title: Transforming growth factor-beta and ischemic brain injury.
abstract: 1. Necrosis and apoptosis are the two fundamental hallmarks of neuronal death in stroke. Nevertheless, thrombolysis, by using the recombinant serine protease t-PA, remains until now the only approved treatment of stroke in man. 2. Over the last years, the cytokine termed Transforming Growth Factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) has been found to be strongly up-regulated in the central nervous system following ischemia-induced brain damage. 3. Recent studies have shown a neuroprotective activity of TGF-beta1 against ischemia-induced neuronal death. In vitro, TGF-beta1 protects neurons against excitotoxicity by inhibiting the t-PA-potentiated NMDA-induced neuronal death through a mechanism involving the up-regulation of the type-1 plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) in astrocytes 4. In addition, TGF-beta1 has been recently characterized as an antiapoptotic factor in a model of staurosporine-induced neuronal death through a mechanism involving activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2) and a concomitant increase phosphorylation of the antiapoptotic protein Bad. 5. Altogether, these observations suggest that either TGF-beta signaling or TGF-beta1-modulated genes could be good targets for the development of new therapeutic strategies for stroke in man.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D020520:Brain Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D051025:bcl-Associated Death Protein
chemical_list: C494819:BAD protein, human; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; C508960:TGFB1 protein, human; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D051025:bcl-Associated Death Protein; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases