title: The agonist of the protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR) but not PAR3 mimics thrombin-induced vascular endothelial growth factor release in human smooth muscle cells.
abstract: Thrombin, a serine protease generated by the activation of the blood coagulation cascade following vessel injury, induces vascular endothelial growth factor-(VEGF) release. However, the molecular mechanism of thrombin-induced VEGF release is largely unknown. Anagonist of protease-activated receptor-i (PARI), SFLL-RNPNDKYEPF, mimicked thrombin-induced VEGF release in human vascular smooth muscle (HVSM) cells, as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, and Northern blotting. In contrast, the agonist of PAR3, TFR- GAP, did not affect VEGF release or expression. SFLL-RNPNDKYEPF, but not TFRGAP, up-regulated [Ca2-]i.Moreover, the calcium ionophone A23187 was found to trigger VEGF release in HVSM cells. Thrombin-inducedVEGF release was blocked by anti-thrombin, heparin, a synthetic thrombin receptor inhibitor E5510, the calcium chelator BAPTA, the protein kinase C inhibitor calphostin C, and the MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126. Thus, our data show that thrombin caused VEGF release via PARI activation in a manner dependent on [Ca2+]i and p44/42 downstream from the receptor activation.
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000494:pharmacology; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D044463:Receptor, PAR-1; D018179:Receptors, Thrombin / Q000819:agonists*; D013917:Thrombin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D002118:Calcium; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008222:Lymphokines; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D044463:Receptor, PAR-1; D018179:Receptors, Thrombin; D013917:Thrombin; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; C105295:protease-activated receptor 3; C072032:thrombin receptor peptide (42-55)