Specificity and potential mechanism of sulfatide deficiency in Alzheimer's disease: an electrospray ionization mass spectrometric study.
Recently, we have demonstrated that sulfatide content was substantially depleted in post-mortem brain samples from subjects with very mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) relative to age-matched controls. However, it is unknown if the observed sulfatide deficiency is AD-specific and what mechanism(s) lead to this depletion. By exploiting the advantages of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry techniques, we examined the specificity and a potential mechanism of sulfatide deficiency in AD in the study. In contrast to the sulfatide depletion observed in AD, it was found that the sulfatide content in post-mortem brain samples from subjects with Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies was either higher than or comparable to that observed from controls, respectively, suggesting that sulfatide deficiency is likely specific to AD. Examination of lipid alterations in cultured embryonic rat brain oligodendrocytes treated with amyloid-beta peptide demonstrated that there was no alteration in sulfatide content up to a 24-hr interval after amyloid-beta addition/treatment. However, there were significant decreases in plasmenylethanolamine and increases in sphingomyelin content in the same study. These findings suggest that sulfatide deficiency in AD is unlikely mediated directly by amyloid-beta peptide accumulation. Thus, these results illustrate the specificity of sulfatide deficiency in AD and exclude amyloid-beta accumulation as a factor directly contributing to sulfatide deficiency in AD.
Cheng
H
H
Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8020, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
Xu
J
J
McKeel
D W
DW
Han
X
X
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis; D005699:Galactosylceramides / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D020961:Lewy Body Disease / Q000378:metabolism; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018020:Lithium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D009836:Oligodendroglia / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000378:metabolism; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000494:pharmacology; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines / Q000032:analysis; D010714:Phosphatidylethanolamines / Q000032:analysis; D010715:Phosphatidylglycerols / Q000032:analysis; D010716:Phosphatidylinositols / Q000032:analysis; D010718:Phosphatidylserines / Q000032:analysis; D010955:Plasmalogens / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D013109:Sphingomyelins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D013433:Sulfoglycosphingolipids / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*
D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005699:Galactosylceramides; D008055:Lipids; D018020:Lithium Compounds; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines; D010714:Phosphatidylethanolamines; D010715:Phosphatidylglycerols; D010716:Phosphatidylinositols; D010718:Phosphatidylserines; D010955:Plasmalogens; D013109:Sphingomyelins; D013433:Sulfoglycosphingolipids; C074636:amyloid beta-protein (25-35); C020791:phosphatidal ethanolamines; C028467:lithium hydroxide