title: Influence and persistence of phorate and carbofuran insecticides on microorganisms in rice field.
abstract: An experiment was conducted in microplots (4 m x 4 m) with two insecticides, phorate and carbofuran at rates of 1.5 and 1.0 kga.i.ha(-1) respectively, to investigate its effect on the population and distribution of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi as well as the persistence of the insecticidal residues in rhizosphere soils of rice (Oryza sativa L., variety IR-50). Application of the insecticides stimulated the population of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi in the rhizosphere soils, and the stimulation was more pronounced with phorate as compared to carbofuran. Both the insecticides did not have marked effect on the numbers of Streptomyces and Nocardia in the rhizosphere soils. However, the growth of Bacillus, Escherichia, Flavobacterium, Micromonospora, Penicillium, Aspergillus and Trichoderma with phorate and that of Bacillus, Corynebacterium, Flavobacterium, Aspergillus and Phytophthora with carbofuran were increased. On the other hand, the numbers of Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Fusarium, Humicola and Rhizopus under phorate and Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Klebsiella, Fusarium, Humicola and Rhizopus under carbofuran were inhibited. Both the insecticides persisted in the rhizosphere soil for a short period of time and the rate of dissipation of carbofuran was higher than that of phorate in the soil depicting the half-life (T1/2) 9.1 and 10.4 days, respectively.
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002235:Carbofuran / Q000737:chemistry*; D005658:Fungi / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D007306:Insecticides / Q000737:chemistry; D012275:Oryza / Q000502:physiology; D010702:Phorate / Q000737:chemistry*; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D012987:Soil; D010702:Phorate; D002235:Carbofuran