title: Gallium arsenide selectively up-regulates inflammatory cytokine expression at exposure site.
abstract: Gallium arsenide (GaAs), a technologically and economically important semiconductor, is widely utilized in both military and commercial applications. This chemical is a potential health hazard as a carcinogen and immunotoxicant. We previously reported that macrophages at the exposure site exhibit characteristics of activation. In vitro culture of macrophages with GaAs fails to recapitulate the in vivo phenotype, suggesting that complete GaAs-mediated activation in vivo may require other cells or components found in the body's microenvironment. Our present study examined the role of cytokines upon GaAs-mediated macrophage activation. Intraperitoneal administration of GaAs elicited rapid specific recruitment of blood monocytes to the exposure site. This recruitment occurred concomitant with up-regulation of 17 chemokine and inflammatory cytokine mRNAs, while transcripts of three inhibitory cytokines diminished. Administration of latex beads caused less cytokine induction than GaAs, indicating that changes in mRNA levels could not be attributed to phagocytosis. Four representative chemokines and cytokines were selected for further analysis. Increased cytokine mRNA expression was paralleled by similar increases in cytokine protein levels, and secreted protein products were detected in peritoneal fluid. Cytokine protein expression was constrained to myeloid cells, and to a lesser extent to B cells. Alterations in patterns of cytokine gene expression elucidate mechanisms for increased cellular activation and antigen processing, and modulation of the inflammatory response. Our findings indicate that in vivo GaAs exposure alters cytokine gene expression, which may lead to an inflammatory reaction and contribute to pathological tissue damage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Box 980678, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0678, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Kathleen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: McCoy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000276:immunology; D001152:Arsenicals / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D005708:Gallium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D023282:Nuclease Protection Assays; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D001152:Arsenicals; D016207:Cytokines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C043055:gallium arsenide; D005708:Gallium