Removal of endotoxin by reverse phase HPLC abolishes anti-endothelial cell activity of bacterially expressed plasminogen kringle 5.
The success of recombinant protein expression/purification in Escherichia coli depends on a high-fidelity system rendering purified proteins free of confounding contaminants such as endotoxin. Here we report on the expression and purification of a cryptic plasminogen-derived domain, kringle 5, which was previously reported to specifically inhibit endothelial cell growth and, therefore, angiogenesis. Using a histidine (HIS)-tag expression and Ni(+)-NTA agarose purification system identical to previous reports, we found that our purified recombinant kringle 5 did inhibit endothelial cell growth, but this activity could not be eradicated by heat denaturing or proteolysis of kringle 5 with various proteases. This led us to suspect the presence of a contaminant in the purified samples. Quantitative endotoxin testing using a limulus amoebocyte lysate assay revealed that all samples purified by Ni(+)-NTA agarose alone harbored high concentrations of endotoxin that could not be removed by additional purification on anion exchange chromatography. Finally, when kringle 5 was rendered endotoxin-free by purification on reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), there was a complete loss of endothelial cell growth inhibitory activity. These results strongly suggest that endotoxin-free recombinant kringle 5 may not possess anti-angiogenic activity and demonstrates that, especially in angiogenesis type assays, endotoxin contamination can lead to a misinterpretation of results.
Dudley
Andrew
A
Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Corner of Princes and Regent Streets, Fitzroy, Melbourne, VIC, 3065, Australia. drew@medstv.unimelb.edu.au
McKinstry
William
W
Thomas
David
D
Best
James
J
Jenkins
Alicia
A
D000818:Animals; D016477:Artifacts; D002417:Cattle; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D004340:Drug Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control*; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D018082:Kringles; D010958:Plasminogen / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011786:Quality Control; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology
D004731:Endotoxins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C044101:endotoxin, Escherichia coli; D010958:Plasminogen