title: Assessment of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis over a 24-hour diurnal period and in response to neuroendocrine challenges in women with and without childhood sexual abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Preclinical studies showed that early stress results in long-term alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. We performed a comprehensive assessment of the HPA axis in women with and without a history of early childhood sexual abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-two women with and without a history of early childhood sexual abuse and PTSD underwent a comprehensive assessment of the HPA axis, including measurement of cortisol in plasma every 15 min over a 24-hour period and cortisol and corticotropin (ACTH) following corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and ACTH challenge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Abused women with PTSD had lower levels of cortisol during the afternoon hours (12:00-8:00 PM) of a 24-hour period compared with non-PTSD women. Their ACTH response to a CRF challenge was blunted compared with nonabused non-PTSD (but not abused non-PTSD) women. There were no differences in cortisol response to CRF and ACTH challenges between the groups. Increased PTSD symptom levels were associated with low afternoon cortisol levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that early abuse is associated with increased CRF drive as evidenced by decreased pituitary sensitivity to CRF, whereas in abuse with PTSD there is a specific hypocortisolemia that is most pronounced in the afternoon hours.
mesh_terms: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002650:Child Abuse, Sexual / Q000523:psychology*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000378:metabolism*; D009490:Neurosecretory Systems / Q000378:metabolism; D010912:Pituitary-Adrenal Function Tests; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000378:metabolism*; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; D006854:Hydrocortisone