title: Calyculin A causes the activation of histone H1 kinase and condensation of chromosomes in unfertilized sea urchin eggs independently of the maturation-promoting factor.
abstract: Calyculin A is known to inhibit the type-1 and type-2A phosphatases. We previously reported that calyculin A induces contractile ring formation in unfertilized sea urchin eggs, an increase in histone H(1) kinase activity, and chromosome condensation in the calyculin A-treated unfertilized eggs, and the changes induced by calyculin A are not affected by emetine, an inhibitor of protein synthesis. These observations suggest that the mechanism by which histone H(1) kinases are activated by calyculin A is different from that of maturation-promoting factor (MPF), which is activated by a molecular modification of existed cdc2 and newly synthesized cyclin B. We report here that no cyclin B was detected by immunoblotting of unfertilized calyculin A-treated eggs. In addition, no DNA synthesis was induced by calyculin A. As well, butyrolactone I (an inhibitor of cdc2 and cdk2 kinase) had no effect on the increase in histone H(1) kinase activity nor the chromosome condensation, both of which were induced by calyculin A. Thus, we conclude that calyculin A induces histone H(1) phosphorylation in an MPF-independent manner through inhibition of type-1 phosphatase, and that the chromosome condenses as a result of histone H(1) phosphorylation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Kagoshima University, 21-35, Korimoto-1, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan. tosuji@sci.kagoshima-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tosuji
authors.forename: Nobuhiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fusetani
authors.forename: Yukari
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Seki
mesh_terms: D015107:4-Butyrolactone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D016203:CDC2 Protein Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000494:pharmacology; D002875:Chromosomes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D019926:Cyclin B / Q000378:metabolism; D004247:DNA / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D008387:Marine Toxins; D016200:Maturation-Promoting Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D009865:Oocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D010063:Ovum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D010080:Oxazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011161:Porifera / Q000737:chemistry; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D012617:Sea Urchins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000737:chemistry; D013215:Starfish; D013936:Thymidine / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D019926:Cyclin B; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008387:Marine Toxins; D010080:Oxazoles; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; C059041:calyculin A; D004247:DNA; D011494:Protein Kinases; C102333:histone H1 kinase; D016203:CDC2 Protein Kinase; D016200:Maturation-Promoting Factor; D015107:4-Butyrolactone; D013936:Thymidine