title: Endodontic measurement accuracy and perceived radiograph quality: effects of film speed and density.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to determine the effects of direct exposure x-ray film speed and background density on observer assessment of endodontic working lengths and on perceived radiographic image quality.
  
  
  METHODS
  A human cadaver maxilla section with surrounding soft tissues was used for the study. The canal length to the radiographic apex was determined on 4 canals in maxillary posterior teeth by using Trophy RVG images and adjusting the position of a No. 15 file in each canal until the file tip coincided with the radiographic apex in images made at 3 different vertical angulations. The files were measured with a micrometer from the file stop to the file tip to obtain the length to the radiographic apex. Then No. 10 files were placed in the 4 canals at varying lengths short of this previously determined length, and 5 observers assessed the distance from the file tip to the radiographic apex on radiographs made with Kodak D-, E-, and F-speed and Flow D- and E-speed direct exposure x-ray films that were exposed to produce background densities of 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0. Subjective appraisal of radiographic quality was also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of variance and Tukey honestly significantly different post-hoc analysis results concerning measurement errors made with each film type revealed significantly less error for Kodak Ektaspeed Plus (E-speed) intraoral x-ray film than for Kodak InSight (F-speed) and Flow E; however, no difference was detected among Kodak Ektaspeed Plus (E-speed), Kodak Ultra-Speed (D-speed), and Flow D. Films with a background optical density of 3.0 received 98% favorable ratings; radiographs with a background optical density of 2.0 received 77% favorable ratings; and those with background optical density of 1.5 received only 18% favorable ratings at the 95% confidence level. Flow D film received the most favorable ratings, but there was no statistically significant difference among other film types at the 95% confidence level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Underexposed radiographs are perceived as inferior to slightly overexposed radiographs for endodontic file length assessment regardless of the film speed used. Current Flow and Kodak E-speed and F-speed radiographs appear to be as accurate as other accepted radiographs used in determining endodontic working lengths. Image background density should be kept constant when making comparisons among x-ray films.
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, The University of Louisville, Ky, USA.
authors.forename: J Chris
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Sheaffer
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Eleazer
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Scheetz
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Allan G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Farman
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003762:Dental Instruments; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D015588:Observer Variation; D009811:Odontometry / Q000379:methods; D011861:Radiography, Dental / Q000379:methods*; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014092:Tooth Root / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014962:X-Ray Film