title: Anti-leukemia effect of perillyl alcohol in Bcr/Abl-transformed cells indirectly inhibits signaling through Mek in a Ras- and Raf-independent fashion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Perillyl alcohol (POH) displays preventive and therapeutic activity against a wide variety of tumor models, and it has been suggested that this might be associated with the ability of POH to interfere with Ras prenylation. POH also selectively induces G(1) arrest and apoptosis in Bcr/Abl-transformed hematopoietic cells. Because signaling through Ras is necessary for Bcr/Abl transformation, we examined whether POH induces its anti-leukemia effect by inhibiting Ras signaling.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ability of POH to inhibit posttranslational farnesylation and signaling from Ras as well as signaling through the Raf-Mek-Erk cascade was examined in Bcr/Abl-transformed and mock-transformed cells and related to the anti-leukemia effect of POH.
  
  
  RESULTS
  POH does not affect Ras prenylation or Ras activity, but it blocks signaling downstream of Ras by reversing the state of activation of the Erk kinase, Mek. POH affects Mek activity only when it is added to intact cells. Treatment of either cell lysates or of purified Mek with POH has no effect on Mek activity. Inhibition of the Mek-Erk pathway seems to be related to the POH anti-leukemia effect for the following reasons: (a) the concentration of POH needed to block the Erk pathway, as well the kinetics with which POH inhibits this signaling cascade, both correlate with the anti-leukemia effect of POH; (b) both U0126 (a specific Mek inhibitor) and POH induce similar anti-leukemia effects; and (c) mock-transformed hematopoietic cells are simultaneously resistant to POH anti-leukemia effects and inhibition of the Mek-Erk pathway.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Blocking Mek is sufficient to induce growth arrest and apoptosis in Bcr/Abl-transformed cells; therefore, POH represents a novel small molecule inhibitor of Mek that might be effective for treating Bcr/Abl leukemias.
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin Comprehensive Cancer, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA. ssclark@facstaff.wisc.edu
authors.forename: Steven S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Filiault
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Perman
authors.forename: Zhibin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gould
authors.forename: Xinhai
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D016044:Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007951:Leukemia, Myeloid / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015689:Oncogene Protein p21(ras) / Q000378:metabolism*; D031343:Perilla / Q000737:chemistry; D017368:Protein Prenylation / Q000187:drug effects; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D039821:Monoterpenes; C032208:perillyl alcohol; D016044:Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; D015689:Oncogene Protein p21(ras)