title: Legal access to needles and syringes/needle exchange programmes versus HIV counselling and testing to prevent transmission of HIV among intravenous drug users: a comparative study of Denmark, Norway and Sweden.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Countries have adopted different strategies to prevent the transmission of HIV among intravenous drug users. Legal access to needles and syringes/needle exchange programmes as part of such a strategy has been heavily debated. HIV counselling and testing has also been part of prevention strategies. The objective of this study was to discuss the effectiveness of legal access to needles and syringes/ needle exchange programmes versus HIV counselling and testing among intravenous drug users (IDUs) as part of HIV prevention strategies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Differences in HIV prevention strategies in Denmark, Norway and Sweden among IDUs are described. Outcome variables of effectiveness were HIV incidence rates over time. These were estimated by back calculation methods from 1980 through 1996, using data from the national HIV and AIDS registers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A comparison of HIV prevention strategies in Denmark, Norway and Sweden suggests that a high level of HIV counselling and testing might be more effective than legal access to needles and syringes/needle exchange programmes. Sweden and Norway, with higher levels of HIV counselling and testing, have had significantly lower incidence rates of HIV among IDUs than Denmark where there was legal access to needles and syringes and a lower level of HIV counselling and testing. In Sweden there was no legal access to drug injection equipment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Promotion and accessibility of HIV counselling and testing among intravenous drug users should be considered in countries where such a strategy is not adopted or has low priority.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute for Alcohol and Drug Research, Oslo, Norway. eja@sirus.no
authors.forename: Ellen J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Amundsen
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eskild
authors.forename: Hein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stigum
authors.forename: Else
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Odd O
authors.initials: OO
authors.lastname: Aalen
mesh_terms: D015492:AIDS Serodiagnosis; D003376:Counseling; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D006293:Health Promotion; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D018671:Needle-Exchange Programs / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012042:Registries; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000453:epidemiology; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D013594:Syringes / Q000592:standards*