Dual-axes confocal microscopy with post-objective scanning and low-coherence heterodyne detection.
We present a dual-axes confocal microscope that employs postobjective scanning and low-coherence heterodyne detection to collect vertical cross-sectional images from biological tissue with high axial resolution, reduced noise from scattered light, deep tissue penetration, and a large dynamic range. This architecture can be scaled down to millimeter dimensions with microelectromechanical systems technology for performance of in vivo optical biopsy.
Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA. tdwang@stanford.edu
Thomas D
TD
Wang
Christopher H
CH
Contag
Michael J
MJ
Mandella
Ning Y
NY
Chan
Gordon S
GS
Kino
D001706:Biopsy / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D004947:Esophagus / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal