[Stigma as perceived by schizophrenics and depressives].
OBJECTIVE
The goal of this study is to investigate the stigma of mental illness from the perspective of the persons directly affected by it.


METHODS
210 patients with schizophrenia or major depression were questioned about anticipated and concrete stigmatization experiences, using a questionnaire especially developed for this study.


RESULTS
Most of the patients expected negative reactions from the environment. Three quarters were convinced that their job application would be rejected when it became known that they are mentally ill. Almost two thirds felt apprehensive that others would avoid them due to their illness. There is hardly any difference between schizophrenia and depressive patients' assessment of stigmatization of mentally ill people. Concrete stigmatization experiences were most frequently reported in the domain of interpersonal interaction. Second comes the distorted picture of mentally ill people that is depicted in the media and experienced as hurtful by the patients. The obstacles to access social roles (partnership, work, etc.) perceived by the patients come third. Participants least frequently mentioned structural discrimination, i. e. disadvantages regarding psychiatric treatment or rehabilitation measures. Contrary to anticipated stigmatization, there are differences between the two diagnostic groups when it comes to concrete stigmatization experiences. Schizophrenia patients more frequently report that others would avoid contact with them and that the access to social roles was especially complicated for them. They also seemed to be more exposed to structural discrimination than depressive patients.


CONCLUSIONS
Based on the results of this study, ways are discussed of how stigmatization and discrimination of mentally ill people can be reduced.
Holzinger
Anita
A
Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie, Universität Leipzig. krausem@medizin.uni-leipzig.de
Beck
Michael
M
Munk
Ingrid
I
Weithaas
Sandra
S
Angermeyer
Matthias C
MC
D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011287:Prejudice; D012929:Psychological Distance; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012803:Sick Role