title: Single-stage adjustable strabismus surgery for restrictive strabismus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the feasibility and stability of ocular alignment of single-stage adjustable strabismus surgery (SSASS) in restrictive strabismus.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was an observational case series comprising 12 patients with restrictive strabismus (mean age, 54.8 years) who were treated with SSASS using intravenous midazolam, fentanyl, and topical anesthesia. All were studied in a retrospective institutional manner. The refractive strabismus in 7 patients was caused by dysthyroid orbitopathy. Five patients had undergone previous ocular surgery, and 4 had undergone previous strabismus surgery. SSASS typically involved the vertical rectus muscles. Horizontal rectus muscles were adjusted when necessary. Silicon-treated polyester suture material (Ti-cron; United States Surgical, Norwalk, CT no longer available), 6-0, were used for inferior rectus recessions. Ocular alignment was set at ortho at the end of surgery and evaluated at 2 days, 6 weeks, and 3 months after surgery. The typical hang-back procedure was to lock the suture at the middle and edges of the tendon or muscle at the intended disinsertion point. The tendon was then disinserted and hung back from the original insertion with adjustments until the desired position (ortho) and single vision were attained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients remained comfortable throughout surgery and had no significant postoperative discomfort. All patients except 2 (16.6%) maintained satisfactory vertical alignment (<2 prism diopters). These 2 patients with dysthyroid orbitopathy had progressive overcorrection after inferior rectus recession.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SSASS, using intravenous midazolam, fentanyl, and topical anesthesia, is a safe and precise alternative treatment for patients with restrictive strabismus including those with dysthyroid orbitopathy.
authors.affiliation: Wills Eye Hospital, 840 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
authors.forename: Pradeep
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Reinecke
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000758:Anesthesia; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam; D008875:Middle Aged; D009916:Orbital Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013285:Strabismus / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D013536:Suture Techniques; D013959:Thyroid Diseases / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008874:Midazolam; D005283:Fentanyl