title: Does this child have acute otitis media?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute otitis media (AOM) is one of the most common problems in pediatrics. An accurate diagnosis of AOM can guide proper treatment and follow-up.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To systematically review the literature regarding precision and accuracy of history taking and physical examination in diagnosing AOM in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched MEDLINE for English-language articles published from 1966 through May 2002. Bibliographies of retrieved articles and textbooks were also searched.
  
  
  METHODS
  We located studies with original data on the precision or accuracy of history or physical examination for AOM in children. Of 397 references initially identified, 6 met inclusion criteria for analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two authors independently reviewed and abstracted data to calculate likelihood ratios (LRs) for symptoms and signs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four studies of symptoms used clinical diagnosis as the criterion standard and were limited by incorporation bias. Ear pain is the most useful symptom (positive LRs, 3.0-7.3); fever, upper respiratory tract symptoms, and irritability are less useful. One study of clinical signs used tympanocentesis as the criterion standard, and we adjusted the results to correct for verification bias. A cloudy (adjusted LR, 34; 95% confidence interval [CI], 28-42), bulging (adjusted LR, 51; 95% CI, 36-73), or distinctly immobile (adjusted LR, 31; 95% CI, 26-37) tympanic membrane on pneumatic otoscopy are the most useful signs for detecting AOM. A distinctly red tympanic membrane is also helpful (adjusted LR, 8.4; 95% CI, 6.7-11) whereas a normal color makes AOM much less likely (adjusted LR, 0.2; 95% CI, 0.19-0.21).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although many of the studies included in this analysis are limited by bias, a cloudy, bulging, or clearly immobile tympanic membrane is most helpful for detecting AOM. The degree of erythema may also be useful since a normal color makes otitis media unlikely whereas a distinctly red tympanic membrane increases the likelihood significantly.
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008487:Medical History Taking; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000175:diagnosis*; D010808:Physical Examination; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity