title: Re-assessing the contribution of serum total cholesterol, blood pressure and cigarette smoking to the aetiology of coronary heart disease: impact of regression dilution bias.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the combined contribution of serum total cholesterol, blood pressure and cigarette smoking to coronary heart disease (CHD) risk after adjustment for regression dilution bias.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six thousand, five hundred and thirteen middle-aged British men without CHD were followed for major CHD events over 10 years. The population attributable risk fraction (PARF) was predicted for a range of risk factor thresholds before and after adjustment for regression dilution of serum total cholesterol and blood pressure. Defining 'low-risk' individuals as being in the bottom tenth of the population distributions of serum total cholesterol (<5.2 mmol/l) and diastolic blood pressure (<70 mmHg) and a non-cigarette smoker, the PARF was 75%, increasing to 86% after adjustment for regression dilution. Regardless of the threshold criteria chosen, the PARF was substantially greater than 65% before adjustment for regression dilution and greater than 75% after adjustment. Exclusion of ex-smokers and passive smokers from the low-risk group increased estimates further. Adjustment for other coronary risk factors had little effect on the results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At least 80% of major CHD events in middle-aged men can be attributed to the three strongest risk factors. Population-wide control of these factors is crucial for effective CHD prevention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary Care and Population Sciences, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK. j.emberson@pcps.ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Jonathan R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Emberson
authors.forename: Peter H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Whincup
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Walker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015982:Bias; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D002784:Cholesterol