title: Pentoxifylline decreases tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 during high tidal volume.
abstract: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is one of the most important proinflammatory cytokines which plays a central role in host defense and in the acute inflammatory response related to tissue injury. The major source of TNF-alpha are immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages. We tested the hypothesis that pentoxifylline, a methylxanthine derivative, down-regulates proinflammatory cytokine expression during acute lung injury in rats. Male Wistar rats weighing 250 to 450 g were anesthetized ip with 50 mg/kg sodium thiopental and randomly divided into three groups: group 1 (N = 7): tidal volume (V T) = 7 ml/kg, respiratory rate (RR) = 50 breaths/min and normal saline infusion; group 2 (N = 7): V T = 42 ml/kg, RR = 9 breaths/min and normal saline infusion; group 3 (N = 7): V T = 42 ml/kg, RR = 9 breaths/min and pentoxifylline infusion. The animals were ventilated with an inspired oxygen fraction of 1.0, a positive end-expiratory pressure of 3 cmH2O, and normal saline or pentoxifylline injected into the left femoral vein. The mRNA of TNF-alpha rapidly increased in the lung tissue within 180 min of ventilation with a higher V T with normal saline infusion. The concentrations of inflammatory mediators were decreased in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in the presence of higher V T with pentoxifylline infusion (TNF-alpha: plasma, 102.2+/-90.9 and BAL, 118.2+/-82.1; IL-1 : plasma, 45.2+/-42.7 and BAL, 50.2+/-34.9, P < 0.05). We conclude that TNF-alpha produced by neutrophil influx may function as an alert signal in host defense to induce production of other inflammatory mediators.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D018893:Bronchoalveolar Lavage; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000097:blood*; D008176:Lung Volume Measurements; D008297:Male; D010431:Pentoxifylline / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013990:Tidal Volume; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis* / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D007375:Interleukin-1; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D010431:Pentoxifylline