title: Cerebrospinal fluid pterins and folates in Aicardi-Goutières syndrome: a new phenotype.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe three unrelated children with a distinctive variant of Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS) characterized by microcephaly, severe mental and motor retardation, dyskinesia or spasticity, and occasional seizures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neuroimaging showed bilateral calcification of basal ganglia and white matter. CSF glucose, protein, cell count, and interferon alpha were normal. Abnormal CSF findings included extremely high neopterin (293 to 814 nmol/L; normal 12 to 30 nmol/L) and biopterin (226 to 416 nmol/L; normal 15 to 40 nmol/L) combined with lowered 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (23 to 48 nmol/L; normal 64 to 182 nmol/L) concentrations in two patients. The absence of pleocytosis and normal CSF interferon alpha was a characteristic finding compared to the classic AGS syndrome. Genetic and enzymatic tests excluded disorders of tetrahydrobiopterin metabolism, including mutation analysis of GTP cyclohydrolase feed-back regulatory protein. CSF investigations in three patients with classic AGS also showed increased pterins and partially lowered folate levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intrathecal overproduction of pterins is the first biochemical abnormality identified in patients with AGS variants. Long-term substitution with folinic acid (2-4 mg/kg/day) resulted in substantial clinical recovery with normalization of CSF folates and pterins in one patient and clinical improvement in another. The underlying defect remains unknown.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland. nenad.blau@kispi.unizh.ch
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Blau
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bonafé
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Krägeloh-Mann
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Thöny
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kierat
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Häusler
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ramaekers
mesh_terms: D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000473:pathology; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000201:enzymology; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D003649:Decalcification, Pathologic / Q000175:diagnosis; D020820:Dyskinesias / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000201:enzymology; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000175:diagnosis; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D002955:Leucovorin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008831:Microcephaly / Q000175:diagnosis; D009122:Muscle Hypertonia / Q000175:diagnosis; D010641:Phenotype; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D011596:Psychomotor Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D011622:Pterins / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000378:metabolism; D012640:Seizures / Q000175:diagnosis; D013577:Syndrome; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: C101092:GCHFR protein, human; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D011506:Proteins; D011622:Pterins; D005492:Folic Acid; D002955:Leucovorin