title: Use of fast spin echo for phase shift magnetic resonance thermometry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To propose a modified fast spin echo (FSE) magnetic resonance imaging sequence for MR thermometry, employing the proton resonance frequency (PRF) shift by means of MR phase maps. Despite their obvious advantages of speed and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), FSE sequences have not until now been used for this purpose due to the restraints imposed by the Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The new FSE combines a new phase modulation scheme that maintains magnetization that ordinarily is destroyed under CPMG conditions, while employing conventional FSE gradient waveforms. The echoes are read in a single shot using 128 readouts in 650 msec, with a phase sensitive preparation using an optional time shift tau before the start of the refocusing gradient waveforms. This feature allows the quantification of temperature dependent phase shifts. We tested the sequence by imaging a heated agar gel phantom while cooling, using different values for tau.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was good correlation between FSE and fiberoptic-based temperature measurements in the phantom(r(2) >or= 0.95). Temperature sensitivity could be adjusted by varying the tau value.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the proposed non-CPMG FSE sequence it is feasible to quantify temperature changes by means of the PRF shift.
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D013696:Temperature; D013821:Thermometers