Smad-dependent and Smad-independent pathways in TGF-beta family signalling.
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) proteins regulate cell function, and have key roles in development and carcinogenesis. The intracellular effectors of TGF-beta signalling, the Smad proteins, are activated by receptors and translocate into the nucleus, where they regulate transcription. Although this pathway is inherently simple, combinatorial interactions in the heteromeric receptor and Smad complexes, receptor-interacting and Smad-interacting proteins, and cooperation with sequence-specific transcription factors allow substantial versatility and diversification of TGF-beta family responses. Other signalling pathways further regulate Smad activation and function. In addition, TGF-beta receptors activate Smad-independent pathways that not only regulate Smad signalling, but also allow Smad-independent TGF-beta responses.
Derynck
Rik
R
Department of Growth and Development, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0640, USA. derynck@itsa.ucsf.edu
Zhang
Ying E
YE
D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus; D000818:Animals; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D008024:Ligands; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D051785:Smad Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology*
D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D008024:Ligands; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D051785:Smad Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta