title: Simultaneous measurements of oxygen consumption and ammonia-N excretion in embryos and larvae of marine invertebrates.
abstract: The quantification of oxygen consumption and ammonia-N excretion rates is essential in determining energy requirements for development of larval invertebrates. In larval energetics, there is a need for accurate and uncomplicated techniques to quantify metabolic rates. A method for simultaneous measurements of oxygen and ammonia-N concentrations is presented. It employs sealed respirometric chambers (ca. 30 ml) in which embryos and larvae are incubated. Analysis is carried out in end-point samples by Winkler's titration and indophenol-blue for oxygen and ammonia-N, respectively. Water is sampled into volume-calibrated glass syringes and oxygen consumption and ammonia-N excretion rates were determined by the difference between experimental and control (no animals) units. The method was successfully used to measure metabolic rates in embryo and larval stages of the shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis and in veliger of the mussel Perna perna. The accuracy denoted by the coefficient of variation is comparable to previous results on larval metabolic rates. A biomass: volume (microg ml(-1)) is proposed to extend its application to further species of marine invertebrates. The method is simple to operate, involves non-expensive material and is portable enough for field work. A substantial number of replicates can be analyzed at the same time and O:N ratio, an indicator of the catabolized substrate, can be calculated.
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000652:urine*; D000818:Animals; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000196:embryology* / Q000254:growth & development*; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D007814:Larva / Q000378:metabolism; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000652:urine*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D033561:Penaeidae / Q000196:embryology* / Q000254:growth & development*; D010827:Physiology / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000641:Ammonia; D009584:Nitrogen