title: Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition decreases primary and metastatic tumor burden in a murine model of orthotopic lung adenocarcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition on primary tumor and mediastinal metastases in a murine model of orthotopic lung adenocarcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human lung adenocarcinoma cells (CRL5908, female nonsmoker with cyclooxygenase-2 expression by Western blot) were implanted under direct visualization through the parietal pleura in the upper lobe of the left lung (2 x 10(6) cells/animal) of SCID mice. Mice were randomly assigned to 2 groups, either untreated (n = 62) or celecoxib-treated (n = 60). Celecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 antagonist, was solubilized in the animals' drink (25 mg/kg per day). Mice were arbitrarily killed at 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks. A blinded observer assessed primary tumor volume and metastatic disease grossly and histologically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gross metastatic lymph nodes were present at 3 weeks in none of 15 (0%) treated and 12 of 15 (80.0%) untreated animals (P <.0001). Mean primary tumor volumes at 3 weeks for treated mice were 7.9 +/- 10.0 mm(3) and for untreated mice were 533.1 +/- 453.6 mm(3) (mean +/- SD, P <.0001). Gross metastatic lymph nodes were present at 4 weeks in 3 of 15 (20%) treated and 17 of 17 (100%) untreated animals (P <.0001). Mean primary tumor volumes at 4 weeks for treated mice were 37.1 +/- 46.2 mm(3) and for untreated mice were 809.6 +/- 1226.4 mm(3) (mean +/- SD, P <.0001). Mean blood levels of celecoxib in treated mice were 236.8 +/- 34.2 ng/mL (mean +/- SD).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition results in decreased primary and metastatic tumor burden in a murine model using human lung adenocarcinoma. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition has the potential to decrease tumor progression and metastases in patients with lung adenocarcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Hastings Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Los Angeles, Calif, USA.
authors.forename: Costanzo A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Diperna
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Bart
authors.forename: Eric M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Sievers
authors.forename: Yanling
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Vaughn A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Starnes
authors.forename: Ross M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Bremner
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000473:pathology*; D000818:Animals; D000068579:Celecoxib; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D051379:Mice; D016513:Mice, SCID; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D011720:Pyrazoles; D011897:Random Allocation; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D000068579:Celecoxib