title: Dosimetry of two extraoral direct digital imaging devices: NewTom cone beam CT and Orthophos Plus DS panoramic unit.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study provides effective dose measurements for two extraoral direct digital imaging devices, the NewTom 9000 cone beam CT (CBCT) unit and the Orthophos Plus DS panoramic unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thermoluminescent dosemeters were placed at 20 sites throughout the layers of the head and neck of a tissue-equivalent RANDO phantom. Variations in phantom orientation and beam collimation were used to create three different CBCT examination techniques: a combined maxillary and mandibular scan (Max/Man), a maxillary scan and a mandibular scan. Ten exposures for each technique were used to ensure a reliable measure of radiation from the dosemeters. Average tissue-absorbed dose, weighted equivalent dose and effective dose were calculated for each major anatomical site. Effective doses of individual organs were summed with salivary gland exposures (E(SAL)) and without salivary gland exposures (E(ICRP60)) to calculate two measures of whole-body effective dose.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The effective doses for CBCT were: Max/Man scan, E(ICRP60)=36.3 micro Sv, E(SAL)=77.9 micro Sv; maxillary scan, E(ICRP60)=19.9 micro Sv, E(SAL)=41.5 micro Sv; and mandibular scan, E(ICRP60)=34.7 micro Sv, E(SAL)=74.7 micro Sv. Effective doses for the panoramic examination were E(ICRP60)=6.2 micro Sv and E(SAL)=22.0 micro Sv.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When viewed in the context of potential diagnostic yield, the E(ICRP60) of 36.3 micro Sv for the NewTom compares favourably with published effective doses for conventional CT (314 micro Sv) and film tomography (2-9 micro Sv per image). CBCT examinations resulted in doses that were 3-7 (E(ICRP60)) and 2-4 (E(SAL)) times the panoramic doses observed in this study.
mesh_terms: D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000528:radiation effects; D001921:Brain / Q000528:radiation effects; D005123:Eye / Q000528:radiation effects; D006257:Head / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008334:Mandible / Q000528:radiation effects; D008437:Maxilla / Q000528:radiation effects; D009333:Neck / Q000528:radiation effects; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011862:Radiography, Panoramic / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012469:Salivary Glands / Q000528:radiation effects; D012867:Skin / Q000528:radiation effects; D013819:Thermoluminescent Dosimetry; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000528:radiation effects; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014915:Whole-Body Counting