title: Photochemical characterization of water samples from Minnesota and Vermont sites with malformed frogs: potential influence of photosensitization by singlet molecular oxygen (1O(2)) and free radicals on aquatic toxicity.
abstract: Environmental pollutants activated by UV sunlight may have contributed to the recent decline in frog populations and the concomitant increase in malformations in the USA and abroad. UV radiation is able to mutate DNA and to initiate photosensitization processes that generate mutagenic and biologically disruptive oxygen transients. We have examined water from selected sites in Minnesota and Vermont using singlet molecular oxygen (1O(2)), detected by its phosphorescence and free radicals detected by spin trapping, as markers for photosensitization. Water from a pond in Minnesota with malformed frogs, which also causes malformations in the laboratory, photosensitized more 1O(2), even though it absorbed less UV light compared to water from a site that did not cause malformations. This suggested that unknown natural or pollutant agents were present, and that photosensitization may be involved. Although UV irradiation of the two Minnesota water samples in the presence of the spin trap 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) revealed the presence of the DMPO/*OH, DMPO/*H(e(aq)-) and DMPO/*C(unknown) adducts there were no qualitative or quantitative differences between them. We also examined water samples from several sites in Vermont, and compared them by measuring the quantum yield of 1O(2) photosensitization. While all the Vermont samples produced a small amount of 1O(2), there was no clear correlation with the incidence of frog malformations. However, the samples differed strongly in absorption spectra and the ability to quench 1O(2). These factors may determine how much UV light is absorbed and converted into chemical reactions. Our results show that photochemical characterization of 1O(2) photosensitization is possible in untreated natural water samples. Photosensitization falls into the category of global factors that may be closely associated with the effects of UV irradiation of the Earth's environments. Thus, photosensitization might be an important component in global amphibian malformation and decline. The observation of 1O(2) emission directly from natural water may also provide new opportunities to investigate the involvement of 1O(2) in other complex environmental processes.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001001:Anura / Q000002:abnormalities*; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides / Q000737:chemistry; D004777:Environment; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000032:analysis*; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D008910:Minnesota; D010777:Photochemistry; D026082:Singlet Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects*; D019097:Spin Trapping; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014707:Vermont; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides; D026082:Singlet Oxygen; C017245:5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide