title: Randomized controlled trial of education and feedback for implementation of guidelines for acute low back pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effect of clinical guidelines on resource utilization for complex conditions with substantial barriers to clinician behavior change has not been well studied. We report the impact of a multifaceted guideline implementation intervention on primary care clinician utilization of radiologic and specialty services for the care of acute low back pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Physician groups were randomized to receive guideline education and individual feedback, supporting patient education materials, both, or neither. The impact on guideline adherence and resource utilization was evaluated during the 12-month period before and after implementation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen physician groups with 120 primary care physician and associate practitioners from 2 group model HMO practices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Guideline implementation utilized an education/audit/feedback model with local peer opinion leaders. The patient education component included written and videotaped materials on the care of low back pain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The clinician intervention was associated with an absolute increase in guideline-consistent behavior of 5.4% in the intervention group versus a decline of 2.7% in the control group (P =.04). The patient education intervention produced no significant change in guideline-consistent behavior, but was poorly adopted. Patient characteristics including duration of pain, prior history of low back pain, and number of visits during the illness episode were strong predictors of service utilization and guideline-consistent behavior.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Implementation of an education and feedback-supported acute low back pain care guideline for primary care clinicians was associated with an increase in guideline-consistent behavior. Patient education materials did not enhance guideline effectiveness. Implementation barriers could limit the utility of this approach in usual care settings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA. js3dv@virginia.edu
authors.forename: Joel M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Schectman
authors.forename: W Scott
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Schroth
authors.forename: Dante
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Verme
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Voss
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D003625:Data Collection; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006284:Health Plan Implementation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000592:standards*; D026761:Physical Therapy Specialty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016730:Program Development / Q000379:methods; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data