title: Impaired fracture healing in the absence of TNF-alpha signaling: the role of TNF-alpha in endochondral cartilage resorption.
abstract: TNF-alpha is a major inflammatory factor that is induced in response to injury, and it contributes to the normal regulatory processes of bone resorption. The role of TNF-alpha during fracture healing was examined in wild-type and TNF-alpha receptor (p55(-/-)/p75(-/-))-deficient mice. The results show that TNF-alpha plays an important regulatory role in postnatal endochondral bone formation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  TNF-alpha is a major inflammatory factor that is induced as part of the innate immune response to injury, and it contributes to the normal regulatory processes of bone resorption.
  
  
  METHODS
  The role of TNF-alpha was examined in a model of simple closed fracture repair in wild-type and TNF-alpha receptor (p55(-/-)/p75(-/-))-deficient mice. Histomorphometric measurements of the cartilage and bone and apoptotic cell counts in hypertrophic cartilage were carried out at multiple time points over 28 days of fracture healing (n = 5 animals per time point). The expression of multiple mRNAs for various cellular functions including extracellular matrix formation, bone resorption, and apoptosis were assessed (triplicate polls of mRNAs).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the absence of TNF-alpha signaling, chondrogenic differentiation was delayed by 2-4 days but subsequently proceeded at an elevated rate. Endochondral tissue resorption was delayed 2-3 weeks in the TNF-alpha receptor (p55(-/-)/p75(-/-))-deficient mice compared with the wild-type animals. Functional studies of the mechanisms underlying the delay in endochondral resorption indicated that TNF-alpha mediated both chondrocyte apoptosis and the expression of proresorptive cytokines that control endochondral tissue remodeling by osteoclasts. While the TNF-alpha receptor ablated animals show no overt developmental alterations of their skeletons, the results illustrate the primary roles that TNF-alpha function contributes to in promoting postnatal fracture repair as well as suggest that processes of skeletal tissue development and postnatal repair are controlled in part by differing mechanisms. In summary, these results show that TNF-alpha participates at several functional levels, including the recruitment of mesenchymal stem, apoptosis of hypertrophic chondrocytes, and the recruitment of osteoclasts function during the postnatal endochondral repair of fracture healing.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedics Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA. lgersten@bu.edu
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Gerstenfeld
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kon
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aizawa
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsay
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fitch
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Graves
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Einhorn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D017209:Apoptosis; D001483:Base Sequence; D001862:Bone Resorption / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002356:Cartilage / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D017102:Fracture Healing / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I; D047889:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I; D047889:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha