title: Testosterone reinforcement: intravenous and intracerebroventricular self-administration in male rats and hamsters.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anabolic steroids are drugs of abuse. However, the potential for addiction remains unclear. Testosterone induces conditioned place preference in rats and oral self-administration in hamsters.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if male rats and hamsters consume testosterone by intravenous (IV) or intracerebroventricular (ICV) self-administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  With each nose-poke in the active hole during daily 4-h tests in an operant conditioning chamber, gonad-intact adult rats and hamsters received 50 microg testosterone in an aqueous solution of beta-cyclodextrin via jugular cannula. The inactive nose-poke hole served as a control. Additional hamsters received vehicle infusions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rats ( n=7) expressed a significant preference for the active nose-poke hole (10.0+/-2.8 responses/4 h) over the inactive hole (4.7+/-1.2 responses/4 h). Similarly, during 16 days of testosterone self-administration IV, hamsters ( n=9) averaged 11.7+/-2.9 responses/4 h and 6.3+/-1.1 responses/4 h in the active and inactive nose-poke holes, respectively. By contrast, vehicle controls ( n=8) failed to develop a preference for the active nose-poke hole (6.5+/-0.5 and 6.4+/-0.3 responses/4 h). Hamsters ( n=8) also self-administered 1 microg testosterone ICV (active hole:39.8+/-6.0 nose-pokes/4 h; inactive hole: 22.6+/-7.1 nose-pokes/4 h). When testosterone was replaced with vehicle, nose-poking in the active hole declined from 31.1+/-7.6 to 11.9+/-3.2 responses/4 h within 6 days. Likewise, reversing active and inactive holes increased nose-poking in the previously inactive hole from 9.1+/-1.9 to 25.6+/-5.4 responses/4 h. However, reducing the testosterone dose from 1 microg to 0.2 microg per 1 microl injection did not change nose-poking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with other drugs of abuse, testosterone reinforcement is modest. Nonetheless, these data support the hypothesis that testosterone is reinforcing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90033, USA. riw@usc.edu
authors.forename: Ruth I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Luke R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Lucy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schad
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Self
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006224:Cricetinae; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007276:Injections, Intraventricular; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012646:Self Administration / Q000379:methods; D013739:Testosterone / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D013739:Testosterone