title: TNFR1 mediates the radioprotective effects of lipopolysaccharide in the mouse intestine.
abstract: LPS is radioprotective in the mouse small intestine through a mechanism that includes the synthesis of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and PGE2. The goal of this study was to identify the intermediate steps in this process. We used wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice and knockouts for tumor necrosis factor receptors 1 and 2 (TNFR1-/-, TNFR2-/-) and recombination-activating gene 1-/- mice. Mice were given parenteral LPS and then subjected to 12 Gy total body gamma irradiation. The number of surviving intestinal crypts was assessed 3.5 days after irradiation using a clonogenic assay. Crypt cell apoptosis was assessed by histology. Parenteral administration of LPS induced COX-2 expression, PGE2 production, and radioprotection in WT and TNFR2-/- mice but not in TNFR1-/- mice. TNFR1-/- mice were radioprotected by administration of exogenous 16,16-dimethyl PGE2. Immunohistochemical studies localized TNFR1 and COX-2 expression to subeptihelial fibroblasts and villus epithelial cells. Radiation-induced apoptosis was reduced by pretreatment with LPS in WT and TNFR2-/- mice but not in TNFR1-/- mice. In the absence of LPS, crypt survival was elevated in TNFR1-/- when compared with WT mice. These findings demonstrate that TNFR1 function is required for LPS-induced radioprotection in C57BL/6 mice and define an essential role for TNFR1 function in the induction of COX-2 expression and PGE2 production in this process. The immunolocalization of TNFR1 and COX-2 expression to subepithelial fibroblasts following LPS administration suggests that this cell type plays an intermediate role in LPS-induced radioprotection in the intestine.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
authors.forename: Terrence E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Riehl
authors.forename: Rodney D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Newberry
authors.forename: Robin G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Lorenz
authors.forename: William F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Stenson
mesh_terms: D015064:16,16-Dimethylprostaglandin E2 / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D015153:Blotting, Western; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000737:chemistry; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007422:Intestines / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009578:Nitrobenzenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I; D047889:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D014916:Whole-Body Irradiation
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D009578:Nitrobenzenes; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I; D047889:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II; D013449:Sulfonamides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C080955:N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D015232:Dinoprostone; D015064:16,16-Dimethylprostaglandin E2