title: Growth factor receptors as therapeutic targets: strategies to inhibit the insulin-like growth factor I receptor.
abstract: Neoplastic transformation is often related to abnormal activation of growth factor receptors and their signaling pathways. The concept of targeting specific tumorigenic receptors and/or signaling molecules has been validated by the development and successful clinical application of drugs acting against the epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/neu, Erb2), the epidermal growth factor receptor 1 (EGFR, HER1), the Brc-Abl kinase, the platelet-derived growth factor receptor, and c-kit. This review will focus on the next promising therapeutic target, the insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR). IGF-IR has been implicated in a number of neoplastic diseases, including several common carcinomas. From a pharmaceutical standpoint, of particular importance is that IGF-IR appears to be required for many transforming agents (genetic, viral, chemical) to act, but is not obligatory for the function of normal adult cells. The tumorigenic potential of IGF-IR is mediated through its antiapoptotic and transforming signaling, and in some cases through induction of prometastatic pathways. Preclinical studies demonstrated that downregulation of IGF-IR reversed the neoplastic phenotype and sensitized cells to antitumor treatments. The strategies to block IGF-IR function employed anti-IGF-IR antibodies, small-molecule inhibitors of the IGF-IR tyrosine kinase, antisense oligodeoxynucleotides and antisense RNA, small inhibitory RNA, triple helix, dominant-negative mutants, and various compounds reducing ligand availability. The experience with these strategies combined with the knowledge gained with current anti-growth factor receptor drugs should streamline the development of anti-IGF-IR therapeutics.
authors.affiliation: Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S 10th St., BLSB 631, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA. eva.surmacz@mail.tju.edu
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Surmacz
mesh_terms: D015195:Drug Design; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000628:therapy; D020319:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016372:RNA, Antisense / Q000235:genetics; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D017526:Receptor, IGF Type 1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D020319:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense; D016372:RNA, Antisense; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor; D017526:Receptor, IGF Type 1