title: Direct modulation of rod photoreceptor responsiveness through a Mel(1c) melatonin receptor in transgenic Xenopus laevis retina.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Retinal circadian signals may have a role in maintaining the normal function and health of photoreceptors. Melatonin is an output of the retinal circadian oscillator and provides nocturnal signaling that is mediated through specific G-protein-coupled receptors. Melatonin receptors are expressed in retinal photoreceptor cells, and this study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that melatonin directly increases photoreceptor responses through melatonin receptors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transgenic Xenopus laevis frogs were generated using a DNA construct containing a Xenopus opsin promoter driving expression of a melatonin Mel(1c) receptor-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein (XOP-MEL(1c)-GFP). Electroretinogram (ERG) analysis on transgenic and normal tadpole eyes was performed in response to melatonin treatment, and the eyes were subsequently examined by confocal microscopy and GFP immunocytochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  XOP-MEL(1c)-GFP transgenic frogs demonstrated GFP immunoreactivity in rod photoreceptor inner segments throughout the retina, indicating the rod-specific expression of the Mel(1c)-GFP fusion protein. ERG analysis of transgenic tadpole eyes showed that 1 to 100 nM melatonin increased the a- and b-wave amplitudes. Control transgenic (XOP-GFP) and normal frogs exhibited only modest ERG responses to 100-nM melatonin treatment. The effect of melatonin on a- and b-wave amplitudes in XOP-MEL(1c)-GFP transgenic frogs was dose dependent, with ERG responses occurring at physiological concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that melatonin, acting through Mel(1c) receptors on rod photoreceptor membranes, directly stimulates the responsiveness of rod photoreceptors to light. This supports the hypothesis that melatonin acts both as an intracrine and paracrine circadian signal of darkness, and binds to specific receptors in photoreceptors and other retinal cells to increase visual sensitivity.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004596:Electroretinography; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008550:Melatonin / Q000494:pharmacology; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D044094:Receptors, Melatonin; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D017948:Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D044094:Receptors, Melatonin; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D008550:Melatonin