title: Is nutritional intake adequate in chronic heart failure patients?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to investigate the nutrition adequacy and energy availability for physical activity in free-living, clinically stable patients with chronic heart failure (CHF).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Little information exists regarding the nutrition adequacy and alimentary habits of patients with clinically stable CHF. We hypothesized that CHF patients have an inadequate intake of calories and protein, leading to a negative calorie and nitrogen balance, an expression of increased tissue breakdown.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 57 non-obese patients with CHF (52 males and 5 females; 52 +/- 3 years; body mass index <25 kg/m(2)) and in 49 healthy subjects (39 males and 10 females) matched for age, body mass index, and sedentary life style we evaluated total energy expenditure (TEE), calorie intake (kcal(I)), and nitrogen intake (N(I)) from a seven-day food diary, total nitrogen excretion (TNE), and energy availability (EA = kcal(I) - resting energy expenditure). A zero calorie balance (CB) occurred when kcal(I) = TEE; a nitrogen balance (NB) in equilibrium was set at NB (= N(I) - TNE) 0 +/- 1 g/day.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In patients and controls kcal(I) and N(I) were similar. However, in CHF patients the kcal(I) was <TEE with a consequent negative CB (-186 +/- 305 kcal/day vs. + 104.2 +/- 273 kcal/day of controls; p < 0.01). Nitrogen balance resulted negative in CHF (-1.7 +/- 3.2 g/24 h vs. + 2.2 +/- 3.6 g/24 h in controls; p < 0.01). Energy availability in CHF patients was 41% lower than in controls (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Non-obese, free-living patients with clinically stable CHF have an inadequate intake of calories and protein and reduced energy availability for physical activity.
authors.affiliation: Servizio di Fisiopatologia Metabolico-Nutrizionale e Nutrizione Clinica, Fondazione S. Maugeri, IRCCS, Istituto Scientifico di Montescano, Montescano-Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aquilani
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Opasich
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Verri
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Boschi
authors.forename: Oreste
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Febo
authors.forename: Evasio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pasini
authors.forename: Ornella
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pastoris
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015596:Nutrition Assessment
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins; D007328:Insulin; D006854:Hydrocortisone