The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) translocon can differentiate between hydrophobic sequences allowing signals for glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor addition to be fully translocated into the ER lumen.
The signal sequence within polypeptide chains that designates whether a protein is to be anchored to the membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor is characterized by a carboxyl-terminal hydrophobic domain preceded by a short hydrophilic spacer linked to the GPI anchor attachment (omega) site. The hydrophobic domain within the GPI anchor signal sequence is very similar to a transmembrane domain within a stop transfer sequence. To investigate whether the GPI anchor signal sequence is translocated across or integrated into the endoplasmic reticulum membrane we studied the translocation, GPI anchor addition, and glycosylation of different variants of a model GPI-anchored protein. Our results unequivocally demonstrated that the hydrophobic domain within a GPI signal cannot act as a transmembrane domain and is fully translocated even when followed by an authentic charged cytosolic tail sequence. However, a single amino acid change within the hydrophobic domain of the GPI-signal converts it into a transmembrane domain that is fully integrated into the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. These results demonstrated that the translocation machinery can recognize and differentiate subtle changes in hydrophobic sequence allowing either full translocation or membrane integration.
Dalley
Jane A
JA
School of Biological Sciences, 2.205 Stopford Building, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom.
Bulleid
Neil J
NJ
D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism*; D006031:Glycosylation; D017261:Glycosylphosphatidylinositols / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000378:metabolism; D020014:K562 Cells; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D021382:Protein Sorting Signals; D021381:Protein Transport; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
C028391:G protein, vesicular stomatitis virus; D017261:Glycosylphosphatidylinositols; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D021382:Protein Sorting Signals; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins