title: Possibility of influence of midazolam sedation on the diagnosis of brain death: concentrations of active metabolites after cessation of midazolam.
abstract: Midazolam and its active metabolites have a depressant effect on respiration and consciousness level, and therefore their effects should be considered in all patients for whom brain death testing is contemplated. The concentrations of midazolam and its active metabolites were measured in critically ill patients on a ventilator during and after continuous intravenous infusion of midazolam. Three days after cessation of midazolam infusion, the concentrations of midazolam and 1-hydroxymidazolam decreased to below the therapeutic range (100-1000 ng/ml) in all patients, although the concentrations of 1-hydroxymidazolam glucuronide remained extremely high in a patient who showed deteriorating renal function. The concentrations of 1-hydroxymidazolam glucuronide (19,497-29,761 ng/ml) were measured in this patient. When it is impossible to confirm factors consistent with irreversible brain death, such as the lack of cerebral blood flow, until 3 days after cessation of midazolam infusion, monitoring of the concentration of these substances should be carried out in all patients in whom suspicion exists prior to the evaluation of brain death. It is particularly imperative that monitoring of the 1-hydroxymidazolam glucuronide concentration be carried out in patients with poor renal function.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001926:Brain Death / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007668:Kidney / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; C040081:1-hydroxymethylmidazolam; D008874:Midazolam