title: Retrograde reactions of Clarke's nucleus neurons after human spinal cord injury.
abstract: Successful axon regeneration depends on the expression of regeneration-associated genes by axotomized neurons. Here, we demonstrate, for the first time to our knowledge, the expression of regeneration-associated genes by axotomized human CNS neurons. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry showed a transient induction of GAP-43 and c-jun in Clarke's nucleus neurons caudal to traumatic human spinal cord injury. These results support experimental data that nonregenerating central nervous system neurons can temporarily upregulate regeneration-associated genes, reflecting a transient regenerative capacity that fails over time.
authors.affiliation: Aachen Spinal Cord Research Center, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany. neurodoc@gmx.de
authors.forename: Andreas B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Breuer
authors.forename: Leyla
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Polat
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pech
authors.forename: Byran
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kakulas
authors.forename: Seth
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Love
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schoenen
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Noth
authors.forename: Gary A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Brook
mesh_terms: D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D019922:GAP-43 Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016758:Genes, jun / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D009416:Nerve Regeneration; D016900:Neurofilament Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D015347:RNA Probes / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D019922:GAP-43 Protein; D016900:Neurofilament Proteins; D015347:RNA Probes; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases