Antimicrobial efficacy of semiconductor laser irradiation on implant surfaces.
OBJECTIVE
This study was conducted to investigate the antimicrobial effect of an 809-nm semiconductor laser on common dental implant surfaces.


METHODS
Sandblasted and acid-etched (SA), plasma-sprayed (TPS), and hydroxyapatite-coated (HA) titanium disks were incubated with a suspension of S. sanguinis (ATCC 10556) and subsequently irradiated with a gallium-aluminum-arsenide (GaAlAs) laser using a 600-microm optical fiber with a power output of 0.5 to 2.5 W, corresponding to power densities of 176.9 to 884.6 W/cm2. Bacterial reduction was calculated by counting colony-forming units on blood agar plates. Cell numbers were compared to untreated control samples and to samples treated with chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX). Heat development during irradiation of the implants placed in bone blocks was visualized by means of shortwave thermography.


RESULTS
In TPS and SA specimens, laser irradiation led to a significant bacterial reduction at all power settings. In an energy-dependent manner, the number of viable bacteria was reduced by 45.0% to 99.4% in TPS specimens and 57.6% to 99.9% in SA specimens. On HA-coated disks, a significant bacterial kill was achieved at 2.0 W (98.2%) and 2.5 W (99.3%) only (t test, P < .05). For specimens treated with CHX, the bacterial counts were reduced by 99.99% in TPS and HA-coated samples and by 99.89% in SA samples.


CONCLUSIONS
The results of the study indicate that the 809-nm semiconductor laser is capable of decontaminating implant surfaces. Surface characteristics determine the necessary power density to achieve a sufficient bactericidal effect. The bactericidal effect, however, was lower than that achieved by a 1-minute treatment with 0.2% CHX. The rapid heat generation during laser irradiation requires special consideration of thermal damage to adjacent tissues.


CONCLUSIONS
No obvious advantage of semiconductor laser treatment over conventional methods of disinfection could be detected in vitro.
Kreisler
Matthias
M
Department of Oral Surgery, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany. matthiaskreisler@web.de
Kohnen
Wolfgang
W
Marinello
Claudio
C
Schoof
Jürgen
J
Langnau
Ernst
E
Jansen
Bernd
B
d'Hoedt
Bernd
B
D000134:Acid Etching, Dental; D000535:Aluminum; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001152:Arsenicals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000528:radiation effects; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000528:radiation effects; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D045662:Dental Etching; D015921:Dental Implants / Q000382:microbiology*; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D017886:Durapatite / Q000528:radiation effects; D004867:Equipment Design; D005708:Gallium; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D053685:Laser Therapy; D013291:Streptococcus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000528:radiation effects
D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D001152:Arsenicals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D015921:Dental Implants; D017886:Durapatite; D005708:Gallium; D000535:Aluminum; D014025:Titanium; C010882:chlorhexidine gluconate; D002710:Chlorhexidine