title: Significance of heparin-binding growth factor expression on cells of solid pediatric tumors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The heparin-binding growth factors pleiotrophin (PTN), midkine (MK), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) stimulate tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis. In this study the authors wanted to know if these growth factors are expressed by cell lines and tumor tissue of solid pediatric tumors, growth factor expression is influenced by proinflammatory cytokines, and local growth factor concentration has an influence on experimental tumor growth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Growth factor mRNA expression was analyzed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and protein secretion by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Neuroblastoma cells were suspended in solutions containing different growth factor concentrations before injection into the nude mice, which were given pentosan polysulfate (PPS) for antagonism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The analyzed growth factors were expressed by most cells of solid malignant pediatric tumors. Their expression was not influenced by proinflammatory cytokines. The inhibition of tumor growth by PPS in the nude mouse model was dependent on the local growth factor concentration. High concentration excluded significant tumor suppression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because of the redundancy of growth factor expression and the abolishment of PPS efficacy by a high local growth factor concentration, the authors conclude that overall targeting of growth factors is a promising approach to cancer therapy in childhood.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Winfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Barthlen
authors.forename: Dorothee
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Flaadt
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Girgert
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Conzelmann
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schweizer
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zugmaier
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Buck
authors.forename: Cornelius
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Knabbe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D002648:Child; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D000078792:Midkine; D010426:Pentosan Sulfuric Polyester; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000378:metabolism*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D016207:Cytokines; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006133:Growth Substances; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; C066845:pleiotrophin; D000078792:Midkine; D010426:Pentosan Sulfuric Polyester