title: Effects of dietary glutamine on antioxidant enzyme activity and immune response in burned mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the effect of dietary glutamine (Gln) on specific antibody production and antioxidant enzyme activities in burned mice vaccinated with detoxified Pseudomonas exotoxin A linked with the outer membrane proteins I and F (PEIF). We also evaluated the survival rate of vaccinated and non-vaccinated burned mice infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were three consecutive experiments. In experiment 1, 30 BALB/c mice were assigned to one of two groups. The control group was fed casein as the protein source; the Gln group received 4% Gln (w/w) to replace part of the casein. Mice were immunized twice with PEIF, and the production of specific antibodies against PEIF was measured every week. Eight weeks after immunization, all mice received a 30% body surface area burn injury. Mice were killed 24 h after the burn. The antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxides in the tissues and specific antibody production were analyzed. In experiment 2, 12 mice were assigned to a control or a Gln group and fed with one the experimental diets for 4 wk. Then burn injury was induced, and mice were killed 24 h later. In vitro, splenocytes were cultured, and interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 were measured after mitogen stimulation. In experiment 3, survival rates of vaccinated and non-vaccinated burned mice complicated with P. aeruginosa infection were evaluated. The survival rate was observed for 8 d after the burn.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxides in tissues tended to be lower in the Gln group than in the control group after the burn. Specific antibody production against P. aeruginosa increased significantly in the Gln group at 4 and 7 wk after immunization and at 24 h after the burn. IL-4 concentrations in mitogen-stimulated splenocytes were significantly higher in the Gln group than in the control group. Survival rates of non-vaccinated burned mice in the Gln group were significantly higher than those in the control group, whereas there was no difference in the survival of vaccinated burned mice after bacterial infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggested that vaccinated mice receiving a Gln-enriched diet may have enhanced humoral immunity and attenuated oxidative stress induced by burn injury. Also, Gln supplementation improved the survival of burned mice complicated with P. aeruginosa infection.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutrition and Health Science, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: Sung-Ling
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.forename: Huey-Fang
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Shang
authors.forename: Ming-Tsan
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Chiu-Li
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.forename: Wei-Jao
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000917:Antibody Formation; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002056:Burns / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000401:mortality; D004032:Diet; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005973:Glutamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D011552:Pseudomonas Infections / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000276:immunology; D011897:Random Allocation; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines; D005973:Glutamine