title: Staging of functional damage in glaucoma using frequency doubling technology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate three new approaches for staging severity of glaucomatous visual field defects using frequency doubling technology.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and four patients with either ocular hypertension or chronic glaucoma were tested with both standard automated perimetry (SAP, 30-2 Humphrey threshold test) and frequency doubling technology (N-30 threshold test). Standard automated perimetry results were classified into four groups (normal tests, early defects, moderate defects, and severe defects) using the Glaucoma Staging System. Frequency doubling technology tests were also classified in four groups using three different approaches: frequency doubling technology probability map analysis, considering the number and location of disturbed points, frequency doubling technology MD and PSD indices, graphed on a two-axis diagram (FDT Staging System), and an abnormality score, based on both the statistical significance and the spatial location of depressed points. A control group of 20 eyes from 20 normal subjects was also tested and classified in the same way. The Cohen Kappa was used to compare the level of agreement between the three frequency doubling technology methods of classification and the glaucoma staging system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Measure of agreement was 0.679 using probability map assessment, 0.793 using the frequency doubling technology staging system, and 0.663 using the abnormality score. The specificity rate was 95% for all three methods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All the studied approaches were able to correctly stage the glaucomatous functional damage, but the frequency doubling technology staging system was the easiest and quickest method. Moreover, it is the only method that supplies information on the characteristics of the defect, without requiring any other time-consuming procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Udine, Italy. brusini@libero.it
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brusini
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tosoni
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D005902:Glaucoma, Open-Angle / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure; D008875:Middle Aged; D009798:Ocular Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D058609:Visual Field Tests / Q000379:methods*; D014794:Visual Fields