title: Impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on the morbidity and mortality in Spanish human immunodeficiency virus-infected children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) slows the progression of HIV disease and lowers mortality and morbidity in adults. The impact on the disease course in children has not been still completely elucidated. Furthermore the effect of HAART on organ-specific complications of HIV is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effect of HAART on the progression of HIV infection, mortality, organ-specific complications, number of infections and hospitalizations in HIV-1-infected children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Records of HIV-1-infected children were reviewed in a large referral pediatric hospital. Patients were divided into three groups: children who did not receive antiretroviral therapy (Group 1); children who received mono- or bitherapy (Group 2); and patients who received HAART (Group 3). Endpoints analyzed were progression to AIDS and mortality among AIDS patients and overall.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred seven children have been evaluated. Actuarial survival at 5 years of age was 33% in Groups 1 and 2 compared with 100% in Group 3 (P < 0.01). At 5 years of age, the proportion of children progressing to AIDS was 76% in Groups 1 and 2, compared with 26% in Group 3 (P < 0.01). At 5 years of follow-up, there were 45 cases of organ-specific complications in patients without HAART. No children without organ-specific complications when HAART was started have developed them after 5 years (P < 0.01). In patients without HAART there were 9 cases of lymphoid interstitial pneumonia, and there was none in Group 3 (P < 0.01). The incidence rates of infections and hospitalizations were 2.83 and 0.52 per patient-year, respectively, in children who did not receive HAART and 0.75 and 0.17 when they were managed with HAART (relative risk, 0.26 and 0.32).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HAART is associated with a marked decline in the progression to AIDS, improved survival in HIV-1-infected children, reduced incidence of infections and hospitalizations and decreased incidence of some organ-specific complications of HIV.
authors.affiliation: Division of Immunodeficiencies, Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: José Manuel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Sánchez
authors.forename: José Tomás
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Ramos Amador
authors.forename: Sira
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fernández de Miguel
authors.forename: María Isabel
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: González Tomée
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rojo Conejo
authors.forename: Paloma
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ferrnado Vivas
authors.forename: Julián
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Clemente Vivas
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ruiz Contreras
authors.forename: Angel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nogales Espert
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000379:methods*; D002423:Cause of Death; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D018450:Disease Progression; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011336:Probability; D012016:Reference Values; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013030:Spain; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents