title: Endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux with dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer is effective in either double ureters or a small kidney.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Endoscopic injection of dextranomer/hyaluronic acid (Dx/HA) copolymer is an increasingly established treatment for primary vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in children. We performed a retrospective analysis to assess this treatment for VUR associated with either double ureters or a small kidney.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 68 children with duplex ureters and 40 with a small kidney (1 kidney contributing 10% to 35% of total renal function) who underwent endoscopic treatment with Dx/HA copolymer for VUR. Followup consisted of voiding cystourethrography 3 and 12 months after injection. Positive response was defined as reflux grade 0 or I. As many as 2 repeat injections were offered to nonresponders, and those with persistent reflux were referred for open surgery. Long-term clinical followup with renal function testing was continued for 4 to 9 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A positive response was observed in 63% of children with duplex ureters, with only 17 (25%) patients requiring open surgery. Among children with a small kidney the response rate was 70%, and open surgery was performed in 9 (23%). In both treatment groups a positive response to treatment was sustained throughout the followup period in all cases. The treatment was well tolerated, with no complications associated with the procedure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endoscopic treatment with Dx/HA copolymer appears to be an effective and well tolerated alternative to open surgery for first line treatment of VUR associated with double ureters or a small kidney.
mesh_terms: D000283:Administration, Intravesical; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003911:Dextrans / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007223:Infant; D007668:Kidney / Q000002:abnormalities*; D008297:Male; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014513:Ureter / Q000002:abnormalities*; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000151:congenital / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D003911:Dextrans; C094535:deflux; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid