title: Comparison of ximelagatran, an oral direct thrombin inhibitor, with enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism following total hip replacement. A randomized, double-blind study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prophylaxis is recommended following total joint replacement because of the high risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Postoperative low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) reduces the incidence of venographically detected deep vein thrombosis (DVT) to about 10-15% in total hip replacement (THR) patients. Ximelagatran is a novel, oral direct thrombin inhibitor that selectively and competitively inhibits both free and clot-bound thrombin. We compared the efficacy and safety of ximelagatran with those of enoxaparin for the prevention of VTE in patients undergoing THR.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective, randomized, multicenter, double-blind study conducted principally in the USA and Canada. Patients received fixed-dose oral ximelagatran 24 mg bid or subcutaneous enoxaparin 30 mg bid and matched placebo for 7-12 days; both regimens were initiated the morning after surgery. The incidence of VTE (by postoperative day 12) included thrombosis determined by mandatory venography of the leg on which surgery was performed and symptomatic, objectively proven DVT or pulmonary embolism (PE). VTE and bleeding events were interpreted by an independent central adjudication committee for primary analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 1838 patients randomized, 1557 had either adequate venography or symptomatic, proven VTE (efficacy population). Overall rate of venography acceptable for evaluation was 85.4%. Overall rates of total VTE were 7.9% (62 of 782 patients) in the ximelagatran group and 4.6% (36 of 775 patients) in the enoxaparin group, with an absolute difference of 3.3% and a 95% confidence interval for the difference of 0.9% to 5.7%. Proximal DVT and/or PE occurred in 3.6% (28 of 782 patients) in the ximelagatran group and 1.2% (nine of 774 patients) in the enoxaparin group. Major bleeding events were observed in 0.8% (seven of 906) of the ximelagatran-treated patients and in 0.9% (eight of 910) of the enoxaparin-treated patients (P > 0.95). Non-inferiority of ximelagatran 24 mg bid based on a prespecified margin of 5% was not met, resulting in superiority of the enoxaparin regimen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both ximelagatran and enoxaparin decreased the overall rate of VTE compared with that reported historically. However, in this study, enoxaparin 30 mg bid was more effective than ximelagatran 24 mg bid for prevention of VTE in THR. Oral ximelagatran was used without coagulation monitoring, was well tolerated, and had bleeding rates comparable to those of enoxaparin. Further refinement by testing a higher dose of ximelagatran in the patients undergoing THR is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Scripps Clinic Center for Orthopaedic Research and Education, 11025 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 140, La Jolla, CA 92037-1030, USA. colwell@scripps.edu
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Colwell
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Berkowitz
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Lotke
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Ginsberg
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lieberman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Neubauer
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: McElhattan
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Francis
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000368:Aged; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000494:pharmacology; D019644:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip; D001384:Azetidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001596:Benzylamines; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D017984:Enoxaparin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage; D006490:Hemostatics / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000494:pharmacology; D011897:Random Allocation; D013917:Thrombin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D001384:Azetidines; D001596:Benzylamines; D017984:Enoxaparin; D006490:Hemostatics; D011355:Prodrugs; C426686:ximelagatran; D013917:Thrombin