Combined use of transesophageal ECHO and fluoroscopy for the placement of left ventricular pacing leads via the coronary sinus.
Biventricular pacing is an emerging technology for treatment of congestive heart failure. Left ventricular leads are most commonly placed through the coronary sinus (CS) into an epicardial coronary vein. Cannulation of the CS can be difficult and standard guiding catheters have a tendency to displace during lead advancement. This study found that transesophageal echocardiography facilitated CS cannulation in complex cases requiring antecedent lead extraction.
D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000628:therapy*; D006352:Heart Ventricles; D006801:Humans; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D015641:Radiography, Interventional; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional