title: Facile synthesis of site-specifically acetylated and methylated histone proteins: reagents for evaluation of the histone code hypothesis.
abstract: The functional capacity of genetically encoded histone proteins can be powerfully expanded by posttranslational modification. A growing body of biochemical and genetic evidence clearly links the unique combinatorial patterning of side chain acetylation, methylation, and phosphorylation mainly within the highly conserved N termini of histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 with the regulation of gene expression and chromatin assembly and remodeling, in effect constituting a "histone code" for epigenetic signaling. Deconvoluting this code has proved challenging given the inherent posttranslational heterogeneity of histone proteins isolated from biological sources. Here we describe the application of native chemical ligation to the preparation of full-length histone proteins containing site-specific acetylation and methylation modifications. Peptide thioesters corresponding to histone N termini were prepared by solid phase peptide synthesis using an acid labile Boc/HF assembly strategy, then subsequently ligated to recombinantly produced histone C-terminal globular domains containing an engineered N-terminal cysteine residue. The ligation site is then rendered traceless by hydrogenolytic desulfurization, generating a native histone protein sequence. Synthetic histones generated by this method are fully functional, as evidenced by their self-assembly into a higher order H3/H4 heterotetramer, their deposition into nucleosomes by human ISWI-containing (Imitation of Switch) factor RSF (Remodeling and Spacing Factor), and by enzymatic modification by human Sirt1 deacetylase and G9a methyltransferase. Site-specifically modified histone proteins generated by this method will prove invaluable as novel reagents for the evaluation of the histone code hypothesis and analysis of epigenetic signaling mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Johnson Research Foundation and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6059, USA.
authors.forename: Shu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bauman
authors.forename: Jamaine S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Alejandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Loyola
authors.forename: Kenichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishioka
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Gronlund
authors.forename: Danny
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Reinberg
authors.forename: Fanyu
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kelleher
authors.forename: Dewey G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: McCafferty
mesh_terms: D000107:Acetylation; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D002843:Chromatin / Q000378:metabolism; D006657:Histones / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D008745:Methylation; D008954:Models, Biological; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D015394:Molecular Structure; D020836:Protein Structure, Quaternary; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D006657:Histones; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins