title: Determination of heroin metabolites in human urine using capillary zone electrophoresis with beta-cyclodextrin and UV detection.
abstract: A method has been developed for the detection of a mixture of morphine, codeine, 6-acetyl morphine (6-AM) and normorphine using capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). The method utilized urinary 6-AM as a diagnostic indicator of heroin abuse because it is not a product of either morphine or codeine metabolism. The electrophoretic separation was achieved using an uncoated (50 microm I.D.) fused-silica capillary, 77 cm long, containing the detector window 10.0 cm from the outlet end. The running buffer (pH 6.0) contained 50 mM sodium phosphate and 0.015 M beta-cyclodextrins (beta-CD). The samples were first extracted using a mixed-mode solid-phase extraction procedure and then analyzed by CZE. The UV absorbance detection was monitored at 214 nm. It has been found that beta-CDs can improve separation efficiency due to their hydrophobic cavity. The effect of the concentration of beta-CD and pH was also evaluated. The application of electrokinetic injection with field amplified sample stacking results in low detection limits (40 ng/ml for each analyte) and the method has good reproducibility, precision, accuracy, and high recovery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clippinger Laboratories, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alnajjar
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: McCord
mesh_terms: D003505:Cyclodextrins / Q000032:analysis*; D019075:Electrophoresis, Capillary / Q000379:methods; D003932:Heroin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet / Q000379:methods; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D047392:beta-Cyclodextrins
chemical_list: D003505:Cyclodextrins; D047392:beta-Cyclodextrins; D003932:Heroin; C031215:betadex