title: Emotional neglect and family structure: impact on student functioning.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to demonstrate the relationship between retrospective reports of child neglect, family of origin functioning, and current psychological distress. It was hypothesized that experience of childhood emotional neglect would be associated with lower levels of cohesion and adaptability in participants' family of origin and greater levels of current psychological distress. Gender effects were explored.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective reports of emotional neglect in childhood were quantified by use of a parental bonding measure, specifically by assessing level of perceived parental care. Participants were assigned to one of three groups based on level of care scores: neglect by a primary male caregiver, neglect by a primary female caregiver, and no neglect. These groups were compared on three variables: current psychological functioning, retrospective report of family of origin adaptability, and retrospective report of family of origin cohesiveness. Amount of time left in the care of others was used as a covariate based on attachment theory literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data were analyzed for 69 female and 22 male undergraduate students. Participants who reported a childhood experience of emotional neglect by a primary female caregiver described greater current psychological distress than those reporting no neglect or neglect by a primary male caregiver. Participants who experienced emotional neglect by a primary female caregiver, as compared to those reporting emotional neglect by a primary male caregiver and those reporting no neglect, described lower cohesion and adaptability in their family of origin. There were no differences between male and female participants in terms of impact of emotional neglect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests potential caregiver gender effects, regardless of respondent gender. Perceived neglect by female, but not male caregivers, led to psychological distress in adulthood and was associated with lower cohesion and adaptability in one's family of origin. Future research should attempt to account for the participants' expectations regarding male and female caregiver roles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Educational Psychology, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Mary Jo
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Wark
authors.forename: Theresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kruczek
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004644:Emotions; D005190:Family / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D011581:Psychological Tests; D012737:Sex Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D014495:Universities