Maternal milk regulation of cell infiltration and interleukin 18 in the intestine of suckling rat pups.
BACKGROUND
and aims: In neonates the gastrointestinal tract is exposed to food and bacterial antigens at a time when the gut mucosal immune system has not developed the ability to induce oral tolerance. This increases the risk for an inappropriate immune response to oral antigens. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) is an immunoregulatory cytokine present in high concentration in maternal milk. Interleukin 18 (IL-18) is a cytokine that mediates early immune events, and drives T cell development. We assessed the role of TGF-beta in mediating mucosal immune development and specifically the effect on endogenous IL-18.


METHODS
Rat pups were randomly assigned to the following groups, naturally suckled, maternal milk via cannula, and formula fed with and without physiological levels of TGF-beta2. A comparison of the immune response profile was then carried out. Cytokine profiles, dendritic cell, intestinal mast cell, and eosinophil numbers were assessed.


RESULTS
We show that feeding formula deficient in TGF-beta2 resulted in accumulated IL-18 protein release from intestinal epithelial cells and IL-18 mRNA up regulation. A proinflammatory cytokine profile resulted in the gut, along with increased numbers of activated dendritic cells, eosinophils, and mast cells. Supplementation of the formula with TGF-beta2 down regulated the proinflammatory cytokine mRNA as well as the number of activated lymphocytes, eosinophils, mast cells, CD80, and CD86 positive dendritic cells.


CONCLUSIONS
The data suggests an important role for maternal milk, in regulating immune responses after exposure to food antigens, which might otherwise induce deleterious immune responses in the intestine of suckling neonates. This regulation is potentially mediated by milk TGF-beta2, as well as endogenous IL-18.
Penttila
I A
IA
Child Health Research Institute, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia. irmeli.pentila@adelaide.edu.au
Flesch
I E A
IE
McCue
A L
AL
Powell
B C
BC
Zhou
F H
FH
Read
L C
LC
Zola
H
H
D000818:Animals; D000833:Animals, Suckling; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000276:immunology; D015153:Blotting, Western / Q000379:methods; D002452:Cell Count / Q000379:methods; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000276:immunology; D004804:Eosinophils / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique / Q000379:methods; D007082:Ileum / Q000276:immunology; D020382:Interleukin-18 / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology*; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000276:immunology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology; D008407:Mast Cells / Q000276:immunology; D008892:Milk / Q000276:immunology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000276:immunology
D015703:Antigens, CD; D020382:Interleukin-18; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta