title: The IPEM code of practice for electron dosimetry for radiotherapy beams of initial energy from 4 to 25 MeV based on an absorbed dose to water calibration.
abstract: This report contains the recommendations of the Electron Dosimetry Working Party of the UK Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine (IPEM). The recommendations consist of a code of practice for electron dosimetry for radiotherapy beams of initial energy from 4 to 25 MeV. The code is based on the absorbed dose to water calibration service for electron beams provided by the UK standards laboratory, the National Physical Laboratory (NPL). This supplies direct N(D,w) calibration factors, traceable to a calorimetric primary standard, at specified reference depths over a range of electron energies up to approximately 20 MeV. Electron beam quality is specified in terms of R(50,D), the depth in water along the beam central axis at which the dose is 50% of the maximum. The reference depth for any given beam at the NPL for chamber calibration and also for measurements for calibration of clinical beams is 0.6R(50.D) - 0.1 cm in water. Designated chambers are graphite-walled Farmer-type cylindrical chambers and the NACP- and Roos-type parallel-plate chambers. The practical code provides methods to determine the absorbed dose to water under reference conditions and also guidance on methods to transfer this dose to non-reference points and to other irradiation conditions. It also gives procedures and data for extending up to higher energies above the range where direct calibration factors are currently available. The practical procedures are supplemented by comprehensive appendices giving discussion of the background to the formalism and the sources and values of any data required. The electron dosimetry code improves consistency with the similar UK approach to megavoltage photon dosimetry, in use since 1990. It provides reduced uncertainties, approaching 1% standard uncertainty in optimal conditions, and a simpler formalism than previous air kerma calibration based recommendations for electron dosimetry.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine, Fairmount House, 230 Tadcaster Road, York YO24 1ES, UK.
authors.forename: D I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Thwaites
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: DuSautoy
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jordan
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: McEwen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nisbet
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Nahum
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Pitchford
mesh_terms: D026683:Advisory Committees; D002138:Calibration / Q000592:standards*; D004583:Electrons; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis / Q000592:standards; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000592:standards; D011874:Radiometry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage / Q000592:standards*; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000592:standards*; D011882:Radiotherapy, High-Energy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards*; D012952:Societies; D006113:United Kingdom; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water