title: Investigation of antibiotic and antibacterial agent cross-resistance in target bacteria from homes of antibacterial product users and nonusers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the relationship between antibiotic and antibacterial resistance in environmental and clinical bacteria from home environments across geographical locations, relative to the use or nonuse of antibacterial products, with a focus on target organisms recognized as potential human pathogens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a randomized study, environmental and clinical samples were collected from the homes of antibacterial product users (n=30) and nonusers (n=30) for the isolation of target bacteria for antibiotic and antibacterial testing in three geographical areas (in USA and UK). Isolates were tested for antibiotic susceptibility, with selected antibiotic-resistant and antibiotic-susceptible isolates tested against four common antibacterial agents (triclosan, para-chloro-meta-xylenol, pine oil and quaternary ammonium compound). Prequalified users and nonusers at each location were randomly selected after meeting exclusionary criteria. Of 1238 isolates, more target bacteria were recovered from nonuser than user homes. Of Staphylococcus aureus isolates (n=33), none showed resistance to oxacillin or vancomycin; for Enterococcus sp. (n=149), none were resistant to ampicillin or vancomycin; and for Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=54)and Escherichia coli (n=24), none were resistant to third generation cephalosporins. Antibiotic resistance to one or more of the standard test panel drugs for Gram-positive and Gram-negative target bacteria was comparable between nonuser and user homes for both environmental and clinical isolates [e.g. resistance of environmental coagulase-negative (CN) Staphylococcus sp. was 73.8% (124/168) from nonuser homes and 73.0% (111/152) from user homes, and Enterobacteriaceae other than E. coli, 75.9% (186/245) from nonuser homes compared with 78.0% from user homes]. Of 524 Gram-negatives tested against preferred/alternative drugs, 97.1% (509/524) were susceptible to all antibiotics, across both groups. Isolates of S. aureus, Enterococcus sp. and CN Staphylococcus sp. susceptible to all preferred treatment drugs showed comparable antibacterial minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) results between nonuser and user home isolates. For Gram-positives resistant to one or more preferred drugs, greatest resistance to antibacterial active ingredients was found in the nonuser group. For Gram-negatives, the antibacterial MIC data were comparable for isolates that were fully susceptible and resistant to one or more preferred/alternative treatment antibiotics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results showed a lack of antibiotic and antibacterial agent cross-resistance in target bacteria from the homes of antibacterial product users and nonusers, as well as increased prevalence of potential pathogens in nonuser homes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It refutes widely publicized, yet unsupported, hypotheses that use of antibacterial products facilitates the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria from the home environment.
authors.affiliation: DynCorp Health Research Services, Morrisville, NC, USA. gene_cole@byu.edu
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Addison
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Rubino
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Leese
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Dulaney
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Newell
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wilkins
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Gaber
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wineinger
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Criger
mesh_terms: D000667:Ampicillin / Q000494:pharmacology; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002511:Cephalosporins / Q000494:pharmacology; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D016983:Enterococcus / Q000187:drug effects; D004777:Environment; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D006795:Household Products / Q000382:microbiology*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods; D010068:Oxacillin / Q000494:pharmacology; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000494:pharmacology; D011897:Random Allocation; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D014260:Triclosan / Q000494:pharmacology; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D014992:Xylenes / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002511:Cephalosporins; D010938:Plant Oils; D014992:Xylenes; D014260:Triclosan; D014640:Vancomycin; D000667:Ampicillin; C016834:3,5-xylenol; D010068:Oxacillin