title: Time of day type of food--relation to mood and hunger during 24 hours of constant conditions.
abstract: A six-day high-carbohydrate meal (HC; 65 E% (energy percent) carbohydrates, 20 E% fat and 15 E% protein) and a six-day high-fat meal (HF; 40 E% carbohydrates, 45 E% fat and 15 E% protein) were given to seven healthy subjects in a crossover design. On the last day subjects were kept awake for 24 hours in a metabolic laboratory while substrate utilisation and energy expenditure were measured by indirect calorimetry. The subjects were given isocaloric meals every four hours. Results showed that hunger decreased at night (F = 4.2, p < 0.05) and linearly increased after meal intake. Macronutrient composition (fat/carbohydrates) seemed to be of less importance for hunger. Hunger and thirst were found to be strongly associated with gastrointestinal substances, for hunger the strongest being a negative correlation with triacylglycerol (partial correlation = -0.39). It is suggested that it might not be necessary for shift workers to eat full portions at night but that satiation will occur with less food. Possibly lack of adjustment of nocturnal food intake might be one reason why overweight is common in shift work populations.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Psychosocial Medicine/Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lowden
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Holmbäck
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akerstedt
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Forslund
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Forslund
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lennernäs
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D006815:Hunger / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D011603:Psychophysiology; D012528:Satiety Response / Q000502:physiology; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology; D014940:Work Schedule Tolerance / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats