title: Improvement in treatment results and long-term survival of patients with esophageal cancer: impact of chemoradiation and change in treatment strategy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify prognostic factors and reasons for improved survival over time in patients with esophageal cancer.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Management strategies for esophageal cancer have evolved with time. The impact of chemoradiation in the overall treatment results has not been adequately studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1990 to 2000, 399 (62.4%) of 639 patients with intrathoracic squamous cancers underwent resection. Two study periods were analyzed: period I (01/1990-06/1995), and period II (07/1995-12/2000); during period II, chemoradiation was introduced. Prognostic factors were identified by multivariate analysis and the 2 periods compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hospital mortality rate after resection decreased from 7.8% to 1.2%, P = 0.002. Five favorable prognostic factors were identified: female gender (female vs. male, HR = 0.66), infracarinal tumor location (infra vs. supra-carinal, HR = 0.63), low pTNM stage (III/IV vs. 0/I/II/T0N1, HR = 1.76), pM0 stage (M1a/b vs. M0, HR = 1.56), and R0 category (R1/2 vs. R0, HR = 2.49). Median survival was 15.8 and 25.6 months in periods I and II, respectively, P = 0.02. More R0 resections were evident in period II, being possible in 63% (period I) and 79% (period II) of patients, P = 0.001. This was attributed to tumor downstaging by chemoradiation and more stringent patient selection for resection in period II. Performing less R1/2 resections in period II coincided with using primary chemoradiation in treating advanced tumors. In patients treated without resection, survival also improved from 3 (period I) to 5.8 months (period II), P < 0.01.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Survival has improved; chemoradiation enabled better patient selection for curative resections and also resulted in more R0 resections by tumor downstaging. This treatment strategy led to overall better outcome for the whole patient cohort, even in those treated by nonsurgical means.
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy*; D016629:Esophagectomy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D018579:Patient Selection; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents