title: Influence of maternal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection on vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV): a meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Maternal co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been implicated as a potentially important co-factor for enhanced vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV). In previous reports, however, methodological issues (notably small sample sizes) have limited accurate evaluation of the contribution of maternal co-infection with HIV on the risk of vertical transmission of HCV.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review and subsequent meta-analysis of current published and unpublished reports was performed. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% CI for individual studies were calculated with maternal HIV serostatus as the exposure measure and HCV vertical transmission as the outcome measure. Overall summary estimates were then calculated using a random effects model that estimates a weighted average of OR from individual studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 2382 infants from 10 studies were included in an analysis of HCV-infected mothers (defined by anti-HCV+ antibody assays) with and without concomitant HIV infection. The risk estimate (OR) of HCV vertical transmission was 2.82 (95% CI: 1.78-4.45; P = 0.00001) from anti-HCV+/HIV+ co-infected mothers compared with anti-HCV+/HIV- mothers. In a subanalysis of 1327 infants born to viraemic (HCV RNA+) mothers, the risk estimate of HCV vertical transmission was 1.97 (95% CI: 1.04-3.74; P = 0.04) from HCV viraemic/HIV+ co-infected mothers compared with HCV viraemic/HIV- mothers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results from this meta-analysis of observational studies suggest that the risk of HCV vertical transmission is higher in infants born to HIV co-infected mothers.
authors.affiliation: Blood Centers of the Pacific, Irwin Center, 270 Masonic Avenue, San Francisco CA 94118, USA. bpappalardo@bloodcenters.org
authors.forename: Brandee L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Pappalardo
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000150:complications / Q000635:transmission*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; D017594:Publication Bias; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity