TGF-beta cytokines increase senescence-associated beta-galactosidase activity in human prostate basal cells by supporting differentiation processes, but not cellular senescence.
The family of transforming growth factors betas (TGF-betas) comprises molecules involved in growth inhibition, stress-induced premature senescence, epithelial mesenchymal transition and differentiation processes. The aim of this study was to clarify the effect of long term exposure of human prostate basal cells to TGF-betas, which are found in high concentrations in prostatic fluid and areas of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Basal cell cultures established from prostate explants (n=3) were either grown into cellular senescence, or stimulated with TGF-beta1, beta2 and beta3. Similar to cellular senescence, TGF-beta stimulation resulted in an increase of SA-beta galactosidase (SA-beta-gal) activity, flattened and enlarged cell morphology, and down-regulation of the inhibitor of differentiation Id-1. TGF-beta-treated prostate epithelial cells neither showed terminal growth arrest nor induction of important senescence-relevant genes, such as p16(INK4A), IFI-6-16, IGFBP-3 or Dkk-3. Cells stained positive for cytokeratins 8/18, but did not express other lumenal markers, such as prostate-specific antigen and androgen-receptors. TGF-betas increased also the expression of the mesenchymal marker vimentin, indicating that basal epithelial cells underwent differentiation with lumenal and mesenchymal features. In contrast, in vitro-differentiated neuroendocrine-like cells from prostate organoide cultures, expressing chromogranin A and cytokeratin 18, strongly stained positive for SA-beta-gal. Thus, SA-beta-gal activity is not only a marker for senescence, but also for differentiation of human prostate epithelial cells. With regard to the in vivo situation, in addition to cellular senescence, TGF-beta could contribute to the increased number of SA-beta-gal positive epithelial cells in BPH.
Untergasser
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Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Rennweg 10, Innsbruck A6020, Austria.
Gander
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Rumpold
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Heinrich
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Plas
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Berger
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D000368:Aged; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016922:Cellular Senescence / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D019942:Genes, p16; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011467:Prostate / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D001616:beta-Galactosidase / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism
D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D001616:beta-Galactosidase