title: Prevalence of the triple X syndrome in phenotypically normal women with premature ovarian failure and its association with autoimmune thyroid disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of triple X females among patients with premature ovarian failure and to describe the clinical features of the syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case report.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary care hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-two consecutive patients with secondary amenorrhea due to premature ovarian failure and no clinical stigmata of Turner's syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Triple X syndrome and clinical features, as assessed by karyotype analysis using Giemsa trypsin banding of metaphase chromosomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two of the 52 patients with premature ovarian failure had triple X syndrome. Both cases had associated autoimmune thyroid disorder. One of the women with triple X syndrome had two pregnancies that were complicated by premature birth, idiopathic thrombocytopenia, neonatal death, and occipital encephalocoele.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among patients with premature ovarian failure, 3.8% have triple X syndrome. The syndrome may be associated with autoimmune thyroid disorder and poor pregnancy outcome due to congenital malformation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. gosravinder@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Ravinder
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Goswami
authors.forename: Deepti
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goswami
authors.forename: Madhulika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kabra
authors.forename: Nandita
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Sudhisha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dubey
authors.forename: Vatsala
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dadhwal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D041321:Chromosomes, Human, X; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010641:Phenotype; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D015995:Prevalence; D016649:Primary Ovarian Insufficiency / Q000235:genetics*; D012729:Sex Chromosome Aberrations / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013577:Syndrome; D013967:Thyroiditis, Autoimmune / Q000235:genetics*