title: Inhibition of PGE2 production by nimesulide compared with diclofenac in the acutely inflamed joint of patients with arthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cyclo-oxygenase (COX) exists in two isoforms, COX-1 and COX-2. COX-1 is responsible for homeostatic functions, whereas COX-2 is inducible and responsible for the inflammatory effects of prostaglandins. Nimesulide, a selective inhibitor of COX-2, has been shown to relieve pain rapidly in arthritis. We examined the effect of nimesulide on prostaglandin formation in arthritis, to evaluate if this compound gains access to the site of inflammation and whether this is required for analgesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a single-dose, double-blind, double-dummy, parallel group study of nimesulide 100mg compared with diclofenac 50mg.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serial sampling of synovial fluid, whole blood and plasma was performed at baseline and 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours after drug administration. Synovial tissue was obtained by needle biopsy at completion of the study period. Synovial fluid prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was measured by enzyme immunoassay. COX-1 and COX-2 activities in whole blood were estimated by serum thromboxane B2 (TxB2) and endotoxin-induced PGE2 concentrations respectively. Synovial tissue COX-1 and COX-2 mRNA and protein expression were studied by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry respectively. Twenty patients with acute knee inflammation on a background of arthritis of all types completed the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients were allocated randomly to groups to receive nimesulide (n = 10) or diclofenac (n = 10). The mean (+/- SEM) plasma concentration of PGE2 in the nimesulide group decreased from 24.45 +/- 2.71 ng/mL at baseline to 1.74 +/- 2.71 ng/ mL at 2 hours. Diclofenac also inhibited PGE2, but at a later time point (28.15 +/- 2.86 ng/mL at baseline and 0.85 +/- 2.86 ng/mL at 4 hours). The mean (+/- SEM) synovial fluid concentration of PGE2 was 319 +/- 89 pg/mL before treatment; it remained unaltered over 4 hours after the administration of nimesulide or diclofenac (235 +/- 72 pg/mL). In contrast, in six patients receiving long-term treatment with nimesulide or a non-selective NSAID, synovial PGE2 was 61 +/- 24 pg/ mL, suggesting that inhibition of synovial prostaglandin formation is delayed compared with that in plasma. Nimesulide caused partial inhibition of serum TxB2 (a decrease from a mean of 268 +/- 24 ng/mL to one of 164 +/- 27 ng/mL at 2 hours), whereas diclofenac had a greater effect (a decrease from 224 +/- 33 ng/mL, to 76 +/- 27 ng/mL at 3 hours).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nimesulide, a COX-2 selective inhibitor, has a rapid onset of action in the blood compartment, with early inhibition of PGE2 generation, an index of COX-2 activity. In contrast, it exhibits a delay in achieving therapeutic concentrations in the synovial fluid. Thus factors other than local inhibition of prostaglandins may explain the rapid onset of analgesia that is associated with nimesulide, including a possible central mechanism of pain relief.
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000284:Administration, Oral; D018771:Arthralgia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D001168:Arthritis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D011453:Prostaglandins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013582:Synovial Fluid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011453:Prostaglandins; D013449:Sulfonamides; D004008:Diclofenac; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496511:PTGS1 protein, human; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D015232:Dinoprostone; C012655:nimesulide