title: Reconstruction of human evolutionary tree using polymorphic autosomal microsatellites.
abstract: Allelic frequencies of 182 tri- and tetra-autosomal microsatellites were used to examine phylogenetic relationships among 19 extant human populations. In particular, because the languages of the Basques and Hunza Burusho have been suggested to have an ancient relationship, this study sought to explore the genetic relationship between these two major language isolate populations and to compare them with other human populations. The work presented here shows that the microsatellite allelic diversity and the number of unique alleles were highest in sub-Saharan Africans. Neighbor-joining trees based on genetic distances and principal component analyses separated populations from different continents, and are consistent with an African origin for modern humans. For the first time, with biparentally transmitted markers, the microsatellite tree also shows that the San are the first branch of the human tree before the branch leading to all other Africans. In contrast to an earlier study, these results provided no evidence of a genetic relationship among the two language isolate groups. Genetic relationships, as ascertained by these microsatellites, are dictated primarily by geographic proximity rather than by remote linguistic origin, Mantel test, R(0) = 0.484, g = 3.802 (critical g value = 1.645; P = 0.05).
authors.affiliation: Biomedical and Genetic Engineering Division, Dr. A.Q. Khan Research Laboratories, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Qasim
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ayub
authors.forename: Atika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mansoor
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ismail
authors.forename: Shagufta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khaliq
authors.forename: Aisha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mohyuddin
authors.forename: Abdul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hameed
authors.forename: Kehkashan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mazhar
authors.forename: Sadia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rehman
authors.forename: Saima
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Siddiqi
authors.forename: Myrto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Papaioannou
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Piazza
authors.forename: Luigi Luca
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Cavalli-Sforza
authors.forename: S Qasim
authors.initials: SQ
authors.lastname: Mehdi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D006579:Heterozygote; D015186:Hominidae / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics*; D002679:Pan troglodytes / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis