title: Ursodeoxycholic acid modulates E2F-1 and p53 expression through a caspase-independent mechanism in transforming growth factor beta1-induced apoptosis of rat hepatocytes.
abstract: Transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1)-induced hepatocyte apoptosis is associated with activation of E2F transcription factors and p53 stabilization through Mdm-2, thus potentially modulating a number of target genes. In previous studies, we have shown that ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) prevents TGF-beta1-induced hepatocyte apoptosis by inhibiting the mitochondrial pathway of cell death. In this study we examined the role of p53 in the induction of apoptosis by TGF-beta1, and identified additional antiapoptosis targets for UDCA. Our data show a significant transcriptional activation of E2F-1 in primary rat hepatocytes incubated with TGF-beta1, as well as a 5-fold increase in p53 and a 2-fold decrease in its inhibitor, Mdm-2 (p < 0.05). In addition, bax mRNA expression was significantly induced at 36 h (p < 0.01), resulting in increased levels of Bax protein. In contrast, Bcl-2 transcript and protein levels were decreased at all time points (p < 0.01). Notably, UDCA inhibited E2F-1 transcriptional activation, p53 stabilization and Bcl-2 family expression (p < 0.05), in part, through a caspase-independent mechanism. Moreover, in the absence of TGF-beta1, UDCA prevented induction of p53 and Bax by overexpression of E2F-1 and p53, respectively (p < 0.05). In addition, UDCA inhibited TGF-beta1-induced degradation of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) and its inhibitor IkappaB (p < 0.05). In conclusion, these results demonstrate that UDCA inhibits E2F-1 transcriptional activation of hepatocyte apoptosis, thus modulating p53 stabilization, NF-kappaB degradation, and expression of Bcl-2 family members.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D001483:Base Sequence; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D017931:DNA Primers; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050684:E2F Transcription Factors; D050687:E2F1 Transcription Factor; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000502:physiology*; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism*; D014580:Ursodeoxycholic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D017931:DNA Primers; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050684:E2F Transcription Factors; D050687:E2F1 Transcription Factor; C493755:E2f1 protein, rat; C508962:Tgfb1 protein, rat; D014157:Transcription Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D014580:Ursodeoxycholic Acid; D020169:Caspases