title: Indirect monitoring of endogenous gene expression by positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of reporter gene expression in transgenic mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Repetitive imaging with microPET of endogenous albumin gene expression by using transgenic mice in which the Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 thymidine kinase (HSV1-tk) reporter gene is driven by the albumin promoter (AL-HSV1-tk).
  
  
  METHODS
  Transgenic mice were imaged repeatedly on a microPET scanner with approximately 200 microCi of 9-[4-[18F]fluoro-3-(hydroxymethyl)butyl]guanine (FHBG) (a substrate for HSV1-TK enzyme). Four transgenic mice were monitored for body weight, serum albumin, and imaged at the end of each of three dietary phases (17%, 0%, and 25% protein diet). Each phase last 14-21 days. The 0% protein diet has been reported previously to reduce albumin gene expression in rats. Twenty non-transgenic mice of the same strain followed a similar feeding schedule and were monitored for serum albumin, body weight, and sacrificed at various time points for determination of their GAPDH normalized albumin mRNA levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transgenic mice showed a relatively high FHBG signal from the liver region as expected. Variation of the mean FHBG signal in two mice with a fixed 17% protein diet over a four-month period was <19% s.d. The mean +/- s.e. FHBG liver standardized uptake value (SUV) in four transgenics went from 4.49 +/- 0.32 to 2.17 +/- 0.52 to 6.21 +/- 0.72 as the mice went through the three diets of 17%, 0%, and 25% sequentially. Non-transgenic mice showed GAPDH normalized albumin mRNA that went from 37.68 +/- 6.04 to 26.41 +/- 4.29 to 52.42 +/- 4.09. The FHBG SUV from transgenics was well correlated with GAPDH normalized albumin mRNA from non-transgenics (r(2) = 0.97) supporting that endogenous gene expression of albumin can be indirectly imaged with FHBG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Measuring correlated changes in albumin expression in wild type mice and HSV1-TK expression by microPET in transgenic mice in which the reporter gene is driven by the albumin promoter demonstrates that the HSV1-tk gene can be used to monitor, in living animals, modulated expression of transgenes.
authors.affiliation: The Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA School of Medicine, and UCLA/DOE Laboratory of Structural Biology, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
authors.forename: Leeta A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Cecelia S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Yap
authors.forename: Khoi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Jorge R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Barrio
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Namavari
authors.forename: Nagichettiar
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Satyamurthy
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Phelps
authors.forename: Eric P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Sandgren
authors.forename: Harvey R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Herschman
authors.forename: Sanjiv S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Gambhir