title: Reperfusion injury of the rat bladder is worse than ischemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies have demonstrated that in vivo and in vitro ischemia of the bladder results in decreased contractile responses. However, to our knowledge the effect of reperfusion following ischemia of the bladder is not known.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult male rats were subjected to bilateral bladder ischemia and varying periods of reperfusion. In vivo ischemia was created for 4 hours by reversibly clamping the 2 vesical arteries for 4 hours. Reperfusion was produced by removing the clamps and allowing the animals to recover for 1 day, 1 week or 1 month after surgery. Following recovery bladders strips were studied using field stimulation (FS), carbachol and KCl. The maximal contractile response and rate of response generated were recorded digitally and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The maximal responses to FS, carbachol and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were not decreased by 4-hour ischemia alone, whereas the response to KCl was decreased significantly. The contractile responses to FS and KCl were significantly decreased after 1 day and 1 week of reperfusion. Responses after 1 month of reperfusion were increased significantly compared with responses after 1 week of reperfusion. The responses to ATP were not affected by ischemia or reperfusion. The contractile response to KCl was significantly more sensitive to ischemia than the responses to carbachol, ATP or FS, whereas the contractile response to FS was significantly more sensitive to reperfusion than the other forms of stimulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates clearly that injury by reperfusion following ischemia is more detrimental than the effects of ischemia alone and FS contraction is the most sensitive form of stimulation to reperfusion damage. This study also demonstrates the ability of the bladder to recover from ischemic and reperfusion injuries.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
authors.forename: Gennadi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bratslavsky
authors.forename: Barry A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Kogan
authors.forename: Seiji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: Ahmet R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Aslan
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Levin
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002217:Carbachol / Q000494:pharmacology; D046508:Culture Techniques; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D007511:Ischemia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D011189:Potassium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013268:Stimulation, Chemical; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001748:Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D011189:Potassium Chloride; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D002217:Carbachol