title: Overview of clinical trials in medical rehabilitation: impetuses, challenges, and needed future directions.
abstract: The goal of clinical trials is to provide the strongest possible basis for inferring that the observed results of a health-oriented intervention are attributable to that intervention and not to other factors. Particularly strong causal inferences can be drawn from the randomized clinical trial in which participants are assigned on a random basis to either the intervention of interest or to a comparison condition. This article explains the reasons for that contention and explores its implications for medical rehabilitation research. Among the topics discussed are: the role of evidence-based practice in fostering interest in randomized clinical trials; a contextual view of randomized clinical trials that emphasizes strategies of investigation and the goals of particular studies; two key distinctions, efficacy-oriented vs. effectiveness-oriented clinical trials and pragmatic vs. explanatory clinical trials; the sequencing of different study designs, including randomized clinical trials; and needed advances in treatment theory, treatment fidelity, and adherence.
mesh_terms: D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D010349:Patient Compliance; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D012046:Rehabilitation / Q000458:organization & administration*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012107:Research Design / Q000592:standards; D016896:Treatment Outcome