title: Bladder substitution.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Radical cystectomy and urinary diversion is the accepted standard of care for invasive bladder cancer, with orthotopic neobladders as the preferred method of bladder substitution in male and female patients. Last year's studies and reports on this subject are summarized and reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Today, most patients considered candidates for radical cystectomy, independent of sex, are potential candidates for orthotopic bladder substitution. It has been shown that orthotopic bladder replacement is well tolerated and feasible even in selected patients with locally advanced tumors with or without positive nodes. The complication rates for orthotopic bladder substitutes are similar to, or lower than, the morbidity rates after conduit formation or continent cutaneous diversion. It has been shown that an afferent tubular segment without any antireflux flap-valve-type implantation techniques protects the upper urinary tract adequately for more than a decade. The true impact of the chosen type of urinary diversion on distress symptoms, quality of life and patients' well-being among survivors of bladder cancer remains controversial and requires further clinical investigation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The excellent functional outcome and voiding pattern with orthotopic bladder substitution, even in the long-term, argues in favor of this technique as the preferred method for lower urinary tract reconstruction following radical cystectomy for invasive bladder cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Ulm, Prittwitz-Strasse 43, 89075 Ulm, Germany. juergen.gschwend@medizin.uni-ulm.de
authors.forename: Jürgen E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Gschwend
mesh_terms: D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000601:surgery*; D015653:Cystectomy; D006801:Humans; D007082:Ileum / Q000637:transplantation*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods; D009017:Morbidity; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D011788:Quality of Life; D014523:Urethral Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D014547:Urinary Diversion / Q000379:methods*; D016476:Urinary Reservoirs, Continent; D014554:Urination