title: [Control parameters for high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) for tissue ablation in the ex-vivo kidney].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Therapeutic application of contactless thermoablation by high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) demands precise physical definition of focal size and determination of control parameters. Our objective was to define the focal expansion of a new ultrasound generator and to evaluate the extent of tissue ablation under variable generator parameters in an ex vivo model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Axial and transversal distribution of ultrasound intensity in the area of the focal point was calculated by needle hydrophone. The extent of tissue necrosis after focused ultrasound was assessed in an ex vivo porcine kidney model applying generator power up to 400 Watt and pulse duration up to 8 s.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The measurement of field distribution revealed a physical focal size of 32 x 4 mm. Sharp demarcation between coagulation necrosis and intact tissue was observed in our tissue model. Lesion size was kept under control by variation of both generator power and impulse duration. At a constant impulse duration of 2 s, generator power of 100 W remained below the threshold doses for induction of a reproducible lesion. An increase in power up to 200 W and 400 W, respectively, induced lesions with diameters up to 11.2 x 3 mm. Constant total energy (generator power x impulse duration) led to a larger lesion size under higher generator power.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is possible to induce sharply demarcated, reproducible thermonecrosis, which can be regulated by generator power and impulse duration, by means of a cylindrical piezo element with a paraboloid reflector at a focal distance of 10 cm. The variation of generator power was an especially suitable control parameter for the inducement of a defined lesion size.
authors.affiliation: Urologische Universitätsklinik, Klinikum Mannheim GmbH; Fakultät für Klinische Medizin Mannheim der Ruprecht Karls Universität Heidelberg.
authors.forename: K U
authors.initials: KU
authors.lastname: Köhrmann
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Michel
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Steidler
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Marlinghaus
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kraut
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Alken