title: Regional survey of temporary transvenous pacing procedures and complications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A prospective regional survey was carried out to describe the current practice of temporary transvenous pacing in five hospitals in the Wessex region and identify factors that predispose to complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected on patient characteristics, pacing indication and setting, operator grade, training, experience and supervision, venous access, procedure time, duration of pacing, complications, and eventual outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 144 procedures were performed on 111 patients (age 75 (12) years). Median procedure time was 30 (1-150) min. Trainees performed 129 (91.5%) procedures. The senior physician present was a cardiologist/cardiology trainee for 65/144 (45.1%), and had experience of >20 procedures for 81/144 (57.9%). Venous access was by the subclavian in 52 (46.8%), internal jugular in 37 (33.3%) and femoral in 22 (19.8%), requiring multiple stabs or multiple sites in 41(33.1%). Pacing wires remained in place for a median of 2 (0.04-20) days. Overall procedure times were shorter for cardiologists/cardiology trainees (24[1-90] v 45[10-150] min, p<0.0001), and experienced physicians (30[1-150] v 40[10-120] min, p<0.01). There were 50 complications in 46/144 (31.9%) procedures, affecting 31/111 (27.9%) patients. Immediate complications were less common with experienced physicians (1/81 v 5/59, p<0.05). Infection occurred more often with wires left in situ for >48 hours (17/86 v 2/55, p<0.01) and with longer procedure times (55[8-150] v 30[1-120] min, p<0.005). No factors predicted displacement, which occurred at a median time of 1 (0.04-8) day. Complications delayed permanent pacemaker insertion in 19/63 (22.9%) patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Temporary pacemaker insertion is performed by physicians with variable experience and training. The presence of an experienced cardiologist/cardiology trainee and decreasing the time that pacing wires remain in situ may reduce complications.
authors.affiliation: Wessex Cardiothoracic Centre, General Hospital, Southampton, UK. timbetts@compuserve.com
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Betts
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000628:therapy*; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D002309:Cardiology / Q000592:standards; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008505:Medical Staff, Hospital / Q000592:standards; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors