title: Nonopioid and adjuvant analgesics in chronic pain management: strategies for effective use.
abstract: Nonopioid and adjuvant analgesics encompass a huge range of heterogenous drugs that differ chemically and mechanistically. These drugs generally are prescribed for mild-to-moderate pain, as coanalgesics for severe pain, or to target specific pain-generating mechanisms. This article provides an overview of some of the more commonly used nonopioid and adjuvant analgesics used to treat chronic pain, including salicylates, acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, tricyclic antidepressants, anticonvulsants, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor antagonists, lidocaine, skeletal muscle relaxants, and topical analgesics.
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin Hospital & Clinics, 600 Highland Avenue, F6/121-1535, Madison, WI 53792, USA. db.gordon@hosp.wisc.edu
authors.forename: Debra B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Gordon
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant / Q000379:methods* / Q000451:nursing; D002908:Chronic Disease; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000379:methods / Q000451:nursing; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009730:Nursing Assessment; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods / Q000451:nursing; D018579:Patient Selection; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D012459:Salicylates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000927:Anticonvulsants; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D012459:Salicylates; D000082:Acetaminophen; D008012:Lidocaine