title: Randomized trial of novel tetracaine patch to provide local anaesthesia in neonates undergoing venepuncture.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Procedures such as venepuncture or heel prick are painful and may cause considerable stress to newborn infants. Topical local anaesthetics are effective for venepuncture but need to be applied for at least 60 min and the delivered dose will vary. We assessed a novel tetracaine-based self-adhesive patch in providing controlled local anaesthesia before venepuncture.
  
  
  METHODS
  A placebo-controlled, double-blind trial was conducted using a tetracaine patch formulated from hydroxypropylcellulose discs (0.283 cm(2)) containing tetracaine (1 mg x cm(-2)) surrounded by a low tack pressure-sensitive adhesive backing layer. Thirty-two newborn infants of gestation 32-42 weeks (median 36 weeks), aged 3-18 days (median 6 days) were randomized to receive a tetracaine-containing patch or a placebo device applied to the dorsum of the hand 30 min before venepuncture to obtain blood samples. Pain was assessed in response to needle insertion using a validated adaptation of the neonatal facial coding score (NFCS) and the presence of crying.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 15 tetracaine-treated neonates, 14 (93%) presented little or no pain in response to the procedure compared with six of 17 (35%) who had the placebo patch applied (P=0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The tetracaine patch produced effective pain relief during the venepuncture procedure in both term and pre-term infants. There were no adverse effects, either local or systemic.
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000379:methods*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D018962:Phlebotomy / Q000379:methods*; D013748:Tetracaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D013748:Tetracaine