title: Change in forced expiratory volume in 1 second after sham bronchoconstrictor in suggestible but not suggestion-resistant asthmatic subjects: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Randomized controlled trials in asthma often demonstrate a benefit from placebo interventions, although no study has yet characterized this group of placebo responders. Literature points to the importance of suggestion in asthma, and we reasoned that patients' level of suggestibility might influence their likelihood of responding to placebo-like suggestion.
  
  
  METHODS
  To determine whether suggestion differentially influenced airway tone in preselected suggestible compared with suggestion-resistant asthmatics, we performed a prospective, double-blind, crossover pilot study in which subjects were identified as being suggestible or suggestion-resistant using the Creative Imagination Scale. Responses to inhaled saline were assessed using FEV1 and a modified Borg scale after the suggestion that the saline was a bronchoconstrictor and subsequently a bronchodilator.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five of eight suggestible subjects compared with one of nine suggestion-resistant subjects demonstrated a fall in FEV1 greater than 150 ml in response to inhaled saline and suggestion of bronchoconstriction (p =.027). Fourteen subjects experienced dyspnea in response to sham bronchoconstrictor, but none reported increased dyspnea after sham bronchodilator.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first time that subjects with asthma have been categorized as suggestible or nonsuggestible with this distinction then used to predict response to an intervention. The results of this pilot study suggest that a subgroup of suggestible asthmatic patients is more likely to respond to a placebo-like sham bronchoconstriction challenge. The data support earlier observations that psychological factors may influence asthma, and provide insights into the placebo response.
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000403:Airway Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D001249:Asthma / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D016085:Bronchoconstrictor Agents; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007092:Imagination; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015990:Placebo Effect; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011581:Psychological Tests; D011602:Psychophysiologic Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013404:Suggestion
chemical_list: D016085:Bronchoconstrictor Agents; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D012965:Sodium Chloride