title: Epratuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting CD22: characterization of in vitro properties.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Epratuzumab is a novel humanized antihuman CD22 IgG1 antibody that has recently shown promising clinical activity, both as a single agent and in combination with rituximab, in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL). In an attempt to better understand the mode of action of epratuzumab, the antibody was tested in vitro in a variety of cell-based assays similar to those used to evaluate the biological activity of other therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, including rituximab. In this report, we present epratuzumab activities as they relate to binding, signaling, and internalization of the receptor CD22.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chinese hamster ovary-expressed CD22 extracellular domain was used to measure epratuzumab affinity on Biacore. CD22 receptor density and internalization rate were measured indirectly using a monovalently labeled, noncompeting (with epratuzumab) anti-CD22 antibody on Burkitt lymphoma cell lines, primary B cells derived from fresh tonsils, and B cells separated from peripheral blood samples obtained from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia or healthy volunteers. Epratuzumab-induced CD22 phosphorylation was measured by immunoprecipitation/Western blot and compared with that induced by anti-IgM stimulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Epratuzumab binds to CD22-extracellular domain, with an affinity of K(D) = 0.7 nM. Binding of epratuzumab to B cell lines, or primary B cells from healthy individuals and patients with NHL, results in rapid internalization of the CD22/antibody complex. Internalization appears to be faster at early time points in cell lines than in primary B cells and NHL patient-derived B cells, but the maximum internalization reached is comparable for all B cell populations after several hours of treatment and appears to reach saturation at antibody concentrations of 1-5 micro g/ml. Finally, epratuzumab binding results in modest but significant CD22 phosphorylation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Epratuzumab represents an excellent anti-CD22 ligating agent, highly efficacious in inducing CD22 internalization, and can induce phosphorylation. Although we cannot unequivocally demonstrate here that epratuzumab-induced internalization and signaling of CD22 directly contribute to its therapeutic efficacy, these properties are the fundamental characteristics of the target CD22 and its interaction with epratuzumab. Similar results were observed when epratuzumab was tested in vitro on Burkitt B cell lines as well as on primary normal B cells and neoplastic B cells separated from fresh peripheral blood samples from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D018941:Antigens, CD19 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018951:Antigens, CD20 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000944:Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D015153:Blotting, Western; D016466:CHO Cells; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D006224:Cricetinae; D006801:Humans; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000737:chemistry; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007700:Kinetics; D037102:Lectins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011233:Precipitin Tests; D011485:Protein Binding; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D000069283:Rituximab; D051918:Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 2; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; D015703:Antigens, CD; D018941:Antigens, CD19; D018951:Antigens, CD20; D000944:Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte; C497867:CD22 protein, human; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D037102:Lectins; D051918:Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 2; C448700:epratuzumab; D000069283:Rituximab