Adoption of reminder and recall messages for immunizations by pediatricians and public health clinics.
OBJECTIVE
Strong scientific evidence and national recommendations support the use of reminder and recall messages to improve immunization coverage rates, yet reports have suggested that only a minority of pediatric practices use such messages. Our aims were to 1) determine the proportions of pediatric practices and public clinics that currently use practice-based reminder or recall messages and routinely undergo immunization assessment efforts, 2) evaluate barriers and supports to implementing these practices, and 3) identify predictors of either current use or plans for future adoption of these practices.


METHODS
This study combined qualitative and quantitative methods in sequential phases. In the qualitative phase, we conducted semistructured, open-ended interviews with a convenience sample of 18 clinician-administrators representing adopters and nonadopters of these messages in both private practices and public health clinics. In the subsequent quantitative phase, we mailed a structured, closed-ended survey to national samples of randomly selected pediatricians (n = 600) and public clinics (n = 600).


RESULTS
Response rates were 75% for pediatricians and 77% for public clinics. Among pediatricians, 38% were conducting regular assessments of immunization coverage but only 16% were currently using routine reminder or recall messages. Among public clinics, 85% were conducting regular assessments and 51% were using reminder or recall messages. Among pediatricians' practices, the most commonly reported barriers to the adoption of reminder or recall messages were lack of time and funding and the inability to identify children at specified ages. For pediatricians' practices, the strongest predictors of current use of reminder or recall messages were having a champion who led efforts to improve immunization delivery (odds ratio: 1.85; 95% confidence interval: 1.08-3.18) and current use of regular immunization assessments (odds ratio: 2.30; 95% confidence interval: 1.33-3.84). Likewise, for public health clinics, having a champion to lead immunization improvement efforts and believing that their current system needed improvement was associated with current use of reminder or recall messages.


CONCLUSIONS
Reminder and recall messages remain underused by both pediatricians and public health clinics. Promising strategies to promote adoption of these approaches in both the private and the public sectors include identifying and training champions to promote immunization delivery improvement efforts and helping practices develop methods to identify children at specific ages.
Tierney
Cheryl D
CD
Harvard Combined Pediatric Health Services Research Fellowship Program, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. cheryl.tierney@bhs.org
Yusuf
Hussain
H
McMahon
Shawn R
SR
Rusinak
Donna
D
O' Brien
Megan A
MA
Massoudi
Mehran S
MS
Lieu
Tracy A
TA
D000554:Ambulatory Care Facilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001071:Appointments and Schedules; D002648:Child; D002662:Child Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003625:Data Collection; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011177:Postal Service; D011331:Private Practice / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015980:Public Health Practice / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017010:Reminder Systems / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013689:Telephone