title: Reduced risk of neonatal respiratory infections among breastfed girls but not boys.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effect of breastfeeding on community-acquired neonatal infections has not been well studied, although the neonatal period is one of special vulnerability to infectious pathogens. Respiratory tract infections are the neonatal infection most commonly diagnosed after nursery discharge. We therefore chose respiratory tract infections diagnosed after nursery discharge as representative of neonatal community-acquired infection and studied the impact of breastfeeding on this neonatal infection syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  An unmatched nested case-control study was performed within a previously defined study cohort of 13 224 mother-infant pairs delivering between October 1, 1990, and March 31, 1998. Infants who were delivered at < 37 weeks' gestation were excluded. Neonatal respiratory tract infections were defined using modified National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System criteria and were included in the case series when diagnosed after nursery discharge and at age < or =30 days. Infant feeding status during the first month of life was ascertained using automated text search of electronic medical records and was categorized as exclusive breastfeeding, mixed feeding, or exclusive formula feeding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 241 neonatal respiratory tract infections were found, and 1205 control subjects were selected. Compared with control subjects, case infants were more often born during the winter respiratory syncytial virus season (48% vs 33%), more likely to have a sibling present (70% vs 54%), and more likely to be a member of a socioeconomically at-risk family (24% vs 18%). Case patients were less likely to be exclusively breastfed (38% vs 44%) and equally likely to be exposed to mixed feeding (35% vs 34%) relative to control subjects. When compared with formula feeding only, the odds ratio (OR) of exclusive breastfeeding was 0.70 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.49-0.99) and that of mixed feeding was 0.83 (95% CI: 0.58-1.2). However, when stratified by infant sex, the inverse association between breastfeeding and risk of neonatal respiratory tract infection was confined to neonatal girls, for whom the unadjusted ORs associated with breastfeeding only and mixed feeding were 0.5 (95% CI: 0.29-0.78) and 0.6 (95% CI: 0.35-0.93), respectively. There was no meaningful association between breastfeeding and risk of neonatal respiratory tract infection among neonatal boys, for whom the unadjusted ORs associated with breastfeeding only and mixed feeding were 1.1 (95% CI: 0.63-1.8) and 1.3 (95% CI: 0.74-2.1), respectively. After adjustment for year of birth, season of birth, siblings, and socioeconomic status, both exclusive breastfeeding and mixed feeding remained protective among girls, with ORs of 0.5 (0.29-0.78) and 0.6 (0.34-0.93), respectively. The corresponding ORs for boys were 1.1 (0.64-2.0) and 1.4 (0.78-2.4).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Breastfeeding was inversely associated with reduced risk of neonatal respiratory tract infections in girls but not in boys. Breastfeeding may confer protection against some community-acquired infections as early as the first month of life.
authors.affiliation: Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. anushua.sinha@channing.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Anushua
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sinha
authors.forename: Jeanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Madden
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ross-Degnan
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Soumerai
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Platt
mesh_terms: D001900:Boston / Q000453:epidemiology; D001942:Breast Feeding; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007225:Infant Food; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors