title: Accelerated coronary artery calcification in mildly reduced renal function of high-risk hypertensives: a 3-year prospective observation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effect of mild renal dysfunction on coronary artery calcifications.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the progression of coronary atherosclerosis, as measured by dual-section spiral computed tomography, using the total coronary artery calcium score as a quantitative measure of the burden of atherosclerosis. Of 547 high-risk Israeli hypertensive patients, who were participants of the prospective calcification study (a side-arm of the international INSIGHT study), 313 patients completed the 3-year follow-up. Subjects were studied upon entry (on placebo) and again after 3 years of treatment (nifedipine or thiazide). Patients were divided into two groups depending on their creatinine clearance: (i) </= 60 ml/min, renal dysfunction (RD) (n = 53) and (ii) > 60 ml/min, normal renal function group (n = 263).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Blood pressure, hypercholesterolemia, and smoking did not differ between the groups. After 3 years of treatment, blood pressure control was similar, whereas the total coronary artery calcium score progression was two-fold greater in the RD than the normal group (156 +/- 32 versus 64 +/- 8, respectively) (P = 0.006). In a multiple logistic regression analysis, the odds ratio (OR) for total coronary artery calcium score progression was higher for the RD group (2.1) [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2-3.7]. Gender, body mass index, smoking, cholesterol, family history of ischaemic heart disease and diabetes were not significant predictors. Thiazide-based antihypertensive therapy predicted a faster progression compared to nifedipine (OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.09-2.51).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mild renal dysfunction accelerates coronary artery calcifications, above and beyond conventional risk factors.
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001581:Benzothiadiazines; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D004232:Diuretics; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006977:Hypertension, Renal / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009543:Nifedipine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D049993:Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D001581:Benzothiadiazines; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D004232:Diuretics; D049993:Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors; D009543:Nifedipine