Effects of stress hyperglycemia on acute myocardial infarction: role of inflammatory immune process in functional cardiac outcome.
OBJECTIVE
Stress hyperglycemia has been associated with increased mortality in patients with myocardial infarction (MI). We examined the association between plasma glucose levels, circulating inflammatory markers, T-cell activation, and functional cardiac outcome in patients with first MI.


METHODS
Echocardiographic parameters, circulating levels of interleukin-18 (IL-18), C-reactive protein (CPR), and the percent of CD16-CD56, CD4/CD8, CD152, and HLA-DR expression were investigated in 108 patients with acute MI on admission to the emergency ward.


RESULTS
Our review found that 31 new hyperglycemic patients (glycemia >or=7 mmol/l) had higher infarct segment length (P < 0.05) and myocardial performance index (P < 0.02) and reduced transmitral Doppler flow (P < 0.05), pulmonary flow analysis (P < 0.02), and ejection fraction (P < 0.05) compared with 36 hyperglycemic diabetic patients and 41 normoglycemic patients. Plasma IL-18 and CRP were higher in the hyperglycemic than in the normoglycemic patients (P < 0.005), with the highest values in patients with new hyperglycemia (P < 0.05). Hyperglycemic patients had a higher percent of CD16+/CD56+ cells and CD4/CD8 ratio (P < 0.01), whereas they had lower CD152 expression (which has a negative regulatory function in T-cell activation) compared with normoglycemic patients (P < 0.001).


CONCLUSIONS
During MI, hyperglycemia is associated with increased levels of inflammatory markers, enhanced expression of cytotoxic T-cells, and reduced expression of T-cells, which are implicated in limiting the immune process. An increased inflammatory immune process seems a likely mechanism linking acute hyperglycemia to poor cardiac outcome in MI patients.
Marfella
Raffaele
R
Department of Geriatric and Metabolic Diseases, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. raffaele.marfella@ununa2.it
Siniscalchi
Mario
M
Esposito
Katherine
K
Sellitto
Ausilia
A
De Fanis
Umberto
U
Romano
Ciro
C
Portoghese
Michele
M
Siciliano
Silvio
S
Nappo
Francesco
F
Sasso
Ferdinando Carlo
FC
Mininni
Nicola
N
Cacciapuoti
Federico
F
Lucivero
Giacomo
G
Giunta
Riccardo
R
Verza
Mario
M
Giugliano
Dario
D
D015703:Antigens, CD; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation / Q000032:analysis; D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D016516:CD4-CD8 Ratio; D019002:CD56 Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology*; D020382:Interleukin-18 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000276:immunology*; D017452:Receptors, IgG / Q000032:analysis; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology*; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology
D015703:Antigens, CD; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation; D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D019002:CD56 Antigen; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; C556706:CTLA4 protein, human; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens; D020382:Interleukin-18; D017452:Receptors, IgG; D002097:C-Reactive Protein