title: Treatment of bleeding colonic diverticula by endoscopic band ligation: an in-vivo and ex-vivo pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Angiographic and surgical therapy are standards of care for persistent diverticular bleeding. Colonoscopic intervention using epinephrine injection, multipolar electrocautery, and placement of an Endoclip has not gained widespread acceptance due to concerns about complications,and the widespread management of severe lower gastrointestinal bleeding by surgeons and interventional radiologists. The utility of colonoscopic band ligation for control of diverticular bleeding was evaluated both in vivo and ex vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Endoscopic band ligation of diverticula was performed on surgical resection specimens and in patients with actively bleeding colonic diverticula.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the in-vivo study, active diverticular bleeding was completely controlled in four patients by endoscopic band ligation. In two cases, a visible vessel was seen on the everted and banded diverticulum. Procedure time ranged from 45 to 140 min. The total lengths of hospital stays for the four patients were 2, 6, 14, and 35 days. The long hospital stays (> 7 days)were associated with non-gastrointestinal co-morbidity. There were no acute complications of band ligation. No rebleeding or need for surgery occurred during a follow-up period of 12 months in any of the patients. In the ex-vivo study, 11 diverticula were successfully everted and banded in five of nine surgical specimens (one right colon and four left colons). Mucosa was identified in all of the "banded" segments. Ten of 11 ligated diverticula revealed evidence of blood vessels or submucosal tissue. The presence of subserosal fat was suggested in three of the 11 "banded" segments, and none of the ex-vivo ligated diverticula contained muscularis propria or serosal involvement. There was no evidence of perforation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both in-vivo and ex-vivo data suggest that endoscopic band ligation may be a safe and effective therapy for actively bleeding colonic diverticula.
authors.affiliation: Gastrointestinal Unit (Medical Services), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. JFarrell@mednet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Farrell
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Graeme-Cook
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Kelsey
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003113:Colonoscopy; D004241:Diverticulum, Colon / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008026:Ligation; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery