title: Preliminary reference levels in interventional cardiology.
abstract: This article describes the European DIMOND approach to defining reference levels (RLs) for radiation doses delivered to patients during two types of invasive cardiology procedures, namely coronary angiography (CA) and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). Representative centres of six European countries recorded patients' doses in terms of dose-area product (DAP), fluoroscopy time and number of radiographic exposures, using X-ray equipment that has been subject to constancy testing. In addition, a DAP trigger level for cardiac procedures which should alert the operator to possible skin injury, was set to 300 Gyxcm2. The estimation of maximum skin dose was recommended in the event that a DAP trigger level was likely to be exceeded. The proposed RLs for CA and PTCA were for DAP 45 Gyxcm2 and 75 Gyxcm2, for fluoroscopy time 7.5 min and 17 min and for number of frames 1250 and 1300, respectively. The proposed RLs should be considered as a first approach to help in the optimisation of these procedures. More studies are required to establish certain "tolerances" from the proposed levels taking into account the complexity of the procedure and the patient's size.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Regional Athens General Hospital, 154 Mesogion Avenue, 11527 Athens, Greece. evaneof@otenet.gr
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Neofotistou
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vano
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Padovani
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kotre
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dowling
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Toivonen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kottou
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tsapaki
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Willis
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bernardi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Faulkner
mesh_terms: D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D002309:Cardiology / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D017023:Coronary Angiography / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020714:Maximum Tolerated Dose; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control; D015641:Radiography, Interventional / Q000592:standards*; D012015:Reference Standards