title: Simulation of abdomen sonography. Evaluation of a new ultrasound simulator.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We developed and evaluated a simulator for the sonography of the abdomen in order to improve the teaching quality in sonography training.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven medicine residents who had received 4 to 12 months full time sonography training performed ultrasound examinations of the right upper quadrant in 5 consecutive patients and in 5 simulator cases. The correctness of their findings and the time required for the examinations were measured. The subjective confidence in their findings and the handling of the ultrasound machines were rated on a visual analogue scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During patient ultrasound examination 75 % (SEM 9%) of all pathologic findings were recognized by the residents, whereas 71 % (SEM 8%) of the pathologies of the simulator cases were found. This minimal difference was not significant in the paired, two sided t-test (p = 0.15). Severe pathologies did not escape detection. The time required for patient examination(10.57 min, SEM 3.25 min) was not significantly different (p = 0.53) to the time required for the simulator cases (9.59 min, SEM 2.98 min). The subjective confidence in the sonographic findings did not differ significantly (p = 0.39) between the real patient situation (68%, SEM 6%) and the simulation (64%, SEM 12 %). Only the handling of the ultrasound machines was judged to be significantly better (p=0.008) than the simulator (74%,SEM 7% vs. 61 %, SEM 12%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this first direct crossover comparison between real patient sonography and simulator based scanning we proved that the simulator we developed simulates the real patient examination reliably and reproducibly.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Terkamp
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kirchner
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wedemeyer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dettmer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kielstein
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Reindell
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bleck
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Manns
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gebel
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004501:Education, Medical; D006801:Humans; D007388:Internal Medicine / Q000193:education*; D015588:Observer Variation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013663:Teaching / Q000379:methods; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*