Heart rate response is longer after negative emotions than after positive emotions.
Summary. Recent ambulatory findings showing comparable cardiovascular effects of positive and negative emotions are not consistent with the assumed etiological role of negative affect in stress-related diseases. We tested the hypothesis that regardless of initial reactivity, responses associated with negative emotions would be prolonged compared to responses associated with positive emotions. During 8 h, 33 healthy subjects from a general population reported their emotional arousal, emotional valence and physical activity and recorded their heart rates (HR) after a beep at each 60th min ('initial HR'; T0), followed by two 'prolonged activation' recordings, respectively 5 min later (T1) and 10 min later (T2). While emotional arousal and activity predicted initial HR, prolonged activation at T1 was solely predicted by emotional valence (negative affect) at T0, independent of emotional recovery. The results lend support to the hypothesis that cardiovascular activation after negative emotions last longer than after positive emotions. This finding is consistent with the view that prolonged activation, and not so much reactivity, might be a mechanism underlying the etiological role of negative emotions ('stress') in somatic disease. Perseverative cognition (worry, rumination) might be responsible for this prolonged activation.
Brosschot
Jos F
JF
Leiden University, Section Clinical and Health Psychology, P.O. Box 9555, 2300RB, Leiden, The Netherlands. bosschot@fws.leidenuniv.nl
Thayer
Julian F
JF
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology