title: The fungicide benomyl inhibits differentiation of neural tissue in the Xenopus embryo and animal cap explants.
abstract: The toxic effect of benomyl on the embryogenesis of Xenopus laevis was investigated, and the tissues most affected by benomyl were identified. The toxicity of benomyl at various concentrations (5-20 microM) was tested with the Xenopus frog embryo teratogenesis assay (FETAX), used with slight modification. All test embryos subjected to 20 microM of benomyl died, and exposure to 10 and 15 microM benomyl produced growth inhibition and 11 types of severe external malformations. Histological examination of the test embryos showed dysplasia of the brain, eyes, intestine, otic vesicle, and muscle and swelling of the pronephric ducts and integuments. Among the tissues and organs affected, malformation of neural tissue was the most severe. The presumptive ectoderm isolated from st. 9 embryo was cultured in 10 ng/mL of activin A to induce neural tissue and mesoderm. When it was cultured with 10 ng/mL of activin A in the presence of 1 and 10 microM of benomyl, neural tissue induction was inhibited more severely than that of any other tissue. The gene expression of cultivated explants was investigated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay in order to study the inhibition of neural tissue by benomyl. The results showed that with increasing benomyl concentration, the expression of the neural-specific marker NCAM (neural cell adhesion molecule), was more strongly inhibited than the muscle-specific marker muscle actin. Electron micrographs of test explants showed many residual yolk platelets and mitochondrial degeneration. In the present investigation the most severe toxic effects of benomyl were seen in the nerve tissues of the Xenopus embryo. This inhibition of neural development may have been caused by the inhibition of the assembly of neural microtubules and by the effect of benomyl on neuronal proliferation and migration.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001542:Benomyl / Q000633:toxicity*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000633:toxicity*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000187:drug effects*; D009420:Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000196:embryology*; D009421:Nervous System Malformations / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary; D019006:Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014981:Xenopus / Q000196:embryology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D019006:Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules; D001542:Benomyl