title: Impact of walking upon medical care expenditure in Japan: the Ohsaki Cohort Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Physical activity is expected to reduce medical costs by lowering the risk for a variety of chronic diseases. However, little is known about the actual magnitude of medical cost saved by physical activity. We attempted to quantify the association between time spent walking and medical care costs, based on a 4-year prospective observation of National Health Insurance (NHI) beneficiaries in rural Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 27 431 Japanese men and women, aged 40-79 years, who had no functional limitation or conditions interfering with physical activity at the baseline survey in 1994, we ascertained all hospitalizations, outpatient visits, and the costs through computerized linkage with NHI claims history files between January 1995 and December 1998.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Medical costs significantly reduced with longer time spent walking. Per capita medical cost was pound 111.80 per month (95% CI: 109.3, 114.2) in those who walked for < or =30 minutes/day, pound 108.10 (95% CI: 105.7, 110.5) in those who walked for 30 minutes-1 hour, and pound 97.30 (95% CI: 95.5, 99.0) in those who walked for > or =1 hour, after multivariate adjustment of potential confounders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This prospective study in Japan indicated that time spent walking was significantly associated with lower medical costs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan. tsuji1@mail.cc.tohoku.ac.jp
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tsuji
authors.forename: Kohko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Yoshikazu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nishino
authors.forename: Takayoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohkubo
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kuriyama
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Yukiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Anzai
authors.forename: Yoshitaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tsubono
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hisamichi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006302:Health Services Research; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008498:Medical Record Linkage; D008875:Middle Aged; D010044:Outpatient Clinics, Hospital / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016138:Walking / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*