title: Newcastle disease vaccines.
abstract: Newcastle disease (ND) is a worldwide problem with severe economic implications, affecting chickens, turkeys and other birds. Newcastle disease virus (NDV), a member of the Paramyxoviridae group can cause disease of diverse severity in accordance with environmental factors. NDV strains are classified according to their virulence into three categories. The lentogenic strains are very mild and naturally inhabit healthy flocks. They can be used as live vaccines even for young chicks. Killed vaccines can be produced from the same viruses following inactivation. Mesogenic ND viruses, which cause mild or inapparent respiratory infections, have recently been banned in many countries even for killed vaccine production due to fears of disease emergence. Velogenic strains are the causative agents of the disease and can be used for the purpose of vaccine challenge test. Production and use of Newcastle disease vaccines are discussed in this review.
authors.affiliation: B.L.T. Biological Laboratories Teva, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. (Abic Vet.), P.O.B. 27047, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Gallili
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ben-Nathan