title: Ventilator-associated pneumonia in intubated children: comparison of different diagnostic methods.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare different methods for diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia in intubated children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective epidemiologic study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pediatric intensive care unit of a tertiary care university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  All consecutive pediatric intensive care unit patients <18 yrs of age with suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia.
  
  
  METHODS
  For all patients, the following diagnostic methods were compared: 1) clinical data using Centers for Disease Control criteria; 2) blind protected bronchoalveolar lavage, evaluating quantitative cultures, bacterial index of >5, Gram stain, and presence of intracellular bacteria; and 3) nonquantitative cultures of endotracheal secretions. The reference standard used was clinical judgment of three independent experts (Delphi method) who retrospectively established by consensus the presence of ventilator-associated pneumonia based on clinical, microbiological, and radiologic data. Concordance between each diagnostic method and the reference standard was evaluated by concordance percentage and kappa score. Validity was evaluated using sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and global value.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 30 patients were included in the study. According to the reference standard, ventilator-associated pneumonia occurred in 10 of 30 patients (33%). Bacterial index of >5 in bronchoalveolar secretions showed the best concordance compared with the reference standard (concordance, 83%; kappa, 0.61). Bacterial index of >5 also showed the best validity (sensitivity, 78%; specificity, 86%; positive predictive value, 70%; negative predictive value, 90%; global value, 90%). Intracellular bacteria and Gram stain from bronchoalveolar secretions were very specific (95% and 81%, respectively) but not sensitive (30% and 50%, respectively). Clinical criteria and endotracheal cultures were very sensitive (100% and 90%, respectively) but poorly specific (15% and 40%, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data show that the most reliable diagnostic method for ventilator-associated pneumonia is a bacterial index of >5, using blind protected bronchoalveolar lavage. Further studies should evaluate the validity of all these methods according to the gold standard (autopsy).
authors.affiliation: Hópital Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: France
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gauvin
authors.forename: Clément
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dassa
authors.forename: Mahamadou
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chaïbou
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Proulx
authors.forename: Catherine Ann
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Farrell
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lacroix
mesh_terms: D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000382:microbiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D008297:Male; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014132:Trachea / Q000382:microbiology*; D012122:Ventilators, Mechanical / Q000009:adverse effects*