A phase I, pharmacokinetic, and biological study of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced malignancies.
OBJECTIVE
To assess the feasibility of administering tipifarnib, an oral nonpeptidomimetic competitive inhibitor of farnesyltransferase, in combination with gemcitabine and recommend doses for disease-directed clinical trials. The study also sought to identify drug-drug pharmacokinetic interactions, evaluate effects on protein farnesylation, and seek preliminary evidence for clinical activity.


METHODS
Patients with advanced solid malignancies were treated with tipifarnib at doses of 100, 200, and 300 mg twice daily continuously and 1000 mg/m(2) gemcitabine i.v. on days 1, 8, and 15 every 4 weeks. To identify pharmacokinetic interactions, the treatment and plasma sampling schemes were designed to permit comparisons of the pharmacokinetic behavior of each agent administered alone and together. The proportions of unfarnesylated and farnesylated HDJ2, a chaperone protein that undergoes farnesylation, were measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.


RESULTS
Nineteen evaluable patients were treated with 74 courses of tipifarnib/gemcitabine (mg/mg/m(2)). Myelosuppression was the principal toxicity. Dose-limiting myelosuppression occurred in 2 of 5 patients at the 300/1000 dose level, whereas 2 of 11 evaluable patients at the 200/1000 dose level experienced dose-limiting toxicity. There was no evidence of clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interactions between tipifarnib and gemcitabine. Inhibition of farnesylation of HDJ2, a potential surrogate for Ras and/or other potentially relevant farnesylated proteins, was demonstrated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells at all dose levels. Partial responses were noted in patients with advanced pancreatic and nasopharyngeal carcinomas.


CONCLUSIONS
On the basis of the results of this study, the tipifarnib/gemcitabine dose level of 200/1000 is recommended for disease-directed studies. At this dose level, biologically relevant plasma concentrations of tipifarnib that consistently inhibit protein farnesylation in vitro are achieved and drug-induced inhibition of protein farnesylation is measured in most patients.
Patnaik
Amita
A
Institute for Drug Development, Cancer Therapy and Research Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA. apatniak@idd.org
Eckhardt
S Gail
SG
Izbicka
Elzbieta
E
Tolcher
Anthony A
AA
Hammond
Lisa A
LA
Takimoto
Chris H
CH
Schwartz
Garry
G
McCreery
Heather
H
Goetz
Andrew
A
Mori
Masataka
M
Terada
Kazutoyo
K
Gentner
Lou
L
Rybak
Mary-Ellen
ME
Richards
Henry
H
Zhang
Steven
S
Rowinsky
Eric K
EK
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019883:Alkyl and Aryl Transferases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D019540:Area Under Curve; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D051231:Farnesyltranstransferase; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008956:Models, Chemical; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017368:Protein Prenylation; D015363:Quinolones / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D000093542:Gemcitabine
D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D015363:Quinolones; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D019883:Alkyl and Aryl Transferases; D051231:Farnesyltranstransferase; D018631:ras Proteins; C402769:tipifarnib; D000093542:Gemcitabine