title: Incidence of medical error and adverse outcomes on a pediatric general surgery service.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Institute of Medicine has identified medical error as a leading cause of death and injury, with deaths resulting from medical error exceeding those caused by motor vehicle collisions, breast cancer, or AIDS. The authors examined the incidence and sources of medical error in relation to adverse events on a pediatric general surgery service.
  
  
  METHODS
  All intensive care unit (ICU) and ward admissions to 2 staff pediatric general surgeons during a 1-month period were identified prospectively and in-patient care was reviewed daily by a 3-person panel consisting of a staff surgeon, a surgical fellow, and a nonmedical observer. Medical errors, identified through daily patient encounters, nursing rounds, medical rounds, and chart examinations, were evaluated based on type, hospital setting, personnel involved, and outcome. Adverse outcomes were evaluated based on type and contributing factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our study group included 64 patients. A total of 108 errors were identified; 28% of these errors resulted in adverse outcomes. One or more medical errors were identified in the care of two thirds of patients (43 of 64), with medical error contributing to adverse outcomes in one third of patients (21 of 64). Errors occurred most frequently in communication, postoperative monitoring and care, and diagnosis, with errors in postoperative care and diagnosis having the highest likelihood of resulting in an adverse outcome. Seventy-four adverse outcomes were identified in 31 patients; 35 (47%) of these outcomes, occurring in 21 patients, were attributable to medical error. The most common adverse outcomes identified were additional nonoperative procedures, of which, 92% resulted from medical error. There were no deaths.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Medical error occurs in more than one half of hospital admissions on a general pediatric surgery service and contributes to a substantial number of adverse outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Monja L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Proctor
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pastore
authors.forename: Justin T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Gerstle
authors.forename: Jacob C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Langer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003422:Critical Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009864:Ontario; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D013503:Surgery Department, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*