title: Treating nicotine dependence.
abstract: This article reviews the biology of nicotine addiction and the most effective treatments for nicotine dependence. Nicotine elevates dopamine levels in the brain, which is associated with drug reinforcement and dependence. Nicotine abuse leads to nicotine dependence. The most effective pharmacological adjuncts for treating nicotine dependence are nicotine replacement therapy and bupropion SR. When these are combined with behavioral counseling, the best treatment outcomes are observed.
authors.affiliation: Deparment of Behavioral Medicine & Psychiatry, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-9135, USA. eglover@hsc.wvu.edu
authors.forename: Elbert D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Glover
authors.forename: Penny N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Glover
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Payne
mesh_terms: D001521:Behavior Therapy; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology; D003863:Depression; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine; D004298:Dopamine