title: Genetic heterogeneity and ploidy level analysis among different gynogenetic clones of the polyploid gibel carp.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Some triploid and tetraploid clones have been identified in the gynogenetic gibel carp, Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch, by karyotypic and cytologic analyses over many years. Further, 5-20% males and karyotypic diversity have been found among their natural and artificial populations. However, the DNA contents and the relation to their ploidy level and chromosome numbers have not been ascertained, and whether normal meiosis occurs in spermatogenesis needs to be determined in the different clones.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sampled blood cells or sperms were mixed with blood cells from chicken or individual gibel carp and fixed in 70% pre-cooled ethanol overnight at 4 degrees C. The mixed cell pellets were washed 2-3 times in 1x phosphate buffered saline and then resuspended in the solution containing 0.5% pepsin and 0.1 M HCl. DNA was stained with propidium iodide solution (40 microg/mL) containing 4 kU/ml RNase. The measurements of DNA contents were performed with Phoenix Flow Systems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Triploid clones A, E, F, and P had almost equal DNA content, but triploid clone D had greater DNA content than did the other four triploid clones. DNA content of clone M (7.01 +/- 0.15 pg/nucleus) was almost equal to the DNA content of clone D (5.38 +/- 0.06 pg/nucleus) plus the DNA content of common carp sperm (1.64 +/- 0.02 pg/nucleus). The DNA contents of sperms from clones A, P, and D were half of their blood cells, suggesting that normal meiosis occurs in spermatogenesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Flow cytometry is a powerful method to analyze genetic heterogeneity and ploidy level among different gynogenetic clones of polyploid gibel carp. Through this study, four questions have been answered. (a) The DNA content correlation among the five triploid clones and one multiple tetraploid clone was revealed in the gibel carp, and the contents increased with not only the ploidy level but also the chromosome number. (b) Mean DNA content was 0.052 pg in six extra chromosomes of clone D, which was higher than that of each chromosome in clones A, E, F, and P (about 0.032 pg/chromosome). This means that the six extra chromosomes are larger chromosomes. (c) Normal meiosis occurred during spermatogenesis of the gibel carp, because DNA contents of the sperms from clones A, P, and D were almost half of that in their blood cells. (d) Multiple tetraploid clone M (7.01 +/- 0.15 pg/nucleus) contained the complete genome of clone D (5.38 +/- 0.06 pg/nucleus) and the genome of common carp sperm (1.64 +/- 0.02 pg/nucleus).
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Wuhan Center for Developmental Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430-072, China.
authors.forename: Wen-Hui
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yi-Bing
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Jian-Fang
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Gui
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001773:Blood Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D002347:Carps; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D002645:Chickens; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods*; D018740:Genetic Heterogeneity; D007621:Karyotyping; D008297:Male; D008540:Meiosis; D011003:Ploidies; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004247:DNA