title: Albuterol aerosol delivered via metered-dose inhaler to intubated pediatric models of 3 ages, with 4 spacer designs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the amount of albuterol, in various particle size ranges, delivered from a hydrofluoroalkane-propelled metered-dose inhaler (Airomir) in 3 models of pediatric intubation (ages 8 months, 4 years, and 16 years) using 4 types of aerosol reservoir: 3 spacers (ACE, AeroChamber HC MV, metal NebuChamber without 1-way valve) and 1 holding chamber (metal NebuChamber with 1-way valve).
  
  
  METHODS
  Five reservoirs of each type were tested with albuterol sulfate delivered via metered-dose inhaler that delivers 100 microg of albuterol per actuation. Each reservoir was connected to an endotracheal tube (ETT) that corresponded to the given patient age (8 months = 4 French; 4 years = 5 French; 16 years = 7.5 French) and to a valved system that allowed connection of the ETT to a cascade impactor. Simulated tidal volumes representative of children of the given ages were passed through the reservoir. Both the cascade impactor and the ETT were enclosed within a 100% humidity, 37 degrees C environment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the total amount of albuterol inhaled onto the impactor, and both the 1.1-4.7 microm and 1.1-3.3 microm inhaled fine-particle fractions, the NebuChamber-with-valve showed significantly greater drug delivery than the NebuChamber-without-valve, the AeroChamber HC MV, or the ACE (p < 0.001). Among the reservoirs without valves the NebuChamber showed significantly greater delivery than the AeroChamber HC MV or ACE (p < 0.001) for total drug deposition and for both the 1.1-4.7 microm and 1.1-3.3 microm fine-particle fractions. These results were consistent over all age groups. The AeroChamber HC MV had significantly greater delivery (total deposition) than the ACE (p < 0.001), except in the 4-year-old model. There were no significant differences between the AeroChamber HC MV and the ACE for either the 1.1-4.7 microm or the 1.1-3.3 microm fine-particle fraction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An aerosol reservoir with 1-way valve positioned between the spacer and the ETT improved the amount of inhaled albuterol 300-900%, compared to the other reservoirs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respirtatory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Piush
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mandhane
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zuberbuhler
authors.forename: Carlos F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.forename: Warren H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Finlay
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000293:Adolescent; D000335:Aerosol Propellants; D000420:Albuterol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated; D007223:Infant; D036503:Inhalation Spacers; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D008954:Models, Biological; D010316:Particle Size
chemical_list: D000335:Aerosol Propellants; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated; D000420:Albuterol