The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway links the DNA mismatch repair system to the G2 checkpoint and to resistance to chemotherapeutic DNA-methylating agents.
Although human cells exposed to DNA-methylating agents undergo mismatch repair (MMR)-dependent G(2) arrest, the basis for the linkage between MMR and the G(2) checkpoint is unclear. We noted that mitogen-activated protein kinase p38alpha was activated in MMR-proficient human glioma cells exposed to the chemotherapeutic methylating agent temozolomide (TMZ) but not in paired cells made MMR deficient by expression of a short inhibitory RNA (siRNA) targeted to the MMR protein Mlh1. Furthermore, activation of p38alpha in MMR-proficient cells was associated with nuclear inactivation of the cell cycle regulator Cdc25C phosphatase and its downstream target Cdc2 and with activation of the G(2) checkpoint, actions which were suppressed by the p38alpha/beta inhibitors SB203580 and SB202590 or by expression of a p38alpha siRNA. Finally, pharmacologic or genetic inhibition of p38alpha increased the sensitivity of MMR-proficient cells to the cytotoxic actions of TMZ by increasing the percentage of cells that underwent mitotic catastrophe as a consequence of G(2) checkpoint bypass. These results suggest that p38alpha links DNA MMR to the G(2) checkpoint and to resistance to chemotherapeutic DNA-methylating agents. The p38 pathway may therefore represent a new target for the development of agents to sensitize tumor cells to chemotherapeutic methylating agents.
Hirose
Yuichi
Y
UCSF Cancer Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California-San Francisco, 2340 Sutter Street, San Francisco, CA 94115-0875, USA.
Katayama
Makoto
M
Stokoe
David
D
Haas-Kogan
Daphne A
DA
Berger
Mitchel S
MS
Pieper
Russell O
RO
D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000494:pharmacology; D020137:Base Pair Mismatch; D001483:Base Sequence; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000502:physiology*; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D003606:Dacarbazine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D016195:G2 Phase / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077204:Temozolomide; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007093:Imidazoles; D011725:Pyridines; D003606:Dacarbazine; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C093642:SB 203580; C090942:4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)imidazole; D000077204:Temozolomide