title: Suppression of extracellular signal-related kinase and activation of p38 MAPK are two critical events leading to caspase-8- and mitochondria-mediated cell death in phytosphingosine-treated human cancer cells.
abstract: We previously demonstrated that the phytosphingosine-induced apoptosis was accompanied by the concomitant induction of both the caspase-8-mediated and mitochondrial activation-mediated apoptosis pathways. In the present study, we investigated the role of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in the activation of these two distinct cell death pathways induced by phytosphingosine in human cancer cells. Phytosphingosine caused strong induction of caspase-8 activity and caspase-independent Bax translocation to the mitochondria. A rapid decrease of phosphorylated ERK1/2 and a marked increase of p38 MAPK phosphorylation were observed within 10 min after phytosphingosine treatment. Activation of ERK1/2 by pretreatment with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate or forced expression of ERK1/2 attenuated phytosphingosine-induced caspase-8 activation. However, Bax translocation and caspase-9 activation was unaffected, indicating that down-regulation of the ERK activity is specifically required for the phytosphingosine-induced caspase-8-dependent cell death pathway. On the other hand, treatment with SB203580, a p38 MAPK-specific inhibitor, or expression of a dominant negative form of p38 MAPK suppressed phytosphingosine-induced translocation of the proapoptotic protein, Bax, from the cytosol to mitochondria, cytochrome c release, and subsequent caspase-9 activation but did not affect caspase-8 activation, indicating that activation of p38 MAPK is involved in the mitochondrial activation-mediated cell death pathway. Our results suggest that phytosphingosine can utilize two different MAPK signaling pathways for amplifying the apoptosis cascade, enhancing the understanding of the molecular mechanisms utilized by naturally occurring metabolites to regulate cell death. Molecular dissection of the signaling pathways that activate the apoptotic cell death machinery is critical for both our understanding of cell death events and development of cancer therapeutic agents.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Radiation Effect, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, Korea.
authors.forename: Moon-Taek
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Jung-A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Min-Jeong
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hong-Duck
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Um
authors.forename: Sangwoo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.forename: Chang-Mo
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Chul-Koo
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Seongman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Hee Yong
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Yun-Sil
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Su-Jae
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D015153:Blotting, Western; D053181:Caspase 8; D053453:Caspase 9; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism*; D016923:Cell Death; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D019169:Jurkat Cells; D008564:Membrane Potentials; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism*; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D008954:Models, Biological; D010766:Phosphorylation; D010957:Plasmids / Q000378:metabolism; D021381:Protein Transport; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D013110:Sphingosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism*; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
chemical_list: C494826:BAX protein, human; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D045304:Cytochromes c; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C505530:CASP8 protein, human; C506433:CASP9 protein, human; D053181:Caspase 8; D053453:Caspase 9; D020169:Caspases; C012491:phytosphingosine; D013110:Sphingosine; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate