title: Arrhythmias in off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting and the antiarrhythmic effect of regional ischemic preconditioning.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors sought to establish whether regional ischemic preconditioning (IP) reduces ischemic reperfusion arrhythmias in patients who undergo off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB).
  
  
  METHODS
  A controlled, randomized, prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two patients with left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) or 2-vessel heart disease (including LAD) who were to undergo OPCAB were randomized into an IP and a control group.
  
  
  METHODS
  IP was induced by occluding the LAD twice for a 2-minute period followed by 3-minute LAD reperfusion before bypass grafting of the first coronary vessel.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-four-hour electrocardiography was recorded from the preoperative day to the second postoperative day. The heart rate (HR) was significantly elevated after surgery. Supraventricular extrasystole (SVES) events were similar before and after surgery. The incidence of patients with ventricular extrasystole (VES), supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), atrial fibrillation (AF), and ventricular tachycardia (VT) was significantly increased after the operation. Ventricular arrhythmias occurred mostly during anastomosis and the early reperfusion period and recovered 2 hours after reperfusion. Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias were mostly encountered 24 hours after reperfusion. IP significantly suppressed HR elevation, SVT, and VT after surgery. SVES, VES, and AF episodes were similar between the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Arrhythmia was a common phenomenon during and after an OPCAB procedure. The present IP protocol significantly suppressed HR elevation, the episodes of SVT, and the incidence of VT after surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Zhong-Kai
authors.initials: ZK
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Tiina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Iivainen
authors.forename: Erkki
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pehkonen
authors.forename: Jari
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Laurikka
authors.forename: Matti R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Tarkka
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000601:surgery; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D052279:Creatine Kinase, MB Form; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013617:Tachycardia, Supraventricular / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D013997:Time Factors; D017211:Treatment Failure; D018879:Ventricular Premature Complexes / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007527:Isoenzymes; D003402:Creatine Kinase; D052279:Creatine Kinase, MB Form