title: Maternal smoking in pregnancy alters neonatal cytokine responses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Maternal cigarette smoking in pregnancy is an important, common and avoidable exposure that has been linked with elevated cord blood (CB) immunoglobulin E levels and subsequent asthma and allergic disease in childhood. Despite this, there is still very little information about the immunological effects of maternal smoking on the fetus.
  
  
  METHODS
  This aim of this study was to compare cord blood mononuclear cell (CBMC) cytokine responses to allergens [ovalbumin (OVA) or house dust mite (HDM)] and mitogens [concanavalin A (ConA) or phytohemaglutinen (PHA)] in neonates whose mothers smoked throughout pregnancy (n = 17) with responses of neonates whose mothers never smoked (n = 40). Cell cultures were stimulated for 24 h and supernatants collected for cytokine detection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [interleukin (IL)-13, IL-6, interferon (IFN)gamma and IL-10]. Cell pellets were also collected for cytokine mRNA detection (IL-5, IL-9, IFNgamma).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maternal smoking in pregnancy was associated with significantly higher neonatal T helper type 2 (IL-13 protein) responses to both HDM (P = 0.01) and OVA (P = 0.035). These effects remained statistically significant after allowing for confounding factors, including the effects of maternal atopy. Similar trends were also seen for IL-9mRNA, IL-5mRNA and IL-6 responses, although these were not statistically significant. Although IFNgamma mRNA responses to PHA (P = 0.015) and ConA (P = 0.025) were lower if mothers smoked in pregnancy, there were no differences in neonatal (Th1) IFNgamma protein responses to allergens or mitogens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that maternal cigarette smoking can modify aspects of fetal immune function and highlight the need for further studies in this area.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D010047:Ovalbumin / Q000276:immunology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D039981:Pyroglyphidae / Q000276:immunology; D012907:Smoking
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016753:Interleukin-10; D010047:Ovalbumin