Zinc intake of US preschool children exceeds new dietary reference intakes.
BACKGROUND
The recent dietary reference intakes publication provides updated information on the physiologic and dietary requirements for zinc and proposes new tolerable upper intake levels.


OBJECTIVE
We analyzed dietary intake data of US preschool children to determine the prevalence of inadequate and excessive intakes of zinc.


METHODS
Diets of 7474 nonbreastfeeding preschool children in the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (1994-1996 and 1998) were analyzed for the intakes of zinc and other dietary components, and factors associated with zinc intake were examined.


RESULTS
The mean intakes of zinc by children aged < 1 y, 1-3 y, and 4-5 y were 6.6, 7.6, and 9.1 mg/d, respectively. Less than 1% of children had usual zinc intakes below the adequate intake or estimated average requirement. The percentages of children with intakes exceeding the tolerable upper intake level were 92% (0-6 mo), 86% (7-12 mo), 51% (1-3 y), and 3% (4-5 y). Controlling for age and energy intake, zinc intake was greater in 1998 than in 1994 (P < 0.0001) and was positively associated with participation in the Women, Infants, and Children Program (P < 0.001) and with the lowest income category (P < 0.001).


CONCLUSIONS
Preschool children in the United States have dietary zinc intakes that exceed the new dietary reference intakes. Zinc intakes increased during the 4 y of the study. The present level of intake does not seem to pose a health problem, but if zinc intake continues to increase because of the greater availability of zinc-fortified foods in the US food supply, the amount of zinc consumed by children may become excessive.
Program in International Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA.
Joanne E
JE
Arsenault
Kenneth H
KH
Brown
D000375:Aging; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003300:Copper / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004032:Diet; D002149:Energy Intake; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000737:chemistry; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D010833:Phytic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011203:Poverty; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015032:Zinc / Q000008:administration & dosage*
D003300:Copper; D010833:Phytic Acid; D015032:Zinc