title: At-sea measurements of sound penetration into sediments using a buried vertical synthetic array.
abstract: Acoustic bottom penetration experiments were carried out in a medium-grain sandy bottom at a site in St. Andrews Bay, Florida. These investigations used a new buried, vertical, one-dimensional synthetic array system where a small hydrophone was water-jetted into the sediment to a depth of approximately 2 m. Once buried, this hydrophone was mounted to a vertical robotics stage that translated the hydrophone upward in 1-cm increments. A broadband (3 to 80 kHz) spherical source, positioned 50 cm above the sediment-water interface, was used to insonify the sediment. Measurements were made with insonification angles above and below the critical angle by changing the horizontal distance of the source relative to the insertion point. This new measurement system is detailed, and results are presented that include temporal, frequency, and wavenumber analysis for natural and roughened interfaces. The measured compressional sound speed and attenuation are shown to be self-consistent using the Kramers-Kronig relation. Furthermore, only a single fast compressional wave was observed. There was no observation of a second slower compressional wave as predicted by some applications of the Biot model to unconsolidated water-saturated porous media.