title: Growth hormone reduces chloride secretion in human colonic epithelial cells via EGF receptor and extracellular regulated kinase.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Growth hormone (GH) has been shown to alleviate symptoms in patients with Crohn's disease. Chloride secretion is important in driving intestinal fluid secretion. We examined whether GH inhibits chloride secretion induced by carbachol (CCh, a calcium-dependent pathway), and the downstream effectors responsible.
  
  
  METHODS
  T(84) cells were pretreated with GH at various concentrations followed by CCh (100 micromol/L). Chloride secretion was assessed as changes in short circuit current ( triangle up I(sc)) in Ussing chambers. Tyrphostins AG1478 (an epidermal growth factor receptor [EGFr] inhibitor) and AG490 (a Janus kinase 2 [JAK2] inhibitor), SB203580 (a p38 inhibitor), and PD98059 (a MEK1 inhibitor) were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GH inhibited CCh-induced chloride secretion at up to 10 nmol/L, but higher concentrations were less effective. GH caused tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK2 and EGFr. AG490 suppressed activation of JAK2 and EGFr in response to GH. AG1478 prevented GH activation of EGFr and reversed its inhibitory effect on chloride secretion. GH also induced activation of both p38 and ERK1/2. AG490 reversed GH-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of both ERK1/2 and p38, but AG1478 reversed that of ERK1/2 only. PD98059, but not SB203580, reversed the inhibitory effect of GH on chloride secretion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GH inhibits CCh-induced chloride secretion via a JAK2-dependent mechanism involving transactivation of EGFr and consequent recruitment of ERK1/2. Although activated, p38 does not contribute to the inhibitory effect of GH on secretion. These data elucidate mechanisms of GH inhibition of chloride secretion in intestinal epithelia, which may be relevant to therapeutic benefits of GH in Crohn's disease or other diarrheal diseases.
mesh_terms: D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D002217:Carbachol / Q000494:pharmacology; D002460:Cell Line; D002712:Chlorides / Q000378:metabolism*; D018679:Cholinergic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000378:metabolism*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000166:cytology; D053614:Janus Kinase 2; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects*; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002712:Chlorides; D018679:Cholinergic Agonists; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005419:Flavonoids; D007093:Imidazoles; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D011725:Pyridines; D019382:Human Growth Hormone; D014443:Tyrosine; D002217:Carbachol; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; C507924:JAK2 protein, human; D053614:Janus Kinase 2; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C093642:SB 203580; C093973:2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one