title: Chronic recurring infarction of the spleen: sonographic patterns and complications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Splenic infarction is a major problem of splenic pathology but is characterized by a high tendency for complete healing. The purpose of this study is to describe frequency, sonographic patterns, and complications of chronic infarction (CI) METHODS: Between 1980-2001 550 patients with focal splenic lesions were diagnosed by ultrasound. Eighty patients had an acute infarction, and in 14 cases a chronic infarction was diagnosed and confirmed by cytohistology/splenectomy (n = 3) or sonographic follow-up examination (n = 11). All patients with Cl had been investigated by B-mode sonography and colour Doppler sonography (CDS). Data were retrospectively evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two types of Cl could be discriminated. Type I morphology (n =8) was predominantly found in homozygous sickle-cell anaemia (n= 6) and sonographically characterized by a small or normal sized spleen (n = 6), with diffuse enhanced echogenicity (n= 8), and foci with diminished echogenicity (n=5). Type II morphology (n = 6) was predominantly found in myeloproliferative diseases (n = 4) and characterized by an enlarged spleen with a homogeneous echotexture (n = 7), and a solitary (n = 6), triangular (n=4), hyperechoic (n=4) splenic foci near the splenic surface. On CDS CI were characterized by absent flow signals (n = 7) or by reduced flow signals (n= 7). Spontaneous splenic ruptures occurred as infarction related complications in 3 of 14 cases (21%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CI develops in 17.5% of patients with infarctions. It occurs predominantly in patients with sickle-cell anaemia and myeloproliferative disease. Two characteristic morphologic patterns were found and associated with an increased risk of spontaneous splenic rupture: Therefore sonographic follow-ups might be useful.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Phillips-University, Marburg, Germany. goergc@mailer.uni-marburg.de
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Görg
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zugmaier
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000235:genetics; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006720:Homozygote; D006801:Humans; D007238:Infarction / Q000145:classification / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013154:Spleen / Q000098:blood supply*; D014463:Ultrasonography