title: The influence of sequence of impressions on children's anxiety and discomfort.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Laboratory studies with adults and children have found lower pain reports when pain proceeds from high to low rather than from low to high. However, pediatric dentists often ease children into difficult procedures (from easiest to most difficult). This study investigated the influence of order during a clinical procedure that involved taking maxillary and mandibular alginate impressions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were 24 children aged 5 to 6 years (preoperational stage) and 24 children aged 9 to 10 years (concrete operational stage). Children were randomly assigned to either start with the mandibular (presumed to be easier) or start with the maxillary (presumed to be harder) impressions. Discomfort during the sequence of impressions was measured using the "Affective Facial Scale." A telephone interview was conducted 2 weeks later to evaluate the memory of discomfort.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results indicated that the older children who started with the mandibular (easier) impression and ended with the maxillary (more uncomfortable) impression reported significantly lower discomfort than older children who started with the maxillary impression and ended with the mandibular (Mann-Whitney U, Z = -2.08; P < .037). The same tendency was noted 2 weeks later on a telephone interview. By phone, 92% of the older children who started with the mandibular impression rated the sequence of impressions as "not at all bad," while only 58% of the older children who started with the maxillary impression rated the overall experience as "not at all bad" (chi2 = 3.56, P < .059). The younger children did not show any significant difference in their ratings of discomfort at either of the assessment periods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consistent with clinical practice, this study observed that older children benefit from beginning an appointment with an easier procedure and working up to a more difficult one.
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000737:chemistry; D001294:Attitude to Health; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016854:Dental Anxiety / Q000523:psychology*; D003760:Dental Impression Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D003761:Dental Impression Technique / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible; D008437:Maxilla; D008568:Memory; D010146:Pain / Q000523:psychology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D003760:Dental Impression Materials