title: Reproductive and contraceptive characteristics of premenopausal kidney transplant recipients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To obtain information on menstrual patterns before and after transplantation, desire for future pregnancy, and use of contraception among premenopausal kidney transplant recipients.
  
  
  METHODS
  This observational study collected information using self-administered anonymous questionnaires during a routine outpatient clinic visit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 107 women who completed the questionnaire, 41 identified themselves as being premenopausal. Among the 41 premenopausal women, approximately half of the women reported their current menstrual patterns as normal and 26% were not using any form of contraception. Overall, 10 women (24%) reported a desire to become pregnant and 4 women (10%) had a successful pregnancy after transplantation. Most of the women who desired a future pregnancy (8/10) were receiving an immunosuppressive regimen that included mycophenolate mofetil.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Kidney transplantation in the current era is associated with a return of normal menstrual function in the majority of female transplant recipients. A substantial fraction of women desire pregnancy after transplantation and many are using an immunosuppressive drug with limited safety data on use during pregnancy. More caution should be used with the use of newer immunosuppressive agents in sexually active premenopausal transplant recipients until more safety data are available.
authors.affiliation: Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, III, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass, USA.
authors.forename: Holly J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Mattix Kramer
authors.forename: Nina E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Tolkoff-Rubin
authors.forename: Winfred W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: A Benedict
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Cosimi
authors.forename: Manuel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pascual
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003268:Contraception Behavior / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005193:Family Planning Services; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000523:psychology*; D008598:Menstruation / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology*; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017697:Premenopause / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology*; D043762:Reproductive Behavior / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012449:Safety; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents