title: Anaemia is an independent predictor of poor outcome in patients with chronic heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mild anaemia frequently occurs in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF), particularly in the advanced stages of the disease. The correction of anaemia with erythropoietin is a therapeutic possibility. The aim of this study was to assess prospectively the relationship between the prevalence of anaemia (haemoglobin level<or=120 g/l) and prognosis in an unselected CHF population.
  
  
  METHODS
  All consecutive patients with a diagnosis of CHF admitted to our department between January 2000 and April 2000 were considered for the present study. Those with secondary causes of anaemia were excluded. Patients were followed up until November 2001 (>18 months in all survivors), and the end-point of the study was all-cause mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 176 patients were enrolled (mean age: 63 years, New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification I/II/III/IV: 15/81/51/29; left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF): 42%, ischaemic aetiology in 62%). In the whole population the mean haemoglobin level was 140+/-15 g/l. Anaemia was found in 18 (10%) patients, and was significantly more common in women than in men (18 vs. 7%, respectively, P=0.02) and in those with most severe CHF symptoms (frequency in NYHA I/II/III/IV: 0/9/10/21%, respectively; NYHA IV vs. I-III, P=0.03), but not related to the other clinical indices. Univariate analysis revealed NYHA class III-IV (hazard ratio 3.8, 95% CI: 1.6-8.9, P=0.003), low LVEF <35% (hazard ratio 2.3, 95% CI: 1.0-4.9, P=0.04) and anaemia (hazard ratio 2.9, 95% CI: 1.2-7.2, P=0.02) as predictors of 18-month mortality. In multivariate analysis, anaemia remained an independent predictor of death when adjusted for NYHA class and LVEF (hazard ratio: 2.6, 95% CI: 1.0-6.5, P=0.04). In anaemic patients, 18-month survival was 67% (95% CI: 45-89%) compared to 87% (81-92%) in patients with a normal haemoglobin level (P=0.016).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mild anaemia is a significant and independent predictor of poor outcome in unselected patients with CHF. Correction of low haemoglobin level may become an interesting therapeutic option for CHF patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Military Hospital, ul Weigla 5, 50-891 Wroclaw, Poland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Szachniewicz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Petruk-Kowalczyk
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Majda
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kaczmarek
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Reczuch
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Kalra
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Piepoli
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Anker
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Banasiak
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ponikowski
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000740:Anemia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric