title: Increased salivary cortisol concentrations during chronic alcohol intoxication in a naturalistic clinical sample of men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cortisol, the primary glucocorticoid in humans, is intimately involved in the regulation of such varied and critical biological processes as emotion, cognition, reward, immune functioning, and energy utilization. A persistent increase in cortisol concentration as a result of chronic intoxication could therefore result in alcohol-related disorders such as sleep disruption, cognitive deficits, diabetes, and mood disturbances. Although moderate levels of acute alcohol ingestion are reported to produce an increase in cortisol levels, it is uncertain whether cortisol remains persistently increased during long-term chronic intoxication.
  
  
  METHODS
  Salivary cortisol and breath alcohol concentrations (BAC) were obtained on 73 subjects with primary alcohol dependence on initial presentation for treatment and 22 alcohol-dependent subjects participating in a residential treatment program.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both intoxicated alcohol-dependent subjects (n = 38) and nonintoxicated subjects in acute alcohol withdrawal (n = 30) demonstrated significantly increased salivary cortisol concentrations compared with abstinent subjects (n = 27; p < 0.001). Nonintoxicated subjects in acute withdrawal demonstrated significantly increased salivary cortisol concentrations compared with highly intoxicated subjects (BAC >100 mg/dl) but were similar to subjects with lower levels of intoxication (BAC, 10-100 mg/dl).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic alcohol-dependent subjects experience continuously increased concentrations of cortisol during both intoxication and withdrawal. Increased levels of cortisol during chronic intoxication seem to progressively increase with the onset of withdrawal. This suggests a daily cycle of hypercortisolemia during the active drinking phase, with further increases on the cessation of drinking and the emergence of withdrawal symptoms. Persistently increased levels of cortisol may extract a costly allostatic load, resulting in significant central nervous system and peripheral organ morbidity.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000430:Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D000435:Alcoholic Intoxication / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001944:Breath Tests; D000431:Ethanol / Q000097:blood; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008432:Mathematical Computing; D008875:Middle Aged; D010343:Patient Admission; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000503:physiopathology; D012016:Reference Values; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism*; D016320:Substance Abuse Treatment Centers
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol; D006854:Hydrocortisone