title: Personality characteristics as predictors of underreporting of energy intake on 24-hour dietary recall interviews.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify characteristics associated with misreporting of energy intake during 24-hour dietary recalls (24 HR).
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-eight subjects were administered two 24 HRs. Energy expenditure was determined by doubly labeled water (44 subjects) or intake balance (54 subjects). Data on subjects' physical, lifestyle, and psychosocial characteristics were also collected. Subjects/setting At the Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center 52 women and 46 men were administered 24HR and completed lifestyle and personality questionnaires and a memory test. Physical characteristics such as weight, percent body fat, and total energy expenditure were measured. Statistical analysis The influences of subject parameters on energy misreporting were assessed by linear regression and Pearson product-moment correlation analysis for continuous variables and by ANOVA for discrete variables. Stepwise regression was used to identify key factors in underreporting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Factors particularly important in predicting underreporting of energy intake include factors indicating dissatisfaction with body image; for example, a 398 kcal/day underreport in subjects attempting weight loss during the past year with a nearly 500 kcal/day underreport in women. Overall, women underreported by 393 kcal/day relative to men and women evinced a social desirability bias amounting to a 26 kcal underreport for each point on the social desirability scale. Gender differences also were evident in the effect of percent body fat (with men underreporting about 16 kcal/day/percent body fat) and in departure from self-reported ideal body weight (with women underreporting about 21 kcal/day/kg).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Body image and fatness are key factors on which health professionals should focus when seeking predictors of underreporting of dietary intake. Dietary interviews must be conducted to minimize bias related to subjects' tendencies to win approval and avoid censure by the interviewer. In addition, dissatisfaction with body image may lead to underestimation of food intake, therefore reducing likelihood of success in weight loss. Thus, health care professionals involved in weight loss counseling may achieve better success if treatment includes generating a more positive body image.
authors.affiliation: US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet and Human Performance Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. novotny@bhnrc.arsusda.gov
authors.forename: Janet A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Novotny
authors.forename: William V
authors.initials: WV
authors.lastname: Rumpler
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Riddick
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hebert
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rhodes
authors.forename: Joseph T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Judd
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Baer
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McDowell
authors.forename: Ronette
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Briefel
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001823:Body Composition; D001828:Body Image; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D011939:Mental Recall; D008875:Middle Aged; D010552:Personality Assessment; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012650:Self Disclosure; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires