8.7%). The median duration of response in the 42 patients with partial response was 17 months (range, 4-51 months). Sixty-three percent of patients had a reduction in their tumor-related symptoms. The median progression-free survival duration was 19 months (95% confidence interval, 17-21 months); the probability of progression-free survival was 75%, 35%, and 11% at 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively. The median overall survival time was 31 months (95% confidence interval, 23-38 months); the survival probability was 93% at 1 year, 62% at 2 years, and 24% at 5 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hepatic arterial occlusive therapy using hepatic artery embolization or chemoembolization results in symptomatic and radiologic response in most patients with carcinoid metastases in the liver. The progression-free survival of 19 months achieved with embolization in our study is encouraging, given that most patients had extensive liver involvement and had shown disease progression while receiving systemic treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. sgupta@di.mdacc.tmc.edu
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Kamran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ahrar
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: Frank A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Morello
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Madoff
authors.forename: Ravi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Murthy
authors.forename: Marshall E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Hicks
authors.forename: Jaffer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ajani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002276:Carcinoid Tumor / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary* / Q000628:therapy*; D016461:Chemoembolization, Therapeutic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005467:Floxuridine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006499:Hepatic Artery; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary* / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014747:Vinblastine / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D005467:Floxuridine; D014747:Vinblastine; D002945:Cisplatin