title: Access of autonomic nerves through the optic canal, and their orbital distribution in man.
abstract: The notion that autonomic nerves from the internal carotid plexus are transmitted to the orbit with the ophthalmic artery through the optic canal has been variously assumed, disregarded, or denied, but never demonstrated. The objective of this study was to examine the contents of the canal, identify any autonomic nerves, and follow their passage within the orbit. The soft tissues of the optic canal, and the apical tissues of the orbit were removed and examined histologically using 10 cadaver preparations. Additionally, tissues from an orbital exenteration and 10 ocular enucleation or donor specimens were prepared. Some of the latter material was examined with an electron microscope. Numerous autonomic nerves (four to 25, ranging in diameter from 23 to 130 microm) entered the orbit from the internal carotid plexus in the periosteum of the optic canal, the optic nerve dura mater, or the adventitia of the ophthalmic artery. In the orbit they advanced in the loose connective tissue covering the optic nerve dura and joined ciliary nerves close to the eye or entered the eye directly. None were observed to penetrate the dura, apart from a nerve accompanying the central retinal artery. Others were distributed with the ophthalmic artery and its branches. It is concluded that the optic canal is a regular, and often major, route for autonomic nerve distribution to the eye and orbit.
authors.affiliation: Department of Optometry and Visual Science, City University, London, United Kingdom. G.Ruskell@city.ac.uk
authors.forename: Gordon L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Ruskell
mesh_terms: D017776:Autonomic Pathways / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009880:Ophthalmic Artery / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000294:innervation* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009900:Optic Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009915:Orbit / Q000098:blood supply / Q000294:innervation*; D012016:Reference Values