Caspase-independent apoptosis induced by evening primrose extract in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.
We previously demonstrated that evening primrose extract (EPE) induced apoptosis in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, while mouse embryo fibroblast cells (NIH3T3) used as a normal cell model, showed no effect of cell viability by treatment of EPE. Furthermore, our results demonstrated the rapid increase in intracellular peroxides levels, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and the release of cytochrome c to cytosol, suggesting that the rapid increase in intracellular peroxides levels after addition of EPE triggers off induction of apoptosis. In this study, we identified that EPE elicited the translocation of Bax to mitochondria and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) to nuclei, but no activation of caspase-3-like protease. We also demonstrated that the rapid EPE-induced increase in hydrogen peroxide levels caused the translocation of Bax to mitochondria, and then mitochondrial cytochrome c was released. One of the main consequences of mitochondrial cytochrome c release is the activation of caspase-3. However, no caspase-3 activation was observed. On the other hand, AIF was translocated from mitochondria to nuclei. The EPE-induced translocation of AIF was suppressed with the addition of catalase, suggesting that the rapid intracellular peroxide levels after addition of EPE triggers off induction of apoptosis, which is AIF-mediated and caspase-independent.
Department of Food and Human Health Sciences, Graduated School of Human Life Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.
Tsutomu
T
Arimura
Akiko
A
Kojima-Yuasa
Mayu
M
Suzuki
David Opare
DO
Kennedy
Isao
I
Matsui-Yuasa
D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D051033:Apoptosis Inducing Factor; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002286:Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D005228:Fatty Acids, Essential / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005420:Flavoproteins / Q000187:drug effects; D008041:Linoleic Acids; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D031665:Oenothera biennis; D010938:Plant Oils; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000187:drug effects; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D013997:Time Factors; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D017965:gamma-Linolenic Acid
D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D051033:Apoptosis Inducing Factor; C494827:Bax protein, mouse; D005228:Fatty Acids, Essential; D005420:Flavoproteins; D008041:Linoleic Acids; D008565:Membrane Proteins; C494830:AIFM1 protein, mouse; D010938:Plant Oils; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; C028498:evening primrose oil; D017965:gamma-Linolenic Acid; C505409:Casp3 protein, mouse; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases