title: Treatment failure in invasive aspergillosis: susceptibility of deep tissue isolates following treatment with amphotericin B.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether treatment failure in invasive aspergillosis (IA) is the result of resistance of Aspergillus spp. isolates to amphotericin B.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six Aspergillus fumigatus and six Aspergillus flavus isolates cultured from deep tissue biopsies in 11 patients with haematological malignancies during 1991-1998 were tested. A method based on the NCCLS M38-A broth microdilution method, with colorimetric determination of MICs, was used to determine the MICs of amphotericin B and itraconazole.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All A. fumigatus isolates were susceptible to amphotericin B (MIC 0.25-0.5 mg/L), as were three A. flavus isolates (MIC 1 mg/L), but three were less susceptible (MIC 2 mg/L). All isolates were susceptible to itraconazole (MIC 0.125-0.25 mg/L). All patients had been treated with amphotericin B, having received a median of 12 days of treatment when the tissue was obtained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The difficulty in treating IA may not be because of the susceptibility of the isolates, but because of poor penetration of antifungal agents into infected tissue. Aspergillus spp. invade blood vessels causing thrombosis and tissue infarction, and therefore it may be difficult for antifungal drugs to exceed MICs in infected tissues. This highlights the need for different treatment strategies, such as surgery and the administration of cytokines.
mesh_terms: D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001228:Aspergillosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality; D001231:Aspergillus flavus / Q000187:drug effects*; D001232:Aspergillus fumigatus / Q000187:drug effects*; D001706:Biopsy; D025141:Drug Resistance, Fungal; D006801:Humans; D017964:Itraconazole / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008168:Lung; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D017964:Itraconazole; D000666:Amphotericin B