title: Classroom seating for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: therapy balls versus chairs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of therapy balls as seating on in-seat behavior and legible word productivity of students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Additionally, social validity was assessed to evaluate teacher and student opinions regarding the intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  A single subject, A-B-A-B interrupted time series design was employed across 3 students (2 males, 1 female) with ADHD. The study was conducted in a 4th grade inclusive classroom during daily language arts. During phases 1 and 3, the 3 participants and all other class members sat on chairs (in-seat on chair); during phases 2 and 4, everyone sat on therapy balls (in-seat on ball). Dependent variables were in-seat behavior and legible word productivity. Data were graphed and visually analyzed for differences between phases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results demonstrated increases in in-seat behavior and legible word productivity for the students with ADHD when seated on therapy balls. Social validity findings indicated that generally the teacher and students preferred therapy balls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides evidence that use of therapy balls for students with ADHD may facilitate in-seat behavior and legible word productivity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. missdeesg@aol.com
authors.forename: Denise Lynn
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Schilling
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Washington
authors.forename: Felix F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Billingsley
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Deitz
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D002648:Child; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006236:Handwriting; D006801:Humans; D007374:Interior Design and Furnishings; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement; D009788:Occupational Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D012574:Schools; D016896:Treatment Outcome