title: International profiles of dental hygiene 1987 to 2001: a 19-nation comparative study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this international longitudinal study is to examine patterns and monitor trends and changes in dental hygiene.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information was collected from national dental hygienists' associations through surveys conducted in 1987, 1992, 1998 and 2001. Sample size increased from 13 countries in 1987 to 22 by 2001--of which 19 were included in the analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, characteristics of the profession were remarkably similar; most noteworthy was the scope of dental hygiene clinical practice. Regarding historical development, educational programmes and professional organisation, the profession was more similar than dissimilar. Greater variation was evident regarding numbers, distribution, regulation, workforce behaviour, predominant work setting, and remuneration. Over the relatively short 14-year period, several observations were of particular interest: marked increase in the supply of dental hygienists, accompanied by a decline in their ratio to populations and to dentists and a high workforce participation rate; increase in baccalaureate dental hygiene programmes, with a gradual shift from the diploma as the entry-level qualification; and increase in scope of practice and professional autonomy, including for Europe and North America in particular, a decline in mandated level of work supervision and a slight but gradual increase in independent practice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By 2001, the profiles reflected the vast majority of the world's population of dental hygienists. Rate of change varied across the countries examined; however, the nature of the change overall was consistent, resulting in a continuing homogeneity in the profession worldwide. Observed trends, changes and persistent issues have implications for service accessibility and technical efficiency and should continue to be monitored.
authors.affiliation: PMJ Consultants, Toronto, ON, Canada. patjpmjc@sympatico.ca
authors.forename: Patricia M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D001208:Asia; D001315:Australia; D003756:Dental Hygienists / Q000193:education / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000600:supply & distribution / Q000639:trends; D004651:Employment; D005060:Europe; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009656:North America; D011364:Professional Practice; D012953:Societies, Dental; D013019:South Africa; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires