title: Propylene glycol-associated renal toxicity from lorazepam infusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Using data from patients who developed elevations in serum creatinine concentrations while receiving continuous-infusion lorazepam, we sought to determine the correlations between the magnitude of serum creatinine concentration rise and each of the following variables: serum propylene glycol level, cumulative lorazepam dose, and duration of lorazepam administration. An additional objective was to identify clinical markers for propylene glycol toxicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective chart review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical-surgical intensive care unit and burn unit at a university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight patients who developed elevations in serum creatinine concentrations while receiving continuous-infusion lorazepam (range 2-28 mg/hr).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean cumulative dose of lorazepam was 4305 mg (range 1200-10,920 mg), and the mean propylene glycol level determined at the time of peak serum creatinine concentration was 1103 microg/ml (range 186-3450 microg/ml). Serum creatinine concentrations increased in all eight patients during lorazepam infusion and decreased in seven within 3 days after stopping infusion. A weak-to-moderate correlation existed between the magnitude of the rise in serum creatinine concentration and propylene glycol level (r=0.53). A weak-to-moderate correlation also was identified between cumulative lorazepam dose and magnitude of serum creatinine concentration rise (r=0.43), and a strong-to-moderate correlation was found between duration of lorazepam infusion and magnitude of serum creatinine concentration rise (r=0.60). Propylene glycol levels were strongly correlated with both serum osmolality and osmol gap.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The patients' increased serum creatinine concentrations are likely to have resulted from exposure to propylene glycol as a result of lorazepam infusion. Serum osmolality and osmol gap may be useful markers for propylene glycol toxicity.
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, USA. nyaucher@charter.net
authors.forename: Ndidi E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Yaucher
authors.forename: Jeffrey T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Fish
authors.forename: Heidi W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Wells
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000379:methods; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D008140:Lorazepam / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D019946:Propylene Glycol / Q000097:blood* / Q000633:toxicity*; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019946:Propylene Glycol; D003404:Creatinine; D008140:Lorazepam