title: Interleukin-1beta and interleukin-1ra levels in nasal lavages during experimental rhinovirus infection in asthmatic and non-asthmatic subjects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exacerbations of asthma are often associated with rhinovirus (RV)-induced common colds. During experimental RV-infection in healthy subjects, increased levels of the pro-inflammatory mediator IL-1beta and the anti-inflammatory IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) have been found in nasal lavage.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We postulated that the balance between nasal pro- and anti-inflammatory mediator expression is disturbed in asthma, resulting in more extensive inflammation following RV-exposure in asthma.
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined IL-1ra, IL-1beta, and IL-8 in nasal lavages (days -2, 3, and 6) of non-asthmatics and asthmatics (with and without pre-treatment with the inhaled steroid budesonide) before and after experimental RV16-infection (days 0 and 1).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Following RV16-infection, a significant increase in IL-8 was observed in the placebo- and budesonide-treated asthmatics (P=0.033 and 0.037, respectively), whereas IL-1beta only increased in the two asthma groups combined (P=0.035). A small, but significant, increase in IL-1ra was only observed in the budesonide-treated asthmatics (P=0.047). At baseline, IL-1ra levels were significantly higher in the non-asthmatics than in the placebo-treated asthmatics (P=0.017).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate differences between non-asthmatic and asthmatic subjects in the basal levels of nasal cytokines and their inhibitors, and in the effect of experimental RV-infection on these levels. The results indicate that RV may enhance inflammation more markedly in asthmatics, and suggest that this may in part be explained by lower IL-1ra levels. In addition, the observation that budesonide-treatment may result in higher nasal IL-1ra levels supports the hypothesis that steroids act in part by increasing the endogenous anti-inflammatory screen.
mesh_terms: D001249:Asthma / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019819:Budesonide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003139:Common Cold / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism; D017817:Nasal Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D012229:Rhinovirus; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; C507763:IL1RN protein, human; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; D007375:Interleukin-1; D016209:Interleukin-8; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins; D019819:Budesonide