title: Spinal anaesthesia for outpatient surgery.
abstract: Spinal anaesthesia in the outpatient is characterized by rapid onset and offset, easy administration, minimal expense, and minimal side effects or complications. Spinal anaesthesia offers advantages for outpatient lower extremity, perineal, and many abdominal and gynaecological procedures. Development of small-gauge, pencil-point needles are responsible for the success of outpatient spinal anaesthesia with acceptable rates (0-2%) of postdural puncture headache (PDPH). Compared with peripheral nerve blocks, spinal anaesthesia has a more predictable offset. There are many possible choices of local anaesthetics for outpatient spinal anaesthesia. These include lidocaine, prilocaine, mepivacaine and small doses of bupivacaine. Meperidine has local anaesthetic properties in addition to its opiate properties. It has been used as the sole intrathecal agent for spinal anaesthesia but has no real advantages over lidocaine. Mepivacaine and lidocaine have each been associated with transient neurological symptoms (TNS) following intrathecal administration. This has stimulated development of alternative agents, including combinations of local anaesthetics and opioids. Lidocaine remains the most useful agent for outpatient spinal anaesthesia. For longer procedures, mepivacaine is an excellent spinal anaesthetic agent. Attention to technique, reduction of dose and addition of fentanyl to lidocaine result in effective spinal anaesthesia with rapid recovery and a low incidence of significant side effects or complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 100021, USA. urmeyw@hss.edu
authors.forename: William F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Urmey
mesh_terms: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000556:Ambulatory Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal / Q000379:methods*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008614:Meperidine / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine; D008614:Meperidine; D005283:Fentanyl; D002045:Bupivacaine