title: Distinct but parallel evolutionary patterns between alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases: addition of fish/human betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase divergence.
abstract: Alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) of the MDR type (medium-chain dehydrogenases/reductases) have diverged into two evolutionary groups in eukaryotes: a set of 'constant' enzymes (class III) typical of basal enzymes, and a set of 'variable' enzymes (remaining classes) suggesting 'evolving' forms. The variable set has larger overall variability, different segment variability, and variability also in functional segments. Using a major aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) from cod liver and fish ALDHs deduced from the draft genome sequence of Fugu rubripes (Japanese puffer fish), we found that ALDHs form more complex patterns than the ADHs. Nevertheless, ALDHs also group into 'constant' and 'variable' sets, have separate segment variabilities, and distinct functions. Betaine ALDH (class 9 ALDH) is 'constant,' has three segments of variability, all non-functional, and a limited fish/human divergence, reminiscent of the ADH class III pattern. Enzymatic properties of fish betaine ALDH were also determined. Although all ALDH patterns are still not known, overall patterns are related to those of ADH, and group separations may be distinguished. The results can be interpreted functionally, support ALDH isozyme distinctions, and assign properties to the multiplicities of the ADH and ALDH enzymes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hjelmqvist
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Norin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: El-Ahmad
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jörnvall
mesh_terms: D000426:Alcohol Dehydrogenase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D000445:Aldehyde Oxidoreductases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D050728:Betaine-Aldehyde Dehydrogenase; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008958:Models, Molecular; D010802:Phylogeny; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D023741:Takifugu / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D007527:Isoenzymes; D000426:Alcohol Dehydrogenase; D000445:Aldehyde Oxidoreductases; D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase; D050728:Betaine-Aldehyde Dehydrogenase