title: Growth inhibition through activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in human oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
abstract: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) heterodimerises with retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRalpha) and is thought to be a novel therapeutic target for human malignancies. We evaluated the ability of troglitazone (TRO) alone or in combination with 9-cis retinoic acid (9CRA), ligands of PPARgamma and RXRalpha, respectively, to inhibit the growth of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). All 10 tested OSCC cell lines of a KYSE series expressed PPARgamma and RXRalpha at both the mRNA and protein levels. In four tested cell lines, TRO inhibited growth, and a synergistic effect was observed with simultaneous 9CRA application. In KYSE 270 cells, a luciferase reporter assay showed that the simultaneous application of TRO and 9CRA to the cells increased the relative luciferase activity approximately 20-fold compared with the controls without TRO or 9CRA application. In this cell line, flow cytometry demonstrated that combined treatment with TRO and 9CRA greatly increased the sub-G1 phase, and Hoechst 33342/propidium iodide (PI) staining showed that apoptotic cell death was mainly induced through ligand treatment. In addition, implanted tumours in nude mice showed significant inhibition of tumour growth when treated with TRO. These results suggest that the PPARgamma/RXRalpha heterodimer may be a new therapeutic target for OSCC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Surgical Basic Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawara-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Itami
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kawamura
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kawabe
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kaganoi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Imamura
mesh_terms: D000077556:Alitretinoin; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002839:Chromans / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004341:Drug Evaluation; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000378:metabolism*; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000077288:Troglitazone; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D002839:Chromans; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000077556:Alitretinoin; D014212:Tretinoin; D020169:Caspases; D000077288:Troglitazone