title: Application of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) to extraction of soft body for the determination of tissue Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in the prosobranch Hydrobia ulvae (Pennant).
abstract: The application of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) as a shell extractant for preparation of soft body parts with reference to tissue metal concentrations (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) in shellfish has been evaluated on the example of the mud snail Hydrobia ulvae, a small marine prosobranch densely present in rocky and soft-bottom habitats of the eastern Atlantic. A solution of 0.1 M TCA was tested on individuals treated according to two different protocols: (1) thawed after freezing ("non-dried") and (2) thawed and air-dried to a constant weight ("dried"). Two points were investigated in detail to improve the method: individual soft tissue dry weight and tissue metal concentration following a standard digestion method. In both instances, the results were compared with those from manually dissected snails. Conditions for total shell decalcification of 60 individuals (3-4 mm long) were 5.5 h in 20 ml of 0.1 M TCA.No differences in individual soft tissue weight were observed between the treatments, indicating good efficiency of the TCA extraction with respect to weight of soft body parts. In contrast, tissue metal concentrations varied among treatments. The TCA extraction of the dried animals had a good recovery for Cd, most likely due to the lower solubility of Cd vital cellular components (proteins and mineral concretions) from the dried tissue. Satisfactory recoveries of the tissue concentrations of Cu and Pb were obtained for the non-dried individuals. This might be related to the specific distribution of metals in the organism (namely in the digestive glands and gonads) and their different chemical reactivity with TCA after the tissue was dried. Limited susceptibility of Zn-bearing protein bindings to complexing with TCA also accounts for significantly lower concentrations of Zn in the mud snail's soft tissue that was extracted. The 0.1 M TCA solution is therefore recommended for extraction of the shells of Hydrobia ulvae for tissue determination of Cd, Cu and Pb; however the treatment protocol does affect metal recovery and thus a consistent procedure should be followed. The extracted metals from the soft tissues and shells of the mud snails (on the basis of both metal concentrations and contents) were ranked in order of increasing contribution of soft body parts to the total (shell+tissue): Pb<Cd<Zn<Cu.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Estuarine Ecology, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdansk, Al. M.Pilsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland. oceas@univ.gda.pl
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sokolowski
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Richard
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fichet
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Radenac
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Guyot
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003890:Desiccation; D004210:Dissection; D005615:Freezing; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis*; D012908:Snails / Q000737:chemistry*; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods*; D014238:Trichloroacetic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D014238:Trichloroacetic Acid