title: PC-SPES: Molecular mechanism to induce apoptosis and down-regulate expression of PSA in LNCaP human prostate cancer cells.
abstract: PC-SPES is an eight-herbal mixture which has activity against prostate cancer cells and can reduce the serum level of prostate specific antigen (PSA) in more than 80% of individuals with prostate cancer. We conducted this study to begin to clarify the molecular mechanism by which PC-SPES inhibited the growth of prostate cancer cells and down-regulated expression of PSA. Western blot analysis, luciferase reporter assay using a variety of promoters of the PSA gene and the isolated androgen receptor response elements (ARE), as well as electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) were employed to study the effect of PC-SPES on DHT-induced expression of PSA in LNCaP androgen-dependent human prostate cancer cells. Also, Western blot analysis and luciferase reporter assay using 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate response elements were employed to study the ability of PC-SPES to activate the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK)/c-Jun/AP-1 signal pathway in these cells. Reporter studies showed that PC-SPES inhibited DHT-induced PSA promoter/enhancer-luciferase activity via inhibition of ARE transcriptional activity. Western blot analysis showed that PC-SPES down-regulated DHT-induced expression of PSA without decreasing DHT-induced nuclear level of AR. EMSA demonstrated that PC-SPES inhibited the binding of DHT-activated AR to ARE. Moreover, we found that PC-SPES phosphorylated JNK, increased levels of phosphorylated and unphosphorylated forms of c-Jun, and enhanced AP-1 transcriptional activity in LNCaP cells. Interestingly, when LNCaP cells were stably tranfected with the dominant negative JNK binding domain (JBD) of JNK-interacting protein-1 (JIP-1), these cells no longer underwent apoptosis and growth inhibition in the presence of PC-SPES. But, PC-SPES still decreased levels of PSA in the LNCaP-JIP-1 cells. Taken together, PC-SPES inhibited binding of DHT-activated AR to AREs of PSA gene resulting in down-regulation of ARE transcriptional activity and expression of PSA, and this occurred independently of the JNK/c-Jun/AP-1 signal pathway. Also, PC-SPES activated the JNK/c-Jun/AP-1 signal pathway resulting in growth arrest and apoptosis of prostate cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. ikezoet@med.kochi-ms.ac.jp
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ikezoe
authors.forename: Sophie S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Heber
authors.forename: Hirokuni
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Taguchi
authors.forename: H Phillip
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Koeffler
mesh_terms: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017209:Apoptosis; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002455:Cell Division; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005799:Genes, Dominant; D006801:Humans; D008156:Luciferases / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008957:Models, Genetic; D010766:Phosphorylation; D010957:Plasmids / Q000378:metabolism; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000096:biosynthesis; D020218:Response Elements; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts / Q000494:pharmacology; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D004396:Coloring Agents; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; C114209:herbal preparation PC-SPES; D008156:Luciferases; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen; C022616:thiazolyl blue