title: D-2-hydroxyglutaric acid inhibits creatine kinase activity from cardiac and skeletal muscle of young rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tissue accumulation of high amounts of D-2-hydroxyglutaric acid (DGA) is the biochemical hallmark of the inherited neurometabolic disorder D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria (DHGA). Patients affected by this disease usually present hypotonia, muscular weakness, hypertrophy and cardiomyopathy, besides severe neurological findings. However, the underlying mechanisms of muscle injury in this disorder are virtually unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the present study we have evaluated the in vitro role of DGA, at concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 5.0 mM, on total, cytosolic and mitochondrial creatine kinase activities from skeletal and cardiac muscle of 30-day-old Wistar rats. We also tested the effects of various antioxidants on the effects elicited by DGA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We first verified that total creatine kinase (CK) activity from homogenates was significantly inhibited by DGA (22-24% inhibition) in skeletal and cardiac muscle, and that this activity was approximately threefold higher in skeletal muscle than in cardiac muscle. We also observed that CK activities from mitochondrial (Mi-CK) and cytosolic (Cy-CK) preparations from skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle were also inhibited (12-35% inhibition) by DGA at concentrations as low as 0.25 mm, with the effect being more pronounced in cardiac muscle preparations. Finally, we verified that the DGA-inhibitory effect was fully prevented by preincubation of the homogenates with reduced glutathione and cysteine, suggesting that this effect is possibly mediated by modification of essential thiol groups of the enzyme. Furthermore, alpha-tocopherol, melatonin and the inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase L-NAME were unable to prevent this effect, indicating that the most common reactive oxygen and nitrogen species were not involved in the inhibition of CK provoked by DGA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considering the importance of creatine kinase activity for cellular energy homeostasis, our results suggest that inhibition of this enzyme by increased levels of DGA might be an important mechanism involved in the myopathy and cardiomyopathy of patients affected by DHGA.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D052281:Creatine Kinase, Mitochondrial Form; D003600:Cytosol / Q000201:enzymology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005977:Glutarates / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000201:enzymology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005977:Glutarates; D007527:Isoenzymes; C019417:alpha-hydroxyglutarate; D003402:Creatine Kinase; D052281:Creatine Kinase, Mitochondrial Form