title: Association between extracellular water, left ventricular mass and hypertension in haemodialysis patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) are present in the majority of patients undergoing haemodialysis (HD). These two pathologies persist after dialysis onset, and pharmacological therapy is often required for adequate control of blood pressure (BP). Although fluid overload is a determinant of hypertension, clinical assessment of this parameter remains difficult and unsatisfactory. Bioimpedance analysis (BIA) spectroscopy and the relative determination of extracellular water (ECW%) may provide a simple and inexpensive tool for investigating fluid overload. We studied 110 patients on thrice-weekly HD to determine whether ECW body content correlates with hypertension and LVH in this patient population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hypertension was determined according to the WHO criteria (office BP >/= 140/90 and/or the use of antihypertensive therapy). Twenty-four hour BP monitoring and echocardiography were performed on midweek inter-HD days. Blood chemistries, dialysis dose (spKt/V) and bioimpedance were analysed on midweek HD days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hypertension was present in 74.5% of patients. There were no differences for age, spKt/V, haemoglobin, serum creatinine and residual renal function between normotensive and hypertensive patients. Twenty-four hour systolic BP (SBP), 24 h diastolic BP and 24 h pulse pressure were higher in hypertensive patients, in spite of antihypertensive therapy. LVH was present in 61.8% of patients. BIA revealed that ECW% was increased in LVH+ patients (LVH+ = 47.5 +/- 7.9%, LVH- = 42.4 +/- 6.2%, P = 0.01) and in hypertensive patients compared with normotensives (46.5 +/- 7.7% vs 43 +/- 7.2%, P = 0.02). Dry body weights and inter-HD body weight increases did not differ between hypertensive and normotensive patients nor between patients with or without LVH. ECW was correlated with SBP (r = 0.35, P < 0.01) and with left ventricular mass index (LVMi(g/sqm)) (r = 0.49, P < 0.001). A stepwise multiple linear regression model revealed that LVMi(g/sqm) was significantly correlated with ECW%, SBP and male gender (r = 0.65, P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LVH and hypertension are present in a majority of HD patients and they are closely correlated with one another. We found associations between fluid load, measured by BIA and expressed as ECW, and BP and LVM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology-Dialysis, Silvestrini Hospital, Perugia, Italy. rmfag@tin.it
authors.forename: Riccardo Maria
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Fagugli
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pasini
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Quintaliani
authors.forename: Franca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pasticci
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ciao
authors.forename: Beatrice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cicconi
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ricciardi
authors.forename: Paola Vittoria
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Santirosi
authors.forename: Emanuela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Buoncristiani
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Timio
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Valente
authors.forename: Umberto
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Buoncristiani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001825:Body Fluid Compartments / Q000502:physiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D017097:Electric Impedance; D045604:Extracellular Fluid / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D014463:Ultrasonography