title: Coronary vascular dysfunction associated with direct current shock injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if cardiac injury following DC shocks includes impairment of coronary vascular reactivity.
  
  
  METHODS
  36 dogs (18-32 kg) were anesthetized and a thoracotomy was performed. Either antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD, 15,000 U/kg) plus catalase (55,000 U/kg) or the NO synthase inhibitor N(G)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA, 5 mg/kg) was administered IV prior to sham (no shocks) or DC shock treatment, and the results were compared to dogs which did not receive SOD/catalase or L-NNA. In sham dogs, electrodes cradled the heart, but no shocks were delivered. In shock dogs, three 20 Joule DC shocks were delivered to the epicardium using hand-held paddles. Other dogs were allowed a 3-hour recovery period after the shocks. Epicardial microvessels and conduit rings were studied in vitro. Antagonists were not added to the bath of the study vessel. Internal diameter was measured in microvessels after constriction with endothelin. Tension of conduit arteries was measured after constriction with PGF(2alpha). Responses to acetylcholine (Ach, 10(-10)-10(-4) M), bradykinin (10(-14)-10(-6) M), the calcium ionophore A23187 (A23187, 10(-12)-10(-4) M) or nitroprusside (SNP, 10(-10)-10(-4) M) were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bradykinin, A23187 and SNP dependent dilation was not different between vessels from sham and shocked animals. Dilation to Ach was attenuated in vessels from shocked dogs. Superoxide production probably contributed to the impaired dilation to Ach since treatment with SOD/catalase improved dilation. Treatment with L-NNA also improved vascular function after DC shock.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DC shocks cause endothelial dysfunction, as demonstrated by impaired dilation to acetylcholine, in both canine coronary microvascular and conduit arteries. Since pretreatment with either SOD/catalase or L-NNA protects against this damage, a free radical mechanism, possibly involving eNOS, may contribute to endothelial dysfunction.DC shocks for cardioversion and defibrillation cause myocardial injury that may be free radical mediated.
authors.affiliation: The Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA. christine-oltman@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Christine L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Oltman
authors.forename: Craig B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Neal L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Kane
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: David D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Gutterman
authors.forename: Kevin C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Dellsperger
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Kerber
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002374:Catalase / Q000494:pharmacology; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004285:Dogs; D004554:Electric Countershock / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004556:Electric Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000187:drug effects; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000494:pharmacology; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D001120:Arginine; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D000109:Acetylcholine