title: Subclinical disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus: immunoinflammatory markers do not normalize in clinical remission.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To correlate various laboratory measures in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with the British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG) disease activity index, to search for organ-specific laboratory patterns and to compare with a control population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 57 Caucasian outpatients fulfilling the American College of Rheumatology criteria for SLE and a control population of 17 patients admitted for coronarography were examined. Disease activity was assessed with BILAG index. Plasma samples were investigated for sCD44, interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-10, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), soluble TNF receptor-55 (sTNFR-55), sTNFR-75, IL-1-receptor antagonist, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule (sVCAM), E-selectin, and neopterin as well as for C3, C4, dsDNA, and other conventional indicators.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-nine patients had inactive disease (total BILAG score < or = 5), 18 patients had active SLE. Surprisingly, except for C-reactive protein (p < 0.001), no statistically significant difference of the laboratory indicators was found between patients with active and those with inactive SLE. However, there was a significant difference between SLE patients and controls for sTNFR-75 (p < 0.008). We found significant correlations between laboratory markers and some BILAG organ system scores, such as between IL-1ra and the musculoskeletal score (p < 0.003) and between sTNFR-55/sTNFR-75 and renal BILAG (p < 0.001, p < 0.004, respectively). Significant nonparametric correlations were revealed between C3 and C4 (p < 0.0001), and between sTNFR-75 and dsDNA, neopterin, sVCAM, sICAM and sTNFR-55 concentrations (p < 0.0001 for all), and between sTNFR-75 and IL-1ra (p < 0.006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with SLE in clinical remission show ongoing systemic immunoinflammatory activity measured with a variety of cytokines, adhesion molecules, and other inflammatory markers. This indicates that laboratory measures may provide qualitatively different additional information to validated disease activity indexes such as the BILAG. Different laboratory markers correlate with disease activity in different organ systems. This suggests differences in pathogenic mechanisms in SLE depending on the organ system involved.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology/Allergology, Inselspital, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wais
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fierz
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stoll
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Villiger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood*; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D012074:Remission Induction; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1