title: Cirrhosis as a risk factor for sepsis and death: analysis of the National Hospital Discharge Survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The unfavorable influence of cirrhosis on survival in the critically ill has been supported by several single-center reports. Variations in case mix, the technological capabilities of individual facilities, and differences in organizational staffing and structure could limit the extrapolation and generalization of these data to other institutions. To assess the impact of a diagnosis of cirrhosis on outcomes of sepsis, sepsis-related mortality, and respiratory failure in hospitalized patients, we analyzed data from the National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS) from 1995 to 1999 to determine its national consequence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary analysis of an existing national database.
  
  
  METHODS
  Based on NHDS estimates, 175 million hospital discharges occurred during the 5-year period of study. One percent (1.7 million) of these hospitalizations involved a diagnosis of cirrhosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustments for age, race, and gender, cirrhotic individuals are significantly more likely to die while hospitalized (adjusted risk ratio [RR], 2.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.3 to 3.1), to have hospitalizations associated with sepsis (adjusted RR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.9 to 3.3), and to die from sepsis (adjusted RR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.3 to 2.6). Additionally, cirrhosis is associated with an increased RR for acute respiratory failure (adjusted RR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1 to 1.8) and death from acute respiratory failure (adjusted RR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.5 to 3.6).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this national database of hospital discharge information, a diagnosis of cirrhosis is strongly associated with an increased risk of sepsis, acute respiratory failure, sepsis-related mortality, and acute respiratory failure-related mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive SW, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA. foremam@msm.edu
authors.forename: Marilyn G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Foreman
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Mannino
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moss
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002423:Cause of Death; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000401:mortality*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010351:Patient Discharge / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000401:mortality*; D012306:Risk; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000401:mortality*; D018746:Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome / Q000401:mortality*; D014481:United States