title: Metabolic fate of exogenous 15NH4Cl in the gulf toadfish (Opsanus beta).
abstract: This study was undertaken to determine whether gulf toadfish (Opsanus beta) could metabolize ammonia from their environment into other, less toxic products. To this end, gulf toadfish were exposed to 3.8 mM 15NH(4)Cl in seawater for 24 and 48 h. Liver, kidney, gill, brain and muscle samples were analyzed for distribution of 15N within the tissue and among various nitrogen-containing metabolites (ammonia, amino-N, glutamine-N, urea and protein). The data reported here show that the toadfish can indeed take up and metabolize ammonia. Analysis of individual metabolic products of ammonia indicates that the toadfish can convert this toxic chemical into other less toxic metabolites. Ammonia enrichment is significantly different over controls in the kidney, brain and muscle. Urea enrichment is most significant in the brain, with less significant enrichment occurring in the liver and muscle. While accumulation of ammonia into an amino acid pool was not a significant metabolic fate, protein synthesis was significantly enriched in all tissues (with the highest levels occurring in the gill) indicating that amino acid synthesis may be a pathway of ammonia detoxification en route to protein synthesis, and that environmental ammonia can be 'fixed' into protein. Finally, it was found that glutamine-N synthesis occurs at significant levels in the liver, brain and muscle.
authors.affiliation: Division of Marine Biology and Fisheries, NIEHS Marine and Freshwater Biomedical Sciences Center, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL 33149, USA.
authors.forename: Lenore P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Rodicio
authors.forename: Leonel da Silveira Lobo
authors.initials: Lda S
authors.lastname: Sternberg
authors.forename: Patrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Walsh
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000378:metabolism; D000643:Ammonium Chloride / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000818:Animals; D024541:Batrachoidiformes / Q000378:metabolism*; D017672:Nitrogen Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D017672:Nitrogen Compounds; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes; D000643:Ammonium Chloride; D000641:Ammonia