title: Focal origin of atrial tachycardia in dogs with rapid ventricular pacing-induced heart failure.
abstract: Mapping and Ablation of Atrial Tachycardia in Heart Failure.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Dogs with rapid ventricular pacing-induced congestive heart failure (CHF) have inducible atrial tachycardia (AT), with a mechanism consistent with delayed afterdepolarization-mediated triggered activity. We assessed the hypothesis that AT has a focal origin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-one CHF dogs undergoing 3 to 4 weeks of ventricular pacing at 235 beats/min were studied. Biatrial epicardial mapping of 20 sustained AT episodes (cycle length [CL], 175 +/- 53 msec) in 5 dogs revealed an area of earliest activation in the right atrial (RA) free wall (13 episodes), RA appendage (4 episodes), or between the pulmonary veins (3 episodes). Total epicardial activation time during AT (73 +/- 19 msec) was similar to that during sinus rhythm (72 +/- 13 msec) and on average was <50% of the AT CL. Higher-density mapping of the RA free wall during 30 sustained AT episodes (163 +/- 55 msec) in 9 dogs identified a site of earliest activation along the sulcus terminalis most frequently as a stable, focal activation pattern from a single site. Endocardial mapping of 49 sustained AT episodes (156 +/- 27 msec) in 10 dogs revealed multiple sites of AT origin arising along the crista terminalis and pulmonary veins. Right and left ATs were terminated with discrete radiofrequency ablation, but other ATs remained inducible. A rapid, left AT generating an ECG pattern of atrial fibrillation was ablated inside the pulmonary vein.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AT induced in this CHF model after 3 to 4 weeks of rapid ventricular pacing has an activation pattern consistent with a focal origin. Sites of earliest activation are distributed predominately along the crista terminalis and within or near the pulmonary veins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, West Roxbury Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Guilherme
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fenelon
authors.forename: Richard K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Shepard
authors.forename: Bruce S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Stambler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018780:Body Surface Potential Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000379:methods*; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D004285:Dogs; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D010496:Pericardium / Q000503:physiopathology; D013612:Tachycardia, Ectopic Atrial / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery