title: Contribution of connexin26 to electrical feedback inhibition in the turtle retina.
abstract: The first synaptic integration in the neuronal cascade of vision in vertebrates includes a feedback from horizontal cells to cones by a mechanism yet not fully understood. Recent observations in teleosts suggested an electrical feedback mechanism mediated by connexin26 (Cx26) hemichannels at the terminal dendrites of horizontal cells. By using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting from retinal homogenate, we detected Cx26 mRNA transcripts in the turtle retina and demonstrated that they were translated into protein. Cx26 immunoreactivity was especially prominent in the outer plexiform layer. Subcellularly, immunoreactivity was located mainly between horizontal cell axon terminals and in horizontal cell dendrites forming the lateral elements at the ribbon synaptic complex of the cone pedicle. The label was confined to the horizontal cell membrane flanking the ribbon and was not found on the opposing photoreceptor membrane. No gap junctions at this location are known, so immunosignaling suggested the presence of hemichannels. Their relevance to the feedback mechanism was investigated by intracellular recordings from horizontal cells during application of the hemichannel blocker carbenoxolone. Carbenoxolone hyperpolarized the dark membrane potential by about 25 mV, decreased the amplitudes of responses to full-field light flashes, and suppressed the feedback-induced depolarizing inflexion in the response profile. These physiological findings are compatible with the involvement of hemichannels in the feedback between horizontal cells and cones and support the anatomical findings. Together, these data suggest the presence of an electrical feedback mechanism in the turtle retina, which therefore might be a common mechanism at the first visual synapse in vertebrates.
authors.affiliation: Neurobiology FB7, University of Oldenburg, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pottek
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hoppenstedt
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Janssen-Bienhold
authors.forename: Konrad
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schultz
authors.forename: Ido
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Perlman
authors.forename: Reto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Weiler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002229:Carbenoxolone / Q000494:pharmacology; D000072259:Connexin 26; D017630:Connexins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D025461:Feedback, Physiological / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D020419:Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014426:Turtles / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D017630:Connexins; C000607044:Gjb2 protein, rat; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D000072259:Connexin 26; D002229:Carbenoxolone