title: Incidence of new renal parenchymal inflammatory changes following breakthrough urinary tract infection in patients with vesicoureteral reflux treated with antibiotic prophylaxis: evaluation by 99MTechnetium dimercapto-succinic acid renal scan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Breakthrough urinary tract infections (UTI) are considered an indication for surgical intervention in children with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) with the goal of preventing new or progressive renal scarring. We assessed the incidence of new renal parenchymal inflammatory changes following breakthrough UTI in patients on antibiotic prophylaxis for VUR.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively analyzed 38 patients (62 refluxing renal units) with VUR. All patients experienced a culture documented breakthrough UTI (greater than 100,000 cfu/ml) while taking antibiotic prophylaxis. Dimercapto-succinic acid (DMSA) scans were obtained 4 to 6 weeks after UTI to detect new renal inflammatory changes and all scans were reviewed by the same pediatric nuclear medicine specialist (MM). To avoid misinterpretation of preexistent renal scarring for acute inflammation, new pyelonephritis was confirmed by comparison to prior DMSA scan.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 38 patients 14 (38%) had preexistent renal scarring but only 1 (7%) manifested new changes on DMSA scan. Of the remaining 24 patients with normal baseline studies 3 (12.5%) had changes after UTI. Overall, only 4 patients (10.5%) manifested new changes on DMSA scan. Three additional patients who did not have a baseline scan for comparison demonstrated unequivocal changes of acute pyelonephritis on DMSA scan, increasing the incidence to 17% (7 of 41). Of the patients 7 (17%) underwent surgical correction of reflux and 34 (83%) were maintained on antibiotic prophylaxis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Of patients with VUR who experienced a single breakthrough UTI while on antibiotic prophylaxis, at most only 17% had renal inflammatory changes on acute DMSA scan. Our findings endorse the usefulness of DMSA scan in tailoring management of VUR and breakthrough UTI cases, and lend support to continued nonoperative management for the majority.
mesh_terms: D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis; D002648:Child; D002921:Cicatrix / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011704:Pyelonephritis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000188:drug therapy; D011866:Radioisotope Renography; D012008:Recurrence; D019233:Retreatment; D019783:Technetium Tc 99m Dimercaptosuccinic Acid; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D019783:Technetium Tc 99m Dimercaptosuccinic Acid