title: Differential effects of FK506 and methotrexate on inflammatory cytokine levels in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of prophylactic and therapeutic treatments with FK506 (tacrolimus), an immunosuppressive drug that specifically inhibits T cell activation, and methotrexate (MTX) on inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a, interleukin (IL)-1beta, and IL-6 levels in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA).
  
  
  METHODS
  AIA was induced in female Lewis rats. Arthritis was assessed by hindpaw swelling. TNF-a, IL-1beta, and IL-6 levels in paw extracts were determined by ELISA. To assess the effects on cytokine levels, rats were treated prophylactically with FK506 (3 mg/kg) or MTX (0.1 mg/kg) from day 1 to day 17, and therapeutically with FK506 (5 mg/kg) or MTX (1 mg/kg) from day 15 to day 17 (3-day treatment) or day 15 to 20 (6-day treatment) by oral administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TNF-a, IL-1beta, and IL-6 levels in paw tissue were found to significantly increase between day 15 and day 21 after adjuvant injection, when the arthritis was in a developed stage. Prophylactic treatment with FK506 and MTX suppressed arthritis and reduced the levels of those inflammatory cytokines. FK506 caused a marked reduction of TNF-a and IL-1beta levels in paw tissue even in short-term (3-day) therapeutic treatment. It reduced all levels of TNF-a, IL-1beta, and IL-6 in paws in 6-day therapeutic treatment. In contrast, therapeutic treatment with MTX affected neither TNF-a or IL-6 levels in paws. MTX reduced IL-1beta levels only in the 6-day treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FK506 is more effective than MTX in reducing elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines TNF-a, IL-1beta, and IL-6 in established stages of AIA. Our findings suggest that inhibition of T cell activation results in a rapid reduction of inflammatory cytokine levels even after the arthritis is established in AIA.
authors.affiliation: Medicinal Biology Research Laboratories, Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 2-1-6 Kashima, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8514, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsue
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Magari
authors.forename: Susumu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miyata
authors.forename: Fusako
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nishigaki
authors.forename: Yoshitaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohkubo
authors.forename: Seitaro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mutoh
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Goto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001169:Arthritis, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004487:Edema / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016559:Tacrolimus; D008727:Methotrexate