title: Effects of protozoa on methane production in rumen and hindgut of calves around time of weaning.
abstract: Effects of the presence or absence of ciliate protozoa on methanogenesis in the rumen and hindgut were investigated in young calves during a 7-week period. Ten Holstein calves, aged 7 days, were divided in two groups (n = 5) and fed an increasing amount of a commercial milk replacer and small amounts of a calves starter. One group was inoculated with ciliate fauna on two occasions, week 5 and 6, while the second remained ciliate-free. The absence of protozoa in the rumen decreased rumen empty weight (-23%, P < 0.01), and rumen pool size of N (-36%, P < 0.01) and crude fat (-37%, P < 0.05). Rumen bacteria of non-faunated calves contained a higher proportion of total amino acid-N per 16 g N (+3%, P < 0.01) and D-alanine-N per 16 g N (+13%, P < 0.05) compared to faunated calves. Further results contain a reference for a higher bacterial mass in the ciliate-free rumen with an increased number of bacteria adherent to rumen mucosa. The CH4 production in the rumen increased exponentially with the increase in protozoa population size (R2 = 0.68). In presence of 46 x 10(4) protozoa per ml rumen fluid, the in vitro CH4 production of rumen fluid per mol total VFA was about 34% higher in faunated than in non-faunated calves (P < 0.001). Hydrogen (2H) recovery of rumen fermentation was positively correlated (R2 = 0.55) to the CH4 production rate. Methanogens were attached on rumen mucosa. Methanogenesis, induced by rumen mucosa attached bacteria, was stimulated by ruminal protozoa. In the absence of protozoa in the rumen, the acetate-propionate ratio and butyrate proportion of VFA were reduced. In vivo, in the absence of protozoa not only the whole animal CH4 production (-30%, P < 0.05) but also the digestibility of carbohydrates (-4%, P < 0.05) was reduced. Thereby no difference was observed in the intake of ME per kg DM between the groups. In conclusion, the methanogenesis in the rumen, but not in hindgut, is associated with the development of the ruminal protozoa population. The level of methanogenesis (mol/mol VFA) in the hindgut amounts to 20% of the ruminal methanogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of the Biology of Farm Animals, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany. schoenhu@fbn-dummerstorf.de
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schönhusen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zitnan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kuhla
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jentsch
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Derno
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Voigt
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D018533:Biomass; D002417:Cattle / Q000378:metabolism*; D016798:Ciliophora / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000378:metabolism; D004063:Digestion; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005285:Fermentation; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008297:Male; D008697:Methane / Q000378:metabolism*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D011897:Random Allocation; D012417:Rumen / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000469:parasitology*; D014886:Weaning
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile; D000641:Ammonia; D009584:Nitrogen; D008697:Methane