title: Alpha-hydroxylation of tamoxifen and toremifene by human and rat cytochrome P450 3A subfamily enzymes.
abstract: An increased risk of developing endometrial cancer is observed in breast cancer patients treated with tamoxifen (TAM) and in healthy women undergoing TAM chemoprevention therapy. TAM-DNA adducts were detected in the endometrium of women taking TAM (Shibutani, S., et al. (2000) Carcinogenesis 21, 1461-1467) and are formed primarily through O-sulfonation of alpha-hydroxytamoxifen (alpha-OHTAM). To explore the genotoxicic mechanisms of TAM, TAM was incubated with one of multiple human cytochrome P450 enzymes, i.e., P450 1A1, 1A2, 1B1, 2A6, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C18, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, 3A4, 3A5, 3A7, 4A11, 4F2, 4F3A, or 4F3B, in a NADPH regenerating system, and the metabolites were identified using HPLC/UV analysis with authentic standards. Among the 18 human P450 enzymes, P450 3A4 generated a significant amount of alpha-OHTAM. When some rat P450 enzymes were examined, P450 3A2 also catalyzed alpha-hydroxylation of TAM. Similarly, human P450 3A4 and rat P450 3A1 and 3A2 converted toremifene (TOR, a chlorinated TAM analogue) to alpha-hydroxytoremifene (alpha-OHTOR). The formation of alpha-OHTAM and alpha-OHTOR by these P450 enzymes was confirmed by tandem mass spectroscopy. Only the P450 3A subfamily enzymes are able to alpha-hydroxylate TAM and TOR. Although the formation of alpha-OHTOR by these enzymes was much higher than that of alpha-OHTAM, TOR is known to be much less genotoxic than TAM. The results support our proposed mechanism that the lower genotoxicity of TOR is due to limited O-sulfonation of alpha-OHTOR by hydroxysteroid sulfotransferases, resulting in the poor formation of DNA adducts (Shibutani, S., et al. (2001) Cancer Res. 61, 3925-3931).
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8651, USA.
authors.forename: Sung Yeon
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Y R
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Santosh Laxmi
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rieger
authors.forename: Shinya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shibutani
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases / Q000378:metabolism*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism*; D003848:Deoxyguanine Nucleotides / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006900:Hydroxylation; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D017312:Toremifene / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D003848:Deoxyguanine Nucleotides; C110902:alpha-hydroxytamoxifen; D013629:Tamoxifen; C016601:afimoxifene; D017312:Toremifene; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; C104464:CYP3A protein, human; C465138:Cyp3a23-3a1 protein, rat; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; D019255:NADPH Oxidases