title: Prevalence and persistence of TT virus DNA in HIV1-infected individuals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  TT virus (TTV) is a recently discovered virus with a high DNA prevalence in different populations. Its role in pathogenesis is uncertain, particularly in immunocompromised patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prevalence of TTV-DNA was evaluated in a cohort of HIV-infected patients and in blood donors by nested PCR, using two different primer sets: T primers, derived from the open reading frame ORF1 region N22; B primers, derived from the untranslated region (UTR). Samples positive using T primers were also tested for TTV-DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and followed up every 4 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall prevalence of TTV-DNA in HIV-infected patients was 37/376 (9.8%) using T primers and 223/333 (67%) using B primers; prevalence was higher in males (167/237, 70.5% vs 56/96, 58.3%; p = 0.033) and sub-Saharan Africans (22/23, 95.6% vs 201/310, 64.8% in other areas). Discordance was also observed in blood donors: 3.8% prevalence using T primers and 51.4% using B primers (also higher in males: 57% vs 37%, p = 0.056). TTV-DNA was detected in PBMC in 20/23 (87%) TTV-positive sera. Two-thirds of the serum samples remained positive over a 2-year follow-up period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TTV-DNA prevalence is higher when detected with primers derived from the UTR region and was highest in male and HIV-infected sub-Saharan Africans. TTV-DNA is frequently isolated in PBMC and chronic infection is common.
authors.affiliation: Center for Human Immunodeficiency Disease, Medical Clinic, University Hospital, place de l'Hôpital 1, F-67091 Strasbourg, France. david.rey@chru-strasbourg.fr
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rey
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fuchs
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Frick-Michot
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Stoll-Keller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D001483:Base Sequence; D001782:Blood Donors; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D004266:DNA Virus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D015995:Prevalence; D011336:Probability; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017678:Sex Distribution; D022783:Torque teno virus / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral