title: Zooprophylaxis or zoopotentiation: the outcome of introducing animals on vector transmission is highly dependent on the mosquito mortality while searching.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Zooprophylaxis, the diversion of disease carrying insects from humans to animals, may reduce transmission of diseases such as malaria. However, as the number of animals increases, improved availability of blood meals may increase mosquito survival, thereby countering the impact of diverting feeds.
  
  
  METHODS
  Computer simulation was used to examine the effects of animals on the transmission of human diseases by mosquitoes. Three scenarios were modelled: (1) endemic transmission, where the animals cannot be infected, eg. malaria; (2) epidemic transmission, where the animals cannot be infected but humans remain susceptible, e.g. malaria; (3) epidemic disease, where both humans and animals can be infected, but develop sterile immunity, eg. Japanese encephalitis B. For each, the passive impact of animals as well as the use of animals as bait to attract mosquitoes to insecticide was examined. The computer programmes are available from the author. A teaching model accompanies this article.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For endemic and epidemic malaria with significant searching-associated vector mortality, changing animal numbers and accessibility had little impact. Changing the accessibility of the humans had a much greater effect. For diseases with an animal amplification cycle, the most critical factor was the proximity of the animals to the mosquito breeding sites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Estimates of searching-associated vector mortality are essential before the effects of changing animal husbandry practices can be predicted. With realistic values of searching-associated vector mortality rates, zooprophylaxis may be ineffective. However, use of animals as bait to attract mosquitoes to insecticide is predicted to be a promising strategy.
authors.affiliation: Malaria Vaccine Development Unit, NIAID, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA. ASaul@niaid.nih.gov
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saul
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003198:Computer Simulation; D009033:Culicidae / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000469:parasitology*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018349:Encephalitis Viruses, Japanese / Q000472:pathogenicity; D004671:Encephalitis, Arbovirus / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D019353:Endemic Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018177:Flavivirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000469:parasitology*; D008288:Malaria / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D015233:Models, Statistical