title: Oncogenic Ki-ras inhibits the expression of interferon-responsive genes through inhibition of STAT1 and STAT2 expression.
abstract: Endogenous interferon gamma (IFNgamma) promotes the host response to primary tumors, and IFNgamma-insensitive tumors display increased tumorigenicity and can evade tumor surveillance mechanisms. Here we demonstrate that activating mutations of Ki-ras are sufficient to inhibit the expression of STAT1 and STAT2, transcription factors required for signaling by IFNs, providing a potential mechanism for the insensitivity of tumors to IFNs. We demonstrated that colon cancer cell lines with Ki-ras mutations display reduced expression of IFN-responsive genes compared with the cell lines that have retained wild type Ras and that inactivation of the mutant Ki-ras allele in the HCT116 colon cancer cell line is sufficient to restore the expression of STAT1, STAT2, and IRF-9. Accordingly, the expression of 27 interferon-inducible genes was reduced in HCT116 cells compared with the isogenic clones with targeted deletion of the mutant Ki-ras allele, Hkh2 and Hke-3. The expression of IFNgamma receptors did not differ among the isogenic cell lines. IFNgamma stimulated transcription of a STAT1-dependent reporter gene was impaired by RasV12, demonstrating a transmodulation of IFN/STAT signaling by activated Ras. Finally, we demonstrated that the expression of RasV12 in 293T cells is sufficient to inhibit the endogenous expression of STAT1 and STAT2, confirming the negative regulation of IFN signaling by oncogenic Ras. Our data demonstrate that the signaling initiated by activated Ki-ras interferes with the IFN/STAT signaling pathway and modulates the responsiveness of cancer cells to interferons. Furthermore, the data suggest that tumors harboring activating Ki-ras mutations may escape tumor surveillance mechanisms due to reduced responsiveness to IFNgamma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Montefiore Medical Center, 111 E. 210th Street, Bronx, NY 10467, USA. lklampf@aecom.yu.edu
authors.forename: Lidija
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Klampfer
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Georgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Corner
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mariadason
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Arango
authors.forename: Takehiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sasazuki
authors.forename: Senji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shirasawa
authors.forename: Leonard
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Augenlicht
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000502:physiology*; D011905:Genes, ras / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D050832:Interferon-Stimulated Gene Factor 3; D050834:Interferon-Stimulated Gene Factor 3, gamma Subunit; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000502:physiology*; D009154:Mutation / Q000502:physiology*; D015689:Oncogene Protein p21(ras) / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D050794:STAT1 Transcription Factor; D050795:STAT2 Transcription Factor; D015398:Signal Transduction; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C494227:IRF9 protein, human; D050832:Interferon-Stimulated Gene Factor 3; D050834:Interferon-Stimulated Gene Factor 3, gamma Subunit; D050794:STAT1 Transcription Factor; C494079:STAT1 protein, human; D050795:STAT2 Transcription Factor; C494084:STAT2 protein, human; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D015689:Oncogene Protein p21(ras)