title: Low and high LET radiation-induced apoptosis in M059J and M059K cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate and compare the ability of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK)-deficient and -proficient cells to undergo apoptosis after exposure to low and high linear energy transfer (LET) radiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A human glioma cell line M059J lacking the catalytic subunit of DNA-PK (DNA-PKcs) and its DNA-PKcs-proficient counterpart, M059K, were exposed to 1 and 4 Gy of accelerated nitrogen ions (14N, 140 eV nm(-1), 8-12 Gy min(-1)) or 60Co gamma-rays (0.2 eV nm(-1), 0.7 Gy min(-1)). The induction of apoptosis was studied up to 144 h post-irradiation using two different methods: morphological characterization of apoptotic cells after fluorescent staining and cell size distribution analysis to detect apoptotic bodies. In parallel, protein expression of DNA-PKcs and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) as well as DNA-PK and caspase-3 activity were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Low and high LET radiations (4 Gy) induced a time-dependent apoptotic response in both cell lines. Low LET radiation induced a significantly elevated apoptotic response in M059J as compared with M059K cells at 144 h post-irradiation. Following high LET radiation exposure, there was no difference between the cell lines at this time. PARP cleavage was detected in M059J cells following both low and high LET irradiation, while only high LET radiation induced PARP cleavage in M059K cells. These cleavages occurred in the absence of caspase-3 activation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  M059J and M059K cells both display radiation-induced apoptosis, which occur independently of caspase-3 activation. The apoptotic course differs between the two cell lines and is dependent on the quality of radiation.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Medical Radiation Biology, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Centre Karolinska, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Holgersson
authors.forename: A R-M
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Jernberg
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Persson
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Edgren
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lewensohn
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brahme
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Meijer
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000528:radiation effects*; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D051747:DNA-Activated Protein Kinase; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D005910:Glioma / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy; D006801:Humans; D018499:Linear Energy Transfer; D008938:Mitosis / Q000528:radiation effects; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000378:metabolism; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; D051747:DNA-Activated Protein Kinase; C497263:PRKDC protein, human; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases