title: Is posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) caused by any specific immunosuppressive drug or by the transplantation per se?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An association between posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) and cyclosporine A (CsA) and OKT3 has often been postulated on the basis of retrospective studies, although a randomized study with PTLD as the endpoint will probably never be performed. Because focus on PTLD coincided with the use of these drugs, a bias could be suspected.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a retrospective, nonrandomized study, we reevaluated all lymphoma-like lesions arising in kidney-transplant patients grafted at our center during 1969 to 1998 and observed up to 2002. Case pathology was reviewed, and an association with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection (and latency pattern) was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We did not find any significant difference in the incidence of PTLDs when comparing the prednisolone/azathioprine, and CsA eras (P=0.89), the periods before or after OKT3 (P=0.61), and those before or after antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) (P=0.22). Occurrence time was shorter in the CsA (P=0.059), OKT3 (P=0.007), and ALG (P=0.007) eras. In the OKT3 era, 182 patients received, and 224 did not receive, OKT3; after the same observation time, there had been eight and five PTLDs, respectively (P=0.34). The use of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) was associated with a reduction in the number of PTLDs (P=0.01). EBV was detected in 16 of 21 (76%) cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found no evidence to implicate any one drug regime preferentially in the development of PTLDs. The risk of developing PTLD seems to be a result of the whole transplantation process, which includes the antigenicity of the foreign graft, the immunosuppression resulting in inadequate cytotoxic T-cell activity, and the result of EBV infection. An important minority of cases are EBV negative.
mesh_terms: D001379:Azathioprine / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000145:classification; D015994:Incidence; D008232:Lymphoproliferative Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology*; D016853:Muromonab-CD3 / Q000009:adverse effects; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014180:Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014181:Transplantation Immunology
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016853:Muromonab-CD3; D001379:Azathioprine