title: Is adenovirus a fetal pathogen?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to test the relationship between adenovirus genetic material in the amniotic fluid and adverse pregnancy outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective, observational study of women who were referred in the second trimester of gestation for either genetic amniocentesis or evaluation of fetal malformation. A 2-mL aliquot of amniotic fluid was subjected to multiplex polymerase chain reaction for a panel of viruses that included adenovirus and human genome controls. Fetuses with an abnormal karyotype were excluded from analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of adenovirus was similar in normal (39/652) and anomalous fetuses (23/364; chi(2) test, P=.376). There was significant seasonal variation in the prevalence in both normal and anomalous fetuses (chi(2) exact test, P<.001), but no significant difference between groups. The monthly proportion of patients who underwent amniocentesis remained constant throughout the year (mean, 8.3%; chi(2) test, P=.67). Central nervous system anomalies and echogenic liver foci were significantly more common among fetuses with positive amniotic fluid polymerase chain reaction results for adenovirus (P<.005, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adenovirus is found in a similar prevalence and seasonal variation in sonographically normal and abnormal pregnancies. Although a specific fetal presentation was not identified, echogenic liver lesions with or without hydrops and neural tube defects were significantly more common in the presence of adenovirus. The significance of these findings deserves further study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Advanced Fetal Care, University of Maryland, Baltimore 21201, USA. aabaschat@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Ahmet A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Baschat
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Towbin
authors.forename: Neil E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Bowles
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Harman
authors.forename: Carl P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Weiner
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D000257:Adenoviridae Infections; D000649:Amniocentesis; D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000821:virology*; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000821:virology*; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000821:virology*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D009436:Neural Tube Defects / Q000821:virology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012621:Seasons; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral