title: Overexpression of the promyelocytic leukemia gene suppresses growth of human bladder cancer cells by inducing G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the anti-oncogenic effects of promyelocytic leukemia (PML) on bladder cancer and to explore its molecular mechanisms of growth suppression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Wild-type PML was transfected into bladder cancer cells (5637 cell) and expressed in a replication-deficient adenovirus-mediated gene delivery system and introduced into human bladder cancer cells (5637 cell) in vitro and in vivo. The effect and mechanisms of the PML gene in cell growth, clonogenicity, and tumorigenicity of bladder cancer cells were studied using in vitro and in vivo growth assays, soft agar colony-forming assay, cell cycle analysis, apoptosis assay and in vivo tumorigenicity assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overexpression of PML in 5637 cells significantly reduced their growth rate and clonogenicity on soft agar. PML suppressed bladder cancer cell growth by inducing G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Adenovirus-mediated PML (Ad-PML) significantly suppressed the tumorigenicity and growth of bladder cancer cells. Intratumoral injection of Ad-PML into tumors induced by 5637 cells dramatically suppressed their growth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicated that overexpression of PML protein may promote efficient growth inhibition of human bladder cancer cells by inducing G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and adenovirus-mediated PML (Ad-PML) expression efficiently suppresses human bladder cancer growth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, First Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
authors.forename: Dalin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Xunyi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Nan
authors.forename: Kun-Song
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Yafeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Leland W K
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Chung
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D000071156:Promyelocytic Leukemia Protein; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000032:analysis*; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; C513293:Pml protein, mouse; D000071156:Promyelocytic Leukemia Protein; D014157:Transcription Factors; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; C070576:PML protein, human