title: Metaphase I arrest upon activation of the Mad2-dependent spindle checkpoint in mouse oocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The importance of mitotic spindle checkpoint control has been well established during somatic cell divisions. The metaphase-to-anaphase transition takes place only when all sister chromatids have been properly attached to the bipolar spindle and are aligned at the metaphase plate. Failure of this checkpoint may lead to unequal separation of sister chromatids. On the contrary, the existence of such a checkpoint during the first meiotic division in mammalian oocytes when homologous chromosomes are segregated has remained controversial.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here, we show that mouse oocytes respond to spindle damage by a transient and reversible cell cycle arrest in metaphase I with high Maturation Promoting Factor (MPF) activity. Furthermore, the mitotic checkpoint protein Mad2 is present throughout meiotic maturation and is recruited to unattached kinetochores. Overexpression of Mad2 in meiosis I leads to a cell cycle arrest in metaphase I. Expression of a dominant-negative Mad2 protein interferes with proper spindle checkpoint arrest.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Errors in meiosis I cause missegregation of chromosomes and can result in the generation of aneuploid embryos with severe birth defects. In human oocytes, failures in spindle checkpoint control may be responsible for the generation of trisomies (e.g., Down Syndrome) due to chromosome missegregation in meiosis I. Up to now, the mechanisms ensuring correct separation of chromosomes in meiosis I remained unknown. Our study shows for the first time that a functional Mad2-dependent spindle checkpoint exists during the first meiotic division in mammalian oocytes.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D033481:Chromosomes, Mammalian / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D064246:Mad2 Proteins; D000090204:Mesothelin; D008677:Metaphase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D015739:Nocodazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D009865:Oocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008941:Spindle Apparatus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D064246:Mad2 Proteins; C577698:Mad2l1 protein, mouse; C577699:Mad2l2 protein, mouse; C000715528:Msln protein, mouse; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D000090204:Mesothelin; D015739:Nocodazole