title: Alcohol and food intake.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Alcohol is commonly consumed around mealtimes, and both the immediate pharmacological actions of ethanol and the energy generated by metabolism of alcohol have the potential to modify food intake. Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on food intake in humans will be reviewed, and potential mechanisms considered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Unlike other macronutrients, there is minimal evidence for any reduction in food intake to compensate for the potential energy in alcohol. In contrast, moderate alcohol consumption prior to a test meal leads to a short-term increase in food intake. This stimulatory effect of alcohol is not apparent beyond acute administration, but the inability to reduce voluntary energy intake in response to energy from alcohol metabolism is evident over extended periods. Alcohol suppresses fatty acid oxidation, increases short-term thermogenesis and stimulates a number of neurochemical and peripheral systems implicated in appetite control, including inhibitory effects on leptin, glucagon-like peptide-1, and serotonin, and enhancement of gamma-aminobutyric acid, endogenous opioids and neuropeptide Y. All of these effects could lead to overeating, and mechanisms underlying appetite stimulation through alcohol require further substantiation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alcohol is a complex component of the diet, and appears to have multiple effects on appetite. Failure to reduce food intake in response to energy from alcohol makes moderate alcohol consumption a risk factor for obesity. Further integration of evidence from nutrition and neuroscience will be crucial to our understanding of effects of alcohol on appetite.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK. martin@sussex.ac.uk
authors.forename: Martin R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Yeomans
authors.forename: Samantha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Caton
authors.forename: Marion M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Hetherington
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000523:psychology; D001066:Appetite / Q000187:drug effects*; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000187:drug effects*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006963:Hyperphagia / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000139:chemically induced; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol