title: Variation and changes in state-specific carotid endarterectomy and 30-day mortality rates, United States, 1991-2000.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study were to investigate variations between states and changes in state-specific carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and 30-day mortality rates. Cross-sectional variations and changes over time in such measures may be indicative of improvement in the quality of care.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed retrospective analyses of pre-existing administrative data on Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years and older in the United States. Age-adjusted, state-specific CEA rates and 30-day postoperative mortality rates in 1991, 1995 and 2000 were examined, as well as changes in these rates from 1991 to 1995 and from 1995 to 2000. Stroke mortality in the general population of each state was used as a crude measure of the need for CEA procedure in the state. The Spearman rank correlation analysis was used to study correlations between rates. Oldham's method was used to avoid the effect of regression to the mean.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were wide variations in the state-specific CEA rates, 30-day mortality, and in changes in these rates over time. The states with relatively low procedure rates in 1991 also had low rates in 1995 and 2000, and relatively higher increases in the rates. The states with relatively high 30-day mortality in 1991 or 1995 had lower increases or greater decreases in the rate. CEA rates were not correlated with any measure of surgical mortality, but they were correlated with stroke mortality in the general population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The inter-state variation in CEA rates has not changed much since 1991, but variation in 30-day mortality decreased through 2000. The states with low procedure rates in 1991 did not have sufficient increase to catch up with the high-rate states by 1995, but they were prone to experience a higher increase in the subsequent 5 years. The validity of stroke mortality in a state as a measure of the need for CEA is questionable. Further research using clinical data is needed to better explain variations between states.
authors.affiliation: Center for Medicaid and Medicare Services, US Department of Health and Human Services, 601 E. 12th Street, Rm. 235, Kansas City, MO 64106, USA. ksheikh@cms.hhs.gov
authors.forename: Kazim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sheikh
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bullock
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000401:mortality* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020521:Stroke / Q000401:mortality; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology