title: Outcomes after treatment of high-energy tibial plafond fractures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although a number of investigators have documented clinical outcomes and complications associated with tibial plafond, or pilon, fractures, very few have examined functional and general health outcomes associated with these fractures. Our purpose was to assess midterm health, function, and impairment after pilon fractures and to examine patient, injury, and treatment characteristics that influence outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cohort analysis of pilon fractures treated at two centers between 1994 and 1995 was conducted. Patient, injury, and treatment characteristics were recorded from patient interviews and medical record abstraction. Study participants returned to the initial treatment centers for a comprehensive evaluation of their health status. The primary outcomes that were measured included general health, walking ability, limitation of range of motion, pain, and stair-climbing ability. A secondary outcome measure was employment status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty (78%) of 103 eligible patients were evaluated at a mean of 3.2 years after injury. General health, as measured with the Short Form-36 (SF-36), was significantly poorer than age and gender-matched norms. Thirty-five percent of the patients reported substantial ankle stiffness; 29%, persistent swelling; and 33%, ongoing pain. Of sixty-five participants who had been employed before the injury, twenty-eight (43%) were not employed at the time of follow-up; nineteen (68%) of the twenty-eight reported that the pilon fracture prevented them from working. Multivariate analyses revealed that presence of two or more comorbidities, being married, having an annual personal income of less than 25,000 US dollars, not having attained a high-school diploma, and having been treated with external fixation with or without limited internal fixation were significantly related to poorer results as reflected by at least two of the five primary outcome measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At more than three years after the injury, pilon fractures can have persistent and devastating consequences on patients' health and well-being. Certain social, demographic, and treatment variables seem to contribute to these poor outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201, USA. apollak@umoa.umm.edu
authors.forename: Andrew N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Pollak
authors.forename: Melissa L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: McCarthy
authors.forename: R Shay
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Bess
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Agel
authors.forename: Marc F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Swiontkowski
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004651:Employment; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013978:Tibial Fractures / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology