Hormone-refractory breast cancer remains sensitive to the antitumor activity of heat shock protein 90 inhibitors.
OBJECTIVE
The antiestrogen tamoxifen (Tam) has been used as therapy against estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer for decades. Most tumors respond initially, but resistance frequently develops. The ER exists in a multiprotein complex containing the molecular chaperone heat shock protein (Hsp) 90, which is known to regulate the stability and activity of this receptor. Therefore, we investigated a ligand-independent approach to hormonal therapy that depletes cellular levels of the receptor by inhibiting the function of Hsp90.


METHODS
The activity of the Hsp90 inhibitor geldanamycin (GA) and its clinically relevant derivative, 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17AAG), was examined at the molecular and cellular levels using Tam-resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cells both in vitro and in tumor xenografts.


RESULTS
The ER was depleted by GA in several Tam-resistant cell lines, as were other Hsp90 client proteins such as Akt and Raf-1. Unexpectedly, Tam inhibited ER depletion by GA but had no effect on destabilization of Akt or Raf-1. When SCID mice supplemented with Tam were treated with 17AAG, their tumors also showed no decrease in ER levels as measured by immunofluorescent staining and laser scanning cytometry. In these same tumors, however, decreased Akt and Raf-1 levels were observed. Drug administration also led to inhibition of tumor xenograft growth. The mechanism by which Tam inhibits GA-mediated ER depletion is unclear, but immunoprecipitation experiments showed that Tam does not inhibit the ability of GA to alter the ER-chaperone complex.


CONCLUSIONS
Based on its ability to deplete the ER as well as other critical signaling molecules in Tam-resistant breast cancer, 17AAG may provide a useful alternative treatment for patients with recurrent, hormone-refractory breast cancer that should be explored further in Phase II trials. In this context, combined treatment with 17AAG and Tam should be avoided because Tam may inhibit the ability of 17AAG to deplete the ER, potentially reducing its anticancer activity.
Steele Memorial Children's Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA.
Jason
J
Beliakoff
Rochelle
R
Bagatell
Gillian
G
Paine-Murrieta
Charles W
CW
Taylor
Anne E
AE
Lykkesfeldt
Luke
L
Whitesell
D000818:Animals; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000494:pharmacology; D016227:Benzoquinones; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003094:Collagen / Q000494:pharmacology; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004967:Estrogens / Q000378:metabolism; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D018841:HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D006728:Hormones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting; D047029:Lactams, Macrocyclic; D007797:Laminin / Q000494:pharmacology; D007834:Lasers; D008024:Ligands; D051379:Mice; D016513:Mice, SCID; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D011233:Precipitin Tests; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000494:pharmacology; D011809:Quinones / Q000494:pharmacology; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D017828:Rifabutin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013997:Time Factors; D015533:Transcriptional Activation
D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D016227:Benzoquinones; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004967:Estrogens; D018841:HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins; D006728:Hormones; D047029:Lactams, Macrocyclic; D007797:Laminin; D008024:Ligands; D011509:Proteoglycans; D011809:Quinones; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; C059485:matrigel; D017828:Rifabutin; C112765:tanespimycin; D003094:Collagen; C001277:geldanamycin