Robot-assisted laparoscopic choledochojejunostomy.
BACKGROUND
Endoscopic stenting is the treatment of choice for palliative relief of biliary obstruction by a periampullary tumor. If treated surgically, a choledochojejunostomy and Roux-en-Y diversion is still performed by laparotomy in a large number of cases due to technical challenges of the biliodigestive anastomosis in the laparoscopic approach. Robotic systems may enhance dexterity and vision and might therefore support surgeons in delicate laparoscopic interventions. The purpose of this study is to assess the efficacy and safety of performing a laparoscopic choledochojejunostomy and Roux-en-Y reconstruction with the aid of a robotic system.


METHODS
Ten laparoscopic procedures were performed in pigs with the da Vinci robotic system and compared to 10 procedures performed by laparotomy (controls). Operation room time, anastomoses time, blood loss, and complications were recorded. The effectiveness of the anastomoses was evaluated by postoperative observation for 14 days and by measuring passage, circumference, and number of stitches.


RESULTS
Operating room time was significantly longer for the robot-assisted group than for controls (140 vs 82 min, p < 0.05). The anastomoses times were longer in the robot-assisted cases but not statistically significant (biliodigestive anastomosis, 29 vs 20 min; intestinal anastomosis, 30 vs 15 min), Blood loss was less than 10 cc in all robot-assisted cases and 30 cc (10-50 cc) in the controls. In both groups, there were no intraoperative complications. In the control group, one pig died of gastroparesis on postoperative day 6. In the robot-assisted group, one pig died on postoperative day 7 due to a volvulus of the jejunum. At autopsy, a bilioma was found in one pig in the robot-assisted group. In all pigs, the biliodigestive and intestinal anastomoses were macroscopically patent with an adequate passage. Circumference and number of stitches were similar.


CONCLUSIONS
The safety and efficacy of robot-assisted laparoscopic choledochojejunostomy was proven in this study. The procedure can be performed within an acceptable time frame.
Ruurda
J P
JP
Department of Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Post Office Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
van Dongen
K W
KW
Dries
J
J
Borel Rinkes
I H M
IH
Broeders
I A M J
IA
D000713:Anastomosis, Roux-en-Y / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical; D002768:Choledochostomy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D002779:Cholestasis / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D018589:Gastroparesis / Q000209:etiology; D045822:Intestinal Volvulus / Q000209:etiology; D007579:Jejunal Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D007813:Laparotomy; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D012371:Robotics; D012449:Safety; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors