title: Estrogen therapy and risk of cardiovascular events among women with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the association between estrogen therapy and cardiovascular disease risk among women with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective, case-cohort study was conducted among 6017 women aged 45-80 years with type 2 diabetes from 1 January 1986 to 31 December 1992 at the Group Health Cooperative in Washington state. Cardiovascular outcomes, including nonfatal myocardial infarction (n = 215), coronary revascularization (n = 253), and cardiovascular deaths (n = 229), were ascertained through 31 December 1998. Use of estrogen and progestin was derived from automated pharmacy records and modeled as a time-dependent variable. Median follow-up was 6.8 years. Multivariable-adjusted relative risk (RR) and 95% CI were calculated using Cox proportional hazard models for case-cohort analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Current use of estrogen with (RR 0.43, 95% CI 0.22-0.85) or without (0.48, 0.30-0.78) progestin was associated with a decreased risk of cardiovascular events compared with never having used estrogen. Risk of cardiovascular events associated with a first episode of estrogen use (with or without progestin) of <25 months' duration (1.12, 0.49-2.54), first episode of use >or=25 months' duration (0.32, 0.06-1.70), and current use that was not the first episode of use (0.42, 0.42-0.67) indicated that recent initiation was not associated with an increase or decrease in risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show an association of estrogen therapy, with or without progestin, with decreased risk of cardiovascular events among women with type 2 diabetes. This association should be further investigated in large randomized, controlled trials.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011372:Progestins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D011372:Progestins