Conceptus radiation dose assessment from fluoroscopically assisted surgical treatment of hip fractures.
Our aims in the present study were to (a) provide normalized dose data for the estimation of the conceptus dose from fluoroscopically assisted surgical treatment of hip fractures carried out during all trimesters of pregnancy and (b) estimate the conceptus radiation dose and risks associated with fluoroscopy during a typical treatment of hip fracture performed on a pregnant woman. Conceptus doses normalized to entrance surface dose (ESD) or dose area product (DAP) were obtained with the help of anthropomorphic phantoms simulating pregnancy in the three trimesters of gestation. ESD and conceptus dose measurements were carried out using thermoluminescent dosimeters. DAP to conceptus dose conversion factors were estimated for the first, second and third trimesters of gestation. Conceptus dose data normalized to ESD were also estimated to investigate whether these conversion factors may be used for procedures carried out in x-ray units not equipped with a DAP meter. Fluoroscopically assisted surgical treatments were performed in 18 women. The projections involved in these procedures are (a) posteroanterior (PA) and (b) lateral crosstable 45 degrees (LC). Radiation doses for a potential conceptus were estimated by using normalized dose data obtained in phantoms. The results consist of tabulated dose data normalized to DAP or ESD for the estimation of a conceptus dose. An important finding of this study was that the total DAP of a procedure, instead of the individual DAP values of each projection, could be used for the accurate estimation of the conceptus dose. Conceptus doses calculated using dose data normalized to ESD are about 23% higher compared to those estimated using data normalized to DAP. This discrepancy may be attributed to the contribution of scattering radiation from PA projection to ESD measurement of LC projection and vice versa. Therefore, dose data normalized to ESD do not provide accurate conceptus dose estimation. Doses normalized to DAP showed a dependence on (a) tube potential and (b) tube filtration. Data are provided to extent the doses normalized to DAP for the standard spectrum to other tube voltages and filtrations. The maximum dose for a potential conceptus was 0.425 mGy for a patient irradiated for 50 seconds during the PA projection and for 40 seconds during the LC projection. Although the total duration of fluoroscopy is usually less than 2 minutes during a typical procedure, screening time as long as 14 minutes has been reported in the literature for treatment of complex fractures. The relationship between conceptus dose and fluoroscopy time found in the current study showed that, in these cases, the radiation dose received by a conceptus may exceed 1 mGy. In conclusion, an accurate estimation of conceptus doses associated with fluoroscopically assisted surgical treatment of hip fractures can be made using the DAP normalized dose data provided in this study. Conceptus doses from a typical procedure is less than 1 mGy during all trimesters.
Damilakis
J
J
Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, PO Box 1393, 71409 Iraklion, Crete, Greece. damilaki@med.uoc.gr
Theocharopoulos
N
N
Perisinakis
K
K
Papadokostakis
G
G
Hadjipavlou
A
A
Gourtsoyiannis
N
N
D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000528:radiation effects*; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D015233:Models, Statistical; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011247:Pregnancy; D011264:Pregnancy Trimesters; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D012306:Risk; D013997:Time Factors; D014965:X-Rays