title: Peptic ulcer disease and calcium intake as risk factors of osteoporosis in women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low dietary intake and decreased absorption of calcium are known as important risk factors of osteoporosis. Peptic ulcer disease may be accompanied by dietary restrictions influencing negatively calcium intake. Inflammation of gastric and duodenal mucosa as well as alkali used may significantly decrease calcium absorption. Additionally, bone metabolism may be changed by inflammatory mediators released as a result of mucosal inflammation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Comparison of bone mineral density and calcium dietary intake in women with and without (control group) peptic ulcer disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and sixty-three women were studied: 143 (mean age 60.3 years) with peptic ulcer disease diagnosed by endoscopy and/or upper gastrointestinal X-ray, and 120 (mean age 58.4 years) as controls. History of alimentary tract diseases and presence of risk factors of osteoporosis, as well as history of hormone replacement therapy, were collected based on specially designed questionnaires. Women with present risk factors of secondary osteoporosis and with previously diagnosed osteoporosis were excluded. The calcium dietary intake was determined using a standard questionnaire assessing milk and milk products intake as well as calcium supplementation when used. Bone mineral density of the lumbar spine and femoral bone was determined by DXA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women with peptic ulcer disease not using hormone replacement therapy had lower bone mineral density in all studied regions as compared to control group without peptic ulcer disease. In the subgroup not using hormone replacement therapy all studied values differed significantly. In the smaller subgroup of women using hormone replacement therapy not all values were statistically significant. There was no statistical significance between studied groups in dietary calcium intake as milk, milk products, and calcium supplements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Calcium intake in women with ulcer disease is similar to healthy subjects. Peptic ulcer disease is an independent risk factor for osteoporosis in women.
authors.affiliation: Mineral Metabolism and Bone Diseases Unit, National Food and Nutrition Institute, Powsinska Street 61/63, 02-903, Warsaw, Poland. sawicki@osteomed.pl
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sawicki
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Regula
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Godwod
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Debinski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005260:Female; D005272:Femur Neck / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D008892:Milk; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D010437:Peptic Ulcer / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary