title: Flexible working hours and well-being in Finland.
abstract: Flexibility of working hours became more prevalent in the 1990s in Finland. According to a representative survey on Finnish wage and salary earners (n = 1790) at the beginning of 2000, a great majority of male (76%) and female (65%) employees regularly worked overtime and/or had irregular working hours every month. These employees were flexible in meeting the needs of their companies/employers. Individual flexibility of working hours was far less common, only one third of male and female employees were able to regulate their working hours. A better balance between company-controlled and individual flexibility would, however, improve the well-being of employees. Employees working overtime without being allowed to regulate their working hours felt more symptoms of distress and had more conflicts in combining workplace and family roles than those who could individually determine their working hours flexibly. An investment in individually determined flexibility, for example by means of participatory planning, would improve the well-being of employees, and thus also improve the productivity of the organization.
authors.affiliation: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kandolin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Härmä
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Toivanen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002755:Choice Behavior; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D007899:Leisure Activities / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D009936:Organizational Innovation; D010561:Personnel Staffing and Scheduling / Q000639:trends*; D014940:Work Schedule Tolerance / Q000523:psychology; D016526:Workload / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*