title: Safety of heart-lung machines during prolonged standby.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Coronary artery bypass surgery is increasingly performed without an extra-corporeal circuit. A heart-lung machine (HLM) is kept on standby for safety reasons, but rarely used. The tubes of the machines are currently discarded after every operation. Costs and waste would be avoided if HLMs could stay on standby for longer periods of time. We therefore investigated the sterility of intra-tube fluid over time.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four machines were tested. The tube system was fixed and filled with priming solution. Samples of intra-tube fluid and fluid from the fluid bags were taken after 0, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 h. Microbiological cultures were performed by direct inoculation and membrane filtration and incubated up to 14 days. Endotoxin levels were also determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bacteria were grown from two samples only and were considered as contaminants. Endotoxin concentrations never exceeded acceptable levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To keep HLMs on standby for 72 h is probably safe. The prolonged use of HLMs will contribute to cost and waste reduction in open heart surgery.
authors.affiliation: Beaumontweg 38, CH-3007 Bern, Switzerland. anne.witschi@gst.admin.ch
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Witschi
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Widmer
authors.forename: B F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Schnider
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wehrle
authors.forename: H-R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Zerkowski
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bernet
mesh_terms: D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004866:Equipment Contamination; D004869:Equipment Safety; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006355:Heart-Lung Machine / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013557:Switzerland; D013997:Time Factors