title: Bcr-Abl upregulates cytosolic p21WAF-1/CIP-1 by a phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)-independent pathway.
abstract: Chronic myeloid leukaemia invariably progresses from a drug-sensitive to a drug-resistant, aggressive acute leukaemia. The mechanisms responsible for this are unknown, although loss of p53 has been reported in approximately 25% of cases. Elevated expression of Bcr-Abl is also associated with disease progression. We have shown that cells expressing high levels of Bcr-Abl also express elevated levels of p53 and the cell cycle inhibitor, p21WAF-1. Despite this, cells continue to cycle and are drug resistant. As p21WAF-1 inhibitory activity is associated with nuclear localization, we investigated its localization in Bcr-Abl-expressing cells, and found that it is predominantly cytoplasmic. We have also shown that it associates physically with the serine/threonine kinase AKT, but this association and the cytosolic location of p21WAF-1 are phosphinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) independent. Cytosolic p21WAF-1 has been reported to have a prosurvival role in other transformed cells. In Bcr-Abl-expressing cells, p21WAF-1 rapidly diminishes as the cells are sensitized to apoptosis, using the inhibitor STI571. It is possible therefore that p21WAF-1 could also have a positive, prosurvival role in these cells. This study suggests that, by retaining p21WAF-1 in a cytosolic location, Bcr-Abl can evade the cell cycle arrest normally induced by nuclear p21WAF-1 and therefore also enable the cells to negate an important feature of a tumour suppressor response.
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D001549:Benzamides; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002453:Cell Cycle; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000032:analysis; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins / Q000378:metabolism*; D003600:Cytosol / Q000737:chemistry*; D016044:Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl / Q000032:analysis / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D000068877:Imatinib Mesylate; D015464:Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive / Q000378:metabolism*; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D010879:Piperazines; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D001549:Benzamides; D015415:Biomarkers; D019938:Cyclin D1; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D016044:Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl; D000068877:Imatinib Mesylate; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D010879:Piperazines; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D011743:Pyrimidines; C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; C494918:AKT1 protein, human