title: Clinical experience with intravenous quinine, intramuscular artemether and intravenous artesunate for the treatment of severe malaria in Thailand.
abstract: We prospectively studied 803 Thai patients admitted to the Bangkok Hospital for Tropical Diseases to assess the safety, tolerability and effectiveness of treatments for strictly defined P. falciparum malaria. Patients were assigned to one of five treatment groups: (i) a 5-day course of intravenous artesunate in a total dose of 600 mg, Group Aiv; (ii) intravenous artesunate as in Group Aiv followed by mefloquine, 25 mg/kg, Group Aiv+M; (iii) a 3-day course of intramuscular artemether in a total dose of 480 mg, Group Aim; (iv) intramuscular artemether as in Group Aim followed by mefloquine, 25 mg/kg, Group Aim+M, and (v) intravenous quinine, 200 mg/kg given in divided doses over seven days followed by oral tetracylcine, 10 mg/kg, for 7 days. When patients could take oral medications, the parenteral antimalarials were administered as oral agents. There were no major adverse effects observed with any of the five treatment regimens. With all regimens, 95 to 100% of the patients survived. Mean parasite clearance times were more rapid with the artemisinin regimens (53 to 62 hours) than with quinine (92 hours). The mean fever clearance times with intravenous artesunate (80 to 82 hours) were about a day shorter than those with intramuscular artemether (108 hours) or intravenous quinine (107 hours). Mefloquine reduced the recrudescence rate from 24 to 5% with intravenous artesunate but from 45 to 20% with intramuscular artemether; recrudescence was 4% with quinine and tetracycline. A dose and duration of therapy greater than those in this study are needed for optimal therapy with intramuscular artemether. Effective therapy for severe falciparum malaria can be provided by either intravenous artesunate followed by mefloquine or by intravenous quinine followed by tetracycline.
authors.affiliation: Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. tmsks@mahidol.ac.th
authors.forename: Srivicha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krudsood
authors.forename: Polrat
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wilairatana
authors.forename: Suparp
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vannaphan
authors.forename: Sombat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Treeprasertsuk
authors.forename: Udomsak
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Silachamroon
authors.forename: Weerapong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Phomrattanaprapin
authors.forename: Victor R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Gourdeuk
authors.forename: Gary M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Brittenham
authors.forename: Sornchai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Looareesuwan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000077549:Artemether; D037621:Artemisinins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000077332:Artesunate; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011803:Quinine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D037621:Artemisinins; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; D000077332:Artesunate; D011803:Quinine; D000077549:Artemether