title: "They treated me like a leper". Stigmatization and the quality of life of patients with hepatitis C.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hepatitis C virus is the most prevalent chronic blood-borne infection in the United States, typically acquired through contaminated blood products or needle sharing. We hypothesized that patients with chronic hepatitis C infection experience stigmatization independent of mode of acquisition and that it negatively affects quality of life.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional observation study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Specialty clinic in a tertiary referral hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and ninety outpatients diagnosed with chronic hepatitis C infection and seen in a hepatology clinic. Thirty participants were excluded because of missing data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients were asked to complete a demographic profile, a semistructured interview, the Sickness Impact Profile, and the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale. A team of two blinded coders analyzed the interviews. A total of 147 of the 257 study patients experienced stigmatization that they attributed to the disease. Women were more likely to report perceived stigmatization than men (P <.05). Age, education, professional status, and mode of infection did not influence the likelihood of stigmatization. Stigmatization was associated with higher anxiety (P <.01) and depression (P <.01), worsened quality of life (P <.01), loss of control (P <.01), and difficulty coping (P <.01). Individuals who experienced stigmatization also mentioned problems in their health care (P <.01) and work environment (P <.01) as well as with family members (P <.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stigmatization is a very common emotionally burdensome experience for patients with hepatitis C, which can erode social support. As it penetrates even into the health care environment, physicians and other care providers should be aware of the existence and impact of such negative stereotyping.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. susan-zickmund@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zickmund
authors.forename: Evelyn Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Masuda
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ippolito
authors.forename: Douglas R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: LaBrecque
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology; D004522:Educational Status; D005195:Family Relations; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D007484:Iowa / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013240:Stereotyping; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires