title: Biological variation of seminal parameters in healthy subjects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A study was undertaken to assess the components of biological variation of seminal parameters in healthy subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty donor candidates were included in a 10-week follow-up study. Within- and between-subject biological variation, indices of individuality and heterogeneity, coefficient of reliability, critical differences, analytical goals and the lowest value observed with a <5% probability of having a true value less than the World Health Organization (1999) reference value were estimated for the following seminal parameters: concentration, total motility (WHO grades a + b + c), progressive motility (grades a + b), rapid progressive motility (grade a), sperm morphology and vitality. All analysis was performed by a single technician according to WHO 1999 guidelines for routine semen analysis. Analytical variation was assessed on different types of quality control material (frozen straws, sperm suspension, videotape, and slides) and at different (low, medium, high) quality levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The analytical variation observed depended on the quality control material used and the level of semen quality. Concentration was the semen parameter with highest within- and between-subject variation, and vitality the lowest. Indices of individuality were all <0.7, and coefficients of reliability were high (0.68-0.84). The critical difference for sequential values significant at P < 0.05 for vitality, progressive motility and morphology (34.4, 49.2 and 58.0% respectively) were lower than for concentration (77.8%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study results showed that conventional reference values for seminal parameters have little diagnostic value because of their marked individuality, though seminal parameters can be useful for assessing differences in an individual's serial results, in particular of progressive motility, morphology and vitality.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002470:Cell Survival; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D012661:Semen / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D013076:Sperm Count; D013081:Sperm Motility; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology