title: Public versus private food assistance: barriers to participation differ by age and ethnicity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine participation in the Food Stamp Program, food pantries, and soup kitchens and to identify reasons food-insecure households choose not to participate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  In respondents' homes.
  
  
  METHODS
  330 randomly selected low-income households (below 185% of poverty).
  
  
  METHODS
  Participation in any of 3 public or private food assistance programs and barriers to participation in each program.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chi-square tests of association between program participation and sociodemographic characteristics. Logistic regression tested for associations between program participation and ethnicity and between food security status and household composition while controlling for potential confounding factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Controlling for socioeconomic status, Black households are less than half as likely to receive food stamps (odds ratio [OR] = 0.49; P <.02) as Hispanic households. Hispanic households are more likely than non-Hispanic households to say that they feel uncomfortable using food pantries (P <.01). Elderly households are less than half as likely to receive food stamps (OR = 0.44; P =.04) as nonelderly households and are more likely to say that they feel uncomfortable receiving food stamps (P =.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low-income households' perceptions of which programs are socially acceptable differ by race and age. Outreach for food stamps and private food assistance should accommodate these differences so that food-insecure households can benefit from all available food assistance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA. katiemartin22@comcast.net
authors.forename: Katie S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Beatrice L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: Hugh M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Joseph
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D044383:Black People; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003256:Community Participation; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D005522:Food Services; D005523:Food Supply; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D044465:White People