title: Regional variation in the cost effectiveness of childhood hepatitis A immunization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Routine childhood hepatitis A immunization is recommended in regions with incidence rates twice the national average, but it may be cost-effective in a wider geographic area.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the costs and benefits of potential hepatitis A immunization of healthy US children in regions with varying hepatitis A incidences.
  
  
  METHODS
  We considered vaccination of the 2000 US birth cohort in states defined by historic hepatitis A incidence rates. Infections among potential vaccinees and their personal contacts were predicted from age 2 through 85 years. Net vaccination costs were estimated from health system and societal perspectives and were compared with life-years saved and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) gained using a 3% discount rate. RESULTS Nationally vaccination would prevent >75 000 cases of overt hepatitis A disease. Approximately two-thirds of health benefits would accrue to personal contacts rather than to vaccinees themselves. In states with incidence rates of > or =200%, 100 to 199%, 50 to 99% and <50% the national average, societal costs per QALY gained would be <0, <0, 13,800 and 63,000 US dollars, respectively. Nationally vaccination would cost 9100 US dollars per QALY gained from the perspective of the health system and 1400 US dollars per QALY gained from society's perspective. Results are most sensitive to vaccination costs and rates of disease transmission through personal contact.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Childhood hepatitis A vaccination is most cost-effective in areas with the highest incidence rates but would also meet accepted standards of economic efficiency in most of the US. A national immunization policy would prevent substantial morbidity and mortality, with cost effectiveness similar to that of other childhood immunizations.
authors.affiliation: Capitol Outcomes Research, Inc, Alexandria, VA 22310, USA. Jake.Jacobs@CapitolOutcomesResearch.com
authors.forename: R Jake
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.forename: Raymond S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Koff
authors.forename: Sammy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saab
authors.forename: Allen S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Meyerhoff
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006506:Hepatitis A / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D022362:Hepatitis A Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics*; D017957:Hepatitis A Virus, Human / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D017589:Immunization Programs / Q000191:economics*; D007115:Immunization Schedule; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008390:Markov Chains; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017678:Sex Distribution; D015996:Survival Rate; D014481:United States; D014611:Vaccination / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D022362:Hepatitis A Vaccines