title: [Testicular and epididymal appendages. Contribution about it's embryology and pathogenesis].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The testicular appendages are structures with biologic activity and with the possibility to become ischaemic or to degenerate before determined stimulus. Laterly, we have seen an apparent increase in our cases of torsion of testicular appendages. The said, together with the questions about embriology and pathogenesis of this structures, encourage us to do this work.
  
  
  METHODS
  1- Retrospective clinical study of patients operated of torsion of testicular appendages, from January 1984 to December 2001. We asses age, year of operation and clinical features. 2- Prospective clinical study of patients operated of torsion of testicular appendages, between March 1999 and March 2000. We asses age, time of evolution, degree of ischaemia, nutritional status, sexual maturity stage and testicular volume. 3- Inmunocytochemical study of testicular and epididymal appendages. We identified the oestrogen receptors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There is a meaningful increase in the yearly incidence of ischaemia of testicular appendages. The mean age of the patients was 9.3 +/- 2.5 years, similar alone of the study. In the patients of group 2, the mean time of evolution was 49.2 +/- 46.6 hours. The appendages showed oedema and several degrees of ischaemia in the absence of torsion (14/21). The body mass index was 19.5 +/- 3.7, and 90% of patients had stages I and II of Tanner. The mean of testicular volume was 2.1 +/- 1.6 ml. By means of inmunocytochemical study we identified oestrogen receptors in 7 of all testicular appendages studied and absence of oestrogen receptors in all epididymal appendages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clinical syndrome of the acute scrotum in the majority of cases is due to oedema and ischemia of the appendages, in absence of torsion, probably related to its enlargement in response to hormonal stimulation, at least in some grade, in prepubertal boys. The difference found, related to oestrogen receptors, suggest a different origin for testicular and epididymal appendages.
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D004822:Epididymis / Q000196:embryology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013086:Spermatic Cord Torsion / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D013737:Testis / Q000196:embryology*
vernacular_title: Apéndices testiculares y epididimarios. Contribución a la embriología y a la patogénesis.