title: The effects of preoperative inflammation on the analgesic efficacy of intraarticular piroxicam for outpatient knee arthroscopy.
abstract: We conducted a double-blinded study in 90 patients undergoing elective arthroscopic knee surgery to determine whether there is a role of inflammation in the analgesic efficacy of intraarticular piroxicam. Standardized general anesthetic techniques were used for all patients. At the end of the operation, after harvesting synovial biopsies, patients were randomized into three intraarticular groups equally. Group 1 received 25 mL saline, Group 2 received 25 mL 0.25% bupivacaine, and Group 3 received 25 mL 0.25% bupivacaine and piroxicam 20 mg. After microscopic examination of the synovial materials, the patients were divided into two subgroups, inflammation positive (I+) and inflammation negative (I-). Preoperatively and postoperatively at 1, 2, 4, and 6 h, pain levels, analgesic duration, and postoperative analgesic consumption were recorded. Analgesic duration was significantly longer in the I+ subgroup than the I- subgroup of Group 3 (P < 0.05). Pain scores at 1, 2, and 4 h postoperatively were significantly lower in the I+ subgroup than the I- subgroup of Group 3 (P < 0.05), whereas there were no significant differences among the subgroups of Group 1 and 2. We concluded that preoperative inflammation is one of the most important determinants of analgesic efficacy of intraarticular piroxicam.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intraarticular administration of piroxicam along with bupivacaine improves postoperative analgesia in synovial inflammation before surgery.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001182:Arthroscopy; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000473:pathology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004487:Edema / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D007270:Injections, Intra-Articular; D007717:Knee / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010894:Piroxicam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D010894:Piroxicam