title: Comparison of papilla healing following sulcular full-thickness flap and papilla base flap in endodontic surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the loss of papilla height when using the papilla base incision (PBI) or the standard papilla mobilization incision in marginal full-thickness flap in cases with no evidence of marginal periodontitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve healthy patients referred for surgical treatment of persisting apical periodontitis, who were free from periodontal disease and had intact interdental papillae, were included in the study. The preoperative papilla height was recorded by measuring the distance between a reproducible coronal point on the tooth and the most coronal point of the papilla. The flap design consisted of two releasing incisions connected by a horizontal incision. The marginal incision involved the complete mobilization of the entire papilla in one interproximal space, and the PBI in the other interproximal space. The PBI consisted of a shallow first incision at the base of the papilla and a second incision directed to the crestal bone creating a split thickness flap in the area of the papilla base. Further, apically, a full-thickness flap was raised. In the other interproximal space, the buccal papilla was carefully incised and elevated completely. Following flap retraction, standard root-end resection and root-end filling were performed. Flap closure was achieved with microsurgical sutures. The PBI was sutured with two to three interrupted sutures (size 7/0) and the elevated papilla was reapproximated with vertical mattress sutures, which were removed 3-5 days after the surgery. The height of the interdental papilla was evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively after 1 month and at the 3-month recall, using plaster replicas. The loss of papilla height was measured using a laser scanner. Twelve papilla-paired sites were evaluated. The results were statistically analysed using the t-test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complete closure of the wound was achieved in all treated sites followed by uneventful healing in all patients. The total mobilization of the papilla resulted in loss of papilla height of 1.10 +/- 0.71 mm at 1 month and 1.25 +/- 0.81 mm at the 3-month recall. At the 3-month recall, the retraction had increased in nine sites, whereas in three sites, the loss of height had slightly diminished compared to 1 month. In contrast, after the PBI, only minor changes could be detected: 0.07 +/- 0.09 mm at 1 month and 0.10 +/- 0.15 mm at 3 months. There was a significant difference between the two incision techniques studied (P < 0.007).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with healthy marginal periodontal conditions, the PBI allows rapid and predictable recession-free healing, whereas complete mobilization of the papilla led to a marked loss of the papilla height. In aesthetically relevant areas, the use of the PBI is recommended, to avoid opening of the interproximal space, when periradicular surgical treatment is necessary.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001047:Apicoectomy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005881:Gingiva / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005889:Gingival Recession / Q000145:classification; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007834:Lasers; D008297:Male; D016555:Matched-Pair Analysis; D008866:Microsurgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D010485:Periapical Periodontitis / Q000601:surgery*; D012184:Retrograde Obturation; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000145:classification* / Q000473:pathology; D013536:Suture Techniques; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology