title: Chronic episodic disorders in women.
abstract: Chronic episodic disorders, such as depressive disorders, IBS, migraine, and FMS, have important commonalities, including cormorbidities, an absence of classic anatomic pathology in the tissues, a lack of objective findings on physical examination, and a lack of abnormal findings by routine laboratory and radiologic tests. These CED are more prevalent in women (perhaps due to changes in estrogen levels), are generally worsened by stress (with resultant hyperactivity of the HPA axis), and often improve with aerobic exercise and common classes of medications affecting serotonin function, such as antidepressants. Thus, an increased understanding of the CED may result in improved treatment and functioning of many patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center-Tulsa, 4502 East 41st Street, Tulsa, OK 74135-2553, USA. faye-biggs@ouhsc.edu
authors.forename: Julia K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Warnock
authors.forename: Anita H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Clayton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015897:Comorbidity; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005356:Fibromyalgia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D043183:Irritable Bowel Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*