title: Health status as a potential effect modifier of the relation between noise annoyance and incidence of ischaemic heart disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Traffic noise is a psychosocial stressor. Epidemiological studies suggest chronic noise stress to be a risk factor for cardiovascular disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective cohort study, the association between annoyance and disturbances due to road traffic noise and the incidence of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) was studied in 3950 middle aged men.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Depending on the questionnaire item, non-significant odds ratios for IHD incidence ranging from 0.9 to 1.4 were found for the highly noise annoyed/disturbed subjects when compared with the less annoyed/disturbed subjects, over the six year follow up period. However, this relation was strongly modified by the prevalence of pre-existing chronic diseases. In subjects free of any chronic disease at the beginning of the follow up, significant odds ratios between 1.7 and 3.0 were seen. In the subgroup with chronic diseases no such noise effects were seen. This surprising result of no effect in the group of people with a potential risk, due to pre-existing health problems, may be because of the dilution of the true effect due to recall bias.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Annoyance and disturbance due to road traffic noise is associated with a higher incidence of IHD. Prevalence of disease can be an important effect modifier of the relation between noise annoyance and health outcomes.
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D009624:Noise, Transportation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014852:Wales / Q000453:epidemiology