Reductions in individual work productivity associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
BACKGROUND
Chronic diseases and their treatments may cause symptoms that impair performance but are too mild to affect outcome measures such as absences and workforce exit.


OBJECTIVE
To assess the effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus on individuals' productivity when working, absences from work and the value of any lost work time.


METHODS
Subjects were identified from claims data and enrolled over the phone. A telephone survey was used to elicit information about productivity at work, absences, diabetes history, comorbidities, job characteristics, employment history, demographics and healthcare utilisation. The sample consisted of 472 employed residents of New York state, USA, of whom, 445 worked at one major US corporation. Of the 472 participants, 78 had type 2 diabetes. All participants agreed to release their claims data for this study; participants with diabetes also consented to the release of clinical records. All data were linked at the individual level. Tobit regression was used to model work efficiency losses, the total productivity time lost and the value of that time. Absences were modelled using Poisson regression. Productivity was measured using absences from work and work efficiency. Work efficiency was assessed using the Osterhaus model.


RESULTS
Using the Osterhaus model of work productivity, type 2 diabetes was associated with a reduction in productivity at work. These productivity losses increased with the length of exposure to diabetes. Surprisingly, higher productivity losses among employees with diabetes did not translate into significantly higher productivity costs because the group with diabetes earned less. This likely reflects the prevalence of diabetes in populations. Among salaried people, very few reported working extra hours to make up for reduced productivity. Self-report biases may have been a factor in this finding. Type 2 diabetes was not associated with more frequent absences. Other factors that have strong effects on work efficiency are depression and colds, and job satisfaction.


CONCLUSIONS
People with type 2 diabetes appear to experience incremental decrements in work performance that may affect their current and future health and performance. Lower incomes of participants with diabetes suggest that both people with diabetes and their employers bear the cost of any work efficiency losses.
Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 644, Rochester, New York 14642, USA. Jill_Lavigne@urmc.rochester.edu
Jill E
JE
Lavigne
Charles E
CE
Phelps
Alvin
A
Mushlin
Wayne M
WM
Lednar
D000041:Absenteeism; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000191:economics* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000191:economics* / Q000523:psychology; D004526:Efficiency; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009518:New York; D014937:Work / Q000191:economics* / Q000523:psychology