title: Evaluation of friction of stainless steel and esthetic self-ligating brackets in various bracket-archwire combinations.
abstract: This study measured and compared the level of frictional resistance generated between stainless steel self-ligating brackets (Damon SL II, SDS Ormco, Glendora, Calif), polycarbonate self-ligating brackets (Oyster, Gestenco International, Göthenburg, Sweden), and conventional stainless steel brackets (Victory Series, 3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif), and 3 different orthodontic wire alloys: stainless steel (Stainless Steel, SDS Ormco), nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti, SDS Ormco), and beta-titanium (TMA, SDS Ormco). All brackets had a.022-in slot, whereas the orthodontic wire alloys were tested in 3 different sections:.016,.017 x.025, and.019 x 0.025 in. Each of the 27 bracket and archwire combinations was tested 10 times, and each test was performed with a new bracket-wire sample. Both static and kinetic friction were measured on a custom-designed apparatus. All data were statistically analyzed (Kruskal-Wallis and Mann Whitney U tests). Stainless steel self-ligating brackets generated significantly lower static and kinetic frictional forces than both conventional stainless steel and polycarbonate self-ligating brackets, which showed no significant differences between them. Beta-titanium archwires had higher frictional resistances than stainless steel and nickel-titanium archwires. No significant differences were found between stainless steel and nickel-titanium archwires. All brackets showed higher static and kinetic frictional forces as the wire size increased.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, University of Pavia, Italy. vcacciafesta@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Vittorio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cacciafesta
authors.forename: Maria Francesca
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Sfondrini
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ricciardi
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scribante
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Klersy
authors.forename: Ferdinando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Auricchio
mesh_terms: D003722:Dental Alloys; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D017276:Friction; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008422:Materials Testing; D009532:Nickel; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D011076:Polycarboxylate Cement; D013193:Stainless Steel; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; D011076:Polycarboxylate Cement; C023988:beta titanium; C040654:titanium nickelide; D013193:Stainless Steel; C005506:polycarbonate; D009532:Nickel; D014025:Titanium