title: Preclinical evaluation of targeted cytotoxic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogue AN-152 in androgen-sensitive and insensitive prostate cancers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To improve conventional chemotherapy, we developed cytotoxic analogues of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH), which can be targeted to prostate cancers expressing LH-RH receptors. In view of pending clinical trials on cytotoxic LH-RH analogue AN-152, containing doxorubicin (DOX) linked to [D-Lys(6])-LH-RH, we investigated the effects of AN-152 on tumor growth of s.c. implanted androgen-sensitive LNCaP and MDA-PCa-2b prostate cancers, as well as androgen-independent C4-2 prostate cancers xenografted into the tibiae of nude mice. In the C4-2 study, serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels were also measured. LH-RH receptors were analyzed by reverse transcription-PCR and ligand competition assay. We also evaluated whether AN-152 can affect mRNA expression of human epidermal growth factor receptor and HER-2 and -3 oncogenes
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 32 days of treatment with AN-152, the growth of LNCaP cancers in castrated nude mice was strongly inhibited by 83% versus intact controls (P < 0.01) and 62% versus castrated controls (P < 0.05). In animals bearing MDA-PCa-2b prostate cancers, therapy with AN-152 for 25 days resulted in a 69% inhibition of tumor growth (P < 0.01 versus controls) and was more effective (P < 0.05) than equimolar doses of DOX or microcapsules of LH-RH agonist Decapeptyl. In nude mice bearing intraosseous C4-2 prostate cancers, treatment with AN-152 decreased serum PSA levels (P < 0.01) to 10.3 +/- 3.4 ng/ml from 24.8 +/- 4 ng/ml in controls, whereas DOX had no effect on PSA. The inhibitory effects of AN-152 on C4-2 tumors was accompanied by an increase in apoptosis and a decrease in tumor proliferation. Binding sites for LH-RH and the expression of mRNA for LH-RH receptors were found on s.c. C4-2 and MDA-PCa-2b tumors. The inhibition of MDA-PCa-2b tumors by AN-152 was associated with a significant decrease in mRNA expression for epidermal growth factor receptor, HER-2, and 3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that cytotoxic analogue AN-152 could be considered for therapeutic trials in patients with advanced prostate carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Endocrine, Polypeptide, and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Letsch
authors.forename: Andrew V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Schally
authors.forename: Karoly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Szepeshazi
authors.forename: Gabor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Halmos
authors.forename: Attila
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nagy
mesh_terms: D000728:Androgens / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000819:agonists / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D009376:Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000494:pharmacology; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D020893:Receptor, ErbB-3 / Q000378:metabolism; D011966:Receptors, LHRH / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D017329:Triptorelin Pamoate / Q000494:pharmacology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D004317:Doxorubicin; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; D020893:Receptor, ErbB-3; D011966:Receptors, LHRH; D017329:Triptorelin Pamoate; C080883:LHRH, lysine(6)-doxorubicin