title: Managers see the problems associated with coding clinical data as a technical issue whilst clinicians also see cultural barriers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In UK general practice, the coding of clinical data (Read Coding) is far from universal. This study set out to examine the barriers to recording structured information in computerised medical records; and to explore whether managers and clinicians had different perspectives in how these barriers should be overcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  A qualitative study, using semi-structured interviews of general practitioners, primary care nurses and practice managers. The interviews were recorded verbatim, and then underwent thematic analysis; additional interviews were conducted until thematic saturation was achieved.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For clinicians the recording of structured data within a consultation is not a neutral activity, they are highly aware of diagnostic uncertainty and sensitive to the potential impact of both a correct and incorrect diagnostic label on their relationship with their patient. Clinicians accept that data has to be coded if they are to demonstrate that appropriate evidence based care has been provided to populations; but alongside this they require free-text as a more powerful reminder of the individual human encounter. Managers felt that they could encourage clinicians to code data for re-use as part of population data or as quality target indicators rather than as an enabler of the next consultation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The primary care consultation is a complex social interaction, and coding of the medical diagnosis in itself imposes the bio-medical model, carries assumptions about certainty, and is perceived by clinicians to potentially jeopardise their relationships with their patient. Further research to elicit patients' views may help clarify the magnitude of this barrier.
authors.affiliation: Primary Care Informatics, Department of Community Health Sciences, Hunter Wing, St George's Hospital, Medical School, London SW17 0RE, UK. slusigna@sghms.ac.uk
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: de Lusignan
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Hague
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Thiru
mesh_terms: D000555:Ambulatory Care Information Systems; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001292:Attitude to Computers; D005194:Family Practice / Q000458:organization & administration*; D005568:Forms and Records Control / Q000592:standards*; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D038801:International Classification of Diseases; D016347:Medical Records Systems, Computerized / Q000145:classification*; D008501:Medical Records, Problem-Oriented / Q000592:standards*; D015279:Organizational Culture; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom