title: Toward evidence-based prescribing at end of life: a comparative review of temazepam and zolpidem for the treatment of insomnia.
abstract: A comparative review of temazepam and zolpidem use in managing insomnia in the hospice patient was undertaken to determine whether treatment with temazepam is a more cost-effective approach for this patient population. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify pertinent literature, including clinical trials and reviews that involved temazepam or zolpidem. Published data was used as background information and provided in the discussion. This retrospective analysis, conducted from June 2002 through November 2002, focused on the prescribing patterns of temazepam and zolpidem in our hospice practice setting. We examined the reasons for discontinuation of each agent, along with the frequency of therapeutic change from temazepam to zolpidem. The top 10 ICD-9 codes associated with each treatment modality were investigated to determine any prescribing patterns. A total of 4,752 participants were prescribed either temazepam or zolpidem during this six-month period. Of the 4,065 patients prescribed temazepam 9.9 percent had the agent discontinued, whereas, 13.0 percent of those taking zolpidem (n = 687) terminated therapy. Reasons for discontinuation included change in dose, incomplete efficacy, change in patient status, adverse drug reaction, cultural/social issues and "other." Analyses of prescribing patterns and the reasons for termination of each drug therapy were completed and compared with results found in the primary literature. Due to the limited financial resources available for hospice care, our goal is to provide the most clinically appropriate and cost-effective agents for hospice patients. With the lack of data pertaining to the hospice patient, physicians often are faced with challenges in deciding the most appropriate therapy. They may prefer one agent over another based on current medical opinion rather than sound clinical evidence. After review of the primary literature and the prescribing patterns in our setting, there is currently no evidence in our patient population to support that zolpidem is superior to benzodiazepines for the treatment of insomnia.
authors.affiliation: ExcelleRx, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Bain
authors.forename: Douglas J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Weschules
authors.forename: Calvin H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Knowlton
authors.forename: Rollin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gallagher
mesh_terms: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000592:standards; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D017051:Hospice Care / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics; D011725:Pyridines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013693:Temazepam / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics; D013997:Time Factors; D000077334:Zolpidem
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D011725:Pyridines; D000077334:Zolpidem; D013693:Temazepam