title: Joint position dependence of weakness during maximum isometric voluntary contractions in subjects with hemiparesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the distribution of weakness across elbow range of motion (ROM) in subjects with hemiparesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A detailed analysis of elbow torque and associated electromyographic signals of 5 prime elbow muscles generated during maximum isometric voluntary flexion (MIVF) and extension (MIVE) at 8 different elbow positions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rehabilitation center research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Convenience samples of 5 controls and 10 subjects with hemiparesis with sufficient passive (>90 degrees ) and active (>60 degrees ) ROM on their paretic side.
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  Measured and normalized MIVF and MIVE torques and normalized moving average electromyographic signals of each muscle at each testing position.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Measured MIVF and MIVE torques generated by the hemiparetic group were marginally and significantly smaller than those of the control group (2-factor repeated-measures analysis of variance [ANOVA]: P=.053 for MIVF, P=.011 for MIVE). Distribution of weakness was nonuniform across elbow positions, as shown by normalized torque-position curves. Normalized MIVE torque of the hemiparetic group was significantly and marginally smaller than that of the control group at 15 degrees and 30 degrees (Student t test: P<.0001, P=.054), respectively. Although statistically not significant, the normalized MIVF torque of the hemiparetic group was slightly larger than that of the control group but became smaller than the control group's as the elbow flexed beyond 90 degrees. Our electromyographic recordings supported the normalized MIVF torque findings, showing a significant increase in brachioradialis activation in the control group at flexed positions during MIVF (1-factor repeated-measure ANOVA, P=.003), but not in the hemiparetic group (P=.392).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that measuring the strength in multiple joint positions is useful for characterizing the basic changes in muscle activation strategies and properties and provides a relevant measure of elbow weakness from a clinical and functional perspective. Various mechanisms of action are discussed to better understand the relation between joint position and weakness.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006429:Hemiplegia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018908:Muscle Weakness / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D019415:Torque