title: Interleukin-12 release from macrophages by hyaluronan, chondroitin sulfate A and chondroitin sulfate C oligosaccharides.
abstract: Mixtures of hyaluronan (HA), chondroitin sulfate (CS)-A and CS-C oligosaccharides were generated through the enzymatic digestion of the polysaccharides with either mammalian hyaluronidase or bacterial HA lyase or chondroitinase. Compared to mammalian enzymes, bacterial enzymes hydrolyze the polysaccharides through a different mechanism yielding chemically distinct sets of oligosaccharides. Peripheral leukocytes and a human monocytic cell line were exposed to these oligosaccharides and the amount of interleukin-12 released by the cells was measured. For all types of oligosaccharide tested, we found that the amount of interleukin-12 induced by oligosaccharides generated with bacterial enzyme was significantly lower than the amount of interleukin-12 induced by oligosaccharides generated with mammalian enzyme. In addition, we observed that CS oligosaccharides generated with bacterial enzyme were capable of reducing the lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-12 production in macrophages. Our results indicate that HA or CS oligosaccharides generated with mammalian enzymes might possess pro-inflammatory potential, while HA or CS oligosaccharides generated with bacterial enzymes might possess non- or anti-inflammatory properties. The implications of our findings in view of the ongoing investigation of the potential therapeutic benefits of HA and CS in arthritis or other inflammatory pathologies are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Department, Tennessee State University, 3500 John A. Merritt Boulevard, Nashville, TN 37209, USA.
authors.forename: Kennita L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Jobe
authors.forename: Sabah O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Odman-Ghazi
authors.forename: Margaret M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Whalen
authors.forename: Koen P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Vercruysse
mesh_terms: D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000378:metabolism*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D018664:Interleukin-12; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates