title: Noncardiac comorbidity increases preventable hospitalizations and mortality among Medicare beneficiaries with chronic heart failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We studied the impact of noncardiac comorbidity on potentially preventable hospitalizations and mortality in elderly patients with chronic heart failure (CHF).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Chronic HF disproportionately affects older individuals, who typically have extensive comorbidity. However, little is known about how noncardiac comorbidity complicates care in these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study of 122,630 individuals age >/=65 years with CHF identified through a 5% random sample of all U.S. Medicare beneficiaries. We assessed the relationship of the 20 most common noncardiac comorbidities to one-year potentially preventable hospitalizations and total mortality. Preventable hospitalizations were determined by admissions for ambulatory care sensitive conditions using predefined criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-five percent of the sample had at least one hospitalization, of which 50% were potentially preventable. Exacerbations of CHF accounted for 55% of potentially preventable hospitalizations. Nearly 40% of patients with CHF had >/=5 noncardiac comorbidities, and this group accounted for 81% of the total inpatient hospital days experienced by all CHF patients. The risk of hospitalization and potentially preventable hospitalization strongly increased with the number of chronic conditions (both p < 0.0001). After controlling for demographic factors and other diagnoses, comorbidities that were associated consistently with notably higher risks for CHF-preventable and all-cause preventable hospitalizations, and mortality, included chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/bronchiectasis, renal failure, diabetes, depression, and other lower respiratory diseases (all p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Noncardiac comorbidities are highly prevalent in older patients with CHF and strongly associate with adverse clinical outcomes. Cardiologists and other providers routinely caring for older patients with CHF may improve outcomes in this high-risk population by better recognizing non-CHF conditions, which may complicate traditional CHF management strategies.
authors.affiliation: Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholars Program, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. jbraunst@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Joel B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Braunstein
authors.forename: Gerard F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gerstenblith
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Weller
authors.forename: Marlene
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Niefeld
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Herbert
authors.forename: Albert W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001249:Asthma / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006299:Health Services for the Aged; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015995:Prevalence; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States