title: Erythropoietin is a multifunctional tissue-protective cytokine.
abstract: Erythropoietin (EPO) was originally identified as a hormone produced by the adult kidney to facilitate optimum delivery of oxygen to tissue beds by adjustment of the circulating erythrocyte mass. The cloning of the EPO gene, subsequent production of recombinant protein, and successful introduction into clinical practice for the treatment of the anemia of renal failure is a triumph of biotechnology. However, molecular biologic studies have established that EPO is a member of the cytokine superfamily, with significant homology to mediators of growth and inflammation. Therefore, it is not surprising that additional biologic functions for this protein have been identified. Results from studies have shown that EPO and its receptor are widely expressed in embryonic and adult tissues, including the central nervous system, gut, kidney, muscle (eg, smooth, skeletal, and heart), uterus, retina, pancreas, gonads, and lung. We review the evidence that EPO and its receptor function as a paracrine/autocrine system to mediate the protection of tissues subjected to metabolic stress.
authors.affiliation: The Kenneth S. Warren Institute, 712 Kitchawan Road, Kitchawan, NY 10562, USA. mbrines@kswi.org
authors.forename: Serhat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Erbayraktar
authors.forename: Osman
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Yilmaz
authors.forename: Necati
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gökmen
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brines
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000502:physiology*; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009424:Nervous System Physiological Phenomena; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D017467:Receptors, Erythropoietin / Q000502:physiology; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D017467:Receptors, Erythropoietin; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D004921:Erythropoietin