title: INNERVATION OF THE LARGE INTESTINE OF THE TOAD (BUFO MARINUS).
abstract: The morphology, physiology and pharmacology of the innervation of the toad (Bufo marinus) large intestine have been studied. The large intestine can be divided into the regions colon, rectum and cloaca, on morphological grounds, but acts as a unit in response to nerve stimulation. Of the right and left nerves, each appears to supply the entire large intestine. Autonomic innervation of the large intestine of Bufo marinus is as follows: (1) The 9th and 10th spinal nerves (pelvic) contain predominantly excitatory preganglionic cholinergic fibres, but some inhibitory adrenergic fibres are also present in most preparations. (2) The splanchnic nerves contain inhibitory postganglionic adrenergic fibres from the 3rd to 5th sympathetic ganglia, and a small number of excitatory cholinergic fibres. The pathway of adrenergic inhibitory fibres to the large intestine alongside the posterior mesenteric artery as seen in mammals is rarely present in the toad. Several nonspecific actions of autonomic drugs on the large intestine are discussed. The functional organization of the autonomic innervation of the toad large intestine is similar to that in mammals, that is the large intestine is controlled by antagonistic cholinergic and adrenergic nerves. However, the separation of these two types of nerve fibres into anatomically distinct nerves does not appear to be as complete as in mammals. It is suggested that inhibitory autonomic control of the alimentary canal in vertebrates first appears in the hind-gut region.
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine; D000717:Anatomy, Comparative; D000818:Animals; D001001:Anura; D001285:Atropine; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System; D001949:Bretylium Compounds; D002024:Bufo marinus; D005730:Ganglionic Blockers; D006584:Hexamethonium Compounds; D007420:Intestine, Large; D007545:Isoproterenol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D008464:Mecamylamine; D009638:Norepinephrine; D010425:Pentolinium Tartrate; D010600:Pharmacology; D010643:Phenoxybenzamine; D010828:Physiology, Comparative; D010830:Physostigmine; D012106:Research; D012110:Reserpine; D013153:Splanchnic Nerves; D013565:Sympatholytics; D014166:Transferases
chemical_list: D001949:Bretylium Compounds; D005730:Ganglionic Blockers; D006584:Hexamethonium Compounds; D013565:Sympatholytics; D010643:Phenoxybenzamine; D008464:Mecamylamine; D001285:Atropine; D012110:Reserpine; D010425:Pentolinium Tartrate; D010830:Physostigmine; D014166:Transferases; D007545:Isoproterenol; D000109:Acetylcholine; C084581:dichloroisoproterenol; D009638:Norepinephrine
keywords: ACETYLCHOLINE; ANATOMY, COMPARATIVE; ATROPINE; AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; BRETYLIUM COMPOUNDS; DICHLOROISOPROTERENOL; EXPERIMENTAL LAB STUDY; GANGLIONIC BLOCKADERS; HEXAMETHONIUM COMPOUNDS; INTESTINE, LARGE; ISOPROTERENOL; MECAMYLAMINE; NOREPINEPHRINE; PENTOLINIUM TARTRATE; PHARMACOLOGY; PHENOXYBENZAMINE; PHYSIOLOGY, COMPARATIVE; PHYSOSTIGMINE; RESERPINE; SYMPATHOLYTICS; TOADS; TRANSFERASES