title: Physician variation in test ordering in the management of gastroenteritis in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the variation among physicians in test ordering when caring for children with gastroenteritis and to explore the effect of hospital charge information on such variation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, nonmasked, observational study and controlled trial of price information.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urban, university-affiliated pediatric emergency department.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pediatric emergency medicine faculty (n = 10) and fellows (n = 5).
  
  
  METHODS
  Test-ordering practices were reviewed during 3 periods: control, intervention, and washout. During the intervention period, test charge information was placed on patients' emergency department records. Telephone contact with families was initiated 7 days after care.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included 3198 visits. Individual physician mean test charges varied more than 2-fold during the control period (mean, 127 US dollars; range, 82 US dollars-185 US dollars). Based on their test charges (control period), physicians were assigned to the "high" (n = 8) or "low" (n = 7) test user group. Differences in mean charges in high vs low test users during the control period (144 US dollars vs 112 US dollars) persisted in the intervention period (80 US dollars vs 52 US dollars; Mann-Whitney P =.01), as did rates of intravenous fluid use (20% vs 14% in both periods). Among the lowest-acuity patients, low test users exhibited greater price sensitivity (vs high users). Patients treated by low test users did not differ in improved condition (82% vs 86%) or family satisfaction (93% vs 92%); they had more unscheduled follow-up (25% vs 17%; P<.01), but were no more often admitted (5% vs 3%; P =.11).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physicians varied in resource use when treating children with gastroenteritis. High and low test users were sensitive to price information. This intervention did not seem to compromise patient outcome.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Northwestern University's Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill., USA. epowell@northwestern.edu
authors.forename: Elizabeth C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: Louis C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Hampers
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002669:Child Welfare; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003955:Diagnostic Tests, Routine / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019468:Disease Management; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005249:Fees and Charges / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007229:Infant Welfare; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010820:Physicians / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014504:Urban Health