title: The acute myotoxic effects of bupivacaine and ropivacaine after continuous peripheral nerve blockades.
abstract: Bupivacaine causes muscle damage. However, the myotoxic potency of ropivacaine is still unexplored. Therefore, we performed this study to compare the effects of bupivacaine and ropivacaine on skeletal muscle tissue in equipotent concentrations. Femoral nerve catheters were inserted into anesthetized minipigs, and 20 mL of either bupivacaine (5 mg/mL) or ropivacaine (7.5 mg/mL) was injected. Subsequently, bupivacaine (2.5 mg/mL) and ropivacaine (3.75 mg/mL) were continuously infused over 6 h. Control animals were treated with corresponding volumes of normal saline. Finally, muscle samples were dissected at injection sites. After processing and staining, histological patterns of muscle damage were blindly examined, scored (0 = no damage to 3 = myonecrosis), and statistically analyzed. After normal saline, only interstitial edema was found. Bupivacaine treatment caused severe tissue damage (score, 2.3 +/- 0.7), whereas ropivacaine induced fiber injury of a significantly smaller extent (score, 1.3 +/- 0.8). Furthermore, bupivacaine, but not ropivacaine, induced apoptosis in muscle fibers. In summary, both drugs induce muscle damage with similar histological patterns. Compared with bupivacaine, which induces both necrosis and apoptosis, the tissue damage caused by ropivacaine is significantly less severe. We conclude that ropivacaine's myotoxic potential is more moderate in comparison with that of bupivacaine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After continuous peripheral nerve blockades, the long-acting local anesthetics bupivacaine and ropivacaine both induce fiber necrosis in porcine skeletal muscle tissue. In comparison with ropivacaine, bupivacaine causes tissue damage of a significantly larger extent and additionally induces apoptosis in skeletal muscle cells.
mesh_terms: D000577:Amides / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000818:Animals; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004487:Edema / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009135:Muscular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D009407:Nerve Block; D010525:Peripheral Nerves; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D013552:Swine; D013556:Swine, Miniature; D016707:Tissue Fixation
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D002045:Bupivacaine