title: Anxiety disorder and accompanying subjective memory loss in the elderly as a predictor of future cognitive decline.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to empirically investigate the hypothesis that anxiety in the elderly, secondary to loss of memory, predicts future cognitive decline.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participants were 137 elderly subjects with no depression or cognitive impairment from a community geriatric assessment unit, 45% with anxiety. In addition to demographic characteristics, cognitive status was assessed using the Mini Mental State Examination; depression was assessed by Tucker's short Interviewer-Assisted Depression Rating Scale; anxiety by Sinoff's Short Anxiety Screening Test and Activities of Daily Living function by Shah's modified Barthel's Index.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At follow-up 37 persons had dropped out, leaving 100 participants for final analysis. Mean re-examination time was 3.2 years with no group differences. The mean MMSE and modified Barthel scores decreased significantly more in those with anxiety. A relative risk of 3.96 for developing future cognitive impairment was found. Regression analysis showed that only anxiety was a significant predictor of cognitive decline. By path analysis, a more parsimonious model showed anxiety to have both a direct and an indirect effect on predicting future cognitive decline, and that the effect of loss of memory on cognitive decline was via anxiety.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anxiety is inter-related and inseparable with loss of memory and its presence is a strong predictor for future cognitive decline, directly or indirectly via depression. It appears that loss of memory is the initial problem with consequent development of anxiety. Therefore, anxiety, like depression, is probably an early predictor of future cognitive decline and even possible future cognitive impairment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatrics, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel. sinoff@netvision.net.il
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sinoff
authors.forename: Perla
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Werner
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors