title: Successful transfer of open surgical skills to a laparoscopic environment using a robotic interface: initial experience with laparoscopic radical prostatectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  For a skilled laparoscopic surgeon the learning curve for achieving proficiency with laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP) is estimated at 40 to 60 cases. For the laparoscopically naïve surgeon the curve is estimated at 80 to 100 cases. The development of a robotic interface might significantly shorten the LRP learning curve for an experienced open yet naïve laparoscopic surgeon. To our knowledge we report the initial experience with robot assisted LRP of a surgeon without laparoscopic experience.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following a 1-day da Vinci (Intuitive Surgical, Mountain View, California) robotic laparoscopic training course and 2 cadaveric robotic LRPs an experienced oncologist (TEA) without laparoscopic experience performed 45 robotic LRPs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All procedures were successfully completed laparoscopically with no rectal injuries or transfusions. The learning curve to 4-hour proficiency was 12 patients and mean operating time subsequently was 3.45 hours (range 2.5 to 5.1). Mean blood loss was 145 cc (range 25 to 350), the mean postoperative day 1 decrease in hemoglobin was 2.6 mg/dl (range 1.9% to 5.1) and mean hospital stay was 36 hours (range 18 to 168). Mean Gleason score was 6.8, mean prostate volume was 50.5 gm (range 12.5 to 163) and the margin positive rate was 35.5%. Four patients (8.8%) had a total of 6 complications, which were managed conservatively. Catheterization time was 7 days (range 7 to 42). Continence (0 pads) was 33% at 1 week, 63% at 1 month and 81% at 3 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A laparoscopically naïve yet experienced open surgeon successfully transferred open surgical skills to a laparoscopic environment in 8 to 12 cases using a robotic interface. This outcome is comparable to the reported experience of skilled laparoscopic surgeons after more than 100 LRPs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of California-Irvine, UCI Medical Center, Orange, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Ahlering
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Skarecky
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Ralph V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Clayman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical / Q000503:physiopathology; D002140:California; D002983:Clinical Competence; D004502:Education, Medical, Continuing; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006452:Hemoglobinometry; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000193:education* / Q000379:methods; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D012371:Robotics / Q000193:education* / Q000379:methods; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000209:etiology; D014584:User-Computer Interface