title: Finding a vein or obtaining consent: a qualitative study of hepatitis C testing in GP methadone clinics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Informed consent is a professional norm, but the promotion of testing for infectious disease in organized clinics and the introduction of targets for uptake, such as those for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing in antenatal clinics, might impair truly voluntary consent. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is highly prevalent among intravenous drug users (IDUs) and the 'offer' of a serological test for HCV antibodies is now seen as a national standard within drug misuse services, including GP methadone clinics. We hoped that GPs' descriptions of the context and offer of HCV testing could provide an exploratory study of consent within primary care clinics.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to understand GPs' ethical practice when negotiating consent to HCV testing with IDUs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A qualitative semi-structured interview study of 20 GPs in Greater Manchester was carried out.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GPs reported that they or their attached drug workers commonly tested for HCV, and many stressed the need for good teamwork and building relationships with 'stable' IDUs before testing. GPs' views on the beneficence of testing and their practices in obtaining consent were diverse. GPs' discourse highlighted important management problems: (i) the adequacy of preparation of some IDUs for testing; (ii) 'opportunistic' HCV testing; and (iii) GPs' recognition of denial after testing. While GPs offered little explicit ethical reflection, occasionally they remarked on tendencies to control a patient's decision, and a deviant case analysis demonstrates how poor teamwork can be associated with coercion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GPs' descriptions suggest that an effective informed consent process is the norm for HCV testing within GP methadone clinics. Importantly, a minority of GPs alluded to the directive effect of team protocols or other problems in obtaining valid consent. We offer recommendations for managing testing to ensure voluntary choice.
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003068:Coercion; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008691:Methadone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010821:Physicians, Family; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D016320:Substance Abuse Treatment Centers
chemical_list: D008691:Methadone