title: Evaluation of acute knee pain in primary care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The evaluation of acute knee pain often includes radiography of the knee.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To synthesize the literature to determine the role of radiologic procedures in evaluating common causes of acute knee pain: fractures, meniscal or ligamentous injuries, osteoarthritis, and pseudogout.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE search from 1966 to October 2002.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included all published, peer-reviewed studies of decision rules for fractures. We included studies that used arthroscopy as the gold standard for measuring the accuracy of the physical examination and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for meniscal and ligamentous knee damage. We included all studies on the use of radiographs in pseudogout.
  
  
  METHODS
  We extracted all data in duplicate and abstracted physical examination and MRI results into 2 x 2 tables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 5 decision rules for deciding when to use plain films in knee fractures, the Ottawa knee rules (injury due to trauma and age >55 years, tenderness at the head of the fibula or the patella, inability to bear weight for 4 steps, or inability to flex the knee to 90 degrees) have the strongest supporting evidence. When the history suggests a potential meniscal or ligamentous injury, the physical examination is moderately sensitive (meniscus, 87%; anterior cruciate ligament, 74%; and posterior cruciate ligament, 81%) and specific (meniscus, 92%; anterior cruciate ligament, 95%; and posterior cruciate ligament, 95%). The Lachman test is more sensitive and specific for ligamentous tears than is the drawer sign. For meniscal tears, joint line tenderness is sensitive (75%) but not specific (27%), while the McMurray test is specific (97%) but not sensitive (52%). Compared with the physical examination, MRI is more sensitive for ligamentous and meniscal damage but less specific. When the differential diagnosis for acute knee pain includes an exacerbation of osteoarthritis, clinical features (age >50 years, morning stiffness <30 minutes, crepitus, or bony enlargement) are 89% sensitive and 88% specific for underlying chronic arthritis. Adding plain films improves sensitivity slightly but not specificity. Plain films for pseudogout are not sensitive or specific, according to limited-quality studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We recommend the Ottawa knee rules to decide when to obtain plain films for suspected knee fracture. A careful physical examination should be sufficient to decide whether to refer patients with potential meniscal and ligament injuries, and we prefer clinical criteria rather than plain films for evaluating osteoarthritis. We do not recommend using plain films to diagnose pseudogout.
authors.affiliation: Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Patrick G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: O'Malley
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kroenke
mesh_terms: D018771:Arthralgia / Q000209:etiology*; D001175:Arthrography / Q000592:standards*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D050724:Fractures, Cartilage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000293:injuries; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000175:diagnosis; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000592:standards; D000070600:Tibial Meniscus Injuries