title: Expression of IFN-gamma induced CXCR3 agonist chemokines and compartmentalization of CXCR3+ cells in the periphery and lymph nodes of rhesus macaques during simian immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
abstract: Dysregulation of cytokines and chemokines during human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection is thought to be critical in the progression of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). To evaluate the potential role of Th1-agonist chemokines in disease progression during AIDS, we assessed CXCL9/MIG and CXCL10/IP-10 expression simultaneously in the periphery and lymphoid tissues of SIV-infected animals at a single-cell level by flow cytometry. We optimized intracellular staining and analysis of CXCL9/MIG and CXCL10/IP-10 production in human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR+ macaque cells by flow cytometry using cross-reactive antibodies against human chemokines. We observed an upregulation of CXCL9/MIG and CXCL10/IP-10 production in both the periphery and lymph nodes of infected animals compared with naïve controls. Animals with higher viral loads had higher levels of CXCL9/MIG and CXCL10/IP-10 producing cells compared with animals with low viral loads. Analysis of cells bearing the receptor (CXCR3) for CXCL9/MIG and CXCL10/IP-10 revealed increased number of CXCR3+ cells in the lymph nodes of infected animals. Importantly, an inverse correlation (P < 0.05) between CXCL9/MIG and CXCL10/IP-10 production, both in the periphery and lymph nodes, and peripheral CD4+ T-cell numbers was observed. These findings provide further evidence that dysregulation of Th1 agonist chemokines might contribute to the ultimate immunopathology during AIDS.
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000276:immunology*; D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000276:immunology; D001710:Biotin; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; D054370:Chemokine CXCL9; D018925:Chemokines / Q000235:genetics*; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000235:genetics; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000276:immunology; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000276:immunology; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D054367:Receptors, CXCR3; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine / Q000819:agonists* / Q000276:immunology*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016097:Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000276:immunology*; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; C080810:CXCL9 protein, human; C515187:CXCR3 protein, human; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; D054370:Chemokine CXCL9; D018925:Chemokines; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D054367:Receptors, CXCR3; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D001710:Biotin; D007371:Interferon-gamma