The representation of smoking expectancies by single-word adjectives and their relationship to smoking characteristics.
A pool of single-word adjectives representing smoking outcome expectancies was derived and tested in two studies. In Study One, smoking-related words were generated and then clustered together to form 39 categories representing smoking expectancy nodes. Analysis of the number of times words in each category were generated indicated that expectancies varied as a function of smoking status (measured at two levels: Ever smoked daily vs. never smoked daily), smoking history (current vs. past smoker), and dependence (nondependent vs. dependent). In Study Two, participants rated the words in terms of expectations of smoking outcomes. A principal components analysis of the ratings indicated that three components accounted for 74.10% of the variance in participants' ratings: Component 1 (adverse effects), 30.92%; component 2 (positive image), 28.08%; and component 3 (positive mood), 15.09%. Further analyses revealed that ratings of words comprising the three components differed as a function of smoking status (measured at three levels: Never smoked daily, daily nondependent smoker, daily dependent smoker), with dependent smokers rating the outcomes associated with all three components as occurring more frequently when they smoked compared with nondependent smokers or those who never smoked daily. The results suggest that the single-word adjectives are appropriate for use in research investigating smoking outcome expectancies.
University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown, Johnstown PA 15904, USA. mullenni@pitt.edu
John W
JW
Mullennix
M Marlyne
MM
Kilbey
Sebastiano A
SA
Fisicaro
Lynn M
LM
Farnsworth
Rosemarie
R
Torrento
D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D023381:Endpoint Determination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010465:Perception; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012660:Semantics; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000523:psychology*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome