Tobacco smoking: current concepts in etiology and treatment.
Tobacco smoking is the most important preventable cause of death and disease. Despite an increased awareness of the addictive nature of smoking and availability of effective treatments, smoking continues to be widespread among individuals with psychiatric disorders. Moreover, mental health professionals remain reluctant to address smoking among their patients for a variety of reasons. Recent research has provided a wealth of data that have shaped the concept of tobacco smoking as a chronic addictive disorder and also demonstrated the efficacy of smoking cessation interventions. This paper reviews the important factors that contribute to smoking and the various pharmacological and psychosocial interventions for smoking cessation from a biopsychosocial perspective. It also makes recommendations for the rational use of these interventions to treat nicotine dependence in individuals with psychiatric disorders.
Department of Psychiatry, Thomas Jefferson University, 33 South 9th Street, Suite 210E, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA. ashwin.patkar@jefferson.edu
Ashwin A
AA
Patkar
Michael J
MJ
Vergare
Vikas
V
Batra
Stephen P
SP
Weinstein
Frank T
FT
Leone
D000818:Animals; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D008032:Limbic System / Q000502:physiology; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D008636:Mesencephalon / Q000503:physiopathology; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents