title: Comorbid auditory processing disorder in developmental dyslexia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The primary objective of this study was to investigate the extent of comorbid auditory processing disorder (APD) in a group of adults with developmental dyslexia. An additional objective was to compare performance on auditory tasks to results from standardized tests of reading in an attempt to generate a clinically useful profile of developmental dyslexics with comorbid APD.
  
  
  METHODS
  A group of eleven persons with developmental dyslexia and 14 age- and intelligence-matched controls participated in the study. Behavioral audiograms, 226-Hz tympanograms, and word recognition scores were obtained binaurally from all subjects. Both groups were administered the frequency-pattern test (FPT) and duration-pattern test (DPT) monaurally (30 items per ear) in both the left and right ear. Gap detection results were obtained in both groups (binaural presentation) using narrowband noise centered at 1 kHz in an adaptive two-alternative forced-choice (2-AFC) paradigm. The FPT, DPT, and gap detection results were analyzed for interaural (where applicable), intergroup, and intragroup differences. Correlations between performance on the auditory tasks and the standardized tests of reading were examined. Additive logistic regression models were fit to the data to determine which auditory tests proved to be the best predictors of group membership.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The persons with developmental dyslexia as a group performed significantly poorer than controls on both the FPT and DPT. Furthermore, the group differences were significant in both monaural conditions. On the FPT and DPT, five of the eleven participants with dyslexia performed below the widely used clinical criterion for APD of 70% correct in either ear. All five of these participants performed below criterion on the FPT, whereas four of the five additionally performed below 70% on the DPT. The data also were analyzed by fitting a series of stepwise logistic regression models, which indicated that gap detection did not significantly predict group membership, whereas the FPT and DPT were significant predictors. The addition of the FPT score after the DPT did not result in a significant change in the residual deviance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Approximately half of the participants with developmental dyslexia showed clinically significant diminished performance on the FPT and DPT indicative of APD. These results indicate that the percentage of persons with developmental dyslexia and comorbid APD may be substantial enough to warrant serious clinical considerations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43221, USA. king.812@osu.edu
authors.forename: Wayne M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Linda J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Lombardino
authors.forename: Carl C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Crandell
authors.forename: Christiana M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Leonard
mesh_terms: D000158:Acoustic Impedance Tests; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001301:Audiometry, Pure-Tone; D001307:Auditory Perception; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007805:Language Development Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D013063:Speech Discrimination Tests