title: Arcuate sign of posterolateral knee injuries: anatomic, radiographic, and MR imaging data related to patterns of injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The "arcuate sign" is considered a pathognomonic sign for injuries of the posterolateral (PL) corner of the knee. The purpose of our study was to identify different patterns of injury to the fibular head that may associate with injuries to specific ligaments and tendons of the PL corner of the knee. The anatomic relations between the insertions of fibular collateral ligament (FCL), biceps femoris tendon (BFT), popliteofibular ligament (PFL), and arcuate ligament in normal cadaveric knees were also investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Magnetic resonance imaging was performed in two cadaveric knees which subsequently were dissected. Radiopaque markers were placed upon the fibular insertions of the FCL, BFT, PFL, and arcuate ligament in the dissected knees, and knee radiographs were then obtained. Twelve patients with radiographic or MR imaging evidence of isolated injury to the PL corner of the knee were retrospectively reviewed, with regard to avulsion fractures and marrow edema in the fibular head and the integrity of the ligaments of the PL corner of the knee.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PFL and arcuate ligament were seen to attach directly to the posterior and medial aspect of the styloid process of the fibular head. The FCL and BFT attached as a conjoined structure on the lateral aspect of the fibular head lateral, anterior and inferior to the attachment site of the PFL and arcuate ligament. Injury to the arcuate ligament or PFL was diagnosed in 8 patients who presented with a small avulsion fracture of the styloid process of the fibula (n=2), bone marrow edema in the medial aspect of the fibular head (n=3), or both (n=3). In 4 patients with injury to the conjoined tendon or FCL, a larger avulsion fragment and more diffuse proximal fibular edema were seen. Radiographic and MR imaging findings in injuries of the posterolateral corner of the knee may suggest injury to specific structures inserting in the fibular head.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, USA.
authors.forename: Josephine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Olympia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Papakonstantinou
authors.forename: Keith R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Brookenthal
authors.forename: Debra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Trudell
authors.forename: Donald L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Resnick
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017885:Collateral Ligaments / Q000293:injuries; D005260:Female; D005360:Fibula / Q000293:injuries; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000209:etiology; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016119:Posterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000293:injuries; D011859:Radiography; D013708:Tendon Injuries