title: pH-sensitive modulation of the second hydration sphere in lanthanide(III) tetraamide-DOTA complexes: a novel approach to smart MR contrast media.
abstract: The lanthanide(III) complexes of three tetraamide DOTA bearing pyridyl, phenolic and hydroxypyridyl substituents have been studied by NMR, luminescence and cyclic voltammetry. The relaxivity profiles of the gadolinium complexes of the pyridyl and phenolic ligands were flat and essentially the same between pH 2 and 8. The hydroxypyridyl ligand, however, exhibited two regions of enhanced relaxivity. The small relaxivity enhancement (25 %) at lower pH (pH 2-4) has been attributed to an increase in the prototropic exchange of the coordinated water molecule while the slightly larger enhancement (84 %) at higher pH (pH 6-9) reflects deprotonation of the ligand amide protons. Deprotonation of the amides results in the formation of an intramolecular acid-base pair interaction with the phenolic protons and this, in turn, causes a highly organized second hydration sphere to come into effect, thereby increasing the relaxivity. The water relaxivity of the Gd(3+)-hydroxypyridyl complex is further enhanced upon binding to serum albumin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, P.O. Box 803066, Richardson, Texas 75083, USA.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Woods
authors.forename: Shanrong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Von Howard
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: Ebron
authors.forename: A Dean
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Sherry
mesh_terms: D000577:Amides / Q000737:chemistry*; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000737:chemistry; D004563:Electrochemistry; D005063:Europium / Q000737:chemistry*; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000737:chemistry*; D006573:Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring / Q000737:chemistry*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007700:Kinetics; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011522:Protons; D011725:Pyridines / Q000737:chemistry; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D003287:Contrast Media; D006573:Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D011522:Protons; D011725:Pyridines; D014867:Water; C071349:1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid; D005063:Europium; D005682:Gadolinium