HIV-1 Tat protein upregulates inflammatory mediators and induces monocyte invasion into the brain.
Impaired inflammatory functions may be critical factors in the mechanisms by which HIV-1 enters the CNS. Evidence indicates that a viral gene product, the protein Tat, can markedly contribute to these effects. In the present study we tested the hypothesis that Tat can upregulate the expression of inflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules and facilitate the entry of monocytes into the brain. Expression of inflammatory mediators such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) was assessed in C57BL/6 mice injected with Tat(1-72) into the right hippocampus. In the Tat(1-72)-injected groups, mRNA and protein levels of MCP-1, TNF-alpha, VCAM-1, and ICAM-1 were markedly elevated compared to those in control animals. The most pronounced changes were observed in and around the injected hippocampus. Double-labeling immunohistochemistry demonstrated that inflammatory proteins were primarily expressed in activated microglial cells and perivascular cells. In addition, astrocytes and endothelial cells were susceptible to Tat(1-72)-induced inflammatory responses. These changes were associated with a substantial infiltration of monocytes into the brain. These data demonstrate that intracerebral administration of Tat can induce profound proinflammatory effects in the brain, leading to monocyte infiltration.
Pu
Hong
H
Department of Surgery/Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky Medical Center, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
Tian
Jing
J
Flora
Govinder
G
Lee
Yong Woo
YW
Nath
Avindra
A
Hennig
Bernhard
B
Toborek
Michal
M
D015526:AIDS Dementia Complex / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D000818:Animals; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D001921:Brain / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D002634:Chemotaxis, Leukocyte / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D004660:Encephalitis / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D015696:Gene Products, tat / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000276:immunology; D054322:tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D015696:Gene Products, tat; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D054322:tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus