Requiring help injecting as a risk factor for HIV infection in the Vancouver epidemic: implications for HIV prevention.
BACKGROUND
Requiring help injecting was recently associated with syringe sharing, and later HIV-1 and HCV seroconversion among injection drug users (IDU) in Vancouver. This risk factor remains poorly understood. The present study investigates this risk factor among Vancouver IDUs.


METHODS
We evaluated factors associated with requiring help injecting among participants enrolled in the Vancouver Injection Drug User Study (VIDUS) using univariate and logistic regression analyses. VIDUS participants who were followed-up during the period December 2000 to December 2001 were eligible for the present analyses. We also evaluated self-reported reasons for requiring help injecting.


RESULTS
Overall, 661 active injection drug users were interviewed during the study period. Among this population, 151 (22.8%) had required help injecting during the last six months, whereas 510 (77.2%) indicated that they had not. Variables that were independently associated with requiring help injecting included borrowing a used syringe (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.18), frequent cocaine injection (AOR = 1.57), and female gender (AOR = 2.29). Among males, the most common reasons for requiring help injecting were: having no viable veins (77.1%), and anxiousness or being drug sick (42.9%). Among females, the most common reasons reported were: having no viable veins (71.6%), jugular injection or 'jugging' (45.7%), and being anxious or drug sick (27.2%). Almost twice as many females (13.6% vs 7.1%) reported not knowing how to inject as their reason for requiring help injecting.


CONCLUSIONS
Although current public health approaches, such as needle exchange, are unable to address the concerns associated with requiring help injecting, available evidence suggests that safer injecting facilities have the potential to substantially mitigate this risk behaviour.
British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver. ewood@hivnet.ubc.ca
Evan
E
Wood
Patricia M
PM
Spittal
Thomas
T
Kerr
Will
W
Small
Mark W
MW
Tyndall
Michael V
MV
O'Shaughnessy
Martin T
MT
Schechter
D001955:British Columbia / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004866:Equipment Contamination; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000472:pathogenicity; D006379:Helping Behavior; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D016485:Needle Sharing / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000523:psychology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012309:Risk-Taking; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000523:psychology / Q000821:virology*