title: Pravastatin treatment attenuates interstitial inflammation and fibrosis in a rat model of chronic cyclosporine-induced nephropathy.
abstract: We investigated the effects of pravastatin, a competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, on interstitial inflammation and fibrosis, using an animal model of chronic cyclosporine A (CsA)-induced nephropathy. Sprague-Dawley rats were maintained on a low-salt diet (0.05% sodium) and treated daily for 1 or 4 wk with vehicle (olive oil; 1 ml/kg sc), CsA (15 mg/kg sc), or both CsA and pravastatin (5 or 20 mg/kg in the drinking water). Anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects of pravastatin were studied by evaluating the concentrations of the inflammatory mediators osteopontin (OPN) and C-reactive protein (CRP), of fibrotic cytokine-transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, and the presence of ED-1-positive cells (macrophages). In addition, renal function, serum lipid levels, histopathology (arteriolopathy and tubulointerstitial fibrosis), and the expression of the vasoactive factors endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and renin protein were also compared for different treatment groups. Pravastatin induced dose-dependent decreases in the expression of OPN, intrarenal CRP, and TGF-beta1, and in the numbers of ED-1-positive cells at 1 and 4 wk. These were accompanied by a significant attenuation of tubulointerstitial fibrosis at 4 wk. The downregulation of eNOS protein expression in CsA-treated rat kidney was markedly upregulated by pravastatin treatment, although intrarenal renin expression was unaffected. Renal dysfunction induced by CsA significantly improved with administration of pravastatin at a dose of 20 mg/kg. Neither CsA nor pravastatin influenced serum lipid or high-sensitivity CRP levels in the treatment groups. Thus in chronic CsA nephropathy, pravastatin effectively abrogates the progression of tubulointerstitial inflammation and fibrosis. This may support the clinical use of pravastatin.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D016572:Cyclosporine; D005355:Fibrosis; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009393:Nephritis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D053495:Osteopontin; D017035:Pravastatin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012083:Renin / Q000378:metabolism; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1
chemical_list: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins; C506897:Spp1 protein, rat; C508962:Tgfb1 protein, rat; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D053495:Osteopontin; D016572:Cyclosporine; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; C496316:Nos3 protein, rat; D012083:Renin; D017035:Pravastatin