title: Waste stabilisation ponds upgrading at Blenheim and Seddon, New Zealand--case studies.
abstract: Waste stabilisation ponds (WSP) have been a popular form of wastewater treatment in New Zealand both for large cities and small communities. Most WSP were constructed from 1960 to 1985 and were single ponds or a primary and secondary pond in series of similar size. Since 1995, improvements comprising primary and maturation ponds, with four to six cells in series have been constructed or retrofitted to original two cell ponds. The Seddon and Blenheim ponds include in-bank rock filters between maturation cells as a lower cost way of providing this feature for reduction of solids. Operating results show reduced variability in final effluent quality for BOD and SS. In addition, very good reductions of faecal coliform and enterococci have been achieved along with good reductions of ammonia and total nitrogen for most of the year except the middle of winter. Extensive use of rock as rip-rap bank protection and in the rock filters, appears to have provided sufficient extra surface area for a nitrifying biofilm to develop.
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018441:Biofilms; D005160:Facility Design and Construction; D005374:Filtration; D009520:New Zealand; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D000641:Ammonia; D009584:Nitrogen