title: Toxic effects of orimulsion on rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Orimulsion (stable emulsion of natural bitumen and water) is a new imported industrial fuel in Lithuania. No data on its toxicity to fish is freely available. The aim of this study was to investigate sensitivity of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to acute and chronic toxicity of orimulsion and to estimate the Maximum Acceptable Toxicant Concentration (MATC) of orimulsion to fish.
  
  
  METHODS
  Laboratory tests were conducted on rainbow trout in all stages of development (embryos, larvae, adults). Acute toxicity (96-hour duration) and long-term (28 or 60-day duration) tests evaluating the wide range spectrum of biological indices were performed under semi-static conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Median lethal concentration (96-hour LC50) values and their 95% confidence intervals derived from the tests were: 0.1 (0.09-0.12) to embryos, 0.06 (0.05-0.07) to larvae and 2.22 (2.02-2.43) to adult fish, and 28-day LC50 to adult fish was found to be 0.26 (0.21-0.32) g/l of total orimulsion respectively. The acute toxicity of orimulsion to rainbow trout can be characterised by a narrow zone of toxic effect and a sharp boundary between lethal and sublethal concentrations. The lowest 'safe' or 'no-effect' concentration values of total orimulsion obtained in long-term tests were equal to 0.09 g/l to adult fish, 0.019 g/l to embryos, and 0.0017 g/l to larvae. Proposed value of 'application factor' for orimulsion was found to be equal to 0.03. Since orimulsion has the property to disperse in all water volume, its toxic effect on fish can be characterised by the combined effects of dispersion and water-soluble-fraction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maximum Acceptable Toxicant Concentration (MATC) of 0.0017 g/l of total orimulsion to fish was derived from long-term tests based on the most sensitive parameter of rainbow trout larvae (relative mass increase at the end of the test). According to substance toxicity classification accepted for Lithuanian inland waters, orimulsion can be referred to substances of 'moderate' toxicity to fish.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For prediction and evaluation of toxic impact of orimulsion accident spills on fish, some recommendations should be given. Since orimulsion has the property to disperse in all water volume during short time periods, the amounts of both spilled orimulsion and polluted water should be ascertained. Once both parameters are known, the real concentration of orimulsion in the water body must be determined. Then this concentration must be compared with 'safe' concentration to fish. By use of 'application factor' 0.03, approximate MATC for other fish species can be estimated when only acute toxicity data (96-hour LC50 value) is available.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Ecology and Physiology of Hydrobionts, Akademijos 2, Institute of Ecology, LT-2600, Vilnius, Lithuania. ekolfiziol@takas.lt
authors.forename: Gintaras
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Svecevicius
authors.forename: Nijole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kazlauskiene
authors.forename: Milda Z
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Vosyliene
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian; D004655:Emulsions; D005544:Forecasting; D006838:Hydrocarbons / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014867:Water; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D004655:Emulsions; D006838:Hydrocarbons; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water; C006647:asphalt