title: 17-beta estradiol down regulates ganglionic microglial cells via nitric oxide release: presence of an estrogen receptor beta transcript.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In earlier studies we have demonstrated that 17-beta-estradiol and an estrogen cell surface receptor can be found on various human cells where they are coupled to nitric oxide release. We also demonstrated the presence of estrogen signaling in Mytilus edulis ganglia. In the present report, we sought to determine a function for these ganglionic estrogen receptors, transcending a reproductive role for estrogen.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ganglionic microglial egress from excised pedal ganglia was examined microscopically following pharmacological treatments designed to determine a role for 17-beta-estradiol in microglial regulation via nitric oxide. Additionally, we examined the tissue by RT-PCR and sequence analysis for the estrogen receptor beta gene.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In ganglia incubated with varying concentrations of 17-beta-estradiol-BSA there is a significant drop in microglial egress at the 24 hour observation period (58.7 +/- 7.4 vs. 17-beta-estradiol-BSA exposed = 14.7 +/- 1.5; P<0.01), which can be antagonized by tamoxifen and significantly diminished by L-NAME, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. By RT-PCR and sequence analysis Mytilus edulis pedal ganglia was found to express a 266 bp fragment of the estrogen receptor-beta gene, which exhibits 100% sequence identity with the human counterpart.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that 17-beta-estradiol-BSA is working on estrogen cell surface receptors since 17-beta-estradiol-BSA does not enter the cytoplasm and that these receptors are coupled to constitutive nitric oxide release. This study demonstrates that 17-beta-estradiol can down regulate microglial fMLP induced activation and activation following ganglionic excision.
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Research Institute, State University of New York College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, New York 11568, USA. gstefano@sunynri.org
authors.forename: George B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Stefano
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Kirk
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mantione
authors.forename: Dolisha
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Elliott
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Salamon
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cadet
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000378:metabolism*; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta; D017952:Ganglia, Invertebrate / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008024:Ligands; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta; D008024:Ligands; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D004958:Estradiol; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester