title: Nitric oxide and vasoactive intestinal peptide as co-transmitters of airway smooth-muscle relaxation: analysis in neuronal nitric oxide synthase knockout mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Both vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and nitric oxide (NO) relax airway smooth muscle and are potential co-transmitters of neurogenic airway relaxation. The availability of neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) knockout mice (nNOS-/-) provides a unique opportunity for evaluating NO.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the relative importance of NO, especially that generated by nNOS, and VIP as transmitters of the inhibitory nonadrenergic, noncholinergic (NANC) system.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, we compared the neurogenic (tetrodotoxin-sensitive) NANC relaxation of tracheal segments from nNOS-/- mice and control wild-type mice (nNOS(+/+)), induced by electrical field stimulation (EFS). We also examined the tracheal contractile response to methacholine and its relaxant response to VIP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EFS (at 60 V for 2 ms, at 10, 15, or 20 Hz) dose-dependently reduced tracheal tension, and the relaxations were consistently smaller (approximately 40%) in trachea from nNOS-/- mice than from control wild-type mice (p < 0.001). VIP (10(- 8) to 10(-6) mol/L) induced concentration-dependent relaxations that were approximately 50% smaller in nNOS-/- tracheas than in control tracheas. Methacholine induced concentration-dependent contractions that were consistently higher in the nNOS-/- tracheas relative to wild-type mice tracheas (p > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that, in mouse trachea, NO is probably responsible for mediating a large (approximately 60%) component of neurogenic NANC relaxation, and a similar (approximately 50%) component of the relaxant effect of VIP. The results imply that NO contributes significantly to neurogenic relaxation of mouse airway smooth muscle, whether due to neurogenic stimulation or to the neuropeptide VIP.
authors.affiliation: Medical Service and Research Service, VA Medical Center, Northport, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Nadia A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Hasaneen
authors.forename: Hussein D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Foda
authors.forename: Sami I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Said
mesh_terms: D000403:Airway Resistance / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001249:Asthma / Q000503:physiopathology*; D046508:Culture Techniques; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D016210:Methacholine Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; D012016:Reference Values; D014132:Trachea / Q000294:innervation; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016210:Methacholine Chloride; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; C496321:Nos1 protein, mouse