title: AC/A ratios in myopic and emmetropic Hong Kong children and the effect of timolol.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Caucasian children with myopia have elevated response accommodative vergence to accommodation (AC/A) ratios. The purpose of this study was twofold: to determine if response AC/A ratios vary with refractive error and with myopic progression rate in Hong Kong Chinese children, and to determine the effect of beta-adrenergic antagonism with topical timolol application on AC/A ratios.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty children aged eight to 12 years participated in the study. All refractive errors were corrected with spectacle lenses. Accommodative responses were measured using a Shin-Nippon autorefractor and concurrent changes in vergence were assessed using a vertical prism and a Howell-Dwyer card at three metres and 0.33 metre. Accommodative demand was altered using plus or minus two dioptre lenses and lens- and distance-induced response AC/A ratios were calculated. Measurements were repeated 30 minutes after the instillation of topical timolol maleate (0.5 per cent).
  
  
  RESULTS
  AC/A ratios appeared higher in progressing myopic children but the difference was not statistically significant. Timolol application reduced accommodative convergence (AC) in the stable myopes (reduction = -3 +/- 1.14 prism dioptres) but not in the emmetropes (0.69 +/- 0.96 prism dioptres) or progressing myopes (0.16 +/- 0.43 prism dioptres) and this difference between refractive groups was statistically significant (F(2, 27) = 3.766; P = 0.036). However, timolol did not produce a significant change in the accommodative response to positive or negative lenses or response AC/A ratios.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We did not find that AC/A ratios in myopic Chinese children were elevated and therefore, it is unlikely that elevated AC/A ratios are responsible for the high levels of myopia that occur in Hong Kong. The finding that timolol reduced AC in the stable myopes suggests that the autonomic control of accommodative convergence in these children may be different from that in emmetropic children and those with progressing myopia.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Eye Research, School of Optometry, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia.
authors.forename: Jennifer C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Katrina L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Marion H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Bibianna S Y
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: John K F
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Lew
mesh_terms: D000065:Accommodation, Ocular / Q000187:drug effects*; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003290:Convergence, Ocular / Q000187:drug effects*; D018450:Disease Progression; D004948:Esotropia / Q000209:etiology; D005099:Exotropia / Q000209:etiology; D005139:Eyeglasses; D006723:Hong Kong; D006801:Humans; D009216:Myopia / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D013999:Timolol / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D013999:Timolol