title: Anti-monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 gene therapy attenuates left ventricular remodeling and failure after experimental myocardial infarction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increased expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) has recently been described in clinical and experimental failing heart. However, its pathophysiological significance in heart failure remains obscure. We thus determined whether MCP-1 is increased in post-myocardial infarction (MI) hearts and its blockade can attenuate the development of left ventricular (LV) remodeling and failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anterior MI was produced in mice by ligating the left coronary artery. After 4 weeks, MI mice exerted LV dilatation and contractile dysfunction in association with myocyte hypertrophy and interstitial fibrosis of noninfarcted LV. MCP-1 mRNA levels were increased by 40-fold in noninfarcted LV 1 day after ligation, which persisted until 28 days. To block the MCP-1 signals, an N-terminal deletion mutant of the human MCP-1 gene was transfected into the limb skeletal muscle 3 days before and 14 days after ligation. This method improved the survival rate of mice with MI at 4 weeks (61% versus 87%, P<0.05) as well as attenuated LV cavity dilatation and contractile dysfunction, interstitial fibrosis, recruitment of macrophages, and myocardial gene expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and transforming growth factor-beta compared with the nontreated MI mice despite the comparable infarct size calculated as percent LV circumference.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The activation of MCP-1 expression contributes to the LV remodeling and failure after MI. An anti-MCP-1 gene therapy can be a useful novel strategy for preventing post-MI heart failure.
mesh_terms: D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018450:Disease Progression; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051379:Mice; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D017384:Sequence Deletion / Q000235:genetics; D015996:Survival Rate; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D016207:Cytokines; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000804:Angiotensin II; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases