title: The French 35-hour workweek: a wide-ranging social change.
abstract: The reduction of the legal working week to 35 hours in France has generated wide-ranging social change. We examine the resulting changes in working-time patterns as well as their repercussions on the use of the time gained and on the quality of life and health. To compensate the reduction in the length of the working week, companies have modified the working-time patterns, by extending operation time (shiftwork, atypical schedules) and by matching the on-site workforce to production requirements (flexible working hours). They have sought to make more efficient use of working time: job intensification or job compression. The effects on the off-the-job life and health are linked to the shiftwork and atypical schedules designed to increase the company's operating time, and adjustments to the company's need for flexibilization impose working time/free time patterns that are at odds with biological rhythms and social life patterns. Changes to working-time patterns have unexpected consequences for work organization: heightened difficulties for the individual and the crew. These changes may generate a range of health problems related to overwork and stress. The way some companies have adapted may call into question the usefulness of work done by employees, thus damaging their social identity and mental well-being.
authors.affiliation: Université de Paris X-Nanterre, Paris, France.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Prunier-Poulmaire
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gadbois
mesh_terms: D005544:Forecasting; D005602:France; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D010561:Personnel Staffing and Scheduling / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000639:trends*; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000523:psychology; D012922:Social Change; D014940:Work Schedule Tolerance / Q000523:psychology*; D016526:Workload / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000523:psychology