Dual-axes confocal microscopy with post-objective scanning and low-coherence heterodyne detection.
We present a dual-axes confocal microscope that employs postobjective scanning and low-coherence heterodyne detection to collect vertical cross-sectional images from biological tissue with high axial resolution, reduced noise from scattered light, deep tissue penetration, and a large dynamic range. This architecture can be scaled down to millimeter dimensions with microelectromechanical systems technology for performance of in vivo optical biopsy.
Wang
Thomas D
TD
Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA. tdwang@stanford.edu
Contag
Christopher H
CH
Mandella
Michael J
MJ
Chan
Ning Y
NY
Kino
Gordon S
GS
D001706:Biopsy / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D004947:Esophagus / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal