title: Effect of hormone replacement therapy on plasma levels of the cardiovascular risk factor asymmetric dimethylarginine: a randomized, placebo-controlled 12-week study in healthy early postmenopausal women.
abstract: In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled 12-wk study, we investigated the effect of oral hormone replacement therapy on asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease. The effects on arginine and symmetric dimethylarginine were also investigated. Sixty healthy early postmenopausal women received daily placebo (n = 16) or oral 17beta-estradiol 2 mg, either unopposed (E(2); n = 16) or sequentially combined with dydrogesterone 10 mg (E(2)+D; n = 14) or trimegestone 0.5 mg (E(2)+T; n = 14). ADMA levels reduced in all active treatment groups. Compared with baseline and placebo, the largest reduction in ADMA levels was observed in the E(2)+T group [-18.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], -25.4 to -11.9%) and -21.1% (95% CI, -26.2 to -16.1%), at 4 and 12 wk, respectively]. At 4 and 12 wk in the E(2)+T group, arginine levels were significantly reduced as well [-30.9% (95% CI, -41.1 to -20.7%) and -36.3% (95% CI, -43.1 to -29.5%), respectively], whereas symmetric dimethylarginine levels were significantly lower in the E(2)+D group after 12 wk [-11.6% (95% CI, -19.9 to -3.3%)]. In conclusion, unopposed oral estradiol and estradiol combined with dydrogesterone or trimegestone reduced plasma levels of the NOS inhibitor ADMA. Whether the reduction of the NOS substrate arginine in the E(2)+T group counteracts the potentially beneficial effect of ADMA reduction or reflects increased NO production remains to be investigated.
authors.affiliation: Project Aging Women and the Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Vrije Universiteit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, VU University Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marinka S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Post
authors.forename: Marieke O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Verhoeven
authors.forename: Marius J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: van der Mooren
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kenemans
authors.forename: Coen D A
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Stehouwer
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Teerlink
mesh_terms: D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood*; D015415:Biomarkers; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004394:Dydrogesterone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004958:Estradiol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007536:Isomerism; D008875:Middle Aged; D045167:Progesterone Congeners / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011397:Promegestone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012307:Risk Factors; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D045167:Progesterone Congeners; C050319:trimegestone; D004958:Estradiol; C018524:N,N-dimethylarginine; D004394:Dydrogesterone; D001120:Arginine; D011397:Promegestone