title: Nasopharyngeal flora and drug susceptibility in children with macrolide therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Low-dose, long-term administration of macrolides (macrolide therapy) has been used as an effective treatment for chronic respiratory tract diseases. The authors reported on the nasopharyngeal flora in children treated with macrolide therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nasopharyngeal cultures were obtained from 73 children with chronic rhinosinusitis and/or otitis media with effusion at the end of the low-dose administration of clarithromycin (macrolide group). As control subjects, 98 children with chronic rhinosinusitis and/or otitis media with effusion who were not given macrolides were also included in the study. The culture results were evaluated with respect to antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, risk factors for carriage of erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, and the clinical efficacy of the therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The macrolide therapy did not have a significant effect on the incidence or the susceptibility patterns of potential pathogens except for Moraxella catarrhalis. Most of children in the macrolide group possessed a normal flora compared with the control children. The risk factors for carriage of erythromycin-resistant S pneumoniae were male gender in the macrolide group and age under 6 years and use of antimicrobial drugs other than macrolides in the control group. The clinical efficacy of the therapy was independent of carriage of erythromycin-resistant S pneumoniae.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Macrolide therapy has little effect on carriage of drug-resistant pathogens, and the efficacy of the therapy depends on the anti-inflammatory effect of the drugs, which is independent of their antimicrobial effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 113-8605, Japan. yiorl@med.teikyo-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Yukiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Iino
authors.forename: Yukako
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Tesuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miyazawa
authors.forename: Kazuoki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kodera
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018942:Macrolides; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D001936:Moraxella catarrhalis / Q000187:drug effects; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000382:microbiology; D010034:Otitis Media with Effusion / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D018942:Macrolides