title: Maternal smoking during pregnancy improves the anatomy of the hip joint in the female neonate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Because the greater frequency of developmental dysplasia of the hip in the female could have an endocrine etiology, and because maternal smoking in pregnancy causes fetal endocrine disequilibrium, we investigated the anatomy of the hip in neonates of smoking and non-smoking mothers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical and sonographic examination was performed on 2066 hips of 521 male and 512 female neonates. In 48 male and 53 female neonates, the mothers smoked during pregnancy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean +/- SD alpha angle in the male neonates of the non-smoking mothers was 62.3 degrees +/- 5.1 degrees and of the smoking mothers 62.1 degrees +/- 4.9 degrees (p = 0.7). In the female neonates of the non-smoking and the smoking mothers, it was 60.7 degrees +/- 5.3 degrees and 61.9 degrees +/- 4.8 degrees, respectively (p = 0.02). The difference between the male and the female neonates of the non-smoking mothers was significant (p < 0.000001), but there was no significant difference between the female neonates of the smoking mothers and the male neonates (p = 0.5). Among the female neonates whose mothers were non-smokers, the number of those with hip type IIa or worse was significantly greater than among the female neonates whose mothers were smokers. The clinical findings were in agreement with the sonographic findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal smoking during pregnancy reduces the frequency of sonographic and possibly clinically detected hip dysplasia in female but not in male neonates. Nonetheless, because smoking causes numerous adverse effects on the fetus and child, it is contraindicated during pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Patras Medical School, General University Hospital, Rion, Patras, Greece.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chasiotis-Tourikis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Varvarigou
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yarmenitis
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vandoros
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Beratis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006618:Hip Dislocation, Congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014463:Ultrasonography