title: Modelling study on the protective role of OH radical scavengers and DNA higher-order structures in induction of single- and double-strand break by gamma-radiation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the protective effects of (non-histonic) OH-radical scavengers and DNA higher-order structures in induction of single- (ssbs) and double-strand breaks (dsbs) by gamma-rays.
  
  
  METHODS
  Spatial distributions of energy depositions by gamma-rays in liquid water were modelled with the track structure modules of the biophysical simulation code PARTRAC. Such distributions were superimposed on different DNA structure models (e.g. linear DNA, SV40 'minichromosomes' and compact chromatin), and direct energy depositions in the sugar-phosphate were considered as potential (direct) ssbs. The diffusion and interaction of the main chemical species produced in liquid water radiolysis were explicitly simulated, and reactions of *OH with the sugar-phosphate were considered as potential (indirect) ssbs. Two ssb on opposite DNA strands within 10 base pairs were considered as one dsb. Yields of ssb and dsb Gy(-1) Dalton(-1) in different DNA target structures were calculated as a function of the *OH mean lifetime, whose inverse value was taken as representative of the scavenging capacity of the DNA environment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A further validation of the models implemented in the PARTRAC code has been provided, thus allowing a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying DNA damage. More specifically, the protection due to *OH scavengers was separately quantified with respect to that due to histones and chromatin folding, which could be 'switched off' in the simulations. As expected, for a given value of the environment scavenging capacity, linear DNA was more susceptible to strand breakage than SV40 minichromosomes, which in turn showed higher damage yields with respect to cellular DNA due to the larger accessibility offered to *OH. Furthermore, by increasing the scavenging capacity, the break yields decreased in all structures and tended to coincide with direct damage yields. Very good agreement was found with available experimental data. Comparisons with data on 'nucleoid' DNA (i.e. unfolded and histone-depleted DNA) also suggested that the experimental procedures used to obtain such structures might lower the environment scavenging capacity owing to the loss of cellular scavengers.
authors.affiliation: Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milan Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Valota
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ballarini
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Friedland
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jacob
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ottolenghi
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Paretzke
mesh_terms: D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004249:DNA Damage; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005720:Gamma Rays; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical; D004247:DNA