title: Evidence for risk of bias in cluster randomised trials: review of recent trials published in three general medical journals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the prevalence of a risk of bias associated with the design and conduct of cluster randomised controlled trials among a sample of recently published studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of cluster randomised trials published in the BMJ, Lancet, and New England Journal of Medicine from January 1997 to October 2002.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prevalence of secure randomisation of clusters, identification of participants before randomisation (to avoid foreknowledge of allocation), differential recruitment between treatment arms, differential application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, and differential attrition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 36 trials identified, 24 were published in the BMJ,11 in the Lancet, and a single trial in the New England Journal of Medicine. At the cluster level, 15 (42%) trials provided evidence for secure allocation and 25 (69%) used stratified allocation. Few trials showed evidence of imbalance at the cluster level. However, some evidence of susceptibility to risk of bias at the individual level existed in 14 (39%) studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some recently published cluster randomised trials may not have taken adequate precautions to guard against threats to the internal validity of their design.
authors.affiliation: York Trials Unit, Department of Health Sciences, York University, York YO10 5DD.
authors.forename: Suezann
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Puffer
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Torgerson
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Watson
mesh_terms: D015982:Bias; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent; D018579:Patient Selection; D010506:Periodicals as Topic / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies