A comparative analysis of optical and conventional axiography for the analysis of temporomandibular joint movements.
BACKGROUND
Currently available systems for pantographic tracing are heavy, bulky, and can interfere with jaw movements.


OBJECTIVE
This study describes the development and clinical application of optoelectronic axiography designed to overcome system inherent problems of conventional bulky frame-based registration axiography. The purpose of this study is the comparison of the newly developed system and conventional axiography.


METHODS
Three-dimensional recordings of condylar pathways were acquired by means of infrared digitizers interfaced to newly developed software. Ten distinct curves in each of 10 subjects were recorded by synchronous optoelectronic axiography (100 tracings) and by conventional axiography (100 tracings). Usually, two 3-dimensional (3D) light weight sensors are provisionally fixed to the facial surface of a maxillary and mandibular incisor by means of a single orthodontic bracket. To allow for direct comparison of all 100 pairs of curves in this study, the 3D sensors of the optoelectronic system were attached to the bulky double face-bow system of the axiograph. The conformity of tracings (protrusion, opening/closing, mediotrusion, and laterotrusion) was evaluated by means of correlation analysis. Resulting axiographic recordings from both systems were evaluated by 3 experts (dentists, experienced in axiographic investigations, who were blind to the source of the data), focusing on standardized qualitative criteria of the recordings (homogeneity/smoothness, pathway-characteristics, excursion, and left/right-symmetry). After testing for normal distribution of the ratio scaled data (length of pathway, horizontal condylar inclination [HCI], Bennett angle) with the Kolmogoroff-Smirnov test (alpha=.01), axiographic curves were quantitatively compared by means of an intraclass correlation coefficient ([ICC] alpha =.01). The Wilcoxon test (alpha=.01) was used to evaluate equivalence of ordinally scaled values (homogeneity of tracings) and Cohen's Kappa was used to compare excursion and left/right symmetry.


RESULTS
High correspondence between curves recorded by conventional and optoelectronic axiography was observed. The mean differences of lengths between the protrusive, opening/closing, and mediotrusive pathways were 0.0 mm, 0.6 mm, and 0.1 mm, respectively. Pathways and values for HCI were found highly correlated (pathways: 95% CI of ICC 0.9776-0.9908; HCI: 95% CI of ICC 0.8641-0.9597). The 95% CIs for differences of pathways, HCI-value, and Bennett angle were -0.1mm/0.3mm, -3.4 degrees/1.9 degrees, and -2.8 degrees/4.8 degrees, respectively. Pathway characteristics also corresponded well (Cohen's Kappa: 0.73 for symmetric and 0.72 for asymmetric movements), 0.77 for left/right symmetry, whereas other characteristics showed less significant correlation (Cohen's Kappa of excursion: 0.21 for symmetric and 0.09 for asymmetric movements, homogeneity: 0.08 for symmetric and 0.15 for asymmetric movements).


CONCLUSIONS
Within the limitations of this study, optoelectronic axiography proved to be an applicable, promising technique, leading to diagnostic interpretations equivalent (with respect to the CIs) to conventional axiography.
Wagner
Arne
A
University Hospital of Cranio-Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Medical School, University of Austria, Vienna. arne.wagner@univie.ac.at
Seemann
Rudolf
R
Schicho
Kurt
K
Ewers
Rolf
R
Piehslinger
Eva
E
D003766:Dental Occlusion; D004581:Electronics / Q000295:instrumentation; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007259:Infrared Rays; D007574:Jaw Relation Record / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D009068:Movement; D015588:Observer Variation; D055095:Optics and Photonics / Q000295:instrumentation; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013704:Temporomandibular Joint / Q000502:physiology*