title: Dating of bruises in children: an assessment of physician accuracy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether physicians can estimate accurately the age of an accidental bruise on direct physical examination.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children who presented to the emergency department of a children's hospital with accidental bruises of known age and origin had demographic data and information about their injury recorded. History-blinded emergency pediatricians, other physicians, and trainees (fellows, residents, and medical students) independently examined the bruised area and recorded injury characteristics and age estimation and ranked characteristics that influenced their estimation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty children with accidental bruises were enrolled. Emergency pediatricians' accuracy of age estimation within 24 hours of actual age was 47.6%. Individual emergency pediatrician's accuracy ranged from 0% to 100%, and the interobserver reliability was poor (kappa = -0.03). Accuracy within 24 hours of actual age was 29.4% for other physicians and 36.8% for trainees, which was similar to the emergency pediatricians. Observers reported using color primarily to estimate age, followed by tenderness and then swelling; however, none of these factors was significantly correlated with accuracy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physician estimates of bruise age are highly inaccurate within 24 hours of the actual age of the injury. Large individual variability and poor interrater reliability also suggest that caution must be used when interpreting these estimates. This study supports earlier studies, urging extreme caution in estimating bruise age, even when such estimates are based on direct examination of the injured area.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. bariciak@cheo.on.ca
authors.forename: Erika D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Bariciak
authors.forename: Amy C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Plint
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gaboury
authors.forename: Sue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bennett
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003288:Contusions / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D010808:Physical Examination; D010820:Physicians / Q000145:classification / Q000523:psychology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013997:Time Factors; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology