title: A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic study comparing a single morning dose of adderall to twice-daily dosing in children with ADHD.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of once-daily versus twice-daily doses of Adderall.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following a 1-week wash-out, 12 subjects with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) entered a double-blind crossover study comparing two conditions: QD (10 mg of Adderall at 7:30 a.m. and placebo at noon) or BID (10 mg of Adderall at 7:30 a.m. and at noon). At two sites, cohorts of six subjects each were assessed on two different days by a 12-hour laboratory school protocol. Plasma concentrations of d- and l-amphetamine, vital signs, teacher ratings of classroom behavior on the SKAMP, and 10-minute Math Test performance were measured repeatedly over 12 hours. An analysis of variance used center, subject-within-center, condition, and time-after-second-dose as independent variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pharmacokinetic profiles revealed similar morning concentrations of d- and l-amphetamine. However, concentrations were twice as high in the afternoon for BID as QD. The two conditions showed similar pharmacodynamic profiles in the morning, although improvement in math performance and behavior was maintained into the afternoon only in the BID condition (p <.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that twice-daily dosing of Adderall may be an effective strategy for afternoon control of attention and deportment for children with ADHD.
authors.affiliation: Attention Deficit Disorder Research Program, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA. LarryLGreenhill@cs.com
authors.forename: Laurence L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Greenhill
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Swanson
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Steinhoff
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fried
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Posner
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lerner
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wigal
authors.forename: Susan B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Clausen
authors.forename: Yuxin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tulloch
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000662:Amphetamines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male
chemical_list: C090411:Adderall; D000662:Amphetamines; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants