title: The laryngeal and esophageal manifestations of Sjögren's syndrome.
abstract: Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is the syndrome caused by the backflow of gastric contents into the upper aerodigestive tract. Acid and pepsin in the pharynx, larynx, oral cavity, and trachea have been associated with dysphonia, chronic cough, reactive airway disease, middle ear effusion, throat pain, excessive throat mucus, postnasal drip, dental caries, and laryngeal cancer. The symptoms of LPR frequently occur in the absence of heartburn and esophagitis, and, thus, the diagnosis may be elusive. Individuals with Sjögren's syndrome are predisposed to reflux, and a high index of suspicion for LPR must be maintained in all individuals with the disease. This manuscript describes the laryngeal, pharyngeal, and esophageal manifestations of reflux in patients with Sjögren's syndrome and reviews state-of-the-art diagnostic and treatment strategies.
authors.affiliation: Scripps Center for Voice and Swallowing, 9888 Genesee Avenue, #128, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. pcb@san.rr.com
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Belafsky
authors.forename: Gregory N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Postma
mesh_terms: D004945:Esophagoscopy; D004947:Esophagus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007830:Larynx / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010038:Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010614:Pharynx / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012859:Sjogren's Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology