title: Praiseworthy pragmatism? Validity and action research.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Action research has been promoted as a suitable methodology for nursing, but is located in a discourse that challenges its claims of validity. This discourse, influenced by positivism, is similar to that which qualitative researchers have faced.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This article contributes to theoretical discussion of the validity of action research.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Because of similarities, the emergent debates around the reconceptualization of validity in qualitative research are outlined, prior to a consideration of the relative arguments in relation to action research. Three avenues of thought are discerned: that no criteria are required; that parallels with other schools are appropriate; and that new concepts specific to one school of thought should be developed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because of its ethical and action-oriented principles, action research offers the potential to address validity issues that remain problematic to 'pure' qualitative researchers, and it can be claimed that its pragmatic approach is validity-enhancing. We argue for the rejection of naïve rule-based formulae and for recognition of the impact of contextual and pragmatic concerns, so that the potential for the added value of action research might be realized.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. kevin.hope@man.ac.uk
authors.forename: Kevin W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Hope
authors.forename: Heather A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Waterman
mesh_terms: D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods; D006302:Health Services Research / Q000941:ethics / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012107:Research Design