title: Nonintracranial fatal firearm injuries in children: implications for treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Understanding the injury characteristics of nonintracranial fatal (NIF) gunshot wounds in children treated in a statewide trauma system will help guide effective treatment strategies.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was a retrospective analysis of children fatally injured with firearms. The review included demographic information, firearm injury characteristics, and outcome. The setting included trauma centers participating in a statewide trauma registry. Patients were all children (age < 18 years) treated in trauma centers for NIF gunshot wounds from January 1988 through December 2000. The main outcome measures were characteristics of fatal firearm injuries in children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over the 13-year period, there were 1,954 children with firearm injuries including 368 (18.8%) children with fatal wounds. Of the fatally wounded children, 177 (48.1%) had no intracranial injury. The NIF injury population was 90.4% male, with a mean age of 14.9 years (range, <1-17 years) and an Injury Severity Score of 38.2 (range, 9-75). Over 95% of deaths in this group occurred within 24 hours of admission. Although injuries to the thorax were most common (78.5%), 48.6% of the NIF cohort had injuries to multiple body regions, including 31% with injuries in both the abdomen and thorax. Compared with all children wounded by firearms, NIF firearm injury patients had, on average, more body regions injured (1.6 vs. 1.1, p < 0.001) and a greater total number of injuries (6.0 vs. 3.5, p < 0.001). Patients with an NIF injury were more likely to suffer a major vascular injury (54.8% vs. 13.8%, p < 0.001), lung injury (56.5% vs. 12.9%, p < 0.001), or cardiac injury (44.6% vs. 4.6%, p < 0.001) than all children with a firearm injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most children who arrive at trauma centers alive and subsequently die from NIF firearm injuries do so rapidly from major vascular and thoracic injury. Almost half of these children have injuries to multiple body regions, further complicating management. Innovative, aggressive treatment approaches should be sought to improve survival in this extremely injured cohort of children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. nance@email.chop.edu
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Nance
authors.forename: Charles C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Branas
authors.forename: Perry W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Stafford
authors.forename: Therese
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Richmond
authors.forename: C William
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Schwab
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D010414:Pennsylvania / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014193:Trauma Centers; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy