title: 15-deoxy-delta-12-14-PGJ2 regulates apoptosis induction and nuclear factor-kappaB activation via a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma-independent mechanism in hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) high-affinity ligand, 15-deoxy-Delta-12,14-PGJ(2) (15d-PGJ(2)), is toxic to malignant cells through cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction. In this study, we investigated the effects of 15d-PGJ(2) on apoptosis induction and expression of apoptosis-related proteins in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. 15d-PGJ(2) induced apoptosis in SK-Hep1 and HepG2 cells at a 50 micro M concentration. Pretreatment with the pan-caspase inhibitor, benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp (OMe) fluoromethyl ketone (2-VAD-fmk), only partially blocked apoptosis induced by 40 micro M 15d-PGJ(2). This indicated that 15d-PGJ(2) induction of apoptosis was associated with a caspase-3-independent pathway. 15d-PGJ(2) also induced down-regulation of the X chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP), Bclx, and apoptotic protease-activating factor-1 in SK-Hep1 cells but not in HepG2 cells. However, 15d-PGJ(2) sensitized both HCC cell lines to TNF-related apoptosis-induced ligand-induced apoptosis. In SK-Hep1 cells, cell toxicity, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) suppression, and XIAP down-regulation were induced by 15d-PGJ(2) treatment under conditions in which PPARgamma was down-regulated. These results suggest that the effect of 15d-PGJ(2) was through a PPARgamma-independent mechanism. Although cell toxicity was induced when PPARgamma was down-regulated in HepG2 cells, NF-kappaB suppression and XIAP down-regulation were not induced. In conclusion, 15d-PGJ(2) induces apoptosis of HCC cell lines via caspase-dependent and -independent pathways. In SK-Hep1 cells, the ability of 15d-PGJ(2) to induce cell toxicity, NF-kappaB suppression, or XIAP down-regulation seemed to occur via a PPARgamma-independent mechanism, but in HepG2 cells, NF-kappaB suppression by 15d-PGJ(2) was dependent on PPARgamma.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Internal Medicine, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Okano
authors.forename: Katsuya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shiraki
authors.forename: Hidekazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamanaka
authors.forename: Tomoyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawakita
authors.forename: Yukiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Saitou
authors.forename: Yumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.forename: Naoyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Enokimura
authors.forename: Norihiko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Kazushi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sugimoto
authors.forename: Kazumoto
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Murata
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakano
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D015153:Blotting, Western; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015536:Down-Regulation; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D015230:Prostaglandin D2 / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000378:metabolism*; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C097240:15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; C505653:TNFSF10 protein, human; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases; D015230:Prostaglandin D2