title: [Palliative surgical treatment of spastic paralysis in the upper extremity].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this paper we review the main studies conducted on therapy applied to the bony and soft parts in spastic paralysis of the upper extremity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Spasticity presents muscular hypertonia and hyperexcitability of the stretch reflex, which are typical of upper motoneuron syndrome. Physiopathologically, spasticity is due to the medullar and supramedullar alteration of the afferent and efferent pathways. Treatment is multidisciplinary and involves the collaboration of rehabilitators, neurophysiologists, neurologists, paediatricians, orthopaedic surgeons and psychologists, who all contribute with their different therapeutic aspects and characteristics (which can be pharmacological, peripheral neurological blockages, surgical, etc.). The characteristic posture of the upper extremities in spastic cerebral palsy is the inward rotation of the shoulder, flexion of the elbow and pronated forearm, and the deformity of the fingers (swan-neck and thumbs-in-palm). The primary objectives in these patients will be to improve communication with their surroundings, perform activities of daily living, increase mobility and walking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The surgical treatment applied by orthopaedic surgeons in the upper extremities are aimed at achieving an enhanced adaptive functionality rather than morphological normality. Factors to be taken into account include age, voluntary control over muscles and joints, level of severity of the spasticity (Ashworth scale) and stereognostic sensitivity. In general, on soft parts we will use procedures such as dehiscence or lengthening of the flexor muscles of the shoulder and elbow or of the adductor of the thumb; transfer of the pronators in order to adopt the supinating function or of the flexors so as to reinforce the extensors of the forearm, and capsulodesis or tenodesis in the hand. The bony procedures will consist in derotational osteotomies of the humerus and radius and arthrodesis in the wrist or in the metacarpophalangeal joints of the thumb, depending on whether there is greater rigidity or age in the former cases or instability in the latter.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, España.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suso-Vergara
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: López-Prats
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Forés-Viñeta
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferreres-Claramunt
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez-Carbonell
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010166:Palliative Care; D010243:Paralysis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents