title: Molecular mechanism and role of endothelial monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 induction by vascular endothelial growth factor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the role of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced angiogenesis and vascular permeability and the underlying molecular mechanism of VEGF-induced endothelial MCP-1 expression in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We used an anti-MCP-1 neutralizing antibody for specific inhibition of MCP-1. VEGF increased tubule formation in the angiogenesis assay and vascular permeability in the Miles assay, and these effects were markedly inhibited by anti-MCP-1 antibody. Using a luciferase MCP-1 promoter-gene assay, we found that the activator protein-1 (AP-1) binding site of the MCP-1 promoter region contributes to the increase in MCP-1 promoter activity by VEGF. To specifically inhibit AP-1, we used recombinant adenovirus containing a dominant-negative c-Jun (Ad-DN-c-Jun). Ad-DN-c-Jun inhibited VEGF-induced endothelial MCP-1 mRNA expression and promoter activity in vitro. In vivo gene transfer of DN-c-Jun into rat carotid artery, with the hemagglutinating virus of the Japan liposome method, significantly blocked VEGF-induced MCP-1 and macrophage/monocyte (ED1) expression in endothelium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results reveal that endothelial MCP-1 induced by VEGF seems to participate in angiogenesis, vascular leakage, or arteriosclerosis. AP-1 plays a critical role in the molecular mechanism underlying induction of MCP-1 by VEGF.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002199:Capillary Permeability / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D015870:Gene Expression; D016758:Genes, jun / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000502:physiology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000235:genetics*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A