Effects of flaxseed oil on serum lipids and atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic rabbits.
OBJECTIVE
Flaxseed oil has very high content of alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3n-3, omega-3 [n-3] fatty acid). Based on the usefulness of n-3 fatty acid in fish oil against cardiovascular diseases, flaxseed oil is marketed as a health food. The n-3 fatty acid in flaxseed oil is different than that of fish oil. Indirect evidence suggests that the omega-3 fatty acid in flaxseed oil is not effective in lowering serum lipids and hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis. The effects of flaxseed oil on serum lipids and hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis are not known. An investigation, therefore, was made of flaxseed oil on high-cholesterol diet-induced atherosclerosis, serum lipids (triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, risk ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), serum and aortic malondialdehyde, an index of levels of reactive oxygen species, aortic chemiluminescence (a measure of antioxidant reserve), and reactive oxygen species-producing activity of white blood cell chemiluminescence in rabbits.


METHODS
The rabbits were assigned to four groups: Group I, regular diet (control); Group II, 5% flaxseed oil in regular diet; Group III, 0.5% cholesterol diet; Group IV, diet containing 0.5% cholesterol and 5% flaxseed oil. Blood samples were collected before and after 4 and 8 weeks of experimental diets for measurement of serum lipids, serum malondialdehyde, and white blood cell chemiluminescence. At the end of 8 weeks of the experimental diet, aortas were removed for measurement of atherosclerotic plaques, aortic malondialdehyde, and antioxidant reserve.


RESULTS
Serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and risk ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, were elevated to a similar extent in Groups III and IV compared to Groups I and II. The extent of atherosclerosis in Groups III and IV was similar (56.74% +/- 11.14% vs 58.01% +/- 10.95%). Groups III and IV both had similar increases in serum and aortic malondialdehyde and antioxidant reserve. Reactive oxygen species-producing activity of white blood cells increased in Group III, and flaxseed oil prevented the cholesterol-induced increase in white blood cell chemiluminescence in Group IV.


CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that flaxseed oil does not produce an alteration in serum lipids or in the extent of hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis; however, it decreases white blood cell chemiluminescence. The ineffectiveness of flaxseed oil was associated with its ineffectiveness in altering the levels of oxidative stress.
D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D001011:Aorta / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D004036:Diet, Atherogenic; D005260:Female; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000150:complications*; D008043:Linseed Oil / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D011817:Rabbits; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
D000975:Antioxidants; D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary; D008055:Lipids; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D008043:Linseed Oil