title: International occupational health.
abstract: Working conditions for the majority of the world's workers do not meet the minimum standards and guidelines set by international agencies. Occupational health and safety laws cover only about 10 percent of the population in developing countries, omitting many major hazardous industries and occupations. With rare exception, most countries defer to the United Nations the responsibility for international occupational health. The UN's international agencies have had limited success in bringing occupational health to the industrializing countries. The International Labor Organization (ILO) conventions are intended to guide all countries in the promotion of workplace safety and in managing occupational health and safety programs. ILO conventions and recommendations on occupational safety and health are international agreements that have legal force only if they are ratified by ILO member states. The most important ILO Convention on Occupational Safety and Health has been ratified by only 37 of the 175 ILO member states. Only 23 countries have ratified the ILO Employment Injury Benefits Convention that lists occupational diseases for which compensation should be paid. The World Health Organization (WHO) is responsible for the technical aspects of occupational health and safety, the promotion of medical services and hygienic standards. Limited WHO and ILO funding severely impedes the development of international occupational health. The U.S. reliance on international agencies to promote health and safety in the industrializing countries is not nearly adequate. This is particularly true if occupational health continues to be regarded primarily as an academic exercise by the developed countries, and a budgetary triviality by the international agencies. Occupational health is not a goal achievable in isolation. It should be part of a major institutional development that touches and reforms every level of government in an industrializing country. Occupational health and safety should be brought to industrializing countries by a comprehensive consultative program sponsored by the United States and other countries that are willing to share the burden. Occupational health and safety program development is tied to the economic success of the industrializing country and its industries. Only after the development of a successful legal and economic system in an industrializing country is it possible to incorporate a successful program of occupational health and safety.
authors.affiliation: International Center for Occupational Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, California 94143-0924, USA. joeladou@aol.com
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: LaDou
mesh_terms: D005378:Financial Support; D014943:Global Health; D006288:Health Planning Organizations; D006292:Health Priorities; D006801:Humans; D007221:Industry; D007390:International Agencies / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards*; D007391:International Cooperation; D007750:Labor Unions; D016272:Occupational Health; D009787:Occupational Medicine / Q000193:education / Q000592:standards; D014944:World Health Organization