title: Azo dye reduction by thermophilic anaerobic granular sludge, and the impact of the redox mediator anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS) on the reductive biochemical transformation.
abstract: Azo dye reduction at 55 degrees C by thermophilic anaerobic granular sludge was investigated distinguishing between the biotic and abiotic mechanisms. The impact of the redox mediator anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS) on colour removal and co-substrate oxidation was also investigated. Metabolic activities of the thermophilic inoculum induced a fast azo dye reduction and indicated a biotic predominance in the process. The addition of co-substrate enhanced the decolourisation rates 1.7-fold compared with the bottles free of co-substrate. Addition of AQDS together with co-substrate enhanced the k value 1.5-fold, compared with the incubation containing co-substrate in the absence of AQDS. During a comparative study between sludge samples incubated under mesophilic (30 degrees C) and thermophilic (55 degrees C) conditions, the decolourisation rate at 55 degrees C reached values up to sixfold higher than at 30 degrees C. Biological treatment at 55 degrees C showed a fast initial generation of reducing compounds via co-substrate oxidation, with AQDS increasing the azo dye reduction rate in all the incubations tested. Nevertheless, high concentrations of AQDS showed severe inhibition of thermophilic acetate and propionate oxidation and methane production rates. These promising results indicate that there may be good prospects for thermophilic anaerobic treatment of other reductive transformations such as reduction of nitroaromatics and dehalogenation.
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D000693:Anaerobiosis; D000880:Anthraquinones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001391:Azo Compounds / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D019149:Bioreactors; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D007700:Kinetics; D008697:Methane / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D009282:Naphthalenesulfonates / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011422:Propionates / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D012722:Sewage / Q000382:microbiology*; D013696:Temperature; D013783:Textile Industry; D014227:Triazines / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000880:Anthraquinones; D001391:Azo Compounds; D004396:Coloring Agents; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile; D009282:Naphthalenesulfonates; D011422:Propionates; D012722:Sewage; D014227:Triazines; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C408124:anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate; C098610:reactive red 2; D005947:Glucose; C029658:propionic acid; D008697:Methane; D019342:Acetic Acid