Organisational infrastructures to promote evidence based nursing practice.
BACKGROUND
The purpose of this systematic review is to determine to what extent organisational infrastructures are effective in promoting the implementation of high quality research evidence on the effectiveness of nursing interventions.


OBJECTIVE
To identify and summarize rigorous evaluations of organisational infrastructure developments aimed at promoting evidence based nursing practice.


METHODS
We searched: The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, SIGLE, HEALTHLINE, National Research Register, Nuffield Database of Health Outcomes, NIH Databases up to August 2002. We hand searched the Journal of Advanced Nursing, Applied Nursing Research and Journal of Nursing Administration (to 1999), and checked the reference lists of articles obtained. We contacted experts in the field and relevant Internet groups.


METHODS
Randomized controlled trials, controlled clinical trials and interrupted times series studies of an entire or identified component of an organisational infrastructure development aimed at promoting effective nursing interventions. The participants were health care organisations comprising nurses, midwives and health visitors in hospital and community settings.


METHODS
All identified papers were screened independently for relevance, design and outcome by two reviewers.


RESULTS
No studies were sufficiently rigorous to be included in this systematic review. Seven case study evaluations were identified but excluded from the review because of poor design and lack of controls.


CONCLUSIONS
1. There are no clear implications for practice.2. Several conceptual models on organisational processes to promote evidence based practice have been described in published papers, and a number of organisational infrastructural interventions have been described in published papers. None have been evaluated properly. The next step in this field should be to conduct well planned evaluations of well planned interventions. 3. Interrupted and Complex Interrupted Times Series (ITS and CITS) designs should be adopted as a useful alternative to randomized controlled trials where such trials would be impractical. The health service cost of any infrastructure developments should be assessed in any evaluation. If possible, patient outcomes should be measured directly.
School of Health and Social Care, Oxford Brookes University, 44 London Road, Oxford, UK, OX3 7PD.
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Foxcroft
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Cole
D017598:Efficiency, Organizational; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D009732:Nursing Care / Q000592:standards; D015399:Nursing Research / Q000592:standards*; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic