title: Voltage dependent activation of tonic contraction in cardiac myocytes.
abstract: Contractions of isolated single myocytes of guinea pig heart stimulated by rectangular depolarizing pulses consist of a phasic component and a voltage dependent tonic component. In this study we analyzed the mechanism of activation of the graded, sustained contractions elicited by slow ramp depolarization and their relation to the components of contractions elicited by rectangular depolarizing pulses. Experiments were performed at 37 degrees C in ventricular myocytes of guinea pig heart. Voltage-clamped myocytes were stimulated by the pulses from the holding potential of -40 to +5 mV or by ramp depolarization shifting voltage within this range within 6 s. [Ca2+]i was monitored as fluorescence of Indo 1-AM and contractions were recorded with the TV edge-tracking system. Myocytes responded to the ramp depolarization between -25 and -6 mV by the slow, sustained increase in [Ca2+]i and shortening, the maximal amplitude of which was in each cell similar to that of the tonic component of Ca2+ transient and contraction. The contractile responses to ramp depolarization were blocked by 200 microM ryanodine and Ca2+-free solution, but were not blocked by 20 microM nifedipine or 100-200 microM Cd2+ and potentiated by 5 mM Ni2+. The responses to ramp depolarization were with this respect similar to the tonic but not to the phasic component of contraction: both components were blocked by 200 microM ryanodine, and were not blocked by Cd2+ or Ni2+ despite complete inhibition of the phasic Ca2+ current. However, the phasic component but not the tonic component of contraction in cells superfused with Ni2+ was inhibited by nifedipine. Both components of contraction were inhibited by Ca2+-free solution superfused 15 s prior to stimulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In myocytes of guinea pig heart the contractile response to ramp depolarization is equivalent to the tonic component of contraction. It is activated by Ca2+ released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum by the ryanodine receptors. Their activation and inactivation is voltage dependent and it does not depend on the Ca2+ influx by the Ca2+ channels or reverse mode Na+/Ca2+ exchange, however, it may depend on Ca2+ influx by some other, not yet defined route.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Physiology, Medical Center of Postgraduate Education, Marymoncka 99, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Mackiewicz
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Emanuel
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lewartowski
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000818:Animals; D002104:Cadmium / Q000494:pharmacology; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000502:physiology; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004594:Electrophysiology / Q000379:methods*; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000166:cytology; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D009532:Nickel / Q000494:pharmacology; D009543:Nifedipine / Q000494:pharmacology; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques / Q000379:methods; D012433:Ryanodine / Q000494:pharmacology; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D016276:Ventricular Function
chemical_list: D002104:Cadmium; D012433:Ryanodine; D009532:Nickel; D009543:Nifedipine