title: Noninvasive transthoracic temporary cardiac pacing in dogs.
abstract: Temporary cardiac pacing is used in the emergency treatment of life-threatening bradyarrhythmias and for the support of heart rate and blood pressure of patients with sick sinus syndrome or high-grade atrioventricular (AV) block undergoing general anesthesia, typically for permanent pacemaker implantation. We retrospectively evaluated the safety and efficacy of a noninvasive transthoracic external cardiac pacing system in 42 dogs treated for bradyarrhythmias. Optimal placement of the patch electrodes on the skin of the thorax was initially established on 2 anesthetized normal dogs. The optimal electrode placement was determined to be on the right and left hemithoraces, directly over the heart. Afterward, by means of this electrode placement all 42 dogs treated for bradyarrhythmias in this study were successfully paced with the noninvasive transthoracic system. Dogs ranged in age from 1 to 15 years and weighed between 3.2 and 40 kg. Miniature Schnauzers, German Shepherds, and mixed breeds were most common in the study population. Indications for noninvasive transthoracic pacing included emergency treatment of hemodynamically unstable 3rd-degree AV block (2 dogs): support of heart rate during general anesthesia for permanent pacemaker implantation or lead-wire adjustment (38 dogs): and support of heart rate during general anesthesia for ophthalmologic surgery in dogs with sick sinus syndrome (2 dogs). Complications included pain and skeletal muscle stimulation, which required general anesthesia. We conclude that the noninvasive transthoracic pacing system evaluated is satisfactory for clinical veterinary use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA. teresa_defrancesco@ncsu.edu
authors.forename: Teresa C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: DeFrancesco
authors.forename: Bernard D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Clarke E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Atkins
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sidley
authors.forename: Bruce W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Keene
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001919:Bradycardia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D004285:Dogs; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000662:veterinary; D009657:North Carolina / Q000453:epidemiology; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial / Q000662:veterinary; D010375:Pedigree; D011996:Records / Q000662:veterinary; D012189:Retrospective Studies