title: Pharmacodynamic effect of morphine-6-glucuronide versus morphine on hypoxic and hypercapnic breathing in healthy volunteers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) is an active metabolite of morphine that is generally associated with less respiratory depression than morphine. Because M6G will be on the market in the near future, the authors assessed the time profile and relative potency of M6G's effect versus morphine's effect on carbon dioxide-driven and hypoxic breathing.
  
  
  METHODS
  In nine healthy female volunteers, the effects of 0.2 mg/kg intravenous M6G, 0.13 mg/kg intravenous morphine, and intravenous placebo were tested on ventilation at a fixed end-tidal pressure of carbon dioxide (Petco2) of 45 mmHg (Vi45) and on the acute hypoxic ventilatory response (AHR). All subjects participated in all three arms of the study. Respiratory studies were performed at 1-h intervals for 7 h after drug infusion. The data were analyzed using a population dose-driven approach, which uses a dose rate in function of time as input function driving the pharmacodynamics, and a population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) approach in which fixed pharmacokinetic parameter values from the literature were used as input function to the respiratory model. From the latter analysis, the authors obtained the blood effect-site equilibration half-life (t1/2ke0) and the effect-site concentration producing 25% depression of Vi45 and AHR (C25). Values reported are mean +/- SE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Placebo had no effect on Vi45 or AHR over time. Both analysis approaches yielded good descriptions of the data with comparable model parameters. M6G PK/PD model parameters for Vi45 were t1/2ke0 2.1 +/- 0.2 h and C25 528 +/- 88 nm and for AHR were t1/2ke0 1.0 +/- 0.1 h and C25 873 +/- 81 nm. Morphine PK/PD model parameters for Vi45 were t1/2ke0 3.8 +/- 0.9 h and C25 28 +/- 6 nm and for AHR were t1/2ke0 4.3 +/- 0.6 h and C25 16 +/- 2 nm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Morphine is more potent in affecting hypoxic ventilatory control than M6G, with a potency ratio ranging from 1:19 for Vi45 to 1:50 for AHR. At drug concentrations causing 25% depression of Vi45, M6G caused only 15% depression of AHR, whereas morphine caused greater than 50% depression of AHR. Furthermore, the speed of onset/offset of M6G is faster than morphine by a factor of approximately 2. The authors discuss some of the possible mechanisms for the observed differences in opioid behavior.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006935:Hypercapnia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000633:toxicity; D009022:Morphine Derivatives / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000633:toxicity; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D009022:Morphine Derivatives; C035349:morphine-6-glucuronide; D009020:Morphine