title: Characterization of water-in-crude oil emulsions in oil spill response.
abstract: The formation of water-in-crude oil emulsions occurs when crude oils are spilled into sea. The water-in-crude oil emulsions significantly change the properties of the spilled crude oils and in turn influence the choices made relating to oil spill countermeasures. The water-in-crude oil emulsions were characterized using various techniques in this study. The environmental scanning electron microscopy observation of water droplets in the emulsions is also presented. It is a powerful tool in emulsion observations.
authors.affiliation: Heriot-Watt University Scottish Borders Campus, Galashiels, UK. Q.Wei@hw.ac.uk
authors.forename: Qu-fu
authors.initials: QF
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Mather
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Fotheringham
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000059:Accidents; D004655:Emulsions; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D010578:Petroleum; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D004655:Emulsions; D010578:Petroleum