title: Ca2+-activated K+ channels mediate relaxation of forearm veins in chronic renal failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In arteries, agonists such as acetylcholine release an endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) that is neither nitric oxide nor prostacyclin.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the responses to acetylcholine in segments of forearm veins from patients with chronic renal failure who either had never received dialysis or had undergone long-term dialysis, and to determine the contribution of nitric oxide and EDHF to endothelium-dependent relaxation in veins from patients with chronic renal failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Isometric tension was recorded in rings of forearm vein from 34 non-dialysed patients, 27 dialysed patients and 14 multiorgan donors (controls).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relaxation in response to acetylcholine was reduced in veins of non-dialysed and dialysed patients. The inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase NG-monomethyl-l-arginine (l-NMMA) and NG,NG-dimethyl-l-arginine (ADMA) reduced by 50% the maximum relaxation in response to acetylcholine in veins from controls and non-dialysed patients; the remaining relaxation was inhibited by 20 mmol/l KCl or by the K+ channel blockers tetraethylammonium chloride, iberiotoxin, charybdotoxin and the combination of barium plus ouabain, but not by apamin or glibenclamide. Relaxation in veins from dialysed patients was inhibited by K+ channel blockade but not by l-NMMA or ADMA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrate that the endothelium-dependent relaxation in forearm veins from controls and non-dialysed patients is mediated by release of nitric oxide and EDHF. In contrast, the relaxation in veins from dialysed patients is mediated mainly by EDHF. EDHF-induced relaxation involves activation of large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels.
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000494:pharmacology; D001685:Biological Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm / Q000098:blood supply; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000494:pharmacology; D010069:Oxadiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D024681:Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000494:pharmacology; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D014680:Veins / Q000502:physiology; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C095284:1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one; D001685:Biological Factors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D010069:Oxadiazoles; D024681:Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated; D011810:Quinoxalines; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; C067410:endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization factor; D009599:Nitroprusside; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D000109:Acetylcholine