title: Newborn behavioral and physiological responses to circumcision.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effect of preoperative acetaminophen given as analgesia before circumcision on newborns' behavioral response.
  
  
  METHODS
  A convenience sample of 53 male newborn infants (GA 35 to 42 weeks) who were.24 hours of age and whose parents had consented to circumcision were enrolled in the study. All of the infants enrolled were the patients of providers who did not routinely use anesthesia for circumcision. They were assigned to two groups based on physician standing order for preoperative acetaminophen. The first group received oral acetaminophen during the preoperative period; the second group received no preoperative analgesia. No further analgesia or anesthesia was given, as was the customary policy. Behavioral observations using the Neonatal Inventory Pain Scale (NIPS) and physiologic monitoring occurred at 5 minutes preoperatively, during application of restraints, at 1-minute intervals intraoperatively and at 5, 15, 30, and 60 minutes postoperatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no differences in the demographic variables between groups. The overall mean NIPS scores for the following characteristics were lower (indicating more relaxation) in newborns who received preoperative analgesia: arm movements (0.27 vs 0.52); leg movements (0.27 vs 0.59); facial expression (0.24 vs 0.27); state of arousal (0.15 vs 0.46); and breathing quality (0.20 vs 0.38). However, newborns who received pre-op analgesia had higher crying scores (0.42 vs 0.33), although both groups had mean crying scores in the lowest range.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite its small sample size, this study suggests that preoperative analgesia before circumcision could be helpful in managing the pain of circumcision. Nurses have a responsibility to advocate for policy and practices changes that provide interventions for pain relief for all newborns.
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000284:Administration, Oral; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001143:Arousal; D002944:Circumcision, Male / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003448:Crying; D005149:Facial Expression; D006801:Humans; D018730:Infant Behavior; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011292:Premedication / Q000379:methods*; D012119:Respiration; D018401:Sample Size; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000082:Acetaminophen