title: Thermal-assisted capsular shrinkage of the glenohumeral joint in overhead athletes: a 15- to 47-month follow-up.
abstract: METHODS
  Descriptive postoperative follow-up research.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this investigation was to describe the return-to-competition rate and functional outcome of overhead athletes following arthroscopic thermal-assisted capsular shrinkage (TACS).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Traditional open procedures to correct instability in overhead athletes, such as capsulolabral repairs and capsular shifts, have produced less-than-favorable results, which have led to the development of TACS. Currently there are no long-term follow-up studies documenting the efficacy of this procedure in groups greater than 31 subjects or for a time period greater than 27 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred thirty-one consecutive overhead athletes who due to symptoms of hyperlaxity had previously undergone a TACS procedure from 1997 to 1999 were selected for inclusion in the study. During a 1-month period, 130 of these athletes (mean age +/- SD, 24 +/- 6 years; 113 male, 17 female) were contacted by phone for follow-up at a mean of 29.3 months postoperatively (range, 15.4-46.6 months). Of the 130, 105 participated in baseball (80 pitchers), 14 in softball, 4 in football (quarterbacks), 4 in tennis, and 3 in swimming. Fifty-four (42%) subjects were professional, 49 (38%) collegiate, 16 (12%) high school, and 11 (8%) recreational athletes. One hundred twenty-three of the 130 (95%) underwent 1 or more concomitant procedure(s) at the time of TACS. Most commonly performed were labral debridements (69%), rotator cuff debridements (65%), and superior labral repairs (35%). Subjects who returned to competition were retrospectively evaluated using a modified Athletic Shoulder Outcome Rating Scale to subjectively assess pain, strength and endurance, stability, intensity, and performance. Overall results were based on a 90-point scale with scores of 80 to 90 representing excellent, 60 to 79 good, 40 to 59 fair, and less than 40 poor results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred thirteen out of 130 subjects (87%) returned to competition. Mean (+/-SD) time from surgery to return to competition was 8.4 +/- 4.6 months. Mean outcome score for all subjects was 79/90; 75 (66%) subjects had excellent, 24 (21%) good, 11 (10%) fair, and 3 (3%) poor result. The mean outcome score for males was 80/90 and for females was 70/90.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The majority of overhead athletes (87%) successfully returned to competition following a TACS procedure with good-to-excellent long-term outcomes (88%). Based on the results of this study, TACS of the glenohumeral joint is a viable option for overhead athletes with pathological instability.
authors.affiliation: Healthsouth Rehabilitation, American Sports Medicine Institute, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA. michael.reinold@healthsouth.com
authors.forename: Michael M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Reinold
authors.forename: Kevin E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Wilk
authors.forename: Todd R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Hooks
authors.forename: Jeffrey R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Dugas
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Andrews
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced; D017746:Joint Capsule / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D011182:Postoperative Care; D000070599:Shoulder Injuries; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000601:surgery; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome