title: Advances in retroviral transduction of hematopoietic stem cells for the gene therapy of atherosclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in the developed world. Many studies have shown that macrophages and T-cells play critical roles in multiple aspects of the pathogenesis of the disease. Given that these cells are ultimately derived from bone marrow precursors, the concept of performing gene therapy for atherosclerosis through the retroviral transduction of hematopoietic stem cells has received much attention. This review will highlight recent advances that will help bring this goal closer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The clinical application of retroviral gene transfer into hematopoietic stem cells has been hampered, in part, by the absence of vectors that can direct long-lasting, cell-type specific gene expression. In this review we will detail recent developments in the design of novel retroviral and lentiviral vectors that appear to overcome these problems, offering approaches to express therapeutic genes in specific cell-types within atherosclerotic lesions. We will also highlight advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis that may offer new gene therapeutic targets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of retroviral transduction of hematopoietic stem cells for treatment of patients with atherosclerosis still remains a long-term goal. However, the recent development of retroviral vectors capable of directing expression to specific cell types within the lesion will allow more targeted therapeutic strategies to be devised. In addition, these vectors will provide powerful experimental tools to further our understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D006410:Hematopoiesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D006412:Hematopoietic Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D016086:Lentivirus / Q000235:genetics; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D012190:Retroviridae / Q000235:genetics*; D014161:Transduction, Genetic
chemical_list: D034741:RNA, Small Interfering