title: Prostaglandin E2 is an enhancer of interleukin-1beta-induced expression of membrane-associated prostaglandin E synthase in rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Membrane-associated prostaglandin E synthase (mPGES) is a recently identified terminal enzyme of the arachidonic acid cascade, which converts PGH(2) to PGE(2) in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts (RASFs). This study was undertaken to investigate factors regulating the expression of mPGES.
  
  
  METHODS
  RASFs were treated with interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), indomethacin, NS-398, rofecoxib, or meloxicam. The effects of PGE(2) and selective agonists for PGE(2) receptor subtypes (EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4) were also studied. Expression of mPGES messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein was measured by Northern and Western blot analysis, respectively. EP receptor mRNA expression in RASFs was determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Production of PGE(2) and cAMP was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The enhanced expression of mPGES mRNA and protein in IL-1beta-stimulated RASFs was attenuated by the addition of indomethacin, NS-398, rofecoxib, or meloxicam. This reduction of expression was reversed by PGE(2). IL-1beta-induced PGES activity, measured by conversion of PGH(2) to PGE(2), was decreased by rofecoxib. EP2 and EP4 receptor mRNA was detected in RASFs. EP2 and EP4 agonists, as well as PGE(2), restored the inhibitory effect of rofecoxib on mPGES expression. The effect of PGE(2) was mimicked by forskolin, a direct activator of adenylate cyclase. Intracellular cAMP was increased by IL-1beta and was inhibited by rofecoxib.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Enhancement of mPGES expression by PGE(2) via the EP2/EP4 receptors with an increase in cAMP may play an important role in articular inflammation in patients with RA. It also seems that cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibitors decrease PGE(2) production not only by direct inhibition of COX-2, but also by reducing mPGES expression in activated RASFs.
authors.affiliation: St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Fumiaki
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kojima
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Naraba
authors.forename: Yasuharu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Moroe
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beppu
authors.forename: Haruhito
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aoki
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kawai
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005576:Colforsin / Q000494:pharmacology; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D019746:Intramolecular Oxidoreductases / Q000235:genetics*; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics; D007783:Lactones / Q000494:pharmacology; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D000071876:Prostaglandin-E Synthases; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D018078:Receptors, Prostaglandin E / Q000819:agonists / Q000235:genetics; D058307:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype; D058309:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype; D013450:Sulfones; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D007375:Interleukin-1; D007527:Isoenzymes; D007783:Lactones; D008565:Membrane Proteins; C545644:PTGER2 protein, human; C545650:PTGER4 protein, human; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018078:Receptors, Prostaglandin E; D058307:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype; D058309:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype; D013450:Sulfones; C116926:rofecoxib; D005576:Colforsin; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D019746:Intramolecular Oxidoreductases; D000071876:Prostaglandin-E Synthases; D015232:Dinoprostone