In vitro acoustic waves propagation in human and bovine cancellous bone.
The acoustic behavior of cancellous bone with regard to its complex poroelastic nature has been investigated. The existence of two longitudinal modes of propagation is demonstrated in both bovine and human cancellous bone. Failure to take into account the presence of these two waves may result in inaccurate material characterization.


BACKGROUND
Acoustic wave propagation is now a commonly used nondestructive method for cancellous bone characterization. However, wave propagation in this material may be affected by fluid-solid interactions inherent to its poroelastic nature, resulting in two different longitudinal waves. This phenomenon has been demonstrated in previous studies and is in agreement with Biot's theory. The purpose of this paper is to extend these findings to human trabecular bone and to thoroughly investigate these two waves.


METHODS
Sixty human and 14 bovine cancellous bone cubic specimens were tested in vitro in three different directions using an immersion acoustic transmission method. Original procedures were developed to quantify both velocity and attenuation characteristics of each wave. In term of attenuation, a modified broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA), describing the rate of change of the frequency-dependent attenuation, was defined for each wave (FDUA).


RESULTS
Both waves were identified in most of the specimens. The fast wave velocities demonstrated a negative linear correlation with porosity (1500-2300 m/s, R2 = 0.44, p < 10(-3)), whereas the slow wave velocities exhibited two different behaviors: (1) a first set of data clearly dependent on porosity showing a positive linear correlation (1150-1450 m/s, R2 = 0.26, p < 10(-3)) and (2) a second group independent on porosity. The fast wave FDUA (20-140 dB/cmMHz) showed a parabolic behavior and reached a maximum for 75% porosity (second degree relationship R2 = 0.41,p < 10(-3)), whereas a positive linear behavior was observed for the slow wave FDUA (15-40 dB/cmMHz; R2 = 0.15, p < 10(-2)).


CONCLUSIONS
Existence of two wave propagation modes were demonstrated in human cancellous bone. Our data suggest that, in some cases, the amplitude of the slow wave is much larger than the amplitude of the fast wave. For this reason, care should be taken when using measurement systems that incorporate simple threshold detection because the fast wave could remain undetected. Moreover, failure to consider the presence of these two waves could result in an inaccurate quantification of cancellous bone physical properties.
Laboratoire de Biomécanique et Biomatériaux Ostéo-Articulaires, UMR CNRS 7052, Université Paris 7, Paris, France. cardoso@univ-paris12.fr
Luis
L
Cardoso
Frédéric
F
Teboul
Laurent
L
Sedel
Christian
C
Oddou
Alain
A
Meunier
D000162:Acoustics; D000818:Animals; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000473:pathology*; D002417:Cattle; D006615:Hip / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D013977:Tibia / Q000473:pathology; D013997:Time Factors; D014465:Ultrasonics