title: Early prenatal diagnosis of recurrent 46,XY partial gonadal dysgenesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We present a case of early prenatal diagnosis of recurrent 46,XY partial gonadal dysgenesis, by combining early genetic and sonographic evaluations.
  
  
  METHODS
  The conceptus of a mother with a first child affected by 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis was sonographically evaluated at 21- and 23-mm BPD (12(+2) and 12(+6) LMP-based age) and the female genitalia were observed. Karyotype analyses was performed on amniotic fluid and it revealed a 46,XY complement without mosaicism. SRY was amplified by PCR for molecular analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed a discordance between female phenotype detected at 21 and 23 mm of biparietal diameter (12(+2) and 12(+6) LMP-based age) and male karyotype. In the child and the fetus, seminiferous cords were not recognisable, whereas rare Leydig cells and no germ cells could be identified. Internal and external genitalia were sexually ambiguous in the child and feminized in the fetus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first case of early prenatal diagnosis of recurrent 46,XY partial gonadal dysgenesis and it points to the importance of combining early analyses of genetic sex with sonography in the management of anomalies of sexual development, with particular regard to syndromes for which the risk of recurrence is little understood.
authors.affiliation: Obstetric and Gynecology Unit, Department of Mother and Child, Modena and Reggio Emilia University, Modena, Italy. mazza@unimo.it
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mazza
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ottolenghi
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Di Monte
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Baldassari
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rivasi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Volpe
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Forabosco
mesh_terms: D000028:Abortion, Induced; D000328:Adult; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D005817:Genetic Counseling; D006061:Gonadal Dysgenesis, 46,XY / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010375:Pedigree; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis; D014463:Ultrasonography