title: Cardiac pacemaker lead extraction using conventional techniques:a single centre experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  New methods of lead extraction using laser sheath devices are under evaluation but these techniques are not available in the majority of centres and have cost implications. Furthermore, in the absence of comparative randomised trials, registry experience with new devices must be judged against contemporary data using conventional methods. We report a single centre series of pacemaker lead extraction using conventional methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  
  
  
  METHODS
  Attempted extraction of 165 leads during 95 procedures in 80 patients. Leads had been in place (dwell time) for a mean of 76 months (range 0.2-248.4 months). Indications for lead extraction: infection (41.1%), skin erosion (9.5%), advisory leads (12.6%), faulty leads (12.6%), other (24.2%). Extraction techniques: traction and/or locking stylets and dilator sheaths (89.7%), Byrd workstation (6.1%) and open thoracotomy (4.8%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complete removal was achieved for 143 leads (86.7%), partial removal in 12 leads (7.3%) and 10 (6.1%) could not be removed. A shorter lead dwell time was associated with extraction success in both univariate (p=0.0004) and multivariate analyses (p<0.0001). There was a trend for a higher rate of success in atrial rather than ventricular leads (93.2% v 80.9%, p=0.052). Active fixation, patient gender, age and indication for lead extraction had no bearing on outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no deaths. Major complications occurred in 3 patients (3.2%): pericardial tamponade (1), pulmonary embolus (1) and stroke (1). Significant bleeding (requiring blood transfusion) occurred in 11 procedures (12%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cardiac lead extraction using conventional methods has a high success rate of 86.7%. Success was significantly related to a shorter lead dwell time. Further prospective randomised trials are needed to compare traditional techniques with laser extraction both in terms of clinical outcome and cost-effectiveness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Invasive Cardiology and Electrophysiology, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London SW3 6NP, UK. gmdm@ozemail.com.au
authors.forename: Gita
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mathur
authors.forename: Rodney H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Stables
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Heaven
authors.forename: Zarah
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Stack
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lovegrove
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ingram
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sutton
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000191:economics; D004867:Equipment Design; D004869:Equipment Safety; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial / Q000191:economics; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000191:economics / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013908:Thoracotomy / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome