title: Effect of agmatine against cell death induced by NMDA and glutamate in neurons and PC12 cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Agmatine is an endogenous guanido amine and has been shown to be neuroprotective in vitro and in vivo. The aims of this study are to investigate whether agmatine is protective against cell death induced by different agents in cultured neurons and PC12 cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cell death in neurons, cultured from neonatal rat cortex, was induced by incubating with (a) NMDA (100 microM) for 10 min, (b) staurosporine (protein kinase inhibitor, 100 nM) for 24 h, and (c) calcimycin (calcium ionophore, 100 nM) for 24 h in the presence and absence of agmatine (1 micro M to 1 mM). Cell death in PC12 cells was induced by exposure to glutamate (10 mM), staurosporine (100 nM), and calcimycin (100 nM). The activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the medium was measured as the marker of cell death and normalized to cellular LDH activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Agmatine significantly reduced the medium LDH in NMDA-treated neurons but failed to reduce the release of LDH induced by staurosporin or calcimycin. In PC12 cells, agmatine significantly reduced LDH release induced by glutamate exposure, but not by staurosporine or calcimycin. Agmatine itself neither increased LDH release nor directly inhibited the enzyme activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that agmatine protects against NMDA excitotoxicity in neurons and PC12 cells but not the cell death induced by protein kinase blockade or increase in cellular calcium.
mesh_terms: D000376:Agmatine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000001:Calcimycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005333:Fetus; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D007476:Ionophores / Q000494:pharmacology; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D016202:N-Methylaspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D009410:Nerve Degeneration / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D016716:PC12 Cells; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D019311:Staurosporine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007476:Ionophores; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D009498:Neurotoxins; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D000001:Calcimycin; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D016202:N-Methylaspartate; D000376:Agmatine; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D011494:Protein Kinases; D019311:Staurosporine