Impact of female hormones on blood pressure: review of potential mechanisms and clinical studies.
In recent studies, it has been found that postmenopausal hormonal therapy is associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular disease. Experimental studies suggest several potential mechanisms by which estrogens might decrease blood pressures, and estrogen administration attenuates hypertension in several animal models. In humans, although oral contraceptive agents are frequently associated with increases in blood pressure, blood pressure was not increased or was minimally increased in prospective clinical trials of hormone therapy in postmenopausal women. These observations suggest that the excess rates of cardiovascular disease are not caused by increased blood pressure.
Division of Epidemiology, Health Policy Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA. jkotchen@mcw.edu
Jane
J
Morley Kotchen
Theodore A
TA
Kotchen
D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female / Q000494:pharmacology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D004967:Estrogens / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006728:Hormones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D011374:Progesterone / Q000494:pharmacology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000187:drug effects
D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female; D004967:Estrogens; D006728:Hormones; D011374:Progesterone