title: Endovascular techniques for placement of long-term chemotherapy catheters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the results from using endovascular techniques to place long-term chemotherapy catheters when advancing the catheter using the external jugular vein is difficult due to obstructions or kinking.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between July 1997 and August 2000, 320 long-term chemotherapy catheters were placed, and in 220 cases the external jugular vein was used as the primary venous approach. In 18 of these patients, correct positioning was not achieved and several endovascular techniques were then utilized to overcome these obstacles, including manipulation of a J-wire with a moveable core, venography, and the exchange wire technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 94.5% of the patients with difficulties in obtaining the correct positioning, we were able to advance the long-term catheter to the desired position with the assistance of endovascular techniques.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Venography and endovascular guidance techniques are useful for the placement of long-term catheters in the external jugular vein.
authors.affiliation: Vascular Surgery Department, Hospital do Câncer, Fundação AC Camargo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Guilherme
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yazbek
authors.forename: Antonio Eduardo
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Zerati
authors.forename: Luiz Caetano
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Malavolta
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishinari
authors.forename: Nelson
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wolosker
mesh_terms: D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous / Q000379:methods*; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling; D004358:Drug Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007601:Jugular Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D010690:Phlebography / Q000379:methods; D013997:Time Factors