title: Hand-assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We report our experience in performing a hand-assisted laparoscopic radical nephrectomy (HALRN) for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and a hand-assisted laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy (HALDN) for renal transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The clinical data on 21 patients with HALRN for stage T1N0M0 RCC and 5 living kidney donors with HALDN for renal transplantation were reviewed. We compared the results of 21 HALRNs with those of 15 conventional open radical nephrectomies for stage T1N0M0 RCC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The HALRN for RCC was successfully performed without any major complications in all 21 patients. The mean operation time for the HALRN group was significantly longer than that for the open surgery group (262 minutes versus 219 minutes). However, the mean estimated blood loss in the HALRN group was less than that in the open surgery group (250 ml versus 388 ml), although there was no statistically significant difference. The frequency in usage of analgesia postoperatively in the HALRN group was significantly less than that in the open surgery group (2.5 times versus 7.3 times). The HALDN was also successfully performed without any major complications in all 5 cases. The mean operation time, blood loss and warm ischemic time were 248 minutes, 322 ml and 9.8 minutes, respectively. All donors resumed oral intake of food within 48 hours after the surgery and returned to normal, non-strenuous activity by postoperative day 8.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that a hand-assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy is an effective and safe surgical procedure, and it is less invasive than an open nephrectomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. masatosh@uro.med.kyushu-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tokuda
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Naito
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000601:surgery*; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D007902:Length of Stay; D019520:Living Donors; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors; D014019:Tissue Donors