Pregnancy after liver transplantation with tacrolimus immunosuppression: a single center's experience update at 13 years.
BACKGROUND
Chronic liver disease often leads to amenorrhea in women of childbearing age. There are several reports of successful pregnancy after liver transplantation (LTx) with cyclosporine A immunosuppression. Tacrolimus has been increasingly used in solid-organ transplantation, and the effect of the drug on pregnancy is still of interest to clinicians. This study updates our single-center experience.


METHODS
All pregnancies after LTx with tacrolimus immunosuppression were followed prospectively. Patients' clinical courses during pregnancy and labor along with gestational period and birth weight were catalogued. Changes in liver function, renal function, and immunosuppression also were recorded. The birth weight percentile was calculated on the basis of the gestational period using a standard chart.


RESULTS
Thirty-seven mothers delivered 49 babies. Three mothers delivered three times, and six mothers delivered two times. Thirty-six mothers (97%) survived the pregnancy, and 36 allografts (97%) survived. The one death and graft loss was in a patient who demonstrated infra-aortic arterial graft, which clotted by the gravid uterus during labor. The patient developed a gangrenous liver and died before she could undergo retransplantation. The mean gestational period was 36.4+/-3.2 weeks, excluding two premature deliveries at 23 and 24 weeks gestation. Twenty-two babies (46.9%) were delivered by cesarean section, and the other babies were delivered vaginally. In addition to the two premature babies, one baby, who was born to a mother with Alagille syndrome, died from congenital birth defects. The rest of the newborns survived. The mean birth weight was 2,797+/-775 g, with 38 babies (78%) weighing more than 2,000 g. The mean birth weight percentile to gestational period was 54+/-23. Four babies (8.5%) had a birth weight percentile of less than 25, and 28 babies (59.6%) had a birth weight percentile greater than 50. Twelve patients demonstrated an increase in hepatic enzymes without jaundice during the pregnancy. All of them responded to augmentation of immunosuppression.


CONCLUSIONS
The present report reconfirms the safety of tacrolimus during pregnancy after LTx. Preterm delivery and low birth weight seem to be a persistent problem in all solid-organ transplantation under any form of immunosuppression. However, toxemia of pregnancy and new onset of hypertension seem to be have a low occurrence with the use of tacrolimus.
D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000453:epidemiology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001724:Birth Weight; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005438:Fludrocortisone / Q000494:pharmacology; D006085:Graft Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007668:Kidney / Q000502:physiology; D008099:Liver / Q000502:physiology; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011241:Prednisone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011247:Pregnancy; D011249:Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular / Q000453:epidemiology; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous
D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D005438:Fludrocortisone; D011241:Prednisone; D016559:Tacrolimus