title: Ear, nose, and throat manifestations of sarcoidosis.
abstract: Sarcoidosis rarely affects the head and neck and represents a diagnostic challenge to the otolaryngologist. The signs and symptoms of sarcoidosis in this area are not specific and can mimic much more common disorders. Biopsy is usually necessary to make the diagnosis. Appropriate evaluations and referrals should be made once there is suspicion of sarcoidosis. Steroids remain the mainstay of the therapeutic options; however, newer agents are being used more frequently. Long-term treatment and follow-up are necessary, because the disease tends to progress and to respond unpredictably to treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA.
authors.forename: Heather R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Schwartzbauer
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Tami
mesh_terms: D004427:Ear Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007818:Laryngeal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D007828:Laryngoscopy; D008206:Lymphatic Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D010038:Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D012507:Sarcoidosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis