title: The relationship between congestive heart failure, sleep apnea, and mortality in older men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association of sleep apnea with heart disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical wards at the Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred fifty-three randomly selected inpatient men.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sleep was recorded for 2 nights in the hospital. Medical conditions were obtained from hospital medical records. Cox proportional hazards analyses indicated that patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) plus central sleep apnea (CSA) had shorter survival than those with just CHF, just sleep apnea (obstructive or central), or neither. Survival for those with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) or CSA and no CHF was no different than for those with neither disorder. Follow-up analysis showed that for those with no CHF, neither CSA nor OSA shortened survival (p > 0.80). For those with CHF, having CSA shortened the life span with a hazard ratio of 1.66 (p = 0.012), but having OSA had no effect. Patients with CHF had more severe sleep apnea than those with no heart disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study does not clarify the issues of cause and effect, but does reinforce the strong associations between sleep apnea and heart disease in elderly men. These data suggest that people with coronary disease should be regarded as a risk group for sleep apnea.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, USA. sancoliisrael@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ancoli-Israel
authors.forename: Einat R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: DuHamel
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stepnowsky
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Engler
authors.forename: Mairav
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cohen-Zion
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marler
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality*; D015996:Survival Rate