title: Short chain fatty acids stimulate epithelial mucin 2 expression through differential effects on prostaglandin E(1) and E(2) production by intestinal myofibroblasts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mucus layer protects the gastrointestinal mucosa from mechanical, chemical, and microbial challenge. Mucin 2 (MUC-2) is the most prominent mucin secreted by intestinal epithelial cells. There is accumulating evidence that subepithelial myofibroblasts regulate intestinal epithelial cell function and are an important source of prostaglandins (PG). PG enhance mucin secretion and are key players in mucoprotection. The role of bacterial fermentation products in these processes deserves further attention.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We therefore determined whether the effect of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) on MUC-2 expression involves intermediate PG production.
  
  
  METHODS
  Both mono- and cocultures of epithelial cells and myofibroblasts were used to study the effects of SCFA on MUC-2 expression and PG synthesis. Cell culture supernatants were used to determine the role of myofibroblast derived prostaglandins in increasing MUC-2 expression in epithelial cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prostaglandin E(1) (PGE(1)) was found to be far more potent than PGE(2) in stimulating MUC-2 expression. SCFA supported a mucoprotective PG profile, reflected by an increased PGE(1)/PGE(2) ratio in myofibroblast supernatants and increased MUC-2 expression in mono- and cocultures. Incubation with indomethacin revealed the latter to be mediated by PG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SCFA can differentially regulate PG production, thus stimulating MUC-2 expression in intestinal epithelial cells. This mechanism involving functional interaction between myofibroblasts and epithelial cells may play an important role in the mucoprotective effect of bacterial fermentation products.
authors.affiliation: Numico Research BV, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: L E M
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Willemsen
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Koetsier
authors.forename: S J H
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: van Deventer
authors.forename: E A F
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: van Tol
mesh_terms: D000527:Alprostadil / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D055262:Mucin-2; D009077:Mucins / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D013268:Stimulation, Chemical
chemical_list: D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile; C524625:MUC2 protein, human; D055262:Mucin-2; D009077:Mucins; D000527:Alprostadil; D015232:Dinoprostone