title: GLUT1 and CAIX as intrinsic markers of hypoxia in bladder cancer: relationship with vascularity and proliferation as predictors of outcome of ARCON.
abstract: Glucose transporter-1 protein (GLUT1) and carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) are regulated by hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and have been studied as putative intrinsic cellular markers for hypoxia. This study directly compares CAIX and GLUT1 with pimonidazole binding in a prospective series of bladder cancer patients and also studies the prognostic significance of the markers, in combination with vascularity and proliferation, in a retrospective series of bladder cancer patients treated in a phase II trial of radical radiotherapy with carbogen and nicotinamide (ARCON). A total of 21 patients with a diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder received 0.5 g m(-2) pimonidazole. Serial tumour sections were stained for pimonidazole, GLUT1 and CAIX and compared. Tissue sections obtained from a series of 64 patients previously treated for invasive bladder cancer using ARCON were stained for GLUT1 and CAIX together with Ki-67 and CD31/34. There was a good geographical colocalisation of both intrinsic markers with pimonidazole and a highly significant agreement in individual patients; correlation coefficients were 0.82 (P=0.0001) for GLUT1 and 0.74 (P<0.0001) for CAIX. In both series of patients, the intrinsic hypoxia markers were highly correlated with each other and a correlation with proliferation was also evident in the retrospective study. In univariate and multivariate analyses, GLUT1 and CAIX were independent predictors for overall and cause specific survival. The hypoxia markers did not predict for local control or metastases-free survival although higher Ki-67 indices showed a trend towards local failure. The data suggest that both hypoxia modification and accelerated treatment may be valid treatment options in bladder cancer.
authors.affiliation: CR UK Tumour Biology and Radiation Therapy Group, Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Rickmansworth Road, Northwood, Middlesex HA6 2RN UK. peterhoskin@nhs.net
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Hoskin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sibtain
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Daley
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000378:metabolism*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071231:Carbonic Anhydrase IX; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases / Q000378:metabolism*; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism*; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D014157:Transcription Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1; C497442:HIF1A protein, human; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; C495677:SLC2A1 protein, human; D014157:Transcription Factors; C089226:CA9 protein, human; D000071231:Carbonic Anhydrase IX; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases