title: Calcium and ROS-mediated activation of transcription factors and TNF-alpha cytokine gene expression in macrophages exposed to ultrafine particles.
abstract: Ultrafine (Uf) particles are a component of particulate air pollution suggested to be responsible for the health effects associated with elevations of this pollutant. We have previously suggested that Uf particles, through the induction of oxidative stress, may induce inflammation in the lung, thus exacerbating preexisting illness in susceptible individuals. Alveolar macrophages are considered to play a key role in particlemediated inflammation and lung disease. The effect of Uf particles on rat alveolar macrophages and human blood monocytes was investigated with reference to the roles of calcium and reactive oxygen species (ROS). TNF-alpha protein release, intracellular calcium concentration, TNF-alpha mRNA expression, and transcription factor activation were studied as end points after treatment of rat alveolar macrophages or peripheral blood monocytes. The calcium channel blocker verapamil, the intracellular calcium chelator BAPTA-AM, the calmodulin inhibitor W-7, and the antioxidants Trolox and Nacystelin (NAL) were included in combination with Uf particles. Verapamil reduced intracellular calcium concentration in rat alveolar macrophages on stimulation with Uf particles. This effect was also apparent with transcription factor AP-1 activation. All antagonists and antioxidants reduced Uf-stimulated nuclear localization of the p50 and p65 subunits of NF-kappaB in human monocytes. Verapamil, BAPTA-AM, and NAL reduced Uf-stimulated TNF-alpha protein release, whereas only verapamil reduced Uf-stimulated mRNA expression in rat alveolar macrophages. In human monocytes, verapamil, Trolox, BAPTA-AM, and W-7 reduced Uf-stimulated TNF-alpha protein release. These findings suggest that Uf particles may exert proinflammatory effects by modulating intracellular calcium concentrations, activation of transcription factors, and cytokine production through a ROS-mediated mechanism.
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences, Napier University, 10 Colinton Rd., Edinburgh EH10 5DT, United Kingdom. da.brown@napier.ac.uk
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Donaldson
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Borm
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Schins
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dehnhardt
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gilmour
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Jimenez
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Stone
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D002244:Carbon / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D004533:Egtazic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000276:immunology; D008239:Lysine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D016676:Macrophages, Alveolar / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D010316:Particle Size; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014700:Verapamil / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D002614:Chelating Agents; C086501:N-acetylcysteine lysinate; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C070379:1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester; D004533:Egtazic Acid; D002244:Carbon; D014700:Verapamil; D008239:Lysine; D002118:Calcium; D000111:Acetylcysteine