Micronucleus induction in cells co-exposed in vitro to 50 Hz magnetic field and benzene, 1,4-benzenediol (hydroquinone) or 1,2,4-benzenetriol.
The generation, transmission (e.g. power lines, transformers, service wires, and electrical panels), and use (e.g. home appliances, such as electric blankets, shavers, and televisions) of electrical energy is associated with the production of weak electric and magnetic fields (EMF) which oscillate 50 (Europe) or 60 (USA) times per second (power-line frequency), falling in the extremely-low frequency (ELF) region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Epidemiological reports suggest a possible association between exposure to ELF-EMF and an increased risk of cancer (e.g. childhood acute leukaemia). Benzene is an established human leukomogen. This xenobiotic, which is unlikely to be the ultimate carcinogen, is metabolized in the liver to its primary metabolite phenol, which is hydroxylated to hydroquinone (1,4-benzenediol) and 1,2,4-benzenetriol. In this in vitro approach, to test the genotoxic and / or co-genotoxic potency of ELF-EMF, the cytokinesis block micronucleus (MN) method with Jurkat cells has been used. A 50 Hz magnetic field (MF) of 5 mT field strength was applied for different length of time (from 1 to 24 h), either alone or with benzene, 1,4-benzenediol, or 1,2,4-benzenetriol. Our preliminary results show that, after 24 h exposure, the frequency of micronucleated cells in MF-exposed cultures is 1.9 fold higher than in sham-exposed (control) cultures. Benzene exposure does not show any cytogenetic activity, whereas 1,4-benzenediol or 1,2,4-benzenetriol alone significantly affect the number of MN in Jurkat cells, as compared to untreated cultures. Moreover, co-exposure to ELF-MF does not seem to affect the frequency of micronuclei induced by benzene, 1,4-benzenediol, or 1,2,4-benzenetriol.
Pasquini
R
R
Department of Hygiene and Public Health, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, I-06126 Perugia, Italy.
Villarini
M
M
Scassellati Sforzolini
G
G
Fatigoni
C
C
Moretti
M
M
D001554:Benzene / Q000633:toxicity*; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D006873:Hydroquinones / Q000633:toxicity*; D019169:Jurkat Cells; D048629:Micronuclei, Chromosome-Defective / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D008940:Mitotic Index; D013997:Time Factors
D006873:Hydroquinones; C013038:hydroxyhydroquinone; D001554:Benzene; C031927:hydroquinone