Up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in T lymphocytes of mammary tumor bearers: role of vascular endothelial growth factor.
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), a matrix-degrading enzyme, is crucial in tumor invasion and metastasis and is implicated in leukocyte extravasation. In this report, we demonstrate that during growth of the D1-7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene-3 mammary tumor in BALB/c mice, there is progressive up-regulation of MMP-9 in splenic T cells at both the transcriptional and translational levels. Our previous work has identified several factors produced by this tumor, including PGE(2), GM-CSF, and phosphatidyl serine; however, none of these agents induces increased production of MMP-9 by normal splenic T cells. Although not produced by the tumor, TNF-alpha and IL-6 are up-regulated in both macrophages and B cells in tumor-bearing mice. Exposure of normal T cells to these two cytokines, however, also fails to up-regulate MMP-9 production. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is produced by many tumors, and we determined that the mammary tumor used in our studies expresses high levels of this angiogenic growth factor. Importantly, splenic T cells from tumor bearers constitutively produce increased amounts of VEGF, and treatment of normal T cells with VEGF results in up-regulated MMP-9 production. Of crucial importance is the finding that tumor-infiltrating T cells also produce high levels of VEGF and MMP-9. Our studies indicate that VEGF can act directly on T lymphocytes and that elevated VEGF levels may contribute to the aberrant MMP-9 secretion by mammary tumor bearers' T cells.
Owen
Jennifer L
JL
Department of Microbiology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA.
Iragavarapu-Charyulu
Vijaya
V
Gunja-Smith
Zeenat
Z
Herbert
Lynn M
LM
Grosso
Joseph F
JF
Lopez
Diana M
DM
D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000502:physiology; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000494:pharmacology; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000494:pharmacology; D016246:Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D008325:Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010718:Phosphatidylserines / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D019714:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000276:immunology*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology*
D016207:Cytokines; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D010718:Phosphatidylserines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D019714:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; D015232:Dinoprostone