title: Betaine in sub-acute and sub-chronic rat studies.
abstract: To evaluate the sub-acute and sub-chronic effect of large doses of betaine, this trimethyl glycine compound was fed to rats. Initial studies at BIBRA in the UK evaluated intakes of 0, 1, 2, and 5% betaine added to a maintenance chow designed for use in toxicology studies. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were followed for up to 90 days. No toxicity occurred, but at higher betaine intakes several serum chemistries were altered slightly, the MCV, MCH, and MCHC of red cells were reduced, and hepatocytes developed fatty droplets in direct proportion to betaine intake. Females were more affected than males. In a second study to assess reversibility in females, betaine effects were induced for 28 days, followed by a 28 day betaine-free period. All perturbations, except the reduced MCV and MCH, were reversed. As a follow up to BIBRA investigations, both 28 and 90 day feeding trials were conducted at Brandeis University using a rat chow with higher levels of energy, protein, and fat, with betaine added at 0, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 and 5.0% of the diet. A similar broad range of clinical chemistries and physiological parameters were monitored, and hepatic lipid droplets were investigated in more detail. Liver lipid was actually reduced by betaine, and no significant adverse effects of clinical importance resulted from any dose. However, the MCV was again reduced at 5% betaine in the 28 day study. By 90 days all parameters were normal and comparable to controls. Based on these collective data, it was concluded that even at these high doses, betaine is nontoxic. Differences observed between the BIBRA and Brandeis studies were attributed to differences in the dietary formulations. Significant betainexdietxgrowth interactions were thought to reflect primary disparities in protein and energy concentrations, more than the addition of betaine per se.
authors.affiliation: Foster Biomedical Research Lab, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA. kchayes@brandeis.edu
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pronczuk
authors.forename: Melvyn W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Mark C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Robbins
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001622:Betaine / Q000633:toxicity*; D001772:Blood Cell Count; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D004032:Diet; D005123:Eye / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005503:Food Additives / Q000633:toxicity*; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013997:Time Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000097:blood; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001798:Blood Proteins; D005503:Food Additives; D008055:Lipids; D014280:Triglycerides; D014801:Vitamin A; D014810:Vitamin E; D001622:Betaine; D002784:Cholesterol