title: [Knotted intravascular catheters--what should be done?].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fixed intravasal catheters are mainly caused by knots. Removal can be achieved by intervention or surgical exploration, but this is associated with additional morbidity and mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  2 patients were operated for knotted catheters in our institution during the last 2 years, and their records are demonstrated. Treatment options, possible complications, catheter types and locations of knotting are analyzed by a medline search.
  
  
  RESULTS
  the search revealed the data from 115 patients. 53 (46.1%) of all "lost" catheters were Swan-Ganz catheters. In 60.9% the catheters could be removed by radiological interventions. Open revision was necessary in 33% of all cases. The catheters were left in place when the clinical condition of the patient did not allow removal (n = 7). However, these patients suffered from a high mortality (5 of 7 patients). Over all mortality reached 8.7%. In the own two cases one removal by sternotomy and one by exploration of the right internal jugular vein were necessary, both operations succeeded without complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most of all "lost" intravasal catheters are removed by radiological intervention; only one third needs open surgical therapy. These procedures are harmful for the patient and bear considerable risks for complications.
authors.affiliation: Abteilung für Allgemein-, Gefäss- und Viszeralchirurgie, Allgemeines Krankenhaus Harburg, Hamburg.
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Debus
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Larena-Avellaneda
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Markus
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Anetseder
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moll
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fichtner-Feigl
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Franke
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002404:Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002407:Catheterization, Swan-Ganz / Q000009:adverse effects; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling / Q000009:adverse effects; D020878:Device Removal; D005260:Female; D005547:Foreign Bodies / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed