Atmospheric deposition of pesticides to an agricultural watershed of the Chesapeake Bay.
The Choptank River watershed, located on the Delmarva Peninsula of the Chesapeake Bay, is dominated by agricultural land use, which makes it vulnerable to runoff and atmospheric deposition of pesticides. Agricultural and wildlife areas are in close proximity and off-site losses of pesticides may contribute to toxic effects on sensitive species of plants and animals. High-volume air samples (n = 31) and event-based rain samples (n = 71) were collected from a single location in the watershed representing regional background conditions. Surface water samples were collected from eight stations in the tidal portion of the river on five occasions during 2000. Chlorothalonil, metolachlor, atrazine, simazine, endosulfan, and chlorpyrifos were frequently detected in the air and rain, with maximal concentrations during the period when local or regional crops were planted. The wet deposition load to the watershed was estimated at 150 +/- 16, 61 +/- 7, and 51 +/- 6 kg yr(-1) for chlorothalonil, metolachlor, and atrazine, respectively. The high wet deposition load compared with the estimated annual usage for chlorothalonil (13%) and endosulfan (14-90%) suggests an atmospheric source from outside the watershed. Net air-water gas exchange fluxes for metolachlor varied from -44 +/- 19 to 9.3 +/- 4.1 ng m(-2) d(-1) with negative values indicating net deposition. Wet deposition accounted for 3 to 20% of the total metolachlor mass in the Choptank River and was a more important source to the river than gas exchange. Estimates of herbicide flux presented here are probably a low estimate and actual rates may be significantly higher in areas closer to pesticide application.
Kuang
Zhihua
Z
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
McConnell
Laura L
LL
Torrents
Alba
A
Meritt
Donald
D
Tobash
Stephanie
S
D000383:Agriculture; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D003691:Delaware; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D008396:Maryland; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis*; D014768:Virginia; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D014881:Water Supply
D000393:Air Pollutants; D010575:Pesticides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical