Preventive care: female cancer screening, 1996-2000.
BACKGROUND
Low-income and uninsured women have lower odds of receiving age-appropriate cancer screens that can detect cancers earlier and reduce morbidity/mortality. A key question is whether federal/state public health programs aimed at increasing screening and other public policies (e.g., welfare reform, managed care) have affected their receipt of these preventive services.


METHODS
Data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) were used to estimate the effects of public programs, income, and insurance status on the odds that women received mammography, clinical breast examination (CBE), or Papanicolaou (Pap) smears from 1996 to 2000. State fixed-effects models are estimated. Effects of the age (measured in years) of states' National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Programs (NBCCEDPs) and level of federal funding are presented.


RESULTS
Adjusted odds of uninsured women reporting female cancer screens were lower than for those privately insured, and did not change between 1996 and 2000 despite welfare reform and increasing numbers of uninsured. The age of states' NBCCEDPs were associated with increased odds of mammography, CBE, and Pap smear screens for non-elderly women. For example, the aging of a state's program from 0 to 5 years was associated with an increase in the percentage of women receiving mammography from 52.7% to 55.1%.


CONCLUSIONS
Despite efforts to increase screening among low-income uninsured women, their average rates remain below those with higher incomes and/or insurance. However, initiation and maintenance of the states' NBCCEDPs over long periods is associated with increased screening. After accounting for program age, increased federal dollars are associated with slight increases in screening for women aged >65.
Adams
E Kathleen
EK
Rollins School of Public Health, Room 656, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. eadam01@sph.emory.edu
Florence
Curtis S
CS
Thorpe
Kenneth E
KE
Becker
Edmund R
ER
Joski
Peter J
PJ
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017057:Medically Uninsured; D008875:Middle Aged; D065006:Papanicolaou Test; D011203:Poverty; D014481:United States; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014626:Vaginal Smears / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014932:Women's Health Services / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*