title: Courtesy stigma--a focus group study of relatives of schizophrenia patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stigmatization of people with mental illness has been investigated in numerous studies. Little research, however, has been done to explore how relatives of people with schizophrenia perceive and experience stigmatization and how they can fight such stigmatization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Aiming to explore stigma from the perspective of relatives of people with schizophrenia, focus group interviews were conducted with 122 members of advocacy groups from different parts of Germany. Focus group sessions were tape- and video-recorded and transcribed. Transcripts were coded using an inductive method, generating categories (domains) from the material.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The analysis of focus group data shows that, contrary to previous research findings, discrimination and disadvantages encountered by relatives of schizophrenia patients reach far beyond the spheres of direct social interaction and access to social roles. Our study revealed two additional domains in which relatives encounter stigmatization: structural discrimination and public images of mental illness. Furthermore, psychiatry has been identified as one important source of stigma. Relatives also suggested numerous anti-stigma interventions. These can be grouped into five main categories: communication measures, support for the ill and their relatives, changes in mental health care, education and training, and control and supervision.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on our findings,ways of how relatives of schizophrenia patients and mental health professionals can fight against stigma are discussed.
authors.affiliation: University of Leipzig, Dept. of Psychiatry, Johannisallee 20, 04317 Leipzig, Germany. krausem@medizin.uni-leipzig.de
authors.forename: Matthias C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Angermeyer
authors.forename: Beate
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schulze
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dietrich
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012559:Schizophrenia; D012938:Social Perception; D013240:Stereotyping