title: Acitretin treatment of premalignant and malignant skin disorders in renal transplant recipients: clinical effects of a randomized trial comparing two doses of acitretin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  After renal transplantation, the incidence of premalignant and malignant skin lesions is high. Treatment with acitretin improves the number and aspect of actinic keratoses and appears to reduce the incidence of squamous cell carcinomas, but treatment is hampered by frequent side effects. No optimal long-term dosing advice is available.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 26 long-term renal transplant recipients were randomized to 1-year treatment with acitretin, either 0.4 mg/kg/d throughout the whole year or 0.4 mg/kg/d during the first 3 months followed by 0.2 mg/kg/d for the remaining 9 months. At 9 different time points, the number of actinic keratoses and tumors was counted, and erythema and thickness of the lesions, and severity of side effects were scored. Patient's judgment was recorded using visual analog scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both groups, the number of actinic keratoses decreased by nearly 50%, but the number of new malignant tumors during the study year was similar to the number of tumors in the year before the study. Thickness of the keratoses decreased significantly in both groups. Acitretin dose had to be reduced in most patients because of the frequent occurrence of mucocutaneous side effects, such as cheilitis, excessive peeling of the skin, and hair disorders. In the 14 patients randomized to continuous treatment with a dose of 0.4 mg/kg/d, this dose could be maintained in 3 of 14 patients only. Temporary interruption of acitretin therapy was necessary in 7 of 26 patients. Patients' contentment about the aspect of their skin increased significantly, with no differences between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acitretin therapy decreased the number of actinic keratoses in renal transplant recipients at a low maintenance dose of 0.2 mg/kg/d and significantly decreased the degree of thickness of the lesions. However, the incidence of new skin malignancies remained unchanged. Despite the high incidence of mucocutaneous side effects, patient's contentment with the aspect of their skin increased significantly.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: R G L
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: de Sévaux
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Smit
authors.forename: E M G J
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: de Jong
authors.forename: P C M
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: van de Kerkhof
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hoitsma
mesh_terms: D017255:Acitretin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007641:Keratolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008134:Long-Term Care; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology*; D011336:Probability; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007641:Keratolytic Agents; D017255:Acitretin