title: Complexes between the LKB1 tumor suppressor, STRAD alpha/beta and MO25 alpha/beta are upstream kinases in the AMP-activated protein kinase cascade.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) cascade is a sensor of cellular energy charge that acts as a 'metabolic master switch' and inhibits cell proliferation. Activation requires phosphorylation of Thr172 of AMPK within the activation loop by upstream kinases (AMPKKs) that have not been identified. Recently, we identified three related protein kinases acting upstream of the yeast homolog of AMPK. Although they do not have obvious mammalian homologs, they are related to LKB1, a tumor suppressor that is mutated in the human Peutz-Jeghers cancer syndrome. We recently showed that LKB1 exists as a complex with two accessory subunits, STRAD alpha/beta and MO25 alpha/beta.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We report the following observations. First, two AMPKK activities purified from rat liver contain LKB1, STRAD alpha and MO25 alpha, and can be immunoprecipitated using anti-LKB1 antibodies. Second, both endogenous and recombinant complexes of LKB1, STRAD alpha/beta and MO25 alpha/beta activate AMPK via phosphorylation of Thr172. Third, catalytically active LKB1, STRAD alpha or STRAD beta and MO25 alpha or MO25 beta are required for full activity. Fourth, the AMPK-activating drugs AICA riboside and phenformin do not activate AMPK in HeLa cells (which lack LKB1), but activation can be restored by stably expressing wild-type, but not catalytically inactive, LKB1. Fifth, AICA riboside and phenformin fail to activate AMPK in immortalized fibroblasts from LKB1-knockout mouse embryos.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide the first description of a physiological substrate for the LKB1 tumor suppressor and suggest that it functions as an upstream regulator of AMPK. Our findings indicate that the tumors in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome could result from deficient activation of AMPK as a consequence of LKB1 inactivation.
mesh_terms: D000091162:AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000378:metabolism*; D033942:Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D020134:Catalytic Domain; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002474:Cell-Free System; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000166:cytology; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000502:physiology; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor; D006367:HeLa Cells / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D047468:Immunoprecipitation / Q000379:methods; D007668:Kidney / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology / Q000201:enzymology; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology; D051379:Mice; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D046912:Multiprotein Complexes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D021122:Protein Subunits / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D011994:Recombinant Proteins
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D033942:Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport; C000629659:Cab39 protein, mouse; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D046912:Multiprotein Complexes; D021122:Protein Subunits; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C476400:STRADA protein, human; D011494:Protein Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; C109790:STK11 protein, human; C491654:Stk11 protein, mouse; D000091162:AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases