Molecular mechanisms involved in the antiproliferative effect of two COX-2 inhibitors, nimesulide and NS-398, on colorectal cancer cell lines.
BACKGROUND
Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is up-regulated in most colorectal cancers. Chronic use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which target cyclooxygenases, have been shown to reduce the risk of these cancers. However, the mechanisms underlying this protective effect remain unclear.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of our study was to characterize the effects of two COX-2 selective inhibitors, NS-398 and nimesulide, on colorectal cancer cell proliferation, and to describe the molecular mechanisms involved.


METHODS
HT-29 and SW-1116 cell lines were cultured with either NS-398 or nimesulide. Cell proliferation was assessed by staining DNA with crystal violet. Cell cycle repartition and apoptosis were analysed by flow cytometry. The expression of COX-1 and COX-2. and of two cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors, p21Cip1 and p27Kip1, was analysed by Western blotting and RT-PCR.


RESULTS
Both drugs dose-dependently inhibited cell proliferation and induced G1 cell cycle blockade. HT-29 cells were more sensitive to both drugs than SW-1116 cells. p21Cip1 and p27Kip1 were induced on both cell lines. Concomitant induction of p21Cip1 mRNA indicates transcriptional modulation, whereas induction of p27Kip1 only at the protein level suggests post-translational modulation.


CONCLUSIONS
NS-398 and nimesulide inhibit colorectal cell proliferation through induction of p21Cip1 and p27Kip1.
INSERM, Human Nutrition Research Center, Department of Gastroenterology, CHU Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France.
B
B
Buecher
A
A
Broquet
D
D
Bouancheau
M F
MF
Heymann
A
A
Jany
M G
MG
Denis
C
C
Bonnet
J P
JP
Galmiche
H M
HM
Blottière
D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000378:metabolism*; D017209:Apoptosis; D015153:Blotting, Western; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects*; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D016213:Cyclins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D016193:G1 Phase / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009578:Nitrobenzenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis
C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009578:Nitrobenzenes; D013449:Sulfonamides; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; C080955:N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases; C012655:nimesulide