The safety net: a cost-effective approach to improving breast and cervical cancer screening.
OBJECTIVE
The purposes of the study were (1). to assess the cost-effectiveness of three interventions to deliver breast and cervical cancer screening to women unscreened for >or=3 years and (2). to determine the relation of an invasive cervical cancer diagnosis to the interval since the last true screening test.


METHODS
In a randomized trial, women were randomly assigned to (1). usual care, (2). letter plus follow-up letter, (3). letter plus follow-up phone call, (4). phone call plus follow-up phone call. Screening within 12 weeks was the outcome. A 5-year retrospective review of cervical cancer cases and screening histories was done.


RESULTS
The 8% of women not screened for >or=5 years had 62% of the invasive cervical cancer cases. Mammography outreach led to screening in 10%, 24%, 51%, and 50% of controls, letter/letter, letter/phone, and phone/phone interventions groups, respectively. Cervical cancer screening outreach led to screening in 17%, 22%, 54%, and 50% of the respective groups. Letter reminders alone produced fewer tests at substantially higher costs than did personalized telephone notification.


CONCLUSIONS
For cervical cancer, only 1 person in 12 was not screened in the preceding 5 years, but these accounted for nearly two thirds of invasive cancers. Aggressive outreach to the rarely screened is an important part of screening programs. Letter reminder, followed by a telephone appointment call, was the most cost-effective approach to screening rarely screened women. Lack of accurate information on prior hysterectomy adds substantial unnecessary costs to a screening reminder program.
Vogt
Thomas M
TM
Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96817, USA. tom.m.vogt@kp.org
Glass
Andrew
A
Glasgow
Russell E
RE
La Chance
Pierre A
PA
Lichtenstein
Edward
E
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003159:Community-Institutional Relations; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017010:Reminder Systems / Q000191:economics*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*