title: Second to fourth digit ratio, testosterone and perceived male dominance.
abstract: Previous studies have shown that male faces with extreme features associated with testosterone are perceived as dominant and masculine. Women have been reported to prefer more masculinized male faces as they may consider testosterone markers to be an 'honest' indication of good health, and such considerations may underlie their aesthetic preferences. However, pronounced testosterone facial markers are also associated with dominance, and several negative personality traits. This suggests that female aesthetic preferences may be an adaptive compromise between positive attributes associated with higher than average testosterone, and negative attributes associated with more extreme masculinization. This current study attempts to clarify the role of hormone markers in female perceptions of dominance, masculinity and attractiveness, in male facial images. Recent evidence suggests that the relative length of the 2nd to 4th finger (2D : 4D ratio) is a pointer to prenatal testosterone levels and may thus serve as a window to the prenatal hormonal environment. We measured 2D : 4D in a sample of male college students and took salivary samples to analyse circulating levels of testosterone. Women rated facial images of these males for dominance, masculinity and attractiveness. Our results show that male 2D : 4D was significantly negatively related to perceived dominance and masculinity but not attractiveness. Circulating testosterone levels were not related to dominance, masculinity or attractiveness. These findings suggest that: (i) high prenatal levels of testosterone serve to 'organize' male facial features to subsequently reflect dominance and masculine characteristics presumably activated during puberty; and (ii) attractiveness is not directly related to testosterone levels. We conclude that facial dominance and masculinity reflect a male's perceived status rather than his physical attraction to women.
authors.affiliation: Human Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology and Sport Sciences, Northumberland Building, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK. nick.neave@unn.ac.uk
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Neave
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Laing
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fink
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Manning
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001504:Beauty; D005145:Face; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012930:Social Dominance; D013739:Testosterone / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D013739:Testosterone