title: Neural abnormalities during cognitive generation of affect in treatment-resistant depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dysfunctions in brain regions known to be involved in affect and mood states are thought to be implicated in depression and may have a role in determining the type and symptoms of this illness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to elucidate neural correlates of cognitive generation of affect, using a previously published paradigm of evoking affect with picture-caption pairs, in patients with unipolar, treatment-resistant depression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with control participants, patients showed relatively decreased response in the anterior cingulate (rostral; right) with both negative and positive picture-caption pairs and in the medial frontal gyrus and hippocampus (all left) with positive picture-caption pairs. They demonstrated increased response in the inferior (right) and middle temporal gyri (left) with negative picture-caption pairs, and in the parahippocampal gyrus (right), inferior frontal gyrus (left), subgenual cingulate (right), striatum (right), and brain stem (left) with positive picture-caption pairs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reduced medial/middle prefrontal and hippocampal activity may account for positive affect disturbances and temporal lobe hyperactivity for negative affect disturbances in treatment-resistant depression. The results also corroborate previous observations from resting positron emission tomography studies and further elucidate the association between hypoactive rostral cingulate and nonresponsiveness to treatment in depression.
authors.affiliation: Section of Cognitive Psychopharmacology, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK.
authors.forename: Veena
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kumari
authors.forename: Martina T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Mitterschiffthaler
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Teasdale
authors.forename: Gin S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Malhi
authors.forename: Richard G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Giampietro
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Brammer
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Poon
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.forename: Steven C R
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Stuart A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Checkley
authors.forename: Tonmoy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sharma
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents