title: Effect of silica exposure on urinary excretion of copper and zinc.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Occupational exposure to silica could lead to renal histological alterations in the glomeruli and proximal tubules. We investigated urinary excretion of copper and zinc and its possible relationship to renal alterations and work duration among nonsmoking, silica-exposed workers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six control subjects (age, 39.08 +/- 6.65 years) and 48 silica-exposed workers (age, 36.79 +/- 7.33 years) were included in the present study. The exposed workers were grouped into workers with <10 years' work duration (n = 9; age, 29.0 +/- 1.50 years) and workers with > or =10 years' work duration (n = 39; age, 38.59 +/- 6.94 years). Glomerular function was assessed by measuring urinary level of microalbumin, and proximal tubular reabsorption function was assessed by measuring urinary level of alpha1-microglobulin. Structural integrity of proximal tubules was studied by measuring urinary activity of cytosolic enzyme glutathione S-transferase (GST). Also, urinary levels of copper, zinc, and creatinine were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All measured urinary parameters were significantly increased among silica-exposed workers compared with control subjects. A significant correlation was observed between urinary levels of each of copper and zinc with the glomerular and proximal tubular functional and structural urinary parameters as well as work duration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Occupational silica exposure may lead to increased urinary loss of copper and zinc as protein-metal complex, and the urinary level of these essential trace elements may be a marker for renal dysfunction. The urinary excretion of GST may be a useful marker for proximal tubular injury.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000418:Albumins / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003300:Copper / Q000652:urine*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000378:metabolism; D007684:Kidney Tubules / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000633:toxicity*; D013997:Time Factors; D015032:Zinc / Q000737:chemistry / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D003300:Copper; D003404:Creatinine; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D015032:Zinc