title: Alkaline chitosan solutions.
abstract: Rigid and transparent hydrogels were obtained upon pouring chitosan salt solutions into saturated ammonium hydrogen carbonate. Incubation at 20 degrees C for 5 days yielded chitosan carbamate ammonium salt, Chit-NHCO(2)(-)NH(4)(+) a chemical species that either by hydrolysis or by thermal treatment decomposed to restore chitosan in free amine form. Chitosans of different degrees of acetylation, molecular sizes and origins (squid and crustaceans) were used as hydrochloride, acetate, glycolate, citrate and lactate salts. Their hydrogels obtained in ammonium hydrogen carbonate yielded chitosan solutions at pH values as high as 9.6, from which microspheres of regenerated chitosans were obtained upon spray-drying. These materials had a modest degree of crystallinity depending on the partial acylation that took place at the sprayer temperature (168 degrees C). Citrate could cross-link chitosan and impart insolubility to the microspheres. Chloride on the contrary permitted to prepare microspheres of chitosan in free amine form. By the NH(4)HCO(3) treatment, the cationicity of chitosan could be reversibly masked in view of mixing chitosan with alginate in equimolar ratio without coacervation. The clear and poorly viscous solutions of mixed chitosan carbamate and alginate were spray-dried at 115 degrees C to manufacture chitosan-alginate microspheres having prevailing diameter approx 2 micron.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Ranieri 67, IT-60100 Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Corrado
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Muzzarelli
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tosi
authors.forename: Oriano
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Francescangeli
authors.forename: Riccardo A A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Muzzarelli
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000737:chemistry; D000468:Alkalies / Q000737:chemistry*; D002219:Carbamates / Q000737:chemistry; D002686:Chitin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry*; D048271:Chitosan; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D012996:Solutions; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D000468:Alkalies; D002219:Carbamates; D012996:Solutions; D002686:Chitin; D048271:Chitosan