Dermal, oral, and inhalation pharmacokinetics of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) in human volunteers.
Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), a gasoline additive used to increase octane and reduce carbon monoxide emissions and ozone precursors, has contaminated drinking water and can lead to exposure by oral, inhalation, and dermal routes. To determine its dermal, oral, and inhalation kinetics, 14 volunteers were exposed to 51.3 microg/ml MTBE dermally in tap water for 1 h, drank 2.8 mg MTBE in 250 ml Gatorade(R), and inhaled 3.1 ppm. MTBE for 1 h. Blood and exhaled breath samples were then obtained. Blood MTBE peaked between 15 and 30 min following oral exposure, at the end of inhalation exposure, and ~5 min after dermal exposure. Elimination by each route was described well by a three-compartment model (Rsq >0.9). The Akaike Information Criterion for the three-compartment model was smaller than the two-compartment model, supporting it over the two-compartment model. One metabolite, tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA), measured in blood slowly increased and plateaued, but it did not return to the pre-exposure baseline at the 24-h follow-up. TBA is very water-soluble and has a blood:air partition ratio of 462, reducing elimination by exhalation. Oral exposure resulted in a significantly greater MTBE metabolism into TBA than by other routes based on a greater blood TBA:MTBE AUC ratio, implying significant first-pass metabolism. The slower TBA elimination may make it a better biomarker of MTBE exposure, though one must consider the exposure route when estimating MTBE exposure from TBA because of first-pass metabolism. Most subjects had a baseline blood TBA of 1-3 ppb. Because TBA is found in consumer products and can be used as a fuel additive, it is not a definitive marker of MTBE exposure. These data provide the risk assessment process of pharmacokinetic information relevant to the media through which most exposures occur-air and drinking water.
National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Caroline 27711, USA. prah.james@epa.gov
James
J
Prah
David
D
Ashley
Benjamin
B
Blount
Martin
M
Case
Teresa
T
Leavens
Joachim
J
Pleil
Frederick
F
Cardinali
D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001273:Atmosphere Exposure Chambers; D015415:Biomarkers; D001944:Breath Tests; D004326:Drinking; D005742:Gasoline; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D012869:Skin Absorption; D014867:Water; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
D000393:Air Pollutants; D015415:Biomarkers; D005742:Gasoline; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water; C043243:methyl tert-butyl ether