title: Trends in psychotropic medication costs for children and adolescents, 1997-2000.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine trends in psychotropic medication utilization and costs for children and adolescents between January 1, 1997, and December 31, 2000.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pharmacy claims were analyzed for mental health users 17 years and younger (N = 83 039) from a national database covering 1.74 million privately insured youths. Utilization rates and costs for dispensed medications were compared across psychotropic drug categories and individual agents over time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall use of psychotropic drugs increased from 59.5% of mental health outpatients in 1997 (a 1-year prevalence of 28.7 per 1000) to 62.3% in 2000 (33.7 per 1000), a 4.7% increase. The largest changes in utilization were seen for atypical antipsychotics (138.4%), atypical antidepressants (42.8%), and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (18.8%). The average prescription price increased by 17.6% (7.90 US dollars per prescription), a change in turn attributed to a shift toward costlier medications within the same category (55.1% of the increase, or 4.35 US dollars) and to pure inflation (44.9% of the increase, or 3.55 US dollars; P for trend <.001 for all comparisons). Almost half (46.7%) of the 2.7 million US dollars gross sales differential was accounted for by only 3 of the 39 drugs identified (amphetamine compound, risperidone, and sertraline), and 75% was accounted for by 7 drugs (the previous 3 and bupropion, paroxetine, venlafaxine, and citalopram).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Psychotropic drug expenditure increases during the late 1990s resulted from more youths being prescribed drugs, a preference for newer and costlier medications, and the net effects of inflation. The impact of managed care and pharmaceutical marketing effects on these trends warrants further study.
authors.affiliation: Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn 06520, USA. Andres.Martin@Yale.Edu
authors.forename: Andrés
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Leslie
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002669:Child Welfare; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis / Q000191:economics / Q000639:trends; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000191:economics / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D008605:Mental Health Services / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D011306:Prescription Fees / Q000639:trends*; D015995:Prevalence; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000145:classification / Q000191:economics*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D011619:Psychotropic Drugs