title: Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the efficacy of the laparoscopic radical nephrectomy we analyzed the clinical data of our series.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred eighty five patients were enrolled in our laparoscopic radical nephrectomy program between July, 1992 and July, 2001. Of the 185 patients, 146 had small renal tumors (smaller than 5 cm in diameter) and 39 had large tumors (equal to or more than, 5 cm in diameter). Under a laparoscope the kidney, adrenal gland, and perirenal fatty tissue were dissected in an en bloc fashion. In case of taking out a small tumor, the specimen was fractionated within the sack to avoid an additional skin incision after entrapping in the laparoscopy sack in the working space. In case of a large tumor, regional lymph nodes dissection was done and the specimen was taken out intact in the sack through an enlarged incision.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our laparoscopic procedure was successful in 171 of the 185 cases; 14 patients required open surgery because of bleeding from an injured vessels or treatment for other injured organs. The mean operative time was 4.7 hours for both small and large tumors. Estimated blood loss was between 237 and 380 ml on average for small and large tumors, respectively. Full convalescence was achieved around 3 weeks after operation in both groups. Only one patient who had large tumor was found to have micrometastasis in 1 of 5 regional lymph nodes. Recurrences were observed in 4 cases of the small tumor group and in 2 cases of the large tumor group during 1 to 108 months of follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy is a very useful and safe surgical procedure for renal cell carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Okazaki City Hospital, Aichi Prefecture, Japan.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kuriki
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ono
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kinukawa
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hattori
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nishiyama
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ohshima
mesh_terms: D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D009392:Nephrectomy; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors