Biomechanical strategies for articular cartilage regeneration.
Two major contributions to the development of articular cartilage are growth factors and mechanical loading. Growth factors have long been used to modulate the secretion of certain molecules from different cells. The TGF-beta superfamily, specifically the BMPs, CDMPs, OPs, and GDFs, have a dramatic effect on the development of bone and cartilage tissue. These growth factors help produce an extracellular matrix that can withstand extreme loading conditions in the body. In addition to growth factors, it is known that mechanical forces stimulate the synthesis of extracellular proteins in vitro and in vivo and can affect the tissue's overall structure. Load-bearing tissue, such as articular cartilage, will atrophy in the absence of mechanical forces, and this observation has caused researchers to incorporate mechanical stimulation into the tissue engineering process. This article focuses on the importance of mechanical forces in tissue engineering of articular cartilage and the growth factors that help stimulate the formation of load-bearing tissue.
Musculoskeletal Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251, USA.
Eric M
EM
Darling
Kyriacos A
KA
Athanasiou
D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology*; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000502:physiology*; D040542:Mechanotransduction, Cellular / Q000502:physiology*; D012038:Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000502:physiology; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology
D006133:Growth Substances; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta