title: Effects of sevoflurane, propofol, and adjunct nitrous oxide on regional cerebral blood flow, oxygen consumption, and blood volume in humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anesthetic agents, especially volatile anesthetics and nitrous oxide (N2O), are suspected to perturb cerebral homeostasis and vascular reactivity. The authors quantified the effects of sevoflurane and propofol as sole anesthetics and in combination with N2O on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), metabolic rate of oxygen (rCMRO2), and blood volume (rCBV) in the living human brain using positron emission tomography.
  
  
  METHODS
  15O-labeled water, oxygen, and carbon monoxide were used as positron emission tomography tracers to determine rCBF, rCMRO2 and rCBV, respectively, in eight healthy male subjects during the awake state (baseline) and at four different anesthetic regimens: (1) sevoflurane alone, (2) sevoflurane plus 70% N2O (S+N), (3) propofol alone, and (4) propofol plus 70% N2O (P+N). Sevoflurane and propofol were titrated to keep a constant hypnotic depth (Bispectral Index 40) throughout anesthesia. End-tidal carbon dioxide was strictly kept at preinduction level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean +/- SD end-tidal concentration of sevoflurane was 1.5 +/- 0.3% during sevoflurane alone and 1.2 +/- 0.3% during S+N (P < 0.001). The measured propofol concentration was 3.7 +/- 0.7 microg/ml during propofol alone and 3.5 +/- 0.7 microg/ml during P+N (not significant). Sevoflurane alone decreased rCBF in some (to 73-80% of baseline, P < 0.01), and propofol in all brain structures (to 53-70%, P < 0.001). Only propofol reduced also rCBV (in the cortex and cerebellum to 83-86% of baseline, P < 0.05). Both sevoflurane and propofol similarly reduced rCMRO2 in all brain areas to 56-70% and 50-68% of baseline, respectively (P < 0.05). The adjunct N2O counteracted some of the rCMRO2 and rCBF reductions caused by drugs alone, and especially during S+N, a widespread reduction (P < 0.05 for all cortex and cerebellum vs. awake) in the oxygen extraction fraction was seen. Adding of N2O did not alter the rCBV effects of sevoflurane and propofol alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Propofol reduced rCBF and rCMRO2 comparably. Sevoflurane reduced rCBF less than propofol but rCMRO2 to an extent similar to propofol. These reductions in flow and metabolism were partly attenuated by adjunct N2O. S+N especially reduced the oxygen extraction fraction, suggesting disturbed flow-activity coupling in humans at a moderate depth of anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Turku University Hospital, Finland.
authors.forename: Kaike K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Kaisti
authors.forename: Jaakko W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Långsjö
authors.forename: Sargo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aalto
authors.forename: Vesa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Oikonen
authors.forename: Hannu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sipilä
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Teräs
authors.forename: Susanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hinkka
authors.forename: Liisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Metsähonkala
authors.forename: Harry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Scheinin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D001810:Blood Volume / Q000187:drug effects*; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000187:drug effects; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D015742:Propofol; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D015742:Propofol