title: Venous air embolism during awake craniotomy in a supine patient.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report a non-fatal case of intraoperative venous air embolism (VAE) during an awake craniotomy. VAE presented with unusual clinical features.
  
  
  METHODS
  VAE during an awake craniotomy has not been reported frequently. The patient we describe presented with persistent coughing followed by tachypnea, hypoxia and reduction in end-tidal CO(2) during dural opening while undergoing an awake craniotomy in the supine position. Cardiovascular variables were stable during the episode except for transient hypertension. Having ruled out airway obstruction and low cardiac output, we concluded that air embolism was the cause. The patient responded immediately to the standard treatment of air embolism and recovered without any complication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This case illustrates a VAE during an awake craniotomy and emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis in the management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, The Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Mrinalini
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Balki
authors.forename: Pirjo H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Manninen
authors.forename: Glenn P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: McGuire
authors.forename: Hossam
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: El-Beheiry
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bernstein
mesh_terms: D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D003371:Cough / Q000209:etiology; D003399:Craniotomy; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004618:Embolism, Air / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D016683:Supine Position / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D010100:Oxygen