title: Transcriptional control of the arginine/lysine transporter, cat-1, by physiological stress.
abstract: Cells respond to physiological stress by phosphorylating the alpha subunit of the translation initiation factor eIF2. This adaptive response inhibits protein synthesis and up-regulates genes essential for cell survival. Cat-1, the transporter for the essential amino acids, arginine and lysine, is one of the up-regulated genes. We previously showed that stress increases cat-1 expression by coordinated stabilization of the mRNA and increased mRNA translation. This induction is triggered by amino acid depletion and the unfolded protein response (UPR), which is caused by unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. We show here that cat-1 gene transcription is also increased by cellular stress. Our studies demonstrate that the cat-1 gene promoter/regulatory region is TATA-less and is located in a region that includes 94 bases of the first exon. Transcription from this promoter is stimulated 8-fold by cellular stress. An amino acid response element within the first exon is shown to be required for the response to amino acid depletion but not to the UPR. The stimulation of transcription by amino acid depletion requires activation of GCN2 kinase, which phosphorylates eIF2alpha. This phosphorylation also induces translation of the cat-1 mRNA, demonstrating that stress-induced transcriptional and translational control of cat-1 are downstream targets of a signaling pathway initiating with eIF2alpha phosphorylation. Our studies show that the increase in cat-1 gene expression by cellular stress involves at least three types of coordinate regulation: regulation of transcription, regulation of mRNA stability, and regulation of mRNA translation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4906, USA.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.forename: Alex B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: Chuanping
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Rangnath
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.forename: Lingyin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yaman
authors.forename: Martin D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Snider
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hatzoglou
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hatzolgou
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000737:chemistry; D001483:Base Sequence; D027201:Cationic Amino Acid Transporter 1 / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000502:physiology*; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000378:metabolism; D003609:Dactinomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism; D015852:Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2 / Q000737:chemistry; D005091:Exons; D007438:Introns; D008239:Lysine / Q000737:chemistry; D008957:Models, Genetic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D010766:Phosphorylation; D010957:Plasmids / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D017510:Protein Folding; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D015398:Signal Transduction; D015719:Single-Strand Specific DNA and RNA Endonucleases / Q000378:metabolism; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D013997:Time Factors; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014162:Transfection; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D027201:Cationic Amino Acid Transporter 1; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D015852:Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D003609:Dactinomycin; D001120:Arginine; D011494:Protein Kinases; D015719:Single-Strand Specific DNA and RNA Endonucleases; D008239:Lysine