title: Rainfall timing and frequency influence on leaching of Escherichia coli RS2G through soil following manure application.
abstract: The time between swine (Sus scrofa) manure application to soil as a crop fertilizer, the first rainfall event, and the frequency of rainfall events should influence leaching potential of fecal pathogens. Soil microcosms were inoculated in the lab with a swine manure isolate of Escherichia coli, strain RS2G, expressing green fluorescent protein, to examine how timing and frequency of rainfall events influences RS2G leaching and survival in soil. Liquid swine manure inoculated with RS2G was applied to intact soil cores (20 cm in diameter x 30 cm long) 4, 8, or 16 d before the first rainfall event (50.8 mm over a 4-h period), and each core received one to three rainfall events. Manure application methods (no-till surface-broadcast, broadcast and incorporated, and tilled before broadcast) had no affect on leaching, although there was greater survival in soils when the manure had been incorporated. Most of the RS2G in the leachate appeared following the first rainfall event and RS2G leaching decreased with increasing time between manure application and the first rainfall, although leachates contained as much as 3.4 to 4.5 log colony forming units (CFU) 100 mL(-1) of RS2G when the first rainfall occurred 16 d after manure application. With increasing frequency of rainfalls there was a decrease in subsequent concentrations of RS2G in the leachate. There was no correlation between leachate RS2G and total coliforms or fecal streptococci concentrations. Soil RS2G numbers were 1 to 10% of the inoculum regardless of the length of time between manure application and the first rainfall. RS2G leaching was mostly influenced by the time between manure application and first rainfall event, and significant leaching and survival in soil was possible even if the first rain occurred 16 d after manure application.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agronomy, 2537 Agronomy Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1010, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Saini
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Halverson
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lorimor
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D005308:Fertilizers; D008372:Manure; D011891:Rain; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013552:Swine; D014872:Water Movements
chemical_list: D005308:Fertilizers; D008372:Manure