title: Electrophysiological and electrocardiographic characteristics of focal atrial tachycardia originating from the pulmonary veins: acute and long-term outcomes of radiofrequency ablation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this study was to describe the electrophysiological characteristics, anatomic distribution, and long-term outcome after focal ablation (RFA) of pulmonary vein (PV) atrial tachycardia (AT). Both atrial fibrillation (AF) and AT may be due to a rapidly firing focus in the PVs. Whether these represent two aspects of the same process is unknown.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-seven patients with 28 PV(16%) ATs of a consecutive series of 172 undergoing RFA for focal AT are reported. The mean age was 39+/-16 years, with symptoms for 9+/-14 years resistant to 1.7+/-0.8 medications. AT occurred spontaneously or with isoproterenol in all patients and was not inducible with PES in any. The distribution of PV ATs was right superior PV, 11; left superior PV, 11; left inferior PV, 5; and right inferior PV, 1; 26of 28 foci (93%) were ostial. RFA was successful in 28 of 28 PV ATs acutely. RFA was focal in 25 of 28, with PV isolation of a single target vein in 3. There were 4 recurrences at a mean of 3.3 months. Repeat RFA was performed in all 4 and successful in 3 of 4. All but one recurrence occurred from the same site. Long-term success was achieved in 26 of 27 (96%) patients at mean follow-up of 25+/-22 months. No patients have had subsequent development of AF or AT from a different site.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PV AT has a distribution similar to PV AF, with a propensity to upper veins. However, the majority of foci are ostial, and only a small percentage occur from deep in the PV. Focal RFA is associated with high long-term success, with freedom from both AT from other sites and from AF. PV AT is a localized process and therefore may be different from PV AF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia 3050.
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Kistler
authors.forename: Prashanthan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: Simon P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Fynn
authors.forename: Irene H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Stevenson
authors.forename: Azlan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hussin
authors.forename: Jitendra K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Vohra
authors.forename: Paul B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Sparks
authors.forename: Jonathan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kalman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D004562:Electrocardiography; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011667:Pulmonary Veins / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012008:Recurrence; D012086:Reoperation; D013610:Tachycardia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome