title: Myocardial protection with intermittent cold blood during aortic valve operation: antegrade versus retrograde delivery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intermittent antegrade cold blood cardioplegia is superior to warm blood cardioplegia in patients who have aortic valve operation. This study compared the cardioprotective efficacy of intermittent antegrade and retrograde cold blood cardioplegia with emphasis on metabolic stress in the left and right ventricles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-nine patients who had elective aortic valve replacement were prospectively randomly selected to receive intermittent antegrade or retrograde cold blood cardioplegia. Left and right ventricular biopsies were collected 5 minutes after institution of cardiopulmonary bypass and 20 minutes after cross-clamp removal and were used to determine metabolic changes. Metabolites (adenine nucleotides, amino acids, and lactate) were measured using high-powered liquid chromatography and enzymatic techniques. Serial measurement of troponin I release was also used as a marker of myocardial injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Preoperative characteristics were similar between groups. There was no in-hospital mortality, and no differences were observed in postoperative complications. Preischemic concentration of taurine was significantly higher in left ventricular biopsies, whereas adenosine triphosphate tended to be lower in the left ventricle. At reperfusion adenosine triphosphate levels were significantly lower than preischemic levels in right but not left ventricles irrespective of the route of delivery. The alanine-glutamate ratio was significantly elevated in both ventricles. Myocardial injury as assessed by troponin I release was also significantly increased in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retrograde and antegrade intermittent cold blood cardioplegic techniques are associated with suboptimal myocardial protection. Metabolic stress was more pronounced in the right than the left ventricle irrespective of the cardioplegic route of delivery used.
authors.affiliation: Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Attilio A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Lotto
authors.forename: Raimondo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ascione
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Caputo
authors.forename: Alan J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Bryan
authors.forename: Gianni D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Angelini
authors.forename: M Saadeh
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Suleiman
mesh_terms: D000227:Adenine Nucleotides / Q000378:metabolism; D000368:Aged; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000601:surgery*; D003080:Cold Temperature; D005260:Female; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007773:Lactates / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D013654:Taurine / Q000032:analysis; D019210:Troponin I / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000227:Adenine Nucleotides; D000596:Amino Acids; D007773:Lactates; D019210:Troponin I; D013654:Taurine