title: Counseling men with prostate cancer: a nomogram for predicting the presence of small, moderately differentiated, confined tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Men diagnosed with clinically localized prostate cancer have a number of treatment options available, including watchful waiting, radical prostatectomy and radiation therapy. With the widespread use of serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing, prostate cancers are being diagnosed earlier in their natural history, with many tumors being small and of little health risk to the patient, at least in the short term. To better counsel men diagnosed with prostate cancer, we developed a statistical model that accurately predicts the presence of small moderately differentiated, confined cancer based on clinical variables (serum PSA, clinical stage, prostate biopsy Gleason grade and ultrasound volume) and variables derived from the analysis of systematic biopsies.
  
  
  METHODS
  The analysis included 409 patients diagnosed by systematic needle biopsy with clinical stages T1c or T2a N0 or NX and M0 or MX prostate cancer who were treated solely with radical prostatectomy at 1 of 2 institutions. Additional biopsy features included number and percentage of biopsy cores involved with cancer and high grade cancer, in addition to total length of biopsy cores involved. Indolent cancer was defined as pathologically organ confined cancer 0.5 cc or less in volume and without poorly differentiated elements. Logistic regression was used to construct several prediction models and the resulting nomograms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall 80 (20%) of the patients had indolent cancer. The nomogram predicted the presence of an indolent cancer with discrimination (area under the receiver operating characteristics curves) for various models ranging from 0.64 to 0.79. Calibration of the models appeared good.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nomograms incorporating pretreatment variables (clinical stage, Gleason grade, PSA and the amount of cancer in a systematic biopsy specimen) can predict the probability that a man with prostate cancer has an indolent tumor. These nomograms have good discriminatory ability and calibration, and may benefit the patient and clinician when the various treatment options for prostate cancer are being considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Kattan
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Eastham
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Wheeler
authors.forename: Norio
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Maru
authors.forename: Peter T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Scardino
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Erbersdobler
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Graefen
authors.forename: Hartwig
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huland
authors.forename: Hideshige
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.forename: Shahrokh  F
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shariat
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Slawin
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohori
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D011379:Prognosis; D011467:Prostate / Q000473:pathology; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D012372:ROC Curve; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen