title: Objective assessments of longitudinal outcome in Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define the long-term outcome in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) using objective rating measures.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Previous historical studies suggest spontaneous improvement of tic symptoms after adolescence, but objective longitudinal data are limited.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors reviewed all videotapes in their database (1978 through 1991) of children with GTS (ages 8 to 14) who were seen in their tertiary care movement disorder center and underwent a standardized 5-minute filming protocol (n = 56). Through multiple contact methods, they successfully located 36 of these patients, who are now adults (age >20 years), and recruited 31 (28 men and 3 women) to volunteer for a second videotape and in-person assessment. A blinded rater evaluated the 62 tapes and rated five tic domains: body areas involved, motor and phonic tic frequency, and motor and phonic tic severity. Using standardized GTS videotape rating scale and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons, the authors compared the two videotapes for each tic domain as well as the composite tic disability score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety percent of adult patients still had tics. Adult patients who considered themselves tic-free were often inaccurate in their self-assessment: 50% had objective evidence of tics. Mean objective tic disability diminished in comparison to childhood (mean composite tic disability score childhood 9.58 vs adulthood 7.52, p = 0.014). All domains improved by adulthood, and significant improvements occurred in motor tic severity (p = 0.008). The improvements in tic disability did not relate to medication use, as only 13% of adults received medications for tics, compared with 81% of children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In GTS syndrome, tics objectively improve over time but most adults have persistent tics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA. smneurology@corridor.net
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Pappert
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Goetz
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Louis
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Blasucci
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leurgans
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000209:etiology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D012075:Remission, Spontaneous; D020323:Tics / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014741:Video Recording
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents