title: Evaluation of stress during transport.
abstract: Domestic animals are transported for a variety of reasons including breeding, biomedical purposes, slaughter and, in the case of sporting horses, for competitions, pleasure activities or ceremonial proceedings. Studies to determine the amount of stress on farm animals during transport often have highly variable results and are difficult to interpret. The reaction of animals to stressors depends on the duration and intensity of the stressors, the animal's previous experience, its physiological status and the immediate environmental restraints. Behavioural, haematological, haematochemical, physiological and neuro-hormonal (beta-endorphin, ACTH, cortisol, iodothyronines) variables are discussed on the basis of handling, loading and transport procedures of animals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Morphology, Biochemistry, Physiology and Animal Production, Unit of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Messina, Italy. esterina.fazio@tin.it
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fazio
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferlazzo
mesh_terms: D000820:Animal Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology*; D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic; D006234:Handling, Psychological; D012149:Restraint, Physical; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014186:Transportation / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*