title: [Gap junctions in the human urinary bladder].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gap junctions are intercellular contacts important for the synchronization of muscle cell activity through electrical coupling. Since the role of gap junctions for the function of smooth bladder muscle is still a matter of debate, we investigated the occurrence of gap junctions and the gap junctional protein connexin (Cx) 45 in the detrusor of the nonobstructed stable human bladder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Detrusor biopsies from 6 patients aged 64 (55-72) years with stable nonobstructed bladders were investigated for the occurrence of gap junctions by electron microscopy, molecular biological techniques and immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transmission electron microscopy and freeze fracture showed the presence of gap junction at plasma membranes of detrusor smooth muscle cells. By reverse transcriptase (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and in situ hybridization, we found an expression of Cx45 in the detrusor. These data were confirmed by immunolocalization of Cx45 on smooth muscle cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides morphological as well as molecular biological and immunohistochemical evidence that bladder smooth muscle cells are electrically coupled.
authors.affiliation: Urologische Klinik, Universitätsspital Zürich. john@uro.usz.ch
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: John
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hauri
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maake
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001706:Biopsy; D017630:Connexins / Q000235:genetics; D015653:Cystectomy; D005260:Female; D005614:Freeze Fracturing; D017629:Gap Junctions / Q000473:pathology*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008875:Middle Aged; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000473:pathology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000473:pathology*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D017630:Connexins; C082920:connexin 45