Earlier smoking habits are associated with higher serum lipids and lower milk fat and polyunsaturated fatty acid content in the first 6 months of lactation.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the relation between maternal smoking habits, plasma lipids and milk fatty acid (FA) content and composition.


METHODS
Breastfeeding mothers who gave birth to healthy, full-term infants were recruited. Mothers were interviewed on smoking habits, being defined smokers (S) when usually smoking at least five cigarettes per day before pregnancy.


METHODS
Department of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, Milan, Italy.


METHODS
In total, 92 mothers: 61 non-S (NS) and 31 S.


METHODS
Pooled hindmilk was collected at the first raise of milk (colostrum stage), 1, 3 and 6 months, and total lipid (TL) content and fatty acid (FA) composition were evaluated. Maternal dietary habits were assessed by a food-frequency questionnaire. Two subsamples (16 NS, 6 S) were investigated after delivery and at 3 months for serum lipids and FA status. At 6 months after delivery, the number of mothers still breastfeeding decreased to 30. Variables were compared using nonparametric tests.


RESULTS
In smoking mothers serum levels of triglycerides, cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins were higher, while those of high-density lipoproteins were lower. TL content in breast milk was similar in the two groups just after delivery but higher in milk from NS at 1 month. TL content and FA absolute amounts of linoleic, arachidonic, alpha-linolenic and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acid in breast milk were lower in S vs NS 1 month after delivery. Also 3 months after delivery, the breast milk of smoking mothers contained less DHA than the breast milk of nonsmoking mothers.


CONCLUSIONS
Maternal cigarette smoking in early pregnancy is associated with higher plasma lipid levels and lower milk TL and DHA content in the first months of lactation.
Department of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, Milan, Italy. agostoc@tin.it
C
C
Agostoni
F
F
Marangoni
F
F
Grandi
A M
AM
Lammardo
M
M
Giovannini
E
E
Riva
C
C
Galli
D000328:Adult; D001942:Breast Feeding; D003126:Colostrum / Q000737:chemistry; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000032:analysis; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000032:analysis*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007558:Italy; D007774:Lactation; D008055:Lipids / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood*; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors
D005227:Fatty Acids; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D008055:Lipids; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids