Cognitive dysfunction and health-related quality of life in long-term liver transplant survivors.
Although several studies have investigated short-term effects of liver transplantation on cognitive function and health-related quality of life, there have been no studies looking at long-term effects. Patients who received a single liver transplant at St James's University Hospital (Leeds, UK) before October 1, 1991, were invited to participate in this cross-sectional study. Cognitive function was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination, the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, trail-making tests, the Stroop test, and the Benton Visual Retention Test. Anxiety and depression were documented using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Health-related quality of life was assessed using the EuroQol. Twenty-five healthy volunteers acted as controls. Thirty-six patients had undergone transplantation before October 1, 1991. Thirteen patients (36%) had died, 6 patients had received more than one transplant, 2 patients did not speak English, and 3 patients did not want to participate, leaving 12 patients included in the study. Patients scored significantly lower on measures of health-related quality of life than healthy controls, but there were no differences in levels of anxiety or depression. Patients scored significantly lower than controls across a wide range of cognitive functions, suggesting global cognitive impairment. We show that patients who survive for more than 10 years after liver transplantation have significant cognitive dysfunction and poor health-related quality of life. Whether these patients never return to normal after transplantation or whether they experience an increased rate of decline in cognitive function and health-related quality of life is uncertain and requires further study.
Lewis
Mark B
MB
St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK. m.k.lewis@email.msn.com
Howdle
Peter D
PD
D000368:Aged; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011788:Quality of Life; D013997:Time Factors