title: Ophthalmological evaluation in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is an autoimmune disorder associated with Graves' disease and can seriously decrease quality of life. Current therapeutic regimens have considerable side-effects and are not always able to restore normal function and appearance. Timing and a proper choice of therapy are critical but require careful patient evaluation. The present paper aims to describe clinical symptoms and signs of TAO and their relevance for management.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy has an initial active inflammatory phase which usually lasts for 6-24 months but which may not infrequently continue for several years. The severity of the subsequent clinical manifestations is determined by the degree of optic nerve involvement, corneal involvement, eye muscle dysfunction and exophthalmus, and also by the degree of subjective illness and disfigurement. Disease severity is the key determinant of indication for therapy, while inflammatory activity is the key determinant of therapeutic choice. Immunosuppressive therapy may be used in the inflammatory stage, while reconstructive surgery should be postponed to the inactive phase. Emergency surgery may be needed for vision-threatening situations during the active stage.
mesh_terms: D006111:Graves Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D009885:Ophthalmology / Q000379:methods*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index