title: Ocular rubber bullet injuries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the type and severity of ocular and orbital injuries caused by rubber bullets.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 42 consecutive patients seen over a 3-month period with ocular and orbital rubber bullet injuries were assessed clinically and radiographically within 1 day of injury, and the findings were recorded. Clinical outcomes following treatment were also recorded up to 6 months postinjury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 90% of the patients were male. The mean age of patients was 25.0 years (4-60). Of the patients, 54% had lid or skin lacerations, 40% hyphaema, 38% ruptured globe, 33% orbital fracture, 26% retinal damage, and 21% retained rubber bullet in or around the orbit. At follow-up, 53% of the patients had a visual acuity of less than 6/60, 7% less than 6/18 to 6/60, and 40% 6/18 or better.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The term 'rubber bullet' is misleading. 'Rubber bullets' cause a wide variety of ocular and periocular injuries. Orbital fractures are common. The tissues of the orbit are easily penetrated. If the globe is hit, it is rarely salvageable.
authors.affiliation: St John Eye Hospital, PO Box 19960, Jerusalem 91198, Israel. timlavy@doctors.org.uk
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lavy
authors.forename: S Abu
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Asleh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015807:Eye Injuries, Penetrating / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009917:Orbital Fractures / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012408:Rubber; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014792:Visual Acuity; D014857:Warfare; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D012408:Rubber