High-resolution crystal structures of ribonuclease A complexed with adenylic and uridylic nucleotide inhibitors. Implications for structure-based design of ribonucleolytic inhibitors.
The crystal structures of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A (RNase A) in complex with 3',5'-ADP, 2',5'-ADP, 5'-ADP, U-2'-p and U-3'-p have been determined at high resolution. The structures reveal that each inhibitor binds differently in the RNase A active site by anchoring a phosphate group in subsite P1. The most potent inhibitor of all five, 5'-ADP (Ki = 1.2 microM), adopts a syn conformation (in contrast to 3',5'-ADP and 2',5'-ADP, which adopt an anti), and it is the beta- rather than the alpha-phosphate group that binds to P1. 3',5'-ADP binds with the 5'-phosphate group in P1 and the adenosine in the B2 pocket. Two different binding modes are observed in the two RNase A molecules of the asymmetric unit for 2',5'-ADP. This inhibitor binds with either the 3' or the 5' phosphate groups in subsite P1, and in each case, the adenosine binds in two different positions within the B2 subsite. The two uridilyl inhibitors bind similarly with the uridine moiety in the B1 subsite but the placement of a different phosphate group in P1 (2' versus 3') has significant implications on their potency against RNase A. Comparative structural analysis of the RNase A, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN), eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), and human angiogenin (Ang) complexes with these and other phosphonucleotide inhibitors provides a wealth of information for structure-based design of inhibitors specific for each RNase. These inhibitors could be developed to therapeutic agents that could control the biological activities of EDN, ECP, and ANG, which play key roles in human pathologies.
Leonidas
Demetres D
DD
Institute of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece. ddl@eie.gr
Chavali
Gayatri B
GB
Oikonomakos
Nikos G
NG
Chrysina
Evangelia D
ED
Kosmopoulou
Magda N
MN
Vlassi
Metaxia
M
Frankling
Claire
C
Acharya
K Ravi
KR
D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D002417:Cattle; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D015195:Drug Design; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D047091:Eosinophil Granule Proteins; D047208:Eosinophil-Derived Neurotoxin; D006801:Humans; D006860:Hydrogen Bonding; D008958:Models, Molecular; D011485:Protein Binding; D011487:Protein Conformation; D012259:Ribonuclease, Pancreatic / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D012260:Ribonucleases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D014500:Uracil Nucleotides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism
D001798:Blood Proteins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D047091:Eosinophil Granule Proteins; D014500:Uracil Nucleotides; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate; D047208:Eosinophil-Derived Neurotoxin; D012260:Ribonucleases; C046366:angiogenin; D012259:Ribonuclease, Pancreatic