title: Antisense modulation of the coding or regulatory sequence of the folate receptor (folate binding protein-1) in mouse embryos leads to neural tube defects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although folic acid decreases the incidence of neural tube defects (NTDs) in humans, the mechanism for this protection is unknown. We have employed antisense technology to alter expression of the gene for the folate receptor (folate binding protein-1 [Folbp1]) in mouse embryos cultured in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Embryos were explanted on day 8 of gestation and cultured for 44 hr. Several oligodeoxyribonucleotides designed to modulate the coding region or a regulatory sequence in the 5'-untranslated region of Folbp1 were microinjected into the amniotic sac of embryos at the beginning of the culture period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two different antisense sequences to the 5' and 3' coding region in Folbp1 produced concentration-dependent increases in the number of embryos with NTDs. Coinjection of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate with these sequences decreased the frequency of abnormal embryos. A semi-quantitative RT-PCR technique used to measure the amount of Folbp1 mRNA in treated and control embryos confirmed that the mRNA level was decreased by treatment with the antisense sequences. An antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotide to a 17 base cis regulatory element also generated a concentration-dependent increase in the frequency of embryos with NTDs, and a decrease in the level of Folbp1 mRNA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that alterations in expression of Folbp1 by perturbing either the coding sequence or a critical regulatory cis-element can play a role in NTDs.
authors.affiliation: Division of Genetic and Reproductive Toxicology, Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079-9502, USA. dhansen@nctr.fda.gov
authors.forename: Deborah K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Randal D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Streck
authors.forename: Asok C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Antony
mesh_terms: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D058973:Folate Receptors, GPI-Anchored; D051379:Mice; D008845:Microinjections; D009436:Neural Tube Defects / Q000235:genetics*; D020319:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016366:Open Reading Frames / Q000235:genetics*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012045:Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid / Q000235:genetics*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013763:Tetrahydrofolates / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D058973:Folate Receptors, GPI-Anchored; D020319:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D013763:Tetrahydrofolates; C005984:5-methyltetrahydrofolate