title: Phase II trial of oral cyclophosphamide, prednisone, and diethylstilbestrol for androgen-independent prostate carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The authors evaluated the combination of oral cyclophosphamide, oral prednisone, and diethylstilbestrol (DES) in patients with androgen-independent prostate carcinoma (AIPC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-seven patients with prostate carcinoma refractory to androgen ablation who had undergone antiandrogen withdrawal (if previously treated with an antiandrogen) were enrolled in the current study. They were treated with oral cyclophosphamide 100 mg per day on Days 1-20, prednisone 10 mg per day continuously, and DES 1 mg continuously, on a 30-day cycle. Warfarin 1 mg per day was given as prophylaxis for thrombosis. Patient levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) were monitored on a monthly basis, with imaging studies every 3 months. Patients continued to receive therapy until disease progression or the occurrence of significant toxicity. The effect of therapy on the patient's quality of life was assessed using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Prostate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-six patients were evaluable for response. Of the 36 patients, 15 (42%) had a 50% or greater decline in PSA levels from pretreatment levels and 1 patient (6%) with measurable disease had a partial response to therapy. The median duration of response was 4.5 months (range, 4-18 months). The overall median survival period was 16.4 months. The treatment was well tolerated, with only three patients removed from the study for toxicities associated with treatment. One patient, who had been treated for more than 24 months, developed acute leukemia. Quality of life evaluation in 17 patients showed a significant improvement in responders, whereas nonresponders had no deterioration while receiving therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cyclophosphamide, prednisone, and DES represent a well tolerated, low-cost combination therapy with significant activity in the treatment of patients with AIPC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Beth
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hellerstedt
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Pienta
authors.forename: Bruce G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Redman
authors.forename: Peg
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Esper
authors.forename: Rodney
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fardig
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000368:Aged; D000728:Androgens / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004054:Diethylstilbestrol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009376:Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent / Q000188:drug therapy; D011241:Prednisone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D011788:Quality of Life; D051381:Rats; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D004054:Diethylstilbestrol; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen; D011241:Prednisone