title: Progesterone induces the proliferation of urothelial cells in an epidermal growth factor dependent manner.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We have previously reported that estrogen induced proliferation of urothelial cells is modulated by nerve growth factor (NGF). In this study we investigated whether progesterone induces urothelial cell proliferation and whether this effect is modulated by NGF or by epidermal growth factor (EGF).
  
  
  METHODS
  Experiments were performed using human urothelial cells immortalized by human papillomavirus E6. Cell proliferation was determined using the alamarBlue (Trek Diagnostic, Westlake, New York) assay. Human papillomavirus were seeded in 48-well plates. They were incubated with 5% alamarBlue and different concentrations of progesterone, EGF or NGF in the presence or absence of neutralizing EGF or NGF antibody, K252a (an inhibitor of trkA, the high affinity receptor for NGF), Ru-486 (an antagonist of progesterone and glucocorticoid receptor) or ZK 137 316 (a specific antagonist of progesterone receptor). Immunoblotting was performed using specific antibodies for progesterone receptor, glucocorticoid receptor or EGF receptor. EGF content in conditioned medium was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the presence of 10 nM to 1 microM progesterone urothelial cell proliferation was significantly increased 8.6% to 51.1%. This effect was abolished by ZK137 316 or by Ru-486. Hydrocortisone also induced urothelial cell proliferation. This effect was blocked by Ru-486 but not by ZK137 316. In addition, progesterone stimulated urothelial cell proliferation was inhibited by neutralizing EGF antibody but not by NGF antiserum or K252a. We also found that EGF synthesis and release by urothelial cells was increased by exogenous progesterone. This effect of progesterone was inhibited by ZK 137 316.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that progesterone has the capacity to induce urothelial cell proliferation through its cognate receptor and this effect is mediated by EGF but not by NGF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Teng
authors.forename: Z Y
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Bjorling
mesh_terms: D002227:Carbazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006727:Hormone Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D026121:Indole Alkaloids; D015735:Mifepristone / Q000494:pharmacology; D020932:Nerve Growth Factor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011374:Progesterone / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000187:drug effects; D013256:Steroids / Q000494:pharmacology; D019459:Urothelium / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: C422565:13beta-methyl 19-nor-steroid; D002227:Carbazoles; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006727:Hormone Antagonists; D026121:Indole Alkaloids; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D013256:Steroids; D015735:Mifepristone; D011374:Progesterone; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D020932:Nerve Growth Factor; C049985:staurosporine aglycone; D006854:Hydrocortisone