title: A systematic review of outcome following synchronous carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass: influence of surgical and patient variables.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Outcomes after synchronous carotid endarterectomy (CEA) plus coronary artery bypass (CABG) relative to surgical and patient based variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review of 94 published series (7863 synchronous procedures).
  
  
  RESULTS
  11.5% of patients died or suffered a stroke/myocardial infarction in the peri-operative period (95% CI 10.1-12.9). The risk of death/stroke appeared to significantly diminish in studies published between 1993-2002, compared with 1972-1992 (7.2% (95% CI 6.5-9.1) versus 10.7% (95% CI 8.9-12.5), p = 0.03). However, increasing operative experience was not associated with significantly lower risks of death/stroke; (1-49 cases (9.6% (95% CI 7.5-11.8); 50-99 cases (9.1% (95% CI 6.4-11.8); 100+ cases (8.4% (95% CI 6.9-10.1) (p = 0.64)). Patients with severe bilateral carotid disease were significantly more likely to suffer death and/or stroke compared to patients with unilateral disease (odds ratio 2.5, 95% CI 1.4-5.0, p = 0.001). Similarly, patients with a prior history of stroke/transient ischaemic attack (TIA) were significantly more likely to suffer a further stroke than asymptomatic patients (odds ratio 1.8, 95% CI 1.1-2.8, p = 0.008). There was no difference in the risk of death/stroke relative to the timing of CEA (pre- versus on-cardiopulmonary bypass), but recent small studies indicate that improved outcomes might be achieved by performing CABG 'off-bypass'.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Synchronous CEA + CABG is associated with a not insignificant cardiovascular risk. No comparable information is available for similar patients undergoing CABG without prophylactic CEA.
mesh_terms: D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery*; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery*; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid; D006801:Humans; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome