title: Polyomavirus nephropathy: morphology, pathophysiology, and clinical management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Viral nephropathies, particularly those caused by polyomaviruses of the BK-virus strain, are serious complications following renal transplantation. The review will highlight the morphological, pathophysiological and clinical aspects of BK-virus nephropathy. New patient management strategies are discussed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunosuppression with tacrolimus and mycophenolate-mofetil promotes the activation of latent BK-virus in the urinary tract and increases the odds ratio for developing BK-virus nephropathy significantly. A productive infection with BK-viruses shows viral replication in tubular epithelial cells and acute tubular injury. BK-virus nephropathy can be further complicated by concurrent acute rejection episodes contributing to graft demise. Risk assessment after transplantation and patient management during ongoing viral nephropathy have undergone revision by the introduction of real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction techniques measuring BK-virus genome load fluctuations in the serum. Treatment strategies for BK-virus nephropathy include not only low-dose immunosuppression but also drugs with antiviral effects: cidofovir and leflunomide. Transient anti-rejection therapy, including anti-lymphocytic preparations, is a therapeutic option in cases of BK-virus nephropathy and concurrent acute rejection. Recent advances in patient management strategies have resulted in markedly improved graft survival. In cases of graft loss due to BK-virus nephropathy, re-transplantation should be considered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BK-virus nephropathy is a significant complication following renal transplantation. Recent advances have improved our understanding of the morphological changes, potential risk factors and patient management strategies would be optimized. The availability of quantitative viral load measurements now offers the opportunity for a more accurate and timely clinical intervention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Nephropathology Laboratory, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, USA. volker_nickeleit@med.unc.edu
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nickeleit
authors.forename: Harsharan K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Mihatsch
mesh_terms: D001739:BK Virus; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D027601:Polyomavirus Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D014412:Tumor Virus Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D019562:Viral Load