title: Early use of corrective lenses in Spanish colonies of the Americas including parts of the future United States: reference to Viceroy Luis de Velasco (the Son).
abstract: We discuss many aspects of a reproduction of a formal painting from the XVIth century. It is a portrait of Viceroy of New Spain Luis de Velasco, El Joven or Hijo (son-see text), found at the Museum of the Pecos National Monument (near Pecos and Santa Fe, New Mexico). A formal portrait of each Viceroy of New Spain was created, and this one was painted during de Velasco's first term as Viceroy (1590 to 1595 AD). In this depiction, he is seen wearing spectacles. To our knowledge, this is the first known reference suggesting the introduction of this form of visual correction in the Spanish Colonies in the Americas and in the future United States. There are three known portraits of Luis de Velasco (son): One painting, which included his father and significant others, hangs in the Colegiata (a small cathedral) de San Luis near Valladolid, Spain. In this portrayal, he was shown as a young man without a spectacle correction. And there are two viceregal portraits (Term 1, 1590 to 1595; Term 2, 1607 to 1611) in which he wears the same spectacle correction (these are located in Mexico City).
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Optica, Facultad de Físicas, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Calvo
authors.forename: Jay M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Enoch
mesh_terms: D005139:Eyeglasses / Q000266:history*; D049669:History, 16th Century; D049670:History, 17th Century; D049690:History, Ancient; D049691:History, Medieval; D006801:Humans; D008512:Medicine in the Arts; D009144:Museums; D009516:New Mexico; D009885:Ophthalmology / Q000266:history; D009907:Optometry / Q000266:history; D011173:Portraits as Topic / Q000266:history*