Increased risk of stroke in hypertensive women using hormone therapy: analyses based on the Danish Nurse Study.
BACKGROUND
Recent randomized clinical trials suggest an increased risk of stroke with hormone therapy (HT), whereas observational studies have suggested mixed results. Differences in design, definitions of HT exposure, and stroke outcome may explain these discrepancies. Little attention has been paid to identifying subgroups of women who are particularly sensitive to HT.


OBJECTIVE
To investigate the risk of various stroke outcomes among women using HT based primarily on estradiol-17beta (unopposed or combined with norethisterone acetate) and to assess the potential modifying effect by presence of risk factors for stroke.


METHODS
Prospective cohort study.


METHODS
In 1993, the Danish Nurse Study was established, and questionnaires on lifestyle and HT use were sent to all Danish nurses older than 44 years, of whom 19,898 (85.8%) replied.


METHODS
Postmenopausal women (n = 13,122) free of previous major cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease and cancer.


METHODS
Ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke (n = 144) identified in the national registries of hospital discharges and cause of deaths in the total follow-up through December 31, 1998.


RESULTS
In 1993, 28.0% of the 13 122 were current HT users, 14.3% were past users, and 57.7% were never users. Overall, HT exposure was not consistently associated with stroke. However, subdivision based on the presence of hypertension showed a significantly increased risk of stroke among hypertensive women. Compared with hypertensive never HT users, an increased risk of total stroke was found with current use (hazard ratio, 2.35; 95% confidence interval, 1.16-4.74) and especially with current use of estrogen-progestin (hazard ratio, 3.00; 95% confidence interval, 1.33-6.76). Normotensive women had no increased risk of stroke with HT.


CONCLUSIONS
We found an increased risk of stroke among hypertensive but not normotensive women using HT. The present study suggests that HT should be avoided in hypertensive women.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark. loekkegaard@dadlnet.dk
Ellen
E
Løkkegaard
Zorana
Z
Jovanovic
Berit L
BL
Heitmann
Niels
N
Keiding
Bent
B
Ottesen
Yrsa Andersen
YA
Hundrup
Erik B
EB
Obel
Annette Tønnes
AT
Pedersen
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002423:Cause of Death; D003625:Data Collection; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D023381:Endpoint Determination; D004958:Estradiol / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications*; D008019:Life Style; D008875:Middle Aged; D009726:Nurses; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012042:Registries; D018570:Risk Assessment; D020521:Stroke / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D004958:Estradiol