title: Nasal and hand carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in staff at a Department for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery: endogenous or exogenous source?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the rates of Staphylococcus aureus carriage on the hands and in the noses of healthcare workers (HCWs) and the relatedness of S. aureus isolates found in the two sites.
  
  
  METHODS
  Point-prevalence study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Department for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery at the University Hospital of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.
  
  
  METHODS
  Samples were obtained from 133 individuals, 18 men and 115 women, using imprints of each hand on blood agar and a swab from the nose. S. aureus isolates were identified by standard methods and typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  S. aureus was found on the hands of 16.7% of the men and 9.6% of the women, and in the noses of 33.3% of the men and 17.4% of the women. The risk ratio for S. aureus carriage on the hands with nasal carriage was 7.4 (95% confidence interval, 2.7 to 20.2; P < .001). Among the 14 HCWs carrying S. aureus on their hands, strain likeness to the nasal isolate was documented for 7 (50%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Half of the HCWs acquired S. aureus on the hands from patients or the environment and half did so by apparent self-inoculation from the nose. Regardless of the source of contamination, good compliance with hand hygiene is needed from all HCWs to protect patients from nosocomial infections. The moderate rate of S. aureus carriage on hands in this setting could be the result of the routine use of alcoholic hand antisepsis.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013504:Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures; D002353:Carrier State; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006225:Hand / Q000382:microbiology; D006235:Hand Disinfection; D006785:Hospitals, University / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009666:Nose / Q000382:microbiology; D010564:Personnel, Hospital; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000635:transmission*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D013503:Surgery Department, Hospital; D013548:Sweden; D019616:Thoracic Surgical Procedures; D000078329:Workforce
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local