title: Amlodipine, but not MDR1 polymorphisms, alters the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine A in Japanese kidney transplant recipients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cyclosporine A (CsA) is a critical immunosuppressive drug with a narrow therapeutic range and wide interindividual variation in its pharmacokinetics. Many factors, including P-glycoprotein (PGP), influence the oral bioavailability and interpatient variability of CsA. A number of polymorphisms have been identified in the human MDR1 gene, and some of them have been found to be associated with an altered expression of PGP. We have investigated the role of these polymorphisms in CsA absorption from kidney transplant recipients. In addition, we also investigated the effect of amlodipine on CsA absorption.
  
  
  METHODS
  The area under the time-concentration curve from 0 to 2 hr (AUC(0-2)) estimated by the trapezoidal rule was used for the evaluation of extent of CsA absorption. The genotypes were identified by a polymerase chain reaction, restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No association was found between polymorphisms in the MDR1 and CsA AUC(0-2)/dose/kg. In contrast, the combination of amlodipine significantly increased CsA AUC(0-2)/dose/kg (706.2 microg x hr/L to 819.2 microg x hr/L, P<0.05). Furthermore, we attempted to compare MDR1 polymorphisms and the absorption of CsA again without patients receiving amlodipine, but there was still no significant difference.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is no relationship between polymorphisms for MDR1 and CsA absorption, suggesting polymorphisms for MDR1 cannot account for the interpatient variability of CsA. Amlodipine, which is the substrate of PGP, significantly increased CsA absorption. These results indicate that PGP plays a significant role in CsA absorption, but its polymorphisms could not influence the CsA absorption.
mesh_terms: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017311:Amlodipine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D002648:Child; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007564:Japan; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D017311:Amlodipine; D016572:Cyclosporine