Feeding behaviour of free-ranging walruses with notes on apparent dextrality of flipper use.
BACKGROUND
Direct observations of underwater behaviour of free-living marine mammals are rare. This is particularly true for large and potentially dangerous species such as the walrus (Odobenus rosmarus). Walruses are highly specialised predators on benthic invertebrates - especially bivalves. The unique feeding niche of walruses has led to speculations as to their underwater foraging behaviour. Based on observations of walruses in captivity and signs of predation left on the sea floor by free-living walruses, various types of feeding behaviour have been suggested in the literature. In this study, however, the underwater feeding behaviour of wild adult male Atlantic walruses (O. r. rosmarus) is documented for the first time in their natural habitat by scuba-divers. The video recordings indicated a predisposition for use of the right front flipper during feeding. This tendency towards dextrality was explored further by examining a museum collection of extremities of walrus skeletons.


RESULTS
During July and August 2001, twelve video-recordings of foraging adult male walruses were made in Young Sound (74 degrees 18 N; 20 degrees 15 V), Northeast Greenland. The recordings did not allow for differentiation among animals, however based on notes by the photographer at least five different individuals were involved. The walruses showed four different foraging behaviours; removing sediment by beating the right flipper, removing sediment by beating the left flipper, removing sediment by use of a water-jet from the mouth and rooting through sediment with the muzzle. There was a significant preference for using right flipper over left flipper during foraging. Measurements of the dimensions of forelimbs from 23 walrus skeletons revealed that the length of the right scapula, humerus, and ulna was significantly greater than that of the left, supporting our field observations of walruses showing a tendency of dextrality in flipper use.


CONCLUSIONS
We suggest that the four feeding behaviours observed are typical of walruses in general, although walruses in other parts of their range may have evolved other types of feeding behaviour. While based on small sample sizes both the underwater observations and skeletal measurements suggest lateralized limb use, which is the first time this has been reported in a pinniped.
Levermann
Nette
N
Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, DK-3900 Nuuk, Greenland. nlevermann@zi.ku.dk
Galatius
Anders
A
Ehlme
Göran
G
Rysgaard
Søren
S
Born
Erik W
EW
D000818:Animals; D001267:Atlantic Ocean; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005552:Forelimb / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology*; D006116:Greenland; D006811:Humerus / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008297:Male; D008974:Mollusca; D011884:Radius / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D012540:Scapula / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D012758:Shellfish; D014457:Ulna / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D014743:Videotape Recording; D014856:Walruses / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*