title: TIGRINA d, required for regulating the biosynthesis of tetrapyrroles in barley, is an ortholog of the FLU gene of Arabidopsis thaliana.
abstract: Regulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis in higher plants has been attributed to negative feedback control of steps prior to delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) formation. One of the first mutants with a defect in this control had been identified in barley. The tigrina (tig) d mutant accumulates 10-15-fold higher amounts of protochlorophyllide than wild type, when grown in the dark. The identity of the TIGRINA d protein and its mode of action are not known yet. Initially this protein had been proposed to act as a repressor of genes that encode enzymes involved in early steps of ALA formation, but subsequent attempts to confirm this experimentally failed. Here we demonstrate that the TIGRINA d gene of barley is an ortholog of the FLU gene of Arabidopsis thaliana. The FLU protein is a nuclear-encoded plastid protein that plays a key role in negative feedback control of chlorophyll biosynthesis in higher plants. Sequencing of the FLU gene of barley revealed a frame shift mutation in the FLU gene of the tig d mutant that results in the loss of two tetratricopeptide repeats that in the FLU protein of Arabidopsis are essential for its biological activity. This mutation cosegregates strictly with the tigrina phenotype within the F1 population of a heterozygous tig d mutant, thus providing additional support for the flu gene being responsible for the tigrina phenotype of barley.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Sciences, Plant Genetics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Keun Pyo
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Chanhong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Dae Won
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Apel
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D016384:Consensus Sequence; D001467:Hordeum / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D010641:Phenotype; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000378:metabolism*; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D045725:Tetrapyrroles
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; C478633:FLU protein, Arabidopsis; D010940:Plant Proteins; D011758:Pyrroles; D045725:Tetrapyrroles