title: Intolerance to dietary biogenic amines: a review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the scientific evidence for purported intolerance to dietary biogenic amines.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE was searched for articles in the English language published between January 1966 and August 2001. The keyword biogenic amin* was combined with hypersens*, allerg*, intoler*, and adverse. Additionally, the keywords histamine, tyramine, and phenylethylamine were combined with headache, migraine, urticaria, oral challenge, and oral provocation. Articles were also selected from references in relevant literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Only oral challenge studies in susceptible patients were considered. Studies with positive results (ie, studies in which an effect was reported) were only eligible when a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design was used. Eligible positive result studies were further evaluated according to a number of scientific criteria. Studies with negative results (ie, studies in which no effect was reported) were examined for factors in their design or methods that could be responsible for a false-negative outcome. Results of methodologically weak or flawed studies were considered inconclusive.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 13 oral challenge studies (5 with positive results and 8 with negative results) were found. Three of them (all with positive results) were considered ineligible. By further evaluation of the 10 eligible studies, 6 were considered inconclusive. The 4 conclusive studies all reported negative results. One conclusive study showed no relation between biogenic amines in red wine and wine intolerance. Two conclusive studies found no effect of tyramine on migraine. One conclusive study demonstrated no relation between the amount of phenylethylamine in chocolate and headache attacks in individuals with headache.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current scientific literature shows no relation between the oral ingestion of biogenic amines and food intolerance reactions. There is therefore no scientific basis for dietary recommendations concerning biogenic amines in such patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Epidemiology, TNO Nutrition and Food Research, Zeist, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sophia C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: Marijke
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Dusseldorp
authors.forename: Kathelijne C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Bottema
authors.forename: Anthony E J
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Dubois
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D001679:Biogenic Amines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D002099:Cacao / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D002648:Child; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D004032:Diet; D005512:Food Hypersensitivity / Q000209:etiology*; D006261:Headache / Q000139:chemically induced; D006632:Histamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced; D010627:Phenethylamines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D012107:Research Design; D014439:Tyramine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D014920:Wine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D001679:Biogenic Amines; D010627:Phenethylamines; D006632:Histamine; D014439:Tyramine