title: Clinical application of opioid equianalgesic data.
abstract: Physicians and other healthcare professionals may often be faced with the need to change opioids during the course of a patient's opioid analgesic care due to a number of clinical reasons. The act of converting opioid analgesics, for many physicians, nurses, and pharmacists, who do not receive adequate training, remains a challenging and often uncomfortable aspect of pain treatment. Part of the challenge clinicians face is secondary to the relatively weak literature evidence base that exists to support the equianalgesic ratios provided in textbooks, journals, and other medical resources. Another aspect involves the lack of a widely recognized treatment algorithm or guideline to assist clinicians with opioid conversion. The final decision on which opioid dose to prescribe must involve a thorough clinical assessment to minimize the risk of prescribing inappropriate opioid doses over or under the patient's actual need. The purpose of this paper is to provide the clinician with an approach for dealing with the conversion between opioid analgesics that is standardized, yet allows for individualized results to meet unique patient needs. We present a 5-step process as a guide for clinicians faced with the need to change a patient's opioid regimen. This approach may help to build a comfort level when dealing with the clinical challenges of converting from one opioid to another.
authors.affiliation: Endo Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania 19317, USA. Gammaitoni.Arnold@Endo.com
authors.forename: Arnold R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Gammaitoni
authors.forename: Perry
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fine
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: Mary Lynn
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: McPherson
authors.forename: Suzette
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bergmark
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000145:classification*; D019090:Case Management; D002985:Clinical Protocols / Q000592:standards; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid