Influence of autonomic nervous system dysfunction on the development of type 2 diabetes: the CARDIA study.
OBJECTIVE
We investigated whether autonomic nervous system dysfunction, estimated by slow heart rate recovery (HRR) following cessation of an exercise treadmill test, was associated with increases in insulin and glucose over time and the development of type 2 diabetes.


METHODS
Maximal exercise tests were performed by 3295 healthy adults aged 18-30 years in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. Repeat measurements of insulin and glucose collected at 7-, 10-, and 15-year examinations were compared by quartiles of HRR (maximum heart rate minus heart rate 2 min after cessation of the test). Incident diabetes was identified at any follow-up examination as glucose >or=7 mmol/l or the use of diabetes control medication.


RESULTS
Among participants who did not develop diabetes, fasting insulin concentrations increased from baseline to year 15. Following adjustment (for age, race, sex, smoking status, and BMI), participants with the slowest HRR (quartile 1) had higher fasting insulin at each examination than participants with faster HRR (e.g., year 15 examination: 88.1 vs. 81.3 pmol/l for quartile 1 vs. quartile 4, respectively, P = 0.05). Glucose did not differ by quartile of HRR at any examination. Among participants with poor fitness, the risk of developing diabetes (n = 98) was 3.4-fold greater (95% CI 1.5-8.0) when HRR was <42 vs. >42 bpm. This persisted following adjustment for baseline insulin.


CONCLUSIONS
Autonomic dysfunction, in combination with poor physical fitness, may be a mechanism associated with early glucose dysmetabolism and the development of diabetes.
Carnethon
Mercedes R
MR
Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA. carnethon@northwestern.edu
Jacobs
David R
DR
Sidney
Stephen
S
Liu
Kiang
K
D000328:Adult; D001342:Autonomic Nervous System Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001786:Blood Glucose; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D005082:Physical Exertion; D012307:Risk Factors
D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin