title: Methylated trivalent arsenicals as candidate ultimate genotoxic forms of arsenic: induction of chromosomal mutations but not gene mutations.
abstract: Arsenic is a prevalent human carcinogen whose mutagenicity has not been characterized fully. Exposure to either form of inorganic arsenic, As(III) or As(V), can result in the formation of at least four organic metabolites: monomethylarsonic acid, monomethylarsonous acid (MMA(III)), dimethylarsinic acid, and dimethylarsinous acid (DMA(III)). The methylated trivalent species, as well as some of the other species, have not been evaluated previously for the induction of chromosome aberrations, sister chromatid exchanges (SCE), or toxicity in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes; for mutagenicity in L5178Y/Tk(+/-) mouse lymphoma cells or in the Salmonella reversion assay; or for prophage-induction in Escherichia coli. Here we evaluated the arsenicals in these assays and found that MMA(III) and DMA(III) were the most potent clastogens of the six arsenicals in human lymphocytes and the most potent mutagens of the six arsenicals at the Tk(+/-) locus in mouse lymphoma cells. The dimethylated arsenicals were also spindle poisons, suggesting that they may be ultimate forms of arsenic that induce aneuploidy. Although the arsenicals were potent clastogens, none were potent SCE inducers, similar to clastogens that act via reactive oxygen species. None of the six arsenicals were gene mutagens in Salmonella TA98, TA100, or TA104; and neither MMA(III) nor DMA(III) induced prophage. Our results show that both methylated As(V) compounds were less cytotoxic and genotoxic than As(V), whereas both methylated As(III) compounds were more cytotoxic and genotoxic than As(III). Our data support the view that MMA(III) and DMA(III) are candidate ultimate genotoxic forms of arsenic and that they are clastogens and not gene mutagens. We suggest that the clastogenicity of the other arsenicals is due to their metabolism by cells to MMA(III) or DMA(III).
authors.affiliation: Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA. kligerman.andrew@epa.gov
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Kligerman
authors.forename: Carolyn L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Doerr
authors.forename: Alan H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Tennant
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Harrington-Brock
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Ernest
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Winkfield
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Poorman-Allen
authors.forename: Bijit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kundu
authors.forename: Kunihiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Funasaka
authors.forename: Barbara C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Roop
authors.forename: Marc J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Mass
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: DeMarini
mesh_terms: D001152:Arsenicals / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D004249:DNA Damage; D006801:Humans; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008745:Methylation; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity*; D009154:Mutation; D012475:Salmonella / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D001152:Arsenicals; D009153:Mutagens