title: North-south gradients in Britain for stroke and CHD: are they explained by the same factors?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The geographic variation in CHD and stroke within Great Britain is well known. We aimed to quantify these variations and to determine the contribution of established risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective study consisted of 7735 men 40 to 59 years of age in 24 British towns who were followed up for 20 years from screening in 1978 to 1980. We compared age-adjusted incidences of major stroke and CHD events in southern England and the rest of Britain before and after adjustment for established cardiovascular risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At least 1 episode of stroke occurred in 467 men (3.54 per 1000 person-years, age standardized) and of CHD in 1299 men (10.05 per 1000 person-years). Event rates varied between towns, from 2.00 to 5.45 per 1000 person-years for stroke and from 6.16 to 12.21 per 1000 person-years for CHD. Incidence for both diseases was highest in Scottish towns and lowest in southern English towns ("north-south gradient"). The hazard ratio for stroke in the rest of Britain compared with southern England was 1.44 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16 to 1.78); for CHD, it was 1.32 (95% CI, 1.14 to 1.53). After adjustment for baseline systolic blood pressure, smoking status, physical activity, social class, and height, the hazard ratio was 1.24 (95% CI, 1.00 to 1.54) for stroke and 1.17 (95% CI, 1.02 to 1.35) for CHD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Similar north-south gradients were observed for major stroke and major CHD events. The magnitude of these gradients was considerably diminished when individual risk variables were taken into account.
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary Care and Population Sciences, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London NW3 2PF UK. r.morris@pcps.ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Whincup
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Emberson
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Lampe
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Shaper
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001827:Body Height; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D012923:Social Class; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology