title: A comparison of three techniques for acute postoperative pain control following major abdominal surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the analgesic efficacy of a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) alone (basic pain treatment) with that of NSAID in conjunction with either intravenous (IV) patient-controlled analgesia (IV-PCA) or intermittent epidural morphine (epidural morphine), among patients recovering from major intraabdominal surgery; and to assess the fixed and variable costs of providing the respective acute pain treatment modalities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, nonrandomized study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Postanesthesia care unit (PACU) and surgical departments of a large referral hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients (n = 358) treated by our Acute Pain Service (APS) who were recovering from major intraabdominal surgery (colectomy, cholecystectomy, colostomy, gastrectomy, splenectomy).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The structure of our APS, analgesic regimens, and the associated patient monitoring and event-response algorithms are detailed. Data of 358 patients recovering from major intraabdominal surgery and treated according to one of the three treatment protocols were collected and analyzed. The cost of providing our APS and the nursing time required to monitor and treat patients in each treatment group were also calculated. The median visual analog scale (VAS) scores were low in all three treatment groups (23.5 mm vs. 6 mm vs. 4, for the basic pain treatment, IV-PCA, and epidural morphine groups, respectively). However, the median VAS was significantly (p < 0.04) lower among patients who received epidural morphine than either the IV-PCA or basic pain treatment groups. Similarly, the number of patients who had at least one episode of a pain VAS >30 mm was significantly (p < 0.04) lower in the epidural morphine group than either of the other two groups. The frequency of nausea and vomiting was similar among the groups. However, the frequency of postoperative pruritus was significantly (p < 0.001) higher in the epidural morphine group than the other two groups. Patient satisfaction was unaffected by group allocation. Institutional costs per patient and the nursing time required to provide the APS were lowest in the basic pain treatment group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considering the respective pain profiles, complication rates, and institutional costs associated with the three analgesic regimens analyzed, the basic pain Treatment alone constitutes a useful alternative to the other two analgesic regimens assessed.
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000601:surgery*; D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011997:Recovery Room; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D009020:Morphine