title: Smoking and depression in Chinese Americans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A close link between smoking and depression has been documented by research primarily based on U.S. white populations. This study examined the association between depressive symptoms and smoking behaviors in Chinese American smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analyses were based on baseline data collected from a convenience sample of 199 Chinese smokers who resided in northern California. The sample included 20.6% women, 97% immigrants, with mean age of 40.8 years and mean cigarettes/day of 8.9.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with population-based studies of Chinese Americans, the Chinese smokers in the current study reported higher depressive symptoms assessed by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale [M, 20.4; 95% confidence interval (CI), 18.8-22.2], higher lifetime prevalence rates of major depressive disorders (30.3%; 95% CI, 24.0-37.2%) and dysthymia (11.6%; 95% CI, 7.5-16.9%). Multiple regression analysis suggested female gender, unemployment, major depression or dysthymia within the past year, previous experience with nicotine withdrawal syndrome, and high temptation to smoke under negative affect situations are associated with a higher level of depressive symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The level of depressive symptoms among Chinese American smokers is comparable with that observed in other US populations reported. In the current sample, elevated depressive symptoms were more prominent among women or those who were unemployed, smokers who reported significant nicotine withdrawal at previous quit attempts, and high temptation to smoke when experiencing negative emotions. Findings support further examination of the role of depression in smoking among Chinese Americans and underscore the importance of addressing depressive symptoms when treating tobacco use in Chinese smokers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0984, USA. jtsoh@itsa.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Janice Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Tsoh
authors.forename: Judy N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: Kevin L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Delucchi
authors.forename: Sharon M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hall
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001213:Asian; D002681:China / Q000208:ethnology; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology; D013624:Taiwan / Q000208:ethnology; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000628:therapy; D014478:Unemployment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology