title: Cytokines, insulin-like growth factor 1, sarcopenia, and mortality in very old community-dwelling men and women: the Framingham Heart Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aging is associated with increased production of catabolic cytokines, reduced circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and acceleration of sarcopenia (loss of muscle with age). We hypothesized that these factors are independently linked to mortality in community-dwelling older persons.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the relation of all-cause mortality to peripheral blood mononuclear cell production of inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-alpha], interleukin 1 beta, interleukin 6), serum interleukin 6 and IGF-1, and fat-free mass and clinical status in 525 ambulatory, free-living participants in the Framingham Heart Study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 525 subjects (aged 72 to 92 years at baseline), 122 (23%) died during 4 years of follow-up. After adjusting for age, sex, comorbid conditions, smoking, and body mass index, mortality was associated with greater cellular production of TNF-alpha (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.27 per log(10) difference in ng/mL; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.00 to 1.61; P = 0.05) and higher serum interleukin 6 levels (HR = 1.30 per log(10) difference in pg/mL; 95% CI: 1.04 to 1.63]; P = 0.02), but not with higher serum IGF-1 levels (HR = 0.70 per log(10) difference in pg/mL; 95% CI: 0.49 to 0.99; P = 0.04). In a subset of 398 subjects (55 deaths) in whom change in fat-free mass index during the first 2 years was measured, less loss of fat-free mass and greater IGF-1 levels were associated with reduced mortality during the next 2 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Greater levels or production of the catabolic cytokines TNF-alpha and interleukin 6 are associated with increased mortality in community-dwelling elderly adults, whereas IGF-1 levels had the opposite effect.
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture Jean Mayer Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. roubenoff@mpi.com
authors.forename: Ronenn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Roubenoff
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Parise
authors.forename: Hélène A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Payette
authors.forename: Leslie W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Abad
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: D'Agostino
authors.forename: Paul F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Jacques
authors.forename: Peter W F
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Charles A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Dinarello
authors.forename: Tamara B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Harris
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008404:Massachusetts; D009026:Mortality; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000473:pathology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I