title: Immunohistochemical study of protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist II in hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist II (PIVKA-II) has been used as a tumor marker of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this study, we examined the expressions of PIVKA-II in HCC tissues.
  
  
  METHODS
  Expression of PIVKA-II in HCC was evaluated with the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method. Paraffin-embedded HCC tissues obtained from 48 patients were subjected to immunohistochemical staining using the anti-PIVKA-II antibody monoclonal antibody (MU-3) (Eisai, Tokyo, Japan).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The tissue PIVKA-II positivity rate of 12/23 (52.2%) in HCC with vascular infiltration was significantly higher than the rate of 4/25 (16.0%) in HCC without such infiltration. Further, the tissue PIVKA-II positivity rate of 13/28 (46.4%) in HCC of tumor stage III or IV was significantly higher than the rate of 3/20 (6.0%) in HCC of tumor stage I or II. Overall survival rate tended to be lower in the tissue-PIVKA-II-positive than -negative patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PIVKA-II may play an important role in progression of HCC and is useful not only as a tumor marker but also as a prognostic factor.
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000097:blood; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D011379:Prognosis; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000097:blood; D011516:Prothrombin / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D011498:Protein Precursors; C008208:acarboxyprothrombin; D011516:Prothrombin