title: Valproate disrupts regulation of inositol responsive genes and alters regulation of phospholipid biosynthesis.
abstract: Valproate (VPA) is one of the two drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of bipolar disorder. The therapeutic mechanism of VPA has not been established. We have shown previously that growth of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the presence of VPA causes a decrease in intracellular inositol and inositol-1-P, and a dramatic increase in expression of INO1, which encodes the rate limiting enzyme for de novo inositol biosynthesis. To understand the underlying mechanism of action of VPA, INO1, CHO1 and INO2 expression, intracellular inositol and phospholipid biosynthesis were studied as a function of acute and chronic exposure of growing cells to the drug. A decrease in intracellular inositol was apparent immediately after addition of VPA. Surprisingly, expression of genes that are usually derepressed during inositol depletion, including INO1, CHO1 and INO2 (that contain inositol-responsive UASINO sequences) decreased several fold during the first hour, after which expression began to increase. Incorporation of 32Pi into total phospholipids was significantly decreased. Pulse labelling of CDP-DG and PG, shown previously to increase during inositol depletion, increased within 30 min. However, pulse labelling of PS, which normally increases during inositol depletion, was decreased within 30 min. PS synthase activity in cell extracts decreased with time, although VPA did not directly inhibit PS synthase enzyme activity. Thus, in contrast to the effect of chronic VPA treatment, short-term exposure to VPA abrogated the normal response to inositol depletion of inositol responsive genes and led to aberrant synthesis of phospholipids.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
authors.forename: Shulin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ju
authors.forename: Miriam L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Greenberg
mesh_terms: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions / Q000235:genetics; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D010717:CDPdiacylglycerol-Serine O-Phosphatidyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D004587:Electrophoresis, Agar Gel; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal / Q000187:drug effects*; D007294:Inositol / Q000378:metabolism*; D007296:Myo-Inositol-1-Phosphate Synthase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D010717:CDPdiacylglycerol-Serine O-Phosphatidyltransferase; D007294:Inositol; D007296:Myo-Inositol-1-Phosphate Synthase; D010743:Phospholipids; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014635:Valproic Acid; C095723:INO2 protein, S cerevisiae