title: Protocol biopsy of the stable renal transplant: a multicenter study of methods and complication rates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical trials in renal transplantation must use surrogate markers of long-term graft survival if conclusions are to be drawn at acceptable speed and cost. Morphologic changes in transplant biopsies provide the earliest available evidence of damage, and "protocol" biopsies from stable grafts can be used to reduce the number of patients needed in clinical trials. This approach has been inhibited by concerns over safety, but the risk of biopsy of a stable kidney, with no active inflammation or acute functional impairment, has never been formally estimated.
  
  
  METHODS
  In accordance with a predefined set of questions, a retrospective audit of a sequential series of protocol biopsies was performed in four major transplant centers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 2,127 biopsy events were assessed for major complications, and 1,486 were assessed for minor ones. There were no deaths. One graft was lost, under circumstances indicating that the loss should have been prevented. Three episodes of hemorrhage required direct intervention. Three further patients required transfusion. There were two episodes of peritonitis, but one was arguably an unrelated event. All serious complications presented within 4 hr of biopsy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of clinically significant complications after protocol biopsy of a stable renal transplant is low. Direct benefits to the patients concerned (irrespective of the benefit that may accrue in clinical trials) were not formally assessed but seem likely to outweigh the risk of the procedure. We believe that it is ethically justifiable to ask renal transplant recipients to undergo protocol biopsies in clinical trials and routine care.
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D005060:Europe; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D008485:Medical Audit / Q000592:standards; D018579:Patient Selection; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors