title: The effects of dose staggering on metabolic drug-drug interactions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of dose staggering on metabolic drug-drug interactions (MDDI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Using Matlab, anatomical, physiological and biochemical data relating to human pharmacokinetics were integrated to create a representative virtual healthy subject relevant to in vivo studies. The effects of dose staggering on AUC and C(max) were investigated under various scenarios with respect to pharmacokinetic characteristics of the inhibitor and substrate drugs (e.g. hepatic extraction ratio). Specific cases were also simulated where MDDI had been studied experimentally for combinations of drugs (budesonide and ketoconazole; triazolam and itraconazole).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The decrease in the magnitude of the inhibitory effect of the 'perpetrator' drug (inhibitor) on the 'victim' drug (substrate) as a result of 'dose staggering' was greater when the 'perpetrator' was given after the 'victim'. There was reasonable agreement between the predicted extent of the interactions and the observed in vivo data (mean prediction errors of 25 and -14% for AUC and C(max) values, respectively (n=7)). The impact of dose staggering was minimal during continuous dosage of inhibitors with long elimination half-lives (e.g. itraconazole, >20 h).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical trial simulations using physiological information may provide useful guidelines for optimal dose staggering when poly-pharmacy is inevitable.
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit of Molecular Pharmacology & Pharmacogenetics, Division of Clinical Sciences (South), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: Jiansong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kjellsson
authors.forename: Amin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rostami-Hodjegan
authors.forename: Geoffrey T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Tucker
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D019540:Area Under Curve; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004347:Drug Interactions; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D008970:Molecular Weight; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism*; D010599:Pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations