Determination of nicotine and its metabolites in urine by solid-phase extraction and sample stacking capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry.
The combination of capillary electrophoresis (CE) and mass spectrometry (MS) with solid-phase extraction (SPE) has been used for the identification of nicotine and eight of its metabolites in urine. The recovery of cotinine from cotinine-spiked urine, by C18 SPE, was found to be 98%. Smokers urine (200 ml) was preconcentrated 200-fold via SPE prior to analysis. The sample stacking mode of CE, when compared to capillary zone electrophoresis, was shown to improve peak efficiency by 132-fold. The combination of hydrodynamic and electrokinetic injection was studied with sample stacking/CE/MS. The on-column limits of detection (LOD) of nicotine and cotinine, by this technique, were found to be 0.11 and 2.25 microg/ml, respectively. Hence, LODs of nicotine and cotinine in urine after 200-fold preconcentration were 0.55 and 11.25 ng/ml, respectively.
Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK.
Edward E K
EE
Baidoo
Malcolm R
MR
Clench
Robert F
RF
Smith
Lee W
LW
Tetler
D003367:Cotinine / Q000652:urine; D019075:Electrophoresis, Capillary / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D009538:Nicotine / Q000652:urine*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012907:Smoking / Q000652:urine
D009538:Nicotine; D003367:Cotinine