title: Sustained elevation of extracellular dopamine causes motor dysfunction and selective degeneration of striatal GABAergic neurons.
abstract: Dopamine is believed to contribute to the degeneration of dopamine-containing neurons in the brain. However, whether dopamine affects the survival of other neuronal populations has remained unclear. Here we document that mice with persistently elevated extracellular dopamine, resulting from inactivation of the dopamine transporter gene, sporadically develop severe symptoms of dyskinesia concomitant with apoptotic death of striatal dopamine-responsive gamma-aminobutyric acidergic neurons. Chronic inhibition of dopamine synthesis prevents the appearance of motor dysfunction. The neuronal death is associated with overactivation of dopaminergic signaling as evidenced by the robust up-regulation of striatal DeltaFosB, cyclin-dependent kinase 5, and p35. Moreover, hyperphosphorylation of the tau protein, a phenomenon associated with the activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 in several neurodegenerative disorders, is observed in symptomatic mice. These findings provide in vivo evidence that, in addition to its proposed role in the degeneration of dopamine neurons, dopamine can also contribute to the selective death of its target neurons via a previously unappreciated mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Howard Hughes Medical Institute Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, and Center for Models of Human Disease, Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cyr
authors.forename: Jean-Martin
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Beaulieu
authors.forename: Aki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Laakso
authors.forename: Tatyana D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Sotnikova
authors.forename: Wei-Dong
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Laura M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Bohn
authors.forename: Raul R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Gainetdinov
authors.forename: Marc G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Caron
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D015153:Blotting, Western; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D015398:Signal Transduction; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D004298:Dopamine