title: In situ reduction of chromium(VI) in heavily contaminated soils through organic carbon amendment.
abstract: Chromium has become an important soil contaminant at many sites, and facilitating in situ reduction of toxic Cr(VI) to nontoxic Cr(III) is becoming an attractive remediation strategy. Acceleration of Cr(VI) reduction in soils by addition of organic carbon was tested in columns pretreated with solutions containing 1000 and 10 000 mg L(-1) Cr(VI) to evaluate potential in situ remediation of highly contaminated soils. Solutions containing 0,800, or 4000 mg L(-1) organic carbon in the form of tryptic soy broth or lactate were diffused into the Cr(VI)-contaminated soils. Changes in Cr oxidation state were monitored through periodic micro-XANES analyses of soil columns. Effective first-order reduction rate constants ranged from 1.4 x 10(-8) to 1.5 x 10(-7) s(-1), with higher values obtained for lower levels of initial Cr(VI) and higher levels of organic carbon. Comparisons with sterile soils showed that microbially dependent processes were largely responsible for Cr(VI) reduction, except in the soils initially exposed to 10 000 mg L(-1) Cr(VI) solutions that receive little (800 mg L(-1)) or no organic carbon. However, the microbial populations (< or = 2.1 x 10(5) g(-1)) in the viable soils are probably too low for direct enzymatic Cr(VI) reduction to be important. Thus, synergistic effects sustained in whole soil systems may have accounted for most of the observed reduction. These results show that acceleration of in situ Cr(VI) reduction with addition of organic carbon is possible in even heavily contaminated soils and suggest that microbially dependent reduction pathways can be dominant.
authors.affiliation: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. tktokunaga@lbl.gov
authors.forename: Tetsu K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Tokunaga
authors.forename: Jiamin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.forename: Mary K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Firestone
authors.forename: Terry C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Hazen
authors.forename: Keith R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.forename: Donald J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Herman
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Sutton
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lanzirotti
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000201:enzymology; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002244:Carbon / Q000378:metabolism*; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental / Q000378:metabolism*; D002857:Chromium / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002857:Chromium; C074702:chromium hexavalent ion; D002244:Carbon