title: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: interventions for a complex costly clinical conundrum.
abstract: Management of a child or adolescent with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is reviewed, including psychological and pharmacologic approaches. Psychological treatment includes psychotherapy, cognitive-behavior therapy, support groups, parent training, educator/teacher training, biofeedback, meditation, and social skills training. Medications are reviewed that research has revealed can improve the core symptomatology of a child or adolescent with ADHD. These medications include stimulants, antidepressants, alpha-2 agonists, and a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. Management of ADHD should include a multi-modal approach, involving appropriate educational interventions, appropriate psychological management of the patient (child or adolescent), and judicious use of medications. Parents, school officials, and clinicians must work together to help all children and adolescents with ADHD achieve their maximum potential.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics & Human Development, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, A110 East Fee Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. greydanus@kcms.msu.edu
authors.forename: Donald E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Greydanus
authors.forename: Helen D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Pratt
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sloane
authors.forename: Marsha D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Rappley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000191:economics* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans