title: Inhibition of hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme a reductase reduces Th1 development and promotes Th2 development.
abstract: Several prospective clinical studies have indicated that hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, statins, prevent cardiovascular events in part through their antiinflammatory properties. Because inflammation is positively and negatively regulated by T helper (Th) 1 cells and Th2 cells, respectively, we examined the effects of statins on the Th polarization in vitro and in vivo. Here we demonstrated that the statins tested, ie, cerivastatin, simvastatin, lovastatin, and atorvastatin, promoted Th2 polarization through both inhibition of Th1 development and augmentation of Th2 development of CD4+ T cells primed in vitro with anti-CD3 antibody and splenic antigen-presenting cells. Cerivastatin exerted most potent effect on modulation of Th1/Th2 development, and the effect was completely abrogated by an addition of mevalonate. Consistent with in vitro experiments, cerivastatin treatment decreased IFN-gamma production of lymph node cells from mice immunized with ovalbumin emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant, indicating that Th1 development is also suppressed in an in vivo proinflammatory environment. In this murine model, cerivastatin significantly reduced mesangial matrix expansion of glomeruli in the kidney and attenuated proteinuria. The decrease of glomerular sclerosis by cerivastatin treatment was positively related to the suppression of interferon (IFN)-gamma-producing Th1 response in draining lymph node cells. Hence, these findings strongly suggest that statins' inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase regulates Th1/Th2 polarization in vivo and such a mechanism possibly plays a pathophysiological role in immune-related glomerular injury.
authors.affiliation: Health Service Center, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Rie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hakamada-Taguchi
authors.forename: Yoshio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Uehara
authors.forename: Kagemasa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kuribayashi
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Numabe
authors.forename: Kanako
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Hideyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Negoro
authors.forename: Toshiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.forename: Teruhiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Toyo-oka
authors.forename: Takuma
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kato
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000096:biosynthesis; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D018122:B7-1 Antigen / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051940:B7-2 Antigen; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D025782:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA-Reductases, NADP-dependent / Q000187:drug effects*; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D018122:B7-1 Antigen; D051940:B7-2 Antigen; C497965:Cd86 protein, mouse; D016207:Cytokines; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D011725:Pyridines; C086276:cerivastatin; D025782:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA-Reductases, NADP-dependent