title: Toxaphene residues from cotton fields in soils and in the coastal environment of Nicaragua.
abstract: Toxaphene (camphechlor) was intensively used in the cotton growing fields of Nicaragua for decades with application rates as high as 31 kg ha(-1) in 1985. Although the use of this compound has recently been discontinued in the country, its intensive use in the past and its long persistence in soil allowed for the build up of large reservoirs of toxaphene in agriculture soils and a wide dispersal of residues in the environment. Measurements of toxaphene in coastal areas on the coast of the Pacific Ocean show that environmental concentrations are particularly high in the district of Chinandega, the traditional cotton growing region. Toxaphene residues measured in soils attained 44 microg g(-1) (dry weight) while concentrations in lagoon sediments attained 6.9 microg g(-1) (dry weight) near the mouth of the rivers flowing across the agricultural region. Measurements in aquatic biota showed concentrations as high as 1.6 microg g(-1) (dry weight) in the soft tissues of clams. The toxaphene reservoir in soils combined with the obvious persistence of this compound in soils and lagoon sediments allows predicting that toxaphene will remain in the coastal ecosystem at relatively high concentrations for many years. Toxic effects in lagoon fauna are likely to be observed especially in benthic species that may recycle this compound from sediments. Consumption of seafood, in particular of clams (Anadara spp.) from the more contaminated areas, may expose the population to unacceptably high intake of toxaphene, 30 microg d(-1) per person, with the diet.
authors.affiliation: International Atomic Energy Agency, Marine Environment Laboratory, BP 800, MC 98012, Monaco. fernando.carvalho@itn.mces.pt
authors.forename: F P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Montenegro-Guillén
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Villeneuve
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cattini
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tolosa
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bartocci
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lacayo-Romero
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cruz-Granja
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000378:metabolism; D018556:Crops, Agricultural; D017753:Ecosystem; D005399:Fishes / Q000378:metabolism; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D003368:Gossypium; D009527:Nicaragua; D010140:Pacific Ocean; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000506:poisoning; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000506:poisoning; D014112:Toxaphene / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000506:poisoning
chemical_list: D010573:Pesticide Residues; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014112:Toxaphene