Conditioned "anxiety" and punishment effects on operant behavior of goldfish (carassius auratus).
Hungry goldfish learned to press a lever for worms on a 2-minute variable-interval schedule of reinforcement. Lever pressing was suppressed in the presence of a flashing light by (i) pairing the light with a brief electric shock ("anxiety") and (ii) punishing the lever-pressing behavior with electric shocks.
D000818:Animals; D001007:Anxiety; D001008:Anxiety Disorders; D003216:Conditioning, Operant; D004597:Electroshock; D006054:Goldfish; D007858:Learning; D011678:Punishment; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology
ANXIETY; LEARNING; PUNISHMENT